Split (2)

train · 107k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 115	document stringlengths 869 463k	question stringlengths 19 100	long_answers list	short_answers list
-5446544102751036532	Inclusion body myositis	Inclusion body myositis - Wikipedia Inclusion body myositis Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Inclusion body myositis Specialty Rheumatology ( edit on Wikidata ) Inclusion body myositis ( IBM ) is an inflammatory muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of both distal and proximal muscles , most apparent in the muscles of the arms and legs . There are two types : sporadic inclusion body myositis ( sIBM ) , which is more common , and hereditary inclusion body myopathy ( hIBM ) . In sporadic inclusion body myositis ( MY - oh - sigh - tis ) , two processes , one autoimmune and the other degenerative , appear to occur in the muscle cells in parallel . The inflammation aspect is characterized by the cloning of T cells that appear to be driven by specific antigens to invade muscle fibers . The degeneration aspect is characterized by the appearance of holes in the muscle cell vacuoles , deposits of abnormal proteins within the cells and in filamentous inclusions ( hence the name inclusion body myositis ) . Weakness comes on slowly ( over months or years ) and progresses steadily and usually leads to severe weakness and wasting of arm and leg muscles . It is more common in men than women . Patients may become unable to perform activities of daily living and most require assistive devices within 5 to 10 years of symptom onset . sIBM is not considered a fatal disorder , but the risk of serious injury due to falls is increased . One common and potentially fatal complication is dysphagia . There is no effective treatment for the disease . sIBM is a rare yet increasingly prevalent disease and is the most common cause of inflammatory myopathy in people over age 50 . Recent research from Australia indicates that the incidence of IBM varies in different populations and ethnic groups . The authors found that the current prevalence was 14.9 per million in the overall population , with a prevalence of 51.3 per million population in people over 50 years of age . As seen in these numbers , sIBM is an age - related disease -- its incidence increases with age and symptoms usually begin after 50 years of age . It is the most common acquired muscle disorder seen in people over 50 , although about 20 % of cases display symptoms before the age of 50 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Causes 3.1 Genetics 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Differential diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Other related disorders 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) The common type is sIBM ; it strikes individuals apparently at random . There is a type that has been observed in multiple siblings in the same generation in several families , termed familial inflammatory sIBM , but it is not passed on from generation to generation . There are also several very rare forms of hereditary inclusion body myopathy ( hIBM ) that are linked to specific genetic defects and that are passed on from generation to generation , each inherited in different ways . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) How sIBM affects individuals is quite variable as is the age of onset ( which generally varies from the forties upwards ) . Because sIBM affects different people in different ways and at different rates , there is no `` textbook case . '' Eventually , sIBM results in general , progressive muscle weakness . The muscles in the thighs called the quadriceps and the muscles in the arms that control finger flexion -- making a fist -- are usually affected early on . Common early symptoms include frequent tripping and falling , weakness going up stairs and trouble manipulating the fingers ( including difficulty with tasks such as turning doorknobs or gripping keys ) . Foot drop in one or both feet has been a symptom of IBM and advanced stages of polymyositis ( PM ) . During the course of the illness , the patient 's mobility is progressively restricted as it becomes hard for him or her to bend down , reach for things , walk quickly and so on . Many patients say they have balance problems and fall easily , as the muscles can not compensate for an off - balanced posture . Because sIBM makes the leg muscles weak and unstable , patients are very vulnerable to serious injury from tripping or falling down . Although pain has not been traditionally part of the `` textbook '' description , many patients report severe muscle pain , especially in the thighs . When present , difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ) is a progressive condition in those with inclusion body myositis and often leads to death from aspiration pneumonia . Dysphagia is present in 40 to 85 % of IBM cases . IBM can also result in diminished capacity for aerobic exercise . This decline is most likely a consequence of the sedentary lifestyle that is often associated with the symptoms of IBM ( i.e. progressive muscle weakness , decreased mobility , and increased level of fatigue ) . Therefore , one focus of treatment should be the improvement of aerobic capacity . Patients with sIBM usually eventually need to resort to a cane or a walker and in most cases , a wheelchair eventually becomes a necessity . `` The progressive course of s - IBM leads slowly to severe disability . Finger functions can become very impaired , such as for manipulating pens , keys , buttons , and zippers , pulling handles , and firmly grasping handshakes . Arising from a chair becomes difficult . Walking becomes more precarious . Sudden falls , sometimes resulting in major injury to the skull or other bones , can occur , even from walking on minimally - irregular ground or from other minor imbalances outside or in the home , due to weakness of quadriceps and gluteus muscles depriving the patient of automatic posture maintenance . A foot - drop can increase the likelihood of tripping . Dysphagia can occur , usually caused by upper esophageal constriction that often can be symptomatically improved , for several months to years , by bougie dilation per a GI or ENT physician . Respiratory muscle weakness can sometimes eventuate . '' Causes ( edit ) The cause of IBM is unknown . IBM likely results from the interaction of a number of genetic and environmental factors . There are two major theories about how sIBM is caused . One hypothesis suggests that the inflammation - immune reaction , caused by an unknown trigger -- likely an undiscovered virus or an autoimmune disorder -- is the primary cause of sIBM and that the degeneration of muscle fibers and protein abnormalities are secondary features . Despite the arguments `` in favor of an adaptive immune response in sIBM , a purely autoimmune hypothesis for sIBM is untenable because of the disease 's resistance to most immunotherapy . '' The second school of thought advocates the theory that sIBM is a degenerative disorder related to aging of the muscle fibers and that abnormal , potentially pathogenic protein accumulations in myofibrils play a key causative role in sIBM ( apparently before the immune system comes into play ) . This hypothesis emphasizes the abnormal intracellular accumulation of many proteins , protein aggregation and misfolding , proteosome inhibition , and endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress . One review discusses the `` limitations in the beta - amyloid - mediated theory of IBM myofiber injury . '' Dalakas ( 2006 ) suggested that a chain of events causes IBM -- some sort of virus , likely a retrovirus , triggers the cloning of T cells . These T cells appear to be driven by specific antigens to invade muscle fibers . In people with sIBM , the muscle cells display `` flags '' telling the immune system that they are infected or damaged ( the muscles ubiquitously express MHC class I antigens ) and this immune process leads to the death of muscle cells . The chronic stimulation of these antigens also causes stress inside the muscle cell in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) and this ER stress may be enough to cause a self - sustaining T cell response ( even after a virus has dissipated ) . In addition , this ER stress may cause the misfolding of protein . The ER is in charge of processing and folding molecules carrying antigens . In IBM , muscle fibers are overloaded with these major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) molecules that carry the antigen protein pieces , leading to more ER stress and more protein misfolding . A self - sustaining T cell response would make sIBM a type of autoimmune disorder . When studied carefully , it has not been impossible to detect an ongoing viral infection in the muscles . One theory is that a chronic viral infection might be the initial triggering factor setting IBM in motion . There have been a handful of IBM cases -- approximately 15 -- that have shown clear evidence of a virus called HTLV - 1 . The HTLV - 1 virus can cause leukemia , but in most cases lies dormant and most people end up being lifelong carriers of the virus . One review says that the best evidence points towards a connection with some type of retrovirus and that a retroviral infection combined with immune recognition of the retrovirus is enough to trigger the inflammation process . amyloid protein The hypothesis that beta amyloid protein is key to IBM has been supported in a mouse model using an Aβ vaccine that was found to be effective against inclusion body myositis in mouse models . Although this vaccine is likely not safe for human use , it still shows that attacking Aβ has efficacy in mice against IBM . Following up on earlier leads , the Greenberg group report finding that the protein TDP - 43 is a very prominent and highly sensitive and specific feature of IBM . This protein is normally found within the nucleus but in IBM is found in the cytoplasm of the cell . This important advance should help develop a new screening technique for IBM and may provide clues in terms of a therapeutic approach Genetics ( edit ) sIBM is not inherited and is not passed on to the children of IBM patients . There are genetic features that do not directly cause IBM but that appear to predispose a person to getting IBM -- having this particular combination of genes increases one 's susceptibility to getting IBM . Some 67 % of IBM patients have a particular combination of human leukocyte antigen genes in a section of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype in the center of the MHC class II region . sIBM is not passed on from generation to generation , although the susceptibility region of genes may be . There are also several rare forms of hereditary inclusion body myopathy that are linked to specific genetic defects and that are passed on from generation to generation . Since these forms do not show features of muscle inflammation , they are classified as myopathies rather than forms of myositis . Because they do not display inflammation as a primary symptom , they may in fact be similar , but different diseases to sporadic inclusion body myositis . There are several different types , each inherited in different ways . See hereditary inclusion body myopathy . A 2007 review concluded there is no indication that the genes responsible for the familial or hereditary conditions are involved in sIBM . Diagnosis ( edit ) Elevated creatine kinase ( CK ) levels in the blood ( at most ~ 10 times normal ) are typical in sIBM but affected individuals can also present with normal CK levels . Electromyography ( EMG ) studies usually display abnormalities . Muscle biopsy may display several common findings including ; inflammatory cells invading muscle cells , vacuolar degeneration , inclusions or plaques of abnormal proteins . sIBM is a challenge to the pathologist and even with a biopsy , diagnosis can be ambiguous . A diagnosis of inclusion body myositis was historically dependent on muscle biopsy results . Antibodies to cytoplasmic 5 ' - nucleotidase ( cN1A ; NT5C1A ) have been strongly associated with the condition . In the clinical context of a classic history and positive antibodies , a muscle biopsy might be unnecessary . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) IBM is often initially misdiagnosed as polymyositis . A course of prednisone is typically completed with no improvement and eventually sIBM is confirmed . sIBM weakness comes on over months or years and progresses steadily , whereas polymyositis has an onset of weeks or months . Other forms of muscular dystrophy ( e.g. limb girdle ) must be considered as well . Treatment ( edit ) There is no standard course of treatment to slow or stop the progression of the disease . sIBM patients do not reliably respond to the anti-inflammatory , immunosuppressant , or immunomodulatory medications . Management is symptomatic . Prevention of falls is an important consideration . Specialized exercise therapy may supplement treatment to enhance quality of life . Physical therapy is recommended to teach the patient a home exercise program , to teach how to compensate during mobility - gait training with an assistive device , transfers and bed mobility . Other related disorders ( edit ) When sIBM was originally described , the major feature noted was muscle inflammation . Two other disorders were also known to display muscle inflammation , and sIBM was classified along with them . They are dermatomyositis ( DM ) and polymyositis ( PM ) and all three illnesses were called idiopathic ( of unknown origin ) myositis or inflammatory myopathies . It appears that sIBM and polymyositis share some features , especially the initial sequence of immune system activation , however , polmyositis comes on over weeks or months , does not display the subsequent muscle degeneration and protein abnormalities as seen in IBM , and as well , polymyositis tends to respond well to treatments , IBM does not . IBM is often confused with ( misdiagnosed as ) polymyositis . Polymyositis that does not respond to treatment is likely IBM . Dermatomyositis shares a number of similar physical symptoms and histopathological traits as polymyositis , but exhibits a skin rash not seen in polymyositis or sIBM . It may have different root causes unrelated to either polymyositis or sIBM . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IBMmyositis.com Jump up ^ http://patient.info/doctor/inclusion-body-myositis Jump up ^ http://www.ibmfoundation.org/index.php/understanding-ibm Jump up ^ Needham M , Corbett A , Day T , Christiansen F , Fabian V , Mastaglia FL ( 2008 ) . `` Dysphagia in inclusion body myositis : clinical features , management , and clinical outcome '' . J Clin Neurosci. 15 ( 12 ) : 1350 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocn. 2008.01. 011 . PMID 18815046 . Jump up ^ http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sporadic-inclusion-body-myositis/ Jump up ^ Karpati G , O'Ferrall EK ( Jan 2009 ) . `` Sporadic inclusion body myositis : Pathogenic considerations '' . Ann Neurol. 65 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 11 . doi : 10.1002 / ana. 21622 . PMID 19194875 . ^ Jump up to : Dalakas MC ( 2006 ) . `` Sporadic inclusion body myositis -- diagnosis , pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies '' . Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2 ( 8 ) : 437 -- 447 . doi : 10.1038 / ncpneuro0261 . PMID 16932602 . Jump up ^ Broccolini A. ; Mirabella M. ( 2014 ) . `` Hereditary inclusion - body myopathies '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta. 1852 ( 4 ) : 644 -- 650 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbadis. 2014.08. 007 . PMID 25149037 . Jump up ^ Oh TH , Brumfield KA , Hoskin TL , Kasperbauer JL , Basford JR ( 2008 ) . `` Dysphagia in inclusion body myositis : clinical features , management , and clinical outcome '' . Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 87 ( 11 ) : 883 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / PHM. 0b013e31818a50e2 . PMID 18936555 . Jump up ^ Johnson LG , Collier KE , Edwards DJ , et al. ( June 2009 ) . `` Improvement in aerobic capacity after an exercise program in sporadic inclusion body myositis '' . J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 10 ( 4 ) : 178 -- 84 . doi : 10.1097 / CND. 0b013e3181a23c86 . PMID 19494728 . ^ Jump up to : Askanas V , Engel WK ( 2006 ) . `` Inclusion - body myositis : a myodegenerative conformational disorder associated with Abeta , protein misfolding , and proteasome inhibition '' . Neurology . 66 ( 2 Suppl 1 ) : S39 -- S48 . doi : 10.1212 / 01. wnl. 0000192128.13875. 1e . PMID 16432144 . Jump up ^ `` Inclusion Body Myositis ( IBM ) '' . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Inclusion Body Myositis at eMedicine Jump up ^ Greenberg SA . ( 2009 ) . `` Inclusion body myositis : review of recent literature '' . Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 9 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 89 . doi : 10.1007 / s11910 - 009 - 0013 - x . PMID 19080758 . Jump up ^ Kitazawa M , Vasilevko V , Cribbs DH , LaFerla FM ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` Immunization with amyloid - β attenuates inclusion body myositis - like myopathology and motor impairment in a transgenic mouse model '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 ( 19 ) : 6132 -- 41 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1150 - 09.2009 . PMC 3049190 . PMID 19439591 . Lay summary . Inclusion body myositis ... features include T - cell mediated inflammatory infiltrates and aberrant accumulations of proteins , including amyloid - β ( Aβ ) , tau , ubiquitinated proteins , apolipoprotein E , and β - synuclein in skeletal muscle ... active immunization markedly reduces intracellular Aβ deposits and attenuates the motor impairment compared with untreated mice ... Aβ oligomers contribute to the myopathy process as they were significantly reduced in the affected skeletal muscle from immunized mice . In addition , the anti-Aβ antibodies produced in the immunized mice blocked the toxicity of the Aβ oligomers in vitro , providing a possible key mechanism for the functional recovery . Jump up ^ Salajegheh , M , Pinkus , JL , Taylor , JP , Amato , AA , Nazareno , R , Baloh , RH , Greenberg , SA . ( 2009 ) . `` Sarcoplasmic redistribution of nuclear TDP - 43 in inclusion body myositis '' . Muscle Nerve . 40 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 21386 . PMC 2700211 . PMID 19533646 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Needham M , Mastaglia FL , Garlepp MJ ( 2007 ) . `` Genetics of inclusion - body myositis '' . Muscle Nerve . 35 ( 5 ) : 549 -- 561 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 20766 . PMID 17366591 . Jump up ^ When myositis does n't respond to treatment Retrieved 20 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : M60. 8 ICD - 9 - CM : 359.71 OMIM : 147421 MeSH : D018979 DiseasesDB : 30691 External resources eMedicine : neuro / 422 GeneReviews : Inclusion Body Myopathy 2 Information and links to resources by Bill Tillier GeneReview / NIH / UW entry on Inclusion Body Myopathy 2 Learn about Myositis from The Myositis Association American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine Patient Resources Systemic connective tissue disorders ( M32 -- M36 , 710 ) General Systemic lupus erythematosus Drug - induced SLE Libman -- Sacks endocarditis Inflammatory myopathy Myositis Dermatopolymyositis Dermatomyositis / Juvenile dermatomyositis Polymyositis * Inclusion body myositis Scleroderma Systemic scleroderma Progressive systemic sclerosis CREST syndrome Overlap syndrome / Mixed connective tissue disease Other hypersensitivity / autoimmune Sjögren 's syndrome Other Behçet 's disease Polymyalgia rheumatica Eosinophilic fasciitis Eosinophilia -- myalgia syndrome fibrillin Marfan syndrome Congenital contractural arachnodactyly Myopathy ( M60 -- M63 , 728.0 -- 3 , 8 ) Pain Myalgia Fibromyalgia Inflammation Myositis Pyomyositis Lytic Muscle weakness Rhabdomyolysis Muscle atrophy / Amyotrophy Other Myositis ossificans Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Compartment syndrome Anterior Diastasis of muscle Diastasis recti Muscle spasm Jump up ^ `` Orphanet : Sporadic inclusion body myositis '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inclusion_body_myositis&oldid=809539210 '' Categories : Systemic connective tissue disorders Muscular disorders Inflammations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition ( new ) All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does ibm stand for in medical terms	[ "Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an inflammatory muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of both distal and proximal muscles, most apparent in the muscles of the arms and legs. There are two types: sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), which is more common, and hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM).[1]" ]	[ "Inclusion body myositis" ]
767280710461984854	Crawling (song)	Crawling ( song ) - wikipedia Crawling ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Crawling '' Single by Linkin Park from the album Hybrid Theory B - side `` Papercut '' ( Live from the BBC ) Released March 1 , 2001 Format CD DVD Recorded New Orleans , Louisiana , 2000 Genre Nu metal Length 3 : 28 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Linkin Park Producer ( s ) Don Gilmore Linkin Park singles chronology `` One Step Closer '' ( 2000 ) `` Crawling '' ( 2001 ) `` Papercut '' ( 2001 ) `` One Step Closer '' ( 2000 ) `` Crawling '' ( 2001 ) `` Papercut '' ( 2001 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Crawling '' on YouTube `` Crawling '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . It is the second single from their debut album Hybrid Theory and is the fifth track on the album . It was released in 2001 as their second single and won a Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2002 . In January 2011 , `` Crawling '' was released in a Linkin Park DLC pack for Rock Band 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 2.1 Bonus content 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions 5 Chart performance 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) `` Crawling '' is one of the few songs on Hybrid Theory that does not prominently feature Mike Shinoda 's rap sung lyrics . The intro to `` Crawling '' has been remixed in live versions over the years . Since 2008 's Projekt Revolution , Mike Shinoda has rapped the first verse of `` Hands Held High '' over the intro to Reanimation version of `` Crawling '' , titled `` Krwlng '' ( featuring Staind frontman Aaron Lewis ) . In 2009 , Shinoda rapped two verses of `` Hands Held High '' over the intro of `` Crawling '' , which first verse started with an a cappella or a bassline before the Reanimation intro started , in which Shinoda raps the second verse . Singer Chester Bennington remarked that `` Crawling '' was the most difficult Linkin Park song to sing live , stating `` Crawling has caused me the most trouble live more than any other song . '' Bennington also commented on the meaning of `` Crawling '' by stating it was inspired by his own battles with substance abuse . `` Crawling is about feeling like I had no control over myself in terms of drugs and alcohol , hence the line `` These wounds they will not heal ... '' A live version of `` Crawling '' was included as a B - side to `` Breaking the Habit '' . Music video ( edit ) The video was directed by Brothers Strause . It portrays a young woman 's inner conflict dealing with an abusive relationship . The woman ( portrayed by Katelyn Rosaasen ) closes off to the rest of the world , represented with the special effects of crystals forming around her . By the end , the crystals recede , symbolizing her success in fighting the relationship . The band is said to be performing in a Fortress of Solitude . Chester 's labret piercing is meant to match with the woman 's septum ring because of the real meaning behind the song . This video was supposed to have a `` darker '' ending to it when the first synopsis was written , being a take on Species where a psycho fan kills the band , but Warner Bros. rejected the idea , and the final ending was written in its place . `` Crawling '' was the first music video with Dave Farrell in the band . Phoenix returned to Linkin Park just before they began work on this video . The video was nominated for Best Rock video on MTV 's Video Music Awards . It lost to Limp Bizkit 's `` Rollin '' . Bonus content ( edit ) The bonus feature on the CD is the same footage that is a hidden easter egg on Frat Party at the Pankake Festival . However , the footage here is uncensored , while the footage on `` Frat Party '' is censored . A `` Strictly Limited Numbered Edition '' DVD single was also released which includes a live version of `` Crawling '' that was performed at the Dragon Festival , though the audio is dubbed with the studio version of the song . The video has a multiple camera angle feature which allows viewers to see different camera angles of the performance with the use of the DVD remote control . The DVD also has four 30 - second live snippets of `` One Step Closer '' , `` By Myself '' , `` With You '' , and `` A Place for My Head '' . The live `` Crawling '' video is available on Warner Bros. Records YouTube channel , which was uploaded on February 9 , 2010 . The live Crawling video is also available as an DVD extra to `` Frat Party at the Pankake Festival '' . Personnel ( edit ) Chester Bennington - lead vocals Mike Shinoda - rhythm guitar , backing vocals Joe Hahn - turntables , sampler Brad Delson - lead guitar , bass guitar Rob Bourdon - drums Cover versions ( edit ) Coldplay frontman Chris Martin performed a solo piano rendition of `` Crawling '' live in early August 2017 . The performance was a tribute to Chester Bennington , who committed suicide on July 20 , 2017 . The song was performed by the band along with Bring Me the Horizon vocalist Oliver Sykes filling in for Chester 's vocals and DJ and producer Zedd on drums during the Linkin Park and Friends - Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington show at the Hollywood Bowl on October 27 , 2017 . American metal band New Years Day performs a cover version for their 2018 EP Diary of a Creep . Chart performance ( edit ) The song has seen a success in many countries . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted and peaked at number 16 and stayed on the chart for eight weeks . It reached the top ten in Canada and Austria . It reached the top thirty and top forty in many countries , it was more successful than `` One Step Closer '' . However , it peaked only at number 79 in the United States , becoming their lowest charting single until they released `` Given Up '' , which peaked at number 99 , although it managed to peak at number five on the Modern Rock Track Chart and number three on the Mainstream Rock Track Chart . Despite the low peak , the song remained for 20 weeks at the bottom of the chart , which is longer than the 18 weeks spent by `` One Step Closer '' . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Linkin Park . CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Crawling '' ( Album Version ) 3 : 21 2 . `` Papercut '' ( Live from the BBC ) 3 : 08 3 . `` Backstage Video Footage '' ( Video ) 9 : 56 DVD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Crawling '' ( Live Video ) 3 : 31 2 . `` Crawling '' ( Album Version ) 3 : 21 3 . `` 4x30 Second Live Video Snippets '' 2 : 00 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 33 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Brazil ( ABPD ) 54 Europe ( European Hot 100 ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 25 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 37 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 43 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 79 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 73 France ( SNEP ) 106 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 30 Portugal ( AFP ) 81 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 74 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Green , Chris . `` Linkin Park have launched a venture capital brand , but can such a company ever be rock n ' roll ? '' . The Independent . ( June 25th , 2015 ) . Retrieved on October 11th , 2015 Jump up ^ Hyclak , Anna ( 2009 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Bennington Discusses His Drug Addiction SPIN Newswire '' . SPIN . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park - The making of Crawling on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Crawling ( Official Video ) on YouTube '' . from Linkin Park 's YouTube Channel Jump up ^ `` Crawling '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Crawling ( Live Video Version ) on YouTube '' . From the Warner Bros. Records YouTube Channel Jump up ^ `` Watch Coldplay 's Chris Martin Cover Linkin Park 's ' Crawling ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201730 into search . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201730 into search . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Linkin Park -- Crawling '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Enter Crawling in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Linkin Park -- One Step Closer '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Crawling official music video ( hide ) Linkin Park songs Discography Awards and nominations Hybrid Theory `` Papercut '' `` One Step Closer '' `` Points of Authority '' `` Crawling '' `` Runaway '' `` In the End '' `` A Place for My Head '' Reanimation `` Pts. OF. Athrty '' Meteora `` Somewhere I Belong '' `` Lying from You '' `` Faint '' `` Breaking the Habit '' `` From the Inside '' `` Numb '' Collision Course `` Numb / Encore '' Minutes to Midnight `` Given Up '' `` Leave Out All the Rest '' `` Bleed It Out '' `` Shadow of the Day '' `` What I 've Done '' `` No More Sorrow '' Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen `` New Divide '' A Thousand Suns `` Burning in the Skies '' `` Waiting for the End '' `` Blackout '' `` Wretches and Kings '' `` Iridescent '' `` The Catalyst '' Living Things `` Lost in the Echo '' `` In My Remains '' `` Burn It Down '' `` Lies Greed Misery '' `` I 'll Be Gone '' `` Castle of Glass '' `` Powerless '' Recharged `` A Light That Never Comes '' The Hunting Party `` Keys to the Kingdom '' `` All for Nothing '' `` Guilty All the Same '' `` Wastelands '' `` Until It 's Gone '' `` Rebellion '' `` Final Masquerade '' One More Light `` Nobody Can Save Me '' `` Good Goodbye '' `` Talking to Myself '' `` Battle Symphony '' `` Invisible '' `` Heavy '' `` Sorry for Now '' `` Halfway Right '' `` One More Light '' Featured songs `` We Made It '' `` Darker Than Blood '' Other songs `` Not Alone '' `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` White Noise '' `` Darker Than the Light That Never Bleeds '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crawling_(song)&oldid=834343514 '' Categories : 2000 songs 2001 singles Linkin Park songs Songs based on actual events Songs about drugs Songs about alcohol Songs written by Mike Shinoda Warner Bros. Records singles Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance Music memes Songs about domestic violence Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 06 : 12 . About Wikipedia	who is the girl in crawling linkin park video	[ "The video was directed by Brothers Strause. It portrays a young woman's inner conflict dealing with an abusive relationship. The woman (portrayed by Katelyn Rosaasen) closes off to the rest of the world, represented with the special effects of crystals forming around her. By the end, the crystals recede, symbolizing her success in fighting the relationship. The band is said to be performing in a Fortress of Solitude. Chester's labret piercing is meant to match with the woman's septum ring because of the real meaning behind the song." ]	[ "Katelyn Rosaasen" ]
-7457516970869167646	Edo society	Edo society - wikipedia Edo society This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Social classes during the Edo period ( Tokugawa shogunate ) Working class district of the Edo period ( Fukagawa Edo Museum ) Merchant 's house ( Fukagawa Edo Museum ) Merchant 's kitchen ; stove boiler made of copper ( Fukagawa Edo Museum ) Working - class district apartments ( Fukagawa Edo Museum ) Society during the Edo period , also called Tokugawa period ( 1603 to 1868 CE ) , in Japan was ruled by strict customs and regulations intended to promote stability . Confucian ideas provided the foundation for a system of strict social prescriptions . At the top of the social order , although below the Emperor , the shōgun , daimyōs ( lords ) , and the samurai were the ruling class . The peasants ( heimin ) lived in villages and produced agricultural goods . Increasing urbanization and rising consumerism created merchant and artisan classes in towns and cities . Social mobility during this period was highly limited . As wealth became concentrated outside of the samurai class , conflicts between class arose and the social order became increasingly challenged . Contents 1 Four Classes 1.1 Samurai 1.2 Peasants 1.3 Merchants and artisans 2 Role of women 3 Challenges 4 References Four classes ( edit ) The Tokugawa government intentionally created a social order called the Four divisions of society ( shinōkōshō ) , that would stabilize the country . This system was based on the ideas of Confucianism that spread to Japan from China . By this system , society was composed of samurai ( 侍 shi ) , farming peasants ( 農 nō ) , artisans ( 工 kō ) and merchants ( 商 shō ) . Samurai were placed at the top of society because they started an order and set a high moral example for others to follow . The system was meant to reinforce their position of power in society by justifying their ruling status . Peasants came second because they produced the most important commodity , food . According to Confucian philosophy , society could not survive without agriculture . Third were artisans because they produced nonessential goods . Merchants were at the bottom of the social order because they generated wealth without producing any goods . As this indicates , the classes were not arranged by wealth or capital but by what philosophers described as their moral purity . In actuality , shinōkōshō does not accurately describe Tokugawa society . Buddhist and Shinto priests ; or court nobles ( kuge ) ; and outcast classes including eta and hinin ( those sold or sentenced into indentured servitude ) were not included in this description of hierarchy . In some cases , a poor samurai could be little better off than a peasant and the lines between the classes could blur , especially between artisans and merchants in urban areas . Still , the theory provided grounds for restricting privileges and responsibilities to different classes and it gave a sense of order to society . In practice , solidified social relationships in general helped create the political stability that defined the Edo period . Samurai ( edit ) Samurai functioned as the warrior class in Japan ; they constituted about 7 -- 8 % of the population . The other classes were prohibited from possessing long swords such as the tachi or katana . Carrying both a long and a short sword became the symbol of the samurai class . During the feudal period , samurai were warriors that fought for a lord in a feudal relationship . The Edo period , however , was largely free from both external threats and internal conflicts . Instead , the samurai maintained their fighting skills more as an art than to fight . Samurai were paid a stipend from their lord , limiting their ties to the economic base . In addition , samurai could not own land , which would have given them income independent from their duty . Samurai generally lived around their daimyō 's castle , creating a thriving town or city environment around the middle of a domain . There were social stratifications within the samurai class . Upper - level samurai had direct access to their daimyō and could hold his most trusted positions . Some achieved a level of wealth that allowed them to retain their own samurai vassals . Mid-level samurai held military and bureaucratic positions and had some interactions with their daimyō if needed . Low - level samurai could be paid as little as a subsistence wage and worked as guards , messengers and clerks . Positions within the class were largely hereditary and talented samurai could not rise above a few social steps beyond their birth . Outside the traditional samurai -- lord relationship were rōnin , or masterless samurai were generally afforded very low levels of respect , had no income , and often became gamblers , bandits , or other similar occupations . Peasants ( edit ) Life for rural peasants focused on their villages . Peasants rarely moved beyond their villages , and journeys and pilgrimages required a permit , but young people occasionally sought seasonal employment outside of their village . As a result , people were highly suspicious of outsiders . Social bonding , critical to the survival of the whole village , also reinforced through seasonal festivals . Villages were highly collective ; there were strong pressures to conform and no room to deviate from custom . Though there were conflicts , they were seen as disruptive to the village and order and were to be limited as much as possible . The peasant class owned land , but rights to tax this land were given to the daimyō . Peasants worked to produce enough food for themselves and still meet the tax burden . Most agriculture during this time was cultivated by families on their own land in contrast to the plantation or hacienda model , implemented elsewhere . Peasants could amass relatively large amounts of wealth but remained in the same class because of their association with the land . Wealthier families and those that held their own land and paid taxes were held in much higher regard and had more political influence in village matters . However , the survival of the village depended on every household cooperating to meet the tax burden and overcome natural disasters such as famines . During the reign of the third Tokugawa shōgun , Iemitsu , farmers were not allowed to eat any of the rice they grew . They had to hand it all over to their daimyo and then wait for him to give some back as charity . Merchants and artisans ( edit ) By 1800 , as much as 10 % of the population of Japan may have lived in large towns and cities , one of the highest levels in the world at the time . The daimyōs and their samurai did not produce any goods themselves , but they used the tax surplus from the land to fuel their consumption . Their needs were met by artisans , who moved to be around the castles , and merchants , who traded local and regional goods . Each class in the city was restricted to living in its own quarter . Merchants grew increasingly powerful during this period . Wealthy merchant houses arose to organize distributors and hold legal monopolies . As their wealth grew , merchants wanted to consume and display their wealth in the same manner as the samurai , but laws prevented them from doing so overtly . Still , their consumption combined with that of the samurai served to reinforce the growth of the merchant and artisan classes . Role of women ( edit ) A woman 's life varied immensely according to her family 's social status . Women in samurai families were expected to submit to their male heads of household , but as they aged , they could become the ranking household member if their husband died . Children were enjoined to respect both of their parents , even as adults . Women from the lower classes were much less restricted by social expectations and could play an integral part in the family 's business . Peasant women were expected to do household chores in the early morning before working in the fields with their male relatives and , regardless of age , were important , working members of their families . Marriage was not based on romantic attraction . Families tried to use marriage as a way to increase their social standing or , among wealthier groups , to increase one 's influence and holdings . Most often , however , marriage occurred between two families of equal status . Female virginity at marriage was important in the samurai classes ; it was much less important to the lower classes . After marriage , women were restricted from taking additional sexual partners . Males of the upper classes , however , were able to take concubines and have relations with unmarried women . Divorce was common , and a woman from a poor household could very easily leave her husband and return to her original family . Challenges ( edit ) The foundation of this period was its stable social order . However , as wealth became increasingly concentrated outside of the samurai class , social conflict grew . The fixed stipends on which samurai lived did not increase despite the rising cost of commodities and the increasingly burdensome cost of proper social etiquette so many samurai became in debt to wealthy merchant families . The wealthy merchants , in turn , were restricted from showing their wealth for fear of violating the laws that restricted privileges to the samurai class . That created deepening resentment but also increasing interdependence between the two classes . Some scholars began to question the Confucian beliefs that provided the foundation of society . Changes in rural areas were also creating conflict . New technology increased productivity and allowed some families to produce a surplus of food that could be used to support ventures beyond farming . Some peasants also became indebted to their wealthier neighbors , and more families lost ownership of their land . This sparked resentment that sometimes erupted in violence towards landlords and village elite . The challenges laid the foundation for the changes that would follow during the Meiji period . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Duus , Peter ( 1998 ) . Modern Japan ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0395746043 . ^ Jump up to : Totman , Conrad ( 1981 ) . Japan Before Perry : A Short History ( 10th ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0520041348 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edo_society&oldid=848290381 '' Categories : Edo period Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 00 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what made up the three tiers of the japanese political system around 1600	[ "The Tokugawa government intentionally created a social order called the Four divisions of society (shinōkōshō), that would stabilize the country. This system was based on the ideas of Confucianism that spread to Japan from China. By this system, society was composed of samurai (侍 shi), farming peasants (農 nō), artisans (工 kō) and merchants (商 shō). Samurai were placed at the top of society because they started an order and set a high moral example for others to follow. The system was meant to reinforce their position of power in society by justifying their ruling status. Peasants came second because they produced the most important commodity, food. According to Confucian philosophy, society could not survive without agriculture.[1]:45 Third were artisans because they produced nonessential goods.\n", "The Tokugawa government intentionally created a social order called the Four divisions of society (shinōkōshō), that would stabilize the country. This system was based on the ideas of Confucianism that spread to Japan from China. By this system, society was composed of samurai (侍 shi), farming peasants (農 nō), artisans (工 kō) and merchants (商 shō). Samurai were placed at the top of society because they started an order and set a high moral example for others to follow. The system was meant to reinforce their position of power in society by justifying their ruling status. Peasants came second because they produced the most important commodity, food. According to Confucian philosophy, society could not survive without agriculture.[1]:45 Third were artisans because they produced nonessential goods.\n", "The Tokugawa government intentionally created a social order called the Four divisions of society (shinōkōshō), that would stabilize the country. This system was based on the ideas of Confucianism that spread to Japan from China. By this system, society was composed of samurai (侍 shi), farming peasants (農 nō), artisans (工 kō) and merchants (商 shō). Samurai were placed at the top of society because they started an order and set a high moral example for others to follow. The system was meant to reinforce their position of power in society by justifying their ruling status. Peasants came second because they produced the most important commodity, food. According to Confucian philosophy, society could not survive without agriculture.[1]:45 Third were artisans because they produced nonessential goods.\n", "The Tokugawa government intentionally created a social order called the Four divisions of society (shinōkōshō), that would stabilize the country. This system was based on the ideas of Confucianism that spread to Japan from China. By this system, society was composed of samurai (侍 shi), farming peasants (農 nō), artisans (工 kō) and merchants (商 shō). Samurai were placed at the top of society because they started an order and set a high moral example for others to follow. The system was meant to reinforce their position of power in society by justifying their ruling status. Peasants came second because they produced the most important commodity, food. According to Confucian philosophy, society could not survive without agriculture.[1]:45 Third were artisans because they produced nonessential goods.\n" ]	[ "samurai", "farming peasants", "artisans", "merchants" ]
9054423847712059440	A Star Is Born (2018 film)	A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) A Star Is Born Theatrical release poster Directed by Bradley Cooper Produced by Bill Gerber Jon Peters Bradley Cooper Todd Phillips Lynette Howell Taylor Screenplay by Eric Roth Bradley Cooper Will Fetters Based on A Star Is Born by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell Starring Bradley Cooper Lady Gaga Andrew Dice Clay Dave Chappelle Sam Elliott Cinematography Matthew Libatique Edited by Jay Cassidy Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Live Nation Productions Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Pictures Gerber Pictures Peters Entertainment Joint Effort Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Budget $36 -- 40 million Box office $255.9 million A Star Is Born is a 2018 American music - themed romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper ( in his directorial debut ) and written by Cooper , Eric Roth and Will Fetters . A remake of the 1937 film of the same name , it stars Cooper , Lady Gaga , Andrew Dice Clay , Dave Chappelle , and Sam Elliott , and follows a hard - drinking musician ( Cooper ) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer ( Gaga ) . It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film , after the 1954 musical , the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film . Talks of a remake of A Star Is Born began in 2011 , with Clint Eastwood attached to direct and Beyoncé set to star . The film was in development hell for several years with various actors approached to co-star , including Christian Bale , Leonardo DiCaprio , Will Smith , and Tom Cruise . In March 2016 , Cooper signed on to star and direct , and Lady Gaga joined the cast in August 2016 . Principal photography began at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2017 . A Star Is Born premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival on August 31 , 2018 , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 5 , 2018 , by Warner Bros . The film has grossed over $255 million worldwide and received critical acclaim , with praise for Cooper , Gaga and Elliott 's performances and Cooper 's direction , as well as the screenplay , cinematography and music . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Jackson Maine , a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction , plays a concert in California . His main support is Bobby , his manager and significantly older half - brother . After the show , Jackson happens upon a drag bar where he witnesses a performance by Ally , a waitress and singer - songwriter . Jackson is amazed by her talent ; they spend the night speaking to each other , where Ally discloses to him the troubles she has faced in pursuing a professional music career . Jackson invites Ally to his next show . Despite her initial refusal she attends and , with Jackson 's encouragement , sings on stage with him . Jackson invites Ally to go on tour with him , and they form a romantic relationship . In Arizona , Ally and Jackson visit the ranch where Jackson grew up and where his father is buried , only to discover that Bobby sold the land . Angered at his betrayal , Jackson punches Bobby , who subsequently quits as his manager . Before doing so , Bobby reveals that he did inform Jackson about the sale , but the latter was too inebriated to notice . While on tour Ally meets Rez , a record producer who offers her a contract . Although visibly bothered , Jackson still supports her decision . Rez refocuses Ally away from country music and towards pop . Jackson misses one of Ally 's performances after he passes out drunk in public ; he recovers at the home of his friend Noodles , and later makes up with Ally . There he proposes to Ally with a ring made from a loop of guitar string , and they are married that same day . During Ally 's performance on Saturday Night Live , Bobby reconciles with Jackson . Later , Jackson and Ally fight after he drunkenly voices his disapproval of Ally 's new image and music , which is nominated for Grammy Awards . At the Grammys , a visibly intoxicated Jackson performs in a tribute to Roy Orbison , and Ally wins the Best New Artist award . When she goes up on stage to receive her award , Jackson follows her , where he wets himself and passes out . Ally 's father Lorenzo berates Jackson and Ally helps him sober up . Jackson joins a drug rehabilitation program shortly thereafter . Jackson recovers in rehab , where he discloses to his counselor that he attempted suicide as a teenager . He tearfully apologizes to Ally for his behavior , and returns home . Ally wishes to bring Jackson to perform with her on the European leg of her tour ; Rez refuses , prompting Ally to cancel the remainder of the tour so she can care for Jackson . Rez later confronts Jackson , informing him of Ally 's decision to cancel her tour and accusing him of holding Ally back . That evening , Ally lies to Jackson , and tells him that her record label has cancelled her tour so she can focus on her second album . Jackson promises that he will come to her concert that night , but after Ally leaves , he hangs himself in their garage . Ally becomes inconsolable after Jackson 's death . She is visited by Bobby , who explains Jackson 's death was his own fault and not hers . Ally takes a song that Jackson had written but never performed and sings it at a tribute concert , introducing herself as Ally Maine . Cast Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine , an established singer - songwriter and alcoholic . He is Ally 's mentor and love interest . Lady Gaga as Ally Campana - Maine , a nightclub singer - songwriter who is discovered by Jackson . Sam Elliott as Bobby Maine , Jackson 's older brother and manager . Dave Chappelle as George `` Noodles '' Stone , Jackson 's close friend , himself a retired musician . Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo Campana , Ally 's father . Anthony Ramos as Ramon , Ally 's friend . Michael Harney as Wolfie , a limo driver and friend of Lorenzo . Rafi Gavron as Rez Gavron , a music producer and Ally 's manager . Additionally , Rebecca Field appears as Gail , Shangela Laquifa Wadley as the drag bar emcee , Willam Belli as drag queen Emerald , Greg Grunberg as Jackson 's driver Phil , and Ron Rifkin as Carl . Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real appear as Jackson 's band , Eddie Griffin appears as a local preacher and Luenell appears as a cashier . Marlon Williams , Brandi Carlile , Halsey , Alec Baldwin , and Don Roy King cameo as themselves . Production Development In January 2011 , it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third American remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born ; however , the project was delayed due to Beyoncé 's pregnancy . In April 2012 , writer Will Fetters told Collider that the script was inspired by Kurt Cobain . Talks with Christian Bale , Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Cruise , Johnny Depp , and Will Smith to play the male lead failed to come to fruition . On October 9 , 2012 , Beyoncé left the project , and it was reported that Bradley Cooper was in talks to star . Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female lead . On March 24 , 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film , and potentially to star with Beyoncé , who was again in talks to join ; Cooper did become the male lead . On August 16 , 2016 , it was reported that Lady Gaga had officially become attached and the studio had green - lit the project to begin production early 2017 . It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film , after the 1954 musical , the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film . On November 9 , 2016 , it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Cooper 's character , though he ultimately was not involved . On March 17 , 2017 , Sam Elliott joined the film , with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo , the father of Lady Gaga 's character . Clay was selected over Robert De Niro , John Turturro and John Travolta . In April 2017 , Rafi Gavron , Michael Harney , and Rebecca Field also joined the cast . Filming began on April 17 , 2017 . In May , Dave Chappelle was cast in the film . In April 2018 , it was announced that Halsey would have a small role . Music Main article : A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) After seeing him perform at Desert Trip festival , Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) and asked him to help work on the film . Nelson agreed and wrote several songs , which he sent to the producers . Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga and began writing songs with her and she , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on his self - titled 2017 album . The soundtrack , performed by Gaga and Cooper , was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . The studio announced that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' Release A Star Is Born had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31 , 2018 . It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , the San Sebastián International Film Festival , and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018 . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5 , 2018 , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , after initially having been set for September 28 , 2018 , and May 18 , 2018 , releases . Reception Box Office As of October 29 , 2018 , A Star Is Born has grossed $149.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $106 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $255.9 million , against a production budget of $36 -- 40 million . In the United States and Canada , A Star Is Born grossed $1.35 million from select Tuesday and Wednesday night screenings , and $15.8 million on its first day , including $3.2 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $42.9 million for the weekend and finished second at the box office , behind fellow newcomer Venom . The film remained in second place in its second , third and fourth weekends , grossing a respective $28 million , $19.3 million and $14.1 million . Outside North America , the film was released day - and - date with the U.S. in 31 other countries , and made $14.2 million in its opening weekend ; its largest markets were the United Kingdom ( $5.3 million ) , France ( $2.1 million ) and Germany ( $1.9 million ) . Critical response The performances of Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , and Sam Elliott ( all three seen here at the film 's screening at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival ) , as well as Cooper 's direction , garnered widespread critical acclaim . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , A Star Is Born holds an approval rating of 90 % based on 394 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With appealing leads , deft direction , and an affecting love story , A Star Is Born is a remake done right -- and a reminder that some stories can be just as effective in the retelling . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100 , based on 60 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported film - goers gave it a 90 % positive score . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a positive review , saying , `` Cooper and Lady Gaga are dynamite together ; this is a story that lives and dies by the central relationship and the instant chemistry that must blossom between them , and these two have it in spades , '' and praised the musical numbers , describing them as `` electrifying '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety lauded Cooper 's directing , co-writing , and acting , and called the film `` a transcendent Hollywood movie '' . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ , singling out Gaga 's performance , saying , `` she deserves praise for her restrained , human - scale performance as a singer whose real - girl vulnerability feels miles away from the glittery meat - dress delirium of her own stage persona . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine found the film superior to its previous iterations and similarly praised Cooper 's direction , the writing , as well the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga . She stated : `` You come away feeling something for these people , flawed individuals who are trying to hold their cracked pieces of self together -- or to mend the cracks of those they love , '' also describing Gaga 's performance as a `` knockout . '' In his review for Los Angeles Times , Justin Chang called the film `` remarkable , '' and praised Cooper for his fresh take on the well - worn formula of 1937 film , as well his direction , the performances , writing , and the cinematography . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4.5 out of five stars , and deemed it as a `` modern classic , '' hailing the performances of Cooper and Gaga , and Cooper 's direction . He found the film 's screenplay and the original songs `` seamless '' and `` terrific , '' and also called the film a major Oscar contender of the year and one of the year 's best films . The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday described the film as `` lavishly delightful '' and `` earthly convincing , '' and added that it `` offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse of starmaking machinery at its most cynical , but also its most thrilling and gratifying . '' She similarly praised Cooper 's direction , the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga , and the supporting performances , particularly Andrew Dice Clay and Sam Elliott . While praising the direction , acting , and writing , Michael Phillips in the Chicago Tribune argues that a A Star is Born 's formula has always been very seductive to audiences , even when it has been written poorly , and Cooper 's few missteps include being a bit of a scene hog . Admitting audiences love it , and he just liked it , Phillips drew attention to a skeptical review by Lindsey Romaine of Medium.com who criticized the story 's marginalization of the Gaga character in dealing with Cooper 's manipulative addict . She at least wanted a scene where Gaga 's character processed her behavior of letting the addict boyfriend get away with it . Phillips argued that it is in part the skillful musicianship which gets audiences to blow past such flaws . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 14 , 2018 Best Original Song -- Feature Film `` Shallow '' by Lady Gaga , Mark Ronson , Anthony Rossomando , and Andrew Wyatt Pending Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Julianne Jordan and Julia Michels Pending Best Soundtrack Album A Star Is Born Pending Venice Film Festival September 8 , 2018 Smithers Foundation Award A Star Is Born Won See also Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References Jump up ^ Yang , Rachel ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Director Bradley Cooper Talks Jon Peters Allegations '' . Variety . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` First Look at Lady Gaga in A Star is Born Remake '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( billing block ) '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born trailer with Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga '' . Film-news.co.uk . June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star is Born '' . warnerbros.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star is Born '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` How ' A Star Is Born ' Re-created the `` Man 's World '' of Music , Coachella Concert Scenes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Venom ' Still Showing $80 M Fangs ; ' A Star Is Born ' Hitting $42 M+ High Note In Record October Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Star Is Born ... again : Clint Eastwood in talks to direct Beyonce in yet another remake of Hollywood classic '' . Daily Mail . London . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Screenwriter Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood 's A STAR IS BORN ; Says Script Was Inspired by Kurt Cobain '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce exits Eastwood 's ' A Star Is Born ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ; Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Bart & Fleming : Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga Road Test ' A Star Is Born ' Team - Up '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noelfi , Joel ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez , Beyoncé , more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in ' A Star Is Born ' Remake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga In ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join ' A Star Is Born ' In Key Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro , John Travolta for ' A Star Is Born ' Role Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Adds Rafi Gavron & Michael Harney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Chappelle Joins ' A Star Is Born ' Redo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer 's Life '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chu , Henry ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' to World Premiere at Venice Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Hammond , Pete . `` Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Headed To Venice After 1st Hollywood Screening Impresses Exhibitors -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orlova - Alvarez , Tamara ; Alvarez , Joe ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lady Gaga ' A Star Is Born ' Premiere Toronto Film Festival 2018 '' . Ikon London Magazine . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Toronto : Timothee Chalamet Starrer ' Beautiful Boy , ' Dan Fogelman 's ' Life Itself ' Among Festival Lineup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Damien Chazelle 's ' First Man ' , Alfonso Cuaron 's ' Roma ' , Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Head To San Sebastian Fest '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bradley Cooper - Lady Gaga Movie ' A Star Is Born ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Bradley Cooper - Lady Gaga 's ' Star is Born ' Moves to May 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As ' Venom ' Bites $35 M+ ; ' First Man ' Lands Third With $16 M+ -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' Scares Up Second - Best October Opening With $77 M+ ; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon ; Great Launch For Miramax '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' Screams $32 M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Venom ' Sinks Teeth Into $205 M Global Bow ; Sets Biggest October Debut WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt , Leah ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make ( mostly ) beautiful music in A Star Is Born : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( September 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born , ' ' Beautiful Boy ' bring stories of love and addiction to Toronto '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find CinemaScore '' ( Type `` Star Is Born , A '' in the search box ) . CinemaScore . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Film Review : Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Reinvigorate a Classic '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Venice Film Review : Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga in A Star Is Born '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born '' . Time . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Review : Cooper , Lady Gaga Hit All the Right Notes '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( September 21 , 2018 ) . `` Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga 's hotly anticipated ' A Star is Born ' is here -- and it is lavishly delightful '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star is Born ' review : Bradley Cooper goes Gaga in directing debut '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` How destructive male behavior in ' A Star is Born ' is eclipsed by beautiful music '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Yang , Rachel ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' , ' A Star Is Born ' Lead 2018 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Collateral Awards of the 75th Venice Film Festival '' . Venice Biennale . September 7 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . External links Film portal Lady Gaga portal Official website A Star Is Born on IMDb A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database A Star Is Born at Box Office Mojo A Star Is Born ( trailer ) on YouTube A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_film)&oldid=866527911 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic musical films American films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films Directorial debut films Films about alcoholism Films about music and musicians Films based on musicals based on films Films produced by Bradley Cooper Musical film remakes Screenplays by Eric Roth Warner Bros. films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Malpaso Productions films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is noodles in a star is born	[ "Dave Chappelle as George \"Noodles\" Stone, Jackson's close friend, himself a retired musician." ]	[ "Dave Chappelle" ]
-1995138138910521940	Strictly Come Dancing (series 1)	Strictly Come Dancing ( series 1 ) - wikipedia Strictly Come Dancing ( series 1 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strictly Come Dancing ( Series 1 ) No. of episodes 9 Release Original network BBC One Original release 15 May ( 2004 - 05 - 15 ) -- 3 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 03 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Natasha Kaplinsky Professional winner Brendan Cole Season chronology Next → Series 2 Strictly Come Dancing aired its first series on BBC One from 15 May 2004 . The series was presented by Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly . The judging panel was Craig Revel Horwood , Arlene Phillips , Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli . On 3 July 2004 , Natasha Kaplinsky and her partner , Brendan Cole were crowned series champions . Contents 1 Couples 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 3 Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series 4 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 5 Weekly scores and songs 5.1 Week 1 5.2 Week 2 5.3 Week 3 5.4 Week 4 5.5 Week 5 5.6 Week 6 : Quarter - final 5.7 Week 7 : Semi-final 5.8 Week 8 : Final 6 Dance chart 7 References Couples ( edit ) In the first series , there were eight celebrity contestants and in order of elimination , they were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Jason Wood Comedian Kylie Jones Eliminated 1st on 22 May 2004 David Dickinson Television presenter Camilla Dallerup Eliminated 2nd on 29 May 2004 Verona Joseph Holby City actress Paul Killick Eliminated 3rd on 5 June 2004 Claire Sweeney Actress , singer , & television presenter John Byrnes Eliminated 4th on 12 June 2004 Martin Offiah Former England rugby player Erin Boag Eliminated 5th on 19 June 2004 Lesley Garrett Classical crossover singer Anton du Beke Third Place on 26 June 2004 Christopher Parker EastEnders actor Hanna Karttunen Second Place on 3 July 2004 Natasha Kaplinsky Television presenter Brendan Cole Winners on 3 July 2004 Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 7 8 Natasha & Brendan 27 31 58 26 35 37 31 + 36 = 67 36 + 35 = 71 36 + 31 + 35 = 102 Christopher & Hanna 19 23 42 19 28 15 22 + 15 = 37 21 + 16 = 37 24 + 17 + 22 = 63 Lesley & Anton 29 27 56 29 30 27 34 + 26 = 60 33 + 29 = 62 Martin & Erin 25 21 46 21 24 22 24 + 24 = 48 Claire & John 5 27 26 53 34 31 32 Verona & Paul 6 27 24 51 24 24 David & Camilla 7 16 21 37 20 Jason & Kylie 8 21 19 40 indicates the couple eliminated that week indicates the couple that was in the bottom two that week but not eliminated indicates the couple withdrew from the competition that week indicates the winning couple indicates the runner - up couple indicates the third - place couple Red text the lowest - scoring dance of the series Green text the highest - scoring dance of the series `` -- '' indicates the couple ( s ) did not dance that week Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 40 - points scale . Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average Natasha & Brendan 396 12 33.0 5 Claire & John 150 5 30.0 Lesley & Anton 264 9 29.3 6 Verona & Paul 99 24.8 5 Martin & Erin 161 7 23.0 6 Christopher & Hanna 241 12 20.1 7 8 Jason & Kylie 40 20.0 8 7 David & Camilla 57 19.0 Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' scores are as follows : Dance Best dancer ( s ) Best score Worst dancer ( s ) Worst score Cha - Cha - Cha Natasha Kaplinsky Verona Joseph 27 David Dickinson 16 Foxtrot Natasha Kaplinsky 35 Martin Offiah 24 Jive Lesley Garrett 29 Christopher Parker 17 Paso Doble Natasha Kaplinsky 35 Christopher Parker 15 Quickstep Natasha Kaplinsky 36 David Dickinson 21 Rumba Natasha Kaplinsky 36 Christopher Parker 16 Samba Natasha Kaplinsky 37 Christopher Parker 15 Showdance Natasha Kaplinsky 35 Christopher Parker 22 Tango Claire Sweeney 34 David Dickinson 20 Waltz Natasha Kaplinsky 36 Jason Wood 21 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Couple Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Natasha & Brendan Samba ( 37 ) Jive ( 26 ) Chris & Hanna Foxtrot ( 28 ) Samba Paso Doble ( 15 ) Lesley & Anton Foxtrot ( 34 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 26 ) Martin & Erin Waltz ( 25 ) Rumba Jive ( 21 ) Claire & John Tango ( 34 ) Rumba ( 26 ) Verona & Paul Cha Cha Cha ( 27 ) Quickstep Jive Paso Doble ( 24 ) David & Camilla Quickstep ( 21 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 16 ) Jason & Kylie Waltz ( 21 ) Rumba ( 19 ) Weekly scores and songs ( edit ) Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores are given ( in parenthesis ) in this order from left to right : Craig Revel Horwood , Arlene Phillips , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Bruno Tonioli , Arlene Phillips , Len Goodman , Craig Revel Horwood Running order Couple Score Dance Music Natasha & Brendan 27 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 5 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Chain of Fools '' -- Aretha Franklin Lesley & Anton 29 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 6 ) Waltz `` He Was Beautiful '' -- Cleo Laine Christopher & Hanna 19 ( 4 , 4 , 7 , 4 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle Jason & Kylie 21 ( 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Commodores Verona & Paul 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Claire & John 27 ( 5 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Waltz `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers from Ghost David & Camilla 16 ( 4 , 4 , 6 , 2 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Sex Bomb '' -- Tom Jones Martin & Erin 25 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 5 ) Waltz `` Come Away With Me '' -- Norah Jones Week 2 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Natasha & Brendan 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` The Lady is a Tramp '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe Martin & Erin 21 ( 3 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Mariah Carey Safe Christopher & Hanna 23 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` You 're the One That I Want '' from Grease Safe Claire & John 26 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` Angels '' -- Robbie Williams Safe Verona & Paul 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' from Sweet Charity Safe Jason & Kylie 19 ( 2 , 5 , 7 , 5 ) Rumba `` Leave Right Now '' -- Will Young Eliminated David & Camilla 21 ( 3 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' from Follow the Fleet Bottom two Lesley & Anton 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' -- Lou Rawls Safe Week 3 ( edit ) This week 's show is filmed in the Blackpool Tower Ballroom . Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Verona & Paul 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Jive `` Proud Mary '' -- Tina Turner Safe Lesley & Anton 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` Sensation '' -- Chong Lim Safe Martin & Erin 21 ( 5 , 5 , 5 , 6 ) Jive `` Great Balls of Fire '' -- Jerry Lee Lewis Safe David & Camilla 20 ( 4 , 6 , 5 , 5 ) Tango `` La Cumparsita '' -- Gerardo Matos Rodríguez Eliminated Christopher & Hanna 19 ( 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 ) Jive `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours Safe Claire & John 34 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 8 ) Tango `` Roxanne '' -- The Police Safe Natasha & Brendan 26 ( 7 , 7 , 5 , 7 ) Jive `` Jump , Jive and Wail '' -- Louis Prima Bottom two Week 4 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Claire & John 31 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` España cañí '' -- Pascual Marquina Narro Safe Christopher & Hanna 28 ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Flying Without Wings '' -- Westlife Safe Verona & Paul 24 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Paso Doble `` Boléro '' -- Maurice Ravel Eliminated Natasha & Brendan 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` The Girl from Ipanema '' -- Antônio Carlos Jobim Safe Lesley & Anton 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` La Cumparsita '' -- Gerardo Matos Rodríguez Bottom two Martin & Erin 24 ( 6 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe Week 5 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Lesley & Anton 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Mas que Nada '' -- Jorge Ben Bottom two Martin & Erin 22 ( 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 ) Samba `` Crickets Sing for Anamaria '' -- Marcos Valle Safe Christopher & Hanna 15 ( 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 ) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Safe Claire & John 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' -- Ricky Martin Eliminated Natasha & Brendan 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Love Is in the Air '' -- John Paul Young Safe Week 6 : Quarter - final ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Martin & Erin 24 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' -- Duke Ellington Eliminated 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha Cha Cha `` Smooth '' -- Santana Natasha & Brendan 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Libertango '' -- Ástor Piazzolla Safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Lionel Richie Christopher & Hanna 22 ( 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Safe 15 ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 3 ) Paso Doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Lesley & Anton 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' -- Frank Sinatra Bottom two 26 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha Cha Cha `` Spinning Around '' -- Kylie Minogue Week 7 : Semi-final ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Lesley & Anton 33 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` That Old Black Magic '' -- Sammy Davis Jr Third place 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Jive `` My Baby Just Cares for Me '' -- Nina Simone Natasha & Brendan 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Waltz `` With You I 'm Born Again '' -- Billy Preston and Syreeta Wright Safe 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` O Fortuna '' -- Carl Orff Christopher & Hanna 21 ( 2 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Bottom two 16 ( 2 , 4 , 5 , 5 ) Rumba `` Careless Whisper '' -- George Michael Week 8 : Final ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Natasha & Brendan 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` The Lady is a Tramp '' -- Frank Sinatra Winner 31 ( 7 , 7 , 9 , 8 ) Samba `` Love Is in the Air '' -- John Paul Young 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Showdance `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Christopher & Hanna 24 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Runner - up 17 ( 3 , 3 , 7 , 4 ) Jive `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours 22 ( 4 , 6 , 7 , 5 ) Showdance `` Fame '' -- Irene Cara Dance chart ( edit ) Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Couple 5 6 7 8 Natasha & Brendan Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Foxtrot Samba Tango Rumba Waltz Paso Doble Quickstep Samba Showdance Christopher & Hanna Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Foxtrot Samba Waltz Paso Doble Tango Rumba Waltz Jive Showdance Lesley & Anton Waltz Rumba Tango Paso Doble Samba Foxtrot Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Martin & Erin Waltz Rumba Jive Foxtrot Samba Quickstep Cha - Cha - Cha Claire & John Waltz Rumba Tango Paso Doble Samba Verona & Paul Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Paso Doble David & Camilla Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Tango Jason & Kylie Waltz Rumba The dances performed during Series 1 were as follows : Week 1 : Cha Cha Cha or Waltz Week 2 : Quickstep or Rumba Week 3 : Tango or Jive Week 4 : Foxtrot or Paso Doble Week 5 : Samba Week 6 & 7 : Two unlearned dances Week 8 : Favourite ballroom , favourite Latin & Showdance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MAIN SOURCE FOR THIS ARTICLE : http://www.ultimatestrictly.com/ Strictly Come Dancing Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Christmas Specials Winners Celebrities Natasha Kaplinsky Jill Halfpenny Darren Gough Mark Ramprakash Alesha Dixon Tom Chambers Chris Hollins Kara Tointon Harry Judd Louis Smith Abbey Clancy Caroline Flack Jay McGuiness Ore Oduba Joe McFadden Professionals Brendan Cole Darren Bennett Lilia Kopylova Karen Hardy Matthew Cutler Camilla Dallerup Ola Jordan Artem Chigvintsev Aliona Vilani Flavia Cacace Aljaž Skorjanec Pasha Kovalev Joanne Clifton Katya Jones Other professionals Erin Boag Dianne Buswell Nadiya Bychkova Karen Clifton Kevin Clifton Andrew Cuerden Graziano Di Prima Amy Dowden Anton du Beke Brian Fortuna Anya Garnis Hanna Haarala Izabela Hannah Chloe Hewitt Hayley Holt Kylie Jones Neil Jones James Jordan Hanna Karttunen Paul Killick Natalie Lowe Oti Mabuse Tristan MacManus Janette Manrara Gorka Márquez Jared Murillo Luba Mushtuk Hazel Newberry Giovanni Pernice Oksana Platero AJ Pritchard Johannes Radebe Kristina Rihanoff Gleb Savchenko Vincent Simone Katya Virshilas Ian Waite Trent Whiddon Robin Windsor Related It Takes Two Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_1)&oldid=855477969 '' Categories : Strictly Come Dancing series 2004 British television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from March 2015 Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 16 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who came third in first series of strictly come dancing	[ "\n\n\nCelebrity\n\nKnown for\n\nProfessional partner\n\nStatus\n\n\nJason Wood\n\nComedian\n\nKylie Jones\n\nEliminated 1ston 22 May 2004\n\n\nDavid Dickinson\n\nTelevision presenter\n\nCamilla Dallerup\n\nEliminated 2ndon 29 May 2004\n\n\nVerona Joseph\n\nHolby City actress\n\nPaul Killick\n\nEliminated 3rdon 5 June 2004\n\n\nClaire Sweeney\n\nActress, singer, & television presenter\n\nJohn Byrnes\n\nEliminated 4thon 12 June 2004\n\n\nMartin Offiah\n\nFormer England rugby player\n\nErin Boag\n\nEliminated 5thon 19 June 2004\n\n\nLesley Garrett\n\nClassical crossover singer\n\nAnton du Beke\n\nThird Placeon 26 June 2004\n\n\nChristopher Parker\n\nEastEnders actor\n\nHanna Karttunen\n\nSecond Placeon 3 July 2004\n\n\nNatasha Kaplinsky\n\nTelevision presenter\n\nBrendan Cole\n\nWinnerson 3 July 2004\n", "\n\n\nCelebrity\n\nKnown for\n\nProfessional partner\n\nStatus\n\n\nJason Wood\n\nComedian\n\nKylie Jones\n\nEliminated 1ston 22 May 2004\n\n\nDavid Dickinson\n\nTelevision presenter\n\nCamilla Dallerup\n\nEliminated 2ndon 29 May 2004\n\n\nVerona Joseph\n\nHolby City actress\n\nPaul Killick\n\nEliminated 3rdon 5 June 2004\n\n\nClaire Sweeney\n\nActress, singer, & television presenter\n\nJohn Byrnes\n\nEliminated 4thon 12 June 2004\n\n\nMartin Offiah\n\nFormer England rugby player\n\nErin Boag\n\nEliminated 5thon 19 June 2004\n\n\nLesley Garrett\n\nClassical crossover singer\n\nAnton du Beke\n\nThird Placeon 26 June 2004\n\n\nChristopher Parker\n\nEastEnders actor\n\nHanna Karttunen\n\nSecond Placeon 3 July 2004\n\n\nNatasha Kaplinsky\n\nTelevision presenter\n\nBrendan Cole\n\nWinnerson 3 July 2004\n" ]	[ "Christopher Parker", "Hanna Karttunen" ]
4674272567879693417	Ownership of Arsenal F.C.	Ownership of Arsenal FC - Wikipedia Ownership of Arsenal FC Jump to : navigation , search The ownership of Arsenal Football Club is considerably different from that of other clubs in English football . It is owned by a parent company , Arsenal Holdings plc , which has relatively few shares which are infrequently traded . Historically , the club has been owned by descendants of the Bracewell - Smith and Hill - Wood families , but since 2007 the club has attracted outside interest and two rival tycoons have acquired significant share holdings . As of 1 July 2011 , the majority shareholder in the club is the American Stan Kroenke , who holds 67.05 % of the parent company . His rival , the Russian - Uzbek Alisher Usmanov , owns 30.04 % . Under Takeover Panel rules , Kroenke must in due course make an offer for every available share in the club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Financial performance 3 History 4 Current shareholders 5 References Overview ( edit ) Arsenal 's parent company , Arsenal Holdings plc , operates as a non-quoted public limited company , whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs . Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued , and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM ; instead , they are traded relatively infrequently on NEX Exchange ( AFC ) , a specialist market . The 2011 takeover bid by Stan Kroenke puts the club 's market capitalisation value at £ 731m . As at 31 March 2012 , a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £ 16,250 , which set the club 's market capitalisation value at approximately £ 1 Billion Arsenal Holdings plc wholly owns twelve subsidiary companies , covering the group 's activities . These include Arsenal Football Club plc ( the football club itself ) , Arsenal ( Emirates Stadium ) Limited ( which develops and owns Arsenal 's Emirates Stadium ) , Arsenal Stadium Management Company ( which manages the stadium on matchdays ) , and Arsenal Overseas Ltd ( which manages retail operations ) . Other subsidiaries deal with property development on the site of Arsenal 's former stadium at Highbury and the associated property holding and financing . Financial performance ( edit ) The club made an operating profit ( excluding player transfers ) of £ 72m in the year ending 31 May 2010 , from a turnover of £ 379.9 m . In April 2009 , business magazine Forbes ranked Arsenal as third most valuable football team in the world , after Manchester United and Real Madrid , valuing the club at $1.2 bn ( £ 605m ) , excluding debt . Accountants Deloitte rate Arsenal fifth in the 2011 Deloitte Football Money League , a ranking of the world 's football clubs in terms of revenue , with the club earning £ 274.1 m in the 2009 -- 10 season . History ( edit ) As an amateur club , Royal Arsenal FC , Arsenal started out as a mutually owned club but after turning professional , converted to a limited liability company in 1893 . The company struggled in the club 's early years , with its location in industrial Woolwich resulting in low attendances . The club was liquidated and reformed in 1910 , and taken over by the owner of Fulham FC , Henry Norris . Norris owned the club for the next nineteen years , moving it to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury in 1913 . Norris however was forced to resign as chairman and leave Arsenal in 1929 following an expenses scandal . By the time of World War II the majority of Arsenal shares were held by Samuel Hill - Wood and Sir Bracewell Smith , the MP for Holborn and a future Lord Mayor of London . In those days the shares were not considered to be valuable and had never paid a dividend , and were seen largely as a charitable exercise to provide recreational entertainment for the working people of North London . After his death , the shareholding of Sir Bracewell Smith was divided between his son and daughter and ended up in the hands of his grandchildren , Sir Charles Bracewell - Smith , Clive Carr ( Life - President ) , Richard Carr ( still a director ) and Sarah Carr , now Lady Phipps - Bagge . Samuel Hill - Wood 's shares passed first to his son Denis and then his grandson and former Arsenal chairman Peter Hill - Wood ; he sold much of his family 's shareholdings in the 1980s to David Dein , who sold some of them on to Danny Fiszman ( a London diamond dealer ) . In the early 2000s the club sold a 9.9 % stake to Granada Holdings Ltd , a subsidiary of ITV plc , and a significant stake was also bought by hedge fund Lansdowne Partners . Current shareholders ( edit ) As of 19 May 2017 , the largest shareholder in the club is Stan Kroenke , owner of Kroenke Sports Enterprises ( KSE ) , who owns 41,721 shares ( 67.05 % ) . Kroenke 's holdings in the club began with an initial 9.9 % bought from ITV plc in April 2007 ; initially treated with hostility , he is now regarded as an ally of the Arsenal board and was appointed a non-executive director of the club in September 2008 . Kroenke brought his stake in the club up to 20.5 % following a purchase of shares from fellow director Danny Fiszman . On 1 May 2009 , Arsenal announced that Kroenke had bought a further 4,839 shares from the Carr family , including Richard Carr , also a director , which made him the largest shareholder of the company with 28.3 % . On November the same year , this increased to the maximum 29.9 % limit . A rival bid for the club came from Red & White Holdings , which is co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and London - based financier Farhad Moshiri . Red & White bought the stake held by former Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein , as well as stakes owned by Lansdowne and many other minor shareholders , and as of September 2011 own 18,204 shares ( 29.25 % ) of the club . This is the largest single stake owned by a non-board member . This led to press speculation of a bidding war between Kroenke and Usmanov . However , Kroenke agreed not to purchase more than 29.9 % of the club until at least September 2009 , while the rest of the board agreed not to consider a sale of their shares to `` non-permitted persons '' until at least April 2009 , and had first option on each other 's shares until October 2012 . In April 2011 , Kroenke extended his ownership of the club by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell - Smith ( 15.9 % ) , Danny Fiszman ( 16.11 % ) and other directors of the Arsenal board , taking his shareholding to 66.64 % . Under the Takeover Code , Kroenke , as majority shareholder , is obliged to make an offer for the remaining shares in the club , which would include those owned by Red & White Holdings as well as any stakes held by the remaining minority shareholders of the club ; these include those owned by former players as well as three shares owned by the Arsenal Supporters ' Trust . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Club Holdings '' . Arsenal Holdings Plc . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Matt ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) . `` American Stan Kroenke to take full control of Arsenal '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal FC Annual Report 2006 - 07 '' ( PDF ) . Arsenal Football Club . Jump up ^ `` DJ KSE , UK , Inc . Offer for Arsenal Holdings PLC '' . PLUS Markets Group . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Financial results - year ended 31 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes . 2009 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Deloitte Football Money League 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte . February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Spurling ( 2004 ) . Rebels for the Cause . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Market trader who sat at game 's topmost tables '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Arsenal crisis as Dein is ousted from board '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal and the Bracewells '' . Jump up ^ `` ITV buy Arsenal shares '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Shares Buyout ? '' . Jump up ^ Scott , Matt & Allen , Katie ( 2007 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Takeover gains pace at Arsenal with 9.9 % sale '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kroenke joins Arsenal 's Board of Directors '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Club Statement : Arsenal Holdings plc '' . 2009 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Phil ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Stan Kroenke ups his Arsenal stake again '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Kempson , Russell & Smith , Ben ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Stan Kroenke moves to brink of obligatory Arsenal takeover '' . The Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian buys Dein 's Arsenal stake '' . BBC News . 2007 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/board-announce-revised-lock-down-agreement Jump up ^ `` The Trust '' . Arsenal Supporters Trust . Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Under - 23s / Academy Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Kroenke Sports & Entertainment Founded in 1999 Teams Los Angeles Rams ( NFL ) ( 1999 -- present ) Denver Nuggets ( NBA ) ( 2000 -- present ) Colorado Avalanche ( NHL ) ( 2000 -- present ) Colorado Mammoth ( NLL ) ( 2004 -- present ) Colorado Rapids ( MLS ) ( 2004 -- present ) Arsenal F.C. ( Premier League ) ( 2011 -- present ) Los Angeles Gladiators ( Overwatch League ) ( 2017 - present ) Venues Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Pepsi Center Dick 's Sporting Goods Park Paramount Theatre 1stBank Center ( operator ) People Stan Kroenke Ann Walton Kroenke Josh Kroenke Media Television Altitude Sports and Entertainment Outdoor Sportsman Group Sportsman Channel Outdoor Channel MyOutdoorTV.com World Fishing Network US Canada ( JV ) Radio KSE Radio Ventures , LLC KKSE KXKL - FM KIMN KWOF Magazines Outdoor Sportsman Group Bowhunter Bass Fan Firearms News Florida Sportsman Fly Fisherman Game & Fish Guns & Ammo Gun Dog Guns & Ammo : Handguns In - Fisherman North American Whitetail Petersen 's Bowhunting Petersen 's Hunting Rifle Shooter Shallow Water Angler Shooting Times Shotgun News Walleye In - Sider Wildfowl Miscellaneous Skycam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ownership_of_Arsenal_F.C.&oldid=827973538 '' Categories : Kroenke Sports & Entertainment Arsenal F.C. Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the value of arsenal football club	[ "Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued,[3] and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on NEX Exchange (AFC), a specialist market. The 2011 takeover bid by Stan Kroenke puts the club's market capitalisation value at £731m.[4] As at 31 March 2012, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £16,250, which set the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £1 Billion" ]	[ "£1 Billion" ]
7960484544295976683	Campaign finance reform in the United States	Campaign finance reform in the United States - wikipedia Campaign finance reform in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series Political campaigning Finance Grassroots fundraising Management Opposition research Consultation Message Advertising Canvassing Election promise Get out the vote Lawn signs Post-truth politics Negative campaigning Attack ad Fearmongering Push poll Smear campaign Voter suppression Key people Candidate Campaign manager Campaign staff Politics portal This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Campaign finance reform is the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics , primarily in political campaigns . Although attempts to regulate campaign finance by legislation date back to 1867 , the modern era of `` campaign finance reform '' in the United States begins with the passage of the Federal Election Campaign Act ( FECA ) of 1971 and , more importantly , 1974 amendments to that Act . The 1971 FECA required candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions and campaign expenditures . The 1974 Amendments essentially rewrote the Act from top to bottom . The 1974 Amendments placed statutory limits on contributions by individuals for the first time , and created the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as an independent enforcement agency . It provided for broad new disclosure requirements , and limited the amounts that candidates could spend on their campaigns , or that citizens could spend separate from candidate campaigns to promote their political views . Specifically , it attempted to restrict the influence of wealthy individuals by limiting individual donations to $1,000 and donations by political action committees ( PACs ) to $5,000 . However , the Act 's provisions limiting expenditures were struck down as unconstitutional in the 1976 Supreme Court decision Buckley v. Valeo . The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act ( BCRA ) of 2002 , also known as `` McCain - Feingold '' , after its sponsors , is the most recent major federal law on campaign finance , the key provisions of which prohibited unregulated contributions ( commonly referred to as `` soft money '' ) to national political parties and limited the use of corporate and union money to fund ads discussing political issues within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election . However , BCRA 's provisions limiting corporate and union expenditures for issue advertising were narrowed in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , and later explicitly struck down on constitutional grounds in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First attempts 1.2 FECA and the Watergate amendments 1.3 Reforms of the 1980s and 1990s 1.4 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 1.5 DISCLOSE Act of 2010 2 Current proposals for reform 2.1 Voting with dollars 2.2 Matching funds 2.3 Clean elections 2.4 Occupy movement - inspired constitutional amendments 2.5 CFR28 Logic Puzzle 2.6 Redefining Quid Pro Quo 3 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 3.1 Ruling 3.2 Dissent 3.3 Public response 4 McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission 5 See also 6 References 7 Notes History ( edit ) First attempts ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) To gain votes from recently enfranchised , unpropertied voters , Andrew Jackson launched his campaign for the 1828 election through a network of partisan newspapers across the nation . After his election , Jackson began a political patronage system that rewarded political party operatives , which had a profound effect on future elections . Eventually , appointees were expected to contribute portions of their pay back to the political party . During the Jacksonian era , some of the first attempts were made by corporations to influence politicians . Jackson claimed that his charter battle against the Second Bank of the United States was one of the great struggles between democracy and the money power . While it was rumored that The Bank of the United States spent over $40,000 from 1830 to 1832 in an effort to stop Jackson 's re-election , Chairman Biddle of the BUS only spent `` tens of thousands to distribute information favorable to the bank . '' This expenditure can be conceived as being spent `` against '' Jackson , because of the competing ideals of the Bank and Jackson 's anti-bank platform . In the 1850s , Pennsylvania Republican Simon Cameron began to develop what became known as the `` Pennsylvania idea '' of applying the wealth of corporations to help maintain Republican control of the legislature . Political machines across the country used the threat of hostile legislation to force corporate interests into paying for the defeat of the measures . U.S. Senators of the time were elected not by popular vote , but by state legislatures , whose votes could sometimes be bought . Exposed bribery occurred in Colorado , Kansas , Montana and West Virginia . Abraham Lincoln 's attempt to finance his own 1858 Senate run bankrupted him , even though he had arranged a number of $500 expense accounts from wealthy donors . However , he was able to regain enough money in his law practice to purchase an Illinois newspaper to support him in the presidential election of 1860 , for which he gained the financial support of businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City . After the Civil War , parties increasingly relied on wealthy individuals for support , including Jay Cooke , the Vanderbilts , and the Astors . In the absence of a civil service system , parties also continued to rely heavily on financial support from government employees , including assessments of a portion of their federal pay . The first federal campaign finance law , passed in 1867 , was a Naval Appropriations Bill which prohibited officers and government employees from soliciting contributions from Navy yard workers . Later , the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 established the civil service and extended the protections of the Naval Appropriations Bill to all federal civil service workers . However , this loss of a major funding source increased pressure on parties to solicit funding from corporate and individual wealth . In the campaign of 1872 , a group of wealthy New York Democrats pledged $10,000 each to pay for the costs of promoting the election . On the Republican side , one Ulysses S. Grant supporter alone contributed one fourth of the total finances . One historian said that never before was a candidate under such a great obligation to men of wealth . Vote buying and voter coercion were common in this era . After more standardized ballots were introduced , these practices continued , applying methods such as requiring voters to use carbon paper to record their vote publicly in order to be paid . Boies Penrose mastered post-Pendleton Act corporate funding through extortionist tactics , such as squeeze bills ( legislation threatening to tax or regulate business unless funds were contributed . ) During his successful 1896 U.S. Senate campaign , he raised a quarter million dollars within 48 hours . He allegedly told supporters that they should send him to Congress to enable them to make even more money . In 1896 , a wealthy Ohio industrialist , shipping magnate and political operative , Mark Hanna became Chairman of the Republican National Committee . Hanna directly contributed $100,000 to the nomination campaign of fellow Ohioan William McKinley , but recognized that more would be needed to fund the general election campaign . Hanna systematized fund - raising from the business community . He assessed banks 0.25 % of their capital , and corporations were assessed in relation to their profitability and perceived stake in the prosperity of the country . McKinley 's run became the prototype of the modern commercial advertising campaign , putting the President - to - be 's image on buttons , billboards , posters , and so on . Business supporters , determined to defeat the Democratic - populist William Jennings Bryan , were more than happy to give , and Hanna actually refunded or turned down what he considered to be `` excessive '' contributions that exceeded a business 's assessment . Twentieth - century Progressive advocates , together with journalists and political satirists , argued to the general public that the policies of vote buying and excessive corporate and moneyed influence were abandoning the interests of millions of taxpayers . They advocated strong antitrust laws , restricting corporate lobbying and campaign contributions , and greater citizen participation and control , including standardized secret ballots , strict voter registration and women 's suffrage . In his first term , President Theodore Roosevelt , following President McKinley 's assassination of 1901 , began trust - busting and anti-corporate - influence activities , but fearing defeat , turned to bankers and industrialists for support in what turned out to be his 1904 landslide campaign . Roosevelt was embarrassed by his corporate financing and was unable to clear a suspicion of a quid pro quo exchange with E.H. Harriman for what was an eventually unfulfilled ambassador nomination . There was a resulting national call for reform , but Roosevelt claimed that it was legitimate to accept large contributions if there were no implied obligation . However , in his 1905 message to Congress following the election , he proposed that `` contributions by corporations to any political committee or for any political purpose should be forbidden by law . '' The proposal , however , included no restrictions on campaign contributions from the private individuals who owned and ran corporations . Roosevelt also called for public financing of federal candidates via their political parties . The movement for a national law to require disclosure of campaign expenditures , begun by the National Publicity Law Association , was supported by Roosevelt but delayed by Congress for a decade . This first effort at wide - ranging reform resulted in the Tillman Act of 1907 . Named for its sponsor , South Carolina Senator Ben Tillman , the Tillman Act prohibited corporations and nationally chartered ( interstate ) banks from making direct financial contributions to federal candidates . However , weak enforcement mechanisms made the Act ineffective . Disclosure requirements and spending limits for House and Senate candidates followed in 1910 and 1911 . General contribution limits were enacted in the Federal Corrupt Practices Act ( 1925 ) . An amendment to the Hatch Act of 1939 set an annual ceiling of $3 million for political parties ' campaign expenditures and $5,000 for individual campaign contributions . The Smith - Connally Act ( 1943 ) and Taft - Hartley Act ( 1947 ) extended the corporate ban to labor unions . FECA and the Watergate amendments ( edit ) All of these efforts were largely ineffective , easily circumvented and rarely enforced . In 1971 , however , Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act , requiring broad disclosure of campaign finance . In 1974 , fueled by public reaction to the Watergate Scandal , Congress passed amendments to the Act establishing a comprehensive system of regulation and enforcement , including public financing of presidential campaigns and creation of a central enforcement agency , the Federal Election Commission . Other provisions included limits on contributions to campaigns and expenditures by campaigns , individuals , corporations and other political groups . The 1976 decision of the US Supreme Court in Buckley v. Valeo struck down various FECA limits on spending as unconstitutional violations of free speech . Among other changes , this removed limits on candidate expenditures unless the candidate accepts public financing . Reforms of the 1980s and 1990s ( edit ) In 1986 , several bills were killed in the U.S. Senate by bipartisan maneuvers which did not allow the bills to come up for a vote . The bill would impose strict controls for campaign fund raising . Later in 1988 , legislative and legal setbacks on proposals designed to limit overall campaign spending by candidates were shelved after a Republican filibuster . In addition , a constitutional amendment to override a Supreme Court decision failed to get off the ground . In 1994 , Senate Democrats had more bills blocked by Republicans including a bill setting spending limits and authorizing partial public financing of congressional elections . In 1996 , bipartisan legislation for voluntary spending limits which rewards those who bare soft money was killed by a Republican filibuster . In 1997 , Senators McCain ( R - AZ ) and Feingold ( D - WI ) sought to eliminate soft money and TV advertising expenditures , but the legislation was defeated by a Republican filibuster . Several different proposals were made in 1999 by both parties . The Campaign Integrity Act ( H.R. 1867 ) , proposed by Asa Hutchinson ( R - AR ) , would have banned soft money and raised limits on hard money . The Citizen Legislature & Political Act sponsored by Rep. John Doolittle ( R - CA ) would have repealed all federal freedom act contribution limits and expedited and expanded disclosure ( H.R. 1922 in 1999 , the 106th Congress , and reintroduced with different numbers through 2007 , the 110th Congress ) . The Shays - Meehan Campaign Reform Act ( H.R. 417 ) evolved into the McCain -- Feingold Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 . Bipartisan campaign reform Act of 2002 ( edit ) The Congress passed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act ( BCRA ) , also called the McCain - Feingold bill after its chief sponsors , John McCain and Russ Feingold . The bill was passed by the House of Representatives on February 14 , 2002 , with 240 yeas and 189 nays , including 6 members who did not vote . Final passage in the Senate came after supporters mustered the bare minimum of 60 votes needed to shut off debate . The bill passed the Senate , 60 - 40 on March 20 , 2002 , and was signed into law by President Bush on March 27 , 2002 . In signing the law , Bush expressed concerns about the constitutionality of parts of the legislation but concluded , `` I believe that this legislation , although far from perfect , will improve the current financing system for Federal campaigns . '' The bill was the first significant overhaul of federal campaign finance laws since the post-Watergate scandal era . Academic research has used game theory to explain Congress 's incentives to pass the Act . The BCRA was a mixed bag for those who wanted to remove big money from politics . It eliminated all soft money donations to the national party committees , but it also doubled the contribution limit of hard money , from $1,000 to $2,000 per election cycle , with a built - in increase for inflation . In addition , the bill aimed to curtail ads by non-party organizations by banning the use of corporate or union money to pay for `` electioneering communications , '' defined as broadcast advertising that identifies a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or nominating convention , or 60 days of a general election . This provision of McCain - Feingold , sponsored by Maine Republican Olympia Snowe and Vermont Independent James Jeffords , as introduced applied only to for - profit corporations , but was extended to incorporate non-profit issue organizations , such as the Environmental Defense Fund or the National Rifle Association , as part of the `` Wellstone Amendment , '' sponsored by Senator Paul Wellstone . The law was challenged as unconstitutional by groups and individuals including the California State Democratic Party , the National Rifle Association , and Republican Senator Mitch McConnell ( Kentucky ) , the Senate Majority Whip . After moving through lower courts , in September 2003 , the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case , McConnell v. FEC . On Wednesday , December 10 , 2003 , the Supreme Court issued a 5 - 4 ruling that upheld its key provisions . Since then , campaign finance limitations continued to be challenged in the Courts . In 2005 in Washington state , Thurston County Judge Christopher Wickham ruled that media articles and segments were considered in - kind contributions under state law . The heart of the matter focused on the I - 912 campaign to repeal a fuel tax , and specifically two broadcasters for Seattle conservative talker KVI . Judge Wickham 's ruling was eventually overturned on appeal in April 2007 , with the Washington Supreme Court holding that on - air commentary was not covered by the State 's campaign finance laws ( No New Gas Tax v. San Juan County ) . In 2006 , the United States Supreme Court issued two decisions on campaign finance . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , it held that certain advertisements might be constitutionally entitled to an exception from the ' electioneering communications ' provisions of McCain - Feingold limiting broadcast ads that merely mention a federal candidate within 60 days of an election . On remand , a lower court then held that certain ads aired by Wisconsin Right to Life in fact merited such an exception . The Federal Election Commission appealed that decision , and in June 2007 , the Supreme Court held in favor of Wisconsin Right to Life . In an opinion by Chief Justice John Roberts , the Court declined to overturn the electioneering communications limits in their entirety , but established a broad exemption for any ad that could have a reasonable interpretation as an ad about legislative issues . Also in 2006 , the Supreme Court held that a Vermont law imposing mandatory limits on spending was unconstitutional , under the precedent of Buckley v. Valeo . In that case , Randall v. Sorrell , the Court also struck down Vermont 's contribution limits as unconstitutionally low , the first time that the Court had ever struck down a contribution limit . In March 2009 , the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments about whether or not the law could restrict advertising of a documentary about Hillary Clinton . Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was decided in January 2010 , the Supreme Court finding that § 441b 's restrictions on expenditures were invalid and could not be applied to Hillary : The Movie . DISCLOSE Act of 2010 ( edit ) The DISCLOSE Act ( S. 3628 ) was proposed in July 2010 . The bill would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to prohibit government contractors from making expenditures with respect to such elections , and establish additional disclosure requirements for election spending . The bill would have imposed new donor and contribution disclosure requirements on nearly all organizations that air political ads independently of candidates or the political parties . The legislation would have required the sponsor of the ad to appear in the ad itself . President Obama argued that the bill would reduce foreign influence over American elections . Democrats needed at least one Republican to support the measure in order to get the 60 votes to overcome GOP procedural delays , but were unsuccessful . Current proposals for reform ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Voting with dollars ( edit ) The voting with dollars plan would establish a system of modified public financing coupled with an anonymous campaign contribution process . It has two parts : patriot dollars and the secret donation booth . It was originally described in detail by Yale Law School professors Bruce Ackerman and Ian Ayres in their 2002 book Voting with Dollars : A new paradigm for campaign finance . All voters would be given a $50 publicly funded voucher ( Patriot dollars ) to donate to federal political campaigns . All donations including both the $50 voucher and additional private contributions , must be made anonymously through the FEC . Ackerman and Ayres include model legislation in their book in addition to detailed discussion as to how such a system could be achieved and its legal basis . Of the Patriot dollars ( e.g. $50 per voter ) given to voters to allocate , they propose $25 going to presidential campaigns , $15 to Senate campaigns , and $10 to House campaigns . Within those restrictions the voucher can be split among any number of candidates for any federal race and between the primary and general elections . At the end of the current election cycle any unspent portions of this voucher would expire and could not be rolled over to subsequent elections for that voter . In the context of the 2004 election cycle $50 multiplied by the approximately 120 million people who voted would have yielded about $6 billion in `` public financing '' compared to the approximate $4 billion spent in 2004 for all federal elections ( House , Senate and Presidential races ) combined . Ackerman and Ayres argue that this system would pool voter money and force candidates to address issues of importance to a broad spectrum of voters . Additionally they argue this public finance scheme would address taxpayers ' concerns that they have `` no say '' in where public financing monies are spent , whereas in the Voting with dollars system each taxpayer who votes has discretion over their contribution . Lessig ( 2011 , p. 269 ) notes that the cost of this is tiny relative to the cost of corporate welfare , estimated at $100 billion in the 2012 US federal budget . However , this considers only direct subsidies identified by the Cato Institute . It ignores tax loopholes and regulatory and trade decisions , encouraging business mergers and other activities that can stifle competition , creativity and economic growth ; the direct subsidies can be a tiny fraction of these indirect costs . The second aspect of the system increases some private donation limits , but all contributions must be made anonymously through the FEC . In this system , when a contributor makes a donation to a campaign , they send their money to the FEC , indicating to which campaign they want it to go . The FEC masks the money and distributes it directly to the campaigns in randomized chunks over a number of days . Ackerman and Ayres compare this system to the reforms adopted in the late 19th century aimed to prevent vote buying , which led to our current secret ballot process . Prior to that time voting was conducted openly , allowing campaigns to confirm that voters cast ballots for the candidates they had been paid to support . Ackerman and Ayres contend that if candidates do not know for sure who is contributing to their campaigns they are unlikely to take unpopular stances to court large donors which could jeopardize donations flowing from voter vouchers . Conversely , large potential donors will not be able to gain political access or favorable legislation in return for their contributions since they can not prove to candidates the supposed extent of their financial support . Matching funds ( edit ) Another method allows the candidates to raise funds from private donors , but provides matching funds for the first chunk of donations . For instance , the government might `` match '' the first $250 of every donation . This would effectively make small donations more valuable to a campaign , potentially leading them to put more effort into pursuing such donations , which are believed to have less of a corrupting effect than larger gifts and enhance the power of less - wealthy individuals . Such a system is currently in place in the U.S. presidential primaries . As of February 2008 , there were fears that this system provided a safety net for losers in these races , as shown by loan taken out by John McCain 's campaign that used the promise of matching funds as collateral . However , in February 2009 the Federal Election Commission found no violation of the law because McCain permissibly withdrew from the Matching Payment Program and thus was released from his obligations . It also found no reason to believe that a violation occurred as a result of the Committee 's reporting of McCain 's loan . The Commission closed the files . Clean elections ( edit ) Another method , which supporters call clean money , clean elections , gives each candidate who chooses to participate a certain , set amount of money . In order to qualify for this money , the candidates must collect a specified number of signatures and small ( usually $5 ) contributions . The candidates are not allowed to accept outside donations or to use their own personal money if they receive this public funding . Candidates receive matching funds , up to a limit , when they are outspent by privately funded candidates , attacked by independent expenditures , or their opponent benefits from independent expenditures . This is the primary difference between clean money public financing systems and the presidential campaign system , which many have called `` broken '' because it provides no extra funds when candidates are attacked by 527s or other independent expenditure groups . Supporters claim that Clean Elections matching funds are so effective at leveling the playing field in Arizona that during the first full year of its implementation , disproportionate funding between candidates was a factor in only 2 % of the races . The U.S. Supreme Court 's decision in Davis v. Federal Election Commission , however , cast considerable doubt on the constitutionality of these provisions , and in 2011 the Supreme Court held that key provisions of the Arizona law -- most notably its matching fund provisions -- were unconstitutional in Arizona Free Enterprise Club 's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett . This procedure has been in place in races for all statewide and legislative offices in Arizona and Maine since 2000 . Connecticut passed a Clean Elections law in 2005 , along with the cities of Portland , Oregon and Albuquerque , New Mexico , although Portland 's was repealed by voter initiative in 2010 . 69 % of the voters in Albuquerque voted Yes to Clean Elections . A 2006 poll showed that 85 % of Arizonans familiar with their Clean Elections system thought it was important to Arizona voters . However , a clean elections initiative in California was defeated by a wide margin at the November 2006 election , with just 25.7 % in favor , 74.3 % opposed , and in 2008 Alaska voters rejected a clean elections proposal by a two to one margin . Many other states ( such as New Jersey ) have some form of limited financial assistance for candidates , but New Jersey 's experiment with Clean Elections was ended in 2008 , in part due to a sense that the program failed to accomplish its goals . Wisconsin and Minnesota have had partial public funding since the 1970s , but the systems have largely fallen into desuetude . A clause in the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( `` McCain - Feingold '' ) required the nonpartisan General Accounting Office to conduct a study of clean elections programs in Arizona and Maine . The report , issued in May 2003 , found none of the objectives of the systems had yet been attained , but cautioned that because of the relatively short time the programs had been in place , `` it is too soon to determine the extent to which the goals of Maine 's and Arizona 's public financing programs are being met ... ( and ) We are not making any recommendations in this report . '' A 2006 study by the Center for Governmental Studies ( an advocate for campaign finance reform ) found that Clean Elections programs resulted in more candidates , more competition , more voter participation , and less influence - peddling . In 2008 , however , a series of studies conducted by the Center for Competitive Politics , ( which generally opposes regulation and taxpayer funded political campaigns ) '' found that the programs in Maine , Arizona , and New Jersey had failed to accomplish their stated goals , including electing more women , reducing government spending , reducing special interest influence on elections , bringing more diverse backgrounds into the legislature , or meeting most other stated objectives , including increasing competition or voter participation . These reports confirmed the results of an earlier study by the conservative / libertarian Goldwater Institute on Arizona 's program . Occupy movement - inspired constitutional amendments ( edit ) In response to the Occupy Wall Street protests and the worldwide occupy movement calling for U.S. campaign finance reform eliminating corporate influence in politics , among other reforms , Representative Ted Deutch introduced the `` Outlawing Corporate Cash Undermining the Public Interest in our Elections and Democracy '' ( OCCUPIED ) constitutional amendment on November 18 , 2011 . The OCCUPIED amendment would outlaw the use of for - profit corporation money in U.S. election campaigns and give Congress and states the authority to create a public campaign finance system . Unions and non-profit organizations will still be able to contribute to campaigns . On November 1 , 2011 , Senator Tom Udall also introduced a constitutional amendment in Congress to reform campaign finance which would allow Congress and state legislatures to establish public campaign finance . Two other constitutional campaign finance reform amendments were introduced in Congress in November , 2011 . Similar amendments have been advanced by Dylan Ratigan , Karl Auerbach , Cenk Uygur through Wolf PAC , and other political organizations , such as Move to Amend and American Promise . Harvard law professor and Creative Commons board member Lawrence Lessig had called for a constitutional convention in a September 24 -- 25 , 2011 conference co-chaired by the Tea Party Patriots ' national coordinator , in Lessig 's October 5 book , Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It , and at the Occupy protest in Washington , DC . Reporter Dan Froomkin said the book offers a manifesto for the Occupy Wall Street protestors , focusing on the core problem of corruption in both political parties and their elections , and Lessig provides credibility to the movement . Lessig 's initial constitutional amendment would allow legislatures to limit political contributions from non-citizens , including corporations , anonymous organizations , and foreign nationals , and he also supports public campaign financing and electoral college reform to establish the one person , one vote principle . Lessig 's web site convention.idea.informer.com allows anyone to propose and vote on constitutional amendments . On October 15 , the Occupy Wall Street Demands Working Group , published the 99 Percent Declaration of demands , goals , and solutions , including a call to amend the U.S. Constitution to reform campaign finance . Occupy movement protesters have joined the call for a constitutional amendment . CFR28 logic puzzle ( edit ) In its three - minute video , CFR28 makes the point that reforms preventing use of super PAC money to broadcast opinions about candidates means only media companies would be left with that power . It goes on to explain how CFR28 would prevent such a media monopoly but still eliminate the influence of super PAC money over candidates . Using its website `` Reasoning '' page , CFR28 considers campaign finance reform as a `` logic puzzle '' with a step - by - step series of premises and conclusions to justify its version of a constitutional amendment . The proposal targets independent campaign financing , which CFR28 describes as the `` central problem aggravated by the Citizens United decision '' , by directly confronting the dilemma of how to restrict private Political Action Committee spending while preserving free speech . The site also claims that this is the only way to achieve reform by explaining why other proposals , like public financing and transparency efforts , will fail . This dilemma was highlighted during the first oral arguments in the Citizen United case when the Assistant Solicitor General defending the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act was compelled to argue that the publishing of some books could be prohibited in the months leading up to an election . Senator Ted Cruz leveled a similar criticism at the September 2014 constitutional amendment proposed in the Senate when he claimed that it would allow jailing the producers of `` Saturday Night Live '' for its political parody . The premises on the CFR28 website concede that objectively distinguishing `` electioneering '' from traditional commentary , news and entertainment is untenable and that discriminating between them would require choosing who can shape public opinions about candidates . It also commits to the premise that `` no citizen should be prevented from hearing any message they want to hear about candidates '' . Using Citizens United as an example , that organization 's right to make the movie about Hillary Clinton under this proposal is considered no less legitimate than traditional opinion and news sources . So instead of considering the source , intent or content of speech , the CFR28 proposal suggests restricting all independent advertising about candidates . And advertising is defined by the amendment in terms of audience expectations rather than the purpose of the media . As long as an audience knows beforehand that a particular media message is about candidates and chooses to listen , it would not be considered advertising . But where access to ready - made audiences is purchased , or the message about a candidate is delivered to audiences assembled for some other purpose , independent spending would be restricted . However , candidates themselves would be allowed to advertise using only the limited funds available to them . Using Citizens United 's `` Hillary the Movie '' again as an example , advertisements telling people about the movie could not say anything about the candidate or show excerpts from the movie about her , but they would have to warn viewers that the movie is about a candidate ( s ) and identify the sponsors . The sponsors could say anything about the candidate in the movie itself since it is presented to an anticipating and willing audience . This restriction on independent advertising is combined with a limit on direct campaign contributions to candidates in CFR28 's proposal . By pegging it at 1 % of `` the average annual income of all Americans '' , the limit would adjust with the economy and is claimed to be low enough to be `` within reach of the average voter '' . Today , if that limit was in place , no one could contribute more than about $445 . This limit also applies to candidates contributing to their own campaign thus reversing the unrestricted spending of wealthy candidates established by the Buckley vs. Valeo decision . The final major plank of the proposal allows , but does not require public financing . It is included to provide relief to candidates if policy makers decide that the direct contributions are `` not enough '' . CFR28 contains a number of other technical provisions that are said to `` prevent loopholes and sabotage '' which , when combined with its core provisions , make it lengthier than other proposed amendments . Thus its website touts it as `` a necessarily more detailed alternative to simpler proposals that have failed '' . Redefining quid pro quo ( edit ) A different approach would allow private contributions as they currently are ; however it would severely penalize those who gain substantive , material favors in exchange for their contributions and those who grant such favors in exchange for receiving contributions . Thus new limitations would not be imposed on what one can give -- but rather on what one can get in return . ( Needless to say , if such additional limitations could be introduced , many of the special interests would contribute much less than they currently do , and the effects of the remaining contributions would be much less corrupting ) . Currently quid pro quo is considered a bribery only if the person who provided material incentives to a public official explicitly tied those on receiving a specific favor in return . Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( edit ) In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , in January 2010 , the US Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions can not constitutionally be prohibited from promoting the election of one candidate over another candidate . Ruling ( edit ) Justice Kennedy 's majority opinion found that the BCRA § 203 prohibition of all independent expenditures by corporations and unions violated the First Amendment 's protection of free speech . The majority wrote , `` If the First Amendment has any force , it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens , or associations of citizens , for simply engaging in political speech . '' Justice Kennedy 's opinion for the majority also noted that since the First Amendment ( and the Court ) do not distinguish between media and other corporations , these restrictions would allow Congress to suppress political speech in newspapers , books , television and blogs . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) , which had held that a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury money to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled that portion of McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) , that upheld BCRA 's restriction of corporate spending on `` electioneering communications '' . The Court 's ruling effectively freed corporations and unions to spend money both on `` electioneering communications '' and to directly advocate for the election or defeat of candidates ( although not to contribute directly to candidates or political parties ) . The majority argued that the First Amendment protects associations of individuals as well as individual speakers , and further that the First Amendment does not allow prohibitions of speech based on the identity of the speaker . Corporations , as associations of individuals , therefore have speech rights under the First Amendment . Dissent ( edit ) Justice Stevens , J. wrote , in partial dissent : The basic premise underlying the Court 's ruling is its iteration , and constant reiteration , of the proposition that the First Amendment bars regulatory distinctions based on a speaker 's identity , including its `` identity '' as a corporation . While that glittering generality has rhetorical appeal , it is not a correct statement of the law . Nor does it tell us when a corporation may engage in electioneering that some of its shareholders oppose . It does not even resolve the specific question whether Citizens United may be required to finance some of its messages with the money in its PAC . The conceit that corporations must be treated identically to natural persons in the political sphere is not only inaccurate but also inadequate to justify the Court 's disposition of this case . In the context of election to public office , the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant . Although they make enormous contributions to our society , corporations are not actually members of it . They can not vote or run for office . Because they may be managed and controlled by nonresidents , their interests may conflict in fundamental respects with the interests of eligible voters . The financial resources , legal structure , and instrumental orientation of corporations raise legitimate concerns about their role in the electoral process . Our lawmakers have a compelling constitutional basis , if not also a democratic duty , to take measures designed to guard against the potentially deleterious effects of corporate spending in local and national races . Justice Stevens also wrote : `` The Court 's ruling threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation . The path it has taken to reach its outcome will , I fear , do damage to this institution . Before turning to the question whether to overrule Austin and part of McConnell , it is important to explain why the Court should not be deciding that question . '' Public response ( edit ) Senator McCain , one of the two original sponsors of campaign finance reform , noted after the decisions that `` campaign finance reform is dead '' -- but predicted a voter backlash once it became obvious how much money corporations and unions now could and would pour into campaigns . In a Washington Post-ABC News poll in early February 2010 it was found that roughly 80 % of Americans were opposed to the January 2010 Supreme court 's ruling . The poll reveals relatively little difference of opinion on the issue among Democrats ( 85 percent opposed to the ruling ) , Republicans ( 76 percent ) and independents ( 81 percent ) . In response to the ruling , a grassroots , bipartisan group called Move to Amend was created to garner support for a constitutional amendment overturning corporate personhood and declaring that money is not speech . McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission ( edit ) On April 2 , 2014 , the Supreme Court issued a 5 - 4 ruling that the 1971 FECA 's aggregate limits restricting how much money a donor may contribute in total to all candidates or committees violated the First Amendment . The controlling opinion was written by Chief Justice Roberts , and joined by Justices Scalia , Alito and Kennedy ; Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment but wrote separately to argue that all limits on contributions were unconstitutional . Justice Breyer filed a dissenting opinion , joined by Justices Ginsburg , Kagan and Sotomayor. ( 3 ) See also ( edit ) Campaign finance in the United States Publicly funded elections Democracy Matters Electoral reform in the United States Jeff Kurzon Money loop Pacific scandal References ( edit ) Ackerman , Bruce ; Ayres , Ian ( 2002 ) . Voting with Dollars . Yale U. Pr . ISBN 0300092628 . Basham , Patrick and Dennis Polhill ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Uncompetitive Elections and the American Political System . '' Cato Institute `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . `` Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act '' . The Campaign Finance Institute . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2005 . `` BP stops paying political parties '' , March 2002 Cato Institute ( 2009 ) . Chapter 9 , Cato Handbook for Policymakers , 7th Edition . Corrado , Anthony ; Magleby , David B. ; Patterson , Kelly D. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Financing the 2004 Election . The Brookings Institution . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 5439 - 6 . `` The Federal Election Campaign Laws : A Short History '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved August 3 , 2005 . Hoersting , Stephen M. ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Free Speech and the 527 Prohibition . '' Cato Institute Lessig , Lawrence ( 2011 ) . Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It . Twelve . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 57643 - 7 . Magleby , David ; Monson , Quin , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Last Hurrah ? Soft Money and Issue Advocacy in the 2002 Congressional Elections ( PDF ) . Brookings Institution . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 5436 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` Public Funding of Presidential Elections '' . Federal Election Commission . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 3 , 2005 . Smith , Bradley ( 2001 ) . Unfree Speech : The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11369 - 6 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/teachers/lesson_plans/pdfs/unit5_6.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` americandaughter.info - Registered at Namecheap.com '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , John . `` Citizen Legislature and Political Freedom Act '' . govtrack.us . GOVTRACK . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gill , David ; Lipsmeyer , Christine ( 2005 ) . Soft Money and Hard Choices : Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations . Public Choice . SSRN 1422616 . Jump up ^ Text of San Juan County v. No New Gas Tax is available from : Findlaw Jump up ^ Justices Seem Skeptical of Scope of Campaign Law , The New York Times , March 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` DISCLOSE Act Faces GOP Filibuster In Senate '' . Huffington Post . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DownWithTyranny ! : GOP Filibuster Succeeds In Blocking Campaign Finance Reform '' . Downwithtyranny.blogspot.com . July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ackerman and Ayres ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Walsh , Joan . `` How to fix campaign financing forever for $50 -- 2008 Elections '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` 20090227MUR '' . Fec.gov . February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.azclean.org/documents/2002RoadtoVictory-Final.pdf Jump up ^ `` Climate Action Now - The City of Portland , Oregon '' . Jump up ^ `` defeated '' . Adn.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Star - Ledger Editorial Board . `` End clean - elections flop NJ.com '' . Blog.nj.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03453.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/4523.pdf Jump up ^ `` About the Center for Competitive Politics '' . November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Issue Analysis 2 : Legislator Occupations : Change or Status Quo After Clean Elections ? '' Research '' Center for Competitive Politics `` . Campaignfreedom.org . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix 5 : Conclusions & Recommendations on New Jersey 's `` Clean Elections '' Experiment '' Research '' Center for Competitive Politics `` . Campaignfreedom.org . March 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Deutch , T. ( November 18 , 2011 ) `` H.J. Res. 90 '' bill text , 112th Congress ( 2011 -- 2012 ) THOMAS.loc.gov Jump up ^ Ted Deutch for Congress Committee ( November 18 , 2011 ) `` About the OCCUPIED Amendment '' Archived November 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . theoccupiedamendment.org Jump up ^ Khimm , S. ( November 18 , 2011 ) `` House Democrat : Occupy the Constitution ! '' Washington Post Jump up ^ Portero , A. ( November 22 , 2011 ) `` House Democrat Introduces OCCUPIED Constitutional Amendment to Ban Corporate Money in Politics '' International Business Times Jump up ^ Udall , T. ( November 1 , 2011 ) `` A Constitutional Amendment to Reform Campaign Finance '' 112th Congress , 1st Session ( Washington , D.C. : United States Senate ) Jump up ^ Carney , E.N. ( November 29 , 2011 ) `` Advocacy Groups Seek to Curb Corporations '' Roll Call Jump up ^ Ratigan , D. ( 2011 ) `` It 's Time to GET MONEY OUT of politics '' GetMoneyOut.com Jump up ^ Auerbach , K. ( 2011 ) `` Proposed Amendment to the United States Constitution To Redress the Increasing Distortion of Elections and Political Speech by Corporations and Other Aggregate Forms '' Archived April 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . cavebear.com/amendment Jump up ^ Blumenthal , P. ( October 20 , 2011 ) `` Cenk Uygur Launches New Effort To Separate Money And Politics '' Huffington Post Jump up ^ Dolan , Eric W. ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Los Angeles votes to end corporate personhood '' . Rawstory . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jeff ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Justices matter but amendments matter more '' . The Hill . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Public Citizen ( January 21 , 2011 ) `` One Year Later , Movement Is Growing to Overturn Citizens United '' Citizen.org Jump up ^ Shane , P.M. ( October 11 , 2011 ) `` Occupy the Constitution '' Huffington Post Jump up ^ `` The Movement to Organize the Call for a Convention '' CallAConvention.org Jump up ^ Conference on the Constitutional Convention , Harvard University , September 24 -- 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ Lessig , L. ( 2011 ) Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It Archived April 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( New York City : Hachette / Twelve ) excerpt Jump up ^ Tackett , C. ( October 19 , 2011 ) `` Could # OccupyWallStreet Become a Constitutional Convention ? '' Discovery / TreeHugger.com Jump up ^ Froomkin , D. ( October 5 , 2011 ) `` Lawrence Lessig 's New Book On Political Corruption Offers Protesters A Possible Manifesto '' Huffington Post Jump up ^ Oremus , W. ( October 5 , 2011 ) `` Academics Help Wall Street Protests Gain Credibility '' Slate Jump up ^ Hill , A. ( October 4 , 2011 ) `` Campaign finance , lobbying major roadblocks to effective government '' Archived July 13 , 2012 , at Archive.is Marketplace Morning Report ( American Public Media ) Jump up ^ Lessig , L. ( 2011 ) `` Propose Amendments to the Constitution '' convention.idea.informer.com Jump up ^ New York City General Assembly Demands Working Group ( October 15 , 2011 ) `` The 99 Percent Declaration . '' Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Duda , C. ( October 19 , 2011 ) `` Occupy Wall Street Protesters Call for National General Assembly , Put Forward Possible Demands '' Juvenile Justice Information Exchange Jump up ^ Lopez , L. ( October 19 , 2011 ) `` Finally ! The Protesters Have Drafted A Set Of Demands For The Jobs Crisis '' Archived April 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Business Insider Jump up ^ Haack , D. ( October 24 , 2011 ) `` How the Occupy movement won me over '' The Guardian Jump up ^ Manning , B. ( October 21 , 2011 ) `` Lynch Shares Views on ' Occupy ' Movement '' Needham , Mass . Patch Jump up ^ Crugnale , J. ( October 14 , 2011 ) `` Russell Simmons : Occupy Wall Street Protesters Want Constitutional Amendment '' Mediaite Jump up ^ Niose , D. ( October 13 , 2011 ) `` What the Occupy Wall Street Protesters Want -- Constitutional amendment on corporations is a starting point '' Psychology Today Jump up ^ McCabe , J. ( October 21 , 2011 ) `` Dear Occupy Wall Street : ' Move to Amend ' ( the Constitution ) '' NewsTimes.com Jump up ^ `` CFR28 three minute explanatory video '' . Jump up ^ `` CFR28 Reasoning Page '' . Jump up ^ `` CFR28 Introduction '' . CFR28 . Jump up ^ `` CFR28 Why Public Financing Alone Wo n't Work '' . Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Supreme Court Argument Transcripts . U.S. Supreme Court . Jump up ^ For more discussion , see MCCUTCHEON ET AL. v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION. 572 U.S. ____ ( 2014 ) ; Amitai Etzioni. 2014 . `` How to Fix Campaign Finance . '' Los Angeles Daily Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Syllabus : Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Justices , 5 -- 4 , Reject Corporate Spending Limit '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n , page 88 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McCain says campaign finance reform is dead '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Associated Press via ABC News . January 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Poll : Large majority opposes Supreme Court 's decision on campaign financing Associated Press via Yahoo News . February 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Move to Amend '' . Move to Amend . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States&oldid=801905175 '' Categories : Campaign finance reform in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from June 2012 Accuracy disputes from October 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 NPOV disputes from November 2014 All NPOV disputes Articles prone to spam from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was in the federal election campaign act that was passed after watergate	[ "The Congress passed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), also called the McCain-Feingold bill after its chief sponsors, John McCain and Russ Feingold. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives on February 14, 2002, with 240 yeas and 189 nays, including 6 members who did not vote. Final passage in the Senate came after supporters mustered the bare minimum of 60 votes needed to shut off debate. The bill passed the Senate, 60-40 on March 20, 2002, and was signed into law by President Bush on March 27, 2002. In signing the law, Bush expressed concerns about the constitutionality of parts of the legislation but concluded, \"I believe that this legislation, although far from perfect, will improve the current financing system for Federal campaigns.\" The bill was the first significant overhaul of federal campaign finance laws since the post-Watergate scandal era. Academic research has used game theory to explain Congress's incentives to pass the Act.[5]" ]	[ "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)" ]
-5339136201031493060	Danish East India Company	Danish East India Company - wikipedia Danish East India Company Jump to : navigation , search Danish and other European settlements in India . The Danish East India Company ( Danish : Østindisk Kompagni ) refers to two separate Danish chartered companies . The first company operated between 1616 and 1650 . The second company existed between 1670 and 1729 , however , in 1730 it was re-founded as the Asiatic Company ( Danish : Asiatisk Kompagni ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 First company 2 Second company , and the Asiatic Company 3 Ships 4 See also 5 References 6 External links First Company ( edit ) Fort Dansborg at Tranquebar , built by Ove Gedde in 1620 . The first Danish East India Company was chartered in 1616 under King Christian IV and focused on trade with India . The first expedition , under Admiral Gjedde , took two years to reach Ceylon , in the process losing more than half its personnel . The island had been claimed by Portugal by the time they arrived , but on 10 May 1620 a treaty was concluded with the Kingdom of Kandy and the foundation laid of a settlement at Trincomalee on the island 's east coast . They occupied the colossal Koneswaram temple in May 1620 to begin fortification of the peninsula before being expelled by the Portuguese . After landing on the Indian mainland , a treaty was concluded with the ruler of the Tanjore Kingdom , Raghunatha Nayak , who gave the Danes possession of the town of Tranquebar , and permission to trade in the kingdom by treaty of 19 November 1620 . In Tranquebar they established Dansborg and installed Captain Crappe as the first governor ( opperhoved ) of Danish India . The treaty was renewed on 30 July 1621 , and afterwards renewed and confirmed on the 10 May 1676 , by Shivaji the founder of the Maratha Empire . During their heyday , the Danish East India Company and Swedish East India Company imported more tea than the British East India Company , smuggling 90 % of it into England , where it could be sold at a huge profit . Between 1624 - 36 , Danish trade extended to Surat , Bengal , Java , and Borneo , with factories in Masulipatam , Surat , Balasore , and Java . However , subsequent European wars in which Denmark participated ruined the Company , and trade in India ceased entirely between 1643 -- 69 , during which time all previous acquisitions were lost except Tranquebar , which held out until aid from Denmark arrived in 1669 . Second Company , and the Asiatic Company ( edit ) In 1670 , a second Danish East India Company was established , before it too was dissolved in 1729 . In 1730 , it was refounded as the Asiatic Company and opened trade with Qing China at Canton . The first expedition went badly , with Den gyldne Løve lost with its cargo of silver off Ballyheigue , Ireland , on the outbound journey . The local landowners held the silver at their estate and pursued a salvage claim , but a gang of locals overpowered the Danish guard and made off with the hoard , causing a diplomatic row between Denmark - Norway and Britain . With the royal licence conferred in 1732 , the new company was granted a 40 - year monopoly on all Danish trade east of the Cape of Good Hope . Up to 1750 , 27 ships were sent , with 22 surviving the journey to return to Copenhagen . In 1772 , the company lost its monopoly and , in 1779 , Danish India became a crown colony . During the Napoleonic Wars , in 1801 and again in 1807 , the British Navy attacked Copenhagen . As a consequence of the last attack , Denmark ( one of few West European countries not occupied by Bonaparte ) lost its entire fleet and the island of Helgoland ( part of the duchy of Holstein - Gottorp ) to Britain . Denmark finally sold its remaining settlements in mainland India in 1845 and the Danish Gold Coast in 1850 , both to the British . Ships ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Kiøbenhavn and Christian ( 1618 -- 1621 , part of the Gjedde expedition that founded Dansborg at Tranquebar ) Christianshavn ( 8 November 1639 , Willem Leyel left Denmark for Tranquebar as commander of this ship ) Flyvende Ulv ( Departure from Copenhagen 1682 with Axel Juhl , who was appointed governor of Tranquebar later the same year . Departure from Copenhagen 1685 with Wollf Heinrich v. Calnein , governor of Tranquebar 1687 ) Cron Printz Christian , Cron Printzen , and Den gyldne Løve ( 1730 -- 31 , the Tønder expedition that opened trade with China ) Grev Moltke ( 1760 , first Moravian missionaries ) Nicobar Sunk 1783 with load of Swedish Plate Money . Hussar , purchased 1783 . See also ( edit ) Denmark portal India portal Companies portal Danish India Danish Mission College Tranquebar Mission Danish West India Company British East India Company Assada Company , English trading company , founded 1635 and ceased 1657 Austrian East India Company , founded 1775 and ceased 1785 Dutch East India Company , founded 1602 and ceased 1798 French East India Company , founded 1664 and ceased 1769 Portuguese East India Company , founded 1628 and ceased 1633 Swedish East India Company , founded 1731 and ceased 1813 List of trading companies Whampoa anchorage European chartered companies founded around the 17th century ( in French ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Danish East India Company Jump up ^ `` Ostindisk Kompagni '' . Den Store Danske ( Gyldendal ) ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer . W. Rushton and Company . 1841 . p. 415 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Uno Barner ( 1997 ) . Danish East India , Trade Coins and the Coins of Tranquebar : 1620 - 1845 . Barner Jensen . ISBN 9788798368236 . , pp. 11 - 12 ; Furber , Holden ( 1986 ) . Imperi rivali nei mercati d'Oriente , 1600 - 1800 . Il Mulino . ISBN 9788815011985 . , note n ° 66 , p. 326 : `` Senarat of Kandy sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort . During their permanence in Trincomalee , the Danesh coined also some `` Larins '' , on which were recorded the words ' Don Erich Grubbe ' , of these coins , today do not remain trace , if not in the diary of Ove Giedde . '' Jump up ^ Foreningen Trankebar . `` Artikel om en tur fra Chennai til Trankebar '' . ^ Jump up to : Foreningen Trankebar . `` Brev fra England '' . ^ Jump up to : The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel : An Account of the Danish East India Company in Tranquebar , 1639 - 48 Jump up ^ http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=8542 Jump up ^ Lloyd 's Register ) ( 1784 ) , Seq . No H343 . ) External links ( edit ) Article in Danish Projekt Runeberg Danish biographical lexicon , in Danish Denmark during the Age of the French Revolution , 1790 - 1814 WorldStatesmen - India ; see also Germany for Helgoland Danish overseas territories Current overseas territories Faroe Islands Greenland Former colonies Danish Gold Coast ( Ghana ) Danish West Indies ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) Danish India Tranquebar ( Tharangambadi ) Balasore Frederiksnagore ( Serampore ) Danmarksnagore ( Gondalpara ) Calicut ( Kozhikode ) Oddeway Torre ( Malabar Coast ) Frederiksøerne ( Nicobar Islands ) See also : Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danish_East_India_Company&oldid=815339676 '' Categories : Former Danish colonies Companies of Denmark Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Danish India 1616 establishments in Denmark Companies established in 1616 Trading companies Former monopolies Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use dmy dates from December 2014 Articles containing Danish - language text Incomplete lists from May 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 07 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the first trade center of danish company was established	[ "The first Danish East India Company was chartered in 1616 under King Christian IV and focused on trade with India. The first expedition, under Admiral Gjedde, took two years to reach Ceylon, in the process losing more than half its personnel. The island had been claimed by Portugal by the time they arrived, but on 10 May 1620 a treaty was concluded with the Kingdom of Kandy and the foundation laid of a settlement at Trincomalee on the island's east coast.[3] They occupied the colossal Koneswaram temple in May 1620 to begin fortification of the peninsula before being expelled by the Portuguese.[4] After landing on the Indian mainland, a treaty was concluded with the ruler of the Tanjore Kingdom, Raghunatha Nayak, who gave the Danes possession of the town of Tranquebar, and permission to trade in the kingdom by treaty of 19 November 1620.[3] In Tranquebar they established Dansborg and installed Captain Crappe as the first governor (opperhoved) of Danish India.[5] The treaty was renewed on 30 July 1621, and afterwards renewed and confirmed on the 10 May 1676, by Shivaji the founder of the Maratha Empire.[3]" ]	[ "Tranquebar" ]
6873517235098730241	Wet Hot American Summer	Wet Hot American Summer - wikipedia Wet Hot American Summer Jump to : navigation , search Wet Hot American Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by David Wain Produced by Howard Bernstein Written by David Wain Michael Showalter Starring Janeane Garofalo David Hyde Pierce Molly Shannon Paul Rudd Christopher Meloni Michael Showalter Music by Theodore Shapiro Craig Wedren Cinematography Ben Weinstein Edited by Meg Reticker Production company Eureka Pictures North Coast Group Distributed by USA Films Release date July 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 27 ) ( New York City ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $295,206 ( United States ) Wet Hot American Summer is a 2001 American satirical comedy film directed by David Wain from a screenplay written by Wain and Michael Showalter . The film features an ensemble cast , including Janeane Garofalo , David Hyde Pierce , Molly Shannon , Paul Rudd , Christopher Meloni , Michael Showalter ( and various other members of MTV 's sketch comedy group The State ) , Elizabeth Banks , Ken Marino , Michael Ian Black , Bradley Cooper , Amy Poehler , Zak Orth , and A.D. Miles . The film takes place during the last full day at a fictional summer camp in 1981 , and spoofs the sex comedies aimed at teen audiences of that era . The film was a critical and commercial failure , but has since developed a cult following , as many of its cast members have gone on to high - profile work . Netflix released an eight - episode prequel series starring most of the film 's original cast on July 31 , 2015 . An eight - episode sequel series , set ten years after the original film , was released on August 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Songs in the film 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Follow - ups 8 Legacy 8.1 Anniversary celebrations 8.2 Undeveloped TV series 8.3 Documentary 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1981 , Camp Firewood , a summer camp located near Waterville , Maine , is preparing for its last day of camp . Counselors have one last chance to have a romantic encounter with another person at Camp Firewood . The summer culminates in a talent show . Beth ( Janeane Garofalo ) , the camp director , struggles to keep her counselors in order -- and her campers alive -- while falling in love with Henry ( David Hyde Pierce ) , an astrophysics associate professor at Colby College . Henry has to devise a plan to save the camp from a piece of NASA 's Skylab , which is falling to Earth . Coop ( Michael Showalter ) has a crush on Katie ( Marguerite Moreau ) , his fellow counselor , but has to pry her away from her rebellious , obnoxious , and obviously unfaithful boyfriend , Andy ( Paul Rudd ) . Only Gene ( Christopher Meloni ) , the shell - shocked Vietnam war veteran and camp chef , can help Coop win Katie -- with some help from a talking can of mixed vegetables ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) . All the while , Gary ( A.D. Miles ) , Gene 's unfortunately chosen apprentice , and J.J. ( Zak Orth ) attempt to figure out why McKinley ( Michael Ian Black ) has n't been with a woman , the reason being that McKinley is in love with Ben ( Bradley Cooper ) , whom he marries in a ceremony in the lake ; Victor ( Ken Marino ) attempts to lose his virginity with the resident loose - girl Abby ( Marisa Ryan ) ; and Susie ( Amy Poehler ) and Ben attempt to produce and choreograph the greatest talent show Camp Firewood has ever seen . Cast ( edit ) Janeane Garofalo as Beth David Hyde Pierce as Professor Henry Newman Molly Shannon as Gail von Kleinenstein Paul Rudd as Andy Christopher Meloni as Gene Michael Showalter as Gerald `` Coop '' Cooperberg / Alan Shemper Marguerite Moreau as Katie Finnerty Ken Marino as Victor Pulak Michael Ian Black as McKinley Zak Orth as J.J. A.D. Miles as Gary Amy Poehler as Susie Bradley Cooper as Ben Marisa Ryan as Abby Bernstein Kevin Sussman as Steve Elizabeth Banks as Lindsay Joe Lo Truglio as Neil Gideon Jacobs as Aaron Judah Friedlander as Ron Von Kleinenstein H. Jon Benjamin as a Can of Mixed Vegetables Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The film is based on the experiences Wain had while attending Camp Modin , a Jewish camp , located in Belgrade , Maine , and Showalter had at Camp Mohawk in the Berkshires in Cheshire , Massachusetts . During one scene , the counselors take a trip into Waterville , Maine , which is not far from the camp . It is also a parody of , and homage to , other films about summer camp such as Meatballs ( 1979 ) , Sleepaway Camp ( 1983 ) , and Indian Summer ( 1993 ) . According to Wain , they wanted to make a film structured like films such as Nashville , Dazed and Confused and Do the Right Thing -- `` films that take place in one contained time period that have lots of different characters . '' Development ( edit ) The film 's financing took three years to assemble ; in a June 2011 interview , Wain revealed the film 's budget was $1.8 million ; he noted that during the 2001 Sundance Film Festival , the film had been promoted as costing $5 million , in an attempt to attract a better offer from a distributor . Because of the film 's relatively small budget , the cast was paid very little ; Paul Rudd has stated that he is uncertain that he received any compensation at all for the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted 28 days , and , according to director David Wain , it rained on every day of shooting . Exterior shots were filmed when possible , sometimes under covers or umbrellas , but some scenes were moved indoors instead . In many interior scenes , rain seen outside turns into sun as soon as characters step outside . Due to the cold , the actors ' breath can be seen in some outdoor scenes . The film was shot at Camp Towanda in Honesdale , Pennsylvania . Music ( edit ) As the film is set in the early 1980s , the film 's soundtrack features songs from many popular bands of the era , most notably Jefferson Starship , Rick Springfield , Loverboy , and KISS . Songs in the film ( edit ) `` Jane '' by Jefferson Starship `` Juke Box Hero '' by Foreigner `` Backwards from Three '' by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro `` Wet Hot American Summer '' by Craig Wedren `` Love is Alright Tonight '' by Rick Springfield `` Danny 's Song '' by Loggins & Messina `` Turn Me Loose '' by Loverboy `` Beth '' by Kiss `` Day By Day '' from Godspell `` Harden My Heart '' by Quarterflash `` Higher and Higher '' by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro `` When It 's Over '' by Loverboy `` Wet Hot American Dream '' by Peter Salett `` Summer in America '' by Mr. Blue & Chubb Rock Release ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival , where it was screened four times to sold - out crowds , though it failed to attract a distributor . Months later , USA Films offered the filmmakers $100,000 for the film , with virtually no participation for the filmmakers , an offer the film 's investors accepted . It premiered in New York City on July 27 , 2001 , then received a theatrical release limited to fewer than 30 cities . Reception ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer received mostly negative reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 32 % , based on 66 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` As comedy , Wet Hot American Summer is a slapdash , fragmented affair that misses more often than hits . As parody , it fails because it attempts to satirize something ridiculous and self - parodying in itself . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 42 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert rated the film with one star out of four . His review took the form of a tongue - in - cheek parody of Allan Sherman 's `` Hello Muddah , Hello Fadduh '' . In contrast , Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman awarded the film an `` A '' and named it as one of the ten best films of the year . Newsweek 's David Ansen also lauded it , calling it a `` gloriously silly romp '' that `` made me laugh harder than any other movie this summer . Make that this year . '' Numerous other critics have praised the film as a witty pop satire and it has gone on to achieve a cult following . Actress Kristen Bell stated on NPR on September 2 , 2012 , that this was her favorite film of all time , having watched it `` hundreds of times '' . NPR host Jesse Thorn said on the April 29 , 2014 , episode of Bullseye , `` When someone has an open enough heart to accept this silliness - and that 's what it 's about for me , an open heart - if someone 's heart is open to Wet Hot American Summer , they love it . And that 's when I know that me and them , we 've got an unbreakable bond . Together forever . Like camp counselors . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released in both VHS and DVD formats on January 15 , 2002 . In 2011 , Wain tried to convince Universal Studios to do either a 10th anniversary home video re-release with extra features , or perhaps a Blu - ray release , but Universal rejected the idea . The film was released on Blu - ray on May 12 , 2015 . Follow - ups ( edit ) See also : Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later The film is followed by two Netflix series with one serving as a prequel and one as a sequel . The prequel , First Day of Camp , was released on July 31 , 2015 , while the sequel , Ten Years Later , was released on August 4 , 2017 . Legacy ( edit ) Anniversary celebrations ( edit ) Events were held around the country to celebrate the film 's 10 - year anniversary in 2011 and 2012 , including a screening of the film in Boston , an art show in Santa Monica of works inspired by the film with a reception hosted by Wain , a screening at the Los Angeles Film School with a Q&A with Wain , a midnight screening in Cleveland , Ohio , a 10th anniversary celebration event with the members of Stella in Brooklyn , and a reading of the script at the San Francisco Comedy Festival with much of the original cast . Undeveloped TV series ( edit ) During an interview with Variety , Wain and Showalter confirmed that they wrote a pilot to Fox for a possible TV series based on the film . Wain described the series as a `` 22 - minute Fox sitcom with commercials and nothing Rated R , so it was a little bit odd . '' The pilot was not picked up for a series . Documentary ( edit ) Alongside the prequel series , a making - of documentary , Hurricane of Fun : The Making of Wet Hot , was released on Netflix on July 24 , 2015 , consisting of behind - the - scenes interviews and footage shot during the filming of the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Goldsmith ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` David Wain -- Wet Hot American Summer '' . Q&A with Jeff Goldsmith ( Podcast ) . Blogger / Liberated Syndication . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The New Cult Canon : Wet Hot American Summer '' . The AV Club . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Rumpus '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scheer , Paul ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sleepaway Camp , episode # 48 of How Did This Get Made ? '' . Earwolf . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer '' . Sundance Institute . Archives . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : The crazy story behind the cult classic '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Credit List '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wet Hot history '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Roger Ebert Reviews . 2001 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bullseye with Jesse Thorn : Jim Rash , Bob Saget , Jessica St. Clair and Lennon Parham '' . Maximum Fun. 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Wet Hot American Summer - UNIVERSAL CITY , Calif. , April 13 , 2015 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp : Season 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix is going back to camp with Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later '' . April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Corner Theatre -- Wet Hot American Summer '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer 6.10. 11 -- 6.29. 11 '' . Nao Live . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer 10th Anniversary Q&A Screening with co-writer / director David Wain ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Arcade Staff ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Cult movie classics get big - screen showings '' . The Morning Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Wet Hot American Summer 10th anniversary : David Wain , Michael Showalter , and Joe Lo Truglio remember their days at Camp Firewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Cast Of Wet Hot American Summer Reunited At SF Sketchfest '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seabaugh , Julie ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : Oral History Details False Starts , Faking Camp Firewood '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wet Hot American Summer Official website Wet Hot American Summer on IMDb Wet Hot American Summer at Box Office Mojo Wet Hot American Summer at Rotten Tomatoes Wet Hot American Summer at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by David Wain Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) The Ten ( 2007 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Wanderlust ( 2012 ) They Came Together ( 2014 ) A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet_Hot_American_Summer&oldid=797449626 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s LGBT - related films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American independent films American LGBT - related films American romantic comedy films American satirical films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films Directorial debut films Films about Jews and Judaism Films adapted into television programs Films directed by David Wain Films set in Maine Films set in 1981 Films shot in Pennsylvania Honesdale , Pennsylvania Summer camps in films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays cooper in wet hot american summer	[ "Michael Showalter as Gerald \"Coop\" Cooperberg/Alan Shemper" ]	[ "Michael Showalter" ]
4284517646373728869	Shirley Henderson	Shirley Henderson - wikipedia Shirley Henderson Jump to : navigation , search Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson in 2009 ( 1965 - 11 - 24 ) 24 November 1965 ( age 52 ) Forres , Moray , Scotland Occupation Actress Years active 1987 -- present Website Talent agency Shirley Henderson ( born 24 November 1965 ) is a Scottish actress . She played Gail in Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , Jude in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . Her other films include Topsy - Turvy ( 1999 ) , Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself ( 2002 ) , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) , Frozen ( 2005 ) , Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day ( 2008 ) , Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) and the Netflix film Okja ( 2017 ) . On television from 1995 - 1997 , she starred opposite Robert Carlyle in the BBC series Hamish Macbeth . In 2014 , she received a BAFTA TV Award nomination for the Channel 4 miniseries Southcliffe ( 2013 ) . She has also featured as Frances Drummond in the BBC drama Happy Valley ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Theatre 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Henderson was born in Forres , Moray , but grew up in Kincardine , Fife . As a child , she began singing in local clubs , at charity events , holiday camps and even a boxing contest . Having joined an after - school drama club , Henderson attended Fife College at the age of 16 , where she completed a one - year course resulting in a National Certificate in Theatre Arts . She moved to London at 17 where she spent three years at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , graduating in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Henderson got her first big break when Leonard White cast her as the lead in the children 's television drama Shadow of the Stone on ITV . After this , she spent the majority of her twenties concentrating on performing a wide variety of roles in the theatre . Early 1990 saw her return to television screens when she appeared in the third series of the wartime drama series Wish Me Luck and in Clarissa ( 1991 ) . More stage work followed before she landed the key role of Isobel in the popular BBC series Hamish Macbeth in 1995 . Henderson then moved into films , playing Morag in Rob Roy ( 1995 ) and Spud 's girlfriend Gail in Danny Boyle 's Trainspotting ( 1996 ) . She continued her work in the theatre , including many productions at the National Theatre in London . The following year , she appeared in Mike Leigh 's Topsy - Turvy -- which also provided an opportunity for her to show off her singing skills -- and Michael Winterbottom 's Wonderland . She played Jude in both Bridget Jones films and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . She co-starred in the British film Close Your Eyes ( 2002 ) along with Goran Višnjić and Miranda Otto and also played French princess Sophie - Philippine in Sofia Coppola 's Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) . Henderson pictured in 2009 She played the school matron in Nick Moore 's 2008 film Wild Child . Small - screen appearances have included playing Marie Melmotte in The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) ; Catherine of Braganza in Charles II : The Power and The Passion ( 2003 ) ; Charlotte in Dirty Filthy Love ( 2004 ) ; Ursula Blake in the Doctor Who episode `` Love & Monsters '' ( 2006 ) ; Emmeline Fox in The Crimson Petal and the White ( 2011 ) ; DS Angela Young in Death in Paradise ( 2011 ) ; and Meg Hawkins in Treasure Island ( 2012 ) . She played Karen , the lead role , opposite John Simm in Channel 4 's Everyday and Meme Kartosov in Anna Karenina . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1991 Advocates I Andrea aka The Advocates 1994 Salt on Our Skin Mary 1995 Rob Roy Morag Trainspotting Gail 1998 Speak Like a Child Woman in Dream uncredited 1999 Topsy - Turvy Leonora Braham Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Wonderland Debbie 2000 The Claim Annie 2001 Bridget Jones 's Diary Jude 2002 The Girl in the Red Dress Gaynor Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Moaning Myrtle Doctor Sleep Detective Janet Losey Once Upon a Time in the Midlands Shirley 24 Hour Party People Lindsay Wilson Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself Alice Bordeaux International Festival of Women in Cinema : Best Actress Nominated -- British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor / Actress Villa des roses Ella Nominated -- British Independent Film Award for Best Actress 2003 American Cousins Alice Cherbourg - Octeville Festival of Irish & British Film : Best Actress Newport Beach Film Festival : Feature Film -- Best Actress -- Comedy Intermission Sally Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Fishy Glenda Sands AfterLife Ruby Yes Cleaner Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason Jude 2005 A Cock and Bull Story Susannah aka Tristram Shandy : A Cock and Bull Story The Girl in the Red Dress Gaynor short Angers European First Film Festival : Mademoiselle Ladubay Award Frozen Kath BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actress in a Scottish Film Cherbourg - Octeville Festival of Irish & British Film : Best Actress Créteil International Women 's Film Festival : Special Mention Marrakech International Film Festival : Best Actress Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Moaning Myrtle 2006 Marie Antoinette Aunt Sophie Ma Boy Ali 2007 I Really Hate My Job Alice 2008 Wild Child Matron Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day Edythe Dubarry 2009 Life During Wartime Joy Nominated -- Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast Meek 's Cutoff Glory White The Nutcracker in 3D The Nutcracker voice only 2012 Everyday Karen Anna Karenina Meme Kartasov 2013 The Look of Love Rustie Humphries In Secret Suzanne Filth Bunty 2015 Tale of Tales Imma 2016 Bridget Jones 's Baby Jude 2017 T2 Trainspotting Gail Okja Jennifer Never Steady , Never Still Judy 2018 Stan and Ollie Lucille Hardy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Shadow of the Stone Elizabeth Findlay Wish Me Luck Sylvie 5 episodes Casualty Denise 1 episode 1991 Dreaming Pauline TV movie Clarissa Sally TV movie 1994 The Bill Kelly Rogers 1 episode 1995 Hamish Macbeth Isobel Sutherland 19 episodes ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Bumping the Odds Lynette TV movie 2000 Animated Tales of the World Malmhin 2001 The Way We Live Now Marie Melmotte 4 episodes Nominated -- Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor -- Female In a Land of Plenty Anne Marie 1 episode 2003 Charles II : The Power and The Passion Catherine of Braganza 4 episodes Dirty Filthy Love Charlotte TV movie Nominated -- Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor -- Female 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Katherine Minola The Taming of the Shrew Einstein 's Big Idea Mileva Maric 1 episode 2006 Doctor Who Ursula Blake 1 episode : `` Love & Monsters '' 2007 Wedding Belles Kelly TV movie 2008 Agatha Christie 's Marple : Murder Is Easy Honoria Waynflete TV movie 2009 May Contain Nuts Alice TV movie 2011 The Crimson Petal and the White Emmeline Fox Death in Paradise DS Angela Young The Gruffalo 's Child The Gruffalo 's Child 2012 Treasure Island Meg Hawkins TV movie 2013 Southcliffe Claire Salter Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress 2014 Jamaica Inn Hannah 2016 Happy Valley Frances Drummond Series 2 Theatre ( edit ) Girl From the North Country ... Elizabeth Laine ; Old Vic , London ; 8 July -- 7 October 2017 ( director : Conor McPherson ) Anna Weiss ... Lynn ; Whitehall Theatre , London ; 22 November -- 18 December 1999 ( author : Mike Cullen , director Michael Attenborough ) Shining Souls ... Mandy ; Old Vic , London ; 9 November -- 1 December 1997 ( director : Chris Hannan ) The Maiden Stone ... Mary ; Hampstead Theatre , London ; 1999 ( director : Matthew Lloyd ) The House of Bernarda Alba ... Stuart Davids ; The Tramway , Glasgow ; 10 -- 20 September 1997 ( author : Federico García Lorca ; director : Stuart Davids ) Shining Souls ... Mandy ; 1997 The Life of Stuff ... Evelyn , Traverse Theatre , Edinburgh ; 1996 ( director : John Mitchell ) The Mill on the Floss ... Maggie Tulliver ; Tricycle Theatre Shared Experience ; 1994 ( author : George Eliot , director : Nancy Meckler ) Romeo and Juliet ... Juliet ; Citizens Theatre , Glasgow ; 1993 ( author : William Shakespeare , director : Giles Havergal ) Lions in the Street ... Isobel ; Hampstead Theatre , London ; 1993 ( author : Paul Hoffman , director : Matthew Lloyd ) Eurydice ... Eurydice ; Festival Theatre , Chichester ; 1993 ( director : Michael Rudman ) My Mother Said I Never Should ... Rosie ; Royal Court Theatre , London ; 1989 ( author : Charlotte Keatley , director : Michael Attenborough ) The Winter 's Tale ... Perdita ; Royal National Theatre , London ; 1988 ( author : William Shakespeare , director : Peter Hall ) The Tempest ... Miranda ; Royal National Theatre , London ; 1988 ( author : William Shakespeare , director : Peter Hall ) Entertaining Strangers ... Fanny ; 1987 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ; `` Shirley Henderson : The rise of little voice '' Independent.co.uk , 5 December 2003 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` The Way We Live Now : Who 's Who : Marie Melmotte -- Shirley Henderson '' PBS.org ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Neill , Heather ; `` Mistress of the roles '' Independent.co.uk , 13 October 2002 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hooton , Amanda ; `` Shirley Henderson -- Ferocious fairy '' The Scotsman Weekend , 15 March 1997 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Shimmon , Katie ; `` College days : Shirley Henderson , actress '' Guardian.co.uk , 13 January 2004 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ McLean , Gareth ; `` Shirley , by degrees '' Guardian.co.uk , 6 November 2004 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Guildhall School of Music and Drama : Alumni '' Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . GSMD.ac.uk ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Woods , Judith ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Happy Valley 's Shirley Henderson : ' I did n't realise I was that terrifying ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Gruffalo 's Child '' . BBC One . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cast interviews : Shirley Henderson -- Claire Salter '' . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Girl From the North Country Review '' theguardian.com ( Retrieved : 18 September 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Archive page for Anna Weiss '' Archived 13 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Albemarle-London.com ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Benedict , David ; `` Reviews : Theatre ; One wedding , whose funeral ? '' Independent.co.uk , 12 November 1997 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` The House of Bernarda Alba '' Arts-Archive.com ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Sue ; `` Aiming high , but falling short '' The Independent , 16 September 1997 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Royal National Theater Catalogue ; `` ROLE120486 overview '' Royal National Theater Archives ( Retrieved : 5 September 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shirley Henderson . Shirley Henderson on IMDb Shirley Henderson at Hamilton Hodell Talent Management VIAF : 165898108 LCCN : nr2004035993 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 6552 GND : 132318687 SUDOC : 112193528 BNF : cb141864619 ( data ) BIBSYS : 6041618 IATH : w69614s1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Henderson&oldid=813424787 '' Categories : 1965 births Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Living people Scottish film actresses Scottish radio actresses Scottish stage actresses Scottish television actresses Scottish voice actresses British Shakespearean actresses People from Moray People from Kincardine Scottish child actresses 20th - century Scottish actresses 21st - century Scottish actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from November 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played moaning myrtle in the harry potter movies	[ "Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. She played Gail in Trainspotting (1996), Jude in Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). Her other films include Topsy-Turvy (1999), Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself (2002), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), Frozen (2005), Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day (2008), Anna Karenina (2012) and the Netflix film Okja (2017). On television from 1995-1997, she starred opposite Robert Carlyle in the BBC series Hamish Macbeth. In 2014, she received a BAFTA TV Award nomination for the Channel 4 miniseries Southcliffe (2013). She has also featured as Frances Drummond in the BBC drama Happy Valley (2016)." ]	[ "Shirley Henderson" ]
8392417993192094027	The Curse of Oak Island	The Curse of Oak Island - wikipedia The Curse of Oak Island Jump to : navigation , search The Curse of Oak Island Genre Reality Narrated by Robert Clotworthy Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 47 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Burns Camera setup Multiple Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Prometheus Entertainment Distributor A&E Networks Release Original network History Canada Original release January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) -- present External links Website www.history.com/shows/the-curse-of-oak-island Production website www.prometheusentertainment.com The Curse of Oak Island is a reality television series that premiered in Canada on History on January 5 , 2014 . According to the marketing of the show , the show `` details the efforts of brothers Marty and Rick Lagina from Michigan in their attempt to solve the 220 - year - old Oak Island mystery . Using modern technology and independent researchers , they seek the treasure or historical artifacts believed to be buried on Oak Island off the coast of Nova Scotia , Canada '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Background 1.2 Theories 2 Series overview 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' and the `` Swamp '' . Background ( edit ) The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader 's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family 's work to investigate the so - called `` Money Pit '' . Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours , which reportedly owns most of the island . The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show . Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father - and - son Dan and Dave Blankenship , permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s . Theories ( edit ) The series explores various Oak Island theories through conversations with independent researchers . Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347 ; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations ; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians ; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn ; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island ; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 5 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 10 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 13 November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 16 November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) February 21 , 2017 5 TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA Production ( edit ) Having started in 2014 , The Curse of Oak Island has run for four seasons . On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the most recent 4th season . When asked about a 5th season , creator Kevin Burns said that it all depends on the Lagina brothers . Burns said that the brothers are `` not reality show people '' , and have always been `` reluctant '' to do more seasons as filming keeps the brothers away from their families for up to five months . Burns also released a statement saying : `` We are not set to come back for another year , take of that what you will '' , leaving the future of the show uncertain . In October 2017 , a fifth season was announced , which aired on November 7 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) `` What Lies Below '' January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) 2.53 Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island . Determined to resurrect the 200 - year - old search for treasure , they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10 - X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface . They find a tiny piece of metal . `` The Mystery of Smith 's Cove '' January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 2.35 A scuba team that includes Marty 's son Alex Lagina dives Smith 's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones . Meanwhile , more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10 - X . `` Voices from the Grave '' January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 2.33 As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp , they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island . `` The Secret of Solomon 's Temple '' January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 2.72 A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching . 5 5 `` The Find '' February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 2.97 The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin . A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Once In , Forever In '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 2.60 After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652 , brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again . 7 `` Return To The Money Pit '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 2.15 The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material . A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon 's Temple could be buried on Oak Island . 8 `` The Eight - Pointed Star '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 2.23 After hearing that a treasure of biblical proportions was buried on Oak Island 2500 years ago , Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit . 9 `` The Breakthrough '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 2.15 A tree stump in the swamp is examined . Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood . 10 5 `` The 90 - Foot Stone '' December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 2.46 A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure . He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the `` flood tunnels '' can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit . The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge . The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing . 11 6 `` Seven Must Dye '' December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 2.90 Rick searches for man - made flood tunnels without success ; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead . 12 7 `` The Trail of the Templars '' December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 2.47 While work begins in the swamp , Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn - related theories about the money pit . They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon 's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp . 13 8 `` X Marks the Spot '' December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) 2.72 Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit , without success . 14 9 `` A Dangerous Dive '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 2.59 Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island . 15 10 `` The Big Reveal '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 3.06 Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10 - X borehole . Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 16 `` The Hole Truth '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2.26 Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10 - X for a dive . 17 `` Pipe Down '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2.56 Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure . 18 `` Time to Dig '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 2.60 Rick , Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment , investigate the location of a possible Knight 's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit . 19 `` The Overton Stone '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3.05 Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings . 20 5 `` Disappearing Act '' December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3.22 The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera . 21 6 `` Carved in Stone '' December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) 2.47 Rick , Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island and receive information that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past . 22 7 `` The Missing Peace '' December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) 3.40 Rick and Marty welcome long - time rival Fred Nolan into the team . 23 8 `` Phantoms of the Deep '' December 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 29 ) 3.30 The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan 's property . 24 9 `` Columbus Day '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 2.79 The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X . They also hear of a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island . 25 10 `` Silence in the Dark '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 3.11 Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X , the team further investigates Fred Nolan 's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team . 26 11 `` Sword Play '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.82 The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction . There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit . 27 12 `` Voices from Below '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.17 The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X . In a separate investigation , a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit . 28 13 `` Secrets and Revelations '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3.41 The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found . Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Going for Broke '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 2.62 The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected . A researcher presents a copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island . The map shows locations for a `` hatch '' , a `` valve '' and an `` anchor '' on the Island which raises discussion about an object from Africa . 30 `` Always Forward '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 2.66 While preparing to excavate the Money Pit , the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia . The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship 's property which they think is a potential `` hatch '' . 31 `` Swamp Things '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.97 A piece of rock with scratches is found , before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little . 32 `` No Stone Unturned '' December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 2.95 Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the ' 90 - foot stone ' in nearby Halifax ; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit . 33 5 `` Bullseye '' December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 2.82 A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered , albeit without evidence to support it . Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit . 34 6 `` Circles in Wood '' December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) 3.44 A few coins are found on the island , a long way from the money pit . The money pit search for the ' Chappel Vault ' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C - 1 shaft in the Money Pit area . 35 7 `` All That Glitters '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 3.68 The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike . Object not dated . C - 1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored . 36 8 `` The Mystery of Samuel Ball '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 3.43 A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th - century slave to the mystery . 37 9 `` Echoes from the Deep '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 3.35 A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note , undermining the camera 's operators previous assertion that they were 90 % certain there was a chest there . Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10 - X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it , it must be the key to the alleged puzzle . 38 10 `` About Face '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 3.04 Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Nothing is found . A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined . The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X . 39 11 `` Presidential Secrets '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 3.20 The new examination of borehole 10X concludes . Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole . Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island . 40 12 `` Hyde Park & Seek '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 3.15 A cofferdam is built at Smith 's Cove and the beach is excavated . The team debates where the `` money pit '' might have been . 41 13 `` One Of Seven '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 3.24 The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1 / 7th of the cipher . Rocks are found at Smith 's Cove . The investigation of the cove is halted for the year . A man from Arizona claims , without any evidence , that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island . 42 14 `` Sticks and Stones '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 3.20 Rocks are examined on Oak Island . Pieces of wood are carbon dated . The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found . The team decides to dig another hole . 43 15 `` Blood is Thicker '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 3.79 The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces , a washer , several hex nuts and a button . Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross , iron spike , and other artifacts evaluated by Dr. Lori Verderame Note : This episode aired as a 2 - hour special . 44 16 `` Drilling Down '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 1.72 The team is interviewed at the end of season . The wood from borehole 10 - X is carbon dated as being from 1670 - 1780 . A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a `` hatch '' somewhere on the island . The team wants to continue searching the swamp . The team proposes pumping borehole 10 - X dry to enable yet another round of searches . The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future . Note : This episode is a special . Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Forever Family '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.95 A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Mud is recovered . A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL - 1 . A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac 's Point . 46 `` Dead Man 's Chest '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.98 The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined . Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C - 1 . Another copper coin is found on the island . 47 `` Obstruction '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2.85 Two old British copper coins are found in the woods . The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters . Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps . Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces , Marty Lagina concludes that `` something must have happened here '' . A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the `` money pit '' area . 48 `` Close Call '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) TBD 49 5 `` Bone Dry '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) TBD See also ( edit ) Frederick G. Nolan Hoxne Hoard References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History to Premiere New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , 1 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` History Announces New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Hunters : U.P. Natives on History Channel tonight '' . The Mining Journal . Marquette , MI . Associated Press . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthes , Ilsa ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Treasure or Money Pit ? : History Channel Star Visits Escanaba School '' . Daily Press . Escanaba , Michigan . Jump up ^ Conaton , Chris ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Curse of Oak Island ' : Slow Going '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Curse of Oak Island gets film funding for Season 4 '' . The Chronicle Herald . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Anshu Shrivastava ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Curse Of Oak Island ' Season 5 : Reasons Why It May Get Renewed Or Canceled '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Facebook , `` Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Blood , Sweat & Heels ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Thicker Than Water ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.4. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 11.11. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.18. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.25. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.9. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.16. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Hole Truth Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a Fox Business record '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Pipe Down Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ESPN leads quiet primetime , plus ' Curse of Oak Island , ' ' Being Mary Jane ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Time To Dig Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA on TNT leads , plus ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' ' Curse of Oak Island ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Overton Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : It 's a ' Big Bang ' kind of day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Disappearing Act Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' leads day , ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Moonshiners ' top originals - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Carved In Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate delivers big numbers for CNN '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Missing Peace Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' win the day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Phantoms of the Deep Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.29. 2015 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Columbus Day '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Silence in the Dark Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.12. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Sword Play Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.19. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Voices From Below '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.26. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2016 '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island : Season 4 '' . Accessed November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official Facebook Page The Curse of Oak Island on IMDb History channel original programming Current , future and returning series Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Big Easy Motors Blue Book Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Ice Road Truckers Knightfall Lost in Transmission Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People ThingamaBob Vikings Past , canceled and series on hiatus 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors American Eats America Unearthed Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Hunting Hitler Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Sliced The States Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Documentary films and miniseries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Ancestors in the Attic Barbarians Rising The Bible China 's First Emperor Civil War Combat Conquest of America Countdown to Armageddon Countdown to Ground Zero Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Grounded on 9 / 11 Hatfields & McCoys Hotel Ground Zero Houdini I Missed Flight 93 Mankind : The Story of All of Us Museum Secrets The Occult History of the Third Reich Predator X Quest for King Arthur Roots Search for the Lost City of Gold Shootout ! Sons of Liberty Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed Texas Rising The Century : America 's Time The Exodus Decoded The Man Who Predicted 9 / 11 The Men Who Built America The People Speak Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curse_of_Oak_Island&oldid=811666544 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs English - language television programs 2010s American television series Television shows set in Nova Scotia Oak Island Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Latviešu Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 03 : 24 . About Wikipedia	when does the curse of oak island start on the history channel	[ "\n45\n1\n\"Forever Family\"\nNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)\n2.95[70]\n" ]	[ "November 7, 2017" ]
-4579016105108729730	Women's College World Series	Women 's College World Series - wikipedia Women 's College World Series Jump to : navigation , search The Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) is the final portion of the NCAA Division I Softball Championship for college softball in the United States . The tournament format consists of two four - team double - elimination brackets . The winners of each bracket then compete in a best - of - three series to determine the Division I WCWS National Champion . The WCWS takes place at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City . From 1969 to 1981 , the women 's collegiate softball championship was also known as the Women 's College World Series and was promoted as such . During 1969 -- 1979 , the series was played in Omaha , and in 1980 -- 1982 in Norman , Oklahoma . The NCAA held its first six Division I tournaments in Omaha in 1982 -- 1987 , followed by Sunnyvale , California in 1988 -- 1989 . The event has been held in Oklahoma City every year since then , except for 1996 in Columbus , Georgia . Softball was one of twelve women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve ( and other ) sports . The 1982 softball championship tournaments of both the AIAW and the NCAA were called `` Women 's College World Series . '' However , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership . Contents ( hide ) 1 Division I 1.1 NCAA 1.2 AIAW 1.3 NCAA team titles by school 1.4 AIAW team titles by school 1.5 Championships & appearances by school 1.6 Championships & appearances by conference 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Division I ( edit ) NCAA ( edit ) Year Champion Title Series Score Runner - up Tie - 3rd Tie - 5th Tie - 7th 1982 UCLA WCAA 2 -- 0 ( 8 inn ) Fresno State NorPac Cal St. Fullerton WCAA Arizona State WCAA Nebraska Big Eight Western Michigan MAC Creighton Gateway Oklahoma State Big Eight Texas A&M Southwest 2 -- 0 ( 12 inn ) Cal State Fullerton WCAA UCLA WCAA South Carolina Independent Louisiana Tech Southland Pacific NorPac Indiana Big Ten Missouri Big Eight 1984 UCLA WCAA 1 -- 0 ( 13 inn ) Texas A&M Southwest Northwestern Big Ten Nebraska Big Eight Adelphi Atlantic 10 Fresno State NorPac Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Utah State High Country 1985 2 -- 1 ( 9 inn ) Nebraska * Big Eight Cal St. Fullerton PCAA Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Adelphi Atlantic 10 Northwestern Big Ten Louisiana Tech Southland Utah High Country 1986 Cal State Fullerton PCAA 3 -- 0 Texas A&M Southwest California NorPac Indiana Big Ten Creighton Gateway Long Beach State PCAA Louisiana Tech Southland Northwestern Big Ten Texas A&M Southwest 4 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Cal St. Fullerton PCAA Nebraska Big Eight Central Michigan MAC Fresno State PCAA Arizona State Pac - 10 Florida State Metro 1988 UCLA Pac - 10 3 -- 0 Fresno State PCAA Arizona Pac - 10 Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Nebraska Big Eight Texas A&M Southwest Aldelphi Atlantic 10 Northern Illinois North Star 1989 1 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Oklahoma State Big Eight Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Oregon Pac - 10 South Carolina Metro Toledo MAC 1990 2 -- 0 Florida State Metro Oklahoma State Big Eight Long Beach State Big West UNLV Big West Arizona Pac - 10 Kent State MAC 1991 Arizona Pac - 10 5 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State Big West Long Beach State Big West Florida State Metro Missouri Big Eight UNLV Big West Utah WAC 1992 UCLA Pac - 10 2 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Fresno State Big West Massachusetts Atlantic 10 California Pac - 10 Long Beach State Big West Florida State ACC Kansas Big Eight 1993 Arizona Pac - 10 1 -- 0 UCLA Pac - 10 Southwestern Louisiana Sun Belt Oklahoma State Big Eight Cal St. Northridge WAC Connecticut Big East Florida State ACC Long Beach State Big West 1994 4 -- 0 Cal State Northridge WAC Oklahoma State Big Eight UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Utah WAC Illinois -- Chicago Mid-Con Missouri Big Eight 1995 UCLA * * Pac - 10 4 -- 2 Arizona Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten UNLV Big West Cal St. Fullerton Big West SW Louisiana Sun Belt Michigan Big Ten Princeton Ivy Arizona Pac - 10 6 -- 4 Washington Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten UCLA Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 SW Louisiana Sun Belt Michigan Big Ten Princeton Ivy 1997 10 -- 2 ( 5 inn ) UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Washington Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten Michigan Big Ten Massachusetts Atlantic 10 South Carolina SEC 1998 Fresno State WAC 1 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Oklahoma State Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Nebraska Big 12 Massachusetts Atlantic 10 Texas Big 12 1999 UCLA Pac - 10 3 -- 2 Washington Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA Arizona Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Arizona State Pac - 10 Southern Miss Conference USA 2000 Oklahoma Big 12 3 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Southern Miss Conference USA Alabama SEC Washington Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA 2001 Arizona Pac - 10 1 -- 0 UCLA Pac - 10 LSU SEC Stanford Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 Oklahoma Big 12 Iowa Big Ten Michigan Big Ten 2002 California Pac - 10 6 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Arizona State Pac - 10 Florida State ACC Nebraska Big 12 UCLA Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Oklahoma Big 12 2003 UCLA Pac - 10 1 -- 0 ( 9 inn ) California Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Texas Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 Alabama SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt 3 -- 1 LSU SEC Stanford Pac - 10 Florida State ACC Oklahoma Big 12 Michigan Big Ten Washington Pac - 10 2005 * * * Michigan Big Ten 0 -- 5 5 -- 2 4 -- 1 ( 10 inn ) UCLA Pac - 10 Tennessee SEC Texas Big 12 Alabama SEC Arizona Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA 2006 Arizona Pac - 10 8 -- 0 5 -- 0 Northwestern Big Ten Tennessee SEC UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona State Pac - 10 Texas Big 12 Alabama SEC Oregon State Pac - 10 2007 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 ( 10 inn ) 5 -- 0 Tennessee SEC Northwestern Big Ten Washington Pac - 10 Baylor Big 12 DePaul Big East Arizona State Pac - 10 Texas A&M Big 12 2008 Arizona State Pac - 10 3 -- 0 11 -- 0 Texas A&M Big 12 Alabama SEC Florida SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Virginia Tech ACC 2009 Washington Pac - 10 8 -- 0 3 -- 2 Florida SEC Alabama SEC Georgia SEC Arizona Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Arizona State Pac - 10 Missouri Big 12 UCLA Pac - 10 6 -- 5 ( 8 inn ) 15 -- 9 Arizona Pac - 10 Georgia SEC Tennessee SEC Florida SEC Hawaii WAC Missouri Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 2011 Arizona State Pac - 10 14 -- 4 7 -- 2 Florida SEC Alabama SEC Baylor Big 12 California Pac - 10 Missouri Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma State Big 12 2012 Alabama SEC 1 -- 4 8 -- 6 5 -- 4 Oklahoma Big 12 California Pac - 12 Arizona State Pac - 12 Oregon Pac - 12 LSU SEC South Florida Big East Tennessee SEC 2013 Oklahoma Big 12 5 -- 3 ( 12 inn ) 4 -- 0 Tennessee SEC Washington Pac - 12 Texas Big 12 Michigan Big Ten Florida SEC Arizona State Pac - 12 Nebraska Big Ten 2014 Florida SEC 5 -- 0 6 -- 3 Alabama SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Baylor Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Kentucky SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt Florida State ACC 2015 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 Michigan Big Ten Auburn SEC LSU SEC UCLA Pac - 12 Alabama SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Tennessee SEC 2016 Oklahoma Big 12 3 -- 2 7 -- 11 ( 8 inn ) 2 -- 1 Auburn SEC Florida State ACC LSU SEC Michigan Big Ten Georgia SEC Alabama SEC UCLA Pac - 12 2017 7 - 5 ( 17 inn ) 5 - 4 Florida SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Washington Pac - 12 LSU SEC UCLA Pac - 12 Baylor Big 12 Texas A&M SEC * Nebraska 's runner - up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA . * * The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations . Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland , Australia midway through the 1995 season . After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship , Harding , the MVP of the tournament , returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit . Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding , the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns . * * * Beginning in 2005 , a best - of - three series determines the national championship . AIAW ( edit ) From 1969 -- 1972 , the DGWS ( forerunner organization of the AIAW ) recognized the WCWS , organized by the Amateur Softball Association , as the collegiate championship tournament . The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973 . Year Champion Title Series Game Score ( s ) Runner - up 1969 John F. Kennedy College 2 -- 0 Illinois State 1970 0 -- 2 7 -- 6 Southwest Missouri State 1971 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 Iowa State 1972 Arizona State 0 -- 1 8 -- 5 ( 11 inn ) University of Tokyo -- Nihon 1973 0 -- 4 4 -- 3 ( 16 inn ) Illinois State Southwest Missouri State 14 -- 7 Northern Colorado Nebraska Omaha 1 -- 11 6 -- 4 Northern Iowa 1976 Michigan State 3 -- 0 Northern Colorado 1977 Northern Iowa 0 -- 1 ( 9 inn ) 7 -- 0 Arizona 1978 UCLA 3 -- 0 Northern Colorado 1979 Texas Woman 's 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UCLA 1980 Utah State 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Indiana 1981 1 -- 6 4 -- 3 Cal State Fullerton 1982 Texas A&M 4 -- 1 5 -- 3 ( 8 inn ) Oklahoma State Jump up ^ Officially named the `` AIAW Division I National Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ Officially named the `` AIAW College Softball World Series . '' NCAA team titles by school ( edit ) School Number Year Won UCLA 11 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 Arizona 8 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2000 , 2013 , 2016 , 2017 Arizona State 2008 , 2011 Texas A&M 1983 , 1987 Florida 2014 , 2015 Alabama 2012 Cal State Fullerton 1986 Fresno State 1998 Michigan 2005 Washington 2009 California 2002 * UCLA also won the 1995 title , but it has since been vacated by the NCAA ; see above . AIAW team titles by school ( edit ) From 1969 -- 1972 , the DGWS ( forerunner organization of the AIAW ) recognized the WCWS , organized by the Amateur Softball Association , as the collegiate championship tournament . The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973 . School Championships Years John F. Kennedy College ( Nebraska ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ( all DGWS ) Arizona State 1972 ( DGWS ) , 1973 Utah State 1980 , 1981 Florida State 1981 , 1982 ( both Slow Pitch ) ( Southwest ) Missouri State Nebraska Omaha Michigan State 1976 Northern Iowa 1977 UCLA 1978 Texas Woman 's 1979 Texas A&M 1982 Championships & appearances by school ( edit ) Color coded by current conference ; table is sortable Bold indicates team championship School Championships ( through 2017 ) Title Games ( through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( through 2017 ) UCLA 12 21 29 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 Arizona 8 14 26 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 Arizona State 18 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 California 15 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1986 , 1992 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Oklahoma 5 15 1975 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Fresno State 5 12 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Michigan 13 1982 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Texas A&M 6 11 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 2007 , 2008 Washington 11 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 Northern Colorado 0 11 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Oklahoma State 0 11 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1982 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2011 South Carolina 0 0 11 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1989 , 1997 Alabama 11 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ( Southwest ) Missouri State 10 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 Nebraska -- Omaha 10 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Nebraska 0 0 9 1970 , 1971 , 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1998 , 2002 , 2013 Cal State -- Fullerton 8 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 1987 , 1995 Illinois State 0 8 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1976 , 1978 , 1981 Western Illinois 0 0 8 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 Florida State 0 0 9 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2016 Florida 5 8 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Tennessee 0 7 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Missouri 0 0 7 1981 , 1983 , 1991 , 1994 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Cal Poly Pomona 0 0 7 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 Kansas 0 0 7 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1992 Michigan State 6 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1981 Louisiana -- Lafayette 0 0 6 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 2003 , 2008 , 2014 Oregon 0 0 6 1976 , 1980 , 1989 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 Massachusetts 0 0 6 1974 , 1978 , 1980 , 1992 , 1997 , 1998 Long Beach State 0 0 5 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Northwestern 0 5 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 2006 , 2007 Texas 0 0 5 1998 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2013 Utah 0 0 5 1976 , 1982 , 1985 , 1991 , 1994 Creighton 0 0 5 1969 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1986 Wayne State ( Nebraska ) 0 0 5 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 Utah State 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 Northern Iowa 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 Indiana 0 1979 , 1980 , 1983 , 1986 DePaul 0 0 1999 , 2000 , 2005 , 2007 Iowa 0 0 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 LSU 0 0 5 2001 , 2004 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Oregon State 0 0 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 2006 Southern Illinois ( Carbondale ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1977 , 1978 South Dakota State 0 0 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 Luther College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 John F. Kennedy College ( Nebraska ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 Texas Woman 's University 1975 , 1978 , 1979 Baylor 0 0 2007 , 2011 , 2014 Louisiana Tech 0 0 1983 , 1985 , 1986 Adelphi ( New York ) 0 0 1984 , 1985 , 1988 UNLV 0 0 1990 , 1991 , 1995 Western Michigan 0 0 1980 , 1981 , 1982 Kearney State College ( Nebraska ) 0 0 1969 , 1970 , 1971 Minot State ( ND ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1972 Emporia State ( Kansas ) 0 0 1971 , 1972 , 1979 Weber State ( Utah ) 0 0 1973 , 1974 , 1975 North Dakota State 0 0 1973 , 1974 , 1975 Iowa State 0 1971 , 1973 Cal State -- Northridge 0 1993 , 1994 Georgia 0 0 2009 , 2010 , 2016 Princeton 0 0 1995 , 1996 Southern Mississippi 0 0 1999 , 2000 Stanford 0 0 2001 , 2004 Central Michigan 0 0 1982 , 1987 Minnesota -- Duluth 0 0 1970 , 1971 Midland Lutheran ( Nebraska ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 New Mexico 0 0 1980 , 1981 Rutgers 0 0 1979 , 1981 Concordia ( Nebraska ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 Upper Iowa 0 0 1970 , 1971 Eastern Illinois 0 0 1971 , 1974 Central Missouri State 0 0 1971 , 1972 Ball State ( Indiana ) 0 0 1973 , 1975 Indiana State 0 0 1974 , 1976 East Stroudsburg State ( PA ) 0 0 1975 , 1976 Northern State ( SD ) 0 0 1975 , 1976 Texas -- Arlington 0 0 1976 , 1977 Cal State -- Sacramento 0 0 1976 , 1977 Minnesota 0 0 1976 , 1978 Auburn 0 0 2015 , 2016 Connecticut 0 0 1993 Hawaii 0 0 Illinois -- Chicago 0 0 1994 Kent State ( Ohio ) 0 0 1990 Kentucky 0 0 2014 Northern Illinois 0 0 1988 Pacific ( CA ) 0 0 South Florida 0 0 2012 Toledo 0 0 1989 Virginia Tech 0 0 2008 St. Petersburg Junior College ( FL ) 0 0 1969 Black Hills State College ( SD ) 0 0 1969 Midwestern College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1970 Parsons College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 Wartburg College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 Wisconsin State University -- Eau Claire 0 0 1971 South Dakota 0 0 1971 Southwest Baptist College ( MO ) 0 0 1971 Buena Vista College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 Simpson College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 University of Tokyo -- Nihon 0 1972 Keene State College ( NH ) 0 0 1972 Purdue University 0 0 1972 West Georgia College 0 0 Golden West College ( CA ) 0 0 Winona State College ( MN ) 0 0 Nassau Community College ( NY ) 0 0 Oregon College of Education 0 0 Northwest Missouri State 0 0 Ohio University 0 0 Mankato State ( MN ) 0 0 Tarkio College ( MO ) 0 0 1976 Northwestern Oklahoma State 0 0 1976 Mayville State College ( ND ) 0 0 1976 West Chester State College ( PA ) 0 0 1977 Springfield College ( Mass . ) 0 0 1977 Portland State ( Oregon ) 0 0 1978 Stephen F. Austin ( Texas ) 0 0 1978 Chapman College ( California ) 0 0 1979 New Mexico State 0 0 1981 Ohio State 0 0 1982 Rhode Island 0 0 1982 U.S. International University ( CA ) 0 0 1982 UCLA 's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska 's 1985 runner - up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted ^ Jump up to : NCAA WCWS participant in 1982 , when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name ^ Jump up to : AIAW WCWS participant in 1982 , when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name Championships & appearances by Conference ( edit ) This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women 's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 ( both Division I tournaments in 1982 -- AIAW and NCAA -- were called `` Women 's College World Series '' ) . Conference Championships ( Through 2017 ) Title Game / Series Appearances ( Through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( Through 2017 ) Pac - 12 23 36 82 SEC 10 40 Big 12 5 30 Big Ten 23 Big West 19 Big Eight 12 WAC 11 Atlantic 10 6 Southwest 5 ACC 9 Conference USA 5 Sun Belt 6 CCAA MAC Metro Southland Big East Ivy Missouri Valley Independent Summit League NorPac North Star WCAA 6 Notes Jump up ^ UCLA 's 1995 WCWS participation & title were vacated by the NCAA , and are not included in these figures ; see above . The Pac - 12 , which adopted its current name on July 1 , 2011 , retains all historical records from its years as the Pac - 10 . The conference had adopted the `` Pac - 10 '' name in 1978 , but did not begin sponsoring women 's sports until the 1986 -- 87 school year . Jump up ^ The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until July 1988 . Totals include all appearances by conference members under both names , but includes only appearances after the conference began sponsoring women 's sports in 1984 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Nebraska 's 1985 WCWS participation & title game appearance were vacated by the NCAA , and are not included in these totals . The Big Eight merged with four teams from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 in 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Conference is now defunct . Jump up ^ The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) did not sponsor women 's sports until the 1990 -- 91 academic year , after absorbing the High Country Athletic Conference ( HCAC ) , a parallel women 's - only conference . The WAC maintains all historic records from the HCAC ; totals include Utah State 's 1984 and Utah 's 1985 appearances while in the HCAC . Jump up ^ Texas A&M won two titles , made four title game appearances and five WCWS appearances while they were still members of the Southwest Conference . This conference is now defunct . Texas A&M was a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996 , but left for the Southeastern Conference in July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Following the breakup of the Metro in 1991 by Florida State , South Carolina , Cincinnati , and Memphis , the Metro and its breakaway Great Midwest Conference reunified in 1995 as Conference USA . Jump up ^ Although the charter of the original Big East Conference was inherited by the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 Big East split , the current Big East Conference maintains all athletic records of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors . Jump up ^ Records include those of the former Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference when it was originally a women 's - only conference parallel to the MVC . In 1985 , after the MVC stopped sponsoring football , the Gateway took on football as its only men 's sport . In 1992 , the women 's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC , which maintains all historic records of Gateway women 's sports . The football side of the conference maintained the Gateway charter , first as the Gateway Football Conference and now the Missouri Valley Football Conference . Jump up ^ The Mid-Continent Conference adopted its current name of The Summit League in June 2007 . Jump up ^ The NorPac , in full the Northern Pacific Conference , was a women 's - only conference that operated from 1982 to 1986 . The conference disbanded when the then - Pac - 10 , home to five of the final seven NorPac members , began sponsoring women 's sports in 1986 -- 87 . The remaining two schools , which were members of the PCAA for men 's sports , moved their women 's sports to that conference . Jump up ^ The North Star Conference was a women 's - only conference that merged into the Mid-Continent Conference , now The Summit League , in 1992 . The Summit maintains all historic records of North Star sports . Jump up ^ The WCAA , in full the Western Collegiate Athletic Association , was a women 's - only conference that operated from 1981 to 1986 . Its final five members were all members of the conference known at the time as the Pac - 10 , and moved their women 's sports to that league . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I softball programs Women 's College World Series Most Outstanding Player College softball NCAA Division I Softball Championship NCAA Division II Softball Championship NCAA Division III Softball Championship AIAW Intercollegiate Women 's Softball Champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary L. Littlewood ( 1998 ) . Women 's Fastpitch Softball -- The Path to the Gold , An Historical Look at Women 's Fastpitch in the United States ( first ed . ) . National Fastpitch Coaches Association , Columbia , Missouri . pp. 145 , 208 . ISBN 0 - 9664310 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Grundy , Pamela & Shackelford , Susan ( 2005 ) . Shattering the Glass . The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 822 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Plummer , William ; Floyd , Larry C. ( 2013 ) . A Series Of Their Own : History Of The Women 's College World Series . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States : Turnkey Communications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9893007 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Starr , Mark ( June 12 , 1995 ) . `` No Credit For UCLA '' . Newsweek . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( June 12 , 1995 ) . `` Ringer From Down Under '' . Sports Illustrated . External links ( edit ) NCAA softball webpage NCAA Division I Women 's College World Series 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Most Outstanding Players AIAW Women 's College World Series 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Most Outstanding Players National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I sports and championships Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( WWHL ) National Collegiate women 's ice hockey championship NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Championship Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_College_World_Series&oldid=787945703 '' Categories : Women 's College World Series Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the ncaa women's softball championship this year	[ "\n\nYear\nChampion[3]\nTitle\nSeries\nScore\nRunner-up\nTie-3rd\nTie-5th\nTie-7th\n\n\n1982\nUCLA\nWCAA\n2–0 (8 inn)\nFresno State\nNorPac\nCal St. Fullerton\nWCAA\nArizona State\nWCAA\nNebraska\nBig Eight\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\nCreighton\nGateway\nOklahoma State\nBig Eight\n\n\n1983\nTexas A&M\nSouthwest\n2–0 (12 inn)\nCal State Fullerton\nWCAA\nUCLA\nWCAA\nSouth Carolina\nIndependent\nLouisiana Tech\nSouthland\nPacific\nNorPac\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nMissouri\nBig Eight\n\n\n1984\nUCLA\nWCAA\n1–0 (13 inn)\nTexas A&M\nSouthwest\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\nNebraska\nBig Eight\nAdelphi\nAtlantic 10\nFresno State\nNorPac\nCal Poly Pomona\nCCAA\nUtah State\nHigh Country\n\n\n1985\n2–1 (9 inn)\nNebraska\nBig Eight\nCal St. Fullerton\nPCAA\nCal Poly Pomona\nCCAA\nAdelphi\nAtlantic 10\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\nLouisiana Tech\nSouthland\nUtah\nHigh Country\n\n\n1986\nCal State Fullerton\nPCAA\n3–0\nTexas A&M\nSouthwest\nCalifornia\nNorPac\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nCreighton\nGateway\nLong Beach State\nPCAA\nLouisiana Tech\nSouthland\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\n\n\n1987\nTexas A&M\nSouthwest\n4–1\nUCLA\nPac-10\nCal St. Fullerton\nPCAA\nNebraska\nBig Eight\nCentral Michigan\nMAC\nFresno State\nPCAA\nArizona State\nPac-10\nFlorida State\nMetro\n\n\n1988\nUCLA\nPac-10\n3–0\nFresno State\nPCAA\nArizona\nPac-10\nCal Poly Pomona\nCCAA\nNebraska\nBig Eight\nTexas A&M\nSouthwest\nAldelphi\nAtlantic 10\nNorthern Illinois\nNorth Star\n\n\n1989\n1–0\nArizona\nPac-10\nOklahoma State\nBig Eight\nCal Poly Pomona\nCCAA\nOregon\nPac-10\nSouth Carolina\nMetro\nToledo\nMAC\n\n\n1990\n2–0\nFlorida State\nMetro\nOklahoma State\nBig Eight\nLong Beach State\nBig West\nUNLV\nBig West\nArizona\nPac-10\nKent State\nMAC\n\n\n1991\nArizona\nPac-10\n5–1\nUCLA\nPac-10\nFresno State\nBig West\nLong Beach State\nBig West\nFlorida State\nMetro\nMissouri\nBig Eight\nUNLV\nBig West\nUtah\nWAC\n\n\n1992\nUCLA\nPac-10\n2–0\nArizona\nPac-10\nFresno State\nBig West\nMassachusetts\nAtlantic 10\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nLong Beach State\nBig West\nFlorida State\nACC\nKansas\nBig Eight\n\n\n1993\nArizona\nPac-10\n1–0\nUCLA\nPac-10\nSouthwestern Louisiana\nSun Belt\nOklahoma State\nBig Eight\nCal St. Northridge\nWAC\nConnecticut\nBig East\nFlorida State\nACC\nLong Beach State\nBig West\n\n\n1994\n4–0\nCal State Northridge\nWAC\nOklahoma State\nBig Eight\nUCLA\nPac-10\nFresno State\nWAC\nUtah\nWAC\nIllinois–Chicago\nMid-Con\nMissouri\nBig Eight\n\n\n1995\nUCLA\nPac-10\n4–2\nArizona\nPac-10\nIowa\nBig Ten\nUNLV\nBig West\nCal St. Fullerton\nBig West\nSW Louisiana\nSun Belt\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nPrinceton\nIvy\n\n\n1996\nArizona\nPac-10\n6–4\nWashington\nPac-10\nIowa\nBig Ten\nUCLA\nPac-10\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nSW Louisiana\nSun Belt\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nPrinceton\nIvy\n\n\n1997\n10–2 (5 inn)\nUCLA\nPac-10\nFresno State\nWAC\nWashington\nPac-10\nIowa\nBig Ten\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nMassachusetts\nAtlantic 10\nSouth Carolina\nSEC\n\n\n1998\nFresno State\nWAC\n1–0\nArizona\nPac-10\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nWashington\nPac-10\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nNebraska\nBig 12\nMassachusetts\nAtlantic 10\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n1999\nUCLA\nPac-10\n3–2\nWashington\nPac-10\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nDePaul\nConference USA\nArizona\nPac-10\nFresno State\nWAC\nArizona State\nPac-10\nSouthern Miss\nConference USA\n\n\n2000\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n3–1\nUCLA\nPac-10\nArizona\nPac-10\nSouthern Miss\nConference USA\nAlabama\nSEC\nWashington\nPac-10\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nDePaul\nConference USA\n\n\n2001\nArizona\nPac-10\n1–0\nUCLA\nPac-10\nLSU\nSEC\nStanford\nPac-10\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nIowa\nBig Ten\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n\n\n2002\nCalifornia\nPac-10\n6–0\nArizona\nPac-10\nArizona State\nPac-10\nFlorida State\nACC\nNebraska\nBig 12\nUCLA\nPac-10\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n\n\n2003\nUCLA\nPac-10\n1–0 (9 inn)\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nArizona\nPac-10\nTexas\nBig 12\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nWashington\nPac-10\nAlabama\nSEC\nLA-Lafayette\nSun Belt\n\n\n2004\n3–1\nLSU\nSEC\nStanford\nPac-10\nFlorida State\nACC\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nWashington\nPac-10\n\n\n2005**\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n0–5\n5–2\n4–1 (10 inn)\nUCLA\nPac-10\nTennessee\nSEC\nTexas\nBig 12\nAlabama\nSEC\nArizona\nPac-10\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nDePaul\nConference USA\n\n\n2006\nArizona\nPac-10\n8–0\n5–0\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\nTennessee\nSEC\nUCLA\nPac-10\nArizona State\nPac-10\nTexas\nBig 12\nAlabama\nSEC\nOregon State\nPac-10\n\n\n2007\n0–3\n1–0 (10 inn)\n5–0\nTennessee\nSEC\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\nWashington\nPac-10\nBaylor\nBig 12\nDePaul\nBig East\nArizona State\nPac-10\nTexas A&M\nBig 12\n\n\n2008\nArizona State\nPac-10\n3–0\n11–0\nTexas A&M\nBig 12\nAlabama\nSEC\nFlorida\nSEC\nLA-Lafayette\nSun Belt\nUCLA\nPac-10\nArizona\nPac-10\nVirginia Tech\nACC\n\n\n2009\nWashington\nPac-10\n8–0\n3–2\nFlorida\nSEC\nAlabama\nSEC\nGeorgia\nSEC\nArizona\nPac-10\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nArizona State\nPac-10\nMissouri\nBig 12\n\n\n2010\nUCLA\nPac-10\n6–5 (8 inn)\n15–9\nArizona\nPac-10\nGeorgia\nSEC\nTennessee\nSEC\nFlorida\nSEC\nHawaii\nWAC\nMissouri\nBig 12\nWashington\nPac-10\n\n\n2011\nArizona State\nPac-10\n14–4\n7–2\nFlorida\nSEC\nAlabama\nSEC\nBaylor\nBig 12\nCalifornia\nPac-10\nMissouri\nBig 12\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n2012\nAlabama\nSEC\n1–4\n8–6\n5–4\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nCalifornia\nPac-12\nArizona State\nPac-12\nOregon\nPac-12\nLSU\nSEC\nSouth Florida\nBig East\nTennessee\nSEC\n\n\n2013\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n5–3 (12 inn)\n4–0\nTennessee\nSEC\nWashington\nPac-12\nTexas\nBig 12\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nFlorida\nSEC\nArizona State\nPac-12\nNebraska\nBig Ten\n\n\n2014\nFlorida\nSEC\n5–0\n6–3\nAlabama\nSEC\nOregon\nPac-12\nBaylor\nBig 12\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nKentucky\nSEC\nLA-Lafayette\nSun Belt\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n2015\n3–2\n0–1\n4–1\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nAuburn\nSEC\nLSU\nSEC\nUCLA\nPac-12\nAlabama\nSEC\nOregon\nPac-12\nTennessee\nSEC\n\n\n2016\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n3–2\n7–11 (8 inn)\n2–1\nAuburn\nSEC\nFlorida State\nACC\nLSU\nSEC\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nGeorgia\nSEC\nAlabama\nSEC\nUCLA\nPac-12\n\n\n2017\n7-5 (17 inn)\n5-4\nFlorida\nSEC\nOregon\nPac-12\nWashington\nPac-12\nLSU\nSEC\nUCLA\nPac-12\nBaylor\nBig 12\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n" ]	[ "Oklahoma" ]
7701089625181247498	Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting	Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting - wikipedia Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the Book of Mormon Origin Angel Moroni Golden plates Joseph Smith Oliver Cowdery Sidney Rigdon Book of Mormon witnesses Reformed Egyptian Prophets and people Jacob Abinadi Ammon Alma the Elder Alma the Younger King Benjamin Brother of Jared Samuel the Lamanite Captain Moroni Enos Ether Helaman Lehi Limhi Nephi Mormon Moroni Historical authenticity and criticism Anachronisms Archaeology Genetics Linguistics Limited geography model Origin Proposed geographical setting Heartland Model Book of Mormon portal Book : Book of Mormon The geographical setting of the Book of Mormon is the set of locations of the events described in the Book of Mormon . There is no universal consensus among Mormon scholars regarding the placement of these locations in the known world , other than somewhere in the Americas . A popular `` traditional '' view among many Latter - day Saint faithful covers much of North and South America ; while many Book of Mormon scholars , particularly in recent decades , believe the text itself favors a limited Mesoamerican or other limited setting for most of the Book of Mormon events . The largest of the churches embracing the Book of Mormon -- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) -- has not endorsed an official position for the geographical setting the Book of Mormon , although some of its leaders have spoken of various possible locations over the years . There have also been multiple attempts to identify the several civilizations in the Book of Mormon , which are dated in the text as living from 2500 BC to 400 AD , but no consensus has ever been reached . According to Joseph Smith , an angel named Moroni told him `` there was a book deposited , written upon gold plates , giving an account of the former inhabitants of this continent , and the source from whence they sprang . '' According to Joseph Smith , Moroni explained that the coming forth of the Book of Mormon was to be concurrent with the fulfillment of ancient prophecies regarding the latter - day church of Christ . According to Latter Day Saint scripture , the narrative in the Book of Mormon came to an end in the ancient land Cumorah , where Moroni , in 421 AD deposited the golden plates prior to his death . Mormon and Moroni 's Cumorah is claimed by many believers to be the same land containing the modern `` Hill Cumorah '' near Joseph Smith 's home in Palmyra , western New York , from whence the gold plates of the Book of Mormon were retrieved . Others view the modern `` Hill Cumorah '' to be distinct from the original , and simply to have been named after it ; thus adding no information to the question of the location of the lands described in the Book of Mormon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Internal map 1.1 Clark 1989 1.2 Lauritzen 1.3 Layton 1938 2 Joseph Smith 's statements regarding Book of Mormon geography 3 Hemispheric models 3.1 Bagley 1927 model 3.2 Comer / Maeser 1880 model 3.3 Dixon 1958 3.4 General 1830s 3.5 Gunsolley 1922 3.6 Hobby / Smith 1988 3.7 Ricks pre-1921 4 Central America models 4.1 Allen 1989 model 4.2 Christensen 1969 4.3 Davila 1961 model 4.4 DeLong - Steede - Simmons 1977 model 4.5 Driggs 1925 4.6 Ellsworth 1980 4.7 Ferguson 1947 4.8 Ferguson / Hunter 1950 4.9 Hammond 1959 4.10 Hansen 1951 4.11 Hauck 1988 4.12 Hills 1917 4.13 Holmes 1903 4.14 Jakeman 1940s 4.15 Norman 1966 4.16 Young 1921 4.17 Ivins 1921 5 Heartland models 6 South America models 6.1 Birrell 1948 6.2 Priddis 1975 model 6.3 Kocherhans 1986 model 7 Great Lakes theories 7.1 Curtis 1988 model 7.2 Holley 1983 7.3 Olive 2000 7.4 Coon 2009 8 Alternative theories 8.1 The African theory 8.2 The Malay model 8.3 The Isle of the Sea model ( Island model ) 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading Internal map ( edit ) The Book of Mormon itself is the best source for understanding the geographical locations contained therein . Internal Book of Mormon geography focuses on the relationships between lands and other geographic features , independent of where they might be physically located on today 's maps . The purpose of constructing unbiased internal maps is to orient major lands , seas and landmarks mentioned in the text , and estimate relative distances between them ; without trying to ' fit them ' into any proposed setting on a modern map . A careful investigation of the Book of Mormon 's internal geography is useful to guard against bias by researchers using favored `` known - world '' settings and / or traditions . The following is a brief overview of the Book of Mormon 's New World ( American ) internal geography . Three groups are known to have migrated : Jaredites , Lehites and Mulekites : The Jaredites along with 22 other families landed in what was later called the `` Land Northward '' during the time of the building of the `` great tower . '' There is no mention of any of the other families after the landing . It is presumed that they remained with the descendants of Jared and his brother , but this is inconclusive . The Jaredites remained there until destroyed between 600 and 300 BC . Their land is described as being surrounded by four `` seas '' with a `` Narrow Neck '' linking to a `` Land Southward '' to which they never ventured except for hunting . This core area does not preclude expansions into areas beyond the north , east or west seas . The Lehites landed on the coast of the `` Land Southward '' around 589 BC . The term `` Land Southward '' seems to be used in different contexts as the Nephites gradually migrate Northward with what is possibly an explicitly - defined change in the terminology in Alma 22 : 31 - 32 . The Land Southward was nearly surrounded by seas . One sea which was near the dividing line of the latter definition of the `` Land Southward '' from the `` Land Northward '' was described as the `` Sea that Divides the Land . '' The Book of Mormon does not explicitly identify the `` West Sea '' or the `` East Sea '' with the `` waters of the great deep '' , `` great waters '' or `` many waters '' crossed by Book of Mormon peoples to the New World . The Mulekites landed in the Land Northward around 587 BC and proceeded southward through the Narrow Neck , founding the city `` Zarahemla '' which was in the heart of the land along the river `` Sidon . '' After arriving in the New World , Nephi , a son of Lehi , left the place of their first landing and traveled with his followers `` many days '' in the wilderness . `` Many '' is a non-specific word that can mean anything from `` three hours '' to `` forty days . '' This particular journey did not take Nephi and his followers beyond the territory that would later be called the land of Nephi . Numerous other travel times are mentioned within the Book of Mormon , generally just days or less . Thus the text of the Book of Mormon is often viewed by scholars as favoring a ' limited ' setting of just a few hundred miles for most of its events . For example , a group ostensibly consisting of the very young and old with `` their flocks '' and some belongings , could travel from the land of Nephi `` down '' through a `` strip '' of wilderness to the land of Zarahemla in less than 21 days . The land of Zarahemla is north of the land of Nephi . The lands of Zarahemla and Nephi are near an east and a west sea . A narrow strip of wilderness divides the land of Zarahemla from the southern land of Nephi . The region of Zarahemla features the nearby river `` Sidon '' - the only river named in the localized New World setting . The shallow ( it could be crossed on foot ) river Sidon originates in highlands to the south of the city of Zarahemla , near a land and city called Manti which is at the head of the river Sidon . The land of Bountiful lies far north of the land of Zarahemla . A fortified line between the land of Zarahemla and the land of Bountiful could be crossed in a single day from the west sea to the east ( sea ) . There is explicit reference to a `` sea '' east of the land of Zarahemla , as far north as the southern borders of Bountiful . A sea east of Bountiful seems to be implied . The land of Desolation is north of Bountiful . The border between the land of Bountiful and Desolation is also described as a `` line '' running from `` the east to west sea '' . This `` line '' could be traversed by a Nephite in `` only '' a day and a half , presumably by boat , because the vicinity of Desolation was a `` place where the sea divides the land '' . A `` narrow pass '' or `` passage '' ran northward near the Bountiful / Desolation border which is mentioned in context with the nearby east and west seas . In contrast to the breadth of the Desolation / Bountiful border , the entrance to `` the narrow pass which led into the land northward '' is described as a `` point '' . Elsewhere in the Book of Mormon , a `` narrow '' or `` small neck of land '' , by the border of the land Bountiful and the land Desolation is described connecting `` the land northward and the land southward '' . Serving as the entrance to `` the land south '' , this pass , or perhaps the whole `` narrow neck of land '' , appears to have been narrow enough to be blocked by a `` poisonous serpents '' epidemic . The land northward is covered `` with large bodies of water and many rivers . '' The land is bordered in each of the cardinal directions by bodies of water called seas . There are limits to how far north the land extends . Cumorah situates in `` a land of many waters , rivers , and fountains '' , south of a particularly `` large '' body of water called `` Ripliancum '' and east of the Jaredite Land Northward . The land of Cumorah was the decisive gathering place of both the Nephite and earlier Jaredite armies . The Jaredite King Omer and his family settled east of the place where the Nephites nation would be destroyed . Lands south of Cumorah , where a `` few '' Nephites had temporarily escaped destruction , are referred to as the `` south countries '' . This `` country southward '' may have been beyond the borders of principal Book of Mormon lands frequently mentioned in the text . A Jaredite land of `` many waters '' and Zarahemla were near enough to each other , that travelers from the land of Nephi in the south could confuse the general region where the Jaredite nation was destroyed with the land of Zarahemla . Numerous other details in the Book of Mormon indicate principal lands that are quite localized , generally negating the possibility that the Book of Mormon settings cover major parts of both North and South America . Clark 1989 ( edit ) John E Clark , Review of Books on the Book of Mormon , vol 1 , 1989 , pp. 20 -- 70 . Lauritzen ( edit ) Source : BYU Library ( call number MOR M222 A1a # 33 ) . John Sorenson notes in his book , The Geography of the Book of Mormon : A Source Book the following on page 102 , `` This map is identical in practically all substantive details to Ludlow et al ... The near identity of these three maps raises a question of directions of unattributed influence . If not plagiarism , at least an odd kind of liberty comes to mind . '' Layton 1938 ( edit ) Source : Lynn C. Layton , An `` Ideal '' Book of Mormon Geography , Improvement Era 41 ( July 1938 ) : pp. 394 -- 395 . Joseph Smith 's statements regarding Book of Mormon geography ( edit ) Published articles in the Times & Seasons newspaper ( of which Joseph Smith was the editor ) indicate that Book of Mormon peoples , or their descendants , migrated from `` the lake country of America '' to Mexico and Central America . In 1841 Joseph Smith read Stephens ' Incidents of Travel in Central America . Smith held Stephens ' work in high regard and recommended it . However , Stephens ' bestseller did not change Smith 's position that Book of Mormon events took place in northern America , in lands primarily occupied by the United States . In the Wentworth Letter Joseph Smith wrote the following regarding his interview with the angel Moroni : I was also informed concerning the aboriginal inhabitants of this country ' , and shown who they were , and from whence they came ; a brief sketch of their origin , progress , civilization , laws , governments , of their righteousness and iniquity , and the blessings of God being finally withdrawn from them as a people was made known unto me : I was also told where there was deposited some plates on which were engraven an abridgment of the records of the ancient prophets that had existed on this continent ... In his `` AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES '' editorial of July 1842 , the Times & Seasons newspaper corroborates wars described in the Book of Mormon with archaeological finds in northern America . It is not certain as to which articles in the Times & Seasons signed `` - ED '' were authored by Joseph Smith , approved by Joseph Smith , or otherwise handled by editorial assistants since Joseph Smith was frequently absent and only the nominal editor . The Times & Seasons quotes Josiah Priest 's American Antiquities statement that `` Weapons of brass have been found in many parts of America , as in the Canadas , Florida , &c. , with curiously sculptured stones , all of which go to prove that this country was once peopled with civilized , industrious nations ... '' The Times & Seasons associates earth , timber and metal works found in northern America ( presumably artifacts of mound builder societies ) with implements and constructions described in the Book of Mormon . As much as Joseph Smith approved of Stephens ' work , the Times & Seasons only makes minor mention of it , and then only to conclude in the `` American Antiquities '' editorial , that the peoples of Central America are tied historically to the Book of Mormon . Regarding the peoples of Central America , the Times & Seasons concludes : Stephens and Catherwood 's researches in Central America abundantly testify of this thing . The stupendous ruins , the elegant sculpture , and the magnificence of the ruins of Guatemala , and other cities , corroborate this statement , and show that a great and mighty people - men of great minds , clear intellect , bright genius , and comprehensive designs inhabited this continent . Their ruins speak of their greatness ; the Book of Mormen ( Mormon ) unfolds their history. - ED . The article does not actually say that Book of Mormon lands are to be found in Central America . This assertion came later in several unsigned newspaper articles , published in the Fall of 1842 . The use of first person plural ( `` we '' and `` us '' ) indicates that the articles may have been a collaborative effort . A recent `` word - print '' stylometry study of the unsigned articles concluded that they contain Joseph Smith 's vocabulary and average sentence lengths . One LDS apologist , however , argues that the statistical word - print analysis can not identify everything that was edited in the articles and by whom . Without an endorsing signature we can not tell the extent to which Joseph Smith agreed with the opinions expressed in the unsigned articles . In the March 15 , 1842 edition of the Times and Seasons , Joseph Smith informed readers that he would endorse his articles with his signature . W. Vincent Coon argues that the unsigned 1842 articles contradict each other . One of the articles in question mentions `` Joseph Smith '' in the third person . This same article alleges that Lehi `` landed a little south of the Isthmus of Darien '' which would place Lehi 's landing on a western shore of South America . The 1842 Times and Seasons editorials , written by Joseph Smith , are readily identified as they end with his `` ED '' . Joseph Smith had found it necessary to go into hiding for much of the Fall that year . Though he was still official editor of the Times and Seasons , it is doubtful that he was acting editor at the time inasmuch as he was keeping a low public profile and had been in hiding , as Doctrine and Covenants 127 : 1 and 128 : 1 attest . LDS Church History Scholars believe that John Taylor may have served as `` the acting editor for the Times and Seasons '' in Joseph 's absence . In November 1842 , Joseph Smith officially resigned as editor , explaining that , `` The multiplicity of other business that daily devolves upon me , renders it impossible for me to do justice to a paper so widely circulated as the Times and Seasons . '' John Taylor was then made official editor of the newspaper . Published in the same issue as the unsigned `` ZARAHEMLA '' article ( October 1842 ) with its anachronistic claims about the ruins of Quirigua , is a signed epistle to the church from the Mormon prophet in hiding . In Joseph Smith 's letter ( canonized as the 128th section of the LDS Doctrine and Covenants ) the Book of Mormon land Cumorah is referenced among other locations of significance near the Finger Lakes . Several earlier statements by Joseph Smith , indicate that events described in the Book of Mormon took place in lands occupied by the United States of America . In an 1833 letter to N.C. Saxton , he wrote : The Book of Mormon is a record of the forefathers of our western tribes of Indians ; having been found through the ministration of an holy angel , and translated into our own language by the gift and power ( of ) God , after having been hid up in the earth for the last fourteen hundred years , containing the word of God which was delivered unto them . By it we learn that our western tribes of Indians are descendants from that Joseph that was sold into Egypt , and that the land ( of ) America is a promised land unto them , and unto it , all the tribes of Israel will come , with as many of the Gentiles as shall comply with the requisitions of the new covenant . But the tribe of Judah will return to old Jerusalem . The expression , `` our western tribes of Indians '' refers to Indian tribes who lived west , or were pushed west from the east coast of the United States by European expansion . LDS missionaries were sent to these peoples in the early days of the Church . Latter - day scripture refers to these peoples as `` Lamanites '' . Several passages in LDS scripture associate these native peoples with peoples of the Book of Mormon . LDS scripture teaches that the land of their Book of Mormon ancestors ( presumably the territories now occupied by the United States of America ) was ordained to become a land `` free unto all ... '' . The ancient land of their inheritance is , according to LDS scripture , associated with the land of `` New Jerusalem . '' . New Jerusalem , `` the city of Zion '' is , according to LDS scripture to be built in northern America . Some scholars argue that Joseph Smith came to believe that the Maya ruins on the Yucatán Peninsula discovered in the late 1830s , offered evidence in support of the Book of Mormon 's authenticity . A more recent inclusion in History of the Church proclaims the ruins were likely Nephite or belonging to `` the ancient inhabitants of America treated of in the Book of Mormon '' . In view of the position that ancient peoples migrated from the north into Mexico and Central America , the linking of Mesoamerican artifacts with `` ancient inhabitants ... of ... the Book of Mormon '' is not inconsistent with Joseph Smith 's statements placing Book of Mormon lands in northern America . The History of the Church statement was inserted under the date June 25 , 1842 and is not taken from any holograph writing of Joseph Smith or records kept by his clerks . The date , in fact , is only a few weeks prior to the publication of the AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES editorial , citing northern American evidence of Book of Mormon history . The inclusion in History of the Church reads as follows : Messrs. Stephens and Catherwood have succeeded in collecting in the interior of America a large amount of relics of the Nephites , or the ancient inhabitants of America treated of in the Book of Mormon , which relics have recently been landed in New York . Stephens brought to New York hundreds of artifacts from Mayan sites , including sculptures and architectural remnants . Shortly after arriving in New York , most of these relics were lost when the building that housed them was destroyed by fire . According to Mormon 6 : 5 , Nephite civilization came to an end near the year 384 A.D. , with only a few Nephites surviving , ( Mormon 6 : 11 ) of which some or all were `` hunted until they were destroyed '' by the surviving tribal civilization . The Copan and Quirigua , sites in the Yucatan visited by Stephens and Catherwood , contain artifacts that date more recent than Book of Mormon times . It has not been shown that any of Stephens ' artifacts date to Book of Mormon times , and Joseph Smith does not make this assertion . The first history of the Church was written in 1834 and 1835 by Oliver Cowdery , as a series of articles published serially in the Church 's Messenger and Advocate . In this history , Cowdery stated that the final battle between the Nephites and the Lamanites occurred at the `` Hill Cumorah , '' the very same Hill Cumorah in New York , where Joseph Smith said he obtained golden plates and other artifacts which were used to translate the Book of Mormon . These plates and artifacts were shown to only a few witnesses and never to the general public . The plates were later claimed to have been returned to the angel , Moroni . Oliver Cowdery also identified the Jaredites ' final battle as occurring in the same area as the Nephite / Lamanite final battle . Since Smith was an editor of the Messenger and Advocate and approved the history , all but proponents of limited South American and Mesoamerican geography theories believe it conclusively demonstrated Joseph Smith 's belief as well . In any case , evidence appears to show that Smith did not subscribe to the limited Mesoamerican or South American geography theories promoted by some LDS today . Joseph Smith clearly advocated a northern American setting ( near the Finger Lakes ) for the Book of Mormon land Cumorah , hence Doctrine and Covenants 128 : 20 . Lucy Mack Smith , Joseph Smith 's mother , in her account of the coming forth of the Book of Mormon , says that the divine messenger called the hill where the plates were deposited the `` hill of Cumorah '' meaning `` hill of '' the Book of Mormon land `` Cumorah '' . In another account , she said that young Joseph referred to the hill using this description . Joseph Smith 's preeminence as an authority on the Book of Mormon is evinced by the following account given by his mother : During our evening conversations , Joseph , would occasionally give us some of the most amusing recitals that could be imagined . He would describe the ancient inhabitants of this continent , their dress , mode of traveling , and the animals upon which they rode ; their cities and buildings , with every particular ; their mode of warfare ; and also their religious worship . This he would do with as much ease , seemingly , as if he had spent his whole life among them . Efforts to associate Joseph Smith with the geographic notions of his contemporaries remain speculative . A note in the handwriting of Frederick G. Williams , a scribe and counselor to Smith , asserts that Lehi 's people landed in South America at thirty degrees south latitude . Early LDS church leader , Orson Pratt also speculated that the Nephite landing site was on the coast of Chile near Valparaiso , but Pratt indicated that this hypothesis was arrived at by supposition , not divine revelation . There is no proof that Williams ' unsigned , undated writing represents a revelation given to Joseph Smith . An official statement by the LDS Church discourages Church members from making too much of the Williams document . Hemispheric models ( edit ) Evidence indicates that early members of the Church did not pay a great deal of attention to Book of Mormon details about distances . The `` Hemispheric '' or `` Two - Continent '' model proposes that Book of Mormon lands stretch many thousands of miles over much of South and North America . There is no first hand , verifiable statement by Joseph Smith endorsing this view . One of the earliest advocates of a hemispheric setting was the young missionary Orson Pratt , who as early as 1832 publicly promoted the idea that Lehi `` crossed the water into South America '' . For some who read the Book of Mormon , with maps of the Western Hemisphere in view , the Isthmus of Panama seems an easy fit for the Book of Mormon 's `` narrow neck of land '' . Pratt claimed that the `` running battle '' , culminating in the destruction of the Nephite nation , started at `` the Isthmus of Darien '' ( Panama ) and `` ended at Manchester '' ( western New York ) . Pratt never attributed his geography ( or one like it ) to Joseph Smith . Pratt in fact , indicated that the South American landing idea was supposition , not revelation . Pratt 's geographic views were published in the 1879 edition of the Book of Mormon , but retracted from later editions . There was no consensus of opinion among early Mormon leaders on the topic of Book of Mormon geography . The hemispheric setting of Apostle Parley P. Pratt , for instance , differed from that of his brother Orson . Strongly influenced by John Lloyd Stephens ' 1841 bestseller , Incident of Travel in Central America , Parley Pratt set various Book of Mormon lands ( including , apparently , the narrow neck ) farther north and west of Panama . As early as 1842 , Apostle John E. Page published a more limited , non-hemispheric setting for the Book of Mormon . Page originally placed the narrow neck at the Bay of Honduras ; and by 1848 appears to have relocated the narrow neck more to the northwest . Other LDS , in 1842 , figured all of Central America to be the narrow neck . Prior to the influence of John Lloyd Stephens ' popular book , some church members placed the southernmost Nephite land of Manti well within the boundaries of United States territory . In the 1850s the following unsigned statement was circulated among Latter - day Saints : `` The course that Lehi traveled from the city of Jerusalem to the place where he and his family took ship , they traveled nearly a south , southeast direction until they came to the nineteenth degree of North Latitude , then , nearly east to the Sea of Arabia then sailed in a southeast direction and landed on the continent of South America in Chili ( Chile ) thirty degrees south latitude . '' The original is in the handwriting of early church leader Frederick G. Williams , who held a definite opinion on the subject of Book of Mormon geography . The statement was partially rewritten by church authorities Richards and Little and published as a `` Revelation to Joseph the Seer '' - a statement which the original did not contain . The Chilean landing site , promoted in the Williams document , matches Orson Pratt 's geography . Prominent LDS would later call into question the statement 's authority ; but before this would happen , church leaders publicly attributed ( without verification or proof ) features of Orson Pratt 's geography to Joseph Smith . The idea that Lehi landed on the coast of temperate Chile , thousand of miles south of Panama 's narrow neck , and that tropical Colombia 's thousand mile long Magdalena River is the River Sidon , were presented by church scholars as mainstream , majority views in the LDS community . Bagley 1927 model ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Source : JM Sjodahl , An Introduction to the Study of the Book of Mormon , 1927 , pp. 415 -- 418 . Comer / maeser 1880 model ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is Panama . Source : JA and JN Washburn , An Approach to the Study of the Book of Mormon Geography , Provo , Utah , 1939 . Dixon 1958 ( edit ) Source : Just One Cumorah by Riley Lake Dixon , SLC , Bookcraft , 1958 General 1830s ( edit ) Source : John L Sorenson , The Geography of the Book of Mormon : a Source Book , FARMS , 1992 , pp. 75 -- 76 . Gunsolley 1922 ( edit ) Source : Jeremiah Gunsolley , A Study of the Book of Mormon ... , Zions Religio - Literary Society , Herald Publishing House , Lamoni , Iowa , 1917 Hobby / Smith 1988 ( edit ) Source : Michael Hobby and Troy Smith . A Model for Nephite Geography . Zarahemla Quarterly 2 ( 1 ) ( 1988 ) : 4 - 14 . Source : Hobby , The Mulekite Connection , Zarahemla Quarterly 2 ( 1 ) ( 1988 ) : 36ff . Ricks pre-1921 ( edit ) By 1921 Joel Ricks of Logan had distributed 6000 copies of his map of Book of Mormon geography . Source : James E. Talmage Journals , 1921 , January 14 -- 24 . See Joseph Trevor Antley 's extracts of Talmage 's journal : James E. Talmage Journals , 1921 : Book of Mormon Geography Hearings . ( WP : DEADLINK ) Also see the following article : `` PANAMA : An Introduction , '' Michael M. Hobby and Troy J. Smith , Zarahemla Quarterly , Vol Two , No . Two , 1988 ; pp. 4 -- 20 . The following rivers were run by Hobby and Hobby , or Hobby and Smith to determine the minimum crossable land constrictions : Rio Bayano ( central Panama ) , 22 mile passable width ; Rio Tuira ( eastern Panama ) , 40 miles from the southern Bay to the Caribbean , reduced by 25 - 35 % due to the width of the lower Tuira ( However , significant population existed along rivers to the southeast ) ; Rio Chagres ( Canal Zone ) , 27 -- 40 miles ; however , former path of the Chagres is obscured by Lake Gatun , not a natural geomorphological feature . Rio Atrato and tributaries flow into the Gulf of Uraba ( also termed the Gulf of Darien , associated with the Darien Gap ) Colombia . The Gulf is located at the southeastern terminus of the North Panamanian Deformed Belt , an arc which determines the shape of the Gulf and the Atrato drainage basin , both of which it underlies , including much of the Atrato , still pronounced along the northern part of its length . Hobby asserts that the massive sediment loads deposited by the Atrato ( and other rivers flowing into the Gulf on it eastern perimeter ) have nearly divided the present gulf in half , due to E / W delta deposits and a highly restricted flow pattern north into the outer gulf he observed in satellite photography . The landlocked lakes to the south were once part of the Gulf . Therefore , he argues that geologic and hydrogeologic data confirm the minimum passable width several thousand years ago was likely as much as 40 % or more less than observed today . Central America models ( edit ) It has been claimed in recent years , that within the Mormon community , more scholars have gravitated toward this general group of geographic scenarios than any other group of theories . While there are disagreements about where the `` narrow neck of land '' resides , e.g. southern Mexico , Honduras , the Isthmus of Rivas between Nicaragua and Costa Rica , Panama , the following list of theories can all be categorized as Central American based . Early LDS became engrossed with John Lloyd Stephens ' 1841 bestseller , Incidents of Travel in Central America , Chiapas , and Yucatan . Despite Stephens ' own published conclusion that the marvelous stone ruins which he and Frederick Catherwood documented were not of `` great antiquity '' , some LDS nevertheless , placed much importance on matching these stone ruins to Book of Mormon cities . For some , this endeavor had higher priority than looking for the narrowest and correctly oriented Mesoamerican isthmus . In time , more Mormon scholars came to realize that the New World Book of Mormon lands were quite localized . The earliest , most limited Central American models were posited by members of the RLDS Church . In one detail , none of these proposed settings are exactly limited geographically : they all require Moroni to have transported the plates and other articles thousands of miles to western New York . LDS apologist Vincent Coon cites non-LDS archaeologist Salvatore Trento , who posits the possibility that Joseph Smith actually discovered buried metal tablets engraved with `` weird markings '' . Trento notes comparable discoveries in Northeastern America which Coon points out are not likely the result of a singular ancient individual traveling thousands of miles from Central or South America . Such finds are consistent with the 19th century `` Mound Builder '' literary setting in which the Book of Mormon is classed by mainstream American History and Literature specialists . Allen 1989 model ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , and the basic area is that of Mesoamerica . Source : Exploring the Lands of the Book of Mormon , By Joseph Allen , SA Publishers , Orem , Utah , 1989 , pp. 181 -- 390 Christensen 1969 ( edit ) Cheesman 's , The World of the Book of Mormon , Deseret Book , 1978 . Davila 1961 model ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , and the basic area is that of Mesoamerica . Source : BYU Library , `` An account of our Book of Mormon Lands Tour '' , 27 January to 16 February 1961 . Delong - steede - simmons 1977 model ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , and the basic area is that of Mesoamerica . See FRAA Newsletter 23 ( 11 May 1976 ) . Driggs 1925 ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is the Bay of Honduras , and the basic area is that of Mesoamerica . Source : Jean Russell Driggs , The Palestine of America , SLC , 1925 . Ellsworth 1980 ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is somewhere in Costa Rica , and the basic area is that of Mesoamerica . Source : Robert B Ellsworth , Lectures Notes on an Interpretation of a Map of Zarahemla and the Land Northward as Described in the Book of Mormon , Ogden , Utah , 1980 . Ferguson 1947 ( edit ) Source : Thomas Stuart Ferguson , Cumorah -- Where ? , The author , Oakland , CA , 1947 . Ferguson / Hunter 1950 ( edit ) Source : Ferguson , One Fold and One Shepherd , San Francisco : Books of California , 1953 , p. 252 Hammond 1959 ( edit ) Source : Fletcher B Hammond , Geography of the Book of Mormon , SLC , 1959 Hansen 1951 ( edit ) Source : Book of Mormon Geography , Saints ' Herald , January 8 , 1951 . Hauck 1988 ( edit ) Source : F Richard Hauck , Deciphering the Geography of the Book of Mormon : Settlements and Routes in Ancient America . SLC , Deseret Book , 1988 . Hills 1917 ( edit ) Source : Louis Edward Hills , Geography of Mexico and Central America from 2234 BC to 421 AD , Independence , Missouri , 1917 . Holmes 1903 ( edit ) Source : Robert Holmes , Geographical Sketches of the Book of Mormon , 1903 . ( Located in LDS Church historical Dept ) Jakeman 1940s ( edit ) Source : Summarized by Paul R Cheesman , These Ancient Americans , Deseret Book , SLC , 1974 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Norman 1966 ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck of Land is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , and the basic area is that of Mesoamerica . Young 1921 ( edit ) Willard Young claimed that most of the Book of Mormon scenes were in present - day Guatemala and Honduras . Source : James E. Talmage Journals , 1921 , January 14 -- 24 . See Joseph Trevor Antley 's extracts of Talmage 's journal : James E. Talmage Journals , 1921 : Book of Mormon Geography Hearings . Ivins 1921 ( edit ) Apostle Anthony W. Ivins suggested that the Book of Mormon lands embraced mainly Yucatan and Mexico . Source : James E. Talmage Journals , 1921 , January 14 -- 24 . See Joseph Trevor Antley 's extracts of Talmage 's journal : James E. Talmage Journals , 1921 : Book of Mormon Geography Hearings . Heartland models ( edit ) Main article : Heartland Model The `` Heartland '' model or `` Heartland Theory '' of Book of Mormon geography postulates that the Book of Mormon events primarily occurred in the heartland of North America . Among its proposals are that Mound Builders , including the Hopewell and the Adena , were among those peoples described in accounts of events in Book of Mormon books such as Alma and Helaman . The Mississippi River is identified as the River Sidon , and Big Spring ( in Carter County , Missouri ) is identified as being the Waters of Mormon . The Niagara Falls region has been described as the `` narrow neck of land '' mentioned in Alma . In addition , the Appalachian region of Tennessee is claimed by some to be the Land of Nephi . In recent years , this theory , which challenges the traditional paradigm of Central America as a primary location for Book of Mormon geography , has become a `` movement '' among some Latter Day Saints . Proponents see this new model as a way of better supporting the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon . Fabio T. Sagebin , from Independence MO , proposes another theory based on the Area of Arkansas and Missouri . It has to do with the lowering of the crust of the area of the southern states of USA causing a new topography of that area . The scars left on the strata shows a large area around the Mississippi river . This area would be the East Sea , the same occurs on the west . South America models ( edit ) A dubious , unsigned document in the handwriting of early church leader Frederick G. Williams alleges that Lehi landed 30 degrees South of the equator , in what would be modern day Chile . There are several theories that try to confirm this . Many people who support this group of theories believe that part of South America was under water , and that the continent rose up during the major earthquakes mentioned in the Book of Mormon during Christ 's crucifixion in the Old World . Birrell 1948 ( edit ) The Narrow Neck of land is the Maranon River narrows , or the Andean passes in Southern Ecuador . Source : Verla Birrell , The Book of Mormon Guide Book , SLC , 1948 Priddis 1975 model ( edit ) The narrow neck is from Guayaquil , Ecuador to the Amazon basin , which before Christ was under water . Kocherhans 1986 model ( edit ) The narrow neck is the Andes Mountains around Guayaquil , Ecuador . Great Lakes theories ( edit ) Proponents of the Great Lakes theory adhere to the teachings of LDS Church leaders , official church history , and church canon that identify the hill in Palmyra , New York as the Hill Cumorah of the Book of Mormon , the place of the final Nephite battle . Great Lakes theories differ in that they incorporate the land of Palmyra , New York as the place of the final Nephite battle and the place where the Jaredite Omer walked . Curtis 1988 model ( edit ) Claims the Narrow Neck is the isthmus between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario . Holley 1983 ( edit ) Source : Vernal Holley , Book of Mormon Authorship : A Closer Look , Zenos Publications , Ogden , Utah , 1983 . Holley held various mid-level LDS leadership positions . See also the Spalding - Rigdon theory . Maps of Holley 's proposed locations : Book of Mormon Locations and Places . Olive 2000 ( edit ) Source : Phyllis Carol Olive , The Lost Lands of the Book of Mormon , Printed by Bonneville Books , Springville , Utah , first printing 2000 . ISBN 1 - 55517 - 510 - 4 , Library of Congress Catalog Number 94 - 98119 . For the most current treatment , discussion and map of the setting visit : ( bookofmormonlands.com ) and ( bookofmormonpromisedland.com ) Coon 2009 ( edit ) Source : W. Vincent Coon , Choice Above All Other Lands , Book of Mormon Covenant Lands According to the Best Sources , Printed by Brit Publishing , Salt Lake City , Utah , first printing 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 26543 - 8 . Coon ( MS Physics , Hebrew language background ) is an advocate of Olive 's work . ( bookofmormonpromisedland.com ) Alternative theories ( edit ) Some people believe that the Book of Mormon took place in areas outside of the Americas . The African theory ( edit ) Embaye Melekin is the author . Michael R. Ash wrote a review of this theory in 2001 . Melekin claims that his book titled , `` Manifestations mysteries revealed , '' has proven `` beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Book of Mormon is an African book and about Africans ... My book will change the church and the belief of the Mormons drastically . '' The Malay model ( edit ) The Malay Book of Mormon geography model asserts that the Book of Mormon account matches the geography and historical record of the Malay Peninsula . The starting point for this theory is the claim that a 4,000 mile journey to the Malay Peninsula , with appropriate winds and currents from the Middle East , would have been much easier for the Jaredites , Mulekites and Lehites than a 16,000 mile voyage across the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( with no appropriate currents ) to the Americas . The proponent of this theory , Ralph Olsen , notes several hundred reasons that his theory is superior to New World - based explanations . The Malay theory relies upon ongoing linguistic , genetic and archaeological research as a foundation to resolve most of the anachronisms that exist in other Book of Mormon geographies . The Isle of the sea model ( island model ) ( edit ) An island setting for Book of Mormon account was first proposed by Blake Ostler in his Sunstone article titled `` DNA Strands in the Book of Mormon '' . Ostler asserts that the Book of Mormon events must have taken place on an island as was claimed by Jacob after arriving in the promised land . `` For the Lord has made the sea our path , and we are upon an isle of the sea . But great are the promises of the Lord unto them who are upon the isles of the sea ; wherefore as it says isles , there must needs be more than this , and they are inhabited also by our brethren . '' The Island of the Sea model builds on the work of Ralph Olsen 's Malay model with particular emphasis on genetic , linguistic and archaeological research within Southeast Asia and the Austronesian islands . The Isle of the Sea model also draws on early Judeo - Christian texts such as the Narrative of Zosimus and the History of the Rechabites to position the Book of Mormon as a 5th - century apocryphal text composed in an old world setting , a proposition advanced by Dr. Paul Owen . The Isle of the Sea model proposes that the Islands of the Blessed described in early Judeo - Christian texts are synonymous with those mentioned by Jacob in 2 Nephi 10 : 20 . These islands are identified in Greek and Roman sources as the land of the Camarines believed to be associated with the Malay Peninsula , which was known in ancient sources as the Golden Chersonese or the Golden Island ( Suvarnadvipa ) , and the islands of the Indonesian archipelago . See also ( edit ) Book of Mormon portal Latter - day Saints portal Origin of the Book of Mormon Historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon Archaeology and the Book of Mormon Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Mormonism states : `` Church leaders have generally declined to give any opinion on issues of Book of Mormon geography . When asked to review a map showing the supposed landing place of Lehi 's company , President Joseph F. Smith declared that the ' Lord had not yet revealed it ' ( Cannon , p. 160 n . ) In 1929 , Anthony W. Ivins , counselor in the First Presidency , added , ' There has never been anything yet set forth that definitely settles that question ( of Book of Mormon geography ) ... We are just waiting until we discover the truth '' ( CR , Apr. 1929 , p. 16 ) . While the Church does not currently take an official position with regard to location of geographical places , the authorities do not discourage private efforts to deal with the subject ( Cannon ) . '' Jump up ^ Previous to this disclaimer , President George Q. Cannon ( First Counselor in the First Presidency ) , had expressed his concern that children might `` be permitted to conceive incorrect ideas concerning the location of the lands inhabited by the Nephites '' from `` agencies which are unreliable '' . ( Cannon , George Q. ( editor ) , `` Topics of the Times '' , Juvenile Instructor , July 15 , 1887 , Vol. 22 , No. 14 , p. 221 ) President Cannon published in the same article the following : `` It is also known that the landing place of Lehi and his family was near what is now known as the city of Valparaiso , in the republic of Chili ( Chile ) . The book itself does not give us this information , but there is not doubt of its correctness . '' President Cannon was promoting a prevailing view endorsed by the Church in 1887 . ( See for instance Apostle Orson Pratt 's speculative geographic footnotes published in the 1879 edition of the Book of Mormon ) Jump up ^ In 1938 , Joseph Fielding Smith and his assistants in the Historian 's Office of the Church published , as part of a compilation , an article giving readers the impression that Joseph Smith taught that Lehi `` had landed a little south of the Isthmus of Darien '' . ( Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith , p. 267 ) The Isthmus of Darien ( Panama ) is thousands of miles north of Valparaiso , Chile . The popular LDS work quotes an unsigned Times and Seasons article that was published during a `` short season '' when the official editor of the newspaper ( Joseph Smith ) was publicly absent . ( Times and Season , Sept. 15 , 1842 , 3 : 921 - 922 ; see also D&C 127 , 128 ) The newspaper article , in fact , mentioned Joseph Smith in the third person and there is no proof that he authored the piece . ( Reynolds , George , Commentary on the Book of Mormon ( 1955 ) , Vol. 3 , pp. 330 - 331 ) Jump up ^ The adjective `` New World '' is justified in that the Book of Mormon seems to prophetically describe the arrival of the Pilgrims , the American War of Independence , and the rise of the United States of America , `` lifted up ... above all other nations '' , as events taking place on the Book of Mormon covenant land of `` inheritance '' . See 1 Nephi 13 : 10 - 30 Jump up ^ `` West Sea '' and `` East Sea are capitalized as proper nouns in the original 1830 edition ( Book of Mormon ) . See pp. 363 , 364 , 375 , and 406 . Whereas `` sea west '' ( meaning `` sea '' on the `` west '' ) is not capitalized . ( pp. 412 , 437 ) More recent editions make no distinction , in that `` west sea '' is not capitalized . Jump up ^ Skousen says `` sea '' was purposely `` ellipted '' or removed in several cases : compare Alma 22 : 27 ( note that `` east '' and `` west '' are not capitalized in the 1830 Ed. of this verse , pp. 287 - 288 ) , Alma 22 : 32 - 33 ( note that `` East '' implies the proper noun East Sea in the 1830 Ed. , p. 288 ) , Alma 50 : 8 ( note that `` West '' implies the proper noun West Sea , p. 363 , 1830 Ed . ) , Alma 50 : 34 ( note that `` west '' and `` east '' are not capitalized , p. 365 ) , Helaman 4 : 7 ( note that `` East '' implies East Sea , p. 415 , 1830 Ed . ) . Implicitly , there was a `` sea '' east of Bountiful . Jump up ^ American history scholars place the Book of Mormon in the 19th century literary genre dealing with the mound - builder mystery . The original and academically accepted setting for the Book of Mormon therefore treats the mound - builders of North America . Jump up ^ LDS apologist Coon comments on Joseph Smith 's letter of appreciation for Stephens ' work ; as far as it `` pertains to the antiquities of this country '' . Stephens in fact discusses `` American antiquities '' in `` our own country '' ( the United States ) and lists among other things , `` mounds and fortifications '' . Jump up ^ `` This paper commences my editorial career , I alone stand for it , and shall do for all papers having my signature henceforward . I am not responsible for the publication , or arrangement of the former paper ; the matter did not come under my supervision . JOSEPH SMITH . '' Jump up ^ Prior to his going into hiding in the Fall of 1842 , Joseph Smith published several editorials pertaining to the subjects of archaeology and Book of Mormon geography . As both official and acting editor , all of the following Times and Seasons editorials end with his official `` ED '' : `` A CATACOMB OF MUMMIES FOUND IN KENTUCKY '' , Vol. 3 , No 13 , May 2 , 1842 , p. 781 `` Traits of the Mosaic History , Found Among the Aztaeca Nations '' , Vol. 3 , No 16 , June 15 , 1842 , p. 818 `` AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES '' , Vol. 3 , No 18 , July 15 , 1842 , p. 858 This short selection does not include other articles on other subjects which also bear the editor 's `` ED '' . Coon points out that newspapers actively edited by Joseph Smith end as follows : `` The Times and Seasons , IS EDITED BY Joseph Smith . Printed and published about the first and fifteenth of every month , on the corner of Water and Bain Streets , Nauvoo , Hancock County , Illinois , by JOSEPH SMITH . '' Whereas editions possibly edited and printed by others ( acting in Joseph Smith 's stead ) end with : `` The Times and Seasons , Is edited , printed and published about the first and fifteenth of every month , on the corner of Water and Bain Streets , Nauvoo , Hancock County , Illinois , by JOSEPH SMITH . '' Jump up ^ On the subject of a Mesoamerican Cumorah , Apostle Joseph Fielding Smith said : `` This modernist theory of necessity , in order to be consistent , must place the waters of Ripliancum and the Hill Cumorah some place within the restricted territory of Central America , not withstanding the teachings of the Church to the contrary for upwards of 100 years ... '' `` It is known that the Hill Cumorah where the Nephites were destroyed is the hill where the Jaredites were also destroyed . This hill was known to the Jaredites as Ramah . It was approximately near to the waters of Ripliancum , which the Book of Ether says , ' by interpretation , is large or to exceed all . ' ... It must be conceded that this description fits perfectly the land of Cumorah in New York ... for the hill is in the proximity of the Great Lakes , and also in the land of many rivers and fountains ... '' Jump up ^ Apostle Bruce R. McConkie , who was also aware of the Mesoamerican Cumorah theory , stated that : `` Both the Nephite and the Jaredite civilizations fought their final great wars of extinction at and near the Hill Cumorah ( or Ramah as the Jaredites termed it ) ... Joseph Smith , Oliver Cowdery , and many early brethren , who were familiar with the circumstances attending the coming forth of the Book of Mormon in this dispensation , have left us pointed testimony as to the identity and location of Cumorah or Ramah . '' Jump up ^ In a 1953 General Conference , Apostle Mark E. Peterson stated : `` I do not believe that there were two Hill Cumorahs , one in Central America , and the other one in New York , for the convenience of the Prophet Joseph Smith , so that the poor boy would not have to walk clear to Central America to get the gold plates . I do not believe we can be good Latter - day Saints and question the integrity of Joseph Smith . '' Jump up ^ The insertion is not taken from any known holograph writing belonging to Joseph Smith . The Prophet 's journal entry for this date ( in the handwriting of Willard Richards , clerk ) makes no mention of Stephens or Catherwood , or of relics . Jump up ^ But by the wisdom of God , they remained safe in my hands , until I had accomplished by them what was required at my hand . When , according to arrangements , the messenger called for them , I delivered them up to him ; and he has them in his charge until this day , being the second day of May , one thousand eight hundred and thirty - eight . Jump up ^ W. Vincent Coon cites Doctrine and Covenants 84 : 54 - 57 . Jump up ^ Roper notes one other less exaggerated , 19th Century geography set between Colombia and Southern Mexico : Plain Facts for Students of the Book of Mormon , with a Map of the Promised Land ( An anonymous pamphlet , ~ 1887 ) Jump up ^ Coon notes that Pratt 's landing cite at Valparaiso , Chile is essentially the same latitude as proposed in the Williams document ( ~ 33 deg . South Latitude ) . Placing Lehi 's landing site as far south of the equator as Jerusalem is north would presumably allow seeds brought from Jerusalem to thrive in the New World . 1 Nephi 18 : 24 Coon however , challenges the logic of this argument as well as the `` extreme '' Indian and Pacific Ocean crossing . Jump up ^ A Mormon newspaper assured its readers that `` cities have been discovered by Mr. Stevens ( Stephens ) in Central America , exactly where the Book of Mormon left them . '' Jump up ^ B.H. Roberts concluded the relatively recent attempt to attribute the statement to Joseph Smith to be untenable . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark , John E. ( 1992 ) , `` Book of Mormon Geography '' , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , pp. 176 -- 179 Jump up ^ Joseph Smith -- History 1 : 34 . Jump up ^ Joseph Smith -- History 1 : 36 - 41 Jump up ^ Mormon 6 : 2 - 5 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 128 : 20 Jump up ^ Per Ether 6 : 16 , `` the friends of Jared and his brother were in number about twenty and two souls ; and they also began sons and daughters before they came to the promised land . '' Jump up ^ Ether 1 : 33 Jump up ^ Tanner , Morgan W. ( 1992 ) , `` Jaredites '' , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , pp. 717 -- 720 ^ Jump up to : Helaman 3 : 8 Jump up ^ Ether 10 : 19 - 21 Jump up ^ Hoskisson , Paul Y. ( 1992 ) , `` Book of Mormon Names '' , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , pp. 186 -- 187 ^ Jump up to : Ether 10 : 20 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 30 Jump up ^ Wright , H. Curtis ( 1992 ) , `` Mulek '' , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , pp. 969 -- 970 Jump up ^ Helaman 1 : 18 Jump up ^ Alma 6 : 7 Jump up ^ 2 Nephi 5 : 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Helaman 14 : 26 3 Nephi 8 : 19 Jump up ^ Mosiah 7 : 4 Jump up ^ Mosiah 23 : 1 - 3 ; 24 : 20 , 25 Jump up ^ Alma 49 : 10 ; 51 : 11 ; 53 : 10 Jump up ^ 6 : 7 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 27 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 27 ; 16 : 6 - 7 ; 6 : 7 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 29 Jump up ^ Helaman 4 : 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Royal Skousen , Analysis of Textual Variants of the Book of Mormon , Part Four , FARMS , 2007 , p. 2069 Jump up ^ Alma 27 : 20 - 22 ; Alma 51 : 28 - 32 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 31 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 32 Jump up ^ Alma 50 : 34 , Mormon 2 : 29 ; 3 : 5 - 8 Jump up ^ 3 Nephi 3 : 23 Jump up ^ Alma 52 : 9 Jump up ^ Alma 22 : 32 ; 63 : 5 , Ether 10 : 20 Jump up ^ Ether 9 : 31 - 33 Jump up ^ Alma 50 : 29 , Helaman 3 : 3 - 4 Jump up ^ 3 Nephi 4 : 23 ; 3 Nephi 7 : 12 Jump up ^ Ether 15 : 8 - 11 , Mormon 6 : 4 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Ether 9 : 3 Jump up ^ Mormon 6 : 1 - 2 , Ether 15 : 11 - 14 Jump up ^ Mormon 6 : 15 Jump up ^ Mormon 8 : 2 Jump up ^ Mosiah 8 : 7 - 8 ; 21 : 25 - 26 Jump up ^ Robert Silverberg , `` and the mound - builders vanished from the earth '' , American Heritage Magazine , June 1969 , Volume 20 , Issue 4 Jump up ^ '' Traits of the Mosaic History Found Among the Aztaeca Nations '' , Joseph Smith , Editor , Times and Seasons , June 15 , 1842 , Volume 3 , Number 16 , pp. 818 - 820 . Jump up ^ Letter to John Bernhisel , 16 November 1841 , Personal Writing of Joseph Smith , compiled and edited by Dean C. Jessee , p. 533 Jump up ^ Incidents of Travel in Central America , pp. 97 - 98 , and Coon , W. Vincent , Choice Above All Other Lands -- Book of Mormon Covenant Lands According to the Best Sources , pp. 75 - 76 Jump up ^ `` `` Church History , '' 1 March 1842 , Page 706 `` . josephsmithpapers.org . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Antiquities '' , Times and Seasons , July 15 , 1842 , Volume 3 , number 18 , pp. 859 - 60 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES '' , Joseph Smith , Editor , Times and Seasons , July 15 , 1842 , Vol. 3 , No 18 , p. 858 . Jump up ^ Times and Seasons , July 15 , 1842 , Vol. 3 , No 18 , p. 860 Jump up ^ Coon , W Vincent , `` Book of Mormon geography articles signed by Joseph Smith '' Jump up ^ De Groote , Michael , `` Book of Mormon Geography article by Joseph Smith ? '' , MORMON TIMES , 30 October 2009 ; Toone , Trent , `` FAIR Conference : Roper 's take on Book of Mormon geography '' , MORMON TIMES , 6 August 2010 Jump up ^ Coon , W Vincent , of Mormon geography articles signed by Joseph Smith '' , `` Book of Mormon Lands and the Times and Seasons Newspaper '' Jump up ^ Editor , Times and Seasons , March 15 , 1842 , Vol. 3 , No. 9 Jump up ^ Coon , W. Vincent , Choice Above All Other Lands -- Book of Mormon Covenant Lands According to the Best Sources , Ch. 4 , `` Unsigned Articles and a Popular Book '' , pp. 72 - 104 Jump up ^ `` FACTS ARE STUBBORN THINGS . '' , Times and Seasons , September 15 , 1842 , Vol. 3 , No 22 , p. 922 . Jump up ^ Coon , Choice Above All Other Lands , pp. 95 - 100 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 127 : 1 Jump up ^ See for example : Matthew Roper , `` Limited Geography and the Book of Mormon : Historical Antecedents and Early Interpretations , section titled `` John Taylor 's View '' , BYU Maxwell Institute , 2004 , pp. 225 - 76 Jump up ^ `` VALEDICTORY '' , Times and Seasons , November 15 , 1842 , Vol. 4 , No. 1 Jump up ^ Doctrines of Salvation , Volume 3 , pp. 233 - 234 Jump up ^ Mormon Doctrine : CUMORAH , p. 175 ) Jump up ^ The Improvement Era , June 1953 , p. 423 ; 123 Annual Conference of the Church , April 4 -- 6 , 1953 , General Conference Report , pp. 83 - 84 Jump up ^ Hill 1995 , p. 33 `` Sir , Considering the Liberal Principles , '' Joseph Smith to N.C. Saxton , editor , American Revivalist , and Rochester Observer , 4 January 1833 ( from Times and Seasons ( Nauvoo , Illinois ) 5 ( 15 November 1844 ) , 21 : 705 - 707 ) Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 28 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 19 : 27 , Doctrine and Covenants 57 : 4 , 2 Nephi 30 : 4 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 10 : 45 - 52 , 1 Nephi 14 : 1 - 2 Jump up ^ 3 Nephi 20 : 22 , 3 Nephi 21 , Ether 13 : 2 - 8 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 57 : 1 - 4 , Doctrine and Covenants 84 Jump up ^ `` Did the Prophet Joseph Smith in 1842 Locate Book of Mormon Lands in Middle America ? '' , by V. Garth Norman Jump up ^ History of the Church Volume 5 , p. 44 Jump up ^ The Papers of Joseph Smith Volume 2 , edited by Dean C. Jessee , p. 391 ; see also `` Introduction to Joseph Smith 's Journal '' , pp. xxii -- xxv ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Jennifer , The Art Bulletin , `` Landscapes of Indifference ; Robert Smithson and John Lloyd Stephens in Yucatan '' , September 1 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of the Prophet Joseph Smith '' . www.lds.org . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Oliver Cowdery , `` Letter Seven , '' Messenger and Advocate , July 1835 Jump up ^ The Revised and Enhanced History of Joseph Smith By His Mother , Edited by Scot Facer Proctor and Maurine Jensen Proctor , Bookcraft , 1996 , p. 107 n . 14 ; See also History of Joseph Smith by His Mother Lucy Mack Smith , p. 100 Jump up ^ History of Joseph Smith by His Mother Lucy Mack Smith , p. 83 Jump up ^ U.A.S. Newsletter ( Provo , Utah : University Archaeological Society at Brigham Young University ) January 30 , 1963 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Orson Pratt , Journal of Discourses ( London , England : Albert Carrington , 1869 ) , vol. 12 ; p. 342 ; Volume 14 , p. 325 ( 1872 ) Jump up ^ Frederick J. Pack ( Chairman of the Gospel Doctrine Committee of the Church ) and George D. Pyper , The Instructor 73 , No. 4 , 1938 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Coon , `` How Exaggerated Settings for the Book of Mormon Came to Pass '' Jump up ^ Roper , Matthew , `` Limited Geography and the Book of Mormon : Historical Antecedents and Early Interpretations '' , see section titled `` Hemispheric Interpretations of Book of Mormon Geography '' , Maxwell Institute , 2004 Jump up ^ Roper cites Pratt 's comments as published in `` The Orators of Mormonism '' , Catholic Telegraph , 14 April 1832 , a reprint from the Mercer Free Press . Similar statements were published ( early 1832 ) in the Franklin Democrat , another Pennsylvania newspaper . Jump up ^ Pratt , Orson , Journal of Discourses , Vol. 14 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Roper , Matthew , `` Limited Geography and the Book of Mormon : Historical Antecedents and Early Interpretations '' , see section titled `` Parley P. Pratt 's View '' , Maxwell Institute , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Roper , Matthew , `` Limited Geography and the Book of Mormon : Historical Antecedents and Early Interpretations '' , see section titled `` John E. Pages View '' , Maxwell Institute , 2004 Jump up ^ '' Extract from Stephen 's `` Incidents of Travel in Central America '' , Times and Seasons , Vol. 3 , No. 22 , Sept. 15 , 1842 , p. 911 Jump up ^ Millennial Star , `` History of Joseph Smith '' , May 13 , 1854 , Vol. 16 , p. 296 ; see also Journal of Samuel D. Tyler , Sept. 25 , 1838 Jump up ^ Richards , Franklin D. and Little , James A. , A Compendium of the Doctrines of the Gospel , 1882 edition , p. 289 Jump up ^ Pack , Frederick J. ( Gospel Doctrine Committee Chair ) and Pyper , George D. ( asst . ed. of The Instructor ) , `` ROUTE TRAVELED BY LEHI AND HIS COMPANY '' , The Instructor , Vol. 73 . No. 4 , April 1938 , p. 160 ; see also Roberts , B.H. , New Witness for God , Vol. 3 , pp. 501 - 503 Jump up ^ Cannon , George Q. ( editor ) , `` Topics of the Times '' , Juvenile Instructor , July 15 , 1887 , Vol. 22 , No. 14 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Coon , W. Vincent , Choice Above All Other Lands -- Book of Mormon Covenant Lands According to the Best Sources , pp. 64 - 69 Jump up ^ Reynolds , George , Commentary on the Book of Mormon ( 1955 ) , Vol. 1 , pp. 14 , 189 , 190 ; Vol. 2 , pp. 6 , 308 - 309 , 376 , 381 ; Vol. 3 , pp. 311 , 312 , 315 , 330 - 331 ; Vol. 4 , p. 237 ; Dictionary of the Book of Mormon ( 1954 ) , pp. 208 - 209 , 238 , 253 , 255 , 285 , 326 ; see also Roberts , B.H. , Seventies Course in Theology , First Year , p. 118 ; Smith , Joseph Fielding , Doctrines of Salvation , Vol. 3 , pp. 73 - 74 ; McConkie , Bruce R , The Millennial Messiah , p. 206 Jump up ^ Stephens , John Lloyd , Incidents of Travel in Central America , Chiapas , and Yucatan , Vol. II , Ch . XXVI , `` COMPARATIVE MODERN DATE OF RUINS '' , pp. 442 - 443 Jump up ^ Times and Seasons , April 1 , 1845 , Vol. 6 , No. 6 , p. 855 Jump up ^ Roper , Matthew , `` Limited Geography and the Book of Mormon : Historical Antecedents and Early Interpretations '' , Maxwell Institute , 2004 Jump up ^ See Hills , L.E. , Geography of Mexico and Central America from 2234 BC to 421 AD , Independence , Missouri , 1917 ; A Short Work on the Popol Vuh and the Traditional History of the Ancient Americans by Ixt - lil - xochitl ( Independence , MO , 1918 ) ; New Light on American Archaeology ( Independence , MO , Lambert Moon , 1924 ) ; see also Gunsolley , J.F. , `` More Comment on Book of Mormon Geography '' , Saints Herald 69 / 46 ( 1922 ) , 1074 - 1076 Jump up ^ Trento , Salvatore M. , Field Guide to Mysterious Places of Eastern North America , pp. 240 - 244 Jump up ^ Coon , W. Vincent , Olive 's Near Cumorah Setting by Deduction and Best Fit Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert , `` ... and the mound - builders vanished from the earth '' , American Heritage Magazine , June 1969 Jump up ^ Deseret News Jump up ^ FIRM Jump up ^ Groote , Michael De . `` The fight over Book of Mormon geography '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Moulton , Kristen . `` Book of Mormon geography stirring controversy '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , B.H. , New Witness for God , Vol. 3 , pp. 501 - 503 Jump up ^ Priddis , Venice , The Book and the Map -- New Insights into Book of Mormon Geography Jump up ^ Priddis , Venice ( 1975 ) . The Book and the Map : New Insights into Book of Mormon Geography . Salt Lake City , Utah : Bookcraft . ISBN 0 - 88494 - 277 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lehi 's Isle of Promise , by Arthur J Kocherhans , Salt Lake City , 1990 . Jump up ^ Joseph Fielding Smith , Doctrines of Salvation , 1956 , vol. 3 , pp. 232 - 243 . Jump up ^ LATTER DAY SAINTS ' MESSENGER AND ADVOCATE , Volume I. No. 1 . KIRTLAND , OHIO , OCTOBER , 1834 , pp. 12 , 157 - 158 ) Jump up ^ D&C 128 : 20 Jump up ^ Ether 9 : 3 Jump up ^ The Land of the Nephites , by Delbert W. Curtus , American Fork , Utah . Jump up ^ Olive , Phyllis Carol , `` Nephite Territory in a Nutshell '' , Book of Mormon Lands in Western NY Jump up ^ Coon , W. Vincent , CHOICE ABOVE ALL OTHER LANDS Jump up ^ Olsen , Ralph A. ( March 2004 ) . `` A Malay Site for Book of Mormon Events '' ( PDF ) . Sunstone . pp. 30 -- 34 . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ostler , Blake ( 2005 ) . `` DNA Strands in the Book of Mormon '' . Jump up ^ 2 Nephi 10 : 20 - 21 Jump up ^ Owen , Paul ( 2014 ) . `` Theological Apostasy and the Role of Canonical Scripture : A Thematic Analysis of 1 Nephi 13 -- 14 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Book of Mormon Studies . pp. 81 -- 100 . Jump up ^ della Dora , Veronica ( 2016 ) . `` Landscape , Nature , and the Sacred in Byzantium '' . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Braginsky , Vladimir ( 1998 ) . `` Two Eastern Christian Sources on Medieval Nusantara '' . References ( edit ) Ludlow , Daniel H. , ed. ( 1992 ) , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , New York : Macmillan Publishing , ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 , OCLC 24502140 Sorenson , John L. ( 1992 ) , The Geography of Book of Mormon Events : A Source Book ( Rev. ed . ) , Provo , Utah : Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies , OCLC 35363524 Further reading ( edit ) Ash , Michael R. ( 2001 ) , `` Lehi of Africa ( Review ) '' , FARMS Review of Books , 13 ( 2 ) : 5 -- 20 Hamblin , William J. ( 1993 ) , `` Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon '' , Journal of Book of Mormon Studies , 2 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 197 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints History Joseph Smith death succession crisis Anthon Transcript Incorporation First Vision Brigham Young Handcart companies Mormon Battalion Name of the church Pioneers 1890 Manifesto Good Neighbor policy Statistical membership Mormonism and violence Historic sites Sacred texts Bible : King James Version , Joseph Smith Translation Book of Mormon Doctrine and Covenants Pearl of Great Price Book of Moses Book of Abraham Joseph Smith -- Matthew Joseph Smith -- History Articles of Faith Beliefs and practices Apostasy and restoration Calling Family Home Evening Fast Sunday For the Strength of Youth God in Mormonism Home teaching Marriage Celestial Ordinances Plan of Salvation Priesthood Revelation Sexuality `` The Family : A Proclamation to the World '' Word of Wisdom Culture and worship Brigham Young University LDS cinema ( Films ) Cultural depictions Deseret Book Deseret Industries Especially for Youth General Conference Hymns LDS Humanitarian Services Missionary service Mormons Mormon Channel Mormon music Mormon Tabernacle Choir Pageants Sunday School Temples Worship services Organization Church Educational System FamilySearch Finances Primary Relief Society Young Men Young Women Leadership President List Thomas S. Monson First Presidency Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Presiding Bishop Quorums of the Seventy Criticism Anti-Mormonism Blacks and the church Book of Mormon Archeology Genetics Historical authenticity Linguistics Origin Homosexuals and the church Mountain Meadows massacre MormonLeaks Polygamy Salamander letter September Six Other related articles Bloggernacle FairMormon Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies I 'm a Mormon Mormon fundamentalism Mormon studies Mormonism and Christianity Mormonism and women Books LDS Church small LDS Church big Standard works Book of Mormon Joseph Smith Pearl of Great Price Mormon Texts Temples Ordinances Presidents History Culture Criticism LDS Church portal WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement Fundamental ideas Mormonism Mormonism and Christianity Mormon fundamentalism List of sects Mormon studies History History of the Latter Day Saint movement Church of Christ Extermination Order Succession crisis History of the LDS Church Mormon handcart pioneers Mormon Battalion Mormon Reformation Mountain Meadows massacre Community of Christ history Amboy Conference Restoration Branches Church of Jesus Christ ( Bickertonite ) history Rigdonite William Bickerton Sacred texts Bible Old Testament New Testament Book of Mormon ( Outline ) Doctrine and Covenants ( Book of Commandments ) Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible Pearl of Great Price Founders and leaders Joseph Smith ( Outline ) Oliver Cowdery Sidney Rigdon Brigham Young Joseph Smith III James Strang William Bickerton Granville Hedrick Alpheus Cutler LDS denominations The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( Outline ) Community of Christ Bickertonite Strangite Hedrickite Mormon fundamentalism FLDS Church Apostolic United Brethren Doctrines and practices Articles of Faith Confirmation Gifts of the Spirit Views on God Islam and Mormonism Judaism and Mormonism Priesthood Restoration Revelation Temples Tithing Word of Wisdom Controversies Criticism polygamy origin Black people and Mormonism violence Historicity of the Book of Mormon origin archaeology List of prophecies of Joseph Smith Books List of sects LDS Church Community of Christ Book of Mormon Books of the Book of Mormon Joseph Smith Mormonism and polygamy Latter Day Saints Portal LDS Church Portal Community of Christ Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting&oldid=801227460 '' Categories : Book of Mormon studies Mormon apologetics Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the book of mormon take place	[ "The largest of the churches embracing the Book of Mormon—The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)—has not endorsed an official position for the geographical setting the Book of Mormon, although some of its leaders have spoken of various possible locations over the years.[a][b][c] There have also been multiple attempts to identify the several civilizations in the Book of Mormon, which are dated in the text as living from 2500 BC to 400 AD, but no consensus has ever been reached." ]	[ "from 2500 BC to 400 AD" ]
-4454171832775524337	United States Department of State	United States Department of State - wikipedia United States Department of State Jump to : navigation , search `` Department of State '' redirects here . For the term as used in Ireland , see Department of State ( Ireland ) . United States Department of State Seal of the U.S. Department of State Flag of the U.S. Department of State Agency overview Formed July 27 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 27 ) Preceding agency Department of Foreign Affairs Headquarters Harry S Truman Building 2201 C Street Northwest , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 53 ′ 39 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 54 '' W / 38.89417 ° N 77.04833 ° W / 38.89417 ; - 77.04833 Employees 13,000 Foreign Service employees 11,000 Civil Service employees 45,000 local employees Annual budget $47.4 billion ( FY 2015 ; including $26.5 billion for State and $21.0 billion for international assistance ) Agency executives Rex Tillerson , Secretary John Sullivan , Deputy Secretary & Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources Website www.state.gov The United States Department of State ( DOS ) , often referred to as the State Department , is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and leads the country in foreign policy issues . Equivalent to the foreign ministry of other countries , the State Department is responsible for the international relations of the United States , negotiates treaties and agreements with foreign entities , and represents the United States at the United Nations . The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established . The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street , NW , Washington , D.C. 20520 , a few blocks away from the White House in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington , D.C. The Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U.S. diplomacy efforts . The Department is also the depository for more than 200 multilateral treaties . The Department is led by the Secretary of State , who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson , beginning 1 February 2017 . The Secretary of State is the first Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession , after the President pro tempore of the Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Duties and responsibilities 3 Organization 3.1 Mission statement 3.2 Core activities 3.3 Secretary of State 3.3. 1 Staff 3.3. 2 Other agencies 4 Diplomats in Residence 5 The Fulbright Program 6 Jefferson Science Fellows Program 7 Franklin Fellows Program 8 Department of State Air Wing 9 Expenditures 9.1 Audit of expenditures 10 Central Foreign Policy File 11 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 12 Other 13 See also 14 Notes and references 15 External links History ( edit ) Old State Department building in Washington , D.C. , c. 1865 The U.S. Constitution , drafted in Philadelphia in September 1787 and ratified by the 13 states the following year , gave the President the responsibility for the conduct of the nation 's foreign relations . The House of Representatives and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21 , 1789 , and President Washington signed it into law on July 27 , making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first federal agency to be created under the new Constitution . This legislation remains the basic law of the Department of State . In September 1789 , additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned to it a variety of domestic duties . These responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint , keeper of the Great Seal of the United States , and the taking of the census . President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15 . Most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century . However , the Secretary of State still retains a few domestic responsibilities , such as being the keeper of the Great Seal and being the officer to whom a President or Vice President of the United States wishing to resign must deliver an instrument in writing declaring the decision to resign . On September 29 , 1789 , President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , then Minister to France , to be the first United States Secretary of State . John Jay had been serving in as Secretary of Foreign Affairs as a holdover from the Confederation since before Washington had taken office and would continue in that capacity until Jefferson returned from Europe many months later . From 1790 to 1800 , the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia , the capital of the United States at the time . It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets ( although , for a short period during which a yellow fever epidemic ravaged the city , it resided in the New Jersey State House in Trenton , New Jersey ) . In 1800 , it moved from Philadelphia to Washington , D.C. , where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue . It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800 , where it remained until May 1801 . It moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801 . It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866 , except for the period from September 1814 to April 1816 ( during which it occupied a structure at G and 18th streets NW while the Treasury Building was repaired ) . It then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875 . It moved to the State , War , and Navy Building in 1875 . Since May 1947 , it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington ; the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as `` Foggy Bottom . '' Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State and the first foreign - born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of State in 1997 . Condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005 . Hillary Clinton became the third female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009 . In 2014 , the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building . A joint venture consisting of the architectural firms of Goody , Clancy and the Louis Berger Group won a $2.5 million contract in January 2014 to begin planning the renovation of the buildings on the 11.8 acres ( 48,000 m ) Navy Hill campus , which housed the World War II headquarters of the Office of Strategic Services and was the first headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency . Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy . Within the Executive Branch , the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency , and its head , the Secretary of State , is the President 's principal foreign policy advisor . The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President 's foreign policy . It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime , foreign military training programs , the services the Department provides , and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget , which represents little more than 1 % of the total federal budget . As stated by the Department of State , its purpose includes : Protecting and assisting U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad ; Assisting U.S. businesses in the international marketplace ; Coordinating and providing support for international activities of other U.S. agencies ( local , state , or federal government ) , official visits overseas and at home , and other diplomatic efforts . Keeping the public informed about U.S. foreign policy and relations with other countries and providing feedback from the public to administration officials . Providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States . The Department of State conducts these activities with a civilian workforce , and normally uses the Foreign Service personnel system for positions that require service abroad . Employees may be assigned to diplomatic missions abroad to represent The United States , analyze and report on political , economic , and social trends ; adjudicate visas ; and respond to the needs of U.S. citizens abroad . The U.S. maintains diplomatic relations with about 180 countries and maintains relations with many international organizations , adding up to a total of more than 250 posts around the world . In the United States , about 5,000 professional , technical , and administrative employees work compiling and analyzing reports from overseas , providing logistical support to posts , communicating with the American public , formulating and overseeing the budget , issuing passports and travel warnings , and more . In carrying out these responsibilities , the Department of State works in close coordination with other federal agencies , including the Department of Defense , the Department of the Treasury , and the Department of Commerce . As required by the principle of checks and balances , the Department also consults with Congress about foreign policy initiatives and policies . Organization ( edit ) Mission Statement ( edit ) The Department 's mission is : `` to shape and sustain a peaceful , prosperous , just , and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere . '' Core activities ( edit ) The DOS promotes and protects the interests of American citizens by ( 1 ) ' Promoting peace and stability in regions of vital interest ' ; ( 2 ) ' Creating jobs at home by opening markets abroad ' ; ( 3 ) ' Helping developing nations establish investment and export opportunities ' ; and ( 4 ) ' Bringing nations together and forging partnerships to address global problems , such as terrorism , the spread of communicable diseases , cross-border pollution , humanitarian crises , nuclear smuggling , and narcotics trafficking . ' BioPrepWatch reported that , on May 30 , 2013 , the State Department submitted the Country Reports on Terrorism 2012 to Congress . Most terrorist attacks have been decentralized and target the Middle East countries . There have been no other reports that have previously talked about this topic , but the biggest shifts in terrorism in 2012 included an increase in state - sponsored terrorism in Iran . The State Department states the best way to counter international terrorist attacks is to work with international partners to cut funding , strengthen law - enforcing institutions and eliminate terrorist safe havens . Secretary of State ( edit ) The Secretary of State is the chief executive officer of the Department of State and a member of the Cabinet that answers directly to , and advises , the President of the United States . The secretary organizes and supervises the entire department and its staff . Staff ( edit ) United States Deputy Secretary of State : The Deputy Secretary ( with the Chief of Staff , Executive Secretariat , and the Under Secretary for Management ) assists the Secretary in the overall management of the department . Reporting to the Deputy Secretary are the six Under Secretaries and the counselor , along with several staff offices : Chief of Staff Organizational chart of the U.S. Department of State Executive Secretariat Office of Global Intergovernmental Affairs National Foreign Affairs Training Center ( which houses the Foreign Service Institute ) Office of the Legal Adviser Office of the Inspector General Office of Management Policy Office of Protocol Office of the Science and Technology Adviser Office of the Senior Advisor for Civil Society and Emerging Democracies Office of Global Women 's Issues Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Bureau of Budget and Planning Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs : The fourth - ranking State Department official . Becomes Acting Secretary in the absence of the Secretary of State and the two Deputy Secretaries of State . This position is responsible for bureaus , headed by Assistant Secretaries , coordinating American diplomacy around the world : Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary of State for Management : The principal adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on matters relating to the allocation and use of Department 's budget , physical property , and personnel . This position is responsible for bureaus , headed by Assistant Secretaries , planning the day - to - day administration of the Department and proposing institutional reform and modernization : Bureau of Administration Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is greeted by Department employees during her arrival on her first day . Bureau of Consular Affairs Office of Children 's Issues Bureau of Diplomatic Security ( DS ) U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Office of Foreign Missions Bureau of Human Resources Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Medical Services Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Director of Diplomatic Reception Rooms Foreign Service Institute Office of Management Policy , Rightsizing , and Innovation Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment : The senior economic advisor for the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on international economic policy . This position is responsible for bureaus , headed by Assistant Secretaries , dealing with trade , agriculture , aviation , and bilateral trade relations with America 's economic partners : Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Science and Technology Adviser Office of the Chief Economist Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs : This Under Secretary leads functions that were formerly assigned to the United States Information Agency but were integrated into the State Department by the 1999 reorganization . This position manages units that handle the department 's public communications and seek to burnish the image of the United States around the world : Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Internet Access and Training Program Bureau of Public Affairs Spokesperson for the United States Department of State Office of the Historian United States Diplomacy Center Bureau of International Information Programs Office of Policy , Planning , and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs : This Under Secretary coordinates the Department 's role in U.S. military assistance . Since the 1996 reorganization , this Under Secretary also oversees the functions of the formerly independent Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political - Military Affairs Bureau of Arms Control , Verification , and Compliance Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights : This Under Secretary leads the Department 's efforts to prevent and counter threats to civilian security and advises the Secretary of State on matters related to governance , democracy , and human rights . Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization Bureau of Counterterrorism Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of Global Youth Issues Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Global Engagement Center Counselor : Ranking with the Under Secretaries , the Counselor is the Secretary 's and Deputy Secretary 's special advisNERDOffice of the Global AIDS Coordinator ) ) : President 's main task force to combat global AIDS . The Global AIDS Coordinator reports directly to the Secretary of State . Other agencies ( edit ) Since the 1996 reorganization , the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , while leading an independent agency , has also reported to the Secretary of State , as does the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Diplomats in Residence ( edit ) Map showing the 16 regions represented by Diplomats in Residence Diplomats in Residence are career Foreign Service Officers and Specialists located throughout the U.S. who provide guidance and advice on careers , internships , and fellowships to students and professionals in the communities they serve . Diplomats in Residence represent 16 population - based regions that encompass the United States . The Fulbright Program ( edit ) The Fulbright Program , including the Fulbright -- Hays Program , is a program of competitive , merit - based grants for international educational exchange for students , scholars , teachers , professionals , scientists and artists , founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright in 1946 . Under the Fulbright Program , competitively selected U.S. citizens may become eligible for scholarships to study , conduct research , or exercise their talents abroad ; and citizens of other countries may qualify to do the same in the United States . The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons , knowledge , and skills . The Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study , advanced research , university lecturing , and classroom teaching . In the 2015 -- 16 cycle , 17 % and 24 % of American applicants were successful in securing research and English Teaching Assistance grants , respectively . However , selectivity and application numbers vary substantially by country and by type of grant . For example , grants were awarded to 30 % of Americans applying to teach English in Laos and 50 % of applicants to do research in Laos . In contrast , 6 % of applicants applying to teach English in Belgium were successful compared to 16 % of applicants to do research in Belgium . The U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an annual appropriation from the U.S. Congress . Additional direct and in - kind support comes from partner governments , foundations , corporations , and host institutions both in and outside the U.S. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education . It operates in over 160 countries around the world . In each of 49 countries , a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers and oversees the Fulbright Program . In countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program , the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program . More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began . Fifty - four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes ; eighty - two have won Pulitzer Prizes . Jefferson Science Fellows Program ( edit ) The Jefferson Science Fellows Program was established in 2003 by the DoS to establish a new model for engaging the American academic science , technology , engineering and medical communities in the formulation and implementation of U.S. foreign policy . Franklin Fellows Program ( edit ) The Franklin Fellows Program was established in 2006 by the DoS to bring in mid-level executives from the private sector and non-profit organizations to advise the Department and to work on projects . Fellows may also work with other government entities , including the Congress , White House , and executive branch agencies , including the Department of Defense , Department of Commerce , and Department of Homeland Security . The program is named in honor of Benjamin Franklin , and aims to bring mid-career professionals to enrich and expand the Department 's capabilities . Department of State Air Wing ( edit ) Logo of the `` Air Wing '' of The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs ( INL ) - Office of Aviation , U.S. Department of State In 1978 , the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs ( INL ) formed an office to use excess military and government aircraft for support of foreign nations ' counter-narcotics operations . The first aircraft used was a crop duster used for eradication of illicit crops in Mexico in cooperation with the local authorities . The separate Air Wing was established in 1986 as use of aviation assets grew in the war on drugs . The aircraft fleet grew from crop spraying aircraft to larger transports and helicopters used to support ground troops and transport personnel . As these operations became more involved in direct combat , a further need for search and rescue and armed escort helicopters was evident . Operations in the 1980s and 1990s were primarily carried out in Colombia , Guatemala , Peru , Bolivia and Belize . Many aircraft have since been passed on to the governments involved , as they became capable of taking over the operations themselves . Following the events of the September 11 attacks , and the subsequent war on terror , the Air Wing went on to expand their operations from mainly anti-narcotics operations to also support security of United States nationals and interests , primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Safe transport for various diplomatic missions were undertaken , requiring the acquisition of larger aircraft types , such as Sikorsky S - 61 , Boeing Vertol CH - 46 , Beechcraft King Air and De Haviland DHC - 8 - 300 . Armed escorts were also increased using various helicopters fitted as gunships . In 2011 , the Air Wing was operating more than 230 aircraft around the world , the main missions still being counter narcotics and transportation of state officials . Expenditures ( edit ) In FY 2010 the Department of State , together with ' Other International Programs ' ( for example , USAID ) , had a combined projected discretionary budget of $51.7 billion . The United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 , entitled ' A New Era of Responsibility ' , specifically ' Imposes Transparency on the Budget ' for the Department of State . The end - of - year FY 2010 DoS Agency Financial Report , approved by Secretary Clinton on 15 November 2010 , showed actual total costs for the year of $27.4 billion . Revenues of $6.0 billion , $2.8 billion of which were earned through the provision of consular and management services , reduced total net cost to $21.4 billion . Total program costs for ' Achieving Peace and Security ' were $7.0 billion ; ' Governing Justly and Democratically ' , $0.9 billion ; ' Investing in People ' , $4.6 billion ; ' Promoting Economic Growth and Prosperity ' , $1.5 billion ; ' Providing Humanitarian Assistance ' , $1.8 billion ; ' Promoting International Understanding ' , $2.7 billion ; ' Stengthening Consular and Management Capabilities ' , $4.0 billion ; ' Executive Direction and Other Costs Not Assigned ' , $4.2 billion . Audit of expenditures ( edit ) The Department of State 's independent auditors are Kearney & Company . Since in FY 2009 Kearney & Company qualified its audit opinion , noting material financial reporting weaknesses , the DoS restated its 2009 financial statements in 2010 . In its FY 2010 audit report , Kearney & Company provided an unqualified audit opinion while noting significant deficiencies , of controls in relation to financial reporting and budgetary accounting , and of compliance with a number of laws and provisions relating to financial management and accounting requirements . In response the DoS Chief Financial Officer observed that `` The Department operates in over 270 locations in 172 countries , while conducting business in 150 currencies and an even larger number of languages ... Despite these complexities , the Department pursues a commitment to financial integrity , transparency , and accountability that is the equal of any large multi-national corporation . '' Central foreign policy File ( edit ) Since 1973 the primary record keeping system of the Department of State is the Central Foreign Policy File . It consists of copies of official telegrams , airgrams , reports , memorandums , correspondence , diplomatic notes , and other documents related to foreign relations . Over 1,000,000 records spanning the time period from 1973 to 1979 can be accessed online from the National Archives and Records Administration . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the State Department was the lowest performer , earning an F by scoring only 37 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. failed the grade , unchanged from 2013 . The State Department 's score was dismal due to its extremely low processing score of 23 percent , which was completely out of line with any other agency 's performance . Other ( edit ) In 2009 , the Department of State was the fourth most desired employer for undergraduates according to BusinessWeek . The Department 's blog , started in 2007 , is known as Dipnote , and a Twitter account is maintained with the same name . The internal wiki is Diplopedia . The internal suggestion blog within State is called the Sounding Board and their internal professional networking software , `` Corridor '' , is a success . Finally , State has embraced e-government , establishing in May 2009 the Virtual Student Federal Service ( VSFS ) . In 2009 , the State Department launched 21st century statecraft . The U.S. Department of State 's official explanation of 21st Century Statecraft is : `` complementing traditional foreign policy tools with newly innovated and adapted instruments of statecraft that fully leverage the technologies of our interconnected world . '' See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal International relations portal Awards of the United States Department of State Diplomatic missions of the United States Diplomatic Reception Rooms Five Nations Passport Group Shared Values Initiative State Magazine Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Foreign Service Stanislas Hernisz Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foreign Service local employees . `` What We Do : Mission '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Budget . `` Table 5.2 -- Budget Authority by Agency : 1976 -- 2021 '' . Obama White House Archives . US government . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/rlnks/gl/ Jump up ^ `` Department of State USAGov '' . www.usa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A New Framework for Foreign Affairs '' . A Short History of the Department of State . U.S. Department of State . March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 United States Statutes at Large , Chapter 4 , Section 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Statutes at Large , First Congress , Session 1 , Chapter 14 '' . Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Affairs . `` 1784 -- 1800 : New Republic '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Plischke , Elmer . U.S. Department of State : A Reference History . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1999 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Tinkler , Robert . James Hamilton of South Carolina . Baton Rouge , La. : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burke , Lee H. and Patterson , Richard Sharpe . Homes of the Department of State , 1774 -- 1976 : The Buildings Occupied by the Department of State and Its Predecessors . Washington , D.C. : US . Government Printing Office , 1977 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Michael , William Henry . History of the Department of State of the United States : Its Formation and Duties , Together With Biographies of Its Present Officers and Secretaries From the Beginning . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1901 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Burke and Patterson , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Burke and Patterson , 1977 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Plischke , p. 467 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Foggy Bottom '' . The American Heritage Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alex Carmine. ( 2009 . ) Dan Brown 's The Lost Symbol : The Ultimate Unauthorized and Independent Reading Guide , Punked Books , p. 37 . ISBN 9781908375018 . Jump up ^ Joel Mowbray. ( 2003 . ) Dangerous Diplomacy : How the State Department Threatens America 's Security , Regnery Publishing , p. 11 . ISBN 9780895261106 . Jump up ^ This complex is also known as the `` Potomac Annex '' . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Boston Firm Picked for State Department Consolidation '' . Washington Business Journal . January 14 , 2014 . Accessed 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State , Bureau of Diplomatic Security ( July 2011 ) . `` Diplomatic and Consular Immunity : Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . p. 15 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of State Mission Statement '' . US Department of State . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sievers , Lisa ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` State Department submits terrorism report to Congress '' . BioPrepWatch . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Under Secretary for Management '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 1 FAM 360 Bureau of Medical Services ( MED ) '' . fam.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Medical Services '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Erica ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` The Science and Technology Adviser to the U.S. Secretary of State '' . Science & Diplomacy. 3 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` A New Center for Global Engagement '' , from the Office of the State Department Spokesperson Jump up ^ `` Diplomats in Residence '' . careers.state.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ETA Grant Application Statistics '' . us.fulbrightonline.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Study / Research Grant Application Statistics '' . us.fulbrightonline.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fulbright Program Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` IIE Programs '' . Institute of International Education . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 53 Fulbright Alumni Awarded the Nobel Prize '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Notable Fulbrighters '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` MacArthur Supports New Science and Security Fellowship Program at U.S. Department of State '' . MacArthur Foundation . 2002 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Science Fellowship Program -- U.S. Department of State '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Operation Development Leadership Project , Alumni Corner , September 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` US Department Of State Magazine , May 2011 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . pp. 88 , 89 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of State FY 2010 Agency Financial Report ( vid . pp. 3 , 80 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of State . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of State FY 2010 Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 62ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of State . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of State FY 2010 Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 76 . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of State . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Record Group 59 : General Records of the Department of State Central Foreign Policy File , 1973 -- 1976 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . 2010 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New in AAD : Central Foreign Policy Files , created , 7 / 1 / 1973 -- 12 / 31 / 1976 , documenting the period 7 / 1 / 1973 ? -- 12 / 31 / 1976 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Most Desirable Employers '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton Launches E-Suggestion Box ... ' The Secretary is Listening ' -- ABC News '' . Blogs.abcnews.com. 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lipowicz , Alice ( 2011 - 04 - 22 ) . `` State Department to launch `` Corridor '' internal social network -- Federal Computer Week `` . Fcw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Peering down the Corridor : The New Social Network 's Features and Their Uses IBM Center for the Business of Government '' . Businessofgovernment.org. 2011 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the New York University Commencement Ceremony , Hillary Rodham Clinton '' . Office of Website Management , Bureau of Public Affairs . U.S. State Department . 2009 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Century Statecraft '' . The Office of Electronic Information , Bureau of Public Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of State . Official website U.S. Department of State in the Federal Register Frontline Diplomacy : The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training from the Library of Congress Works by or about United States Department of State at Internet Archive ( historic archives ) Works by United States Department of State at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Agencies under the United States Department of State Headquarters : Harry S Truman Building Rex Tillerson , Secretary of State John Sullivan , Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Tom Shannon , Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Counselor of the Department Executive Secretariat Office of U.S. Foreign Assistance Resources Operations Center Under Secretary for Political Affairs Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Office of the Chief Economist Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Bureau of Arms Control , Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political - Military Affairs Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of Public Affairs Bureau of International Information Programs Department Spokesperson Office of the Historian Office of Policy , Planning , and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs United States Diplomacy Center Under Secretary for Management Bureau of Administration Bureau of Budget and Planning Bureau of Consular Affairs Bureau of Diplomatic Security Bureau of Human Resources Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Diplomatic Reception Rooms Foreign Service Institute Office of Children 's Issues Office of eDiplomacy Office of Foreign Missions Office of Management Policy , Rightsizing , and Innovation Office of Medical Services Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of Global Youth Issues Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Bureaus / Offices reporting directly to the Secretary Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Office of Civil Rights Office of Inspector General Office of the Legal Adviser Office of Policy Planning Staff Office of the Chief of Protocol Office of Global Food Security Office of Global Women 's Issues Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator Office of Global Partnerships Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Patriot Act Titles I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- VII -- VIII -- IX -- X Statute Legislative and Judicial History History of the Patriot Act Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Jim Dempsey Chuck Schumer Lamar Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerrold Nadler John Conyers , Jr . Butch Otter Government organizations Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Non-government organizations American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&oldid=808030877 '' Categories : United States Department of State Foreign affairs ministries Foreign relations of the United States United States federal executive departments Ministries established in 1789 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 13 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what major department official is appointed by the president to deal with foreign countries	[ "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more—are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:" ]	[ "the Secretary of State" ]
-1077172470179563877	Where the Wild Things Are	Where the Wild Things Are - wikipedia Where the Wild Things Are Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1963 children 's book . For the film adaptation , see Where the Wild Things Are ( film ) . Where the Wild Things Are First edition cover of Where the Wild Things Are Author Maurice Sendak Illustrator Maurice Sendak Cover artist Maurice Sendak Country United States Language English Genre Children 's picture book Publisher Harper & Row Publication date April 9 , 1963 Media type Print ( wide - format hardcover ) Pages 40 ISBN 0 - 06 - 025492 - 0 ( 25th anniversary ed. , 1988 ) OCLC 225496 LC Class PZ7. S47 Wh Where the Wild Things Are is a 1963 children 's picture book by American writer and illustrator Maurice Sendak , originally published by Harper & Row . The book has been adapted into other media several times , including an animated short in 1974 ( with an updated version in 1988 ) ; a 1980 opera ; and a live - action 2009 feature - film adaptation , directed by Spike Jonze . The book had sold over 19 million copies worldwide as of 2009 , with 10 million of those being in the United States . Sendak won the annual Caldecott Medal from the children 's librarians in 1964 , recognizing Wild Things as the previous year 's `` most distinguished American picture book for children '' . It was voted the number one picture book in a 2012 survey of School Library Journal readers , not for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Literary significance 4 Adaptations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This story of only 338 words focuses on a young boy named Max who , after dressing in his wolf costume , wreaks such havoc through his household that he is sent to bed without his supper . Max 's bedroom undergoes a mysterious transformation into a jungle environment , and he winds up sailing to an island inhabited by malicious beasts known as the `` Wild Things . '' After successfully intimidating the creatures , Max is hailed as the king of the Wild Things and enjoys a playful romp with his subjects . However , he starts to feel lonely and decides to return home , to the Wild Things ' dismay . Upon returning to his bedroom , Max discovers a hot supper waiting for him . Development ( edit ) Sendak began his career as an illustrator , but by the mid-1950s he had decided to start both writing and illustrating his own books . In 1956 , he published his first book for which he was the sole author , Kenny 's Window ( 1956 ) . Soon after , he began work on another solo effort . The story was supposed to be that of a child who , after a tantrum , is punished in his room and decides to escape to the place that gives the book its title , the `` land of wild horses '' . Shortly before starting the illustrations , Sendak realized he did not know how to draw horses and , at the suggestion of his editor , changed the wild horses to the more ambiguous `` Wild Things '' , a term inspired by the Yiddish expression `` vilde chaya '' ( `` wild animals '' ) , used to indicate boisterous children . He replaced the horses with caricatures of his aunts and uncles , caricatures that he had originally drawn in his youth as an escape from their chaotic weekly visits , on Sunday afternoons , to his family 's Brooklyn home . Sendak , as a child , had observed his relatives as being `` all crazy -- crazy faces and wild eyes '' , with blood - stained eyes and `` big and yellow '' teeth , who pinched his cheeks until they were red . These relatives , like Sendak 's parents , were poor Jewish immigrants from Poland , whose remaining family in Europe were killed during the Holocaust while Sendak was in his early teens . As a child , however , he saw them only as `` grotesques '' . When working on the 1983 opera adaptation of the book with Oliver Knussen , Sendak gave the monsters the names of his relatives : Tzippy , Moishe , Aaron , Emile , and Bernard . Literary significance ( edit ) According to Sendak , at first , the book was banned in libraries and received negative reviews . It took about two years for librarians and teachers to realize that children were flocking to the book , checking it out over and over again , and for critics to relax their views . Since then , it has received high critical acclaim . Francis Spufford suggests that the book is `` one of the very few picture books to make an entirely deliberate and beautiful use of the psychoanalytic story of anger '' . Mary Pols of Time magazine wrote that `` ( w ) hat makes Sendak 's book so compelling is its grounding effect : Max has a tantrum and in a flight of fancy visits his wild side , but he is pulled back by a belief in parental love to a supper ' still hot , ' balancing the seesaw of fear and comfort . '' New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis noted that `` there are different ways to read the wild things , through a Freudian or colonialist prism , and probably as many ways to ruin this delicate story of a solitary child liberated by his imagination . '' In Selma G. Lanes 's book The Art of Maurice Sendak , Sendak discusses Where the Wild Things Are along with his other books In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There as a sort of trilogy centered on children 's growth , survival , change , and fury . He indicated that the three books are `` all variations on the same theme : how children master various feelings -- danger , boredom , fear , frustration , jealousy -- and manage to come to grips with the realities of their lives . '' Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Five years later School Library Journal sponsored a survey of readers which identified Where the Wild Things Are as top picture book . Elizabeth Bird , the NYPL librarian who conducted the survey , observed that there was little doubt it would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed , `` ushering in the modern age of picture books '' . Another called it `` perfectly crafted , perfectly illustrated ... simply the epitome of a picture book '' and noted that Sendak `` rises above the rest in part because he is subversive '' . President Barack Obama has read it aloud for children attending the White House Easter Egg Roll in multiple years . Despite the book 's popularity , Sendak refused to produce a sequel ; four months before his death in 2012 , he told comedian Stephen Colbert that one would be `` the most boring idea imaginable '' . Adaptations ( edit ) An animated short based on the book , which had taken five years to complete , was released in 1973 , directed by Gene Deitch and produced at Krátký Film , Prague , for Weston Woods Studios . Two versions were released : the original 1973 version , with narration by Allen Swift and a musique concrète score composed by Deitch himself ; and an updated version in 1988 with new music and narration by Peter Schickele . In the 1980s , Sendak worked with British composer Oliver Knussen on a children 's opera based on the book . The opera received its first ( incomplete ) performance in Brussels in 1980 ; the first complete performance of the final version was given by the Glyndebourne Touring Opera in London in 1984 . This was followed by its first U.S. performance in Saint Paul , Minnesota , in 1985 and the New York City premiere by New York City Opera in 1987 . A concert performance was given at The Proms in the Royal Albert Hall in London in 2002 . A concert production was produced by New York City Opera in spring 2011 . In 1983 , the Walt Disney Studio conducted a series of tests of computer - generated imagery created by Glen Keane and John Lasseter using as their subject Where the Wild Things Are . In 1999 , Isadar released a solo piano musical composition titled `` Where the Wild Things Are '' which appeared on his album Active Imagination , inspired by the Sendak book . The composition was revisited and re-recorded in 2012 on Isadar 's album , Reconstructed , with Grammy winner and founder of Windham Hill Records , William Ackerman , producing . The live - action film version of the book is directed by Spike Jonze . It was released on October 16 , 2009 . The film stars Max Records as Max and features Catherine Keener as his mother , with Lauren Ambrose , Chris Cooper , Paul Dano , James Gandolfini , Catherine O'Hara and Forest Whitaker providing the voices of the principal Wild Things . The soundtrack was written and produced by Karen O and Carter Burwell . The screenplay was adapted by Jonze and Dave Eggers . Sendak was one of the producers for the film . The screenplay was novelized by Eggers as The Wild Things , published in 2009 . In 2012 , indie rock quartet alt - J released the song `` Breezeblocks '' , inspired in part by the book . Alt - J keyboardist Gus Unger - Hamilton said the story and the song share similar ideas about parting with a loved one . `` Breezeblocks '' reached certified ARIA Gold status in Australia . In 2016 , Alessia Cara released her second single , `` Wild Things '' , which charted at number fifty on the Billboard Hot 100 . In an interview with ABC News Radio , Cara stated she took inspiration from Where the Wild Things Are , saying `` each ' Thing ' represents an emotion and ( the main character ) kinda escapes into this world ... and that 's kinda what I wanted to do '' . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Visual arts portal 1963 in literature List of children 's books made into feature films List of children 's classic books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Where the wild things are '' . Library of Congress . Catalog Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Where the Wild Things Are ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caldecott Medal & Honor Books , 1938 - Present '' . Association for Library Service to Children . American Library Association . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . `` The Randolph Caldecott Medal '' . Association for Library Service to Children . American Library Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` SLJ 's Top 100 Picture Books '' ( PDF ) . School Library Journal . 2012 . Poster presentation of reader poll results . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Warrick , Pamela ( October 11 , 1993 ) . `` Facing the Frightful Things '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shea , Christopher ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Jewish lineage of `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` . The Boston Globe . Brainiac . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Things : The Art of Maurice Sendak '' . Traditional Fine Arts Organization . April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brockes , Emma ( October 2 , 2011 ) . `` Maurice Sendak : ' I Refuse To Lie to Children ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Tom , ed . ( March 2008 ) . `` Maurice Sendak '' . Children 's Literature Review . Detroit , MI : Gale. 131 : 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 9606 - 1 . OCLC 792604122 . Jump up ^ Sendak , Maurice ( October 16 , 2009 ) . Hart , Hugh , ed . `` Review : Where the Wild Things Are Is Woolly , But Not Wild Enough ( Sendak Says Wild Things Film as Feral as Book ) '' . Wired.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spufford , Francis ( 2002 ) . The Child That Books Built : A Life of Reading ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : Metropolitan Books . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7215 - 0 . OCLC 50034806 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are : Sendak with Sensitivity '' . Time . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Some of His Best Friends Are Beasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lehmann - Haupt , Christopher ( June 1 , 1981 ) . `` Book Of The Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Richard M. ( 2008 ) . `` Maurice Sendak 's Trilogy : Disappointment , Fury , and Their Transformation through Art '' . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child . 63 : 186 -- 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14099 - 6 . PMID 19449794 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . National Education Association . 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books # 1 : Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Erin ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Maurice Sendak Calls Newt Gingrich an ' Idiot ' in ' Colbert Report ' Interview '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Live Feed . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Russell ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nashville Scene -- ' Bach in Black ' '' . The Tennessean . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Wakin , Daniel J. ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` For New York City Opera Season , Bernstein , Strauss and New Works '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Early CG Experiments by John Lasseter and Glen Keane '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Active Imagination ( Solo Piano ) '' . AllMusic . December 28 , 1998 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` ' Where the Wild Things Are ' gets long - awaited release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Inside Movies . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podplesky , Azaria ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` alt - J Taps Maurice Sendak and a Kate Middleton Look - Alike For ' Breezeblocks ' Video '' . Seattle Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara on ' Wild Things ' : ' It 's Just Really an Empowering Song ' '' . ABC News Radio . April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Where the Wild Things Are . Where the Wild Things Are ( 1973 ) on IMDb Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) on IMDb Maurice Sendak : `` Where the Wild Things Are '' by Now on PBS Where The Wild Things Are -- Early Disney CG Animation Test on YouTube Awards Preceded by The Snowy Day Caldecott Medal recipient 1964 Succeeded by May I Bring a Friend ? ( hide ) Maurice Sendak Written works Kenny 's Window ( 1956 ) Very Far Away ( 1957 ) The Sign On Rosie 's Door ( 1960 ) The Nutshell Library ( Chicken Soup with Rice ( A Book of Months ) Alligators All Around ( An Alphabet ) One Was Johnny ( A Counting Book ) Pierre ( A Cautionary Tale ) ( 1962 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 1963 ) Hector Protector and As I Went Over the Water : Two Nursery Rhymes ( 1965 ) Higglety Pigglety Pop ! , Or : There Must be More to Life ( 1967 ) In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) Ten Little Rabbits : A Counting Book With Mino The Magician ( 1970 ) Some Swell Pup or Are You Sure You Want a Dog ? ( with Matthew Margolis ) ( 1976 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 1977 ) Fantasy Sketches ( 1981 ) Outside Over There ( 1981 ) Caldecott and Co : Notes on Books and Pictures ( 1990 ) The Big Book for Peace ( 1990 ) We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy : Two Nursery Rhymes with Pictures ( 1993 ) Maurice Sendak 's Christmas Mystery ( 1995 ) Notable illustrated works Atomics for the Millions ( by Dr. Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff ) ( 1947 ) Singing Family of the Cumberlands ( written by Jean Ritchie ) ( 1955 ) Mrs. Piggle - Wiggle 's Farm ( written by Betty MacDonald ) ( 1954 ) The Wheel on the School ( written by Meindert DeJong ) ( 1954 ) Little Bear ( written by Else Holmelund Minarik ) ( 1957 ) Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories ( written by Isaac Bashevis Singer ) ( 1966 ) See also Really Rosie ( musical ) Seven Little Monsters ( TV series ) Where the Wild Things Are ( film adaption ) ( 2009 ) Tell Them Anything You Want : A Portrait of Maurice Sendak Family Philip Sendak ( father ) Jack Sendak ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Wild_Things_Are&oldid=814098244 '' Categories : 1963 children 's books American children 's picture books Books adapted into films Caldecott Medal - winning works Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Picture books by Maurice Sendak Harper & Row books Books by Maurice Sendak Monsters in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 21 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who banned the book where the wild things are	[ "According to Sendak, at first, the book was banned in libraries and received negative reviews. It took about two years for librarians and teachers to realize that children were flocking to the book, checking it out over and over again, and for critics to relax their views.[10] Since then, it has received high critical acclaim. Francis Spufford suggests that the book is \"one of the very few picture books to make an entirely deliberate and beautiful use of the psychoanalytic story of anger\".[11] Mary Pols of Time magazine wrote that \"[w]hat makes Sendak's book so compelling is its grounding effect: Max has a tantrum and in a flight of fancy visits his wild side, but he is pulled back by a belief in parental love to a supper 'still hot,' balancing the seesaw of fear and comfort.\"[12] New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis noted that \"there are different ways to read the wild things, through a Freudian or colonialist prism, and probably as many ways to ruin this delicate story of a solitary child liberated by his imagination.\"[13] In Selma G. Lanes's book The Art of Maurice Sendak, Sendak discusses Where the Wild Things Are along with his other books In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There as a sort of trilogy centered on children's growth, survival, change, and fury.[14][15] He indicated that the three books are \"all variations on the same theme: how children master various feelings – danger, boredom, fear, frustration, jealousy – and manage to come to grips with the realities of their lives.\"[14]", "According to Sendak, at first, the book was banned in libraries and received negative reviews. It took about two years for librarians and teachers to realize that children were flocking to the book, checking it out over and over again, and for critics to relax their views.[10] Since then, it has received high critical acclaim. Francis Spufford suggests that the book is \"one of the very few picture books to make an entirely deliberate and beautiful use of the psychoanalytic story of anger\".[11] Mary Pols of Time magazine wrote that \"[w]hat makes Sendak's book so compelling is its grounding effect: Max has a tantrum and in a flight of fancy visits his wild side, but he is pulled back by a belief in parental love to a supper 'still hot,' balancing the seesaw of fear and comfort.\"[12] New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis noted that \"there are different ways to read the wild things, through a Freudian or colonialist prism, and probably as many ways to ruin this delicate story of a solitary child liberated by his imagination.\"[13] In Selma G. Lanes's book The Art of Maurice Sendak, Sendak discusses Where the Wild Things Are along with his other books In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There as a sort of trilogy centered on children's growth, survival, change, and fury.[14][15] He indicated that the three books are \"all variations on the same theme: how children master various feelings – danger, boredom, fear, frustration, jealousy – and manage to come to grips with the realities of their lives.\"[14]" ]	[ "librarians", "teachers" ]
-5631651780713099237	Territorial evolution of the United States	Territorial evolution of the United States - wikipedia Territorial evolution of the United States Jump to : navigation , search The United States of America was created on July 4 , 1776 , with the declaration of independence of thirteen British colonies . Their independence was recognized by Great Britain with the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , following the American Revolutionary War . This effectively doubled the size of the colonies , now able to stretch west past the Proclamation Line to the Mississippi River . This land was organized into territories and then states , though there remained some conflict with the sea - to - sea grants claimed by some of the original colonies . In time , these grants were ceded to the federal government . The first great expansion of the country came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , which doubled the country 's territory , but brought it into minor conflict with the colonies of Spain which eventually resulted in the acquisition of Spanish Florida . The Oregon Country gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean , though it was shared for a time with the United Kingdom . The annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 led directly to the Mexican - American War , after which the victorious United States obtained Mexico 's northwestern quarter , including what was quickly made the state of California . However , as the development of the country moved west , the question of slavery became too much to ignore , as there was a struggle to keep the number of northern abolitionist states equal to the number of southern slave states , with vigorous debate over whether the new territories would allow slavery and events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas . This came to a head in 1860 and 1861 , when the governments of the southern states proclaimed their secession from the country and formed the Confederate States of America . The American Civil War led to the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 and the eventual readmission of the states to the United States Congress . The country 's expansion beyond North America began in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act , causing many small and uninhabited , but economically important , islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed . Most of these claims were eventually abandoned due to competing claims from other countries or the guano having been mined out . The Pacific expansion culminated in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its annexation in 1898 . Alaska , the last major acquisition in North America , was purchased from Russia in 1867 . Desires for expansion into Spanish territories like Cuba led to the Spanish - American War in 1898 , in which the United States gained Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines , and occupied Cuba for several years . While the other two remain territories , the Philippines became independent in 1946 , after being a major theater of World War II . Following the war , many islands were entrusted to the U.S. by the United Nations , and while some remain U.S. territories , the Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , and Palau emerged from the trust territory as independent nations . The last major international change was the acquisition in 1904 , and return to Panama in 1979 , of the Panama Canal Zone , a region of American sovereignty to build and run the Panama Canal . The final cession of power over the region was made to Panama in 1999 . Regarding internal borders , while territories could shift wildly in size , once established a state has commonly remained within its borders , barring small changes due to river shifts . Only four states -- Maine , Kentucky , Vermont , and West Virginia -- have been created from land claimed by another state ; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions . The last state of the contiguous United States , commonly called the `` lower 48 , '' was admitted in 1912 ; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959 . Contents 1 Table of changes 1.1 1776 -- 1784 ( American Revolutionary War ) 1.2 1784 -- 1803 ( Organization of territory ) 1.3 1803 -- 1818 ( Purchase of Louisiana ) 1.4 1819 -- 1845 ( Northwest expansion ) 1.5 1845 -- 1860 ( Southwest expansion ) 1.6 1860 -- 1865 ( American Civil War ) 1.7 1866 -- 1897 ( Reconstruction and western statehood ) 1.8 1898 -- 1945 ( Pacific and Caribbean expansion ) 1.9 1946 -- Present ( Decolonization ) 2 Bancos along the Rio Grande 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Table of changes ( edit ) Key to map colors United States states ( domestic maps ) , undisputed area of United States ( dispute maps ) United States territories ( domestic maps ) disputed area of United States area changed by event 1776 -- 1784 ( American Revolutionary War ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map July 4 , 1776 Thirteen colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain in North America collectively declared their independence as the United States of America , though several colonies had already individually declared independence : The Colony of Connecticut , becoming the State of Connecticut The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware , commonly known as the Lower Counties of Delaware , which was Delaware Colony before their declaration of independence on June 15 , 1776 The Province of Georgia , becoming the State of Georgia The Province of Maryland , becoming the State of Maryland The Province of Massachusetts Bay , becoming the State of Massachusetts Bay The State of New Hampshire , which was the Province of New Hampshire before their declaration of independence on June 15 , 1776 The Province of New Jersey , becoming the State of New Jersey The Province of New York , becoming the State of New York The Province of North Carolina , becoming the State of North Carolina ; some believe the colony declared independence on May 20 , 1775 , but this is disputed The Province of Pennsylvania , becoming the State of Pennsylvania The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , commonly known as Rhode Island , which was the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations before declaring independence on May 4 , 1776 The Province of South Carolina , becoming the State of South Carolina The Colony of Virginia , becoming the Commonwealth of Virginia The capital was not specifically established ; at the time , the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia . Many states had vaguely defined and surveyed borders ; these are not noted as contested in the maps unless there was an active dispute . The borders of North Carolina were particularly poorly surveyed , its border with South Carolina having been done in several pieces , none of which truly matched the spirit of the charter , and its border with Virginia was only surveyed roughly halfway inland from the sea . Several northeastern states had overlapping claims : Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New York all claimed land west of their borders , overlapping with each other and with a sizable claim by Virginia . Of the three , only Connecticut seriously pursued its claims , while Virginia is considered to have had the most legitimate claim to the vast northwest , dividing it into counties and maintaining some limited control . The entirety of the new United States was claimed by Great Britain . Of particular note are Machias Seal Island and North Rock , two small islands off the northeast coast which remain disputed up to the present . Disputes : September 20 , 1776 The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Delaware State . September 28 , 1776 The State of Pennsylvania enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . no change to map December 20 , 1776 To avoid British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia , the Continental Congress began meeting in Baltimore . January 15 , 1777 The northeastern region of New York , known as the New Hampshire Grants , declared independence as New Connecticut . Disputes : March 4 , 1777 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia after the threat to it by British forces was ended . June 4 , 1777 New Connecticut was renamed Vermont . Disputes : September 27 , 1777 The Continental Congress fled Philadelphia after the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine , and briefly met in Lancaster , Pennsylvania September 30 , 1777 The Continental Congress continued to move away from Philadelphia , settling in York , Pennsylvania . July 2 , 1779 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia following British withdrawal . August 31 , 1779 Virginia surrendered its claim to southwest Pennsylvania when the two states agreed to extend the Mason -- Dixon line westward to five degrees west of the Delaware River , with the border turning north from there . March 1780 North Carolina and Virginia surveyed their border further inland . Virginia 's survey reached to the Tennessee River , but North Carolina 's only went as far as the Cumberland Gap , and as the two surveys were roughly two miles apart , this created a thin area claimed by both states . Since the dispute only technically went as far west as the Cumberland Gap , beyond that point North Carolina 's line is faded to show that it was more an assumption , and beyond the Tennessee River both lines are faded . While the border was intended to follow parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north , early surveying errors caused it to veer north of that , reaching a distance of seventeen miles off by the time it reached the Tennessee River . October 25 , 1780 The State of Massachusetts Bay enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . March 1 , 1781 The Articles of Confederation entered into force . no change to map April 4 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` East Union , '' consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont due to a concern that their state was focusing too much on its coastal region . Vermont never gained full control over the area . The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown , as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose ; the map uses the maximal interpretation . Disputes : June 16 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` West Union , '' consisting of some towns in New York , mainly to counterbalance Vermont 's attempt at eastward expansion . Vermont never gained full control over the area . ( The specific date this occurred is unclear ; sources suggest June 16 , June 26 , and July 18 ) . Disputes : February 22 , 1782 Vermont abandoned its attempts to annex the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York . Disputes : October 29 , 1782 The federal government accepted the cession from New York of its western claims , which the state ceded on February 17 , 1780 . At its maximum interpretation , New York claimed an area bordered by Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan ; to the Illinois , Mississippi , and Tennessee Rivers ; and north along the Appalachian Mountains , ending at the border with Pennsylvania . It is unclear from where this claim came ; many sources state that New York had surrendered it , but very few elaborate on how it was obtained . One source states that it was a cession by the Six Nations , who had conquered much of the region . However , New York never seriously enforced these claims . The cession included the western tip of New York , the Erie Triangle , formed by moving the western border of New York to a line 20 miles east of Presque Isle on Lake Erie . December 30 , 1782 The Congress of the Confederation declared that the land that Connecticut claimed in northern Pennsylvania was part of Pennsylvania , thus attempting to end the Pennamite -- Yankee War . The claim was an extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost borders westward , skipping New Jersey and New York , though as Connecticut 's northern border was a few miles north of Pennsylvania 's northern border , a small sliver of New York was also claimed . While conflict would continue for some time , this was the end of the formal claim by Connecticut . June 30 , 1783 The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , and the Pennsylvania government reaction to it , caused the Congress of the Confederation to leave Philadelphia for Princeton . November 26 , 1783 The Congress of the Confederation reconvened in Annapolis . March 1 , 1784 Virginia ceded its claims northwest of the Ohio River to the federal government . Connecticut continued to claim its western lands that had overlapped Virginia 's cession . May 12 , 1784 Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States , ending its claim to the country , though borders with Great Britain were poorly defined in several areas in the north of the country . The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War , though military action had largely ended after the Franco - American victory at Yorktown on October 19 , 1781 . The Peace of Paris also involved treaties with France and Spain , with Great Britain ceding the Floridas to Spain . During their ownership of West Florida , the British had moved its border north , and the cession to Spain appeared to apply to the full extent of the British colony . However , the British - American treaty granted the extension of West Florida to the United States , where it enlarged Georgia south to the 31st parallel north , indicating that only the original definition of West Florida was to be ceded to Spain . The local Spanish governors also made a move to occupy forts along the Mississippi River , with claims to everything south of the Tennessee River ; it is unknown how official or strong these claims were , and they are not mapped as they are in conflict with the other Spanish claim involving the border of West Florida . Disputes : 1784 -- 1803 ( Organization of territory ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map August 23 , 1784 A region in central North Carolina , unhappy with the state 's governance over the area , declared independence from the state as the State of Frankland . The government of Frankland held some control over the area , and petitioned for statehood , receiving support from seven of the nine states required , but would only last a few years . Unofficial change : November 1 , 1784 The Congress of the Confederation moved for a short time to Trenton . January 11 , 1785 The Congress of the Confederation moved to New York , and would settle there for five years . April 19 , 1785 The federal government accepted the cession from Massachusetts of its extreme western claim , which consisted of a strip of land west of Lake Huron and the Detroit River , bounded on the north by a line extending west from roughly halfway north through New Hampshire , and on the south by a line extending from the southern border of Massachusetts ' western half . The claim was never seriously enforced . Change on paper only : June 1785 The State of Frankland was renamed the State of Franklin , to encourage Benjamin Franklin to endorse the state , though he declined . Unofficial change : September 13 , 1786 Connecticut surrendered its western claim to the federal government except for its Western Reserve , though it is unclear how much control they held over the ceded region ; like the claim to Pennsylvania , this was a western extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost points . Change on paper only : December 16 , 1786 Massachusetts surrendered its claim to western New York , though it is unclear if Massachusetts ever held control over the region , as the claim was to the `` soil , not the sovereignty '' . This land , which was the area west of a north - south line 82 miles west of where the Delaware River entered New York , was later known as the Phelps and Gorham Purchase . It is likely that Massachusetts also claimed the Erie Triangle , but since this treaty was directly with New York , and New York had already ceded it to the federal government , it is not marked as being ceded by Massachusetts on the map . Change on paper only : July 13 , 1787 The Territory Northwest of the Ohio River , ceded earlier by Virginia , was organized and commonly became known as the Northwest Territory . August 9 , 1787 South Carolina ceded its western claim to the federal government , though it was a result of inaccurate geography and South Carolina never actually held claim to this land . The claim was of a strip of land between the border of North Carolina and the source of the Savannah River but , unknown at the time , the river originated in North Carolina . The eastern part of this cession would be given to Georgia in 1802 , despite Georgia technically already having claim to the land . Change on paper only : December 7 , 1787 Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution . no change to map December 12 , 1787 Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map December 18 , 1787 New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map January 2 , 1788 Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map January 6 , 1788 Connecticut became the fifth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map April 28 , 1788 Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map May 23 , 1788 South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution ; at this point , the Constitution became the active governing document of the country . no change to map June 25 , 1788 Virginia became the tenth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map July 26 , 1788 New York became the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map February 1789 John Sevier , governor of the State of Franklin , pledged allegiance to North Carolina , effectively ending the claimed independence of Franklin . Unofficial change : August 7 , 1789 The Northwest Territory was reorganized under the Constitution . no change to map November 21 , 1789 North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map April 2 , 1790 North Carolina ceded its western half to the federal government . May 26 , 1790 The land recently ceded by North Carolina was organized as the Territory South of the River Ohio , commonly known as the Southwest Territory . May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island became the thirteenth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map December 6 , 1790 Per the Residence Act , the Congress of the United States relocated to Philadelphia for ten years until a federal district was built and ready . March 4 , 1791 Vermont , which had been considered part of New York despite acting independently since 1777 , was admitted as the fourteenth state . Disputes : March 30 , 1791 The District of Columbia , a federal district planned to house the federal government by 1800 , was formed from land ceded by Maryland and Virginia , consisting of a 100 square mile diamond straddling the Potomac River . However , it was not yet given that name , being simply referred to as the federal district . In September 1791 , the commissioners in charge of planning the city would term it the `` Territory of Columbia '' , and various laws refer to a District of Columbia , but sometimes informally . The area does not appear to have been formally named `` District of Columbia '' until at least the organic act of 1871 . Since the name `` Columbia '' was used from very early on , and at least informally by the government , the map will use `` District of Columbia '' starting from this date . March 3 , 1792 Pennsylvania purchased the Erie Triangle from the federal government . June 1 , 1792 The western half of Virginia , which the state had agreed in 1789 to cede to the federal government , was admitted as the fifteenth state , Kentucky . June 12 , 1792 The Delaware State enacted a new constitution , renaming itself the State of Delaware . no change to map February 29 , 1796 Great Britain agreed to abandon several forts in the northwest that it still occupied , including Detroit . no change to map April 25 , 1796 The northern half of West Florida was ceded by Spain , resolving the dispute over the region . Disputes : June 1 , 1796 The Southwest Territory was admitted as the sixteenth state , Tennessee . April 7 , 1798 Due to the Yazoo Land Fraud , an act authorized President John Adams to appoint commissioners to negotiate with Georgia about ceding its western land . The act created Mississippi Territory from the southwestern quarter of Georgia in the region recently ceded by West Florida , while maintaining that Georgia still held rights over the territory . June 9 , 1800 Connecticut ceded its Western Reserve to the federal government , which assigned it to the Northwest Territory . The act doing so was passed in Congress on April 28 , 1800 , and Connecticut approved it on this date . July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was organized from the Northwest Territory , west of a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery , and a line north from there . November 17 , 1800 The Congress of the United States moved to Washington in the District of Columbia , now built and ready to be the capital . This was two weeks before the December 1 date established in the Residence Act ; President John Adams urged Congress to move early in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected , though this failed . January 1 , 1801 The Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland , renaming itself the United Kingdom . February 27 , 1801 The District of Columbia was organized . no change to map April 26 , 1802 Georgia ceded its western half , known as the Yazoo Lands , to the federal government ; this region was west of the Chattahoochie River up to its great bend ( near West Point ) , then a line from there towards and past Nickajack . At the same time , the federal government ceded to Georgia the eastern portion of the land previously ceded by South Carolina , though in reality Georgia technically already held title to the land , as the description of the earlier cession was based on an erroneous understanding of geography . March 1 , 1803 The southern half of the Northwest Territory , along with a thin sliver of Indiana Territory , was admitted as the seventeenth state , Ohio . The remainder of the Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . The western border was a line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River to a point east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan . The federal description then said it should go east from there , whereas the Ohio Constitution stated it should intersect with the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay , essentially the western tip of Lake Erie . The confusion caused by these varying descriptions of the state 's borders , combined with inaccurate knowledge of geography , as no one at the time knew just how far south Lake Michigan extended , would lead to the conflict over the Toledo Strip . November 3 , 1803 The border between Tennessee and Virginia was resurveyed and established , ending the dispute over that part of the border . The border between Kentucky and Tennessee , despite following the original survey , remained vaguely defined . 1803 -- 1818 ( Purchase of Louisiana ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map December 20 , 1803 The United States purchased Louisiana from France . This is the date of the formal turnover in New Orleans ; the purchase was completed on April 30 , 1803 . The transfer would be recognized in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana on March 10 , 1804 , known as Three Flags Day . The extent of what constituted Louisiana was disputed with Spain : the United States claimed the purchase included the part of West Florida west of the Perdido River , and the southwestern border with New Spain was disputed , as the United States claimed the Sabine River as the border , but Spain maintained it was the Calcasieu River and others . Disputes : 1804 The `` Southwick Jog '' was transferred from Connecticut to Massachusetts , to put to rest long - standing disagreements over the border between the two states . March 27 , 1804 The land between Tennessee and Mississippi Territory previously ceded by Georgia was assigned to Mississippi Territory . October 1 , 1804 Orleans Territory was organized from the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel north , with the remainder being designated the District of Louisiana and placed under the jurisdiction of Indiana Territory . June 30 , 1805 Michigan Territory was organized from Indiana Territory , defined as north of a line east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan , and east of a line north from the lake 's northern tip . The southeastern portion of the border technically conflicted with the definition of Ohio , which claimed the Toledo Strip north of that line ; however , the exact position of Lake Michigan was not yet known . July 4 , 1805 The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory . March 1 , 1809 Illinois Territory was organized from Indiana Territory , west of the Wabash River and a line north from Post Vincennes . September 26 , 1810 The Republic of West Florida declared independence from Spain . It maintained some control over its territory . Disputes : December 10 , 1810 Armed forces led by William C.C. Claiborne took possession of the portion of West Florida west of the Pearl River , following a proclamation on October 27 , 1810 , by President James Madison to do so . The United States had considered the region part of the Louisiana Purchase , including the area which had revolted against Spanish Florida and formed the Republic of West Florida . Madison 's proclamation stated that it was to be `` taken as part '' of Orleans Territory . The land west of Mobile Bay to the Pearl River was occupied and annexed de facto by the military in 1811 . Disputes : April 30 , 1812 Most of Orleans Territory was admitted as the eighteenth state , Louisiana . It was defined as the portion of the territory east of a line north from where the Sabine River crosses the 32nd parallel north , and west of the Mississippi and Iberville Rivers . The remainder presumably became unorganized territory , as it had no definition for a while . May 14 , 1812 The claimed portion of West Florida east of the Pearl River was assigned to Mississippi Territory , though the area around Mobile Bay remained under the control of Spanish Florida . The United States militarily occupied Mobile and the surrounding area up to the Perdido River in April 1813 . June 4 , 1812 Since its name was now shared with the state of Louisiana , Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory . August 4 , 1812 The remaining claimed portion of West Florida was added to Louisiana , following the assent of that state to an act passed by Congress on April 14 , 1812 . August 16 , 1812 During the War of 1812 , the garrison at Fort Detroit surrendered , leading the United Kingdom to occupy Detroit , the capital and population center of Michigan Territory . Disputes : September 29 , 1813 Fort Detroit was recaptured by American forces following the Battle of Lake Erie , regaining control over Michigan Territory . Disputes : August 24 , 1814 British forces capture and burn Washington , but are forced to withdraw the next day . The functions of the capital were only momentarily suspended , though President James Madison took refuge in Brookville , Maryland . no change to map December 11 , 1816 The southern part of Indiana Territory , along with small parts of Illinois Territory and Michigan Territory , were admitted as the nineteenth state , Indiana . The state was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River , but while the territory 's line turned north at Post Vincennes , the state 's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth . The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan , until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio 's western border . Thus , a very small portion of Indiana Territory was transferred to Illinois Territory around the Wabash , Indiana took its northern slice from Michigan Territory , and the remainder of Indiana Territory across Lake Michigan became unorganized territory . March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory . Its western border was , from the north : the Tennessee River to Bear Creek ( around today 's Pickwick Lake ) ; a line from there to the northwestern corner of Washington County , Mississippi Territory ; and a line south from there . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted as the twentieth state , Mississippi . February 6 , 1818 Alabama Territory created Tuskaloosa County with a description that inadvertently overlapped with Mississippi . It described the border of the county as running `` a due west course to , the Tombeckbe river ; thence up the same to the Cotton Gin Port '' . Unknown at the time , the origin of the Tombigbee River and Cotton Gin Port were in Mississippi . Change on paper only : June 30 , 1818 Per the terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 , the United Kingdom returned Moose Island to Massachusetts , and the United States returned Campobello Island , Deer Island , and Grand Manan Island to the United Kingdom , all of which were captured from the other side during the war . no change to map December 3 , 1818 The half of Illinois Territory south of the parallel 42 ° 30 ′ north was admitted as the twenty - first state , Illinois . The remainder of the territory , along with the unorganized territory that was recently part of Indiana Territory , was assigned to Michigan Territory . 1819 -- 1845 ( northwest expansion ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map January 30 , 1819 The Treaty of 1818 went into effect , setting the 49th parallel north as the border with the United Kingdom west of the Lake of the Woods , and also establishing the Oregon Country as a shared region with the United Kingdom . Oregon Country had no defined northern limit , but it can be assumed that it did not encroach much upon Russian - held lands ; this map uses the later - established line at the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north for simplicity . Northwestern North America : July 4 , 1819 Arkansaw Territory was organized from Missouri Territory south of the parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north . December 14 , 1819 Alabama Territory was admitted as the twenty - second state , Alabama . The statehood act provided for a survey of the southern part of the border with Mississippi for correction if it was discovered to encroach upon Mississippi 's defined borders ; it was later discovered to do so . March 15 , 1820 As part of the Missouri Compromise , the District of Maine , the northern and separate part of Massachusetts , was admitted as the twenty - third state , Maine . April 21 , 1820 This is the earliest known date of the name `` Arkansas Territory '' being officially used instead of `` Arkansaw Territory '' . May 12 , 1820 The border between Kentucky and Tennessee was established . To make up for the fact that the border between the Cumberland Gap and the Tennessee River veered north as much as 17 miles from 36 ° 30 ′ north , a new survey was conducted starting at that point on the Mississippi River and moving east to the Tennessee River , hence granting Kentucky an addition in its southwest . July 19 , 1820 The overlap of the longitudinal southern border between Alabama and Mississippi was resolved , as per the act admitting Alabama as a state , because the provisional border encroached on Mississippi . As the result of a survey , the southern border terminus was moved about 3.8 miles to the east , which changed the border up to the then - northwest corner of Alabama 's Washington County . The date when this happened is unclear ; the sources available give either an unpublished report dated May 29 , 1820 , or the completion of the demarcation of the new line on July 19 , 1820 . Change on paper only : December 19 , 1820 Alabama redefined some county borders , ending its erroneous overlap of Mississippi created on February 6 , 1818 . Change on paper only : February 22 , 1821 The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain took effect . The many changes included : The border with the holdings of Spain was concretely defined ; previously , it had been the watershed of the Mississippi River and , for Oregon Country , the Columbia River , whereas now it followed specific rivers and parallels . The new border was defined as , starting in the south : The Sabine River to the 32nd parallel north , then north to the Red River of the South , following that to the 100th meridian west , then north to the Arkansas River to its source , then north from there to the 42nd parallel north and west to the ocean . The new border placed the `` Neutral Ground '' in Louisiana . Florida was ceded to the United States , although the formal transfer would not happen until July . Arkansas Territory had created Miller County south of the Red River , and this area was now on the Spanish side of the border . However , as this was a change made solely by the territory , and not by the federal government , in this map it is considered a domestic dispute . With Spanish West Florida being ceded , the dispute between it and Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi was resolved . Disputes : July 10 , 1821 East Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . July 17 , 1821 West Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted as the twenty - fourth state , Missouri , the rest becoming unorganized territory . It was defined as the area south of a line west from the Des Moines Rapids , and east of a line south from the mouth of the Kansas River . March 30 , 1822 The former East Florida and West Florida were organized as Florida Territory . May 26 , 1824 The western half of Arkansas Territory , bordered by a line south from a point 40 miles west of Missouri 's western border , was returned to unorganized territory . January 12 , 1825 A treaty with the Russian Empire established the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north as the northern border of Oregon Country for American purposes ; a separate treaty created the same border between Russia and the United Kingdom . As this was likely the de facto border anyway , the region is already mapped with this line . no change to map May 6 , 1828 A treaty with the Cherokee moved the western border of Arkansas Territory , returning part of it to unorganized territory . The new border was defined as starting from where the land of the Eastern Choctaw met the Red River of the South , then north from there to the mouth of the Arkansas River , and from there to the southwestern corner of Missouri . July 9 , 1832 The northernmost region of New Hampshire , which was disputed with the United Kingdom , declared independence as the Republic of Indian Stream . While tiny , it does appear to have maintained some control over its territory . Disputes : June 28 , 1834 Michigan Territory gained a large parcel of land from unorganized territory on its west , extending to the Missouri River . August 5 , 1835 The Republic of Indian Stream recognized the jurisdiction of New Hampshire , thus ending its claimed independence . The date given is of a communication sent to British authorities ; other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2 , 1836 . Disputes : June 15 , 1836 Arkansas Territory was admitted as the twenty - fifth state , Arkansas . July 3 , 1836 Wisconsin Territory was organized from the western bulk of Michigan Territory . The two large peninsulas between the Great Lakes remained in Michigan Territory ; the upper peninsula was included in exchange for the territory abandoning its claim to the Toledo Strip . The territory initially rejected this plan , but would accept it on December 14 . December 14 , 1836 Michigan Territory agreed to abandon its claim to the Toledo Strip , ending its dispute with Ohio . January 26 , 1837 Michigan Territory was admitted as the twenty - sixth state , Michigan . March 28 , 1837 The Platte Purchase transferred some land from unorganized territory to northwest Missouri , extending its northern border west to the Missouri River . July 3 , 1838 Iowa Territory was organized from Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River . February 11 , 1839 Missouri claimed an area north of its border in Iowa Territory , initiating the long dispute known as the Honey War . May 21 , 1840 Proper surveying was conducted along the border between Arkansas and Texas , and the area claimed by Arkansas for Miller County was held not to belong to Arkansas . November 10 , 1842 The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty defined the border with the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains . One source also mentions it very slightly altering the maritime boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin Territory . The treaty resolved the disputes over the northern borders of Maine , Michigan , New Hampshire , and Wisconsin Territory . The border between New York and Vermont on the one side , and the United Kingdom on the other , was clarified by the treaty . In 1816 , construction began on an unnamed fort nicknamed `` Fort Blunder '' on a peninsula in Lake Champlain that , while south of the surveyed border , was discovered to be north of the 45th parallel north , which was the border set by the Treaty of Paris and thus in British territory . Consequently , construction on the fort was abandoned . The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty specified that section of the border was to follow the surveyed line , rather than the exact parallel , thus moving the fort 's area into the United States , and a new fort , Fort Montgomery , would be built on the spot in 1844 . As the earlier line was surveyed , even though it did not match the definition , it was deemed to be the legitimate border . Disputes : July 5 , 1843 Local settlers created a provisional government for Oregon Country . While not official , it did maintain some jurisdiction over the area . Unofficial change : Northwestern North America : March 3 , 1845 Florida Territory was admitted as the twenty - seventh state , Florida . 1845 -- 1860 ( southwest expansion ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map December 29 , 1845 The Republic of Texas was annexed and admitted as the twenty - eighth state , Texas . Texas brought with it a substantial territorial dispute with Mexico . While many sources state that Mexico recognized the independence of the eastern portion of Texas , the treaties were rejected by the Mexican government . Texas formally handed over sovereignty to the United States in a ceremony on February 19 , 1846 . The annexation led to the beginning of the Mexican -- American War a few months later . Disputes : June 15 , 1846 The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border ( so it did not include Vancouver Island ) with land held by the United Kingdom . The sharing of Oregon Country ended , and the United States portion became unorganized territory . The treaty was vague on which strait should be the border between Vancouver Island and the continent , thus causing a dispute over ownership of the San Juan Islands . It specified `` through the middle of the said channel and of Fuca Straits , to the Pacific Ocean '' . Northwestern North America : Disputes : September 22 , 1846 Following the capture on August 18 , 1846 , of Santa Fe , the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , a code of laws known as the Kearny Code was created for the area . The region overlapped with Texas ' claim , though Texas had little to no control over the area outside of its eastern quarter . Unofficial change : December 28 , 1846 The southern portion of Iowa Territory , south of parallel 43 ° 30 ′ north and east of the Big Sioux River , was admitted as the twenty - ninth state , Iowa . The remainder became unorganized territory . March 13 , 1847 The District of Columbia retroceded Alexandria County back to Virginia . Congress passed the act on July 9 , 1846 , residents of Alexandria County were proclaimed by the president to have agreed to it on September 7 , 1846 , and Virginia took possession of the land on this date . May 29 , 1848 The southern bulk of Wisconsin Territory , mainly east of the St. Croix River , was admitted as the thirtieth state , Wisconsin . The remainder became unorganized territory . However , the citizens of the remainder decided to continue on with a civil government , and even elected a delegate to the United States House of Representatives who would be seated on January 15 , 1849 , essentially making this region a de facto continuation of Wisconsin Territory . July 4 , 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican -- American War and ceded a large parcel of land from Mexico , consisting of its territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México , and its claim to Texas . Due to a disagreement over the southern border of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , a border dispute began . Disputes : August 14 , 1848 Oregon Territory was organized from the unorganized territory that was formerly part of Oregon Country . February 13 , 1849 The boundary dispute between Iowa and Missouri known as the Honey War was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States . The resulting border was the Sullivan Line that existed before the dispute , roughly splitting the two claims . March 3 , 1849 Minnesota Territory was organized from unorganized territory east of the Missouri River and the region that had been operating as de facto Wisconsin Territory . March 12 , 1849 A local government formed the State of Deseret and claimed a vast portion of the southwest , including most of the Mexican Cession . Though it petitioned to be admitted to the United States , the proposal was rejected and , in 1850 , Utah Territory was formed instead . The claimed area overlapped slightly with Texas ' claimed area , as well as part of Oregon Territory . Unofficial change : September 9 , 1850 The western portion of the Mexican Cession , west of the 120th meridian west , a diagonal line from where that intersects the 39th parallel north to where the Colorado River intersects the 35th parallel north , and the Colorado River , was admitted as the thirty - first state , California . The portion of the remainder north of the 37th parallel north and west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains was organized as Utah Territory . Part of Utah Territory overlapped with the portion of Texas that would be purchased on December 13 , 1850 , but the law authorizing the purchase was passed on this day , so the borders of Utah Territory assumed the purchase will go through . December 9 , 1850 The United Kingdom ceded less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie near Buffalo , New York for a lighthouse . It was surrounded by British waters , thus creating a form of enclave . December 13 , 1850 The federal government purchased the western claims of Texas . New Mexico Territory was organized from the part of this land east of the Rio Grande , along with the remaining unorganized territory from the Mexican Cession . New Mexico Territory included all of the area that had been governed under the Kearny Code . April 5 , 1851 The State of Deseret dissolved itself , its functions and territory largely having been superseded by Utah Territory . Unofficial change : March 2 , 1853 Washington Territory was organized from the half of Oregon Territory north of the 46th parallel north and the Columbia River . May 30 , 1854 Kansas Territory was organized from unorganized territory north of the 37th parallel north , and Nebraska Territory was organized north of 40th parallel north . Much of the remaining unorganized territory , east of the 100th meridian west , became known as Indian Territory , designated as a place to resettle Indian tribes . A small strip between the Texas Panhandle and Kansas Territory was unclaimed , due to falling south of Kansas Territory 's border but north of the 36 ° 30 ′ latitude established in the Missouri Compromise as the northern limit of slavery , and thus Texas could not have it . This became known as the Public Land Strip , or sometimes `` No Man 's Land '' . June 30 , 1854 The United States purchased a large parcel from Mexico known as the Gadsden Purchase , as it offered a much better route for a southern transcontinental railroad . This resolved the border dispute , since the disputed land was included in the purchase . The purchase was defined as : starting from where the Rio Grande crosses parallel 31 ° 47 ' north ; then west 100 miles ; then south to parallel 31 ° 20 ' north ; then west to the 111th meridian west ; then a line from there to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River ; and the Colorado River . Disputes : August 4 , 1854 The recently obtained Gadsden Purchase was assigned to New Mexico Territory . January 11 , 1855 Due to its remote location , Boston Corner was transferred from Massachusetts to New York . March 6 , 1855 The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Florida in a boundary dispute with Georgia , setting the state boundary line along McNeil 's line . no change to map October 28 , 1856 Baker Island and Jarvis Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : May 11 , 1858 The half of Minnesota Territory east of the Red River of the North , the Bois de Sioux River , and a line south from the southern tip of Big Stone Lake , was admitted as the thirty - second state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized territory . August 31 , 1858 Navassa Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : December 3 , 1858 Howland Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : February 14 , 1859 The half of Oregon Territory west of the Snake River and a line south from the mouth of the Owyhee River was admitted as the thirty - third state , Oregon . The remainder was transferred to Washington Territory . July 6 , 1859 A team of surveyors created the `` Middleton Offset , '' a small notch in the border between Kentucky and Tennessee . It is unknown exactly why this was done . September 6 , 1859 Johnston Atoll was claimed under the Guano Islands Act , though it had been claimed by Hawaii in 1858 . Pacific Ocean : November 7 , 1859 A local government was set up encompassing parts of the territories of Kansas , Nebraska , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , with the name of Jefferson Territory , bounded by the 37th and 43rd parallels north , and 102nd and 110th meridians west . While never recognized by the federal government , it generally held control over the area until Colorado Territory was established , which adopted most of its laws . Unofficial change : December 27 , 1859 Enderbury Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , and Starbuck Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : December 29 , 1859 Christmas Island and Malden Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : February 8 , 1860 Texas created Greer County , claiming part of Indian Territory based on a different understanding from the federal government of which river was the border between the two . Atafu , Birnie Island , Butaritari , Caroline Island , Fanning Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Canton Island , Kingman Reef , Manihiki , Marakei , Nukunono , Palmyra Atoll , Penrhyn , Pukapuka , Rakahanga , Swains Island , Sydney Island , Vostok Island , and Washington Island were all claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Many additional islands were listed as bonded on this date , but based on the coordinates they were either phantoms or duplicates . In addition , Sarah Ann Island was claimed , which may have existed and would be sighted as late as 1917 , but has since disappeared . Pacific Ocean : 1860 -- 1865 ( American Civil War ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map December 20 , 1860 In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln , South Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from the Congress of the United States . Disputes : January 9 , 1861 Mississippi proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 10 , 1861 Florida proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 11 , 1861 Alabama proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 19 , 1861 Georgia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 26 , 1861 Louisiana proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st and 2nd congressional districts , around New Orleans , maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : January 29 , 1861 The bulk of Kansas Territory , east of the 25th meridian west from Washington , was admitted as the thirty - fourth state , Kansas . The remainder became unorganized territory . February 8 , 1861 The Confederate States of America was formed by representatives of the seceded states of Alabama , Georgia , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina . Disputes : February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized from portions of Nebraska Territory , New Mexico Territory , and Utah Territory , along with unorganized territory . It was bounded by the 32nd and 37th parallels north , and the 25th and 32nd meridians west from Washington . March 2 , 1861 Texas proclaimed its secession from the Union and was admitted to the Confederate States , withdrawing from Congress . Dakota Territory was organized from Nebraska Territory and unorganized territory north of the Missouri , Keya Paha , and Niobrara Rivers , and 43rd parallel north . Nebraska Territory 's western border was extended to the 104th meridian west , gaining small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory . Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington . Disputes : March 28 , 1861 Representatives in the southern half of New Mexico Territory proclaimed an independent Arizona Territory south of the 34th parallel north . Disputes : April 12 , 1861 The Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina begins the American Civil War . Disputes : April 17 , 1861 Following the Battle of Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln 's call for troops to respond , Virginia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st ( along the Eastern Shore ) , 7th ( near Washington , D.C. ) , and 10th , 11th , and 12th ( in the northwest of the state ) congressional districts maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : May 6 , 1861 Arkansas proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : May 7 , 1861 Virginia was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : May 16 , 1861 Kentucky declared itself neutral in the American Civil War . no change to map May 20 , 1861 Arkansas was admitted to the Confederate States . North Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : June 6 , 1861 Robert Williamson Steele , governor of Jefferson Territory , declared the territory disbanded and handed over the government to the first governor of Colorado Territory . Unofficial change : June 8 , 1861 Tennessee proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 2nd , 3rd , and 4th congressional districts in the central part of the state maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : June 25 , 1861 The federal government recognized the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling as the legitimate government of Virginia . July 2 , 1861 Tennessee was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : July 20 , 1861 North Carolina was admitted to the Confederate States . The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect , which occurred on this date . Disputes : August 1 , 1861 Following Confederate victory in the First Battle of Mesilla , Arizona Territory was proclaimed as part of the Confederate States . Disputes : September 13 , 1861 Following the Confederate occupation of Columbus , Kentucky , on September 3 , 1861 , the state abandoned neutrality and aligned with the Union government . no change to map October 31 , 1861 A splinter government in Neosho , Missouri , declared the secession of the state from the United States . Disputes : November 20 , 1861 A convention in Russellville , Kentucky , declared the formation of a splinter government in Bowling Green and the secession of Kentucky from the United States . Disputes : November 28 , 1861 The splinter Neosho government of Missouri was admitted to the Confederate States . The Confederate States never held much power over the state , but it was given full representation in the legislature . Disputes : December 10 , 1861 The splinter Bowling Green government of Kentucky was admitted to the Confederate States . The Confederate States never held much power over the state , but it was given full representation in the legislature . Disputes : December 21 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Osage , and the Seneca and Shawnee . Disputes : December 23 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Cherokee , granting them a delegate to the Congress of the Confederate States , and with the Seminole , granting them a delegate to be shared with the Creek . Disputes : December 31 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Choctaw and Chickasaw , granting them a delegate in the Congress of the Confederate States ; with the Comanche ; with the Creek , granting them a delegate to be shared with the Seminole ; and the Quapaw . Disputes : March 1 , 1862 A decree by the Supreme Court of the United States took effect , modifying the border between Massachusetts and Rhode Island . April 15 , 1862 Palmyra Atoll was annexed by Hawaii , and the American claim falls dormant . Pacific Ocean : July 14 , 1862 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada Territory , moving their border east to the 38th meridian west from Washington . December 30 , 1862 The Swan Islands were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : February 24 , 1863 Arizona Territory was organized from the half of New Mexico Territory west of the 32nd meridian west from Washington . March 3 , 1863 Idaho Territory was organized from the portions of Dakota Territory and Nebraska Territory west of the 104th meridian west , and the portion of Washington Territory east of the Snake River and a line north from the mouth of the Clearwater River . March 4 , 1863 Due to disruption in voting and low turnout , no one was allowed to take the seats in the United States House of Representatives held by the Unionist areas of Louisiana , Tennessee , and Virginia , effectively expelling the states . June 20 , 1863 The northwestern counties of Virginia , represented by the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling , were split from the rest of Virginia and admitted to the Union as the thirty - fifth state , West Virginia . The Restored Government of Virginia was relocated to Alexandria . August 5 , 1863 Berkeley County was transferred by the federal government from Virginia to West Virginia ; November 2 , 1863 Jefferson County was transferred from Virginia to West Virginia . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was organized from the northeast third of Idaho Territory , with the border being , from the east : West along the 45th parallel north to the 34th meridian west from Washington ; south to the parallel 44 ° 30 ′ north ; west to the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; following that north to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains ; to the 39th meridian west from Washington ; and north from there . The remaining portion of Idaho Territory east of the Rocky Mountains and the 33rd meridian west from Washington was transferred to Dakota Territory . October 15 , 1864 Malden Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted as the thirty - sixth state , Nevada . May 5 , 1865 The Confederate States cabinet met in Washington , Georgia , and dissolved . Military surrenders were scattered throughout 1865 , but the most important is regarded as that of the Army of Northern Virginia following the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9 . Disputes : 1866 -- 1897 ( Reconstruction and western statehood ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map May 5 , 1866 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada , moving its border east to the 37th meridian west from Washington . July 24 , 1866 Tennessee was readmitted to Congress . December 26 , 1866 Starbuck Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : January 18 , 1867 The northwestern corner of Arizona Territory , west of the Colorado River and the 37th meridian west from Washington , was transferred to Nevada . The law transferring the land was approved May 5 , 1866 , but unlike the Utah Territory transfer of that day , this transfer was contingent on the state accepting it . March 1 , 1867 Nebraska Territory was admitted as the thirty - seventh state , Nebraska . July 1 , 1867 Canada was formed from several British colonies , including New Brunswick , thus inheriting the dispute over Machias Seal Island and North Rock . Disputes : August 28 , 1867 Midway Atoll was claimed . The largest island of Midway , Sand Island , had been claimed under the Guano Islands Act in 1858 , but nothing more is known about this . Pacific Ocean : October 18 , 1867 Alaska was purchased from the Russian Empire and designated the Department of Alaska . Due to a lack of quality surveying , the southeastern border with British holdings was unclear and disputed . Northwestern North America : June 22 , 1868 Arkansas was readmitted to Congress . June 25 , 1868 Florida was readmitted to Congress . July 4 , 1868 North Carolina was readmitted to Congress . July 9 , 1868 Louisiana and South Carolina were readmitted to Congress . Caroline Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 13 , 1868 Alabama was readmitted to Congress . July 25 , 1868 Georgia was readmitted to Congress . Wyoming Territory was organized from portions of Dakota , Idaho , and Utah Territories , bounded by 41st and 45th parallels north , and the 27th and 34th meridians west from Washington . The territory would remain under the jurisdiction of the Dakota Territory until its own government was organized on May 19 , 1869 . The act organizing Wyoming Territory became law on this date , but it is unclear if the territory could be considered `` organized '' until May 19 , 1869 , as the act specifies it was not to take effect until a government is organized ; however , all sources use this date as the creation , and most use it for the organization , of the territory . A tiny portion of the Dakota Territory was erroneously left behind on the western side of Wyoming Territory . August 12 , 1868 The list of bonded guano island claims mentions `` Islands in Caribbean Sea not named '' bonded on this date , but it is unknown what this is referring to . no change to map December 11 , 1868 Serrana Bank was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Colombia has claimed it throughout its history . Caribbean Sea : March 3 , 1869 Georgia was again expelled from Congress following failures of Reconstruction in the state . November 22 , 1869 Bajo Nuevo Bank , Pedro Cays , Quita Sueño Bank , and Roncador Bank were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Except for Pedro Cays , Colombia has claimed them throughout its history . Caribbean Sea : January 26 , 1870 Virginia was readmitted to Congress . February 23 , 1870 Mississippi was readmitted to Congress . March 30 , 1870 Texas was readmitted to Congress . July 15 , 1870 Georgia was again readmitted to Congress . The North - Western Territory was transferred by the United Kingdom to Canada , thus transferring its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute . Northwestern North America : February 9 , 1871 A small parcel was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska following a sudden change in course of the Missouri River . July 20 , 1871 British Columbia joined Canada , transferring the dispute over the San Juan Islands as well as its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute . Disputes : Northwestern North America : April 9 , 1872 Congress approved the newly surveyed Orr and Whitner Line as part of the border between Georgia and Florida . too small to map October 21 , 1872 The dispute with Canada over the San Juan Islands was resolved in the favor of the United States claim . Disputes : 1873 Vostok Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : February 17 , 1873 The small portion of Dakota Territory that was left behind when Wyoming Territory was created was transferred to Montana Territory . August 1 , 1876 Colorado Territory was admitted as the thirty - eighth state , Colorado . August 13 , 1877 The United Kingdom created the British Western Pacific Territories , including Atafu and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : March 3 , 1879 The border across the Chesapeake Bay between Maryland and Virginia was decided via arbitration . The new border cuts across Smith Island , likely meaning that the southern portion of the island was transferred to Virginia , but due to the general lack of concrete borders in the area for so long due to surveying errors , it is unknown if any land actually changed hands . too vague to map September 8 , 1879 Arenas Key , claimed by Mexico , and Serranilla Bank , claimed by Colombia , were claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act ; according to the Office of Insular Affairs , Serranilla Bank was claimed again on September 13 , 1880 . Caribbean Sea : April 7 , 1880 A very small area of Vermont near Fair Haven was transferred to New York due to a change in the course in the Poultney River . The specific area was very small and poorly documented , so it is not mapped . too small to map September 13 , 1880 Western Triangle Island , claimed by Mexico , was claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act . The list of bonded claims also mentions a `` De Anes '' island claimed on this date , with coordinates matching Isla de Aves ; however , the same list points out that the claim to `` Aves Island '' was found to be invalid . Caribbean Sea : 1881 Flint Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : May 23 , 1882 The area between the 43rd parallel north and the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska . The act was passed in Congress on March 28 and accepted by the Nebraska legislature on this date . June 1 , 1882 The Morant Cays and Pedro Cays were annexed by the United Kingdom to Jamaica ; it appears they were no longer claimed by the United States after this . Caribbean Sea : May 17 , 1884 The Department of Alaska was organized into the District of Alaska . Northwestern North America : June 21 , 1884 The Alacrans Islands , claimed by Mexico , were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : March 15 , 1888 Fanning Island was annexed by the United Kingdom ; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this . Pacific Ocean : March 17 , 1888 Christmas Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 26 , 1888 The Cook Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom , thus initiating a claim on the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : May 29 , 1889 Washington Island was annexed by the United Kingdom ; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this . Pacific Ocean : June 3 , 1889 Jarvis Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : June 26 , 1889 Sydney Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : June 29 , 1889 Phoenix Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 10 , 1889 Birnie Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : November 2 , 1889 Dakota Territory was split in half along an east - west line a few miles south of the 46th parallel north and admitted as the thirty - ninth state , North Dakota , and the fortieth state , South Dakota . November 8 , 1889 Montana Territory was admitted as the forty - first state , Montana . November 11 , 1889 Washington Territory was admitted as the forty - second state , Washington . May 2 , 1890 Oklahoma Territory was organized from the Public Land Strip and the western half of Indian Territory , except for the Cherokee Outlet , which would be added later upon cession from the Cherokee . July 3 , 1890 Idaho Territory was admitted as the forty - third state , Idaho . July 10 , 1890 Wyoming Territory was admitted as the forty - fourth state , Wyoming . March 8 , 1892 The Gilbert Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom , thus initiating a claim on Butaritari and Marakei . No record of a United States claim exists after this point , so it is assumed this is when the claim fell dormant . Pacific Ocean : May 28 , 1892 Gardner Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : September 16 , 1893 Per a treaty with the Cherokee , the federal government purchased the Cherokee Outlet in the Indian Territory and opened it to settlement , transferring it to Oklahoma Territory as provided in the Oklahoma Organic Act . November 17 , 1894 The Alacrans Islands , Arenas Key , and Western Triangle Island were stricken from the list of claimed guano islands . Caribbean Sea : January 4 , 1896 Utah Territory was admitted as the forty - fifth state , Utah . March 16 , 1896 The dispute between the federal government , on behalf of Oklahoma Territory , and Texas over Greer County was resolved in favor of the federal claim . July 24 , 1897 Due to an earlier shift in the course of the Missouri River , an island was transferred from Nebraska to South Dakota . 1898 -- 1945 ( Pacific and Caribbean expansion ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map August 12 , 1898 The Republic of Hawaii was annexed . The ceremony to transfer sovereignty occurred on this date ; the act was signed on July 7 , 1898 . Johnston Atoll was not included with Hawaii , nor was Sikaiana Atoll , which had been ceded to Hawaii in 1856 by its residents and approved by King Kamehameha IV . However , the annexation was based on the islands named in a report of the Hawaiian Commission , which omitted Sikaiana . Pacific Ocean : January 17 , 1899 Wake Island was claimed . Pacific Ocean : April 11 , 1899 Guam , Porto Rico , and , after a payment of $20 million , the Philippines were ceded by Spain following the Spanish -- American War . The Philippines were claimed by the First Philippine Republic . The ceded region for the Philippines included the island of Palmas , which was administered by the Netherlands . This overlap would not be noticed until January 21 , 1906 . While the United States occupied Cuba for a time , it was not ceded nor claimed . Pacific Ocean : Caribbean Sea : February 16 , 1900 The United States took ownership of the Samoan Islands east of the 171st meridian west , per the terms of the Tripartite Convention . Pacific Ocean : February 19 , 1900 The newly acquired Samoan islands were established as Naval Station , Tutuila . It included all of the islands granted by the Tripartite Convention , though formal cession of the islands by local authorities would take place later in 1900 and 1904 . Pacific Ocean : April 10 , 1900 The island of Tutuila was formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station , Tutuila . As the United States had already claimed the island on February 19 , 1900 , no change is mapped . The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20 , 1929 . no change to map April 12 , 1900 Porto Rico was organized into a civil territory . no change to map June 14 , 1900 The former Republic of Hawaii was organized into Hawaii Territory . Pacific Ocean : March 3 , 1901 The transfer for a thin sliver of Bristol , Tennessee , to Bristol , Virginia , was approved by Congress after having been approved by both states . The location of the border along Main Street ( now State Street ) between the two cities was either the northern sidewalk of the street , or down the middle of the street ; Tennessee 's cession of the northern half of the street laid the issue to rest . too small to map March 23 , 1901 The president of the First Philippine Republic , Emilio Aguinaldo , was captured , and the republic was dissolved . The islands of Cagayan de Sulu and Sibutu , and their associated islands , were purchased from Spain and assigned to the Philippines . The borders specified in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 had excluded these islands ; the new treaty simply ceded `` any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago '' . Pacific Ocean : February 23 , 1903 Land along southern Guantánamo Bay was leased in perpetuity from Cuba for use as a naval base . no change to map October 20 , 1903 The Alaska boundary dispute with Canada was resolved , generally in favor of the United States claim . Northwestern North America : May 4 , 1904 The United States took ownership of the Panama Canal Zone . At this stage , only the most basic borders were defined ; it was a zone surrounding the canal on each side for five miles , but excluded the cities of Colón and Panama City , which remained exclaves of Panama , as well as the water for their harbors . The Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty granting it to the United States was ratified on February 26 , 1904 . A formal border agreement , which also gave the Canal Zone some land and a lighthouse in northwest Colón , would be ratified on June 15 , 1904 . Caribbean Sea : July 16 , 1904 The Manuʻa islands were formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station , Tutuila . As the United States had already claimed the islands on February 19 , 1900 , no change is mapped . The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20 , 1929 . no change to map December 12 , 1904 The `` Taft Agreement '' was made with Panama on December 3 , with one of its sections refining the maritime boundary of the harbor of Panama City and the Panama Canal Zone . It became effective December 12 . no change to map February 10 , 1905 The border between Arkansas and Indian Territory was slightly adjusted near Fort Smith , Arkansas , transferring a small amount of land on the east side of the Poteau River to Arkansas . November 16 , 1907 Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory were combined and admitted as the forty - sixth state , Oklahoma . April 11 , 1908 A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada redefined the maritime borders between the United States and Canada . Among other changes , this `` de-enclaved '' Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie by making the water around it contiguous with the water on the American side of the border . no change to map January 1 , 1909 The new Constitution of Michigan included some area of Wisconsin within its definition of Michigan . August 20 , 1910 A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada addressed a slight uncertainty in the maritime border in Passamaquoddy Bay between Maine and Canada . The border was adjusted to run east of Pope 's Folly Island , which previously lay on the border line , and had been the subject of some debate for many years . July 17 , 1911 Naval Station , Tutuila , was renamed American Samoa ; the station continued to operate separate from territorial governance until 1951 . Pacific Ocean : January 6 , 1912 New Mexico Territory was admitted as the forty - seventh state , New Mexico . February 14 , 1912 Arizona Territory was admitted as the forty - eighth state , Arizona . August 24 , 1912 The District of Alaska was reorganized as the Alaska Territory . Northwestern North America : January 31 , 1913 New Mexico filed suit in the Supreme Court against Texas over the `` Country Club Dispute , '' questioning whether the present course or the 1850 course of the Rio Grande should be their border . August 5 , 1914 The Corn Islands were leased from Nicaragua for a period of 99 years ; however , this was not a full transfer of sovereignty , and the islands were never administered as an insular area . no change to map May 1 , 1915 The borders of the Panama Canal Zone were explicitly defined . Whereas the original definition was a simple corridor surrounding the canal , this treaty specified the actual border . Among the changes this caused were : a slice of Canal Zone was ceded to Panama so Panama City would be connected with the rest of the country ; the middle island of the Las Tres Hermanas Islands , which marked the border of Panama City 's harbor , was wholly made part of Canal Zone ; Gatun Lake and other surrounding waters were formally annexed to the territory ; and an area of northwest Colón was ceded to Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : May 27 , 1915 Under Article II of the 1903 Treaty , the United States expropriated from Panama several areas around the mouth of the Rio Chagres , annexing them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map December 8 , 1915 The United States expropriated from Panama a triangle of land , which included the historic Fort San Lorenzo , between the Rio Chagres , Caribbean Sea and the Panama Canal Zone , to which it was annexed . too small to map January 17 , 1916 Navassa Island was formally claimed for lighthouse purposes . no change to map March 31 , 1917 The Danish Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark and renamed the United States Virgin Islands . Caribbean Sea : July 12 , 1918 The United States expropriated from Panama 2.6 hectares of land at Punta Paitilla in Panama City and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . That area was enlarged to about 50 hectares within several months . too small to map August 21 , 1918 The United States expropriated from Panama land between the Rio Chagres and the Quebrada Majagual and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : September 13 , 1918 Minnesota and Wisconsin exchanged islands in the Mississippi River : Island Seventytwo was transferred from Wisconsin to the Minnesota town of Winona , and Barron 's Island was transferred from Minnesota to the Wisconsin town of La Crosse . September 18 , 1919 The island of Largo Remo was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty . Caribbean Sea : June 16 , 1920 Fifteen hectares on the island of Taboga Island were annexed to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map June 30 , 1921 The `` Wedge '' dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania was resolved in Delaware 's favor . The disputed land had generally been administered by Delaware , even electing a member of the Delaware legislature in the mid-19th century , but federal maps had included the land as part of Pennsylvania at least as late as 1900 . The states had agreed on a resolution , and it was affirmed by an act of Congress on this date . Some sources , contemporary and modern , note that , in the original process of resurveying the border in 1892 , a very thin , horn - shaped region along the arc was transferred from Delaware to Pennsylvania ; however , no federal maps found reflect this , and it is unclear if this transfer actually occurred . May 10 , 1922 Kingman Reef was formally annexed . no change to map October 8 , 1923 Michigan expanded its claim to Wisconsin territory , though Wisconsin never lost control over the area . November 15 , 1923 The Swan Islands were claimed by Honduras . Caribbean Sea : February 1 , 1924 The future area for Madden Lake was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty . Caribbean Sea : March 4 , 1925 Swains Island was added to American Samoa . Pacific Ocean : July 17 , 1925 The border with Canada was adjusted in several places . The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered ; previously , the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument , while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument . Through this , the United States netted a gain of between 30 and 35 acres of land . Due to the extremely small shift , the lack of specific documentation of where the changes occurred , and the lack of any human impact , this change is not mapped . There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods ; due to inaccurate surveying , the previous border intersected itself several times in the lake , creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water . The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods . Finally , the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted , netting Canada roughly 9 acres of water . too small to map March 1 , 1926 The Supreme Court of the United States resolved the conflict between Michigan and Wisconsin in the favor of Wisconsin . July 29 , 1926 Johnston Atoll was established as a federal bird refuge and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Agriculture . The atoll had originally been claimed by both the United States and Hawaii in 1858 , but little activity apart from guano mining had taken place , and it had been largely abandoned for decades . no change to map November 22 , 1926 The Supreme Court of the United States defined the border between Michigan and Wisconsin , transferring all islands south of the Quinnesec Falls on the Menominee River to Wisconsin , and all islands north of the falls to Michigan ; it is unknown specifically which islands were transferred in this fashion . However , an error in the border description introduced a small overlap between the two states over several islands in Lake Michigan north of the Door Peninsula . July 18 , 1927 The United States expropriated from Panama another 33 hectares of land on the islands of Taboga and Taboguilla and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map October 26 , 1927 Two bancos along the Colorado River were ceded from Mexico to Arizona . too small to map December 5 , 1927 The `` Country Club Dispute '' between New Mexico and Texas was resolved in Texas 's favor . April 4 , 1928 The Island of Palmas Case was decided in the favor of the Netherlands , ceding Palmas to the Dutch East Indies . Pacific Ocean : September 24 , 1928 The United States expropriated from Panama three hectares of land at El Cerro de Doscientos Pies ( `` 200 - Foot Hill '' ) near Las Minas Bay and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map July 22 , 1930 The United States expropriated from Panama 25 hectares on Jicarita Island and 60 hectares at Punta Morro de Puercos and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map April 15 , 1931 The United States expropriated from Panama additional areas around the soon - to - be-built Madden Dam and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : May 3 , 1932 The United States adjusted the border at Punta Paitilla in the Canal Zone , returning a small amount of land to Panama . This was the site for a planned new American embassy , which had to be built on foreign soil . too small to map May 17 , 1932 Porto Rico was renamed Puerto Rico . Caribbean Sea : December 13 , 1932 The Mangsee Islands and seven of the Turtle Islands were ceded by the United Kingdom from North Borneo to the Philippines . The islands were supposed to be included in the 1900 transfer of islands from Spain to the United States . Per the terms of the treaty , the United Kingdom continued to administer the islands until requested , and after its independence , the Philippine government made such a request and took control . Pacific Ocean : November 13 , 1933 A treaty created the Rio Grande Rectification Project , which , from 1935 to 1938 , straightened and stabilized the path of the Rio Grande through the El Paso -- Juárez Valley . By the end of the project , 174 parcels had been transferred between Mexico and Texas , each side receiving an equal area of land . too small to map December 29 , 1934 Kingman Reef was placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Navy . no change to map March 16 , 1936 The de jure overlap between Michigan and Wisconsin was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States . May 13 , 1936 Baker Island , Howland Island , and Jarvis Island were formally annexed and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior , ending the United Kingdom 's claim to Jarvis Island . Pacific Ocean : June 22 , 1936 The U.S. Virgin Islands were organized into a civil territory . no change to map August 6 , 1936 Canton Island , Enderbury Island , and McKean Island were claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : April 6 , 1939 The condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands was established with the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 27 , 1939 Panama gained a sovereign corridor that was carved out of the Panama Canal Zone connecting Colón with the rest of Panama , along with a three - dimensional `` tube '' of sovereignty for a future crossing over an American highway . A corridor consisting of the road from the Canal Zone boundary to Madden Dam was annexed to the Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : August 16 , 1939 This is the earliest date so far discovered for when the United States began claiming Fakaofo , Funafuti , Hull Island , Niulakita , Nukufetau , and Nukulaelae . Pacific Ocean : December 10 , 1941 Governor George McMillin surrendered Guam to the Japanese military . Pacific Ocean : December 23 , 1941 The garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the Japanese military . Pacific Ocean : March 26 , 1942 The government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines evacuated from the territory in the face of Japanese advance . A government - in - exile would be established in Washington , D.C. on May 17 , 1942 . The United States Army Forces in the Far East would surrender on April 9 , 1942 , following the Battle of Bataan , and the final military holdouts would surrender on May 6 , 1942 , following the Battle of Corregidor . Pacific Ocean : October 14 , 1943 The Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state of Japan . Pacific Ocean : August 10 , 1944 Guam was captured from Japan . Pacific Ocean : August 17 , 1945 The Second Philippine Republic , in exile in Tokyo since April 3 , 1945 , was dissolved . The process of re-establishing the Commonwealth government on Philippine soil had started on October 23 , 1944 . Pacific Ocean : September 4 , 1945 The Japanese garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the United States . Pacific Ocean : 1946 -- Present ( Decolonization ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map July 4 , 1946 The Commonwealth of the Philippines became independent as the Republic of the Philippines . Pacific Ocean : July 18 , 1947 The United Nations entrusted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States . Pacific Ocean : January 1 , 1949 The Tokelau Islands were incorporated into New Zealand , which inherited the claims on Atafu , Fakaofo , and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : August 1 , 1950 Guam was organized into a civil territory . no change to map August 3 , 1950 Kansas and Missouri exchanged small portions of land along the Missouri River , due to shifts in the river following a flood in 1944 . April 11 , 1955 Panama 's corridor connecting Colón with the rest of Panama was realigned within the Panama Canal Zone . Several three - dimensional `` tubes '' of sovereignty were also created , allowing Panamanian bridges to pass over rivers and a highway at several locations within the Canal Zone . too small to map August 23 , 1955 Several border locations of the Panama Canal Zone were redefined . Punta Paitilla , the land held on Taboga Island , and the remaining American holdings in Colón and Panama City were ceded to Panama . Caribbean Sea : January 3 , 1959 The Alaska Territory was admitted as the forty - ninth state , Alaska . Northwestern North America : August 21 , 1959 Most of Hawaii Territory was admitted as the fiftieth state , Hawaii . Palmyra Atoll was excluded from statehood and remained a territory . Pacific Ocean : August 25 , 1961 About 20 acres of land was transferred from Minnesota to North Dakota near Fargo , North Dakota ; since the area was very small and poorly documented , it is not mapped . too small to map January 14 , 1964 The Chamizal , a tract of land between El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , was divided between the United States and Mexico . August 4 , 1965 The Cook Islands became self - governing from New Zealand . It claimed the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : April 25 , 1971 The lease of the Corn Islands from Nicaragua was terminated . no change to map September 1 , 1972 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Honduras over the Swan Islands . Caribbean Sea : March 1 , 1977 The United States claimed maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca , within the Dixon Entrance , and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada . no change to map May 26 , 1977 Several parcels were exchanged between Texas and Mexico along the Rio Grande in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo , Texas , including the Horcón Tract , on which the town of Río Rico was located , and Beaver Island near Roma , Texas . In addition , Mexico ceded 823 acres ( 3.33 km ) to the U.S. , while the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres ( 8.81 km ) to Mexico , primarily to straighten sections of the Rio Grande for flood control . October 1 , 1978 Tuvalu became independent from the United Kingdom . It claimed the atolls of Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita . Pacific Ocean : July 12 , 1979 The Republic of Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom . It claimed Birnie Island , Canton Island , Caroline Island , Christmas Island , Enderbury Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Hull Island , Malden Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , Starbuck Island , Sydney Island , and Vostok Island . This dissolved the condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands . Pacific Ocean : October 1 , 1979 The Panama Canal Zone was ceded to Panama . The United States and Panama continued to share operational control of the canal until December 31 , 1999 , when it would be fully turned over to Panama . The United States retained control over several hundred specified areas to be turned over in piecemeal fashion over the years . Caribbean Sea : November 24 , 1980 The maritime border between the United States and Venezuela was defined . no change to map September 17 , 1981 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Colombia over Roncador Bank and Serrana Bank , and the claim on Quita Sueño Bank was abandoned by the United States , as it was no longer above the seas at high tide , and thus the government considered it unclaimable . Caribbean Sea : September 3 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of the New Zealand territory of Tokelau over Atafu , Fakaofo , and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : September 8 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of the Cook Islands over Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : September 23 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Kiribati over Birnie Island , Canton Island , Caroline Island , Christmas Island , Enderbury Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Hull Island , Malden Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , Starbuck Island , Sydney Island , and Vostok Island . The United States recognized the sovereignty of Tuvalu over Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita . Pacific Ocean : October 12 , 1984 The International Court of Justice made its judgment on where the maritime border should be in the Gulf of Maine between the United States and Canada . No land changed hands . The scope of the case did not include the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island , but the judgment enabled defining the extent of the disputed water area around that island ( an area of 210 square nautical miles ) . no change to map October 21 , 1986 The Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands became independent as the Republic of the Marshall Islands . The Marshall Islanders had claimed Wake Island as part of their territory since at least 1973 , and continued that after independence . Pacific Ocean : November 3 , 1986 Most of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was dissolved by the United Nations . The districts of Chuuk , Pohnpei , and Yap became independent as the Federated States of Micronesia . The Mariana Islands District , having already been taking moves towards integration with the United States , became a territory of the United States , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Pacific Ocean : June 1 , 1990 The maritime border between the United States and the Soviet Union was provisionally defined . The two countries agreed on this date to abide by the terms of the treaty pending its ratification and entry into force , but while it was ratified by the United States Senate on September 16 , 1991 , it is unknown if either the Soviet Union or its successor state , Russia , ratified it . no change to map October 1 , 1994 The remaining district of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , the Palau District , became independent as the Republic of Palau , dissolving the TTPI . Pacific Ocean : June 1 , 1995 The maritime border between the United States and territories of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea was defined . no change to map January 16 , 1997 Navassa Island was transferred to the United States Department of the Interior . no change to map November 13 , 1997 The maritime border between the United States and Mexico was defined . no change to map December 31 , 1999 All former Panama Canal Zone parcels not turned over since 1979 , as well as all joint canal operations areas , were transferred to Panama . too small to map January 17 , 2001 The maritime border between the United States and Mexico on the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles was defined . no change to map November 24 , 2009 Six islands along the Rio Grande were ceded from Texas to Mexico , and three islands and two bancos were ceded from Mexico to Texas . The transfer , which had been pending for 20 years , was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty . too small to map September 23 , 2014 The maritime border between the United States and Niue was defined . The treaty was signed on May 13 , 1997 , but it was not ratified by the United States until at least 2002 , and the United Nations shows it as entering into force on this date . no change to map January 1 , 2017 The border between North Carolina and South Carolina was clarified following years of surveys and negotiation , moving 19 homes across state lines . too small to map Bancos along the Rio Grande ( edit ) Main articles : United States territorial acquisitions § Mexican boundary , and Banco Convention of 1905 The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed , in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande ( as by flooding ) , for the border to be altered to follow the new course . The sudden changes often created bancos , land left behind when curves in the river are cut off by rapid erosion of the channel or are intentionally cut to re-align it . When these bancos are created , the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border . In all cases of these adjustments under the 1905 convention , which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976 , the transferred land was minuscule ( ranging in size from 1 acre to 646 acres ) and uninhabited . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to snapshots of the country at any given moment . 51st state Geography of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of U.S. states by date of statehood Manifest destiny National Atlas of the United States Territorial evolution of U.S. states : Territorial evolution of Arizona Territorial evolution of California Territorial evolution of Colorado Territorial evolution of Idaho Territorial evolution of Montana Territorial evolution of Nevada Territorial evolution of New Mexico Territorial evolution of North Dakota Territorial evolution of Oregon Territorial evolution of South Dakota Territorial evolution of Utah Territorial evolution of Washington Territorial evolution of Wyoming Territories of the United States on stamps United States territorial acquisitions References ( edit ) ^ Van Zandt , pp. 26 -- 27 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Moore , John Bassett ( 1906 ) . `` A Digest of International Law as Embodied in Diplomatic Discussions , Treaties and Other International Agreements , International Awards , the Decisions of Municipal Courts , and the Writings of Jurists and Especially in Documents , Published and Unpublished , Issued by Presidents and Secretaries of State of the United States , the Opinions of the Attorneys - General , and the Decisions of Courts , Federal and State '' . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 566 -- 580 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . ^ Exec . Order No. 11021 ( July 1 , 1962 ; in English ) President of the United States . Retrieved on April 10 , 2015 . ^ `` Declaration of Independence : A Transcription '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ `` Delaware Government Facts & Symbols '' . Government of Delaware . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Hampshire , New ( 1824 ) . The Laws of the State of New Hampshire . pp. 239 -- 240 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ `` Rhode Island declares independence '' . History Channel . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ `` Nine Capitals of the United States '' . U.S. Senate . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . ^ `` 8 Forgotten Capitals of the United States '' . History . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ `` The North Carolina -- South Carolina Border Surveys -- 1730 to 1815 '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ Kelly , Stephen R. ( August 23 , 2014 ) . `` How the Carolinas Fixed Their Blurred Lines '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of Delaware '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 1776 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . ^ `` Constitution of Pennsylvania '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 1776 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Court , New Hampshire ( Colony ) Probate ( 1877 ) . Provincial and State Papers relating to New Hampshire . pp. 242 -- 246 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Vermont 2006 J.R.H. 3 , Joint Resolution Designating January as Vermont History and Independence Month Archived 2006 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 64 -- 65 ^ Van Zandt , p. 83 ^ Crumrine , Boyd ( 1902 ) . `` Boundary Controversy between Pennsylvania and Virginia ; 1748 -- 1785 '' . Annals of Carnegie Museum . 1 : 505 -- 568 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ `` Virginia - Tennessee Border '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Vermont State Papers , pp. 136 -- 137 : `` Agreeably to the recommendation of the committees , the Legislature of Vermont was adjourned to the first Wednesday of April ( 1781 ) ; at which time , it met at Windsor , and the union of the grants , east and west of Connecticut river , was consummated '' ^ `` The Historical Geography of Vermont '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ `` East Union '' . The Vermont Encyclopedia . University Press of New England . 2003 . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 086 - 7 . 1584650869 . ^ Vermont State Papers , pp. 138 -- 141 ^ `` West Union '' . The Vermont Encyclopedia . University Press of New England . 2003 . p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 086 - 7 . 1584650869 . ^ Vermont v. New Hampshire , 289 U.S. 593 ( 1933 ) ^ `` Virginia 's Cession of the Northwest Territory '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Spencer , Jesse Ames ( 1912 ) . The United States : its beginnings , progress and modern development , Volume 3 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 74 -- 79 ^ Gnichtel , Frederick W. ( 1921 ) . `` The `` Pennamite Wars '' and the Trenton Decree of 1782 `` . Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society . 6 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Worthing C. Ford ; et al. ( eds . ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . pp. Vol. 26 , pp. 112 -- 121 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 92 -- 95 ^ Treaty of Paris , 1783 Archived 2007 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. ; International Treaties and Related Records , 1778 -- 1974 ; General Records of the United States Government , Record Group 11 ; National Archives . ^ McGee , Gentry Richard ( 1911 ) . A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1914 : For Use in Schools . pp. 95 -- 99 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Williams , Samuel C. ( 1933 ) . History of the Lost State of Franklin . p. 30 . ^ Schlueter , Roger ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` The state that almost was an original colony '' . Belleville News - Democrat . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 65 -- 71 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 72 -- 74 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 47 -- 49 ^ Northwest Ordinance Archived March 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , July 13 , 1787 ; ( National Archives Microfilm Publication M332 , roll 9 ) ; Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 ; Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention , 1774 -- 1789 , Record Group 360 ; National Archives . ^ Worthington C. Ford ; et al. ( eds . ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . 33 . pp. 466 -- 477 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Delaware ; December 7 , 1787 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Pennsylvania ; December 12 , 1787 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New Jersey ; December 18 , 1787 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia ; January 2 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Connecticut ; January 8 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Massachusetts ; February 6 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Maryland ; April 28 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of South Carolina ; May 23 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New Hampshire ; June 21 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Virginia ; June 26 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New York ; July 26 , 1788 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Williams , Samuel C. ( 1933 ) . History of the Lost State of Franklin . p. 230 . ^ 1 Stat. 50 ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of North Carolina ; November 21 , 1789 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ 1 Stat. 106 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 109 -- 111 ^ 1 Stat. 123 ^ `` Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Rhode Island ; May 29 , 1790 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ 1 Stat. 130 ^ 1 Stat. 191 ^ 1 Stat. 130 , 1 Stat. 214 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 88 -- 92 ^ Tindall , William ( February 25 , 1919 ) . `` Naming the Seat of Government of the United States : A Legislative Paradox '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. 23 : 10 -- 25 . JSTOR 40067136 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 80 -- 84 ^ Virginia Compacts , § 1 - 307 . Compact and boundary with Kentucky Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ 1 Stat. 189 ^ Van Zandt , p. 111 ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1906 ) . The Federal and State Constitutions , Colonial Charters , and Other Organic Laws of the States , Territories , and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America . Government Printing Office . p. 568 . ISBN 0 - 89941 - 792 - 2 . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . ^ `` Jay 's Treaty '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Friendship , Limits , and Navigation Between Spain and The United States ; October 27 , 1795 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Van Zandt , p. 22 ^ 1 Stat. 491 ^ 1 Stat. 549 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 105 -- 106 ^ 2 Stat. 56 ^ `` Proclamation of President Adams Accepting the Political Rights over Western Reserve '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ 2 Stat. 58 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 114 -- 115 ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 -- 1818 '' , Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 ^ `` The Acts of Union , 1800 '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ 2 Stat. 103 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 100 -- 104 ^ 2 Stat. 173 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 111 -- 114 ^ Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) ^ Van Zandt , pp. 23 -- 26 ^ 2 Stat. 303 ^ 2 Stat. 283 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 106 -- 108 ^ 2 Stat. 309 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 127 -- 128 ^ 2 Stat. 331 ^ 2 Stat. 514 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 116 -- 117 ^ Higgs , Robert . `` '' Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful `` : The U.S. Takeover of West Florida '' . Independent Institute . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ `` Proclamation -- Occupation of West Florida ( October 27 , 1810 ) '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ Cox , Isaac Joslin ( 1918 ) . The West Florida Controversy , 1798 -- 1813 -- a Study in American Diplomacy . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins Press . ^ 2 Stat. 701 ^ 2 Stat. 734 ^ 2 Stat. 743 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 117 -- 118 ^ 2 Stat. 708 ^ Louisiana ; Lislet , Louis Moreau ( 1828 ) . A General Digest of the Acts of the Legislature of Louisiana : Passed from the Year 1804 , to 1827 , Inclusive . p. 9 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ `` Detroit surrenders without a fight '' . The History Channel . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Farmer , Silas ( 1884 ) , The History of Detroit and Michigan : Or , the Metropolis Illustrated , Detroit : S. Farmer , p. 224 , OCLC 359750 ^ `` Town History '' . Town of Brookville , Maryland . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ 3 Stat. 289 , 3 Stat. 399 ^ 3 Stat. 371 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 108 -- 109 ^ 3 Stat. 348 , 3 Stat. 472 ^ Alabama Terr . Acts 1818 , 1st session , pp. 17 -- 18 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Burrage , Henry Sweetser ( 1919 ) . Maine in the Northeastern Boundary Controversy . p. 78 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ 3 Stat. 428 , 3 Stat. 536 ^ 8 Stat. 248 ^ `` Treaties in Force '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . ^ 3 Stat. 493 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 118 -- 120 ^ 3 Stat. 489 , 3 Stat. 608 ^ 3 Stat. 544 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 55 -- 60 ^ 3 Stat. 565 ^ Van Zandt , p. 165 ^ Rowland , Dunbar ( 1917 ) . The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi , Volume 4 . pp. 57 -- 58 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Alabama Acts 1820 , 2nd session , p. 92 ^ `` The United States Formally Takes Control of Florida ( July 17 , 1821 ) '' . State Library and Archives of Florida . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . ^ 3 Stat. 545 ^ 3 Stat. 654 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 104 -- 105 ^ 4 Stat. 40 ^ `` Convention Between the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias , Relative to Navigating , Fishing , Etc. , in the Pacific Ocean '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ 7 Stat. 311 ^ Keedy , Edwin R. ( January 1953 ) . `` The Constitutions of the State of Franklin , the Indian Stream Republic and the State of Deseret '' . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . 101 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 525 . JSTOR 3309935 . ^ 4 Stat. 701 ^ British and Foreign State Papers. 1852 . p. 444 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ 5 Stat. 50 ^ 5 Stat. 10 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 128 -- 131 ^ `` The Frostbitten Convention ; or , How Michigan Ended the Toledo War and Became a State '' . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ 5 Stat. 144 ^ 5 Stat. 34 , 5 Stat. 802 ^ 5 Stat. 235 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 131 -- 133 ^ PA50 # v = onepage&q&f = false An ACT defining the northern boundary line of this State Archived May 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 12 , 2015 ^ 5 Stat. 674 ^ `` Text of `` The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 17 -- 18 ^ `` Evolution of Michigan 's Boundaries : The Minnesota Sliver '' . Michigan State University . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Text from Webster -- Ashburton Treaty : `` till the line thus run intersects the old line of boundary surveyed and marked by Valentine and Collins previously to the year 1774 , as the 45th degree of north latitude , and which has been known and understood to be the line of actual division between the States of New York and Vermont on one side , and the British Province of Canada on the other '' ^ `` Provisional and Territorial Records Guide -- 1843 Map '' . Oregon State Archives . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . ^ 5 Stat. 742 ^ 9 Stat. 108 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 120 -- 127 ^ `` A Guide to the United States ' History of Recognition , Diplomatic , and Consular Relations , by Country , since 1776 : Texas '' . United States State Department . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ `` Text of `` Treaty with Great Britain , in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Van Zandt , p. 18 ^ Lavash , Donald ( 2006 ) . A Journey Through New Mexico History . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86534 - 541 - 6 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ `` New Mexico -- Laws for the Government of the Territory of New Mexico ; September 22 , 1846 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ `` ( James S. Calhoun 's Annotated Copy ) Map of the Territory of New Mexico Made by Order of Brig. Gen. S.W. Kearny under Instructions from Lieut . W.H. Emory , U.S.T.E. by Lieut 's J.W. Abert and W.G. Peck , U.S.T.E. , 1846 -- 7 '' . 1850 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ 9 Stat. 117 ^ 9 Stat. 35 ^ 9 Stat. 1000 ^ An ACT to extend the jurisdiction of the commonwealth of Virginia over the county of Alexandria Archived May 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ 9 Stat. 233 ^ Williams , J. Fletcher . Henry Hastings Sibley : A Memoir . Minnesota Historical Society . pp. 277 -- 281 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ 9 Stat. 922 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 28 -- 29 ^ 9 Stat. 323 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 153 -- 155 ^ Missouri v. Iowa , 48 U.S. 660 ( 1849 ) ^ 9 Stat. 403 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 133 -- 134 ^ Danver , Steven L ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Young , Brigham '' . Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West . p. 675 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 7606 - 9 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ 9 Stat. 452 ^ 9 Stat. 453 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 159 -- 160 ^ Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom Concerning the Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean , signed April 11 , 1908 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ 9 Stat. 446 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 160 -- 165 ^ Deseret ( 1919 ) . Laws and ordinances of the state of Deseret ( Utah ) . p . Prefatory . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ 10 Stat. 172 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 155 -- 156 ^ 10 Stat. 277 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 138 -- 139 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 136 -- 138 ^ Kenneth R. Turner , `` No Man 's Land , '' Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , www.okhistory.org ( accessed June 04 , 2015 ) . ^ `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30 , 1853 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ 10 Stat. 575 ^ 10 Stat. 602 ^ Van Zandt , p. 70 ^ Report of the Regents of the University on the Boundaries of the State of New York , Volume II . 1884 . pp. 219 -- 223 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Florida v. Georgia , 58 U.S. 478 , 480 ( US 1854 ) . ^ 11 Stat. 285 ^ 11 Stat. 383 ^ Kleber , John E. `` Middleton Offset '' . The Kentucky Encyclopedia . p. 635 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2883 - 8 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ `` Tennessee - Kentucky border did n't turn out as straight as it was supposed to be '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ `` Departmental Manual '' . U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ JSTOR 1832884 ^ 162 U.S. 1 ( 1896 ) ^ `` Vanishing of Sarah Ann , Tiny Pacific Island , Causes Scientists Much Worry '' . Washington : Lundington Daily News . October 16 , 1932 . p. 1 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . ^ `` Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States '' . University of Houston . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ 12 Stat. 126 ^ Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America Archived August 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 8 , 2015 ^ 12 Stat. 172 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 141 -- 144 ^ An Act to admit Texas as a member of the Confederate States of America Archived August 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 8 , 2015 ^ 12 Stat. 239 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 134 -- 136 ^ 12 Stat. 209 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 158 -- 159 ^ `` Arizona Territory '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ An Act to admit the Commonwealth of Virginia as a member of the Confederate States of America Archived August 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 8 , 2015 ^ An Act to admit the State of Arkansas into the Confederacy Archived August 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 8 , 2015 ^ `` VIRGINIA. ; The Restored Government of Virginia -- History of the New State of Things '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1864 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . ^ Navy Dept , United States ; Rush , Richard ( 1922 ) . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion . p. 103 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ An Act to admit the State of North Carolina into the Confederacy , on a certain condition Archived August 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed June 29 , 2016 ^ Confederate Congress 1861 , 1 : 272 . ( View the page cited ) ^ Colton , Ray Charles ( 1985 ) . The Civil War in the Western Territories . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 122 -- 123 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1902 - 0 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . ^ KY Acts 1861 p. 110 Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Confederate Public Law Session V , Chapter I ; accessed May 22 , 2015 ^ Confederate Public Law Session V , Chapter V Archived April 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed May 22 , 2015 ^ `` As long as grass shall grow and water run : The treaties formed by the Confederate States of America and the tribes in Indian Territory , 1861 '' . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ `` Maps and History of Oklahoma County 1830 -- 1900 '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ 11 Stat. 382 ^ `` Palmyra Atoll '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ 12 Stat. 575 ^ 12 Stat. 664 ^ 12 Stat. 808 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 156 -- 158 ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress : 1789 - 1989 , 1989 ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 p. 116 . ^ 13 Stat. 731 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 95 -- 96 ^ W.Va . Acts 1863 , 1st sess. , ch. 35 , sec. 1 / pp. 33 -- 35 Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ W.Va . Acts 1863 , 1st sess. , ch. 90 , sec. 1 / pp. 103 -- 105 Archived May 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 145 -- 151 ^ 13 Stat. 85 ^ `` Chronology '' . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . London : Rowman & Littlefield. 2015 . pp. xix -- xxxviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7524 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ 13 Stat. 749 ^ `` Remaining Confederate Cabinet Dissolves '' . Kansas City Public Library . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ 14 Stat. 43 ^ 14 Stat. 364 ^ Society , Nevada State Historical ( 1909 ) . First Biennial Report of the Nevada Historical Society . p. 133 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ 14 Stat. 820 ^ `` Acquisition Process of Insular Areas '' . United States Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Austin , Erik W. ; Clubb , Jerome M. ( 1986 ) . Political Facts of the United States Since 1789 . Columbia University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 06094 - 3 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias to the United States of America '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Van Zandt , p. 32 ^ 15 Stat. 72 ^ Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment : 15 Stat. 73 . Florida ratified the amendment before that law was passed , so Florida was readmitted upon passage of the law . ^ Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment : 15 Stat. 73 . Proclamation of North Carolina 's ratification : 15 Stat. 703 . ^ Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment : 15 Stat. 73 . Proclamations of Louisiana 's and South Carolina 's ratification : 15 Stat. 704 . ^ Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment : 15 Stat. 73 . Proclamation of Alabama 's ratification : 15 Stat. 704 . ^ Meyers , Christopher C. ( 2008 ) . The Empire State of the South . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88146 - 111 - 4 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ 15 Stat. 178 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 144 -- 145 ^ `` Wyoming History '' . State of Wyoming . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 136 , 149 -- 150 ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1910 ) . `` Georgia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 757 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ 16 Stat. 62 ^ 16 Stat. 67 ^ 16 Stat. 80 ^ 16 Stat. 363 ^ `` Northwest Territories '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ 16 Stat. 93 ^ `` British Columbia '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ 17 Stat. 52 ^ `` Vostok Island '' . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . London : Rowman & Littlefield. 2015 . pp. 561 -- 562 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7524 - 1 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ 17 Stat. 464 ^ 18 Stat. 474 ^ `` Union Islands '' . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . London : Rowman & Littlefield. 2015 . pp. 540 -- 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7524 - 1 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 85 -- 88 ^ 21 Stat. 72 ^ `` Flint Island '' . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . London : Rowman & Littlefield. 2015 . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7524 - 1 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ 22 Stat. 35 ^ Watkins , Albert ( 1913 ) . `` Nebraska Territorial Acquisition '' . Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society . Nebraska State Historical Society . XVII : 53 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . ^ Letters Patent ... for the Annexation of Morant and Pedro Cays to the Island of Jamaica Archived April 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ 23 Stat. 24 ^ `` Unknown title '' . United Empire . Royal Colonial Institute . 4 : 266 . 1914 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ 25 Stat. 676 ^ 26 Stat. 81 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 139 -- 140 ^ 26 Stat. 215 ^ 26 Stat. 222 ^ 27 Stat. 640 ^ 28 Stat. 107 ^ 30 Stat. 214 ^ `` Hawaii '' . Office of the Historian , Bureau of Public Affairs , United States Department of State . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ 30 Stat. 750 ^ `` U.S. Insular Areas : Application of the U.S. Constitution '' Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . ( pdf ) . Report to the Chairman , Committee on Resources , House of Representatives . United States General Accounting Office . November 1997 . Page 39 , footnote 2 . ^ Report of the Hawaiian Commission , S. Doc . No. 16 , 55th Cong. , at 4 ( 3d Sess. 1898 ) ^ `` Wake Island Occupation '' . The New York Times . March 21 , 1899 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Island of Palmas Case ( Netherlands , USA ) Archived October 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , April 4 , 1928 ; accessed June 2 , 2015 ^ `` Treaties , Cessions , and Federal Laws '' . American Samoa Bar Association . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ 31 Stat. 77 ^ 31 Stat. 141 ^ 31 Stat. 1465 ^ Va . Code Ann . § 1 - 306 , Virginia Compacts -- Boundary with Tennessee Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Map of the borders of the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) ^ 31 Stat. 1942 ^ `` Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations ; February 23 , 1903 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ DuVal , Miles P. ( 1947 ) . And the Mountains Will Move : The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1151 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ 33 Stat. 2234 ^ Canal Zone Boundaries Archived April 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. ; signed June 15 , 1904 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 58 -- 60 ^ Committee On Appropriations , United States . Congress . House ; Tawney , James A ( 1908 ) . Hearings concerning estimates for construction of the Isthmian Canal for the fiscal year 1909 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ H.R. Doc . No. 458 part 10 , 58th Cong. , 2nd Sess. ( 1904 ) , pp. 936 -- 941 ( Specifically for this citation , sec. 5 on page 938 ) ^ 33 Stat. 714 ^ Myers , Arther J. ; Vosburg , David L. ( November 1964 ) . `` Distances Within the State of Oklahoma '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Geology Notes . University of Oklahoma . 24 ( 11 ) : 256 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ 35 Stat. 2160 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 18 -- 20 ^ International Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes , Sheet No. 12 -- Niagara River ( Map ) . Buffalo , New York : International Waterways Commission . August 15 , 1913 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Wisconsin v. Michigan , 270 U.S. 295 ( 1926 ) ^ 36 Stat. 2477 ^ Van Zandt , p. 20 ^ `` Who Owns Pope 's Folly Island ? '' . The New York Times . June 20 , 1893 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Link to a download for the United States Geological Survey map of the Eastport Quadrangle from 1907 : ( 1 ) ^ `` Manu'a celebrates 105 years under the U.S. Flag '' . Samoa News . July 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ 37 Stat. 39 ^ 37 Stat. 1728 ^ 37 Stat. 512 ^ Bowden , J.J. ( October 1959 ) . `` The Texas - New Mexico Boundary Dispute Along the Rio Grande '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . Texas State Historical Association . 63 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 237 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ `` Formerly Disputed Islands '' . U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ 38 Stat. 1893 ^ Canal Zone Boundaries Archived May 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed September 2 , 1914 ; U.S. Treaty Series 610 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ `` Boundary Convention '' . The Canal Record . Balboa Heights , Panama . June 9 , 1915 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ McCain , William D. ( 1965 ) . The United States and the Republic of Panama ( 2nd printing ) . New York : Russell & Russell . pp. 144 -- 159 . ^ 39 Stat. 1763 ^ 39 Stat. 1706 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 39 -- 40 ^ `` Letter , Chester Harding ( Governor of the Panama Canal Zone ) to Luis Urriola ( President of the Republic of Panama ) , July 12 , 1918 '' . Memoria que presenta el Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores a la Honorable Asamblea Nacional en sus Sesiones Ordinarias de 1918 . Panama : Republic of Panama : 303 -- 305 . 1919 . ^ `` The Panama Canal Record '' . XIII ( 39 ) . Balboa Heights , Canal Zone : The Panama Canal . May 12 , 1920 . pp. 584 -- 585 ... it was not until the year 1918 , when the Governor of the Canal Zone addressed a communication to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Panama stating that the United States Government would require 50.6 hectares , that the exact area expropriated was definitely known . ^ Canal Zone . Office of the Governor . ( 1919 ) . Annual Report of the Governor of the Panama Canal for the Fiscal Year ended June 30 , 1919 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 94 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . A survey was made and a map drawn up showing the boundary lines of the Punta Paitilla military reservation . Various areas were determined with reference to high and low water and the old and new city boundary lines . Permanent monuments were set and a description written up by metes and bounds . A tracing was made of the map of the military reservation known as area ' A ' . ^ Panama Canal Zone and Vicinity Showing Judicial Districts ( Map ) . National Archives , College Park , Maryland : United States Army . 1927 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . ( with hand - drawn features dated 1932 ) ^ 40 Stat. 959 ^ U.S. For . Rel. , 1920 , III , 314 -- 322 ; Specifically , page 315 , D - No. 60 ^ U.S. For . Rel. , 1920 , III , 314 -- 322 ; Specifically , page 322 , S.P. - No. 1362 ^ Ecenbarger , Bill ( August 30 , 2001 ) . Walkin ' the Line : A Journey from Past to Present Along the Mason - Dixon . M. Evans and Company , Inc . pp. 89 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4617 - 1076 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Link to a download for the United States Geological Survey map of the Elkton Quadrangle from August 1900 : ( 2 ) . Note that later reprints of the same map , as early as 1906 , changed ownership of the Wedge to Delaware : ( 3 ) ^ `` Pub. Res. 7 '' . 1921 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . ^ Hayes , J. Carroll ( July 1923 ) . `` The Delaware Curve : The Story of the Pennsylvania - Delaware Circular Boundary '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . 47 ( 3 ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ `` Refuse to be Expatriated : Citizens of Delaware Decline to Become Pennsylvanians '' . The New York Times . December 19 , 1892 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ `` Kingman Reef '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Reply of the United States to the Honduran Claim of Sovereignty over the Swan Islands Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 8 , 2015 ^ Annual Report of the Governor of the Panama Canal for the Fiscal Year ended June 30 , 1924 . Washington , DC : ( U.S. ) Government Printing Office . 1924 . p. 13 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Exec . Order No. 4019 ( June 5 , 1924 ; in English ) President of the United States . Retrieved on June 30 , 2015 . ^ `` Pub. Res. 75 '' ( PDF ) . 1925 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 30 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty Between Canada and the United States of America to define more accurately and to complete the International Boundary between the two Countries '' ( PDF ) . February 24 , 1925 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Van Zandt , pp. 21 -- 22 ^ Exec . Order No. 4467 ( July 26 , 1926 ; in English ) President of the United States ^ Wisconsin v. Michigan , 272 U.S. 398 ( 1926 ) ^ `` Minute 99 : Re accretions lands on Colorado River -- also Farmers and Fain Bancos. Decision reached '' ( PDF ) . International Boundary and Water Commission . October 26 , 1927 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ `` Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ New Mexico v. Texas , 275 U.S. 279 ( 1927 ) ^ 47 Stat. 145 ^ 48 U.S.C. § 731a : Change of name ; Puerto Rico ^ 47 Stat. 2198 ^ American Water Resources Administration . p. 1027 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ The details of the project are contained in IBWC minutes 145 through 167 . `` Minutes 1 through 179 '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Wisconsin v. Michigan , 297 U.S. 547 ( 1936 ) ^ Exec . Order No. 7368 ( May 13 , 1936 ; in English ) President of the United States ^ 49 Stat. 1807 ^ Bevans , Charles Irving ( 1976 ) . Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States , Volume 12 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers , General , the British Commonwealth and Europe ( 1939 ) . U.S. Department of State . 1939 . pp. 317 -- 319 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . ^ `` Japanese Occupation of Guam '' . Guampedia . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ `` Surrender of Wake Atoll , 4 September 1945 '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ `` 71st Anniversary of the Second Philippine Republic '' . Republic of the Philippines Presidential Museum and Library . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ `` United Nations Treaty Series Volume 7 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . ^ Tokelau Act 1948 Archived August 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , NZ Pub Act 1948 No. 24 ; accessed July 2 , 2015 ^ `` Organic Act of Guam '' . Guampedia . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ 64 Stat. 384 ^ 64 Stat. 397 ^ Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Panama regarding the Colon Corridor and certain other corridors through the Canal Zone Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 24 , 1950 ; UNTS 3430 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Vinokurov , Evgeny ( 2007 ) . Theory of Enclaves . Lexington Books , Lanham , MD . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 2403 - 1 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ Treaty of mutual understanding and co-operation between the United States of America and the Republic of Panama Archived August 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed January 25 , 1955 ; UNTS 3454 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 165 -- 166 ^ Van Zandt , p. 166 ^ 75 Stat. 399 ^ `` Boundary : Solution of the Problem of the Chamizal '' ( PDF ) . International Boundary and Water Commission . August 29 , 1963 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of the Cook Islands '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty on the Swan Islands '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Gray , David H. ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Canada 's Unresolved Maritime Boundaries '' ( PDF ) . IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin . pp. 61 -- 67 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . ^ `` Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Approvals : United States -- May 26 , 1977 ( ; ) Mexico -- May 26 , 1977 ^ Rohter , Larry ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` South of Border Was Once North '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ `` Completion of the Relocations of the Rio Grande Stipulated in Article I of the Treaty of November 23 , 1970 ( Minute No. 257 ) '' ( PDF ) . International Boundary and Water Commission . May 18 , 1977 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of Tuvalu '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of Kiribati '' . Government of Kiribati. 1979 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ `` The Panama Canal and the Torrijos - Carter Treaties '' . U.S. Department of State . October 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Maritime Boundary Treaty Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed March 28 , 1978 ; UNTS 20984 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ `` Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Colombia Concerning the Status of Quita Sueño , Roncador , and Serrana '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty between the United States of America and New Zealand on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Tokelau and the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . pp. 251 -- 267 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty between the United States of America and the Cook Islands '' ( PDF ) . June 11 , 1980 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Friendship between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati '' ( PDF ) . pp. 239 -- 250 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Friendship between the United States of America and Tuvalu '' ( PDF ) . pp. 79 -- 84 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada v. United States ) Archived August 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Ronald Reagan ( November 3 , 1986 ) . `` Proclamation 5564 : Placing Into Full Force and Effect the Covenant With the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and the Compacts of Free Association With the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands '' ( PDF ) . Government Publishing Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Anderson , Jon ( February 8 , 1973 ) . `` Wake Island Claimed By Marshall Islanders '' . The Cameron Herald . Cameron , Texas . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to abide by the terms of the Maritime Boundary Agreement of 1 June 1990 , pending entry into force Archived 21 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , signed June 1 , 1990 ; UNTS 40300 ; accessed July 1 , 2015 ^ Treaty 101 - 22 ^ `` Palau Gains Independence on Saturday '' . Salt Lake City , Utah , USA : The Deseret News , via Google News . Associated Press . 30 September 1994 . ^ Treaty on the delimitation in the Caribbean of a maritime boundary relating to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Anguilla Archived March 31 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 11 , 1993 ; UNTS 32636 ; accessed July 1 , 2015 ^ Treaty on the delimitation in the Caribbean of a maritime boundary relating to Puerto Rico / U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands Archived March 31 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 11 , 1993 ; UNTS 32637 ; accessed July 1 , 2015 ^ `` Navassa Island '' . U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Secretary 's Orders 3205 : Administration of Navassa Island , United States Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt , signed January 16 , 1997 , accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United Mexican States and the United States of America Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 4 , 1978 ; UNTS 37399 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Treaty between the Government of the United Mexican States and the Government of the United States of America on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed June 9 , 2000 ; UNTS 37400 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ `` Minute 315 : Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande '' ( PDF ) . International Boundary and Water Commission . November 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Treaty 105 - 53 ^ `` Treaty between the Government of Niue and the Government of the United States of America on the delimitation of a maritime boundary '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ `` Border of North Carolina and South Carolina Realigned on January 1st '' . WABC . January 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ `` How the Carolinas Fixed Their Blurred Lines '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ `` Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12 , 1884 '' ( PDF ) . June 5 , 1907 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Metz , Leon C. ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Bancos of the Rio Grande '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ `` IBWC Minutes '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ `` USA - Mexico Bancos Map '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Van Zandt , Franklin K. ( 1976 ) . Boundaries of the United States and the Several States : With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas , Altitudes , and Geographic Centers . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 69426475 . Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : Smithsonian Books / Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143138 - 8 . OCLC 137324984 . Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Category Geography portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis Joe Mayer William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Jedediah Smith Jack Swilling Trinidad Swilling Ora Rush Weed Henry Wickenburg Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Cochise County Cowboys Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C.S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Doc Holliday Seth Kinman Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Thomas William Sweeny Jack Swilling Native Americans Apache Arapaho Arikara Assiniboine ( Nakota ) Blackfoot Cahuilla Cayuse Cheyenne Chinook Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Caddo Cocopah Comanche Crow Dakota Five Civilized Tribes Hidatsa Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Ktunaxa Kumeyaay Lakota Mandan Maricopa Modoc Mohave Navajo Nez Perce Nootka ( Nuu - chah - nulth ) Paiute Pawnee Pend d'Oreilles Pima Pueblo Shoshone Sioux Tohono O'odham Tonkawa Umpqua Ute Washoe Yaqui Yavapai Yuma ( Quechan ) Frontier culture American bison Barbed wire Boot Hill Cattle drive Cowboy poetry Cattle rustling Cow town Fast draw Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One - room schoolhouse Rodeo Stagecoach Train robbery Vigilante justice Western saloon Tack piano Westward expansion Wild West shows Transport and trails Barlow Road Bozeman Trail Butterfield Trail California Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Lolo Pass Meek Cutoff Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Santa Fe Trail Southern Emigrant Trail Tanner Trail First Transcontinental Railroad Folklore Dead man 's hand Dime novel John Henry Johnny Kaw Lone Ranger Long Tom 's treasure Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Montezuma 's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Seven Cities of Gold Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Klondike Gold Rush Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Gunfights Battle of Coffeyville Battle of Lincoln Frisco shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Western genre Western lifestyle Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States&oldid=817678532 '' Categories : Territorial evolution of the United States Border - related lists Borders of the United States Borders of U.S. states Former regions and territories of the United States History of United States expansionism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Commons category without a link on Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français Italiano 日本語 Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us acquire the last of the territory that would make up the 48 contiguous states	[ "Regarding internal borders, while territories could shift wildly in size, once established a state has commonly remained within its borders, barring small changes due to river shifts. Only four states – Maine, Kentucky, Vermont, and West Virginia – have been created from land claimed by another state; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions. The last state of the contiguous United States, commonly called the \"lower 48,\" was admitted in 1912; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959." ]	[ "1912" ]
6520832703832607329	Granada Hills, Los Angeles	Granada Hills , Los Angeles - wikipedia Granada Hills , Los Angeles Jump to : navigation , search Granada Hills Neighborhood of Los Angeles A welcome sign at Chatsworth Street and Zelzah Avenue Motto ( s ) : `` The Valley 's Most Neighborly Town '' Boundaries of Granada Hills as drawn by the Los Angeles Times Granada Hills Location within Los Angeles / San Fernando Valley Coordinates : 34 ° 17 ′ N 118 ° 30 ′ W / 34.283 ° N 118.500 ° W / 34.283 ; - 118.500 Elevation 292 m ( 959 ft ) Time zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) Area code 818 Granada Hills is a lightly populated , highly diverse and high - income neighborhood . It is a suburban residential community in the San Fernando Valley portion of the city of Los Angeles . There is an active sports program and a range of city recreation centers . The neighborhood has fourteen public and seven private schools . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Arts and culture 4.1 Architecture 4.2 Historical landmarks 5 Sports 6 Parks and recreation 7 Government 7.1 Local 7.2 County , state and federal 8 Education 8.1 Schools 8.1. 1 Public 8.1. 2 Private 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Public services 9.2 Health care 9.3 Postal service 9.4 Libraries 10 Notable people 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The community began as dairy farm and orchard known as the Sunshine Ranch which grew apricots , oranges , walnuts and beans . Vestiges of former citrus groves can still be seen in orange , lemon or grapefruit trees in many residential yards . In 1916 , the San Fernando Valley 's first oil well was drilled in what is now Granada Hills . The oil well was located at the northern tip of Zelzah Avenue . Granada Hills was founded in 1926 as `` Granada ; '' the `` Hills '' portion of the name was added 15 years later . Geography ( edit ) Granada Hills is located at the foothills of the Santa Susana Mountains , north of North Hills , Northridge , west of Mission Hills and Sylmar , and east of the Porter Ranch neighborhoods of Los Angeles . The Ronald Reagan Freeway -- Route 118 runs through its southern area . Demographics ( edit ) The 2000 U.S. census counted 50,535 residents in the 15.11 - square neighborhood -- or 3,344 people per square mile . In 2008 , the city estimated that the population had increased to 53,998 . In 2000 the median age for residents was 37 , The neighborhood is ethnically diverse and includes whites , 55.5 % ; Latinos , 20.6 % ; Asians , 16.3 % ; blacks , 3.4 % ; and others , 4.2 % . Korea ( 16.0 % ) and Mexico ( 13.8 % ) were the most common places of birth for 29.2 % of the residents who were born abroad . The median yearly household income in 2008 was $83,911 . Renters occupied 26.4 % of the housing stock . The average household size of 2.9 people was considered average for Los Angeles . The percentages of married men ( 60.4 % ) and women ( 58.5 % ) were among the county 's highest . There were 4,032 veterans , or 10.5 % of the population , a high proportion compared to the rest of the city . Arts and culture ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) One of the Eichler Homes Granada Hills is composed mostly of Mid-Century modern architecture . Of note is the `` Balboa Highlands '' tract built by iconic developer Joseph Eichler as well as the Knollwood Country Club area and Knollwood Grove tract . Many of these homes , which are North of Rinaldi / West of Balboa , have been featured in movies , commercials , magazine pictorials and appear in books about Eichler or mid-century architecture . Historical Landmarks. ( edit ) Deodar trees on White Oak Ave . White Oak Avenue , between San Fernando Mission and San Jose Street was declared a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument on August 3 , 1966 for the 101 Deodar Cedar trees that line the street . The trees are native to the Himalayas and appreciated for their size , beauty and timber . White Oak Avenue trees was used as the back - drop in the flying bicycles scene in the 1982 film `` E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial '' . Sports ( edit ) Granada Hills Charter High School 's stadium , the John Elway Stadium ( named after the quarterback , an alumnus ) , is the home of the Los Angeles Rampage women 's soccer team and the former home of the San Fernando Valley Quakes . In 1963 , the Granada Hills Little League won the Little League World Championship in baseball . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) O'Melveny Park , the second largest park in Los Angeles , consists of a large undeveloped area and a much smaller developed section with several dozen citrus trees , a small intermittent stream , and grass and picnic areas . This 672 - acre ( 2.72 km ) park includes hiking trails and fire roads , including a grassy promontory from which a view of the northeastern portion of the San Fernando Valley may be seen . Mission Point and its environs are popular mountain biking and hiking areas . The view from the top of Mission Point ( called `` Mission Peak '' by many residents ) , the highest point in Granada Hills , is striking , taking in most of the San Fernando Valley . In clear weather , one can see the Pacific Ocean and Downtown Los Angeles . The area around the peak is home to deer , golden eagle , bobcats , mountain lions , raccoons , and coyotes . The Granada Hills Recreation Center ( also known as Petit Park ) features an auditorium , baseball diamonds , basketball courts , children 's play areas , a gym , picnic tables , tennis courts , classrooms , a dance room and a library . Programs are offered in sports , and arts and crafts . Zelzah Park , an unstaffed park , has a bridle path , a children 's play area , and picnic tables . Government ( edit ) Local ( edit ) City Council Los Angeles City Council District 12 encompasses Granada Hills , with councilmember Mitchell Englander serving ... Neighborhood Councils Granada Hills is served by two Neighborhood Councils : Granada Hills North Neighborhood Council -- Representing the area bounded by Los Angeles County line to the north , Aliso Canyon to the west ( west of Zelzah ) , Interstate 5 and Interstate 405 to the east and California 118 to the south . Formed in fall , 2002 . Granada Hills South Neighborhood Council -- Representing the area bounded by California 118 to the north , Lindsey and Aliso Canyon to the west , Interstate 405 to the east and Devonshire Street to the south . County , State and federal ( edit ) Granada Hills is in California 's 30th congressional district as of 2013 and represented by Democrat Brad Sherman . It was in the 38th State Assembly district , and the 20th State Senate district until the 2014 redistricting . Education ( edit ) Thirty - two percent of Granada Hills residents aged 25 and older have earned a four - year degree by 2000 , an average percentage for the city . Schools ( edit ) Granada Hills Charter High School John F. Kennedy High School Schools within the Granada Hills boundaries are : Public ( edit ) John F. Kennedy High School , 11254 Gothic Avenue North Valley Charter Academy , 16651 - A Rinaldi Street Granada Hills Charter High School ( formerly Granada Hills High School ) ; 10535 Zelzah Avenue Valley Academy of Arts and Sciences , 10445 Balboa Boulevard George K. Porter Middle School , 15960 Kingsbury Street Robert Frost Middle School , 12314 Bradford Place Patrick Henry Middle School , 17340 San Jose Street El Oro Way Elementary Charter School , 12230 El Oro Way Knollwood Elementary School , 11822 Gerald Avenue Danube Avenue Elementary School , 11220 Danube Avenue Jane Addams Continuation School , 16341 Donmetz Street Tulsa Street Elementary School , 10900 Hayvenhurst Avenue Haskell Elementary School , 15850 Tulsa Street Van Gogh Street Elementary School , 17160 Van Gogh Street Granada Elementary Community Charter School , 17170 Tribune Street Rinaldi Adult Center ( Adult School ) , 17540 Rinaldi Street # 6 Private ( edit ) St. Euphrasia School , Elementary , 17637 Mayerling Street Jewish Educational Trade School , 16601 Rinaldi Street Concordia Schools , Preschool through 8th grade , 16603 San Fernando Mission Boulevard Granada Hills Baptist Elementary School , 10949 Zelzah Avenue De La Salle Elementary School , 16535 Chatsworth Street Abraham Joshua Heschel Day School , Elementary , 17701 Devonshire Street Pinecrest / Northridge School , Elementary , 17081 Devonshire Heritage ( Formerly Hillcrest ) Christian School - 17531 Rinaldi Street ( K - 8 ) , 10949 Zelzah Street ( Preschool ) Heritage ( formerly Los Angeles Baptist High School ) - 9825 Woodley Ave St. Nicholas School , 9501 Balboa Blvd , Northridge , CA 91325 ( Pre-School - 8 ) Infrastructure ( edit ) Public Services ( edit ) Los Angeles Fire Department Stations 18 ( Knollwood / Granada Hills ) and 87 ( Granada Hills ) are in the area . Granada Hills is served by the Los Angeles Police Department Devonshire Community Police Station . Health care ( edit ) The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pacoima Health Center in Pacoima , serving Granada Hills . Postal Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Granada Hills Post Office is located at 18039 Chatsworth Street . Libraries ( edit ) Los Angeles Public Library operates the Granada Hills Branch and is located in North Hills . Notable people ( edit ) Hal Bernson , Los Angeles City Council member who fought the Sunshine Canyon project in the 1980s and 1990s Ryan Braun , professional baseball player , Granada Hills High School alumnus Jeff Bregel , professional football player , John F. Kennedy High School alumnus Corey Burton , voice actor Chao - Li Chi , actor John Elway , Denver Broncos quarterback Cuba Gooding , Jr , actor , Kennedy High School alumnus Stuart Gray , professional basketball player , John F. Kennedy High School alumnus Maurice Greene , track athlete Ashley Judd , actress , was born in Granada Hills . Khalil Paden , football player Jim Rodnunsky , technician , inventor of the Cablecam system . C.J. Sanders , football player at the University of Notre Dame Jeff Serr , radio personality , voice actor Scott Stuber , film producer Frank Wilcox , actor and `` honorary mayor '' of Granada Hills in the 1960s . See also ( edit ) Los Angeles portal List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Granada Hills Chamber of Commerce '' . Granada Hills Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Almanac : City of Los Angeles Population by Community & Race 2000 Census '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) `` Granada Hills , '' Mapping L.A. , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` Eichler Homes of Balboa Highlands - Welcome '' . Balboa Highlands Neighborhood Website . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 41 - 114 Deodar Trees '' . Big Orange Landmarks. 2007 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Little League Baseball : Past Champions '' . Littleleague.org . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Quiet Majesty of O'Melveny Park '' . The Trust for Public Land . Jump up ^ `` O'Melveny Park '' . Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy . Jump up ^ `` Mission Point : Mission Point Trail '' . Trails.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Neon Way -- Granada Hills -- Los Angeles County '' . socalmtb.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Granada Hills Recreation Center '' . City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zelzah Park '' . City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Granada Hills North Neighborhood Council Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Granada Hills South Neighborhood Council Jump up ^ `` California 's 30th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map - GovTrack.us '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Project Vote Smart information for 91344 '' . Votesmart.org . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) `` Granada Hills : Schools , '' Mapping L.A. , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ North Valley Service Area - Rinaldi Adult Center Jump up ^ `` Citywide Division Map '' . Los Angeles Police Department . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pacoima Health Center . '' Los Angeles County Department of Health Services . Retrieved on March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- GRANADA HILLS . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gabe Fuentes , `` Official Orders Dump to Make Changes , but Wo n't Close It , '' Los Angeles Times , September 2 , 1988 Jump up ^ Mulhern , Tom , `` Brewers : Braun 's start a smashing success '' , Wisconsin State Journal , July 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Elling , Steve , `` FOOTBALL : 49ers ' Bregel Gives Money to Hospital , USC and Old Neighborhood , `` Los Angeles Times '' , July 24 , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Chao - Li Chi obituary '' . Los Angeles Times . 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( May 10 , 1983 ) . `` Elway 's ' just one of the boys ' '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Denver Post ) . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Cuba Gooding , Jr on IMDb Jump up ^ EISENHAMMER , FRED , `` NBA Finds It Hard to Get Gray Out '' , `` Los Angeles Times '' , January 7 , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashley Judd on IMDb Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( 2011 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Jim Rodnunsky dies at 54 ; developer of Cablecam system used in sporting events , Hollywood films '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cablecam developer Jim Rodnunsky dies '' . Variety . 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` C.J. Sanders '' . UND.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Frank Wilcox '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Granada Hills , Los Angeles . Granada Hills Chamber of Commerce Granada Hills North Neighborhood Council Granada Hills South Neighborhood Council Granada Hills History Project GigaGranadaHills.com , The Granada Hills Blog Granada Hills crime map and statistics Coordinates : 34 ° 17 ′ N 118 ° 30 ′ W / 34.28 ° N 118.5 ° W / 34.28 ; - 118.5 Los Angeles city areas within the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys Districts and neighborhoods Arleta Canoga Park Chatsworth Encino Granada Hills Lake View Terrace Lake Balboa Mission Hills NoHo Arts District North Hills North Hollywood Northridge Pacoima Panorama City Porter Ranch Reseda Shadow Hills Sherman Oaks Studio City Sun Valley Sunland - Tujunga Sylmar Tarzana Toluca Lake Valley Village Van Nuys Ventura Business District Warner Center West Hills Winnetka Woodland Hills Points of interest CSUN Campo de Cahuenga Los Encinos State Historic Park San Fernando Mission Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park Universal Studios Hollywood Neighboring cities and communities Burbank Calabasas Glendale Hidden Hills La Crescenta City of San Fernando Universal City LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire City of Los Angeles Topics History Timeline Transportation Culture Landmarks Historic sites Skyscrapers Demographics Crime Sports Media Music Notable people Lists Government Flag Mayors City Council ( President ) Other elected officials Airport DWP Fire Department Police Public schools Libraries Port Transportation LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granada_Hills,_Los_Angeles&oldid=806479861 '' Categories : Granada Hills , Los Angeles Communities in the San Fernando Valley Neighborhoods in Los Angeles 1927 establishments in California Populated places established in 1927 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is granada hills california on the map	[ "Granada Hills is a lightly populated, highly diverse and high-income neighborhood. It is a suburban residential community in the San Fernando Valley portion of the city of Los Angeles." ]	[ "in the San Fernando Valley portion of the city of Los Angeles" ]
-8401315447803818332	Pradyumna	Pradyumna - Wikipedia Pradyumna Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pradyumna Krishna and Pradyumna battle the demon Nikumbha who assumes the form of bird Information Children Aniruddha Parent ( s ) Krishna Rukmini Sibling ( s ) Samba Pradyumna ( Sanskrit : प्रद्युम्न ) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam . He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini . Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu . According to some accounts , Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva , the god of love . Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu , being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta . He is one in 24 Keshava Namas ( names ) , praised in all pujas . It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint ( referred as जोडाक्षर ) The Harivamsa describes intricate relationships between Krishna Vasudeva , Sankarsana , Pradyumna and Aniruddha that would later form a Vaishnava concept of primary quadrupled expansion , or avatar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth , Childhood and Youth 2 Death 3 Descendant 4 Texts 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources Birth , childhood and youth ( edit ) Pradyumna Kills Sambara . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pradyumna was son of Lord Krishna and 61st grandson of Adinarayan . His mother was Rukmini , whom Lord Krishna got from her father Bhimkashen Narayan and brother Bhimkaraya Rukmi . Pradyumna was born in Dvaraka . He was the incarnate of God Kamdev . The Bhagavata Purana says that he was in no way inferior to Krishna . In the Treta Yuga , Kamdev was burnt by Shiva when he became a barrier to Shiva 's meditation . Shiva blessed Kamdev 's distraught wife , Rati and promised her that in his next birth Kamdev will be a part of Krishna and Rati will be the daughter of Bhimkaraya Rukmi and that she will marry him . When he was a baby he was abducted by the demon Sambara . He was then cast into the sea and swallowed by a fish , but that fish was caught and carried to the house of Sambara . The fish was opened and the child was found inside . He was given to a woman in Sambara 's house to raise . Narada informed her about the true identity of the child . When Pradyumna grew up , he battled the demon Sambara and killed him using the Vaishnavastra . Soon after Pradyumna became a constant companion of his father Krishna and was well liked by the people of Dvaraka . Pradyumna was a mighty Maharathi warrior . He possessed the extremely rare Vaishnavastra which is the most powerful weapon in the universe . Also he was one of the very few people to know the secret of the Chakra Vyuha . But Pradyumna did not participate in the Kurukshetra War as he went on a pilgrimage with his uncle Balarama and other yadavas . In accordance to Lord Shiva 's boon to Rati , he married her incarnation , Princess Mayavati , the Princess of Vidarbha and daughter of his maternal uncle , Bhimkaraya Rukmi . It is said that Mayavati found his valor , handsomeness and charm beyond words and insisted on marrying him at her swayamvara . With her , he fathered , Krishna 's grandson and favourite , also considered a vyuha avatar of Vishnu , Prince Aniruddha . Pradyumna was later killed in an intoxicated brawl at Dvaraka that resulted in the death of most Yadava warriors . Death ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knowing that their destruction was near , the Yadavas retired to Prabhasa where they were allotted temporary residences . When their time had come Vrishnis started revelling and drinking . Satyaki who was inebriated laughed at and insulted Kritavarma for killing the Pandava army in midst of their sleep . Pradyumna applauded Satyaki for this which highly incensed Kritavarma . He then taunted Satyaki by saying that he had slain the armless Bhurshiravas who had given up all hostile intentions . Satyaki then narrated the incident when Kritavarma tried to kill Satrajit . Satyabhama upon hearing this became angry and started crying . She then approached Krishna and sat on his lap greatly increasing his anger towards Kritavarma . Satyaki then rising up in anger said that he would give death to Kritavarma for slaying the warriors of the Pandava army while they were asleep . Having said this he rushed towards Kritavarma and severed his head with a sword . He then started killing the warriors who were on Kritavarma 's side . Krishna then ran to stop Satyaki . The Bhojas and the Andhakas incensed at Satyaki surrounded him . Krishna knowing the character of the hour stood there unmoved and let them do whatever they could do . The Bhojas and Andhakas started striking Satyaki with the pots in which they had been eating . Pradyumna upon seeing this became highly enraged and rushed forward for rescuing Satyaki who was engaged with the Bhojas and the Andhakas . However the numbers of the Bhojas and Andhakas overwhelmed the two warriors and they were slain in front of Krishna . Descendant ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aniruddha was the son of Pradyumna who married to Usha ( daughter of Bana Daitya and granddaughter of Mahabali ) . He is said to have been very much like his grandfather Krishna , to the extent that he may be a jana avatar , avatar of Vishnu . Aniruddha had a son named Vajra ( or Vajranabh ) . Vajra was known as an invincible warrior and would remain among the few survivors of the Yadus ' battle . King Vajra then had 16 idols of Krishna and other gods carved from a rare , imperishable stone called Braja and built temples to house these idols in and around Mathura so as to feel the presence of Lord Krishna . Texts ( edit ) The Jain version of the story of Pradyumna is mentioned in the Pradyumna - charitra ( poem in 18 canons ) of Rajchandra , written in 1618 AD . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://srimadbhagavatam.org/canto10/chapter55.html Jump up ^ Krishnamachariar 1989 , p. 294 . Sources ( edit ) Krishnamachariar , M. ( 1989 ) ( 1937 ) , History of Classical Sanskrit Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0284 - 5 ( hide ) Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology VIAF : 45361099 GND : 128698810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradyumna&oldid=815350833 '' Categories : People related to Krishna Forms of Vishnu Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking sources from September 2015 All articles lacking sources Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Wikidata testcases for infobox character Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the son of lord krishna n rukmini	[ "Pradyumna (Sanskrit: प्रद्युम्न) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam. He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini. Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to some accounts, Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva, the god of love. Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu, being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta. He is one in 24 Keshava Namas (names), praised in all pujas. It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint (referred as जोडाक्षर)" ]	[ "Pradyumna" ]
2462933733852613450	Maroon 5	Maroon 5 - wikipedia Maroon 5 Jump to : navigation , search Maroon 5 Maroon 5 performing live in 2016 Background information Also known as Kara 's Flowers ( 1994 -- 98 ) Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Pop rock pop funk rock dance - pop blue - eyed soul neo soul Years active 1994 -- present Labels Reprise Octone A&M Octone Interscope Website maroon5.com Members Adam Levine Jesse Carmichael Mickey Madden James Valentine Matt Flynn PJ Morton Past members Ryan Dusick Maroon 5 is an American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles , California . It currently consists of lead vocalist Adam Levine , keyboardist and rhythm guitarist Jesse Carmichael , bassist Mickey Madden , lead guitarist James Valentine , drummer Matt Flynn and keyboardist PJ Morton . Original members Adam Levine , Jesse Carmichael , Mickey Madden and drummer Ryan Dusick first came together as Kara 's Flowers in 1994 , while they were still in high school . The band self - released an album called We Like Digging ? , then signed to Reprise Records and released the album The Fourth World in 1997 . After the album garnered a tepid response , the band parted ways with the record label and the members attended college . In 2001 , the band changed its image by adding guitarist James Valentine and pursuing a different direction under the name Maroon 5 . At this point , Carmichael switched to playing keyboards , which has since become his main instrument in the band . After these changes , the band signed with a subsidiary of J Records , Octone Records , and released their debut album as Maroon 5 , Songs About Jane , in June 2002 . The album 's lead single , `` Harder to Breathe '' , received heavy airplay , which helped the album to debut at number six on the Billboard 200 chart . In 2004 , the album went platinum and has been dubbed `` the sleeper hit of the millennium '' . The band won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2005 . For the next few years , Maroon 5 toured extensively worldwide in support of Songs About Jane and produced two live recordings : 2004 's 1.22. 03. Acoustic and 2005 's Live -- Friday the 13th . In 2006 , Dusick officially left Maroon 5 after suffering from serious wrist and shoulder injuries and was replaced by Matt Flynn . The band then recorded their second album , It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long and released it in May 2007 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and the lead single , `` Makes Me Wonder '' , became the band 's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . In September 2010 , Maroon 5 released their third studio album Hands All Over , which was re-released in 2011 to include the single `` Moves like Jagger '' featuring Christina Aguilera . While the original version of the album received mixed reviews , `` Moves like Jagger '' reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 . The band released their fourth album , Overexposed , on June 26 , 2012 . All four singles of the album were highly successful on the Billboard Hot 100 , including second single `` One More Night '' , which reached number one for 9 weeks straight . In 2012 , keyboardist PJ Morton became an official member of the band , after gaining little success with his previous albums as an R&B vocalist . The addition of PJ Morton meant that for the first time , Maroon 5 had six official members . The same year , the group 's friend and long - time collaborator , as well as the bass player of Phantom Planet - Sam Farrar - joined Maroon 5 as a touring member , playing many different instruments ( including guitars , percussion and additional keyboards ) , singing backing vocals and also providing samples and other special effects . In 2014 , the band signed with Interscope Records and released their fifth studio album , V. Maroon 5 has sold more than 20 million records and 48 million singles worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1994 -- 2001 : Kara 's Flowers and the formation of Maroon 5 1.2 2002 -- 2006 : Songs About Jane and Dusick 's departure 1.3 2006 -- 2008 : It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long 1.4 2008 -- 2011 : Hands All Over 1.5 2012 -- 2014 : Carmichael 's hiatus and Overexposed 1.6 2014 -- 2016 : Return of Carmichael and V 1.7 2017 : Upcoming sixth studio album 2 Musical style and influences 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 Achievements 6 Tours 7 Charities 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 1994 -- 2001 : Kara 's Flowers and the formation of Maroon 5 ( edit ) Adam Levine was introduced to Ryan Dusick by a mutual friend and guitarist , Adam Salzman . Levine was 15 years old and Dusick was 16 . Three of the five members of the band started playing together at age 12 . The four original members of the band met while attending Brentwood EMH School in Los Angeles . While attending Brentwood EMH School , Adam Levine and Jesse Carmichael joined up with Mickey Madden and Ryan Dusick to form Kara 's Flowers , a rock band . The name was taken from a girl that went to their high school that the band had a `` collective crush '' on . In 1997 , when the band was playing at a beach party in Malibu , independent producer Tommy Allen heard them play and offered to manage them and record a complete record with his partner , songwriter John DeNicola , who is known for his work on Dirty Dancing -- including `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Producer Rob Cavallo 's management team heard the record Allen and DeNicola produced , which eventually led Cavallo to offer them a deal with Reprise Records , re-recording the album . However , after the release of The Fourth World , during Levine and Madden 's senior year of high school in 1997 , it had morphed into a band with a style reminiscent of 1960s Britpop . Despite high expectations from the band and record company , the album failed to catch on and their lead single , `` Soap Disco '' , was a failure . According to Levine , the failure of the album was `` a huge disappointment '' that nearly led them to break up in 1998 . The album sold around 5,000 copies and the band was dropped after six months . Dusick and Madden attended college locally at UCLA , while Levine and Carmichael relocated to the East coast to attend Five Towns College , in Dix Hills , Long Island , New York . While Levine and Carmichael were in New York , they began to take notice of the urban music surrounding them and later let the style influence the songs they wrote . The band returned to the music industry again in 2001 . Producer Tim Sommer signed them to a demo deal with MCA Records and produced three tracks with them in Los Angeles in the middle of 2001 with Mark Dearnley engineering . Against Sommer 's advice , MCA declined to pick up the band , and these tracks were never released . The band put together a demo that was rejected by several labels , before falling into the hands of Octone Records executives James Diener , Ben Berkman and David Boxenbaum . While looking for talent for the Octone label , Berkman was given a bunch of demos by the brother of a former colleague at Columbia Records and the song that caught his attention was `` ' Sunday Morning ' '' which he referred it as a `` genius song '' . Berkman was surprised the song was credited to Kara 's Flowers , because the band sounded completely different from the one he had heard while at Warner Brothers . Berkman encouraged Diener and Boxenbaum to fly out to Los Angeles to watch a showcase gig at The Viper Room for the four - piece Kara 's Flowers . After watching Levine onstage , they were convinced . Berkman told HitQuarters he believed what the band needed was a `` fifth member to play the guitar and free up the singer , so he could be the star I perceived him to be . '' Octone immediately insisted that the band change its name to break with its pop past . Also , the label began looking for a full - time guitarist to enable Levine to focus on performing as the frontman . James Valentine ( from the L.A. band Square ) was recruited for the job . On his joining the band , Valentine commented : `` I became friends with them and we sort of started jamming together , it was very much like I was cheating on my band , we were having sort of an affair and I eventually quit my other band to join up with them . '' 2002 -- 2006 : songs About Jane and Dusick 's departure ( edit ) Main article : Songs About Jane `` Between the time that we started making the album ( Songs About Jane ) in 2001 and the time the album reached the crest of its success in 2004 , we went from being starving musicians wondering what the future held to riding a wave of success beyond our wildest expectations . '' -- Ryan Dusick , Maroon 5 's original drummer , who officially left the band in 2006 due to injuries to his shoulders and wrists sustained from constant touring Maroon 5 in concert in 2004 James Valentine attended Berklee College of Music with John Mayer in 1996 , where they developed a rapport . In 2002 , the two reconnected at a Mayer radio appearance . After Mayer heard their album , he was so impressed ( particularly by `` This Love '' , which became the most successful release off the album and propelled the band to superstardom ) that he invited them to open for him during his early 2003 tour . The first single , `` Harder to Breathe '' , slowly started to pick up airplay which helped spur sales of the album . By March 2004 , Songs About Jane had reached the Top 20 of the Billboard 200 and `` Harder to Breathe '' had made the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts . The album peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard 200 in September 2004 , 26 months after its release ; this was the longest period between an album 's release and its initial Top 10 appearance since SoundScan results were included in the Billboard 200 in 1991 . The album went on to sell over 10 million copies worldwide . This had all happened after the band `` abandoned its post-grunge roots for a radio - friendly pop - soul sound , even while dabbling in hard rock . '' Mayer invited the band to open for him again in 2004 . Over the next three years , the band toured virtually non-stop , including visits to seventeen countries . During this time , the band toured with Michelle Branch , Graham Colton , and the Rolling Stones . Other acts the band toured alongside with included Gavin DeGraw , Matchbox Twenty , Sugar Ray , Counting Crows , Phantom Planet , the Hives , Dashboard Confessional , Simon Dawes , the Thrills , Thirsty Merc , Marc Broussard , the Donnas , the RedWest , Michael Tolcher , and Guster . Sam Farrar says the Aaliyah song `` Are You That Somebody ? '' affected the band and influenced the song `` Not Coming Home . '' Songs About Jane eventually reached No. 1 on the Australian albums ( ARIA ) , while `` Harder to Breathe '' made the Top 20 singles charts in the US and UK , and Top 40 in Australia and New Zealand . The album also eventually climbed to No. 1 in the UK . The second single , `` This Love '' , reached No. 5 in the US , No. 3 in the UK , and No. 8 in Australia . The third single , `` She Will Be Loved , '' reached the Top 5 in both the US and the UK , and went to No. 1 in Australia . The fourth single , `` Sunday Morning , '' reached the Top 40 in the US , UK , and Australia . Maroon 5 also played Live 8 , in Philadelphia in 2005 . Their set included a cover of Neil Young 's `` Rockin ' In The Free World '' and frontman Levine performed with one of his heroes , and the closing act , Stevie Wonder . On May 13 , 2005 , in Santa Barbara , California , the band wrapped up the Honda Civic Tour , which it headlined . On June 9 , 2005 , the band performed at the American Film Institute 's tribute to filmmaker George Lucas . Lucas himself had selected Maroon 5 for the event , as it was his children 's favorite band at the time . Over the years of touring with the band their drummer , percussionist and backing vocalist Ryan Dusick had been suffering from the touring life . The strains of non-stop touring aggravated an old sports injury . After several absences from the tour with Ryland Steen and Josh Day taking his place , Dusick officially left Maroon 5 in September 2006 . Matt Flynn , the former drummer of Gavin DeGraw and the B - 52 's , joined the band as Dusick 's replacement . 2006 -- 2008 : it Wo n't Be Soon Before Long ( edit ) Main article : It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long Maroon 5 in Madison Square Garden in 2007 After recording for 8 months in 2006 , Maroon 5 's second album , It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long , was released worldwide in May 2007 by A&M Octone Records . According to Levine , the follow - up to Songs About Jane is `` sexier and stronger '' , gaining inspiration from iconic 80s artists such as Prince , Shabba Ranks , Michael Jackson and Talking Heads . Ann Powers writing for Los Angeles Times said It Wo n't Be Soon Long is `` An icy - hot blend of electro - funk and blue - eyed soul that works its cruel streak with the confidence of Daniel Craig 's James Bond '' . Before its release , `` Makes Me Wonder '' was the No. 1 selling single and video on iTunes . It was also the No. 1 selling album , with more than 50,000 digital pre-sales . After its release , the album broke iTunes sales records its week of release , selling over 101,000 albums . The first single , `` Makes Me Wonder , '' was released to radio March 27 , 2007 . The song debuted at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the lowest debuting single of the group 's five chart entries . In the first week of May , the single skyrocketed from a lowly position of No. 64 to No. 1 , the biggest jump in Billboard history at the time . `` Makes Me Wonder '' has also achieved No. 1 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs , Pop 100 , and Hot Dance Club Play charts . To support the album , the band performed on a `` six - date club tour '' in which it visited small venues in Boston , San Francisco , Los Angeles , Minneapolis , Miami and New York City in early June 2007 . The band followed with a concert that streamed live via MSN Music in mid-June . On July 10 , it opened for The Police in Miami , and followed with an acoustic performance at the Miami club , Studio A , the next day . Their It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long world tour took place in 2007 , where the band toured 28 cities in North America . The tour began September 29 in Detroit touring in 28 cities in North America and concluded November 10 in Las Vegas . the Hives , as the tour 's special guest , performed on all of the dates while Sara Bareilles , Kevin Michael and Phantom Planet each performed in a portion of the tour . It toured with Dashboard Confessional in their world tour and on March 28 , 2008 , it began touring with OneRepublic , Brandi Carlile and Ry Cuming . The band has also performed `` Makes Me Wonder '' on season 6 and `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' on season 7 of American Idol . The re-release of the album featured a new duet version of `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' with Rihanna ; the new version of the song also appeared on the re-release of Rihanna 's album Good Girl Gone Bad . The band also released as the fifth single `` Goodnight Goodnight '' , which appeared in The CW Fall 2008 promo commercial . 2008 -- 2011 : Hands All Over ( edit ) Main article : Hands All Over ( album ) Levine stated that he believed the band was reaching its peak and may make one more album before disbanding . He explained , `` Eventually I want to focus on being a completely different person because I do n't know if I want to do this into my 40s and 50s and beyond , like the Rolling Stones '' . The band 's third studio album was recorded in 2009 in Switzerland , where the band was joined by record producer Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange . The album , titled Hands All Over , was released on September 21 , 2010 . On the Billboard 200 , the album debuted at number two behind Zac Brown Band 's album You Get What You Give . Despite the high placement on the Billboard 200 only 142,000 copies were sold , which was relatively weak compared to their previous album It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long , which debuted at number one with 429,000 copies . The album received mixed reviews from music critics , though many of them praised it for its production . The first single from the album , `` Misery '' , was released on June 22 , 2010 . The band toured with Train for the summer of 2011 , from July 22 to September 24 . On June 12 , 2011 , the band re-released the album Hands All Over just to include their summer hit `` Moves like Jagger '' , featuring Christina Aguilera . The song premiered live on The Voice on June 21 , 2011 and reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 2011 . Frontman Levine was also featured in the Gym Class Heroes ' song `` Stereo Hearts '' , which peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . On September 8 , 2011 , Jesse Carmichael stated the band was likely to begin recording its next album within the year . On October 1 , 2011 , the band performed live at the Rock in Rio concert in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Maroon 5 was a last hour addition , chosen to fill the vacant spot left by Jay - Z after he cancelled his appearance for personal reasons . The band launched a Snapple flavor named `` Tea Will Be Loved '' in support of Feeding America in September 2011 . Maroon 5 performed `` Moves Like Jagger '' and `` Stereo Hearts '' with Travie McCoy on November 5 , 2011 on Saturday Night Live . The band also performed `` Moves Like Jagger '' and `` Stereo Hearts '' with Christina Aguilera and Gym Class Heroes on November 20 , 2011 on the American Music Awards , where it won its first AMA for Favorite Pop Band / Duo / Group . The band also performed `` Moves Like Jagger '' at the 2011 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show . During a promotion by Coca - Cola in the March 2011 , the band participated in a special studio session during which , with the help of musician PJ Morton , they only had 24 hours to write a completely original song . After their time was up , the song `` Is Anybody Out There '' was released on the Coca - Cola website for free download . In 2012 , the band recorded a song for The Hunger Games soundtrack , called `` Come Away to the Water '' featuring Rozzi Crane . At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards , on February 12 , 2012 , the group performed alongside Foster the People and the Beach Boys in a medley of the Beach Boys songs to celebrate their fiftieth anniversary . 2012 -- 2014 : Carmichael 's hiatus and Overexposed ( edit ) Main article : Overexposed ( album ) On March 9 , 2012 , Maroon 5 announced that Jesse Carmichael would take a break from performing with the group for an undetermined amount of time to focus more on his studies of `` music and the healing arts '' . The band continued to work on their fourth studio album Overexposed , which was eventually released on June 26 , 2012 , with the help of keyboardist and background vocalist PJ Morton , who had been touring with them since 2010 and who became a full - time band member after this announcement , as Morton gained little success as an R&B artist . Levine stated that Overexposed is their `` most diverse and poppiest album yet '' . On April 16 , 2012 , the band premiered the first single from the album `` Payphone '' , featuring Wiz Khalifa , on the reality competition television show The Voice , in which Levine is one of the coaches . The song debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , eventually peaking at number two . The second single , `` One More Night '' , was released on June 19 , 2012 . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , blocking Psy 's monster hit `` Gangnam Style '' from the top spot on the chart for nine consecutive weeks and tied with Carly Rae Jepsen 's hit single `` Call Me Maybe '' for most number of weeks in the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 2012 . The song also featured in television series , Arrow and Dancing with the Stars . At the start of their Overexposed World Tour in South America , Maroon 5 introduced the newest addition in the band to the audience : their old and close friend Sam Farrar on guitars , occasionally on the bass guitar , percussion , additional keyboards , backing vocals , turntables and providing samples and other special effects ( using the MPC ) . Farrar co-wrote and co-produced a few of the band 's songs on almost all of their studio albums and also remixed their song `` Woman '' ( from the band 's Songs About Jane : 10th Anniversary Edition ( 2012 ) ) on Call and Response : The Remix Album , released in 2008 . On November 27 , 2012 , the band released `` Daylight '' , the third single from the album . To promote the song , the band launched a video project called `` The Daylight Project '' . The project encouraged fans to film their own segments for inclusion in the official music video for `` Daylight '' , that would be directed by Jonas Åkerlund . `` Daylight '' was performed for the first time as a single on November 8 , 2012 , during an episode of the American version of The Voice and the official video was released on December 10 , 2012 . A little over 4 months later in the first week of April 2013 , `` Daylight '' reached No. 1 on the Mainstream top 40 , setting a record for the most No. 1 's held by a group in over 20 years . On April 1 , 2013 , the band announced it would headline the 12th Annual Honda Civic Tour with special guest , Kelly Clarkson . The tour began on August 1 , 2013 , at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater in St. Louis , Missouri and ended on October 6 , 2013 , with a concert at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles . On May 14 , 2013 , Maroon 5 released the fourth and final single from the album , `` Love Somebody '' . The band first performed the song on The Voice on May 20 , 2013 , while the official music video , directed by Rich Lee , was released the day after . In February 2014 , the band performed `` All My Loving '' and `` Ticket to Ride '' at a tribute concert titled The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles , to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of The Beatles ' arrival in the United States . 2014 -- 2016 : return of Carmichael and V ( edit ) Main article : V ( Maroon 5 album ) In April 2013 , James Valentine said the band was in the studio recording songs for the upcoming fifth studio album : `` The stuff we 're working on now , it definitely has gone maybe a little darker in its sound , maybe back a little bit more to what we kind of did on Songs About Jane , but at this point we do have all kinds of different songs and it is early '' . On April 15 , 2014 , Jesse Carmichael confirmed that his hiatus from the band was complete and he reunited with the band in time to record . On April 29 , 2014 , the band performed on The Today Show at the Rockefeller Plaza in New York City on September 1 , 2014 , as part of the Toyota concert series . On May 18 , 2014 , it was announced that the band would release their fifth album , V , on September 2 , 2014 , through Interscope Records . The first single , `` Maps '' , was released on June 16 , 2014 . The single peaked number 6 on the Hot 100 chart . After releasing the album V on September 2 , 2014 it reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart on September 20 , 2014 . The album was also released on a limited - edition ZinePak . V received mixed reviews from critics . Brad Wete , writing for Billboard , said : `` Levine 's hummingbird vocals and passionate delivery are as earnest as they were on their 2002 debut Songs About Jane . '' On August 10 , 2014 , the band headlined the Hyundai Card City Break , a rock festival in South Korea . Maroon 5 also performed during the 2014 iTunes Festival at the Roundhouse in London , England , on September 11 , 2014 ( all of the concerts played as part of the festival were filmed and webcast live , around the world ) . The second single from V , `` Animals '' , was first featured in a Kia Soul commercial and made available for free download on the official Kia website for a limited time after the advert premiered on August 21 , 2014 . The song has so far peaked on number 3 on the Hot 100 chart . Maroon 5 performed at the Grammy Awards ' Christmas special , entitled `` A Very Grammy Christmas , '' on November 18 , 2014 and at Z100 's Jingle Ball on December 12 , 2014 . `` Sugar '' was released as the third single from the album on January 14 , 2015 . This reached number 7 in the UK Singles Chart and peaked at Number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 . A video of the group was released of them traveling around L.A. and performing at random weddings . The song is also featured in a Nissan commercial . Maroon 5 started a worldwide tour in February 2015 . It is scheduled to take place in North America , Europe , Africa , Asia and Oceania and last until September 2015 . Magic ! , Rozzi Crane , Nick Gardner and Dirty Loops will serve as opening acts . The band released their first greatest hits album , Singles , on September 25 , 2015 , through Interscope and 222 Records . It contains 12 singles taken from their previous studio albums . On November 6 , 2015 , the band announced that they would embark on their 2016 North American tour in September and October with supporting acts Tove Lo , R. City , and Phases . June 25 , 2016 , the 15th anniversary of Songs About Jane 's release , had the celebration of # Maroon5Day , in a partnership with UNICEF to support children in need of health care . 2017 : upcoming sixth studio album ( edit ) In November 2015 , guitarist James Valentine spoke about the band 's strategy moving onto their sixth studio album , saying the group wanted `` to make a more traditional record next ... like the way we made Songs About Jane , just sitting in a room with our instruments and slugging it out . It 's been fun to experiment on the last couple of records with the more electronic sounds , but maybe we 've gone as far as we can with that for now . '' The band released a single featuring Kendrick Lamar , entitled `` Do n't Wanna Know '' , to Top 40 radio on October 18 , 2016 . On January 13 , 2017 , it was revealed by singer Adam Levine that the band is currently working on their sixth studio album . According to Levine , the album will be released `` soonish '' , and will be R&B - influenced . Another single , `` Cold '' , featuring American rapper Future , was released to Top 40 radio on February 14 , 2017 . On August 13 , 2017 , Levine announced at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards , that the album will be released in November 2017 . The band 's next single , `` What Lovers Do '' featuring SZA , was released on August 30 , 2017 . Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` I think the classic Maroon 5 song is minor , and it has some funk , Nile Rodgers - style guitar and the lyrics are probably about getting your heart broken . So minor , funk and heartbreak -- that 's the Maroon 5 formula . '' -- James Valentine Adam Levine has stated : `` ( E ) verything that 's written and performed and put together pretty much comes from us . I just think people would be surprised to know that we 're a self - contained unit . We 're a band that does their own thing . There 's no puppet master . '' However , in an article about the songwriter and producer Benny Blanco , it is revealed that at least some of the band 's songs , such as `` Moves like Jagger , '' are the product of efforts by , or collaborations with , professional songwriters and producers . In the same article , Levine says , `` It 's almost as if ( Benny Blanco ) has the Midas touch in putting the right people together at the right time to create a musical moment . He 's about the collaboration . And he 's so good at nailing down who does everything best . '' The band has cited Elita 5 , Michael Jackson , The Police , the Bee Gees , Justin Timberlake , Stevie Wonder , Tonic , Prince , Tupac Shakur and Marvin Gaye as influences . Adam Levine has also cited Billy Joel as an influence . Furthermore , guitarist James Valentine said he was influenced by guitarists like Pat Metheny , Bill Frisell and John Scofield , as well as the rock band Queens of the Stone Age . The band 's songs tend to be very guitar - heavy , often accompanied by piano or synthesizer . The theme in most of their songs is love , frequently lost love ; songs like `` This Love '' , `` Makes Me Wonder '' and `` Misery '' have a very cynical tone , often expressing dissatisfaction with a relationship , while their more heartfelt and emotional songs such as `` She Will Be Loved '' and `` Never Gonna Leave This Bed '' express a longing for a romantic relationship . `` Makes Me Wonder '' has a secondary theme , in which Levine expresses his disillusionment and frustration with the state of American politics and the Iraq War . The band 's style changes from album to album . Songs About Jane consists of songs about Levine 's ex-girlfriend Jane Herman . On It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long , however , the songs are less personal and are more electric with more use of synthesizers , creating a retro feel . Hands All Over continues the band 's lost love theme , along with songs about infatuation and was re-released in 2011 , with the hit single `` Moves like Jagger '' , an electropop song which represents a drastic change in the band 's sound , with more of a dance feel to it . `` It was one of those songs that was definitely a risk , '' Levine said . `` It 's a bold statement . We 've never really released a song like that . But it 's exciting to do something different , do something new . I 'm just glad that everyone likes it . '' James Valentine called Overexposed `` our most ' pop ' record ever and we were n't shy about really going for it . '' They also have experimented with new wave and disco sounds on several albums . Band members ( edit ) Main article : List of Maroon 5 band members Current members Adam Levine -- lead vocals , guitar ( 1994 -- present ) , lead guitar ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Jesse Carmichael -- keyboards , piano , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1994 -- 2012 , 2014 -- present ) Mickey Madden -- bass ( 1994 -- present ) James Valentine -- lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Flynn -- drums , percussion ( 2006 -- present ; touring member : 2004 -- 2006 ) PJ Morton -- keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 2012 -- present ; touring member : 2010 -- 2012 ) Former members Ryan Dusick -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1994 -- 2006 ) Touring members Sam Farrar -- guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , percussion , bass , turntables , MPC , backing vocals ( 2012 -- present ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Maroon 5 discography and List of songs recorded by Maroon 5 Studio albums Songs About Jane ( 2002 ) It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long ( 2007 ) Hands All Over ( 2010 ) Overexposed ( 2012 ) V ( 2014 ) Maroon 5 's sixth studio album ( 2017 ) as Kara 's Flowers We Like Digging ? ( 1994 ) The Fourth World ( 1997 ) Stagg Street Recordings ( 1998 ) Achievements ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Maroon 5 Maroon 5 have been the recipients of three Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , and five Teen Choice Awards . In 2004 World Music Awards , it won the award for `` World 's Best New Group '' . In 2012 , Maroon 5 won the People 's Choice award for Favorite Band . Hands All Over , the band 's third studio album , which was released in September 2010 , peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart . In 2011 , the album was re-released and supported by the single `` Moves like Jagger '' , a song featuring American singer Christina Aguilera . The song became the band 's second single to reach number one on the Hot 100 chart ; it has sold over 14.4 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best - selling singles worldwide . The band released their fourth studio album , Overexposed , in June 2012 . The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart . The first two singles from the album `` Payphone '' and `` One More Night '' , were both international hits and peaked at two and one on the Hot 100 chart respectively . `` One More Night '' , managed to beat Psy 's `` Gangnam Style '' by reaching number one on Billboard Hot 100 and stayed tied with Carly Rae Jepsen 's hit single `` Call Me Maybe '' for most weeks at # 1 in 2012 . Adam Levine also gained popularity as one of the judges on NBC 's talent competition The Voice . Maroon 5 ranked 15 on Recording Industry Association of America 's ( RIAA ) `` Top Artists -- Digital Singles '' list , with certified sales of 15 million in the United States . In 2013 , Maroon 5 became the third most - played artist on Top 40 Mainstream radio , based on Clear Channel owned Mediabase , becoming one of the most successful acts of Interscope Records . On September 10 , 2014 , their fifth studio album , V , debuted at top of the weekly Billboard 200 chart with 164,000 copies sold within the first week . In 2013 , Maroon 5 ranked as the 94th best artist of all time based on Top 100 Artists of All Time at Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary . In November 2015 , the band was ranked 44th on Billboard Hot 100 57th Anniversary Greatest of All Time -- Hot 100 . Tours ( edit ) Songs About Jane Tour ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 5th Annual Honda Civic Tour ( 2005 ) It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long Tour ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Back to School Tour ( 2009 ) Palm Trees and Power Lines Tour ( 2010 ) Hands All Over Tour ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Overexposed Tour ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 12th Annual Honda Civic Tour ( 2013 ) Maroon V Tour ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Charities ( edit ) Since 2008 , Maroon 5 has partnered with environmental non-profit REVERB to green their tours and engage fans to take action for the environment . Maroon 5 has been a longtime supporter of Aid Still Required ( ASR ) . After contributing the live version of `` She Will Be Loved '' to ASR 's All Star CD in support of the survivors of the 2004 Southeast Asian tsunami , Maroon 5 went on to record a public service announcement for ASR about work that still needed to be done in Haiti . Maroon 5 has participated in various ASR social media campaigns and Levine has donated a meet and greet on the set of The Voice to raise funds for various ASR programs . Maroon 5 supports the Bonnie J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation . In 2006 , Maroon 5 has been awarded Environmental Media Awards , due to donating their 2005 North American tour income to a global environment organization , called `` Global Cool '' . In 2011 , Maroon 5 ( along with PJ Morton , who was the band 's touring member at the time ) took part in a project named `` 24 Hour Session '' with Coca - Cola . The band wrote and recorded the song `` Is Anybody Out There ? '' in 24 hours . After the project ended , the track was made available on the Coca - Cola website . It was also announced that if the song would be downloaded more than 100,000 times , the band will donate to Africa for clean water . Later that year , the group stopped by Johns Hopkins Children 's Hospital for a surprise visit as a part of Get Well Soon Tour . Adam Levine , whose brother is openly gay , is an outspoken supporter of same sex marriage and LGBT rights . In 2011 , he made a video on Maroon 5 's official YouTube account in support of the It Gets Better Project . In January 2012 , he announced that Maroon 5 had changed the location of their post-Grammy Awards show because of the `` unnamed Los Angeles restaurant 's backing of Proposition 8 '' . Supports UNICEF . See also ( edit ) Book : Maroon 5 Maroon 5 videography List of artists featured on MTV Unplugged List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart List of artists who reached number one in Ireland List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart List of bands from Los Angeles List of blue - eyed soul artists List of dance - pop artists List of funk rock bands List of people from California References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew Leahey . `` Maroon 5 Biography '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 V Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Intimacy issues ? Not for Maroon 5 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Josh ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` NOISE : No Rest for the Funky '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Allison ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Quick spin : ' Overexposed , ' by Maroon 5 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serba , John ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Maroon 5 : Charting the course of the band 's newly astronomical success '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Maroon 5 -- Hands All Over '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Maroon 5 -- Hands All Over '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Up close with Maroon 5 - Facebook and Twitter competition to give patron meeting with Rock band '' . The Gleaner . January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Kara 's Flowers '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon5 Breaks Out Slowly But Surely '' . Billboard . August 13 , 2003 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Maroon 5 '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Maroon 5 Back With ' Harder ' Album After Adam Levine Gets Sick Of Partying '' . MTV News . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America -- August 01 , 2014 '' . RIAA . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Brown ( Sep 17 , 2014 ) . `` iTunes Festival : Maroon 5 enthusiastically blend fan - favourites and brand - new singles '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kara 's Flowers bio '' . The InternetTrash . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2001 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Visakowitz , Susan , `` Sophomore Jump '' . They were inspired by August Calderon Billboard. 119 ( 17 ) ^ Jump up to : Hoard , Christian ( 2004 - 06 - 45 ) , `` A Whiter Shade of Funk '' . Rolling Stone ( 950 ) : 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ McIntosh , Gregory . `` Kara 's flowers '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kimpel , Dan ( 2006 ) . How they made it : true stories of how music 's biggest stars went from start to stardom ! . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 07642 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kimpel 2006 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Craig ( June 5 , 2005 ) , `` Gold 5 '' . Billboard. 117 ( 23 ) : ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Ben Berkman '' . HitQuarters. April 13 , 2004 . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bio '' . Archive of early band biography on Maroon 5 official site . September 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 '' . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Ben Berkman , A&R at Octone Records for Maroon 5 '' . Hitquaters . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maroon 5 ( 2006 ) . Midnight miles : on the road through 5 continents & 17 countries . Photographs by Christopher Wray - McCann . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 2419 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Visakowitz , Susan ( April 22 , 2007 ) . `` Radio success fuels Maroon5 's `` Wonder '' years `` . Reuters . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Discography -- Songs About Jane '' . Billboard . accessdate = July 25 , 2007 archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070410174725/http://Template:Billboardurlbyname Jump up ^ `` Reviews for It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long by Maroon 5 '' . Metacritic . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Jeff ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Second CD By Maroon 5 Faces Great Expectations '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray ( June 4 , 2005 ) , `` Hit The Road '' . Billboard. 117 ( 23 ) : Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma singer - songwriter Graham Colton has toured with Maroon 5 '' . mtv.tv . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas , Maroon 5 , Pearl Jam Join Rolling Stones Tour '' . MTV News . 2005 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Maroon 5 , Train , Gavin DeGraw at Merriweather Post Pavilion Aug. 24 '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matchbox Twenty , Sugar Ray Team For Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 , Counting Crows Plot Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 , Donnas , Phantom Planet To Head Out On Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 , The Hives Make Unlikely Touring Team '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 plus special guests Dashboard Confessional '' . Metro Radio . November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New BMI Band Simon Dawes Lands Maroon 5 Tour '' . BMI . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon5 Tapped For Honda Civic Tour '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2005 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 -- Songs about Jane ( Album ) '' . australian - charts . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart History -- Maroon 5 '' . Billboard. 2007 . Archived from the original on archive - url = requires archive - date = ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 with Stevie Wonder at Live 8 '' . Rolling Stone . July 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Headlines 2005 Honda Civic Tour '' . Motor Trend . February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd AFI Life Achievement Award '' . AFI.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maroon 5 2006 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Maroon 5 Back With ' Harder ' Album After Adam Levine Gets Sick Of Partying '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Maroon 5 Finds Its Groove On Sophomore Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Englefield , Dvora Vener ; Baber , Darren ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` Maroon 5 Dominates iTunes Sales Chart With Three Simultaneous Number Ones '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Duncan ( 2007 ) . `` Review : It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long -- Maroon 5 '' . Jacarandafm.com ( 94.2 FM ) . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann . `` Maroon 5 '' . latimes . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 album breaks iTunes sales record '' . MacNN.com . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History : Maroon 5 '' . Billboard. 2007 . Archived from the original on archive - url = requires archive - date = ( help ) . Jump up ^ MTV News staff ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Jessica Biel Wants Respect , Plus Nelly Furtado , Hilary Duff , Sum 41 , Borat , Eve , Diddy , Ozzy & More In For The Record '' . MTV News . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Live from Le Cabaret '' . MSN Music . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No Need to ' Wonder ' -- Maroon 5 Debuts at No. 1 '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reminder -- Miami Studio a Make Up Show Information : Tues 7 / 11 @ 3 : 00pm '' . Maroon5.com . July 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Announces Plans for 2007 ' It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long ' World Tour '' . KEYT3 Santa Barbara . July 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Announcement ! '' . Maroon5.com . July 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Announces Fall Tour Dates '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( June 28 , 2007 ) , `` Maroon 5 : Back on Top '' . Rolling Stone . ( 1029 ) : 16 Jump up ^ Dorian , John . `` Maroon 5 talks about band 's `` longevity '' in new Billboard issue `` . International Business Times . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Landing : An Interview with Guitarist James Valentine '' . Cornell Sun . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 archives '' . Billboard . October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 debuts at number 2 on the Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 and Train announce summer tour -- News -- American Top 40 With Ryan Seacrest '' . At40.com. April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Moves Like Jagger '' Now On Hands All Over `` . Maroon5.com . July 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moves Like Jagger '' . Maroon5 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Q&A I Billboard.com '' . Billboard . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brasil , Marcus Vinícius ( October 2 , 2011 ) . `` Maroon 5 faz a alegria do público feminino no Rock in Rio '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porto , Henrique ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Jay - Z cancela participação no Rock in Rio ; Maroon 5 substitui rapper '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snapple and Maroon 5 Release New ' Tea Will Be Loved '' . drpeppersnapplegroup . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 -- Moves Like Jagger ( Live at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ) '' . The Hollywood Gossip . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 , Foster The People Rock Grammy Stage With The Beach Boys '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Announcement -- Jesse Carmichael '' . Maroon 5 . March 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Maroon 5 to Release ' Overexposed ' Album in June '' . Rolling Stone . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 Ties Carly Rae Jepsen for Most Weeks at # 1 '' . Time . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 line up change '' . Voice21 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 -- Woman ( Sam Farrar Remix ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' Narrows Finalists to 12 , Maroon 5 Rock ' Daylight ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Daylight Official Video '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Extends Record '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly to Tour with Maroon 5 on the 2013 Honda Civic Tour '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the voice performance of maroon 5 's love somebody '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Love Somebody '' . Videostatic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Perform The Beatles Ticket To Ride Excerpt '' . grammy.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Maroon 5 Have Great ' Great Songs ' Recorded for Next Album '' . MTV News . Viacom International . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 announce new album `` V '' and tour `` . Capital FM . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 performs ' Maps ' live on TODAY '' . Today . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie . `` Maroon 5 Announce `` Maps '' Single Ahead Of New Album V `` . Idolator . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 Chart History '' . Billboard . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 On Course for Second No. 1 Album '' . Billboard . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard archives '' . Billboard . October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wete , Brad . `` Maroon 5 Tightens Up on ' V ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Ensure iTunes Festival Performance Is Anything But ' One More Night ' '' . MTV . September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the new Kia commercial , featuring Maroon 5 's new song `` Animals '' `` . Maroon 5 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Peters ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Maroon 5 , Pharrell Williams to Perform on ' A Very Grammy Christmas ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jim Farber ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Z100s Jingle Ball 2014 line - up includes Taylor Swift , Sam Smith , Iggy Azalea '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sugar wil. l be Maroon 5 's next single ! '' . January 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Colin Stutz ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Maroon 5 's ' Sugar ' to Be Featured in Nissan Commercial '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 have a greatest hits on the way , but some of the hits are missing '' . DigitalSpy.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 -- Greatest Hits -- SINGLES -- Sept 25th '' . Flop Of The Pops . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` M5 News Room : Maroon 5 to Release First Ever Greatest Hits Album , ' Singles ' '' . m5newsroom.blogspot.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 are releasing a greatest hits album . We ca n't wait to bop to ' This Love ' again . '' . Maximum Pop ! . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 '' . www.maroon5.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Click here to support Maroon 5 for Unicef by Maroon 5 '' . CrowdRise . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 has partnered with UNICEF USA to help donate to their Children First campaign in celebration of # Maroon5Day on June 25th '' . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 To Channel ' Songs About Jane ' Vibe On Their New Record '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases -- Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 94.7 Fresh FM on Twitter '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Levine on The Tommy Show `` 94.7 Fresh FM '' . 947freshfm.cbslocal.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 's Sixth Album Out In November 2017 : Watch Announcement '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . United States . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Maroon 5 , ' Overexposed ' : Guitarist James Valentine Talks Adam Levine , ' She Will Be Loved ' & ' Call Me Maybe ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Questions With Maroon 5 's Adam Levine '' . Idolator.com . September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKinley Jr , James C. ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Benny Blanco , Hit Maker for Rihanna and Maroon 5 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Benny Blanco , Hit Maker for Rihanna and Maroon 5 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Influences for Maroon 5 '' . MTV . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Adam Levine ' reveals musical influences ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Steven . `` Maroon 5 's James Valentine : ' Adam Levine Is An Amazing Lead Player ' '' . Ultimate Guitar Archive . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Politics without preaching '' . The Australian . May 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Levine Calls ' Moves Like Jagger ' a ' Risk ' for Maroon 5 : Video Interview '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth album ' Overexposed ' June 26th '' . Maroon 5 . March 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ann Powers . `` Maroon 5 '' . LA Times . Jump up ^ Kathy Iandoli ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Maroon 5 's ' V ' : Album Review '' . Idolator . Jump up ^ `` V Album Review ( 2014 ) '' . PluggedIn . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Overexposed Album Reviews Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON 5 `` IT WON 'T BE SOON BEFORE LONG '' ( Octone / A&M ) `` . The Morning Call . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past GRAMMY Awards '' . Grammys . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Search 2011 '' . The AMAs . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Search 2012 '' . The AMAs . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Search 2013 '' . The AMAs . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NEWS 2004 Teen Choice Awards winners list '' . moono . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Music Awards Winners '' . Billboard . September 16 , 2004 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars claims 2 best - selling digital songs of 2011 '' . Music Week . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Reaches No. 1 on Hot 100 with ' One More Night ' '' . Billboard . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sinha - Roy , Piya . `` Maroon 5 score second chart - topping Billboard 200 album with ' V ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Top Artists ( Digital Singles ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mediabase : Year - End Edition 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Pdf.mediabase.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary By The Numbers : Top 100 Artists , Most No. 1s , Biggest No. 2s & More '' . Billboard staff . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 , Kelly Clarkson Team Up For Honda Civic Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Along with 14 other artists who donated tracks to the album including Paul McCartney , Eric Clapton , Bonnie Raitt and Norah Jones , Maroon 5 donated the live recording of `` She Will Be Loved '' to ASR 's All - Star CD to support victims in the aftermath of the 2004 Southeast Asian tsunami . Jump up ^ `` More Stars Join Tsunami Relief Efforts '' . Billboard . January 11 , 2005 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti Social Media Campaign '' . Aid Still Required . November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Adam Levine Backstage at The Voice '' . Omaze . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Goes Green '' . LIVE EARTH. 2009 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola -- Maroon 5 24 Hour Session '' . Coca - Cola , Maroon 5 24 Hour Session. 2011 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 Visits Patients at Hopkins Children 's -- Children 's Hospital at Johns Hopkins -- Baltimore , Maryland '' . hopkinschildrens.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michelson , Noah ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Adam Levine And Maroon 5 Boycotting Mexican Restaurant For Anti-Gay Marriage Stance '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 's Adam Levine Speaks Out Against LGBT Violence '' . Billboard . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Maroon 5 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maroon 5 . Official website Maroon 5 Adam Levine Jesse Carmichael Mickey Madden James Valentine Matt Flynn PJ Morton Ryan Dusick Studio albums Songs About Jane It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long Hands All Over Overexposed V Untitled sixth studio album Live albums 1.22. 03. Acoustic Live -- Friday the 13th Live from SoHo Live from Le Cabaret Compilation albums The B - Side Collection Call and Response : The Remix Album Singles Tours 2005 Honda Civic Tour Overexposed Tour 2013 Honda Civic Tour Maroon V Tour Related articles Lists Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs Members People Sam Farrar James Diener Square Albums We Like Digging ? The Fourth World Book Category Maroon 5 singles Discography Songs About Jane `` Harder to Breathe '' `` This Love '' `` She Will Be Loved '' `` Must Get Out '' `` Sunday Morning '' It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' `` Makes Me Wonder '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Wo n't Go Home Without You '' `` Goodnight Goodnight '' Hands All Over `` Misery '' `` Give a Little More '' `` Never Gonna Leave This Bed '' `` Hands All Over '' `` Moves like Jagger '' Overexposed `` One More Night '' `` Payphone '' `` Daylight '' `` Lucky Strike '' `` The Man Who Never Lied '' `` Love Somebody '' `` Sad '' `` Doin ' Dirt '' `` Wipe Your Eyes '' V `` Maps '' `` Animals '' `` It Was Always You '' `` Sugar '' `` Feelings '' `` My Heart Is Open '' `` This Summer 's Gonna Hurt like a Motherfucker '' TBA `` Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Cold '' `` What Lovers Do '' Book Category Grammy Award for Best New Artist Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Peter Nero ( 1962 ) Robert Goulet ( 1963 ) The Swingle Singers ( 1964 ) The Beatles ( 1965 ) Tom Jones ( 1966 ) No award given ( 1967 ) Bobbie Gentry ( 1968 ) José Feliciano ( 1969 ) Crosby , Stills & Nash ( 1970 ) The Carpenters ( 1971 ) Carly Simon ( 1972 ) America ( 1973 ) Bette Midler ( 1974 ) Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 ) Natalie Cole ( 1976 ) Starland Vocal Band ( 1977 ) Debby Boone ( 1978 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1979 ) Rickie Lee Jones ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Sheena Easton ( 1982 ) Men at Work ( 1983 ) Culture Club ( 1984 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1985 ) Sade ( 1986 ) Bruce Hornsby and the Range ( 1987 ) Jody Watley ( 1988 ) Tracy Chapman ( 1989 ) Milli Vanilli ( 1990 ; withdrawn ) Mariah Carey ( 1991 ) Marc Cohn ( 1992 ) Arrested Development ( 1993 ) Toni Braxton ( 1994 ) Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) Hootie & the Blowfish ( 1996 ) LeAnn Rimes ( 1997 ) Paula Cole ( 1998 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2000 ) Shelby Lynne ( 2001 ) Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Evanescence ( 2004 ) Maroon 5 ( 2005 ) John Legend ( 2006 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2007 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Adele ( 2009 ) Zac Brown Band ( 2010 ) Esperanza Spalding ( 2011 ) Bon Iver ( 2012 ) Fun ( 2013 ) Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2014 ) Sam Smith ( 2015 ) Meghan Trainor ( 2016 ) Chance the Rapper ( 2017 ) Saturday Night Live appearances Preceded by Kelis Saturday Night Live musical guest February 21 , 2004 Succeeded by Norah Jones Preceded by Linkin Park Saturday Night Live musical guest May 19 , 2007 Succeeded by Kanye West Preceded by Drake Saturday Night Live musical guest November 5 , 2011 Succeeded by Coldplay Preceded by Rihanna Saturday Night Live musical guest November 17 , 2012 Succeeded by Ne - Yo Preceded by Ariana Grande Saturday Night Live musical guest October 4 , 2014 Succeeded by Hozier VIAF : 153905399 LCCN : no2003015956 ISNI : 0000 0001 0791 4268 GND : 3059376 - 1 SUDOC : 087932636 BNF : cb14580019n ( data ) MusicBrainz : 0ab49580 - c84f - 44d4 - 875f - d83760ea2cfe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroon_5&oldid=802372298 '' Categories : Maroon 5 1994 establishments in California A&M Records artists Interscope Records artists Grammy Award winners World Music Awards winners Musical sextets American pop rock music groups American soul musical groups Funk rock musical groups Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1994 Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with archiveurl citation errors CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Good articles Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 19 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the new maroon 5 album released	[ "On January 13, 2017, it was revealed by singer Adam Levine that the band is currently working on their sixth studio album.[115] According to Levine, the album will be released \"soonish\", and will be R&B-influenced.[116] Another single, \"Cold\", featuring American rapper Future, was released to Top 40 radio on February 14, 2017.[117] On August 13, 2017, Levine announced at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards, that the album will be released in November 2017.[118]" ]	[ "November 2017" ]
7037085175392930743	1984 NCAA Division I-A football season	1984 NCAA Division I-A football season - wikipedia 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season Jump to : navigation , search 1984 NCAA Division I-A season Number of teams 110 Preseason AP No. 1 Auburn Tigers Post-season Duration December 15 , 1984 -- January 1 , 1985 Bowl games 18 Heisman Trophy Doug Flutie , Boston College QB Winner BYU Cougars Division I-A football seasons ← 1983 1985 → The 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the BYU Cougars winning their first national championship by beating Michigan in the Holiday Bowl . While the Cougars finished with a perfect 13 - 0 record and were the consensus National Champions , some commentators maintain this title was undeserved , citing their weak schedule ( no other team in their WAC conference had fewer than four losses , and even Michigan finished the season at 6 - 6 after the bowl loss ) and argue the championship should have gone to the 11 - 1 Washington Huskies ( who won a Pac - 10 conference with two Top 10 teams and a hard - fought Orange Bowl against then # 2 Oklahoma ) . The Huskies notably declined an invitation to play # 1 BYU in the Holiday Bowl to decide the National Championship on the field of play , effectively forfeiting their chance to win the title outright . With the loss of Richmond and William and Mary the number of teams in Division 1 - A fell from 112 to 110 for the 1984 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rule changes 2 Conference standings 3 AP Final poll 4 Coaches Final Poll 5 Notable rivalry games 6 Bowl games 7 Heisman Trophy voting 8 Other annual awards 9 References Rule changes ( edit ) Defensive pass interference will be penalized 15 yards from the previous spot if the foul occurs more than 15 yards downfield . If the foul occurred 15 yards or less downfield , the penalty will be enforced from the spot of the foul . Kickoffs that go through the back of the end zone or out of bounds in the end zone in the air untouched will be brought out to the 30 - yard line instead of the 20 . Clipping is limited to an area 6 - 10 yards from the line of scrimmage . Wide receivers are only permitted to block below the waist once the ball passes the line of scrimmage . Eliminating the PAT if the game has been decided , and if both teams agree . Offensive face - masking is now a foul , penalized 15 yards . Conference standings ( edit ) 1984 ACC football standings Conf Overall Team No. 12 Maryland $ 5 -- 0 -- 0 9 -- -- 0 No. 20 Virginia -- -- 8 -- -- North Carolina -- -- 5 -- 5 -- Wake Forest -- -- 0 6 -- 5 -- 0 Georgia Tech -- -- 6 -- -- NC State -- 5 -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 Duke -- 5 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 Clemson 0 -- 0 -- 0 * 7 -- -- 0 $ -- Conference champion * Clemson was under NCAA and ACC probation and was ineligible for the ACC title . As a result , their ACC games did not count in the league standings . Rankings from AP Poll 1984 Big 8 football standings Conf Overall Team No. 4 Nebraska + 6 -- -- 0 10 -- -- 0 No. 6 Oklahoma + 6 -- -- 0 9 -- -- No. 7 Oklahoma State 5 -- -- 0 10 -- -- 0 Kansas -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Kansas State -- -- -- 7 -- Missouri -- -- -- 7 -- Colorado -- 6 -- 0 -- 10 -- 0 Iowa State 0 -- 5 -- -- 7 -- + -- Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll 1984 Big Ten football standings Conf Overall Team No. 13 Ohio State $ 7 -- -- 0 9 -- -- 0 Illinois 6 -- -- 0 7 -- -- 0 Purdue 6 -- -- 0 7 -- 5 -- 0 No. 16 Iowa 5 -- -- 8 -- -- Wisconsin 5 -- -- 7 -- -- Michigan 5 -- -- 0 6 -- 6 -- 0 Michigan State 5 -- -- 0 6 -- 6 -- 0 Minnesota -- 6 -- 0 -- 7 -- 0 Northwestern -- 7 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 Indiana 0 -- 9 -- 0 0 -- 11 -- 0 $ -- Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll 1984 Mid-American Conference football standings Conf Overall Team Toledo $ 7 -- -- 8 -- -- Bowling Green 7 -- -- 0 8 -- -- 0 Central Michigan 6 -- -- 8 -- -- Ohio -- -- -- 6 -- Northern Illinois -- 5 -- -- 6 -- Miami -- 5 -- 0 -- 7 -- 0 Ball State -- 5 -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 Western Michigan -- 6 -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Kent State -- 6 -- 0 -- 7 -- 0 Eastern Michigan -- 5 -- -- 7 -- $ -- Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll 1984 Missouri Valley Conference football standings Conf Overall Team Tulsa $ 5 -- 0 -- 0 6 -- 5 -- 0 # 5 I - AA Indiana State ^ -- -- 0 9 -- -- 0 Illinois State -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Wichita State -- -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 Drake -- -- 0 -- 7 -- 0 West Texas State -- -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 Southern Illinois 0 -- 5 -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 $ -- Conference champion ^ -- Division I - AA playoff participant The MVC was a hybrid of Division I and I - AA programs in 1984 . Tulsa and Wichita State were Div I and the rest were Div I - AA 1984 Pacific Coast Athletic Association football standings Conf Overall Team Cal State Fullerton $ 7 -- 0 -- 0 12 -- 0 -- 0 San Jose State 6 -- -- 0 7 -- -- 0 Fresno State -- -- 0 7 -- 5 -- 0 Long Beach State -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Pacific ( CA ) -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Utah State -- -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 New Mexico State -- 5 -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 UNLV 0 -- 7 -- 0 0 -- 13 -- 0 $ -- Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll Records adjusted for UNLV forfeit of all 11 victories 1984 Pacific - 10 football standings Conf Overall Team No. 10 USC $ 7 -- -- 0 9 -- -- 0 No. 2 Washington 6 -- -- 0 11 -- -- 0 No. 9 UCLA 5 -- -- 0 9 -- -- 0 Arizona 5 -- -- 0 7 -- -- 0 Washington State -- -- 0 6 -- 5 -- 0 Arizona State -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Oregon -- 5 -- 0 6 -- 5 -- 0 Stanford -- 5 -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Oregon State -- 7 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 California -- 8 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 $ -- Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll 1984 SEC football standings Conf Overall Team No. 3 Florida $ 5 -- 0 -- 9 -- -- No. 15 LSU -- -- 8 -- -- No. 14 Auburn -- -- 0 9 -- -- 0 Georgia -- -- 0 7 -- -- No. 19 Kentucky -- -- 0 9 -- -- 0 Tennessee -- -- 0 7 -- -- Alabama -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Vanderbilt -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Ole Miss -- 5 -- 0 -- 6 -- Mississippi State -- 5 -- 0 -- 7 -- 0 $ -- Conference champion Florida 's title was later vacated by the SEC . Rankings from AP Poll 1984 Division I-A independents football records Conf Overall Team No. 5 Boston College -- -- 10 -- -- 0 No. 11 South Carolina -- -- 10 -- -- 0 Army -- -- 8 -- -- Rutgers -- -- 7 -- -- 0 No. 17 Florida State -- -- 7 -- -- Virginia Tech -- -- 8 -- -- 0 West Virginia -- -- 8 -- -- 0 No. 18 Miami ( FL ) -- -- 8 -- 5 -- 0 Notre Dame -- -- 7 -- 5 -- 0 Southwestern Louisiana -- -- 6 -- 5 -- 0 Penn State -- -- 6 -- 5 -- 0 Syracuse -- -- 6 -- 5 -- 0 Temple -- -- 6 -- 5 -- 0 Memphis -- -- 5 -- 5 -- Navy -- -- -- 6 -- Southern Miss -- -- -- 7 -- 0 Pittsburgh -- -- -- 7 -- Tulane -- -- -- 8 -- 0 Cincinnati -- -- -- 9 -- 0 East Carolina -- -- -- 9 -- 0 Louisville -- -- -- 9 -- 0 Rankings from AP Poll 1984 Southwest Conference football standings Conf Overall Team No. 8 SMU + 6 -- -- 0 10 -- -- 0 Houston + 6 -- -- 0 7 -- 5 -- 0 TCU 5 -- -- 0 8 -- -- 0 Arkansas 5 -- -- 0 7 -- -- Texas 5 -- -- 0 7 -- -- Baylor -- -- 0 5 -- 6 -- 0 Texas A&M -- 5 -- 0 6 -- 5 -- 0 Texas Tech -- 6 -- 0 -- 7 -- 0 Rice 0 -- 8 -- 0 -- 10 -- 0 + -- Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll 1984 WAC football standings Conf Overall Team No. 1 BYU $ 8 -- 0 -- 0 13 -- 0 -- 0 Hawaii 5 -- -- 0 7 -- -- 0 Air Force -- -- 0 8 -- -- 0 Utah -- -- 6 -- 5 -- San Diego State -- -- -- 7 -- Wyoming -- -- 0 6 -- 6 -- 0 Colorado State -- 5 -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 New Mexico -- 7 -- 0 -- 8 -- 0 UTEP -- 7 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 $ -- Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll AP Final poll ( edit ) Main article : 1984 NCAA Division I-A football rankings BYU Washington Nebraska Florida Boston College Oklahoma Oklahoma State SMU UCLA USC South Carolina Maryland Ohio State Auburn LSU Iowa Florida State Miami ( FL ) Kentucky Virginia Coaches Final Poll ( edit ) BYU Washington Nebraska Boston College Oklahoma State Oklahoma Florida SMU University of Southern California UCLA Maryland Ohio State South Carolina Auburn Iowa LSU Virginia West Virginia Kentucky Florida St . Notable rivalry games ( edit ) SMU 26 , Texas Christian 17 Alabama 17 , Auburn 15 West Virginia 28 , Pitt 10 Texas Christian 38 , Baylor 28 Arizona 16 , Arizona State 10 Florida State 38 , Miami ( FL ) 3 Florida 27 , Florida State 17 Florida 27 , Georgia 0 Georgia Tech 35 , Georgia 18 Iowa 59 , Iowa State 21 LSU 33 , Tulane 15 Michigan State 19 , Michigan 7 Army 28 , Navy 11 Notre Dame 19 , USC 7 Ohio State 21 , Michigan 6 Oklahoma 17 , Nebraska 7 Oklahoma 24 , Oklahoma State 14 Oregon 31 , Oregon State 6 South Carolina 22 , Clemson 21 Texas 15 , Oklahoma 15 UCLA 29 , USC 10 Washington 38 , Washington State 29 Minnesota 17 , Wisconsin 14 BYU 24 , Utah 14 Texas A&M 37 , Texas 12 Pitt 31 , Penn State 11 Bowl games ( edit ) Holiday Bowl : # 1 Brigham Young 24 , Michigan 17 Orange Bowl : # 4 Washington 28 , # 2 Oklahoma 17 Sugar Bowl : # 5 Nebraska 28 , # 11 LSU 10 Rose Bowl : # 18 USC 20 , # 6 Ohio State 17 Gator Bowl : # 9 Oklahoma State 21 , # 7 South Carolina 14 Cotton Bowl Classic : # 8 Boston College 45 , Houston 28 Aloha Bowl : # 10 Southern Methodist 27 , # 17 Notre Dame 20 Fiesta Bowl : # 14 UCLA 39 , # 13 Miami ( Fl ) 37 Florida Citrus Bowl : # 15 Florida State 17 , Georgia 17 Liberty Bowl : # 16 Auburn 21 , Arkansas 15 Freedom Bowl : Iowa 55 , # 19 Texas 17 Hall of Fame Bowl : Kentucky 20 , # 20 Wisconsin 19 Peach Bowl : Virginia 27 , Purdue 24 Sun Bowl : # 12 Maryland 28 , Tennessee 27 Independence Bowl : Air Force 23 , Virginia Tech 7 Bluebonnet Bowl : West Virginia 31 , Texas Christian 14 Cherry Bowl : Army 10 , Michigan State California Bowl : UNLV 30 , Toledo 13 Heisman Trophy voting ( edit ) The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award is given to the Most Outstanding Player of the year . Winner : Doug Flutie , Boston College , Quarterback ( 2,240 points ) 2 . Keith Byars , Ohio State ( 1,251 points ) 3 . Robbie Bosco , Brigham Young ( 443 points ) 4 . Bernie Kosar , Miami - Fl ( 320 points ) 5 . Kenneth Davis , Texas Christian ( 86 points ) ( Jerry Rice would finish 9th in voting ) Other annual awards ( edit ) Maxwell Award ( College Player of the Year ) -- Doug Flutie , Boston College Walter Camp Award ( Back ) -- Doug Flutie , Boston College Davey O'Brien Award ( Quarterback ) -- Doug Flutie , Boston College Lombardi Award ( Lineman or Linebacker ) -- Tony Degrate , Texas Outland Trophy ( Interior Lineman ) -- Bruce Smith , Virginia Tech Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award -- LaVell Edwards , BYU References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1983 Preseason AP Football Poll - AP Poll Archive - Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Michael Pinto , `` The 20 Most Undeserving National Champions in College Football History '' , `` Bleacher Report '' Jump up ^ Michael Pinto , `` The 20 Most Undeserving National Champions in College Football History '' , `` Bleacher Report '' Jump up ^ Williams , Larry ( 2012 ) . The Danny Ford Years at Clemson . NCAA football seasons Pre-regulation 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 IAAUS / NCAA 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 NCAA University Division / Division I 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A / FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division I - AA / FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1984_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season&oldid=833718220 '' Categories : 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 02 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the 1984 national championship in football	[ "\n\n1984 NCAA Division I-A season\n\n\nNumber of teams\n110\n\n\nPreseason AP No. 1\nAuburn Tigers[1]\n\n\nPost-season\n\n\nDuration\nDecember 15, 1984 –\nJanuary 1, 1985\n\n\nBowl games\n18\n\n\nHeisman Trophy\nDoug Flutie, Boston College QB\n\n\nWinner\nBYU Cougars\n\n\nDivision I-A football seasons\n\n\n\n← 1983\n1985 →\n\n\n" ]	[ "BYU Cougars" ]
4952584105916015682	Air gap (plumbing)	Air gap ( plumbing ) - wikipedia Air gap ( plumbing ) Water can not flow from the sink to the tap in normal circumstances , even if the water supply loses pressure . An air gap , as it relates to the plumbing trade , is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture . A simple example is the space between a wall mounted faucet and the sink rim ( this space is the air gap ) . Water can easily flow from the faucet into the sink , but there is no way that water can flow from the sink into the faucet without modifying the system . This arrangement will prevent any contaminants in the sink from flowing into the potable water system by siphonage and is the least expensive form of backflow prevention . A common use of the term `` air gap '' in home plumbing refers to a fixture that provides back - flow prevention for an installed dishwasher . This `` air gap '' is seen above the sink as a small cylindrical fixture mounted parallel with the faucet . In the base cabinet under the sink , the drain hose from the dishwasher feeds the `` top '' of the air gap , and the `` bottom '' of the air gap is plumbed into the sink drain below the basket , or into a garbage disposal unit . When installed and maintained properly , the air gap works as described above , and prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher , possibly contaminating dishes . Water flowing from the fixture into the sink indicates a need for maintenance or repair . To further illustrate the air gap , consider what could happen if the air gap were eliminated by attaching a hose to the faucet and lowering the hose into a sink full of contaminated water . Under the right conditions ( if the water supply loses pressure and the sink is higher than the point at which the water supply enters the house , for instance ) , the dirty water in the sink will be siphoned into the water pipes through the hose and faucet . The dirty water then will be dispersed throughout the drinking water system . Standards and codes ( edit ) All plumbing codes require backflow prevention in several ways . The fixtures are manufactured to meet these codes . Plumbers must not build cross-connections in their daily work practices , and plumbing inspectors look for improper designs or connections of piping and plumbing fixtures . A common misconception is that a `` high loop '' ( routing a drain line above a sink 's flood level , for instance ) will provide the same function as an air gap ; this is not true , because the continuous connection in such a case still will allow backflow through siphoning . According to the International Residential Code 2003 , an air gap must meet the requirements of being two times the effective inner diameter of the pipe ( 2 * D ) in order to be sufficient . A standard widely use in the United States is : A112. 1.2 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems ( For Plumbing Fixtures and Water - Connected Receptors ) See also ( edit ) Hydrostatic loop Pressure vacuum breaker Double check valve Chemigation valve Reduced pressure zone device Atmospheric vacuum breaker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Residential Code 2003 ( 1st ed . ) . Definition : AIR GAP , WATER -- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM : International Code Council . 2003 . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892395 - 58 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.plumbingsupply.com/airgap.html Jump up ^ http://www.justanswer.com/plumbing/1zdw3-kitchenaide-dishwasher-vent-next-faucet.html Jump up ^ International Residential Code 2003 ( 1st ed . ) . Paragraph P2902. 2.1 Air gaps : International Code Council . 2003 . p. 402 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892395 - 58 - 0 . Backflow and prevention Backflow prevention methods Atmospheric vacuum breaker Air gap Check valve Chemigation valve Double check valve Hydrostatic loop Pressure vacuum breaker Reduced pressure zone device Vacuum breaker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_gap_(plumbing)&oldid=860456194 '' Categories : Plumbing Plumbing valves Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018 , at 20 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is an air gap for a faucet	[ "A simple example is the space between a wall mounted faucet and the sink rim (this space is the air gap). Water can easily flow from the faucet into the sink, but there is no way that water can flow from the sink into the faucet without modifying the system. This arrangement will prevent any contaminants in the sink from flowing into the potable water system by siphonage and is the least expensive form of backflow prevention. \n" ]	[ "the space between a wall mounted faucet and the sink rim" ]
6344603730294738784	A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)	A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) A Series Of Unfortunate Events on Netflix A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Category Book Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye First Team : Juventus The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf Continuations Arrested Development ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2013 -- 18 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 8 , 2015 -- 18 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 17 ) Justin Time ( season 3 , 2016 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Upcoming Samantha ! ( 2018 ) The Innocents ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Distrito Salvaje ( 2018 ) Dogs Of Berlin ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La casa de las flores ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Diablero ( 2018 ) Sacred Games ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) La balada de Hugo Sánchez ( 2018 ) El Ganador ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Tales of the City ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) 10 After Midnight ( TBA ) After Life ( TBA ) AJ and the Queen ( TBA ) Another Life ( TBA ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Dead to Me ( TBA ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Mr. Iglesias ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Paradise , P.D. ( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_(TV_series)&oldid=843634134 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts A Series of Unfortunate Events 2010s American black comedy television series American children 's comedy television series American mystery television series Netflix original programming Television programs based on American novels Television series about orphans Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays larry in a series of unfortunate events	[ "Patrick Breen as Larry Your-Waiter, a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit, including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella." ]	[ "Patrick Breen" ]
2374047760896509349	The World's Billionaires	The world 's billionaires - Wikipedia The world 's billionaires Jump to : navigation , search The World 's Billionaires List of the world 's billionaires , ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Current list details ( 2017 ) Wealthiest Bill Gates Net worth ( 1st ) US $ 86 billion Number of billionaires 2,043 Total list net worth value US $7.67 trillion Average net worth US $3.75 billion Number of women 227 Number of people aged 40 years or less 56 New members to the list 195 Forbes : The World 's Billionaires website The World 's Billionaires is an annual ranking by net worth of the world 's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes . The list was first published in March 1987 . The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated , in United States dollars , based on their assets and accounting for debt . Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists . In 2017 , there was a record of 2,043 people on the list , which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed , that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S. ; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women . The average net worth of the list came in at US $ 3.75 billion , down US $110 million from 2015 . Added together , the total net worth for 2017 's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion , up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015 . As of 2017 , Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 23 years . According to a 2017 Oxfam report , the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as `` half the human race '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Annual rankings 2.1 2017 2.2 2016 2.3 2015 2.4 2014 2.5 2013 2.6 2012 2.7 2011 2.8 2010 2.9 2009 2.10 2008 2.11 2007 2.12 2006 2.13 2005 2.14 2004 2.15 2003 2.16 2002 2.17 2001 2.18 2000 2.19 Legend 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Methodology Each year , Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world 's wealthiest individuals . Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list . According to Forbes , they received three types of responses -- some people try to inflate their wealth , others cooperate but leave out details , and some refuse to answer any questions . Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets -- land , homes , vehicles , artwork , etc. -- are made . Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual 's holdings . Finally , positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication . Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price - to - sales or price - to - earnings ratios . Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual 's estimated worth in United States dollars . Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly , an individual 's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled . Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of individuals are included only if those individuals ' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars . However , when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members , it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living . Royalty and dictators are always excluded from these lists . Annual rankings The rankings are published annually in March , so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time . These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires . 2017 On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes ' list of the world 's billionaires , for the fourth year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world . The number of billionaires increased 13 % to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016 ; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally . This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five . The U.S. continues to have the most billionaires in the world , with a record of 565 . China has 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ) , Germany has 114 , and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires . This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot . Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time , while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year 's second position to fourth . Jeff Bezos of Amazon , Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P. , appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list , coming at fifth , sixth and eighth position , respectively . Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31 . Larry Ellison , Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year 's positions , with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth , respectively . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon.com 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P. 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , David David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries 2015 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2015 In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year . 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40 . A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time , of whom 25 percent hail from China , which produced a world - leading 71 newcomers . The United States came in second , with 57 , followed by India , with 28 , and Germany , with 23 . The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526 . Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014 . Russia was placed behind China , Germany and India by the number of billionaires . Self - made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions ( over 65 percent ) while just 230 ( under 13 percent ) have wealth through inheritance . The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405 . Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's annual list of the world 's billionaires . This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot . Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third , while Amancio Ortega of Spain , slipped down a position from last year to number four . Larry Ellison , the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking female at number eight . America 's Evan Spiegel , co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24 . At age 99 , David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list . Mark Zuckerberg , the founder of Facebook , rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion . Iceland had a billionaire , Thor Bjorgolfsson , in the list after a gap of five years . Guatemala had a billionaire , Mario Lopez Estrada , for the first time in its history . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil , Telmex , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Christy Christy Walton $41.7 billion 60 United States Walmart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal 2014 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2014 Bill Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list . He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years , but his last number one ranking in 2009 . Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years . Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year . American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year , placing fourth . America 's Christy Walton was the highest ranking female , placing ninth overall . Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25 , with an estimated net worth of $25 billion . A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list , representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion . Of those , a record 268 were newcomers , surpassing 2008 's 226 newcomers . One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list . The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014 . Approximately 66 percent of the list was self - made , 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone , and 21 percent through a mixture of the two . The United States had 492 billionaires on the list , the most of any country . The country also had the most newcomers with 50 , and women with 54 . China had the second most billionaires with 152 , while Russia was third with 111 . Algeria , Lithuania , Tanzania , and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time . Turkey saw the most people drop off the list , 19 , due to a period of high inflation in the country . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 58 -- 59 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 2013 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2013 Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list , marking his fourth consecutive year at the top . Bill Gates remained in second , while Amancio Ortega moved up to third . Ortega 's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list . Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000 , placing fourth . Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers , debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion . A global rise in asset prices , led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare `` It ( was ) a very good year to be a billionaire '' . However , it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th , suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list . Overall , net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4 : 1 . A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list , representing $5.4 trillion of assets . Of those , 442 billionaires hailed from the United States . The Asian - Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366 . The list also featured a record number of newcomers , 210 , representing 42 different countries . Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died . The Asia - Pacific region had the most drop - offs , with 29 , followed by the United States with 16 . The 2013 list featured 138 women , of which 50 came from the United States . A majority of the list ( 961 individuals , 67 percent ) was entirely self - made ; 184 ( 13 percent ) inherited their wealth , and 281 ( 20 percent ) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH 2012 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2012 Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list , marking this third consecutive year at the top . Bill Gates placed second , but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim 's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates ' rose $5 billion . Warren Buffett remained in third place . Bernard Arnault of France was the top - ranking European on the list , placing fourth . Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars , adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall . Making her debut on the list at age 27 , Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self - made female billionaire ever . Colombia 's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest - ranked newcomer , inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father . India 's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply . As a result , he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong 's Li Ka - shing . A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list , representing 58 different countries . Of those , 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women . The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425 . Russia had 96 people on the list , while China had 95 . Georgia , Morocco , and Peru were newly represented on the list . Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide . Twelve others listed in 2011 died . Overall , net gainers ( 460 ) barely outnumbered net losers ( 441 ) . To coincide with the release of the 2012 list , Forbes announced a new `` Billionaire Real - Time Ticker '' updating the wealth of the world 's top fifty billionaires in real time . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi 2011 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2011 In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune , the most of anyone , and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion . Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion , while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion . The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion , up from $342 billion in 2010 . According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan , `` media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social '' since the 2010 list . However , Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion . Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook - related billionaires on the list , as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd . Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list . Aged 26 , eight days younger than Zuckerberg , he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion . IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion , dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall . A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list , representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion , up from $3.6 trillion the previous year . One third of the world 's billionaires , 413 , came from the United States . China had the second most billionaires with 115 , while Russia was third with 101 . Asia moved up to 332 billionaires , passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s . The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 57 India Reliance Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 55 United States Walmart Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2010 Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time . Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent . Gates ' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion , placing him second . Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking woman , placing 12th overall , with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion . At age 25 , Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world 's youngest self - made billionaire . American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney . A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list . The United States accounted for 403 billionaires , followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62 . It was the first time China , while including Hong Kong , placed second . A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list , including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires . Eighty - nine women made the list , but only 14 of them were self - made . The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion , up 50 percent from 2009 's $2.4 trillion , while the average net worth was $3.5 billion . The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers . Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants . Overall , just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009 , and 30 people fell off the list . Thirteen others died . Of the 89 women , 12 were newcomers in 2010 . Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world 's economy was recovering from 2009 's global financial crisis . In June 2010 , Warren Buffett and Bill Gates announce The Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy . As of 2017 , the pledge has 158 signers but some of the signers have since died . Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires , and their pledges total to over $365 billion . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd 2009 In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , the world 's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30 % smaller than the previous year 's list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 57 India Reliance Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Albrecht , Theo Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group 2008 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , four years after starting the company , joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self - made billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 50 India Reliance Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ambani , Anil Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pal Singh , Kushal Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Deripaska , Oleg Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd 2007 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings , Hutchison Whampoa 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation 2006 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Shing , Li Ka Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group , Hutchison Whampoa 2005 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart The founders of Google , Sergey Brin and Larry Page , become billionaires at age 30 . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , John John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . 2003 Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African American billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , John John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . 2002 As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot - com bubble , 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , John John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.4 billion 82 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . 2001 In 2001 , BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African - American billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , John John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . Had he been alive in 2001 , Sam Walton would have been the world 's wealthiest person . 2000 Bill Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World 's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot - com bubble 's height in 1999 when Gates ' fortune peaked at $90 billion . After the dot - com bubble started to collapse in 2000 , his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Son , Masayoshi Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Dell , Michael Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation Legend Icon Description Has not changed from the previous ranking . Has increased from the previous ranking . Has decreased from the previous ranking . Statistics The dot - com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires . However , once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear . Billionaires ' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis ; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires . The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses . Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s . Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year Year Number of billionaires Group 's combined net worth 2017 2,043 $7.67 trillion 2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion 2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion 2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion 2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion 2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion 2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion 1,011 $3.6 trillion 2009 793 $2.4 trillion 2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion 2007 946 $3.5 trillion 2006 793 $2.6 trillion 2005 691 $2.2 trillion 587 $1.9 trillion 2003 476 $1.4 trillion 2002 497 $1.5 trillion 2001 538 $1.8 trillion 2000 470 $0.9 trillion $898 billion Source : Forbes . See also Bloomberg Billionaires Index List of cities by the number of billionaires List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires List of wealthiest animals List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest historical figures List of wealthiest organizations References Specific ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Bill Gates back on top , WhatsApp founders and more women in Forbes ' billionaire rankings '' . Market Watch , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa . `` Forbes 2017 billionaires list : Meet the richest people on the planet '' . Forbes . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Youngest , oldest and one who can body slam you : More on Forbes list of the ultra-rich '' . AL.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires List '' . Forbes . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Inside The 2015 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff , Anna ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world '' . Oxfam . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mullany , Gerry ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` World 's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population '' . New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Methodology : How We Crunch The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krastev , Nikola ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Forbes ' Rich List : Number Of New Billionaires Reflects Global Recovery '' . Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 Bill Gates '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amancio Ortega '' . Forbes . 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires : Warren Buffett '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bezos '' . Forbes . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' The World 's Billionaires - Mark Zuckerburg `` '' . Forbes . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The World 's Billionaires - Michael Bloomber `` '' . Forbes . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Dan ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Record 290 Newcomers Join Forbes Billionaires List , Including Michael Jordan '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Dolan , Kerry A . `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Lopez Estrada '' . Forbes : The World 's Billionaires . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Elizabeth ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Forbes ' richest people : number of billionaires up significantly '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickman , Martin ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` 2013 Forbes Billionaires list : Record number of new entries appear on rich list , but Carlos Slim and Bill Gates still top the charts '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Forbes billionaire list 2013 : Mr. Slim wins it again '' . Market Watch , Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reaney , Patricia ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Factbox : Record number of billionaires make Forbes 2013 list '' . Reuters . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : Carlos Slim tops rich list for third year '' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanx creator Sara Blakely becomes youngest woman on Forbes Billionaires List '' . Fox News Channel . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` Forbes World 's Billionaires 2012 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bates , Daniel ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Facebook 's fortunes skyrocket on Forbes billionaires list ... but no one can beat Carlos Slim '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Oprah Winfrey Drop in Forbes Billionaire Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Geoff ( 10 March 2011 ) . `` Forbes ' 2011 list of ' World 's Billionaires ' is biggest ever '' . Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matthew ; Kroll , Luisa ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Bill Gates No Longer World 's Richest Man '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` China ranks No 2 on Forbes billionaires list '' . China Daily . 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion '' . Insatiable Fox . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The New Rich '' . The Economist. 14 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The Rich '' . The Economist. 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Boston Consulting Group . 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Capgemini and Merrill Lynch . 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billionaires 25th Anniversary Timeline -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Inside The 2013 Billionaires List : Facts and Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . General 2000 -- 2010 Top 10s : Rogers , Simon ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Forbes rich list : ten years of top tens '' . The Guardian . 2011 Top 10 : `` The World 's Billionaires 2011 '' . Forbes . 2012 Top 10 : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : top 50 '' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . 2013 Top 10 : Durgy , Edwin ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` The World 's Richest Billionaires : Full List Of The Top 500 '' . Forbes . 2014 Top 10 : `` Forbes Releases 28th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue '' . Forbes . 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . 2015 Top 10 : `` Forbes ' 29th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue '' . Forbes . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . External links Forbes : The World 's Billionaires ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forbes 400 members In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history Other Countries by the number of US dollar billionaires Forbes Fictional 15 Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Women Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The World 's Billionaires -- Top ten richest people in the world as of 20 April 2017 Bill Gates ( $86.0 B , United States ) Warren Buffett ( $75.6 B , United States ) Jeff Bezos ( $72.8 B , United States ) Amancio Ortega ( $71.3 B , Spain ) Mark Zuckerberg ( $56.0 B , United States ) Carlos Slim ( $54.5 B , Mexico ) Larry Ellison ( $52.2 B , United States ) Charles Koch ( $48.3 B , United States ) David Koch ( $48.3 B , United States ) Michael Bloomberg ( $47.5 B , United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Billionaires&oldid=807202349 '' Categories : Lists of people by wealth Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most networth in the world	[ "In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women.[4] The average net worth of the list came in at US$3.75 billion, down US$110 million from 2015. Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was US$7.67 trillion, up from US$7.1 trillion in 2015.[2][5] As of 2017[update], Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 23 years.[2]" ]	[ "Microsoft founder Bill Gates" ]
-8519124991536127066	Calvinism	Calvinism - wikipedia Calvinism Jump to : navigation , search `` Reformed '' and `` Reformed church '' redirect here . For other uses of Reformed , see Reform ( disambiguation ) . For Reformed churches originating in continental Europe , see Continental Reformed church . For the theology of John Calvin himself , see Theology of John Calvin . Part of a series on Calvinism John Calvin Background ( show ) Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Theology ( show ) Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Lord 's Supper Regulative principle Predestination in Calvinism Documents ( show ) Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva Bible Three Forms of Unity Westminster Standards Canons of Dort Second Helvetic Confession Heidelberg catechism Belgic Confession La Rochelle Confession Savoy Declaration 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith First Helvetic Confession Scots Confession Influences ( show ) Huldrych Zwingli Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Theodore Beza Francis Turretin Jonathan Edwards Charles Hodge Churches ( show ) Continental Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Low church Anglican Peoples ( show ) Afrikaners Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Largest groups ( show ) World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council Presbyterianism in South Korea List of Reformed denominations Calvinism portal Calvinism ( also called the Reformed tradition , Reformed Christianity , Reformed Protestantism , or the Reformed faith ) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation - era theologians . Calvinists broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century . Calvinism differs from Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist , theories of worship , and the use of God 's law for believers , among other things . As declared in the Westminster and Second Helvetic confessions , the core doctrines are predestination and election . The protestant part of this reformation was considering that the Bible be interpreted by itself , meaning the parts that are harder to understand are examined in the light of other passages where the Bible is more explicit on the matter . The term Calvinism can be misleading , because the religious tradition which it denotes has always been diverse , with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder . The movement was first called Calvinism by Lutherans who opposed it referring to French reformer John Calvin , and many within the tradition would prefer to use the word Reformed . Early influential Reformed theologians include Ulrich Zwingli , John Calvin , Martin Bucer , William Farel , Heinrich Bullinger , Peter Martyr Vermigli , Theodore Beza , and John Knox . In the twentieth century , Abraham Kuyper , Herman Bavinck , B.B. Warfield , J. Gresham Machen , Karl Barth , Martyn Lloyd - Jones , Cornelius Van Til , and Gordon Clark were influential . Contemporary Reformed theologians include J.I. Packer , John MacArthur , R.C. Sproul , Timothy J. Keller , John Piper , David Wells , and Michael Horton . Reformed churches may exercise several forms of ecclesiastical polity ; most are presbyterian or congregationalist , though some are episcopalian . Calvinism is largely represented by Continental Reformed , Presbyterian , and Congregationalist traditions . The biggest Reformed association is the World Communion of Reformed Churches with more than 80 million members in 211 member denominations around the world . There are more conservative Reformed federations such as the World Reformed Fellowship and the International Conference of Reformed Churches , as well as independent churches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Spread 3 Theology 3.1 Revelation and Scripture 3.2 Covenant 3.3 God 3.4 Christ and atonement 3.5 Sin 3.6 Salvation 3.7 Predestination 3.7. 1 Five points of Calvinism 3.7. 2 Comparison among Protestants 3.8 Church 3.9 Worship 3.9. 1 Regulative principle of worship 3.10 Sacraments 3.11 Logical order of God 's decree 4 Variants 4.1 Amyraldism 4.2 Hyper - Calvinism 4.3 Neo-Calvinism 4.4 Christian Reconstructionism 4.5 New Calvinism 5 Social and economic influences 6 Politics and society 7 See also 7.1 Doctrine 7.2 Related 7.3 Similar groups in other traditions 7.4 Opposing views 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) Calvinism is named after John Calvin . It was first used by a Lutheran theologian in 1552 . It was a common practice of the Catholic Church to name what they perceived to be heresy after its founder . Nevertheless , the term first came out of Lutheran circles . Calvin denounced the designation himself : They could attach us no greater insult than this word , Calvinism . It is not hard to guess where such a deadly hatred comes from that they hold against me . -- John Calvin , Leçons ou commentaires et expositions sur les Revelations du prophete Jeremie 1565 Despite its negative connotation , this designation became increasingly popular in order to distinguish Calvinists from Lutherans and from newer Protestant branches that emerged later . Even though the vast majority of churches that trace back their history to Calvin ( including Presbyterians , Congregationalists , and a row of other Calvinist churches ) do not use it themselves , since the designation `` Reformed '' is more generally accepted and preferred , especially in the English - speaking world . Moreover , these churches claim to be -- in accordance with John Calvin 's own words -- `` renewed accordingly with the true order of gospel '' . Since the Arminian controversy , the Reformed tradition -- as a branch of Protestantism distinguished from Lutheranism -- divided into two separate groups , Arminians and Calvinists . However , it is now rare to call Arminians a part of the Reformed tradition , as many see these two schools of thought as opposed , making the terms Calvinist and Reformed synonymous . While the Reformed theological tradition addresses all of the traditional topics of Christian theology , the word Calvinism is sometimes used to refer to particular Calvinist views on soteriology and predestination , which are summarized in part by the Five Points of Calvinism . Some have also argued that Calvinism as a whole stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things including salvation . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Calvinism Calvin preached at St. Pierre Cathedral , the main church in Geneva Calvin 's magnum opus : Institutio Christianae religionis First - generation Reformed theologians include Huldrych Zwingli ( 1484 -- 1531 ) , Martin Bucer ( 1491 -- 1551 ) , Wolfgang Capito ( 1478 -- 1541 ) , John Oecolampadius ( 1482 -- 1531 ) , and Guillaume Farel ( 1489 -- 1565 ) . These reformers came from diverse academic backgrounds , but later distinctions within Reformed theology can already be detected in their thought , especially the priority of scripture as a source of authority . Scripture was also viewed as a unified whole , which led to a covenantal theology of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord 's Supper as visible signs of the covenant of grace . Another Reformed distinctive present in these theologians was their denial of the bodily presence of Christ in the Lord 's supper . Each of these theologians also understood salvation to be by grace alone , and affirmed a doctrine of particular election ( the teaching that some people are chosen by God for salvation ) . Martin Luther and his successor Philipp Melanchthon were undoubtedly significant influences on these theologians , and to a larger extent later Reformed theologians . The doctrine of justification by faith alone was a direct inheritance from Luther . John Calvin ( 1509 -- 64 ) , Heinrich Bullinger ( 1504 -- 75 ) , Wolfgang Musculus ( 1497 -- 1563 ) , Peter Martyr Vermigli ( 1500 -- 62 ) , and Andreas Hyperius ( 1511 -- 64 ) belong to the second generation of Reformed theologians . Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion ( 1536 -- 59 ) was one of the most influential theologies of the era . Toward the middle of the 16th century , the Reformed began to commit their beliefs to confessions of faith , which would shape the future definition of the Reformed faith . The 1549 Consensus Tigurinus brought together those who followed Zwingli and Bullinger 's memorialist theology of the Lord 's supper , which taught that the supper simply serves as a reminder of Christ 's death , and Calvin 's view that the supper serves as a means of grace with Christ actually present , though spiritually rather than bodily . The document demonstrates the diversity as well as unity in early Reformed theology . The remainder of the 16th century saw an explosion of confessional activity . The stability and breadth of Reformed theology during this period stand in marked contrast to the bitter controversy experienced by Lutherans prior to the 1579 Formula of Concord . Due to Calvin 's missionary work in France , his programme of reform eventually reached the French - speaking provinces of the Netherlands . Calvinism was adopted in the Electorate of the Palatinate under Frederick III , which led to the formulation of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563 , and in Navarre by Jeanne d'Albret . This and the Belgic Confession were adopted as confessional standards in the first synod of the Dutch Reformed Church in 1571 . Leading divines , either Calvinist or those sympathetic to Calvinism , settled in England ( Martin Bucer , Peter Martyr , and Jan Łaski ) and Scotland ( John Knox ) . During the English Civil War , the Calvinistic Puritans produced the Westminster Confession , which became the confessional standard for Presbyterians in the English - speaking world . Having established itself in Europe , the movement continued to spread to other parts of the world including North America , South Africa , and Korea . Calvin did not live to see the foundation of his work grow into an international movement ; but his death allowed his ideas to break out of their city of origin , to succeed far beyond their borders , and to establish their own distinct character . Spread ( edit ) Calvinism has been known at times for its simple , unadorned churches and lifestyles , as depicted in this painting by Emanuel de Witte c. 1661 Although much of Calvin 's work was in Geneva , his publications spread his ideas of a correctly Reformed church to many parts of Europe . In Switzerland , some cantons are still Reformed and some are Catholic . Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in Scotland ( see John Knox ) , the Netherlands ( see William Ames , T.J. Frelinghuysen and Wilhelmus à Brakel ) , some communities in Flanders , and parts of Germany ( especially these adjacent to the Netherlands ) in the Palatinate , Kassel and Lippe with the likes of Olevianus and his colleague Zacharias Ursinus . In Hungary and the then - independent Transylvania , Calvinism was a significant religion . In the 16th century , the Reformation gained many supporters in Eastern Hungary and Hungarian - populated regions in Transylvania . In these parts , the Reformed nobles protected the faith . Almost all Transylvanian dukes were Reformed . Today there are about 3.5 million Hungarian Reformed people worldwide . It was influential in France , Lithuania and Poland before being mostly erased due to the counter-reformational activities taken up by the monarch in each country . Calvinism gained some popularity in Scandinavia , especially Sweden , but was rejected in favor of Lutheranism after the Synod of Uppsala in 1593 . Most settlers in the American Mid-Atlantic and New England were Calvinists , including the English Puritans , the French Huguenots and Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam ( New York ) , and the Scotch - Irish Presbyterians of the Appalachian back country . Nonconforming Protestants , Puritans , Separatists , Independents , English religious groups coming out of the English Civil War , and other English dissenters not satisfied with the degree to which the Church of England had been reformed , held overwhelmingly Reformed views . They are often cited among the primary founders of the United States of America . Dutch Calvinist settlers were also the first successful European colonizers of South Africa , beginning in the 17th century , who became known as Boers or Afrikaners . Countries with historically sizeable Reformed communities . Sierra Leone was largely colonized by Calvinist settlers from Nova Scotia , who were largely Black Loyalists , blacks who had fought for the British during the American War of Independence . John Marrant had organized a congregation there under the auspices of the Huntingdon Connection . Some of the largest Calvinist communions were started by 19th and 20th century missionaries . Especially large are those in Indonesia , Korea and Nigeria . In South Korea there are 20,000 Presbyterian congregations with about 9 -- 10 million church members , scattered in more than 100 Presbyterian denominations . In South Korea , Presbyterianism is the largest Christian denomination . A 2011 report of the Pew Forum on Religious and Public Life estimated that members of Presbyterian or Reformed churches make up 7 % of the estimated 801 million Protestants globally , or approximately 56 million people . Though the broadly defined Reformed faith is much larger , as it constitutes Congregationalist ( 0.5 % ) , most of the United and uniting churches ( unions of different denominations ) ( 7.2 % ) and most likely some of the other Protestant denominations ( 38.2 % ) . All three are distinct categories from Presbyterian or Reformed ( 7 % ) in this report . The Reformed family of churches is one of the largest Christian denominations . According to adherents.com the Reformed / Presbyterian / Congregational / United churches represent 75 million believers worldvide . The World Communion of Reformed Churches , which includes some United Churches ( most of these are primarily Reformed ; see Uniting and united churches for details ) , has 80 million believers . WCRC is the third largest Christian communion in the world , after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches . Many conservative Reformed churches which are strongly Calvinistic formed the World Reformed Fellowship which has about 70 member denominations . Most are not part of the World Communion of Reformed Churches because of its ecumenial attire . The International Conference of Reformed Churches is another conservative association . Church of Tuvalu is the only officially established state church in the Calvinist tradition in the world . Theology ( edit ) Revelation and Scripture ( edit ) See also : General revelation , Biblical inspiration , and Sola scriptura Reformed theologians believe that God communicates knowledge of himself to people through the Word of God . People are not able to know anything about God except through this self - revelation . Speculation about anything which God has not revealed through his Word is not warranted . The knowledge people have of God is different from that which they have of anything else because God is infinite , and finite people are incapable of comprehending an infinite being . While the knowledge revealed by God to people is never incorrect , it is also never comprehensive . The seal of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America , an early American Presbyterian church According to Reformed theologians , God 's self - revelation is always through his son Jesus Christ , because Christ is the only mediator between God and people . Revelation of God through Christ comes through two basic channels . The first is creation and providence , which is God 's creating and continuing to work in the world . This action of God gives everyone knowledge about God , but this knowledge is only sufficient to make people culpable for their sin ; it does not include knowledge of the gospel . The second channel through which God reveals himself is redemption , which is the gospel of salvation from condemnation which is punishment for sin . In Reformed theology , the Word of God takes several forms . Jesus Christ himself is the Word Incarnate . The prophecies about him said to be found in the Old Testament and the ministry of the apostles who saw him and communicated his message are also the Word of God . Further , the preaching of ministers about God is the very Word of God because God is considered to be speaking through them . God also speaks through human writers in the Bible , which is composed of texts set apart by God for self - revelation . Reformed theologians emphasize the Bible as a uniquely important means by which God communicates with people . People gain knowledge of God from the Bible which can not be gained in any other way . Reformed theologians affirm that the Bible is true , but differences emerge among them over the meaning and extent of its truthfulness . Conservative followers of the Princeton theologians take the view that the Bible is true and inerrant , or incapable of error or falsehood , in every place . This view is very similar to that of Catholic orthodoxy as well as modern Evangelicalism . Another view , influenced by the teaching of Karl Barth and Neo-Orthodoxy , is found in the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) 's Confession of 1967 . Those who take this view believe the Bible to be the primary source of our knowledge of God , but also that some parts of the Bible may be false , not witnesses to Christ , and not normative for today 's church . In this view , Christ is the revelation of God , and the scriptures witness to this revelation rather than being the revelation itself . Dawn DeVries , a professor at Union Presbyterian Seminary , has written that Barth 's doctrine of Scripture is not capable of resolving conflicts in contemporary churches , and proposed that Scripture not be thought of as the Word of God at all , but only human reports of the revealed Jesus Christ . Covenant ( edit ) Fall of Man by Jacob Jordaens See also : Covenant theology Reformed theologians use the concept of covenant to describe the way God enters fellowship with people in history . The concept of covenant is so prominent in Reformed theology that Reformed theology as a whole is sometimes called `` covenant theology '' . However , sixteenth and seventeenth - century theologians developed a particular theological system called `` covenant theology '' or `` federal theology '' which many conservative Reformed churches continue to affirm today . This framework orders God 's life with people primarily in two covenants : the covenant of works and the covenant of grace . The covenant of works is made with Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden . The terms of the covenant are that God provides a blessed life in the garden on condition that Adam and Eve obey God 's law perfectly . Because Adam and Eve broke the covenant by eating the forbidden fruit , they became subject to death and were banished from the garden . This sin was passed down to all mankind because all people are said to be in Adam as a covenantal or `` federal '' head . Federal theologians usually infer that Adam and Eve would have gained immortality had they obeyed perfectly . A second covenant , called the covenant of grace , is said to have been made immediately following Adam and Eve 's sin . In it , God graciously offers salvation from death on condition of faith in God . This covenant is administered in different ways throughout the Old and New Testaments , but retains the substance of being free of a requirement of perfect obedience . Through the influence of Karl Barth , many contemporary Reformed theologians have discarded the covenant of works , along with other concepts of federal theology . Barth saw the covenant of works as disconnected from Christ and the gospel , and rejected the idea that God works with people in this way . Instead , Barth argued that God always interacts with people under the covenant of grace , and that the covenant of grace is free of all conditions whatsoever . Barth 's theology and that which follows him has been called `` monocovenantal '' as opposed to the `` bi-covenantal '' scheme of classical federal theology . Conservative contemporary Reformed theologians , such as John Murray , have also rejected the idea of covenants based on law rather than grace . Michael Horton , however , has defended the covenant of works as combining principles of law and love . God ( edit ) See also : God in Christianity and Trinity For the most part , the Reformed tradition did not modify the medieval consensus on the doctrine of God . God 's character is described primarily using three adjectives : eternal , infinite , and unchangeable . Reformed theologians such as Shirley Guthrie have proposed that rather than conceiving of God in terms of his attributes and freedom to do as he pleases , the doctrine of God is to be based on God 's work in history and his freedom to live with and empower people . The `` Shield of the Trinity '' diagrams the classic doctrine of the Trinity Traditionally , Reformed theologians have also followed the medieval tradition going back to before the early church councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon on the doctrine of the Trinity . God is affirmed to be one God in three persons : Father , Son , and Holy Spirit . The Son ( Christ ) is held to be eternally begotten by the Father and the Holy Spirit eternally proceeding from the Father and Son . However , contemporary theologians have been critical of aspects of Western views here as well . Drawing on the Eastern tradition , these Reformed theologians have proposed a `` social trinitarianism '' where the persons of the Trinity only exist in their life together as persons - in - relationship . Contemporary Reformed confessions such as the Barmen Confession and Brief Statement of Faith of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) have avoided language about the attributes of God and have emphasized his work of reconciliation and empowerment of people . Feminist theologian Letty Russell used the image of partnership for the persons of the Trinity . According to Russell , thinking this way encourages Christians to interact in terms of fellowship rather than reciprocity . Conservative Reformed theologian Michael Horton , however , has argued that social trinitarianism is untenable because it abandons the essential unity of God in favor of a community of separate beings . Christ and atonement ( edit ) See also : Christ , Hypostatic union , Extra calvinisticum , Substitutionary atonement , and Threefold office Reformed theologians affirm the historic Christian belief that Christ is eternally one person with a divine and a human nature . Reformed Christians have especially emphasized that Christ truly became human so that people could be saved . Christ 's human nature has been a point of contention between Reformed and Lutheran Christology . In accord with the belief that finite humans can not comprehend infinite divinity , Reformed theologians hold that Christ 's human body can not be in multiple locations at the same time . Because Lutherans believe that Christ is bodily present in the Eucharist , they hold that Christ is bodily present in many locations simultaneously . For Reformed Christians , such a belief denies that Christ actually became human . Some contemporary Reformed theologians have moved away from the traditional language of one person in two natures , viewing it as unintelligible to contemporary people . Instead , theologians tend to emphasize Jesus ' context and particularity as a first - century Jew . This Dutch stained glass allegory shows Christ ascending the cross with Satan and several dead people on his back . Faith is personified as a woman to the right of a naked man on the ground asking Christ the way of salvation . John Calvin and many Reformed theologians who followed him describe Christ 's work of redemption in terms of three offices : prophet , priest , and king . Christ is said to be a prophet in that he teaches perfect doctrine , a priest in that he intercedes to the Father on believers ' behalf and offered himself as a sacrifice for sin , and a king in that he rules the church and fights on believers ' behalf . The threefold office links the work of Christ to God 's work in ancient Israel . Many , but not all , Reformed theologians continue to make use of the threefold office as a framework because of its emphasis on the connection of Christ 's work to Israel . They have , however , often reinterpreted the meaning of each of the offices . For example , Karl Barth interpreted Christ 's prophetic office in terms of political engagement on behalf of the poor . Christians believe Jesus ' death and resurrection makes it possible for believers to attain forgiveness for sin and reconciliation with God through the atonement . Reformed Protestants generally subscribe to a particular view of the atonement called substitutionary atonement , which explains Christ 's death as a sacrificial payment for sin . Christ is believed to have died in place of the believer , who is accounted righteous as a result of this sacrificial payment . Contemporary Reformed theologians such as William Placher and Nancy Duff have criticized this view , claiming it makes God appear abusive or vindictive and sanctions violence by the strong against the weak . Sin ( edit ) See also : Christian views on sin and Total depravity In Christian theology , people are created good and in the image of God but have become corrupted by sin , which causes them to be imperfect and overly self - interested . Reformed Christians , following the tradition of Augustine of Hippo , believe that this corruption of human nature was brought on by Adam and Eve 's first sin , a doctrine called original sin . Reformed theologians emphasize that this sinfulness affects all of a person 's nature , including their will . This view , that sin so dominates people that they are unable to avoid sin , has been called total depravity . In colloquial English , the term `` total depravity '' can be easily misunderstood to mean that people are absent of any goodness or unable to do any good . However the Reformed teaching is actually that while people continue to bear God 's image and may do things that appear outwardly good , their sinful intentions affect all of their nature and actions so that they are not pleasing to God . Some contemporary theologians in the Reformed tradition , such as those associated with the PC ( USA ) 's Confession of 1967 , have emphasized the social character of human sinfulness . These theologians have sought to bring attention to issues of environmental , economic , and political justice as areas of human life that have been affected by sin . Salvation ( edit ) The Return of the Prodigal Son by Rembrandt , based on the Parable of the Prodigal Son illustrating forgiveness See also : Sola fide , Justification ( theology ) , and Sanctification Reformed theologians , along with other Protestants , believe salvation from punishment for sin is to be given to all those who have faith in Christ . Faith is not purely intellectual , but involves trust in God 's promise to save . Protestants do not hold there to be any other requirement for salvation , but that faith alone is sufficient . Justification is the part of salvation where God pardons the sin of those who believe in Christ . It is historically held by Protestants to be the most important article of Christian faith , though more recently it is sometimes given less importance out of ecumenical concerns . People are not on their own able even to fully repent of their sin or prepare themselves to repent because of their sinfulness . Therefore , justification is held to arise solely from God 's free and gracious act . Sanctification is the part of salvation in which God makes the believer holy , by enabling them to exercise greater love for God and for other people . The good works accomplished by believers as they are sanctified are considered to be the necessary outworking of the believer 's salvation , though they do not cause the believer to be saved . Sanctification , like justification , is by faith , because doing good works is simply living as the son of God one has become . Predestination ( edit ) Main article : Predestination in Calvinism Reformed theologians teach that sin so affects human nature that they are unable even to exercise faith in Christ by their own will . While people are said to retain will , in that they willfully sin , they are unable not to sin because of the corruption of their nature due to original sin . Reformed Christians believe that God predestined some people to be saved . This choice by God to save some is held to be unconditional and not based on any characteristic or action on the part of the person chosen . This view is opposed to the Arminian view that God 's choice of whom to save is conditional or based on his foreknowledge of who would respond positively to God . Karl Barth reinterpreted the Reformed doctrine of predestination to apply only to Christ . Individual people are only said to be elected through their being in Christ . Reformed theologians who followed Barth , including Jürgen Moltmann , David Migliore , and Shirley Guthrie , have argued that the traditional Reformed concept of predestination is speculative and have proposed alternative models . These theologians claim that a properly trinitarian doctrine emphasizes God 's freedom to love all people , rather than choosing some for salvation and others for damnation . God 's justice towards and condemnation of sinful people is spoken of by these theologians as out of his love for them and a desire to reconcile them to himself . Five Points of Calvinism ( edit ) The Five Points of Calvinism ( TULIP ) Total depravity Unconditional election Limited atonement Irresistible grace Perseverance of the saints Most objections to and attacks on Calvinism focus on the `` five points of Calvinism '' , also called the doctrines of grace , and remembered by the mnemonic `` TULIP '' . The five points are popularly said to summarize the Canons of Dort ; however , there is no historical relationship between them , and some scholars argue that their language distorts the meaning of the Canons , Calvin 's theology , and the theology of 17th - century Calvinistic orthodoxy , particularly in the language of total depravity and limited atonement . The five points were more recently popularized in the 1963 booklet The Five Points of Calvinism Defined , Defended , Documented by David N. Steele and Curtis C. Thomas . The origins of the five points and the acronym are uncertain , but they appear to be outlined in the Counter Remonstrance of 1611 , a less known Reformed reply to the Arminians that occurred prior to the Canons of Dort . The acronym was used by Cleland Boyd McAfee as early as circa 1905 . An early printed appearance of the T-U-L-I-P acronym is in Loraine Boettner 's 1932 book , The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination . The acronym was very cautiously if ever used by Calvinist apologists and theologians before the booklet by Steele and Thomas . More recently , theologians have sought to reformulate the TULIP acronym to more accurately reflect the Canons of Dort . The central assertion of these points is that God saves every person upon whom he has mercy , and that his efforts are not frustrated by the unrighteousness or inability of humans . `` Total depravity '' , also called `` total inability '' , asserts that as a consequence of the fall of man into sin , every person is enslaved to sin . People are not by nature inclined to love God , but rather to serve their own interests and to reject the rule of God . Thus , all people by their own faculties are morally unable to choose to follow God and be saved ( the term `` total '' in this context refers to sin affecting every part of a person , not that every person is as evil as they could be ) . This doctrine is derived from Augustine 's explanation of Original Sin . While the phrases `` totally depraved '' and `` utterly perverse '' were used by Calvin , what was meant was the inability to save oneself from sin rather than being absent of goodness . Phrases like `` total depravity '' can not be found in the Canons of Dort , and the Canons as well as later Reformed orthodox theologians arguably offer a more moderate view of the nature of fallen humanity than Calvin . `` Unconditional election '' asserts that God has chosen from eternity those whom he will bring to himself not based on foreseen virtue , merit , or faith in those people ; rather , his choice is unconditionally grounded in his mercy alone . God has chosen from eternity to extend mercy to those he has chosen and to withhold mercy from those not chosen . Those chosen receive salvation through Christ alone . Those not chosen receive the just wrath that is warranted for their sins against God . `` Limited atonement '' , also called `` particular redemption '' or `` definite atonement '' , asserts that Jesus 's substitutionary atonement was definite and certain in its purpose and in what it accomplished . This implies that only the sins of the elect were atoned for by Jesus 's death . Calvinists do not believe , however , that the atonement is limited in its value or power , but rather that the atonement is limited in the sense that it is intended for some and not all . Some Calvinists have summarized this as `` The atonement is sufficient for all and efficient for the elect . '' `` Irresistible grace '' , also called `` efficacious grace '' , asserts that the saving grace of God is effectually applied to those whom he has determined to save ( that is , the elect ) and overcomes their resistance to obeying the call of the gospel , bringing them to a saving faith . This means that when God sovereignly purposes to save someone , that individual certainly will be saved . The doctrine holds that this purposeful influence of God 's Holy Spirit can not be resisted , but that the Holy Spirit , `` graciously causes the elect sinner to cooperate , to believe , to repent , to come freely and willingly to Christ . '' This is not to deny the fact that the Spirit 's outward call ( through the proclamation of the Gospel ) can be , and often is , rejected by sinners ; rather , it 's that inward call which can not be rejected . `` Perseverance of the saints '' ( also known as `` perseverance of God with the saints '' and `` preservation of the believing '' ) ( the word `` saints '' is used to refer to all who are set apart by God , and not of those who are exceptionally holy , canonized , or in heaven ) asserts that since God is sovereign and his will can not be frustrated by humans or anything else , those whom God has called into communion with himself will continue in faith until the end . Those who apparently fall away either never had true faith to begin with ( 1 John 2 : 19 ) , or , if they are saved but not presently walking in the Spirit , they will be divinely chastened ( Hebrews 12 : 5 -- 11 ) and will repent ( 1 John 3 : 6 -- 9 ) . Comparison among Protestants ( edit ) This table summarizes the classical views of three Protestant beliefs about salvation . Topic Calvinism Lutheranism Arminianism Human will Total depravity : Humanity possesses `` free will '' , but it is in bondage to sin , until it is `` transformed '' . Total depravity : Humanity possesses free will in regard to `` goods and possessions '' , but is sinful by nature and unable to contribute to its own salvation . Humanity possesses freedom from necessity , but not `` freedom from sin '' unless enabled by `` prevenient grace '' . Election Unconditional election . Unconditional election . Conditional election in view of foreseen faith or unbelief . Justification and atonement Justification by faith alone . Various views regarding the extent of the atonement . Justification for all men , completed at Christ 's death and effective through faith alone . Justification made possible for all through Christ 's death , but only completed upon choosing faith in Jesus . Conversion Monergistic , through the means of grace , irresistible . Monergistic , through the means of grace , resistible . Synergistic , resistible due to the common grace of free will . Perseverance and apostasy Perseverance of the saints : the eternally elect in Christ will certainly persevere in faith . Falling away is possible , but God gives gospel assurance . Preservation is conditional upon continued faith in Christ ; with the possibility of a final apostasy . Church ( edit ) See also : Protestant ecclesiology Reformed Christians see the Christian Church as the community with which God has made the covenant of grace , a promise of eternal life and relationship with God . This covenant extends to those under the `` old covenant '' whom God chose , beginning with Abraham and Sarah . The church is conceived of as both invisible and visible . The invisible church is the body of all believers , known only to God . The visible church is the institutional body which contains both members of the invisible church as well as those who appear to have faith in Christ , but are not truly part of God 's elect . In order to identify the visible church , Reformed theologians have spoken of certain marks of the Church . For some , the only mark is the pure preaching of the gospel of Christ . Others , including John Calvin , also including the right administration of the sacraments . Others , such as those following the Scots Confession , include a third mark of rightly administered church discipline , or exercise of censure against unrepentant sinners . These marks allowed the Reformed to identify the church based on its conformity to the Bible rather than the Magisterium or church tradition . Worship ( edit ) Main article : Reformed worship Regulative principle of worship ( edit ) Main article : Regulative principle of worship The Bay Psalm Book was used by the Pilgrims The regulative principle of worship is a teaching shared by some Calvinists and Anabaptists on how the Bible orders public worship . The substance of the doctrine regarding worship is that God institutes in the Scriptures everything he requires for worship in the Church and that everything else is prohibited . As the regulative principle is reflected in Calvin 's own thought , it is driven by his evident antipathy toward the Roman Catholic Church and its worship practices , and it associates musical instruments with icons , which he considered violations of the Ten Commandments ' prohibition of graven images . On this basis , many early Calvinists also eschewed musical instruments and advocated a cappella exclusive psalmody in worship , though Calvin himself allowed other scriptural songs as well as psalms , and this practice typified presbyterian worship and the worship of other Reformed churches for some time . The original Lord 's Day service designed by John Calvin was a highly liturgical service with the Creed , Alms , Confession and Absolution , the Lord 's supper , Doxologies , prayers , Psalms being sung , the Lords prayer being sung , Benedictions . Since the 19th century , however , some of the Reformed churches have modified their understanding of the regulative principle and make use of musical instruments , believing that Calvin and his early followers went beyond the biblical requirements and that such things are circumstances of worship requiring biblically rooted wisdom , rather than an explicit command . Despite the protestations of those who hold to a strict view of the regulative principle , today hymns and musical instruments are in common use , as are contemporary worship music styles with elements such as worship bands . Sacraments ( edit ) See also : Reformed teaching on sacraments , Reformed baptismal theology , and Lord 's Supper in Reformed theology The Westminster Confession of Faith limits the sacraments to baptism and the Lord 's Supper . Sacraments are denoted `` signs and seals of the covenant of grace . '' Westminster speaks of `` a sacramental relation , or a sacramental union , between the sign and the thing signified ; whence it comes to pass that the names and effects of the one are attributed to the other . '' Baptism is for infant children of believers as well as believers , as it is for all the Reformed except Baptists and some Congregationalists . Baptism admits the baptized into the visible church , and in it all the benefits of Christ are offered to the baptized . On the Lord 's supper , Westminster takes a position between Lutheran sacramental union and Zwinglian memorialism : `` the Lord 's supper really and indeed , yet not carnally and corporally , but spiritually , receive and feed upon Christ crucified , and all benefits of his death : the body and blood of Christ being then not corporally or carnally in , with , or under the bread and wine ; yet , as really , but spiritually , present to the faith of believers in that ordinance as the elements themselves are to their outward senses . '' The 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith does not use the term sacrament , but describes baptism and the Lord 's supper as ordinances , as do most Baptists Calvinist or otherwise . Baptism is only for those who `` actually profess repentance towards God '' , and not for the children of believers . Baptists also insist on immersion or dipping , in contradistinction to other Reformed Christians . The Baptist Confession describes the Lord 's supper as `` the body and blood of Christ being then not corporally or carnally , but spiritually present to the faith of believers in that ordinance '' , similarly to the Westminster Confession . There is significant latitude in Baptist congregations regarding the Lord 's supper , and many hold the Zwinglian view . Logical order of God 's decree ( edit ) Main article : Logical order of God 's decree There are two schools of thought regarding the logical order of God 's decree to ordain the fall of man : supralapsarianism ( from the Latin : supra , `` above '' , here meaning `` before '' + lapsus , `` fall '' ) and infralapsarianism ( from the Latin : infra , `` beneath '' , here meaning `` after '' + lapsus , `` fall '' ) . The former view , sometimes called `` high Calvinism '' , argues that the Fall occurred partly to facilitate God 's purpose to choose some individuals for salvation and some for damnation . Infralapsarianism , sometimes called `` low Calvinism '' , is the position that , while the Fall was indeed planned , it was not planned with reference to who would be saved . Supralapsarians believe that God chose which individuals to save logically prior to the decision to allow the race to fall and that the Fall serves as the means of realization of that prior decision to send some individuals to hell and others to heaven ( that is , it provides the grounds of condemnation in the reprobate and the need for salvation in the elect ) . In contrast , infralapsarians hold that God planned the race to fall logically prior to the decision to save or damn any individuals because , it is argued , in order to be `` saved '' , one must first need to be saved from something and therefore the decree of the Fall must precede predestination to salvation or damnation . These two views vied with each other at the Synod of Dort , an international body representing Calvinist Christian churches from around Europe , and the judgments that came out of that council sided with infralapsarianism ( Canons of Dort , First Point of Doctrine , Article 7 ) . The Westminster Confession of Faith also teaches ( in Hodge 's words `` clearly impl ( ies ) '' ) the infralapsarian view , but is sensitive to those holding to supralapsarianism . The Lapsarian controversy has a few vocal proponents on each side today , but overall it does not receive much attention among modern Calvinists . Variants ( edit ) Part of a series on Protestantism Topics ( show ) Reformation Great Awakenings History Culture Demographics Persecution Criticism Major branches ( show ) Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptist churches Calvinism Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Minor branches ( show ) Hussitism Waldensianism Plymouth Brethren Holiness movement Quakerism Multiple others Interdenominational movements ( show ) Evangelicalism Charismatic movement Neo-charismatic movement Other developments ( show ) Arminianism Pietism Puritanism Neo-orthodoxy Paleo - orthodoxy Christian fundamentalism Modernism and liberalism Related movements ( show ) Nondenominational churches House churches Amyraldism ( edit ) Main article : Amyraldism Amyraldism ( or sometimes Amyraldianism , also known as the School of Saumur , hypothetical universalism , post redemptionism , moderate Calvinism , or four - point Calvinism ) is the belief that God , prior to his decree of election , decreed Christ 's atonement for all alike if they believe , but seeing that none would believe on their own , he then elected those whom he will bring to faith in Christ , thereby preserving the Calvinist doctrine of unconditional election . The efficacy of the atonement remains limited to those who believe . Named after its formulator Moses Amyraut , this doctrine is still viewed as a variety of Calvinism in that it maintains the particularity of sovereign grace in the application of the atonement . However , detractors like B.B. Warfield have termed it `` an inconsistent and therefore unstable form of Calvinism . '' Hyper - Calvinism ( edit ) Main article : Hyper - Calvinism Hyper - Calvinism first referred to a view that appeared among the early English Particular Baptists in the 18th century . Their system denied that the call of the gospel to `` repent and believe '' is directed to every single person and that it is the duty of every person to trust in Christ for salvation . The term also occasionally appears in both theological and secular controversial contexts , where it usually connotes a negative opinion about some variety of theological determinism , predestination , or a version of Evangelical Christianity or Calvinism that is deemed by the critic to be unenlightened , harsh , or extreme . The Westminster Confession of Faith says that the gospel is to be freely offered to sinners , and the Larger Catechism makes clear that the gospel is offered to the non-elect . Neo-calvinism ( edit ) Main article : Neo-Calvinism Neo-Calvinism , a form of Dutch Calvinism , is the movement initiated by the theologian and former Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper . James Bratt has identified a number of different types of Dutch Calvinism : The Seceders -- split into the Reformed Church `` West '' and the Confessionalists ; and the Neo-Calvinists -- the Positives and the Antithetical Calvinists . The Seceders were largely infralapsarian and the Neo-Calvinists usually supralapsarian . Kuyper wanted to awaken the church from what he viewed as its pietistic slumber . He declared : No single piece of our mental world is to be sealed off from the rest and there is not a square inch in the whole domain of human existence over which Christ , who is sovereign over all , does not cry : ' Mine ! ' This refrain has become something of a rallying call for Neo-Calvinists . Christian Reconstructionism ( edit ) Main article : Christian Reconstructionism Christian Reconstructionism is a fundamentalist Calvinist theonomic movement that has remained rather obscure . Founded by R.J. Rushdoony , the movement has had an important influence on the Christian Right in the United States . The movement declined in the 1990s and was declared dead in a 2008 Church History journal article . However , it lives on in small denominations such as the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States and as a minority position in other denominations . Christian Reconstructionists are usually postmillennialists and followers of the presuppositional apologetics of Cornelius Van Til . They tend to support a decentralized political order resulting in laissez - faire capitalism . New Calvinism ( edit ) Main article : New Calvinism The New Calvinism is a growing perspective within conservative Evangelicalism that embraces the fundamentals of 16th century Calvinism while also trying to be relevant in the present day world . In March 2009 , Time magazine described the New Calvinism as one of the `` 10 ideas changing the world '' . Some of the major figures in this area are John Piper , Mark Driscoll , Al Mohler , Mark Dever , C.J. Mahaney , Joshua Harris , and Tim Keller . New Calvinists have been criticized for blending Calvinist soteriology with popular Evangelical positions on the sacraments and continuationism . Social and economic influences ( edit ) Calvin expressed himself on usury in a 1545 letter to a friend , Claude de Sachin , in which he criticized the use of certain passages of scripture invoked by people opposed to the charging of interest . He reinterpreted some of these passages , and suggested that others of them had been rendered irrelevant by changed conditions . He also dismissed the argument ( based upon the writings of Aristotle ) that it is wrong to charge interest for money because money itself is barren . He said that the walls and the roof of a house are barren , too , but it is permissible to charge someone for allowing him to use them . In the same way , money can be made fruitful . He qualified his view , however , by saying that money should be lent to people in dire need without hope of interest , while a modest interest rate of 5 % should be permitted in relation to other borrowers . Politics and society ( edit ) Stephen Bocskay , leader of Hungarian Calvinists in anti-Habsburg rebellion and first Calvinist prince of Transylvania Reformed church in Koudekerk aan den Rijn ( Netherlands ) , 19th century Calvin 's concept of God and man contained strong elements of freedom that were gradually put into practice after his death , in particular in the fields of politics and society . After the successful fight for independence from Spain ( 1579 ) , the Netherlands , under Calvinist leadership , became the freest country in Europe . It granted asylum to persecuted religious minorities , e.g. French Huguenots , English Independents ( Congregationalists ) , and Jews from Spain and Portugal . The ancestors of philosopher Baruch Spinoza were Portuguese Jews . Aware of the trial against Galileo , René Descartes lived in the Netherlands , out of reach of the Inquisition . Pierre Bayle , a Reformed Frenchman , also felt safer in the Netherlands than in his home country . He was the first prominent philosopher who demanded tolerance for atheists . Hugo Grotius was able to publish a rather liberal interpretation of the Bible and his ideas about natural law . Moreover , the Calvinist Dutch authorities allowed the printing of books that could not be published elsewhere , e.g. Galileo 's Discorsi . The burning of the Guernsey Martyrs during the Marian persecutions in 1556 Even more important than the liberal development of the Netherlands was the rise of modern democracy in England and North America . In the Middle Ages state and church had been closely connected . Martin Luther 's doctrine of the two kingdoms separated state and church in principle . His doctrine of the priesthood of all believers raised the laity to the same level as the clergy . Going one step further , Calvin included elected laymen ( church elders , presbyters ) in his concept of church government . The Huguenots added synods whose members were also elected by the congregations . The other Reformed churches took over this system of church self - government which was essentially a representative democracy . Baptists , Quakers , and Methodists are organized in a similar way . These denominations and the Anglican Church were influenced by Calvin 's theology in varying degrees . Another precondition for the rise of democracy in the Anglo - American world was the fact that Calvin favored a mixture of democracy and aristocracy as the best form of government ( mixed government ) . He appreciated the advantages of democracy . The aim of his political thought was to safeguard the rights and freedoms of ordinary men and women . In order to minimize the misuse of political power he suggested dividing it among several institutions in a system of checks and balances ( separation of powers ) . Finally , Calvin taught that if worldly rulers rise up against God they should be put down . In this way , he and his followers stood in the vanguard of resistance to political absolutism and furthered the cause of democracy . The Congregationalists who founded Plymouth Colony ( 1620 ) and Massachusetts Bay Colony ( 1628 ) were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God . Enjoying self - rule they practiced separation of powers . Rhode Island , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania , founded by Roger Williams , Thomas Hooker , and William Penn , respectively , combined democratic government with freedom of religion . These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities , including Jews . The Grote Kerk in Haarlem , Dutch Republic , c. 1665 In England , Baptists Thomas Helwys and John Smyth influenced the liberal political thought of Presbyterian poet and politician John Milton and philosopher John Locke , who in turn had both a strong impact on the political development in their home country ( English Civil War , Glorious Revolution ) as well as in North America . The ideological basis of the American Revolution was largely provided by the radical Whigs , who had been inspired by Milton , Locke , James Harrington , Algernon Sidney , and other thinkers . The Whigs ' `` perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestantism that had always verged on Puritanism . '' The United States Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution and ( American ) Bill of Rights initiated a tradition of human and civil rights that was continued in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen and the constitutions of numerous countries around the world , e.g. Latin America , Japan , India , Germany , and other European countries . It is also echoed in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . In the nineteenth century , the churches that were based on Calvin 's theology or influenced by it were deeply involved in social reforms , e.g. the abolition of slavery ( William Wilberforce , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Abraham Lincoln , and others ) , women suffrage , and prison reforms . Members of these churches formed co-operatives to help the impoverished masses . Henry Dunant , a Reformed pietist , founded the Red Cross and initiated the Geneva Conventions . Some sources would view Calvinist influence as not always being solely positive . The Boers and Afrikaner Calvinists combined ideas from Calvinism and Kuyperian theology to justify apartheid in South Africa . As late as 1974 , the majority of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa was convinced that their theological stances ( including the story of the Tower of Babel ) could justify apartheid . In 1990 , the Dutch Reformed Church document Church and Society maintained that although they were changing their stance on apartheid , they believed that within apartheid and under God 's sovereign guidance , `` ... everything was not without significance , but was of service to the Kingdom of God . '' It should be noted that these views were not universal and were condemned by many Calvinists outside South Africa . It was pressure from both outside and inside the Dutch Reformed Calvinist church which helped reverse apartheid in South Africa . Throughout the world , the Reformed churches operate hospitals , homes for handicapped or elderly people , and educational institutions on all levels . For example , American Congregationalists founded Harvard ( 1636 ) , Yale ( 1701 ) , and about a dozen other colleges . Princeton was a Presbyterian foundation . See also ( edit ) Calvinism portal Christianity portal List of Calvinist educational institutions in North America List of Reformed denominations Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ) : Eastern Orthodox council rejecting Calvinist beliefs Criticism of Protestantism Doctrine ( edit ) Common grace Reformed confessions of faith Related ( edit ) Boer Calvinists : Boere - Afrikaners that hold to Reformed theology . Huguenots : followers of Calvinism in France , originating in the 16th and 17th century . Pilgrims : Puritan separatists who left Europe for America in search of religious toleration , eventually settling in New England . Presbyterians : Calvinists in Scotland , Ireland and England . Puritans : English separatists . Continental Reformed church : Calvinist churches originating in continental Europe . Waldensians : Italian Protestants , preceded Calvinism but today identify with Reformed theology Similar groups in other traditions ( edit ) Crypto - Calvinism : German Protestants accused of Calvinist leanings within the Lutheran church in the late 16th century Jansenism : a radical , Roman Catholic Augustinian group with some doctrinal distinctives similar to those of Calvinism Calvinistic Methodists Molinism Opposing views ( edit ) Lutheranism Arminianism Open theism Free Grace theology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip . `` Protestantism '' . New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge . IX . pp. 297 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms : Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology ( 1st ed . ) . Baker Book House . pp. 320 -- 321 . ISBN 978 - 0801020643 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession , I. / 9 '' ( PDF ) . pcaac.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Second Helvetic Confession , II. / 1 '' . reformatus.hu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hägglund , Bengt ( 2007 ) . Teologins Historia ( History of Theology ) ( in German ) . Translated by Gene J. Lund ( Fourth Revised ed . ) . Saint Louis : Concordia Publishing House . Jump up ^ Muller 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Theology and Communion '' . Wcrc.ch . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Member Churches '' . Wcrc.ch . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard Cottret ( 22 May 2003 ) . Calvin , A Biography . A&C Black . pp. 239 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 53035 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Reformed Churches '' . Christian Cyclopedia . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Justo L. The Story of Christianity , Vol . Two : The Reformation to the Present Day ( New York : HarperCollins , 1985 ; reprint -- Peabody : Prince Press , 2008 ) 180 Jump up ^ Muller 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Muller 2004 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Muller 2004 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Holder 2004 , pp. 246 -- 256 ; McGrath 1990 , pp. 198 -- 199 Jump up ^ Pettegree 2004 , p. 222 Jump up ^ `` The Reformed Church '' . Hungarian Reformed Church of Australia . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Reformation In Germany And Scandinavia '' . Vlib.iue.it . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chris Meehan ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Touched by Devotion in South Korea '' . Christian Reformed Church . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center 's Forum on Religion and Public Life ( December 19 , 2011 ) , Global Christianity ( PDF ) , pp. 21 , 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Branches of Religions '' . Jump up ^ `` WCRC History '' . World Communion of Reformed Churches . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . The World Alliance of Reformed Churches ( WARC ) and the Reformed Ecumenical Council ( REC ) have merged to form a new body representing more than 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2010 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Farley & Hodgson 1994 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ DeVries 2003 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ DeVries 2003 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2010 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 230 n . 28 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Horton 2011a , pp. 420 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2010 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Guthrie 2008 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Horton 2011a , pp. 298 -- 299 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Stroup 1993 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Stroup 1993 , p. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Stroup 1993 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 222 n . 19 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ( 2012 ) . Calvin and the Reformed Tradition ( Ebook ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . p. 51 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2010 , pp. 77 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : McKim 2001 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Allen 2010 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , pp. 229 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Guthrie 2008 , pp. 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Horton 2011b , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Sproul , RC ( 1997 ) . What is Reformed Theology ? . Grand Rapids : Baker Books . pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ( 2012 ) . Calvin and the Reformed Tradition ( Ebook ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . pp. 50 -- 51 . Stewart , Kenneth J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Points of Calvinism : Retrospect and Prospect '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Journal of Evangelical Theology. 26 ( 2 ) : 189 . Jump up ^ Document translated in DeJong , Peter Y. ( 1968 ) . Crisis In The Reformed Churches : Essays in Commemoration of the Synod of Dort ( 1618 - 1619 ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Reformed Fellowship , Inc . pp. 52 -- 58 ... Jump up ^ William H. Wail ( 1913 ) . The Five Points of Calvinism Historically Considered , The New Outlook 104 ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ Boettner , Loraine . `` The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination '' ( PDF ) . Bloomingtonrpchurch.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Kenneth J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Points of Calvinism : Retrospect and Prospect '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Journal of Evangelical Theology. 26 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 193 . Jump up ^ See Daniel Montgomery and Timothy Paul Jones , PROOF : Finding Freedom Through the Intoxicating Joy of Irresistible Grace . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 2014 . The authors of PROOF offer a reformulated acronym to communicate the positive achievements of Dort and the reformed doctrines of grace . PROOF stands for P : Planned Grace , R : Resurrecting Grace , O : Outrageous Grace , O : Overcoming Grace , F : Forever Grace . Jump up ^ Steele , David ; Thomas , Curtis ( 1963 ) . The Five Points of Calvinism Defined , Defended , Documented . p. 25 . The adjective ' total ' does not mean that each sinner is as totally or completely corrupt in his actions and thoughts as it is possible for him to be . Instead , the word ' total ' is used to indicate that the `` whole '' of man 's being has been affected by sin Jump up ^ Livingstone , Elizabeth A. ( 2005 ) . `` Original sin '' . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780192802903 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ( 2012 ) . `` Was Calvin a Calvinist ? '' . Calvin and the Reformed Tradition ( Ebook ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 4254 - 9 . Jump up ^ WCF 1646 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Points of Calvinism , TULIP '' . Calvinistcorner.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Loraine Boettner . `` The Perseverance of the Saints '' . The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination . Jump up ^ Table drawn from , though not copied , from Lange , Lyle W. God So Loved the World : A Study of Christian Doctrine . Milwaukee : Northwestern Publishing House , 2006 . p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Both ( Lutherans and Calvinists ) agree on the devastating nature of the fall and that man by nature has no power to aid in his conversions ... and that election to salvation is by grace . In Lutheranism the German term for election is Gnadenwahl , election by grace -- there is no other kind . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , III. 23.2 . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , II. 3.5 . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , III. 3.6 . Jump up ^ WELS Topical Q&A : WELS vs Assembly of God : `` ( P ) eople by nature are dead in their tranbsgressions ( sic ) and sin and therefore have no ability to decide of Christ ( Ephesians 2 : 1 , 5 ) . We do not choose Christ , rather he chose us ( John 15 : 16 ) We believe that human beings are purely passive in conversion . '' Jump up ^ Augsburg Confessional , Article XVIII , Of Free Will , saying : `` ( M ) an 's will has some liberty to choose civil righteousness , and to work things subject to reason . But it has no power , without the Holy Ghost , to work the righteousness of God , that is , spiritual righteousness ; since the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God ( 1 Cor. 2 : 14 ) ; but this righteousness is wrought in the heart when the Holy Ghost is received through the Word . '' Jump up ^ Henry Cole , trans , Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will ( London , T. Bensley , 1823 ) , 66 . The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated `` free - will '' by Cole . However Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson , Luther and Erasmus : Free Will and Salvation ( Westminister , 1969 ) chose `` free choice '' as their translation . Jump up ^ Keith D. Stanglin and Thomas H. McCall , Jacob Arminius : Theologian of Grace ( Oxford University , 2012 ) , 157 - 158 . Jump up ^ The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Lutheran Church , XI . Election . `` Predestination '' means `` God 's ordination to salvation '' . Jump up ^ Roger E. Olson , Arminian Theology : Myths and Realities ( InterVarsity Press , 2009 ) , 63 . `` Arminians accepts divine election , ( but ) they believe it is conditional . '' Jump up ^ The Westminster Confession , III : 6 , says that only the `` elect '' are `` effectually called , justified , adopted , sanctified , and saved . '' However in his Calvin and the Reformed Tradition ( Baker , 2012 ) , 45 , Richard A. Muller observes that `` a sizeable body of literature has interpreted Calvin as teaching `` limited atonement '' , but `` an equally sizeable body ... ( interprets ) Calvin as teaching `` unlimited atonement '' . Jump up ^ `` Justification / Salvation '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 27 September 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Romans 3 : 23 - 24 , 5 : 9 , 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact . God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not . He has done more than `` made forgiveness possible . '' All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ . Jump up ^ `` IV . Justification by Grace through Faith '' . This We Believe . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . We believe that God has justified all sinners , that is , he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ . This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends . It is a message relevant to people of all times and places , of all races and social levels , for `` the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men '' ( Romans 5 : 18 ) . All need forgiveness of sins before God , and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified , for `` the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men '' ( Romans 5 : 18 ) . We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works , but only through faith ( Ephesians 2 : 8 -- 9 ) ... On the other hand , although Jesus died for all , Scripture says that `` whoever does not believe will be condemned '' ( Mark 16 : 16 ) . Unbelievers forfeit the forgiveness won for them by Christ ( John 8 : 24 ) . Jump up ^ Becker , Siegbert W. `` Objective Justification '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Justification '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 27 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Christ paid for all our sins . God the Father has therefore forgiven them . But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it . If I deposit money in the bank for you , to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it . Christ has paid for your sins , but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it . We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution . It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us . Jump up ^ Augsburg Confession , Article V , Of Justification . People `` can not be justified before God by their own strength , merits , or works , but are freely justified for Christ 's sake , through faith , when they believe that they are received into favor , and that their sins are forgiven for Christ 's sake ... '' Jump up ^ `` Faith is a condition of justification '' . Keith D. Stanglin and Thomas H. McCall , Jacob Arminius : Theologian of Grace ( Oxford University , 2012 ) , 136 . Jump up ^ Paul ChulHong Kang , Justification : The Imputation of Christ 's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals ( Peter Lang , 2006 ) , 70 , note 171 . Calvin generally defends Augustine 's `` monergistic view '' . Jump up ^ Diehl , Walter A . `` The Age of Accountability '' . Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . In full accord with Scripture the Lutheran Confessions teach monergism . `` In this manner , too , the Holy Scriptures ascribe conversion , faith in Christ , regeneration , renewal and all the belongs to their efficacious beginning and completion , not to the human powers of the natural free will , neither entirely , nor half , nor in any , even the least or most inconsiderable part , but in solidum , that is , entirely , solely , to the divine working and the Holy Ghost '' ( Trigl. 891 , F.C. , Sol . Decl. , II , 25 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monergism Jump up ^ `` Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger E. Olson , Arminian Theology : Myths and Realities ( InterVarsity Press , 2009 ) , 18 . `` Arminian synergism '' refers to `` evangelical synergism , which affirms the prevenience of grace . '' Jump up ^ The Westminster Confession of Faith , Ch XVII , `` Of the Perseverance of the Saints '' . Jump up ^ `` Once saved always saved '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 27 September 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . People can fall from faith . The Bible warns , `` If you think you are standing firm , be careful that you do n't fall '' ( ! Corinthians 10 : 12 ) . Some among the Galatians had believed for a while , but had fallen into soul - destroying error . Paul warned them , `` You who are trying to be justified by law have been alienated from Christ ; you have fallen away from grace '' ( Galatians 5 : 4 ) . In his explanation of the parable of the sower , Jesus says , `` Those on the rock are the ones who receive the word with joy when they hear it , but they have no root . They believe for a while , but in time of testing they fall away '' ( Luke 8 : 13 ) . According to Jesus a person can believe for a while and then fall away . While they believed they possessed eternal salvation , but when they fell from faith they lost God 's gracious gift . Jump up ^ `` Perseverence of the Saints ( Once Saved Always Saved ) '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 27 September 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . We can not contribute one speck to our salvation , but by our own arrogance or carelessness we can throw it away . Therefore , Scripture urges us repeatedly to fight the good fight of faith ( Ephesians 6 and 2 Timothy 4 for example ) . My sins threaten and weaken my faith , but the Spirit through the gospel in word and sacraments strengthens and preserves my faith . That 's why Lutherans typically speak of God 's preservation of faith and not the perseverance of the saints . The key is not our perseverance but the Spirit 's preservation . Jump up ^ Bruce Demarest , The Cross and Salvation : The Doctrine of Salvation ( Crossway , 1997 ) , 437 - 438 . Jump up ^ `` Many Arminians deny the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints . '' Bruce Demarest , The Cross and Salvation : The Doctrine of Salvation ( Crossway , 1997 ) , 35 . Jump up ^ McKim 2001 , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : McKim 2001 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : John Barber ( 25 June 2006 ) . `` Luther and Calvin on Music and Worship '' . Reformed Perspectives Magazine . 8 ( 26 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brian Schwertley ( 1998 ) . `` Musical Instruments in the Public Worship of God '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , William D. ( 1936 ) . An Outline of Christian Worship : Its Development and Forms . London : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ John Frame ( 1996 ) . Worship in Spirit and Truth . Phillipsburg , NJ : P&R Pub . ISBN 0 - 87552 - 242 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : WCF 1646 , XXVII. I . ^ Jump up to : WCF 1646 , XXVII. II . Jump up ^ 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith . Wikisource . Ch. 28 Sec. 2 . Jump up ^ 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith . Wikisource . Ch. 28 Sec. 4 . Jump up ^ WCF 1646 , XXIX. VII . Jump up ^ Hodge , Charles ( 1871 ) . `` Systematic Theology -- Volume II -- Supralapsarianism '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Charles ( 1871 ) . `` Systematic Theology -- Volume II -- Infralapsarianism '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Systematic Theology -- Volume II -- Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Ccel.org. 2005 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Benjamin B. Warfield , Works vol . V , Calvin and Calvinism , pp. 364 -- 365 , and vol . VI , The Westminster Assembly and Its Work , pp. 138 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Michael Horton in J. Matthew Pinson ( ed . ) , Four Views on Eternal Security , 113 . Jump up ^ Warfield , B.B. , The Plan of Salvation ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1973 ) Jump up ^ WCF 1646 , VII. III . Jump up ^ Westminster Larger Catechism . Wikisource . Question 68 . Jump up ^ James Bratt , Dutch Calvinism in Modern America . Wipf and Stock ; original Eerdmans ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ James E. McGoldrick , Abraham Kuyper : God 's Renaissance Man . ( Welwyn , UK : Evangelical Press , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Duncan , J. Ligon , III ( 15 October 1994 ) . Moses ' Law for Modern Government . Annual national meeting of the Social Science History Association . Atlanta . Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Julie ( 2013 ) . `` Religiously Motivated Violence in the Abortion Debate '' . In Juergensmeyer , Mark ; Kitts , Margo ; Jerryson , Michael . Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 316 -- 317 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199759996.013. 0020 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Frederick ( 1995 ) . `` Christian Reconstructionism '' . In Berlet , Chip . Eyes Right ! : Challenging the Right Wing Backlash . Boston : South End Press . p. 73 . ISBN 9780896085237 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Julie ( 2009 ) . `` Mobilizing Evangelicals : Christian Reconstructionism and the Roots of the Religious Right '' . In Brint , Steven ; Schroedel , Jean Reith . Evangelicals and Democracy in America : Religion and politics . 2 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation . p. 180 . ISBN 9780871540683 . Jump up ^ Worthen , Molly ( 2008 ) . `` The Chalcedon Problem : Rousas John Rushdoony and the Origins of Christian Reconstructionism '' . Church History . 77 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S0009640708000590 . Jump up ^ North & DeMar 1991 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Collin ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Young , Restless , Reformed '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : David van Biema ( 2009 ) . `` 10 Ideas Changing the World Right Now : The New Calvinism '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Burek , Josh ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Christian faith : Calvinism is back '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Chew , David ( June 2010 ) . `` Tim Keller and the New Calvinist idea of `` Gospel eco-systems '' `` . Christian Research Network . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , R. Scott ( 15 March 2009 ) . `` Calvinism Old and `` New '' `` . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ The letter is quoted in Le Van Baumer , Franklin , editor ( 1978 ) . Main Currents of Western Thought : Readings in Western Europe Intellectual History from the Middle Ages to the Present . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02233 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ See Haas , Guenther H. ( 1997 ) . The Concept of Equity in Calvin 's Ethics . Waterloo , Ont. , Canada : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 117ff . ISBN 0 - 88920 - 285 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , Descartes , René , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band II , col. 88 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , 11 . Auflage ( 1956 ) , Tübingen ( Germany ) , p. 396 - 397 Jump up ^ H. Knittermeyer , Bayle , Pierre , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band I , col. 947 Jump up ^ Bertolt Brecht , Leben des Galilei , Bild 15 Jump up ^ Heinrich Bornkamm , Toleranz , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band VI , col. 941 Jump up ^ B. Lohse , Priestertum , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band V , col. 579 -- 580 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , p. 325 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , pp. 329 -- 330 , 382 , 422 -- 424 Jump up ^ Jan Weerda , Calvin , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , 3 . Auflage ( 1958 ) , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , col. 210 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ) , History of Religion in the United States , Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , p. 10 Jump up ^ M. Schmidt , Pilgerväter , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band V , col. 384 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Plymouth Colony Legal Structure '' . Histarch.uiuc.edu. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Allen ; Rubel , David ( 2002 ) . The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower . New York , N.Y. : DK Publishing , Inc . pp. 56 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8903 - 1 . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in America , pp. 74 -- 76 , 99 -- 117 Jump up ^ Hans Fantel ( 1974 ) , William Penn : Apostle of Dissent , William Morrow and Co. , New York , N.Y. Jump up ^ Edwin S. Gaustad ( 1999 ) , Liberty of Conscience : Roger Williams in America , Judson Press , Valley Forge Jump up ^ G. Müller - Schwefe , Milton , John , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band IV , col. 954 -- 955 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , p. 398 Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Revised and Enlarged ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Oxford University Press . pp. 52 , 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531588 - 2 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 353 -- 375 Jump up ^ M. Schmidt , Kongregationalismus , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band III , col. 1769 -- 1771 Jump up ^ Wilhelm Dietrich , Genossenschaften , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , 3 . Auflage ( 1958 ) , col. 411 -- 412 Jump up ^ Ulrich Scheuner , Genfer Konventionen , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , 3 . Auflage , col. 407 -- 408 Jump up ^ R. Pfister , Schweiz , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band V , col. 1614 -- 1615 Jump up ^ Swart , Ignatius ( 2012 ) . Welfare , Religion and Gender in Post-apartheid South Africa : Constructing a South - North Dialogue . AFRICAN SUN MeDIA . p. 326 . ISBN 9781920338688 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Weisse & Anthonissen 2004 , pp. 124 - 126 . Jump up ^ Weisse & Anthonissen 2004 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 80 , 89 , 257 Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , R. Michael ( 2010 ) . Reformed Theology . Doing Theology . New York : T&T Clark . ISBN 978 - 0567034304 . Bagchi , David V.N. ; Steinmetz , David Curtis , eds. ( 2004 ) , The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 77662 - 7 Busch , Eberhard ( December 2008 ) . Visser , Douwe , ed . `` Reformed Identity '' ( PDF ) . Reformed World . 58 ( 4 ) : 207 -- 218 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Cottret , Bernard ( 2000 ) ( 1995 ) , Calvin : Biographie ( Calvin : A Biography ) ( in French ) , Translated by M. Wallace McDonald , Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3159 - 1 . DeVries , Dawn ( 2003 ) . `` Rethinking the Scripture Principle '' . In Alston , Wallace M. Jr. ; Welker , Michael . Reformed Theology : Identity and Ecumenicity . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . pp. 294 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 0802847768 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Farley , Edward ; Hodgson , Peter C. ( 1994 ) . `` Scripture and Tradition '' . In Hodgson , Peter C. ; King , Robert H. Christian Theology : An Introduction to Its Traditions and Tasks . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Furcha , E.J. , ed. ( 1985 ) , Huldrych Zwingli , 1484 -- 1531 : A Legacy of Radical Reform : Papers from the 1984 International Zwingli Symposium McGill University , Montreal : Faculty of Religious Studies , McGill University , ISBN 0 - 7717 - 0124 - 1 . Guthrie , Shirlie C. , Jr. ( 2008 ) . Always Being Reformed ( Second ed . ) . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox . Holder , R. Ward ( 2004 ) , `` Calvin 's heritage '' , in McKim , Donald K. , The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01672 - 8 Gäbler , Ulrich ( 1986 ) , Huldrych Zwingli : His Life and Work , Philadelphia : Fortress Press , ISBN 0 - 8006 - 0761 - 9 Ganoczy , Alexandre ( 2004 ) , `` Calvin 's life '' , in McKim , Donald K. , The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01672 - 8 Horton , Michael ( 2011a ) . The Christian Faith . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 28604 - 2 . Horton , Michael ( 2011b ) , For Calvinism , Zondervan Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 32465 - 2 , retrieved 17 January 2013 McGrath , Alister E. ( 1990 ) , A Life of John Calvin , Oxford : Basil Blackwell , ISBN 0 - 631 - 16398 - 0 McKim , Donald K. ( 2001 ) . Introducing the Reformed Faith . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox . Montgomery , Daniel , and Timothy Paul Jones . ( 2014 ) . PROOF : Finding Freedom through the Intoxicating Joy of Irresistible Grace . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0310513898 . Muller , Richard A. ( 2004 ) . `` John Calvin and later Calvinism '' . In Bagchi , David ; Steinmetz , David C. The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521776622 . -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 9 November 1993 ) . Confessing the Reformed Faith : Our Identity in Unity and Diversity . North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council . Escondido , CA : Westminster Seminary California . Parker , T.H.L. ( 2006 ) , John Calvin : A Biography , Oxford : Lion Hudson plc , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7459 - 5228 - 4 . Pettegree , Andrew ( 2004 ) , `` The spread of Calvin 's thought '' , in McKim , Donald K. , The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01672 - 8 Stephens , W.P. ( 1986 ) , The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli , Oxford : Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 826677 - 4 . Stroup , George W. ( 1996 ) . Reformed Reader. 2 . Louisville , KY : Westminster / John Knox . Stroup , George W. ( 2003 ) . `` Reformed Identity in an Ecumenical World '' . In Alston , Wallace M. Jr. ; Welker , Michael . Reformed Theology : Identity and Ecumenicity . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . pp. 257 -- 270 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Weisse , Wolfram ; Anthonissen , Carel Aaron ( 2004 ) . Maintaining Apartheid Or Promoting Change ? : The Role of the Dutch Reformed Church in a Phase of Increasing Conflict in South Africa . Waxmann Verlag . Westminster Confession of Faith . Wikisource. 1646 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Reformed systematic theology bibliography Alston , Wallace M. Jr. ; Welker , Michael , eds. ( 2003 ) . Reformed Theology : Identity and Ecumenicity . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0802847768 . Balserak , Jon ( 2017 ) . Calvinism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198753711 . Benedict , Philip ( 2002 ) . Christ 's Churches Purely Reformed : A Social History of Calvinism . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300105070 . Bratt , James D. ( 1984 ) Dutch Calvinism in Modern America : A History of a Conservative Subculture excerpt and text search Eire , Carlos ( 2017 ) . Reformations : The Early Modern World , 1450 - 1650 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300111927 . Hart , D.G. ( 2013 ) . Calvinism : A History . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , excerpt and text search McNeill , John Thomas ( 1967 ) ( 1954 ) . The History and Character of Calvinism . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195007435 . Leith , John H. ( 1980 ) . An Introduction to the Reformed Tradition : A Way of Being the Christian Community . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0804204798 . Muller , Richard A. ( 2001 ) . The Unaccommodated Calvin : Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0195151688 . -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . After Calvin : Studies in the Development of a Theological Tradition . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0195157017 . Picken , Stuart D.B. ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Calvinism . ISBN 978 - 0810872240 . Small , Joseph D. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Conversations with the Confessions : Dialogue in the Reformed Tradition . Geneva Press . ISBN 978 - 0664502485 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCalvinismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Calvinism on In Our Time at the BBC . `` Five Points of Calvinism '' by Robert Lewis Dabney . Religion Major religious groups and religious denominations Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Christianity Catholicism Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Christianity Church of the East Assyrian Church of the East Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Ethiopian Orthodoxy Independent Catholicism Old Catholicism Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Presbyterianism Congregationalism Continental Reformed Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Nontrinitarianism Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Jesuism Nondenominational Islam Sunni Hanafi Maliki Hanbali Shafi'i Shia Twelver Isma'ilism Zaidiyyah Ahmadi Ibadi Non-denominational Quranism Zahirism Salafism Wahhabism Ahl al - Hadith Mahdavia European Islam Nation of Islam Others Bábism Azáli Bábism Bahá'í Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Dharmic Hinduism Vaishnavism Shaktism Shaivism Ayyavazhi Smartism Balinese Buddhism Mahayana Chan Zen Thiền Seon Pure Land Nichiren Madhyamaka Tiantai Theravada Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Newar Bon Navayana Others Dravidian Jainism Digambara Śvētāmbara Sikhism Gurung shamanism Bon Lamaism Kirant Mundhum Persian Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Ishikism Ali - Illahism Yarsanism Zoroastrianism European Armenian Baltic Dievturība Druwi Romuva Caucasian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism Italo - Roman Romanian Slavic Uralic Finnish Hungarian Uralic Mari Mordvin Udmurt Central and Northern Asian Burkhanism Chuvash Manchu Mongolian Siberian Tengrism East Asian Benzhuism Bimoism Bon Cheondoism Confucianism Dongbaism Faism Hmongism Jeungsanism Luoism Meishanism Mileism Muism Neo-Confucianism Ryukyuan religion Shenism Shigongism Shinto Taoism Tenrikyo Wuism Yiguandao Southeast Asian Burmese Satsana Phi Malaysian Indonesian Marapu Kaharingan Kebatinan Philippine Vietnamese Caodaism Đạo Mẫu Hoahaoism African Traditional Akan Akamba Baluba Bantu Berber Bushongo Cushitic Dinka Efik Fon and Ewe Guanche Igbo Isoko Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti San Serer Tumbuka Waaq Yoruba Zulu Diasporic Candomblé Kumina Obeah Quimbanda Palo Santería Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other groups Bathouism Bongthingism Donyi - Polo Kiratism Sanamahism Sarnaism Aboriginal Australian Native American Mesoamerican Hawaiian Polynesian Recent Discordianism Eckankar Jediism New Age New Thought Pastafarianism Raëlism Satanism Scientology Thelema Unitarian Universalism Wicca Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Near East Arabian Egyptian Mesopotamian Semitic Canaanite Yahwism Indo - European Asia Proto - Indo - Iranian Armenian Ossetian Vedic Zoroastrianism Mithraism Zurvanism Gnosticism Manichaeism Europe Celtic Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Norse Greek Gnosticism Neoplatonism Manichaeism Balkan Roman Slavic Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Clergy Conversion Deities Entheogens Ethnic religion Denomination Faith Fire Folk religion God Meditation Monasticism monk nun Mysticism Mythology Nature Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Prayer Religious experience Ritual liturgy sacrifice Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Truth Water Worship Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Development Evolutionary origin Evolutionary psychology History Philosophy Neurotheology Psychology Sociology Theology Theories Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy monasticism ordination Conversion evangelism missionary proselytism Education Fanaticism Freedom pluralism syncretism toleration universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Religiocentrism Political science Populations Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence persecution terrorism war Wealth Secularism and irreligion Antireligion Deism Agnosticism Atheism Criticism LaVeyan Satanism Deconstruction Humanistic Judaism Irreligion by country Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Index Outline Timeline Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Mass gatherings New religious movements Organizations Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Category Portal Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Maronite Catholic Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Christian state Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Category Christianity portal Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church Antiquity Adoptionism Apollinarism Arianism ( Anomoeanism , Semi-Arianism ) Audianism Docetism ( Circumcellions ) Dualism Ebionites Euchites Gnosticism ( Manichaeism , Paulicianism , Priscillianism , Naassenes , Ophites , Sethianism , Valentinianism ) Iconoclasm Luciferianism Macedonianism Marcionism Melchisedechians Modalism Monarchianism ( Athinganoi ) Monophysitism Monothelitism Montanism Nestorianism Novatianism Patripassianism Pelagianism ( Semipelagianism ) Pneumatomachians Psilanthropism Sabellianism Subordinationism Valentinianism Middle Ages Bogomilism Bosnian Church Catharism Conciliarism Consubstantiation Fraticelli Free Spirit Henricians Hussites Impanation Lollardy Taborites Triclavianism Waldensians Early Modern Anabaptism Antinomianism Febronianism Gallicanism Jansenism Josephinism Protestantism ( Arminianism , Calvinism , Lutheranism ) Quietism Modern Era Americanism Community of the Lady of All Nations Feeneyism Modernism Positive Christianity Reincarnationism Catholicism portal GND : 4136802 - 2 HDS : 11419 NDL : 00561171 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvinism&oldid=812609222 '' Categories : Calvinism Calvinist theology Five Points of Calvinism Trinitarianism Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from February 2015 All articles with broken links to citations CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did calvinist theology differ from lutheran theology	[ "Calvinists broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. Calvinism differs from Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things.[1][2] As declared in the Westminster and Second Helvetic confessions, the core doctrines are predestination and election. The protestant part of this reformation was considering that the Bible be interpreted by itself, meaning the parts that are harder to understand are examined in the light of other passages where the Bible is more explicit on the matter.[3][4] The term Calvinism can be misleading, because the religious tradition which it denotes has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder. The movement was first called Calvinism by Lutherans who opposed it referring to French reformer John Calvin, and many within the tradition would prefer to use the word Reformed.[5][6]" ]	[ "on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things" ]
6379805099118120752	United States women's national ice hockey team	United States women 's national ice hockey team - wikipedia United States women 's national ice hockey team Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Nickname ( s ) Team USA , Ice Yanks Association USA Hockey General Manager Reagan Carey Head coach Robb Stauber Assistants Brett Strot Paul Mara Captain Meghan Duggan Most games Angela Ruggiero ( 257 ) Top scorer Natalie Darwitz ( 114 ) Most points Natalie Darwitz ( 237 ) Team colors IIHF code USA Ranking Current IIHF Highest IIHF 1 ( first in 2009 ) Lowest IIHF 3 ( 2007 ) First international Canada 2 -- 1 United States ( North York or Mississauga , Ontario , Canada ; April 21 , 1987 ) Biggest win United States 20 -- 0 Netherlands ( North York or Mississauga , Ontario , Canada ; April 23 , 1987 ) Biggest defeat Canada 8 -- 0 United States ( Tampere , Finland ; April 26 , 1992 ) World Championships Appearances 18 ( first in 1990 ) Best result 01 ! ( 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Olympics Appearances 6 ( first in 1998 ) Medals Gold ( 1998 , 2018 ) Silver ( 2002 , 2010 , 2014 ) Bronze ( 2006 ) International record ( W -- L -- T ) 228 -- 72 -- 4 Medal record Olympic Games 1998 Nagano Team 2018 Pyeongchang Team 2002 Salt Lake City Team 2010 Vancouver Team 2014 Sochi Team 2006 Turin Team World Championships 2005 Sweden 2008 China 2009 Finland 2011 Switzerland 2013 Canada 2015 Sweden 2016 Canada 2017 USA 1990 Canada 1992 Finland 1994 USA 1997 Canada 1999 Finland 2000 Canada 2001 USA 2004 Canada 2007 Canada 2012 USA The United States women 's national ice hockey team is controlled by USA Hockey . The United States has been one of the most dominant women 's hockey teams in international play , having won gold or silver in every major tournament with the exception of the 2006 Winter Olympics , where they captured bronze . The U.S. had 75,832 female players in 2018 , 7001136000000000000 ♠ 13.6 % of the 555,935 total . In 1998 , the Women 's Olympic Hockey Team was named the USOC Team of the Year . In 2015 , the Women 's National Ice Hockey Team was named the USOC Team of the Month , in April . In 2018 , the Women 's Olympic Hockey Team won the gold medal in a 3 - 2 shootout , ending their 20 - year drought . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Facilities 3 2017 IIHF Women 's World Championship 4 Tournament record 4.1 Olympic Games 4.2 World Championship 4.3 3 / 4 Nations Cup 4.4 Pacific Rim Championship 4.5 Other tournaments 5 Team 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Coaching staff 5.3 Former rosters 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Since the beginning of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) Women 's World Championship in 1990 , Team USA has participated . USA Hockey started to improve their women 's hockey program once the conversation over adding women 's ice hockey into the Olympics started at an IOC executive board meeting in July 1992 . In 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano women 's ice hockey was included for the first time in the history of Olympics . USA Hockey wanted a team that could beat the Canadians since the stakes were very high for the 1998 Games , so they hired Ben Smith , who led the 1998 U.S. Olympic women 's hockey as the head coach . The U.S. women 's ice hockey team won gold in the 1998 Games , winning 3 - 1 against Team Canada . It became the first country to win gold in the women 's ice hockey competition in Olympic history . This was also the first gold in the history of the U.S women 's ice hockey team . This success inspired future generations of girls and women hockey players , including Meghan Duggan , a Team USA and Olympic athlete , who watched and celebrated the win as a 10 - year - old girl . Facilities ( edit ) The team 's training and development program was located in Blaine , Minnesota , at the Schwan Super Rink , the largest ice facility in the world for the 2010 Winter Olympics . For the 2014 Winter Olympics , the team 's training was located in the Greater Boston region at The Edge Sports Center in Bedford , Massachusetts and for off - ice fitness at the Mike Boyle Strength & Conditioning Center in Woburn , Massachusetts . 2017 IIHF women 's World Championship ( edit ) See also : 2017 IIHF Women 's World Championship § Threatened boycott by US players On 15 March 2017 , players for the US women 's ice hockey team announced that they would boycott the World Championship over inequitable support and conditions for women 's hockey unless concessions were made by USA Hockey . Members of the team including captain Meghan Duggan made public statements regarding poor pay and conditions for female hockey players . The players were publicly supported by the players ' associations for the NBA , WNBA , MLB and the NHL . On 28 March 2017 , the players agreed to play in the World Championship after an agreement was struck with USA Hockey to increase player pay and support for women 's development . Tournament record ( edit ) Olympic Games ( edit ) 1998 -- Won gold medal 2002 -- Won silver medal 2006 -- Won bronze medal 2010 -- Won silver medal 2014 -- Won silver medal 2018 -- Won gold medal World Championship ( edit ) 1990 -- Won silver medal 1992 -- Won silver medal 1994 -- Won silver medal 1997 -- Won silver medal 1999 -- Won silver medal 2000 -- Won silver medal 2001 -- Won silver medal 2004 -- Won silver medal 2005 -- Won gold medal 2007 -- Won silver medal 2008 -- Won gold medal 2009 -- Won gold medal 2011 -- Won gold medal 2012 -- Won silver medal 2013 -- Won gold medal 2015 -- Won gold medal 2016 -- Won gold medal 2017 -- Won gold medal 3 / 4 Nations Cup ( edit ) Note : The event was the 3 Nations Cup from 1996 to 1999 , and 2001 . It was the 4 Nations Cup in 2000 , and from 2002 to present . 1996 -- Won silver medal 1997 -- Won gold medal 1998 -- Won silver medal 1999 -- Won silver medal 2000 -- Won silver medal 2002 -- Won silver medal 2003 -- Won gold medal 2004 -- Won silver medal 2005 -- Won silver medal 2006 -- Won silver medal 2007 -- Won silver medal 2008 -- Won gold medal 2009 -- Won silver medal 2010 -- Won silver medal 2011 -- Won gold medal 2012 -- Won gold medal 2013 -- Won bronze medal 2014 -- Won silver medal 2015 -- Won gold medal 2016 -- Won gold medal 2017 -- Won gold medal Pacific Rim Championship ( edit ) 1995 -- Won silver medal 1996 -- Won silver medal Other tournaments ( edit ) 2011 IIHF 12 Nations Tournament - Won gold medal Team ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) The following is the United States roster for the women 's ice hockey tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics . view Head coach : Robb Stauber Associate coaches : Brett Strot , Paul Mara No . Pos . Name Height Weight Birthdate 2017 -- 18 team Lee Stecklein 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001994 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1994 Univ. of Minnesota Cayla Barnes 5 ft 1 in ( 1.55 m ) 7001662244860200000 ♠ 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 000000001999 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1999 Boston College 5 Megan Keller 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 7001730283715700000 ♠ 161 lb ( 73 kg ) 000000001996 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1996 Boston College 6 Kali Flanagan 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) 7001639565241700000 ♠ 141 lb ( 64 kg ) 000000001995 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1995 Boston College 7 Monique Lamoureux - Morando 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001671316707600000 ♠ 148 lb ( 67 kg ) 000000001989 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1989 Minnesota Whitecaps 8 Emily Pfalzer 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 7001571526386200000 ♠ 126 lb ( 57 kg ) 000000001993 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1993 Buffalo Beauts 10 Meghan Duggan -- C 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) 7001739355563100000 ♠ 163 lb ( 74 kg ) 000000001987 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 1987 Boston Pride 11 Haley Skarupa 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001639565241700000 ♠ 141 lb ( 64 kg ) 000000001994 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1994 Boston Pride 12 Kelly Pannek 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 7001748427410500000 ♠ 165 lb ( 75 kg ) 000000001995 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1995 Univ. of Minnesota 14 Brianna Decker -- A 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001991 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1991 Boston Pride 17 Jocelyne Lamoureux - Davidson 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001989 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1989 Minnesota Whitecaps 19 Gigi Marvin 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 7001721211868300000 ♠ 159 lb ( 72 kg ) 000000001987 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1987 Boston Pride 20 Hannah Brandt 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001993 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1993 Minnesota Whitecaps 21 Hilary Knight 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001989 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1989 Boston Pride 22 Kacey Bellamy -- A 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 7001662244860200000 ♠ 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 000000001987 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1987 Boston Pride 23 Sidney Morin 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001580598233600000 ♠ 128 lb ( 58 kg ) 000000001995 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1995 Modo Hockey 24 Dani Cameranesi 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001671316707600000 ♠ 148 lb ( 67 kg ) 000000001995 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1995 Univ. of Minnesota 26 Kendall Coyne 5 ft 2 in ( 1.57 m ) 7001557918615100000 ♠ 123 lb ( 56 kg ) 000000001992 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1992 Minnesota Whitecaps 28 Amanda Kessel 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001621421546900000 ♠ 137 lb ( 62 kg ) 000000001991 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1991 Metropolitan Riveters 29 Nicole Hensley 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 7001698532249800000 ♠ 154 lb ( 70 kg ) 000000001994 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1994 Lindenwood Univ . 33 Alex Rigsby 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001992 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1992 Minnesota Whitecaps 35 Maddie Rooney 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001662244860200000 ♠ 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 000000001997 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1997 Univ. of Minnesota Duluth 37 Amanda Pelkey 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 7001607813775800000 ♠ 134 lb ( 61 kg ) 000000001993 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1993 Boston Pride Coaching staff ( edit ) General Manager : Reagan Carey Head Coach : Robb Stauber Associate Head Coach : Brett Strot Assistant Coach : Paul Mara Strength & Conditioning Coach : Jim Radcliffe Mental Skills Coach : Colleen Hacker Head Scout : Matt Kelly Team Physician : Ally Howe Athletic Trainer : Sheri Walters Massage Therapist : Jennifer Chee Sports Dietician : Carrie Aprik Equipment Manager : Brent Proulx Video Coordinator : Nick Laurila Communications Manager : Andrea Mazzarelli Former rosters ( edit ) List of United States national women 's ice hockey team rosters Olympic Team Captains 1998 Winter Olympics Cammi Granato 2002 Winter Olympics Cammi Granato 2006 Winter Olympics Krissy Wendell 2010 Winter Olympics Natalie Darwitz 2014 Winter Olympics Meghan Duggan 2018 Winter Olympics Meghan Duggan US Women 's National Team Captains 1989 - 1996 Cindy Curley 1998 - 2005 Cammi Granato 2005 - 2006 Krissy Wendell 2007 - 2010 Natalie Darwitz 2011 - 2013 Julie Chu 2014 - present Meghan Duggan See also ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 United States women 's national ice hockey team 2010 -- 11 United States women 's national ice hockey team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Iihf.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Olympic Committee Announces Best Of April Honors For Team USA Awards , Presented By Dow '' . Teamusa.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Worlds '' . Team USA Hockey . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Years Later : An oral history of the 1998 U.S. women 's hockey team '' . NBC Olympics . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of This U.S. Women 's Hockey Team Is Already Secure '' . The Ringer . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` US women 's hockey team 's training emphasized lower body strength '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` US women 's hockey team strike ' historic ' pay deal and agree to end boycott '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/29/521863666/wage-deal-averts-threatened-boycott-by-u-s-womens-hockey-team Jump up ^ Berkman , Seth ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` No Resolution in Pay Dispute Involving U.S. Women 's Hockey Team '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkman , Seth ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` U.S. Women 's Hockey Team Plans to Boycott World Championship Over Pay Dispute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian Sport ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` USA Hockey rebuffed as replacements stand in support of women 's boycott '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 U.S. Olympic Women 's Hockey Team '' . USA Hockey . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Team Roster United States External links ( edit ) Official website IIHF profile National sports teams of the United States A1 Grand Prix American football M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 Australian rules football Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball M U23 M U18 M U17 Basketball M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 M 3x3 W U23 W U19 W U18 W U17 W U16 W 3x3 Cricket Equestrian Field hockey Floorball Goalball W U19 Gymnastics M U18 M U16 W U18 Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 M U17 W U22 W U18 Sled Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M U19 W U19 Indoor Netball Quidditch Roller derby Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union M U20 M7 W7 Skiing Soccer M U23 M U21 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U20 W U18 W U17 W U16 Futsal Beach soccer Paralympic Cerebral palsy Softball M U19 M Slow W U19 W Slow Speedway Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Track and field Volleyball M U23 M U21 M U19 W U23 W U20 W U18 Beach Water polo Wheelchair Basketball Wheelchair rugby Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics Universiade Women 's national ice hockey teams Africa South Africa Americas Argentina Canada Mexico United States Asia and Oceania Australia China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Japan Kazakhstan Macau Malaysia New Zealand North Korea Philippines Singapore South Korea Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Great Britain Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Other Korea Former teams Czechoslovakia England Scotland Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&oldid=837265356 '' Categories : United States women 's national ice hockey team United States national ice hockey team Women 's national ice hockey teams Women 's ice hockey teams in the United States Women 's national sports teams of the United States 1987 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 57 . About Wikipedia	who won olympic gold in womens hockey 2018	[ "\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s)\nTeam USA, Ice Yanks\n\n\nAssociation\nUSA Hockey\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nReagan Carey\n\n\nHead coach\nRobb Stauber\n\n\nAssistants\nBrett Strot\nPaul Mara\n\n\nCaptain\nMeghan Duggan\n\n\nMost games\nAngela Ruggiero (257)\n\n\nTop scorer\nNatalie Darwitz (114)\n\n\nMost points\nNatalie Darwitz (237)\n\n\nTeam colors\n \n\n\nIIHF code\nUSA\n\n\n\n\n\nRanking\n\n\nCurrent IIHF\n1 \n\n\nHighest IIHF\n1 (first in 2009)\n\n\nLowest IIHF\n3 (2007)\n\n\nFirst international\n\n\n Canada 2–1 United States \n(North York or Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; April 21, 1987)\n\n\nBiggest win\n\n\n United States 20–0 Netherlands \n(North York or Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; April 23, 1987)\n\n\nBiggest defeat\n\n\n Canada 8–0 United States \n(Tampere, Finland; April 26, 1992)\n\n\nWorld Championships\n\n\nAppearances\n18 (first in 1990)\n\n\nBest result\n01 ! (2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017)\n\n\nOlympics\n\n\nAppearances\n6 (first in 1998)\n\n\nMedals\n Gold (1998, 2018)\n Silver (2002, 2010, 2014)\n Bronze (2006)\n\n\nInternational record (W–L–T)\n\n\n228–72–4\n\n" ]	[ "United States" ]
8213880853755435089	List of Xbox One games	List of Xbox One Games - wikipedia List of Xbox One Games This is a list of Xbox One games currently planned or released either at retail or via download . There are currently 1614 games and an additional 61 Free - to - play games on this list . 0 -- 9 J O Q U V X Y Z Free - to - play 360 / NS / PC Cross-play K Kinect optional K required HDR High Dynamic Range PA Xbox Play Anywhere X Xbox One X Enhanced Title Genre ( s ) Developer ( s ) Publisher ( s ) Release date Addons Ref . JP EU NA # killallzombies Shooter Beatshapers Digerati Distribution Unreleased Aug 9 , 2016 Aug 9 , 2016 # Wargames Interactive movie Eko Eko Unreleased Jul 31 , 2018 Jul 31 , 2018 PA > observer_ Horror Bloober Team Aspyr Media Unreleased Aug 15 , 2017 Aug 15 , 2017 ' n Verlore Verstand Horror Skobbejak Games Skobbejak Games Unreleased Apr 21 , 2017 Apr 21 , 2017 10 Second Ninja X Platform Four Circle Interactive Curve Digital Unreleased Jul 19 , 2016 Jul 19 , 2016 1001 Spikes Platform Nicalis Nicalis Unreleased Jun 3 , 2014 Jun 3 , 2014 101 Ways To Die Platform , puzzle Four Door Lemon / On The Metal Vision Games Publishing Unreleased Mar 18 , 2016 Mar 18 , 2016 11 - 11 : Memories Retold Adventure Aardman / DigixArt Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased Nov 9 , 2018 Nov 9 , 2018 140 Platform Jeppe Carlsen Abstraction Games / Double Fine Productions Unreleased Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 20XX Roguelike Action Platformer Batterystaple Games Batterystaple Games , Firehose Games Jul 11 , 2018 Jul 11 , 2018 Jul 11 , 2018 2064 : Read Only Memories Graphic adventure MidBoss MidBoss Unreleased Jan 17 , 2018 Jan 17 , 2018 2Dark Horror , stealth Gloomywood Bigben Interactive Unreleased Mar 10 , 2017 Mar 10 , 2017 6180 the moon Platform Turtle Cream Turtle Cream Unreleased Dec 11 , 2015 Dec 11 , 2015 7 Days to Die Action & Adventure The Fun Pimps / Iron Galaxy Telltale Publishing Unreleased Jul 1 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 8Days Shooter Santa Clara Games BadLand Games Unreleased Feb 6 , 2017 Feb 6 , 2017 8 - bit Adventure Anthology : Volume I Point - and - click adventure Abstraction Games Abstraction Games Unreleased Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 8 - Bit Armies Real - time strategy Petroglyph Games Soedesco Unreleased Jun 26 , 2018 Jun 26 , 2018 88 Heroes Platform Bitmap Bureau Rising Star Games Unreleased Mar 24 , 2017 Mar 24 , 2017 911 Operator Simulation Jutsu Games Code Horizon Unreleased Nov 8 , 2017 Nov 8 , 2017 99Vidas Brawler QUByte Interactive QUByte Interactive Unreleased Nov 2 , 2017 Nov 2 , 2017 A Boy and His Blob Platform , puzzle Abstraction Games Majesco Entertainment Unreleased Jan 20 , 2016 Jan 20 , 2016 A Hat in Time Platform Gears for Breakfast Humble Bundle Unreleased Dec 6 , 2017 Dec 6 , 2017 A Hole New World Platform Mad Gear Games Mad Gear Games Unreleased Jun 9 , 2017 Jun 9 , 2017 A Pixel Story Puzzle , Platform Lamplight Studios Rising Star Games Unreleased Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 A Plague Tale : Innocence Adventure Asobo Studio Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 A Walk in the Dark Platform Flying Turtle Software Flying Turtle Software Unreleased May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 PA A Way Out Action - adventure Hazelight Studios Electronic Arts Unreleased Mar 23 , 2018 Mar 23 , 2018 Aaero Shooter Mad Fellows Games Reverb Triple XP Unreleased Apr 11 , 2017 Apr 11 , 2017 X Aaru 's Awakening Platform Lumenox Games Lumenox Games Unreleased Apr 22 , 2015 Apr 22 , 2015 Abo Khashem Role - playing Moving Dimensions Moving Dimensions Unreleased Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Absolute Drift : Zen Edition Racing Funselektor Labs Flippfly Unreleased Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Absolver Action Sloclap Sloclap Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Abyss : The Wraiths of Eden Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 Abzû Adventure , art Giant Squid 505 Games Unreleased Dec 5 , 2016 Dec 5 , 2016 Ace Combat 7 : Skies Unknown Flight simulator Project Aces Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Acorn Assault : Rodent Revolution Platform High Tale Studios Black Shell Media Unreleased Jan 11 , 2017 Jan 11 , 2017 Action Henk Platform RageSquid Curve Digital Unreleased May 4 , 2016 May 4 , 2016 Action News Heroes run - and - gun Krewe Studios Krewe Studios Unreleased Jul 27 , 2016 Jul 27 , 2016 Active Soccer 2 DX Sports The Fox Software The Fox Software Unreleased Mar 30 , 2016 Mar 30 , 2016 Adam 's Venture : Origins Action & Adventure Soedesco Soedesco Unreleased Apr 1 , 2016 Apr 1 , 2016 Adventures of Pip Platform TicToc Games TicToc Games Unreleased Aug 21 , 2015 Aug 21 , 2015 The Adventure Pals Platform , role - playing Massive Monster Armor Games Unreleased Apr 3 , 2018 Apr 3 , 2018 Adventure Time : Finn & Jake Investigations Action - adventure Vicious Cycle Software Little Orbit Unreleased Nov 6 , 2015 Oct 20 , 2015 Adventure Time : Pirates of the Enchiridion Action - adventure Climax Studios Outright Games Unreleased Jul 17 , 2018 Jul 17 , 2018 AER - Memories of Old Adventure Forgotten Key Daedalic Entertainment Unreleased Oct 25 , 2017 Oct 25 , 2017 AereA Action role - playing , Music Triangle Studios Soedesco Unreleased Jun 30 , 2017 Jun 30 , 2017 AeternoBlade Action - adventure Corecell Technology Corecell Technology Unreleased Aug 30 , 2017 Aug 30 , 2017 AeternoBlade 2 Action - adventure Corecell Technology Corecell Technology Unreleased TBA TBA AFL Evolution Sports Wicked Witch Software Home Entertainment Suppliers Unreleased May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Aftercharge shooter Chainsawesome Games Chainsawesome Games Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders Point - and - click adventure Artefacts Studio Microïds Unreleased Feb 4 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 Agatha Knife Adventure Mango Protocol Mango Protocol Unreleased Apr 27 , 2018 Apr 27 , 2018 Agents of Mayhem Action - adventure Volition Deep Silver Unreleased Aug 18 , 2017 Aug 15 , 2017 X Agony Survival Horror Madmind Studio PlayWay Unreleased May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 AIPD Top - down Twin Stick Shooter Blazing Badger Blazing Badger Unreleased Jan 29 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2016 Air Guitar Warrior Music , Shooter Virtual Air Guitar Company Virtual Air Guitar Company Unreleased Mar 29 , 2017 Mar 29 , 2017 K Air Missions : Hind Simulation 3Division Entertainment 3Division Entertainment Unreleased Jun 14 , 2017 Jun 14 , 2017 Akuatica : Turtle Racing Racing Tianyu Studio Software Tianyu Studio Software Unreleased Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 Alaloth : Champions of The Four Kingdoms Action , Role - playing Gamera Interactive Gamera Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Albedo : Eyes from Outer Space First Person Adventure Z4G0 Merge Games Unreleased Jan 20 , 2016 Jan 20 , 2016 Albert and Otto Puzzle , Platformer K Bros Games Digerati Distribution Unreleased Jan 9 , 2018 Jan 9 , 2018 Alekhine 's Gun Action , stealth Haggard Games Maximum Games Unreleased May 25 , 2016 May 1 , 2016 Alien : Isolation First - person survival horror , stealth The Creative Assembly Sega Jun 11 , 2015 Oct 7 , 2014 Oct 7 , 2014 Alteric Platformer Goonswarm Sometimes You Unreleased Mar 30 , 2018 Mar 30 , 2018 Amazing Princess Sarah Action , platform Haruneko Haruneko Unreleased Jan 29 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2016 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Action - adventure Beenox Activision Unreleased May 16 , 2014 Apr 29 , 2014 Among the Sleep Survival horror Krillbite Studio Krillbite Studio Unreleased Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Anamorphine Adventure Artifact 5 Artifact 5 Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Anarcute Action & Adventure AnarTeam AnarTeam Unreleased Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Ancestors Strategy Destructive Creations 1C Publishing Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Angry Birds Star Wars Puzzle , strategy Rovio Entertainment , Exient Entertainment Activision Unreleased Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Anima : Gate of Memories Action role - playing Anima Project Badland Games Unreleased Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Anode Puzzle Kittehface Software Kittehface Software Unreleased Unreleased Aug 10 , 2016 Another World : 20th Anniversary Edition Action - adventure Martial Hesse - Dreville The Digital Lounge Unreleased Jun 25 , 2014 Jun 25 , 2014 Anoxemia Adventure , Puzzle BSK Group BadLand Games Unreleased Mar 28 , 2017 Mar 28 , 2017 Anthem Action role - playing BioWare Electronic Arts Feb 22 , 2019 Feb 22 , 2019 Feb 22 , 2019 Antigraviator Racing Cybernetic Walrus Iceberg Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 06 - 31 - 0000 Q2 2018 000000002018 - 06 - 31 - 0000 Q2 2018 Aqua Kitty UDX : Xbox One Ultra Edition Action - adventure , shooter Tikipod Tikipod Unreleased Feb 2 , 2017 Feb 2 , 2017 Aqua Moto Racing Utopia Racing Zordix Zordix Unreleased May 4 , 2018 May 4 , 2018 AquaNox : Deep Descent Shooter Digital Arrow THQ Nordic Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Aquatic Adventure of the Last Human Action & Adventure YCJY / Stage Clear Studios Digerati Distribution Unreleased Jan 18 , 2018 Jan 18 , 2018 ACA Neo Geo : A-Z Assorted Hamster Corporation Hamster Corporation Assorted Assorted Assorted Arcade Game Series : Dig Dug Arcade Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Arcade Game Series : Galaga Arcade Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Arcade Game Series : Ms. Pac - Man Arcade Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Arcade Game Series : Pac - Man Arcade Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Aritana & the Harpy 's Feather Platform Duaik Duaik Unreleased Unreleased Sep 9 , 2015 Ark : Survival Evolved Action , survival Studio Wildcard Studio Wildcard Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 PC PA X Armello Role - playing , board game League of Geeks League of Geeks Unreleased Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Armikrog Action & Adventure Pencil Test Studios Versus Evil Unreleased Aug 22 , 2016 Aug 22 , 2016 Arslan : The Warriors of Legend Action Koei Tecmo Koei Tecmo Unreleased Feb 9 , 2016 Feb 9 , 2016 Arrow Heads Platformer OddBird OddBird Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Artful Escape Adventure Beethoven and Dinosaur Annapurna Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Asdivine Hearts JRPG Exe - Create Kemco Jul 6 , 2018 Jul 6 , 2018 Jul 6 , 2018 PA Asemblance First - Person Adventure Nilo Studios Nilo Studios Unreleased Jan 30 , 2018 Jan 30 , 2018 Asemblance : Oversight First - Person Adventure Nilo Studios Nilo Studios Unreleased Aug 3 , 2018 Aug 3 , 2018 Ashen Action role - playing Aurora44 Annapurna Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Ashes Cricket Sports Big Ant Studios Big Ant Studios Unreleased Nov 16 , 2017 Nov 16 , 2017 X Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Action - adventure , Open world , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China Action , adventure Climax Studios Ubisoft Apr 20 , 2015 Apr 20 , 2015 Apr 20 , 2015 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : India Action , adventure Climax Studios Ubisoft Feb 8 , 2016 Feb 8 , 2016 Feb 8 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia Action , adventure Climax Studios Ubisoft Jan 11 , 2016 Jan 11 , 2016 Jan 11 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed Odyssey Action , adventure Ubisoft Quebec Ubisoft Oct 5 , 2018 Oct 5 , 2018 Oct 5 , 2018 X Assassin 's Creed Origins Action , adventure Ubisoft Ubisoft Oct 27 , 2017 Oct 27 , 2017 Oct 27 , 2017 X Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Action , adventure Ubisoft Sofia Ubisoft Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Action Adventure , Open World Ubisoft Quebec Ubisoft Nov 12 , 2015 Oct 23 , 2015 Oct 23 , 2015 Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection Action Adventure , Open World Virtuos Ubisoft Nov 14 , 2016 Nov 14 , 2016 Nov 14 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed Unity Action - adventure , Open world , Stealth Ubisoft Toronto Ubisoft Nov 20 , 2014 Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 11 , 2014 The Assembly Adventure nDreams nDreams Unreleased Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Assetto Corsa Racing Kunos Simulazioni 505 Games Unreleased Aug 26 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Astroneer Adventure System Era Softworks System Era Softworks Unreleased Early Access Early Access PA PC X Atari Flashback Classics : Volume 1 Arcade Code Mystics Atari Unreleased Nov 1 , 2016 Nov 1 , 2016 Atari Flashback Classics : Volume 2 Arcade Code Mystics Atari Unreleased Nov 1 , 2016 Nov 1 , 2016 Atari Flashback Classics : Volume 3 Arcade Code Mystics Atari Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Atomic Heist Shooter Live Aliens Live Aliens Unreleased Apr 20 , 2018 Apr 20 , 2018 Attack Heroes Action Ejoy Games Tencent Jan 1 , 2017 Unreleased Unreleased Attack on Titan Action Omega Force Koei Tecmo Feb 18 , 2016 Aug 26 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Attack on Titan 2 Action Omega Force Koei Tecmo Mar 15 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 ATV Renegades Racing Nighthawk Interactive Nighthawk Interactive Unreleased Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Aven Colony Simulation Mothership Entertainment Team17 Unreleased Jul 25 , 2017 Jul 25 , 2017 Away : Journey to the Unexpected Adventure Aurélien Regard & `` Jim '' Gennisson Playdius Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Awesomenauts Assemble 2D , multiplayer online battle arena Ronimo Games Ronimo Games Unreleased Sep 7 , 2016 Sep 7 , 2016 Axiom Verge Metroidvania Thomas Happ Games Thomas Happ Games Unreleased Sep 29 , 2016 Sep 29 , 2016 Azito x Tatsunoko Legends Simulator Hamster Corporation Hamster Corporation Jun 23 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased Azkend 2 : The World Beneath Puzzle 10tons 10tons Unreleased May 6 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 Aztez Beat ' em up , Strategy Team Colorblind Team Colorblind Unreleased TBA TBA Babylon 2055 Pinball Pinball Shine Research Plug In Digital Unreleased Apr 20 , 2018 Apr 20 , 2018 Back to the Future : The Game -- 30th Anniversary Edition Action & Adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 13 , 2015 Badland : Game of the Year Edition Platformer Frogmind Frogmind Unreleased May 29 , 2015 May 29 , 2015 Baila Latino Music , Rhythm Oxygene Media - Insonnia Team Oxygene Media Unreleased Aug 17 , 2016 Aug 17 , 2016 Baja : Edge of Control HD Racing 2XL Games THQ Nordic Unreleased Sep 13 , 2017 Sep 13 , 2017 The Banner Saga Tactical role - playing Stoic Versus Evil Unreleased Jan 12 , 2016 Jan 12 , 2016 The Banner Saga 2 Tactical role - playing Stoic Versus Evil Jul 1 , 2016 Jul 1 , 2016 Jul 1 , 2016 The Banner Saga 3 Tactical role - playing Stoic Versus Evil Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Bard 's Gold Platformer Pixel Lantern Pixel Lantern Unreleased Jun 17 , 2016 Jun 17 , 2016 Baseball Riot Puzzle 10tons 10tons Unreleased Dec 9 , 2015 Dec 9 , 2015 Bastion Role - playing Supergiant Games Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Dec 12 , 2016 Dec 12 , 2016 Batman : Arkham Knight Action - adventure Rocksteady Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Jun 23 , 2015 Jun 23 , 2015 Batman : Return to Arkham Action - adventure Rocksteady Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Oct 17 , 2016 Oct 17 , 2016 Batman : The Enemy Within Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 Batman : The Telltale Series Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Aug 2 , 2016 Aug 2 , 2016 Battalion 1944 First person shooter Bulkhead Interactive Square Enix Collective Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Battleborn Action , Multiplayer online battle arena Gearbox Software 2K Games Feb 9 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 Battlefield 1 First - person shooter DICE Electronic Arts Oct 21 , 2016 Oct 21 , 2016 Oct 21 , 2016 Battlefield 4 First - person shooter EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Battlefield V First - person shooter EA DICE Electronic Arts Oct 19 , 2018 Oct 19 , 2018 Oct 19 , 2018 Battlefield Hardline First - person shooter Visceral Games Electronic Arts Mar 19 , 2015 Mar 20 , 2015 Mar 17 , 2015 Battlerite Team Arena Brawler Stunlock Studios Stunlock Studios Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Battleship Strategy Frima Studios Ubisoft Unreleased Aug 2 , 2016 Aug 2 , 2016 Battlezone : Gold Edition Shooter Rebellion Rebellion Unreleased May 1 , 2018 May 1 , 2018 X Battle Chasers : Nightwar Role - playing Airship Syndicate THQ Nordic Unreleased Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Battle Garegga Rev. 2016 Scrolling shoot ' em up M2 M2 Sep 29 , 2017 Sep 29 , 2017 Sep 29 , 2017 Battle High 2 A+ Fighting Mattrified Games Mattrified Games Unreleased Dec 16 , 2015 Dec 16 , 2015 Battle Knights Platformer Mire Studios Mire Studios Unreleased Jun 22 , 2018 Jun 22 , 2018 Battle Of The Bulge Strategy Shenandoah Studio Slitherine Software Unreleased Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Battle Princess Madelyn Adventure Causal Bit Games Causal Bit Games Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Battle Worlds : Kronos Turn - Based Strategy King Art Nordic Games Unreleased Apr 26 , 2016 Apr 26 , 2016 Battlestar Galactica : Deadlock Strategy Slitherine Games Slitherine Games Unreleased Dec 8 , 2017 Dec 8 , 2017 Battletoads ( 2019 ) Beat ' em up , platform game Rare , Dlala Studios Microsoft Studios Unreleased 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 PA Beach Buggy Racing Racing Vector Unit Vector Unit Unreleased May 29 , 2015 May 29 , 2015 Beacon Rogue - Like Monothetic Monothetic Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Beast Quest Action - Adventure Torus Games Maximum Games Unreleased Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Beat the Game Adventure , Music Worm Animation Worm Animation Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Beatbuddy : Tale of the Guardians Action & adventure , Platformer Threaks Threaks Unreleased Aug 7 , 2015 Aug 7 , 2015 Beatsplosion for Kinect Family , Motion Controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased Dec 30 , 2015 Dec 30 , 2015 K Bedlam First person shooter RedBedlam RedBedlam Unreleased Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 16 , 2015 Beholder Complete Edition Management Alawar Games Curve Digital Unreleased Feb 2 , 2018 Feb 2 , 2018 Below Adventure Capybara Games Capybara Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Ben 10 Action - adventure Outright Games Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased Nov 10 , 2017 Nov 10 , 2017 Beyond Eyes Adventure Tiger & Squid Team17 Unreleased Aug 4 , 2015 Aug 4 , 2015 Big Buck Hunter Arcade Arcade , Shooter GameMill Entertainment GameMill Entertainment Unreleased Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 Bike Mayhem 2 Racing Goldmark Studios Goldmark Studios Unreleased Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Binaries Platformer , Puzzle Ant Workshop Ground Shatter Unreleased Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 29 , 2016 The Binding of Isaac : Rebirth Action - adventure , dungeon crawl , roguelike Nicalis Nicalis Unreleased Dec 9 , 2015 Jul 24 , 2015 Biomutant Action role - playing Experiment 101 THQ Nordic Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Bioshock : The Collection First - person shooter Blind Squirrel Games 2K Games Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Bit Dungeon Plus Adventure Dolores Entertainment Dolores Entertainment May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Black Desert Online Massively multiplayer online role - playing game Pearl Abyss Pearl Abyss Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Black Mirror Adventure King Art THQ Nordic Unreleased Nov 28 , 2017 Nov 28 , 2017 Black & White Bushido Fighting Good Catch Good Catch Unreleased May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 Black the Fall Platformer , Adventure Sand Sailor Studio Square Enix Collective Unreleased Jul 11 , 2017 Jul 11 , 2017 Blackguards 2 Turn - based Tactical role - playing Daedalic Entertainment Kalypso Media Sep 12 , 2017 Sep 12 , 2017 Sep 12 , 2017 Blackhole : Complete Edition Puzzle , Platformer FiolaSoft Studio 1C Publishing Unreleased Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 Blacksea Odyssey Action , Adventure , Role - playing Spiral Summit Games Team Blacksea Odyssey Unreleased Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 Blackwood Crossing Adventure PaperSeven Vision Games Publishing Unreleased Apr 5 , 2017 Apr 5 , 2017 Bladestorm : Nightmare Action - adventure Koei Tecmo Koei Tecmo Jan 29 , 2015 Mar 20 , 2015 Mar 17 , 2015 Blast ' Em Bunnies Shooter Nnooo Nnooo Unreleased Mar 11 , 2016 Mar 11 , 2016 Blast Brawl 2 Action - adventure , fighting , platformer Mind 's Eye Games Mind 's Eye Games Unreleased Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 BlazBlue Chrono Phantasma Extend Fighting Arc System Works Arc System Works ( JP ) Aksys Games ( NA / EU ) Apr 23 , 2015 Oct 23 , 2015 Jun 30 , 2015 Bleed Platform Bootdisk Revolution / Nephilim Game Studios Digerati Distribution Unreleased Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 Bleed 2 Platform Bootdisk Revolution / Nephilim Game Studios Digerati Distribution Unreleased Feb 9 , 2018 Feb 9 , 2018 Blood Bowl 2 Sports , Real - time strategy , Turn - based strategy Cyanide Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Sep 22 , 2015 Sep 22 , 2015 Bloodstained : Curse of the Moon Side - Scrolling Action Inti Creates Inti Creates Jun 6 , 2018 Jun 6 , 2018 Jun 6 , 2018 Bloodstained : Ritual of the Night Metroidvania Inti Creates 505 Games Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Bloody Zombies Brawler Paw Print Games nDreams Unreleased Sep 21 , 2017 Sep 21 , 2017 Bloons TD 5 Strategy , Puzzle Ninja Kiwi Ninja Kiwi Unreleased Mar 2 , 2017 Mar 2 , 2017 Blue Angels : Aerobatic Flight Simulator Simulation Rortos Rortos Unreleased Dec 1 , 2017 Dec 1 , 2017 Blue - Collar Astronaut Action Mutated Software Mutated Software Unreleased Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Blue Estate First - person shooter , rail shooter , motion - controlled Hesaw Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Feb 18 , 2015 Feb 18 , 2015 Blue Rider Shooter Ravegan Ravegan Unreleased Oct 11 , 2016 Oct 11 , 2016 Blues and Bullets : Episode 1 Action , adventure A Crowd Of Monsters A Crowd Of Monsters Unreleased Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 28 , 2015 Boggle Card & Board Frima Studios Ubisoft Unreleased Aug 4 , 2015 Aug 4 , 2015 Boiling Bolt Shooter Persistant Studio Plug In Digital Unreleased Dec 5 , 2017 Dec 5 , 2017 Bokosuka Wars II Strategy Pygmy Studio Pygmy Studio Unreleased Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 Bomber Crew Strategy , Management Runner Duck Games Curve Digital Unreleased Jul 10 , 2018 Jul 10 , 2018 X Bombing Busters Puzzle Sanuk Games Sanuk Games Unreleased Nov 17 , 2016 Nov 17 , 2016 Bombslinger Puzzle Mode4 Plug In Digital Unreleased Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 Book of Demons Adventure , Hack n Slash Thing Trunk Thing Trunk Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 Action & Adventure King Art Nordic Games Unreleased Sep 18 , 2015 Sep 18 , 2015 Boom Ball for Kinect Family , Motion - controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased Dec 5 , 2014 Nov 28 , 2014 K Boom Ball for Kinect 2 Family , Motion - controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased Dec 21 , 2016 Dec 21 , 2016 K Boom Ball for Kinect 3 Family , Motion - controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased Dec 21 , 2017 Dec 21 , 2017 K Borderlands : The Handsome Collection Action role - playing , First - person shooter Gearbox Software 2K Games May 14 , 2015 Mar 27 , 2015 Mar 24 , 2015 Bounce Rescue ! Platformer , Puzzle Bitecore Bitecore Unreleased May 4 , 2018 May 4 , 2018 Brawlout Fighting Angry Mob Games Angry Mob Games Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Breach & Clear : Deadline Strategy , Simulation Mighty Rabbit Studios Mighty Rabbit Studios Unreleased Aug 3 , 2016 Aug 3 , 2016 Brick Breaker Puzzle Sanuk Games Bigben Interactive Unreleased Apr 26 , 2016 Apr 26 , 2016 The Bridge Platforming The Quantum Astrophysicists Guild The Quantum Astrophysicists Guild Aug 14 , 2015 Aug 14 , 2015 Aug 14 , 2015 Bridge Constructor Simulation Clockstone Studio Headup Games Unreleased Aug 21 , 2015 Aug 21 , 2015 Bridge Constructor Portal Simulation Clockstone Studio Headup Games Unreleased Feb 28 , 2018 Feb 28 , 2018 Bridge Constructor Stunts Simulation Clockstone Studio Headup Games Unreleased Dec 16 , 2016 Dec 16 , 2016 Brief Battles Platform , Fighter Juicy Cupcake Juicy Cupcake Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Broken Age : The Complete Adventure Point - and - click adventure Double Fine Productions Double Fine Productions Unreleased Jun 23 , 2017 Jun 23 , 2017 Broken Sword 5 : The Serpent 's Curse Point - and - click adventure Revolution Software Revolution Software Unreleased Sep 4 , 2015 Sep 4 , 2015 Brothers : A Tale of Two Sons Action & Adventure Starbreeze Studios / The Workshop 505 Games Unreleased Aug 12 , 2015 Aug 12 , 2015 Brunswick Pro Bowling Sports FarSight Studios Alliance Digital Media Unreleased Nov 27 , 2015 Nov 27 , 2015 Bud Spencer & Terence Hill - Slaps and Beans Brawler Trinity Team Buddy Productions Unreleased Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 The Bug Butcher Action Awfully Nice Studios Triangle Studios Unreleased Oct 18 , 2016 Oct 18 , 2016 Bulb Boy Adventure , Horror Bulbware Bulbware Unreleased Oct 6 , 2017 Oct 6 , 2017 Bulletstorm : Full Clip Edition Shooter Electronic Arts Gearbox Publishing Apr 7 , 2017 Apr 7 , 2017 Apr 7 , 2017 The Bunker Point & Click Adventure Splendy Games Wales Interactive Unreleased Sep 22 , 2016 Sep 22 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Remastered Racing Stellar Entertainment Electronic Arts Mar 15 , 2018 Mar 16 , 2018 Mar 16 , 2018 Bush Hockey League Sports V7 Entertainment V7 Entertainment Unreleased Nov 29 , 2017 Nov 29 , 2017 Butcher Shooter Transhuman Design Crunching Koalas Unreleased May 10 , 2017 May 10 , 2017 Call of Cthulhu Adventure , survival horror Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Oct 30 , 2018 Oct 30 , 2018 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare First - person shooter Sledgehammer Games Activision Nov 13 , 2014 Nov 4 , 2014 Nov 4 , 2014 Call of Duty : Black Ops III First - person shooter Treyarch Activision Nov 6 , 2015 Nov 6 , 2015 Nov 6 , 2015 Call of Duty : Black Ops IIII First - person shooter Treyarch Activision Oct 12 , 2018 Oct 12 , 2018 Oct 12 , 2018 P Call of Duty : Ghosts Shooter Infinity Ward Activision / Square Enix ( Japan ) Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare Shooter Infinity Ward Activision Nov 4 , 2016 Nov 4 , 2016 Nov 4 , 2016 X Call of Duty : Modern Warfare Remastered Shooter Infinity Ward Activision Nov 4 , 2016 Nov 4 , 2016 Nov 4 , 2016 Call of Duty : WWII First - person shooter Sledgehammer Games , Raven Software Activision Nov 3 , 2017 Nov 3 , 2017 Nov 3 , 2017 X Canadian Football 2017 Sports Canuk Play Canuk Play Unreleased Jul 25 , 2017 Jul 25 , 2017 Candleman Platformer Spotlightor Interactive E-Home Entertainment Feb 1 , 2017 Feb 1 , 2017 Feb 1 , 2017 Candle : The Power of the Flame Adventure - Platformer Teku Studios Merge Games Unreleased Jul 25 , 2018 Jul 25 , 2018 Cannon Brawl Action , Strategy Turtle Sandbox Turtle Sandbox Unreleased Aug 3 , 2016 Aug 3 , 2016 Carmageddon : Max Damage Vehicular combat , Racing Stainless Games Stainless Games Unreleased Jul 8 , 2016 Jul 8 , 2016 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Racing Avalanche Software Warner . Bros. Int . Ent . Unreleased Jun 13 , 2017 Jun 13 , 2017 Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Action & Adventure Magic Pockets GameMill Entertainment Unreleased Nov 7 , 2016 Nov 7 , 2016 Casey Powell Lacrosse 16 Sports Big Ant Studios Big Ant Studios Unreleased Mar 9 , 2016 Mar 9 , 2016 Casey Powell Lacrosse 18 Sports Big Ant Studios Crosse Studios Unreleased Apr 18 , 2018 Apr 18 , 2018 X Cast of the Seven Godsends - Redux Platformer Raven Travel Studios Merge Games Unreleased Jul 20 , 2016 Jul 20 , 2016 Castaway Paradise Life Simulation Stolen Couch Games Stolen Couch Games Unreleased Jul 31 , 2018 Jul 31 , 2018 Castle Crashers : Remastered Beat ' em up The Behemoth The Behemoth Unreleased Sep 9 , 2015 Sep 9 , 2015 Castle Invasion : Throne Out Action & Adventure Cat Trap Studios Cat Trap Studios Unreleased Oct 11 , 2016 Oct 11 , 2016 Castles Puzzle WhootGames BadLand Indie Unreleased Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 Castle Storm : Definitive Edition Tower defense Zen Studios Zen Studios Sep 23 , 2014 Sep 23 , 2014 Sep 23 , 2014 Caveman Warriors Platformer JanduSoft JanduSoft Unreleased Sep 21 , 2017 Sep 21 , 2017 Cel Damage HD Racing Finish Line Games Finish Line Games Unreleased Mar 11 , 2016 Mar 11 , 2016 Celeste Adventure , Platformer Matt Makes Games Matt Makes Games Unreleased Jan 26 , 2018 Jan 26 , 2018 Chaos ; Child Visual novel Nitroplus 5pb . Dec 18 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Chaos on Deponia Point - and - click adventure Daedalic Entertainment Daedalic Entertainment Unreleased Dec 6 , 2017 Dec 6 , 2017 Chariot Platform Frima Studio Frima Studio Oct 1 , 2014 Oct 1 , 2014 Oct 1 , 2014 Chess Ultra Chess VooFoo Studios Ripstone Unreleased Jun 23 , 2017 Jun 23 , 2017 X Child of Light Platform , Role - playing Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Sep 4 , 2014 Apr 29 , 2014 Apr 29 , 2014 Chime Sharp Music , Puzzle Chilled Mouse Chilled Mouse Unreleased Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 Chivalry : Medieval Warfare Fighting Hardsuit Labs Activision Unreleased Dec 2 , 2015 Dec 2 , 2015 Chroma Squad Turn based , Management Behold Studios Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased May 18 , 2017 May 18 , 2017 ChromaGun First - person shooter , puzzle Pixel Maniacs Pixel Maniacs Unreleased Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 The Church in the Darkness Action Adventure Paranoid Productions Paranoid Productions Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Circuit Breakers Shooter Triverske Excalibur Games Unreleased Aug 16 , 2017 Aug 16 , 2017 Circuits Puzzle Digital Tentacle Digital Tentacle Unreleased Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Cities : Skylines City - building , construction and management simulation Tantalus Media Paradox Interactive Apr 21 , 2017 Apr 21 , 2017 Apr 21 , 2017 City of Brass First - person hack & slash roguelike Uppercut Games Uppercut Games Unreleased May 4 , 2018 May 4 , 2018 X Claire : Extended Cut Adventure Hailstorm Games Hailstorm Games Unreleased Sep 5 , 2016 Sep 5 , 2016 Clash Arena Fighter FennecFox Entertainment FennecFox Entertainment Unreleased Aug 21 , 2015 Aug 21 , 2015 Claybook Puzzle Second Order Second Order Unreleased Early Access Early Access Clockwork Tales : Of Glass and Ink Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Jan 22 , 2016 Jan 22 , 2016 Close to the Sun Survival Horror Storm in a Teacup Storm in a Teacup Unreleased 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Clouds & Sheep 2 Puzzle HandyGames HandyGames Unreleased Nov 17 , 2016 Nov 17 , 2016 ClusterPuck 99 Sports PHL Collective PHL Collective Unreleased Sep 9 , 2015 Sep 9 , 2015 ClusterTruck Platformer Landfall Games tinyBuild Unreleased Sep 27 , 2016 Sep 27 , 2016 Cobalt Action - sidescroller Oxeye Game Studio Fatshark Mojang Feb 2 , 2016 Feb 2 , 2016 Feb 2 , 2016 Code Vein Action Bandai Namco Studios Bandai Namco Entertainment Sep 27 , 2018 Sep 28 , 2018 Sep 28 , 2018 Coffin Dodgers Racing Milky Tea Studios Wales Interactive Unreleased May 6 , 2016 May 6 , 2016 Color Symphony 2 Platform , Puzzle Remimory Remimory Unreleased Jun 8 , 2016 Jun 8 , 2016 Coma Adventure Jason Oda Jason Oda Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Coma : Recut Horror , Survival Devespresso Games Digerati Distribution Unreleased Sep 21 , 2017 Sep 21 , 2017 Commander Cherry for Kinect Platform Grande Games Grande Games Unreleased Aug 14 , 2015 Aug 14 , 2015 Conan Exiles Open World Survival Funcom Funcom Unreleased May 8 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 X Conarium Horror Zoetrope Interactive Iceberg Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Conga Master Action Undercoders Rising Star Games Unreleased Jul 21 , 2017 Jul 21 , 2017 Constructor HD Strategy , Simulation System 3 System 3 Unreleased Feb 28 , 2017 Feb 28 , 2017 Contrast Puzzle , action , platform Compulsion Games Compulsion Games Unreleased Jun 26 , 2014 Jun 26 , 2014 Control Third - person shooter , action - adventure Remedy Entertainment 505 Games Unreleased 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Cosmic Star Heroine Role - playing Zeboyd Games Zeboyd Games Unreleased TBA TBA Costume Quest 2 2D Platform Double Fine Productions Midnight City Oct 31 , 2014 Oct 31 , 2014 Oct 31 , 2014 The Council Adventure Big Bad Wolf Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 The Count Lucanor Action - adventure Baroque Decay / Ratalaika Games Merge Games Unreleased Mar 21 , 2018 Mar 21 , 2018 Crackdown 3 Action adventure , third - person shooter , sandbox ReAgent Games / Sumo Digital Microsoft Studios Feb 22 , 2019 Feb 22 , 2019 Feb 22 , 2019 PA PC Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Platform Vicarious Visions Activision Jun 29 , 2018 Jun 29 , 2018 Jun 29 , 2018 Crash Force Arena Shooter Ascanio Entertainment Ascanio Entertainment Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Crawl Roguelike , brawler Powerhoof Powerhoof Unreleased Apr 11 , 2017 Apr 11 , 2017 Crazy Strike Bowling EX Sport Corecell Technology Corecell Technology Unreleased Jun 27 , 2017 Jun 27 , 2017 The Crew Racing Ivory Tower Ubisoft Reflections Ubisoft Dec 4 , 2014 Dec 2 , 2014 Dec 2 , 2014 The Crew 2 Racing Ivory Tower Ubisoft Reflections Ubisoft Jun 29 , 2018 Jun 29 , 2018 Jun 29 , 2018 Crimson Dragon Rail shooter Grounding , Inc Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 K Crimsonland Shooter 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Unreleased Oct 14 , 2015 Oct 14 , 2015 Crypt of the NecroDancer Roguelike , rhythm Brace Yourself Games Brace Yourself Games Unreleased Feb 10 , 2017 Feb 10 , 2017 Crypt of the Serpent King Hack n ' Slash Rendercode Games Rendercode Games Unreleased Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Cubikolor Puzzle Fractal Box Moving Player Unreleased May 20 , 2016 May 20 , 2016 Cubot - The Complexity of Simplicity Puzzle NicoplvGames NicoplvGames Unreleased Jan 8 , 2016 Jan 8 , 2016 The Culling First - person shooter Xaviant Xaviant Unreleased Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 5 , 2017 The Culling 2 First - person Battle Royale Xaviant Xaviant Unreleased Jul 10 , 2018 Jul 10 , 2018 Cuphead run - and - gun Studio MDHR Studio MDHR Sep 29 , 2017 Sep 29 , 2017 Sep 29 , 2017 PA Cyber Complex Strategy , Tower - defense Polarity Flow Polarity Flow Unreleased Jul 27 , 2017 Jul 27 , 2017 Cyberpunk 2077 Action role - playing CD Projekt Red CD Projekt Red Unreleased TBA TBA D / Generation HD Action - adventure West Coast Software West Coast Software Unreleased Feb 12 , 2016 Feb 12 , 2016 D4 : Dark Dreams Do n't Die Action - adventure , mystery Access Games Microsoft Studios Sep 19 , 2014 Sep 19 , 2014 Sep 19 , 2014 Dad Beat Dads Action - adventure Stellar Jay Studios Stellar Jay Studios Unreleased Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Dakar 18 Racing Bigmoon Entertainment Deep Silver Unreleased Sep 11 , 2018 Sep 11 , 2018 Dance Central Spotlight Rhythm , Motion Controlled Harmonix Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Sep 2 , 2014 Sep 2 , 2014 K Dandara Platformer Long Hat House Raw Fury Unreleased Feb 6 , 2018 Feb 6 , 2018 Danger Zone Racing Three Fields Entertainment Three Fields Entertainment Unreleased Oct 10 , 2017 Oct 10 , 2017 X Danger Zone 2 Racing Three Fields Entertainment Three Fields Entertainment Unreleased Jul 13 , 2018 Jul 13 , 2018 X Dangerous Golf Sports Three Fields Entertainment Three Fields Entertainment Unreleased Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Dangun Feveron Scrolling shoot ' em up M2 M2 Apr 3 , 2018 Apr 3 , 2018 Apr 3 , 2018 Dark Arcana : The Carnival Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Dark Souls Remastered Action role - playing , hack and slash From Software Bandai Namco Entertainment May 24 , 2018 May 25 , 2018 May 25 , 2018 Dark Souls II : Scholar of the First Sin Action role - playing , hack and slash From Software Bandai Namco Entertainment Apr 9 , 2015 Apr 2 , 2015 Apr 7 , 2015 Dark Souls III Action role - playing , hack and slash From Software Bandai Namco Entertainment Mar 24 , 2016 Apr 12 , 2016 Apr 12 , 2016 Darkest Dungeon Turn - based strategy Red Hook Studios Red Hook Studios Unreleased Feb 28 , 2018 Feb 28 , 2018 Darksiders : Warmastered Edition Action role - playing , hack and slash Gunfire Games THQ Nordic Nov 22 , 2016 Nov 22 , 2016 Nov 22 , 2016 Darksiders II : Death - initive Edition Action role - playing , hack and slash Gunfire Games THQ Nordic Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 Darksiders III Action role - playing , hack and slash Gunfire Games THQ Nordic Unreleased Nov 27 , 2018 Nov 27 , 2018 DayZ Open World , survival horror Bohemia Interactive Bohemia Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 De Blob Remastered Platform , Puzzle BlitWorks THQ Nordic Unreleased Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 De Blob 2 Remastered Platform , Puzzle BlitWorks THQ Nordic Unreleased Feb 27 , 2018 Feb 27 , 2018 Dead Cells Side - Scrolling Hack and slash Roguelike Motion Twin Motion Twin Unreleased Aug 7 , 2018 Aug 7 , 2018 Defenders of Ekron - Definitive Edition Shoot ' em up In Vitro Games In Vitro Games Unreleased Aug 7 , 2018 Aug 7 , 2018 Deformers MOBA Ready at Dawn Ready at Dawn / GameStop GameTrust ( physical ) Unreleased Apr 11 , 2017 Apr 11 , 2017 PC Dead Ahead : Zombie Warfare Survival Mobirate Mobirate Unreleased Apr 6 , 2018 Apr 6 , 2018 Dead Alliance First - person shooter IllFonic / Psyop Maximum Games Unreleased Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Dead Alliance : Multiplayer Edition First - person shooter IllFonic / Psyop Maximum Games Unreleased Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Dead by Daylight Survival horror Behavior Interactive Starbreeze Studios Unreleased Jun 20 , 2017 Jun 20 , 2017 Dead Effect 2 Shooter BadFly Interactive BadFly Interactive Unreleased Jan 13 , 2017 Jan 13 , 2017 Dead End Job Shooter Ant Workshop Ant Workshop Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Dead Exit Action - adventure , Role - playing RadiationBurn RadiationBurn Unreleased Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Dead Island Definitive Edition Action - adventure , First - person survival horror Techland Deep Silver Unreleased May 31 , 2016 May 31 , 2016 Dead Island Retro Revenge Fighting Empty Clip Deep Silver Unreleased Aug 1 , 2016 Aug 1 , 2016 Dead Island : Riptide Definitive Edition Action - adventure , first - person survival horror Techland Deep Silver Unreleased May 31 , 2016 May 31 , 2016 Dead Island 2 Action - adventure , first - person survival horror Sumo Digital Deep Silver Unreleased TBA TBA Dead or Alive 5 : Last Round Fighting Team Ninja Koei Tecmo Feb 19 , 2015 Feb 20 , 2015 Feb 17 , 2015 Dead or Alive 6 Fighting Koei Tecmo Koei Tecmo 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 Dead Rising Survival horror Capcom Capcom Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Off the Record Survival horror Capcom Capcom Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Dead Rising 3 Survival horror Capcom Vancouver Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Dead Rising 4 Survival horror Capcom Vancouver Microsoft Studios Dec 6 , 2016 Dec 6 , 2016 Dec 6 , 2016 X Deadbeat Heroes Action Deadbeat Productions Square Enix Collective Unreleased Oct 10 , 2017 Oct 10 , 2017 Deadcore Platformer 5 Bits Games Grip Digital Unreleased Jul 14 , 2017 Jul 14 , 2017 Deadlight : Director 's Cut Action & Adventure Tequila Works , Abstraction Games Deep Silver Unreleased Jun 21 , 2016 Jun 21 , 2016 Deadpool Action & Adventure High Moon Studios Activision Unreleased Nov 20 , 2015 Nov 17 , 2015 Dear Esther : Landmark Edition Adventure The Chinese Room Curve Digital Unreleased Sep 19 , 2016 Sep 19 , 2016 Death God University Action & Adventure , Puzzle DSK Green Ice Games DSK Green Ice Games Unreleased Oct 13 , 2016 Oct 13 , 2016 Death Squared Puzzle SMG Studios SMG Studios Unreleased Mar 14 , 2017 Mar 14 , 2017 Decay - The Mare Horror , Puzzle Shining Gate Software Shining Gate Software Unreleased Oct 12 , 2017 Oct 12 , 2017 Deep Ones Platformer Burp ! Games Sometimes You Unreleased Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 Deep Rock Galactic Shooter , Adventure Ghost Ship Games Coffee Stain Publishing Unreleased Early Access Early Access PA The Deer God Platformer Crescent Moon Games Crescent Moon Games Sep 1 , 2015 Sep 1 , 2015 Sep 1 , 2015 Deer Hunter Reloaded Simulation , Sport GameMill Entertainment GameMill Entertainment Unreleased Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Defender 's Quest : Valley of the Forgotten DX Tower - defense , Role - playing Level Up Labs Level Up Labs Unreleased Feb 21 , 2018 Feb 21 , 2018 Defense Grid 2 Tower defense Hidden Path Entertainment 505 Games Unreleased Sep 23 , 2014 Sep 23 , 2014 Defunct Action & Adventure Soedesco Soedesco Dec 19 , 2017 Dec 19 , 2017 Dec 19 , 2017 PA Deliver Us The Moon Adventure KeokeN Interactive KeokeN Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Demetrios - The Big Cynical Adventure Adventure , Point & Click CowCat CowCat Unreleased Aug 2 , 2017 Aug 2 , 2017 Demons Age Role - playing Bigmoon Entertainment Bigmoon Entertainment Unreleased Dec 7 , 2017 Dec 7 , 2017 Demon 's Crystals Shooter Byte4Games BadLand Games Unreleased May 12 , 2017 May 12 , 2017 Descenders Sports RageSquid No More Robots Unreleased Early Access Early Access Descent : Underground 6DOF Shooter Descendant Studios Little Orbit 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 Destiny Action role - playing , First - person shooter Bungie Activision Unreleased Sep 9 , 2014 Sep 9 , 2014 Destiny 2 Action role - playing , First - person shooter Bungie Activision Sep 6 , 2017 Sep 6 , 2017 Sep 6 , 2017 X Deus Ex : Mankind Divided Action role - playing , stealth Eidos Montréal Square Enix Apr 6 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2016 Aug 23 , 2016 Devil May Cry 4 : Special Edition Hack and slash , Action Capcom Capcom Jun 18 , 2015 Jun 18 , 2015 Jun 23 , 2015 Devil May Cry 5 Hack and slash , Action Capcom Capcom 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 Devil May Cry HD Collection Hack and slash , Action Capcom Capcom Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Dex Action & Adventure Dreadlocks Ltd BadLand Games Unreleased Jul 8 , 2016 Jul 8 , 2016 Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition Action role - playing , dungeon crawl , hack and slash Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment Unreleased Aug 19 , 2014 Aug 19 , 2014 X Die for Valhalla ! hack and slash Monster Couch Monster Couch Unreleased May 30 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Dirt 4 Racing Codemasters Codemasters Jul 26 , 2017 Jun 9 , 2017 Jun 9 , 2017 Dirt Rally Racing Codemasters Codemasters Unreleased Apr 5 , 2016 Apr 5 , 2016 Dishonored 2 Action Arkane Studios Bethesda Softworks Nov 11 , 2016 Nov 11 , 2016 Nov 11 , 2016 X Dishonored : Death of the Outsider Action Arkane Studios Bethesda Softworks Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 X Dishonored : Definitive Edition Action Arkane Studios Bethesda Softworks Aug 27 , 2015 Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 The Disney Afternoon Collection Platform Digital Eclipse Capcom Unreleased Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes Action - adventure Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased Sep 19 , 2014 Sep 23 , 2014 Disney Infinity 3.0 Action - adventure Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 30 , 2015 Disneyland Adventures Remastered Open World , Adventure Asobo Studio Microsoft Studios Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 PA X K Divekick : Addition Edition + Fighting One True Game Studios Iron Galaxy Studios Iron Galaxy Studios Unreleased Oct 7 , 2014 Oct 7 , 2014 Divinity : Original Sin - Enhanced Edition Role - playing Larian Studios Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 Divinity : Original Sin 2 Role - playing Larian Studios Larian Studios Unreleased Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 DmC : Devil May Cry Definitive Edition Hack and slash , action Ninja Theory Capcom Unreleased Apr 10 , 2015 Apr 10 , 2015 Dogos Shooter Opqam Opqam Dec 15 , 2016 Sep 6 , 2016 Sep 6 , 2016 Don Bradman Cricket 14 Sports Big Ant Studios Home Entertainment Suppliers Unreleased Feb 11 , 2015 Feb 11 , 2015 Don Bradman Cricket 17 Sports Big Ant Studios Home Entertainment Suppliers Unreleased Dec 14 , 2016 Dec 14 , 2016 Do n't Knock Twice Horror Wales Interactive Wales Interactive Unreleased Sep 5 , 2017 Sep 5 , 2017 Do n't Starve : Giant Edition Action - adventure Klei Entertainment / BlitWorks Klei Entertainment Unreleased Aug 26 , 2015 Aug 26 , 2015 Do n't Starve Together : Console Edition Action - adventure Klei Entertainment / BlitWorks Klei Entertainment Unreleased Sep 13 , 2017 Sep 13 , 2017 Doodle God : Ultimate Edition Puzzle JoyBits JoyBits Unreleased Jan 27 , 2017 Jan 27 , 2017 Doom First - person shooter Id Software Bethesda Softworks May 13 , 2016 May 13 , 2016 May 13 , 2016 X Doom Eternal First - person shooter Id Software Bethesda Softworks TBA TBA TBA Dovetail Games Euro Fishing Simulation Dovetail Games Dovetail Games Unreleased Jun 10 , 2016 Jun 10 , 2016 DragoDino Adventure TealRocksStudio Plug In Digital Unreleased Apr 27 , 2018 Apr 27 , 2018 Dragon Age : Inquisition Action role - playing BioWare Electronic Arts Nov 18 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 Dragon Ball FighterZ Fighting Arc System Works Bandai Namco Entertainment Feb 1 , 2018 Jan 26 , 2018 Jan 26 , 2018 X Dragon Ball Xenoverse Fighting Dimps Bandai Namco Entertainment Feb 5 , 2015 Feb 27 , 2015 Feb 24 , 2015 Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 Fighting Dimps Bandai Namco Entertainment Nov 2 , 2016 Oct 28 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Dragon Bros Platform , Shooter Space Lizard Studio Space Lizard Studio Unreleased May 31 , 2017 May 31 , 2017 Dragon 's Dogma : Dark Arisen Action role - playing , hack and slash Capcom Capcom Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Draw a Stickman : Epic Action & Adventure , puzzle Hitcents Hitcents Unreleased Sep 11 , 2015 Sep 11 , 2015 Drawful 2 Party , trivia Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Unreleased Jun 21 , 2016 Jun 21 , 2016 Dreamals : Dream Quest Platformer , puzzle Xiness Xiness Unreleased Aug 3 , 2016 Aug 3 , 2016 DreamBreak Action & Adventure Aist / SPL Digerati Distribution Unreleased Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 Dreamfall Chapters : The Longest Journey Adventure Red Thread Games Deep Silver Unreleased May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Drift Zone Racing Awesome Industries Awesome Industries Unreleased Jan 26 , 2018 Jan 26 , 2018 Drive On Moscow Strategy Shenandoah Studio Slitherine Software Unreleased May 4 , 2018 May 4 , 2018 Dual Gear Turn - based strategy Orbital Speed Studio Orbital Speed Studio Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Ducati : 90th Anniversary Racing Milestone S.r.l. Milestone S.r.l. Unreleased Jun 9 , 2016 Jun 9 , 2016 Duck Dynasty Shooter Fun Labs Activision Unreleased Oct 21 , 2014 Oct 14 , 2014 Duke Nukem 3D : 20th Anniversary World Tour Shooter Gearbox Software Gearbox Publishing Unreleased Oct 10 , 2016 Oct 10 , 2016 Dungeon Of The Endless Adventure Amplitude Studios Amplitude Studios Unreleased Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Dungeon Punks Action role - playing Hyper Awesome Entertainment Hyper Awesome Entertainment Unreleased Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Dungeons 3 Strategy , simulation Realmforge Studios Kalypso Media Unreleased Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Dunk Lords Sports , Fighting Story Fort Story Fort Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Dustoff Heli Rescue 2 Strategy , Simulation Invictus Games Invictus Games Unreleased Dec 26 , 2017 Dec 26 , 2017 The Dwarves Tactical role - playing King Art Games Nordic Games Unreleased Dec 2 , 2016 Dec 2 , 2016 Dye Platformer Bat Country Games Bat Country Games Unreleased Feb 7 , 2018 Feb 7 , 2018 Dying Light Action - adventure , first - person survival horror Techland Warner Bros. Interactive Apr 16 , 2015 Feb 27 , 2015 Jan 27 , 2015 Dying Light 2 Action - adventure , first - person survival horror Techland Techland Publishing 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Dying : Reborn Puzzle Nekcom Entertainment E-Home Entertainment Unreleased Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Dynamite Fishing - World Games Puzzle HandyGames HandyGames Unreleased Jul 1 , 2016 Jul 1 , 2016 Dynasty Warriors 8 : Empires Hack and slash Omega Force Koei Tecmo Oct 8 , 2014 Feb 27 , 2015 Feb 24 , 2015 Dynasty Warriors 9 Hack and slash Omega Force Koei Tecmo Unreleased Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 X EA Sports UFC Fighting , Sports EA Canada EA Sports Nov 20 , 2014 Jun 20 , 2014 Jun 17 , 2014 EA Sports UFC 2 Fighting , Sports EA Canada EA Sports Mar 15 , 2016 Mar 15 , 2016 Mar 15 , 2016 EA Sports UFC 3 Fighting , Sports EA Canada EA Sports Feb 2 , 2018 Feb 2 , 2018 Feb 2 , 2018 Earthfall Action , Shooter Holospark Games Holospark Games Jul 13 , 2018 Jul 13 , 2018 Jul 13 , 2018 Earthlock : Festival of Magic Role - playing Snowcastle Games Snowcastle Games Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 Earth Wars Earth 's Dawn Action OneorEight Rising Star Games Sep 18 , 2015 Nov 1 , 2016 Nov 1 , 2016 Echoes of the Fey : The Fox 's Trail Adventure Woodsy Studio Woodsy Studio Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 31 , 2017 Eekeemoo : Splinters of the Dark Shard Platform , Puzzle Cogg Games Cogg Games Mar 3 , 2017 Mar 3 , 2017 Mar 3 , 2017 The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim - Special Edition Action role - playing Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks Oct 28 , 2016 Oct 28 , 2016 Oct 28 , 2016 X The Elder Scrolls Online Massively multiplayer online role - playing game ZeniMax Online Studios Bethesda Softworks Jun 9 , 2015 Jun 9 , 2015 Jun 9 , 2015 X Electronic Super Joy Platformer Loot Interactive Michael Todd Games Jan 20 , 2016 Jan 20 , 2016 Jan 20 , 2016 ELEX Action role - playing Piranha Bytes THQ Nordic Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Elderborn Action Hyperstrange Hyperstrange 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Elite : Dangerous Space trading and combat Frontier Developments Frontier Developments Oct 6 , 2015 Oct 6 , 2015 Oct 6 , 2015 X Elite : Dangerous - Arena Space trading and combat Frontier Developments Frontier Developments Apr 26 , 2016 Apr 26 , 2016 Apr 26 , 2016 Elliot Quest Platform - adventure , Metroidvania Ansimuz Games Ansimuz Games May 11 , 2017 May 11 , 2017 May 11 , 2017 Embers of Mirrim Adventure , Platformer Creative Bytes Creative Bytes May 23 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Emily Wants to Play Survival Horror Shawn Hitchcock SKH Apps Sep 9 , 2016 Sep 9 , 2016 Sep 9 , 2016 Emily Wants to Play Too Survival Horror SKH Apps SKH Apps Apr 25 , 2018 Apr 25 , 2018 Apr 25 , 2018 Energy Cycle Puzzle Sometimes You Sometimes You Dec 6 , 2016 Dec 6 , 2016 Dec 6 , 2016 Enigmatis : The Ghosts of Maple Creek Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Apr 8 , 2016 Apr 8 , 2016 Enigmatis 2 : The Mists of Ravenwood Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Nov 24 , 2016 Nov 24 , 2016 Enigmatis 3 : The Shadow of Karkhala Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Apr 6 , 2018 Apr 6 , 2018 Enter the Gungeon Roguelike , shoot ' em up Dodge Roll Devolver Digital Apr 5 , 2017 Apr 5 , 2017 Apr 5 , 2017 PA PC Epic Loon Platformer Macrales Studio Ukuza Jun 28 , 2018 Jun 28 , 2018 Jun 28 , 2018 The Escapists Action Mouldy Toof Studios Team17 Feb 13 , 2015 Feb 13 , 2015 Feb 13 , 2015 The Escapists 2 Action Mouldy Toof Studios Team17 Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 The Escapists : The Walking Dead Action Team17 Team17 Sep 25 , 2016 Sep 25 , 2016 Sep 25 , 2016 Ethan : Meteor Hunter Puzzle , Platform Seaven Studio Seaven Studio Unreleased Jul 1 , 2016 Jul 1 , 2016 Etherborn Platformer Altered Matter Altered Matter 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Eventide : Slavic Fable Point & Click Adventure Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Sep 22 , 2016 Sep 22 , 2016 Sep 22 , 2016 Eventide 2 : Sorcerer 's Mirror Point & Click Adventure Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Everspace Shooter Rockfish Games Rockfish Games May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 PA Exile 's End Metroidvania Magnetic Realms Magnetic Realms Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Exzore : The Rising Role - playing Tiny Shark Interactive Tiny Shark Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Evil Within Survival horror Tango Gameworks Bethesda Softworks Oct 23 , 2014 Oct 16 , 2014 Oct 14 , 2014 The Evil Within 2 Survival horror Tango Gameworks Bethesda Softworks Oct 19 , 2017 Oct 13 , 2017 Oct 13 , 2017 X Evolve First - person shooter Turtle Rock Studios 2K Games Mar 5 , 2015 Feb 10 , 2015 Feb 10 , 2015 Extinction Action & Adventure Iron Galaxy Maximum Games Apr 10 , 2018 Apr 10 , 2018 Apr 10 , 2018 Extreme Exorcism Platform Game Golden Ruby Games Ripstone Unreleased Sep 23 , 2015 Sep 23 , 2015 F1 2015 Sim racing Codemasters Codemasters Jul 30 , 2015 Jul 10 , 2015 Jul 21 , 2015 F1 2016 Sim racing Codemasters Codemasters Aug 19 , 2016 Aug 19 , 2016 Aug 19 , 2016 F1 2017 Sim racing Codemasters Codemasters Oct 16 , 2017 Oct 16 , 2017 Oct 16 , 2017 X F1 2018 Sim racing Codemasters Codemasters Aug 24 , 2018 Aug 24 , 2018 Aug 24 , 2018 X Factotum 90 Puzzle TACS Games TACS Games Unreleased Feb 10 , 2016 Feb 10 , 2016 The Fall 2D Action - Adventure Over the Moon Over the Moon Jul 14 , 2015 Jul 14 , 2015 Jul 14 , 2015 The Fall Part 2 : Unbound 2D Action - Adventure Over the Moon Over the Moon Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 Fallout 4 Action role - playing Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks Dec 17 , 2015 Nov 10 , 2015 Nov 10 , 2015 X Fallout 76 Action role - playing Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks Nov 14 , 2018 Nov 14 , 2018 Nov 14 , 2018 Fallout Shelter Simulation Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks Feb 7 , 2017 Feb 7 , 2017 Feb 7 , 2017 PA Fantasia : Music Evolved Music , Rhythm , Motion Controlled Harmonix Disney Interactive Studios Apr 23 , 2015 Oct 24 , 2014 Oct 21 , 2014 K Far Adventure Mr. Whale 's Game Service Mixtvision Digital TBA TBA TBA Far Cry 3 Classic First - person shooter , Open world Ubisoft Ubisoft Jun 26 , 2018 Jun 26 , 2018 Jun 26 , 2018 X Far Cry 4 First - person shooter , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Jan 29 , 2015 Nov 18 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 Far Cry 5 First - person shooter , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Mar 27 , 2018 Mar 27 , 2018 Mar 27 , 2018 Far Cry Primal Action , adventure , open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Feb 23 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 Farming Simulator 15 Strategy & Simulation Giants Software Focus Home Interactive May 19 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 Farming Simulator 17 Strategy & Simulation Giants Software Focus Home Interactive Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 X Farming Simulator 19 Strategy & Simulation Giants Software Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Nov 20 , 2018 Nov 20 , 2018 Fat City Action , Puzzle Heavy Iron Studios Heavy Iron Studios Unreleased Oct 2 , 2015 Oct 2 , 2015 Fe Adventure Zoink Games Electronic Arts Feb 16 , 2018 Feb 16 , 2018 Feb 16 , 2018 X Fear Effect Reinvented Action - adventure Sushee Square Enix Collective 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Fear Effect Sedna Role - playing , third - person shooter Forever Entertainment Square Enix Collective Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Fearful Symmetry & The Cursed Prince Puzzle Gamera Interactive Soedesco Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 PA Feist Platform , puzzle Bits & Beasts Finji Games Dec 13 , 2016 Dec 13 , 2016 Dec 13 , 2016 Fenix Furia Platform Green Lava Studios Reverb Triple XP Jun 7 , 2016 Jun 7 , 2016 Jun 7 , 2016 Feral Fury Action , adventure , Shooter Skandivania Games Skandivania Games Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Fermi 's Path Platform Game GameArt Studio GameArt Studio Unreleased Unreleased Sep 25 , 2015 Feudal Alloy Metroidvania Attu Games Attu Games TBA TBA TBA Fibbage Party , trivia Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Unreleased Unreleased Aug 21 , 2014 FIFA 14 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Unreleased Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 19 , 2013 FIFA 15 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Oct 9 , 2014 Sep 26 , 2014 Sep 23 , 2014 FIFA 16 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Oct 8 , 2015 Sep 25 , 2015 Sep 22 , 2015 FIFA 17 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Sep 27 , 2016 Sep 27 , 2016 Sep 27 , 2016 FIFA 18 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Sep 29 , 2017 Sep 29 , 2017 Sep 29 , 2017 X FIFA 19 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Sep 28 , 2018 Sep 28 , 2018 Sep 28 , 2018 X Fighter Within Fighting , Motion Controlled Daoka Ubisoft Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 K Figment Adventure , Puzzle Bedtime Digital Games Bedtime Digital Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Final Fantasy Type - 0 Action role - playing Square Enix Square Enix Mar 19 , 2015 Mar 20 , 2015 Mar 17 , 2015 Final Fantasy XV Action role - playing Square Enix Square Enix Nov 29 , 2016 Nov 29 , 2016 Nov 29 , 2016 X The Final Station Action & Adventure , Platformer Do My Best tinyBuild Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 Firefighters : Airport Fire Department Simulation VIS - Games United Independent Entertainment Sep 27 , 2017 Sep 27 , 2017 Sep 27 , 2017 Firewatch Adventure Campo Santo Campo Santo Sep 20 , 2016 Sep 20 , 2016 Sep 20 , 2016 The Flame in the Flood Rogue - lite The Molasses Flood The Molasses Flood May 4 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2016 Feb 24 , 2016 FlatOut 4 : Total Insanity Racing Kylotonn Bigben Interactive Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 FlintHook Action Platformer , Rogue - like Tribute Games Tribute Games Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Flipping Death Puzzle Platformer Zoink Zoink Unreleased Aug 7 , 2018 Aug 7 , 2018 Flockers Puzzle Game Team17 Team17 Unreleased Sep 19 , 2014 Sep 19 , 2014 Flying Tigers : Shadows Over China Action , Shooter ACE MADDOX ACE MADDOX Unreleased Jan 12 , 2018 Jan 12 , 2018 For Honor Adventure Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Mar 31 , 2017 Feb 14 , 2017 Feb 14 , 2017 X For The King Action Ironoak Games Ironoak Games TBA TBA TBA Forced Action - adventure BetaDwarf ApS BetaDwarf ApS Oct 24 , 2015 Oct 24 , 2015 Oct 24 , 2015 Forgotton Anne Adventure ThroughLine Games Square Enix Collective May 15 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 forma. 8 Metroidvania MixedBag Games MixedBag Games Unreleased Feb 23 , 2017 Feb 23 , 2017 Forsaken Remastered 6DOF Shooter Probe Entertainment , Iguana Games , Night Dive Studios Night Dive Studios Unreleased Jul 31 , 2018 Jul 31 , 2018 X Fortified Strategy Clapfoot Games Clapfoot Games Unreleased Feb 3 , 2016 Feb 3 , 2016 Forza Horizon 2 Racing Playground Games Microsoft Studios Oct 2 , 2014 Oct 3 , 2014 Sep 30 , 2014 Forza Horizon 2 : Presents Fast & Furious Racing Playground Games Microsoft Studios Mar 27 , 2015 Mar 27 , 2015 Mar 27 , 2015 Forza Horizon 3 Racing Playground Games Microsoft Studios Sep 27 , 2016 Sep 27 , 2016 Sep 27 , 2016 PA PC X Forza Horizon 4 Racing Playground Games Microsoft Studios Oct 2 , 2018 Oct 2 , 2018 Oct 2 , 2018 PA PC HDR X Forza Motorsport 5 Sim racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Forza Motorsport 6 Sim racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Studios Sep 17 , 2015 Sep 18 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 Forza Motorsport 7 Sim racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Studios Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 PA PC HDR X Four Sided Fantasy Puzzle platformer Ludo Land Serenity Forge Unreleased Mar 31 , 2017 Mar 31 , 2017 Fragments of Him Adventure Sassybot Sassybot Unreleased Jun 1 , 2016 Jun 1 , 2016 FreezeME Platformer RNC RNC Unreleased Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 Friday Night Bullet Arena Shooter , Arena Red Nexus Games Red Nexus Games Jan 12 , 2017 Jan 12 , 2017 Jan 12 , 2017 Friday the 13th : The Game Horror Gun Media IllFonic May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 Frizzy Action & Adventure Team Frizz Team Frizz Dec 23 , 2015 Dec 23 , 2015 Dec 23 , 2015 Frost Strategy , Survival , Deck Building Digerati Jerome Bodin Unreleased Jul 20 , 2018 Jul 20 , 2018 Fru Puzzle , Platform Through Games Through Games Jul 13 , 2016 Jul 13 , 2016 Jul 13 , 2016 K Fruit Ninja Kinect 2 Motion Controlled Halfbrick Halfbrick Jun 30 , 2015 Mar 18 , 2015 Mar 18 , 2015 K Full Metal Furies Platform Cellar Door Games Cellar Door Games Jan 17 , 2018 Jan 17 , 2018 Jan 17 , 2018 PA PC Full Mojo Rampage Rogue - Like Over the Top Games Nicalis Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Fumiko ! Platformer Fumiko Game Studio Fumiko Game Studio Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Funk of Titans Platform A Crowd of Monsters EnjoyUp Unreleased Jan 9 , 2015 Jan 9 , 2015 Furi Action The Game Bakers The Game Bakers Dec 2 , 2016 Dec 2 , 2016 Dec 2 , 2016 Future War : Reborn Action , Shooter Guangzhou Good Network Technology Co . E-Home Entertainment Dec 20 , 2017 Dec 20 , 2017 Dec 20 , 2017 G Prime Into The Rain Strategy Soma Games Code - Monkeys Unreleased Jan 6 , 2016 Jan 6 , 2016 Game of Thrones : Season One Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Nov 19 , 2014 Nov 17 , 2014 Game of Thrones : Season Two Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Gas Guzzlers Extreme Racing Gamepires Iceberg Interactive Nov 4 , 2016 Nov 4 , 2016 Nov 4 , 2016 Gear Gauntlet Action & Adventure Drop Dead Interactive Drop Dead Interactive Unreleased Apr 15 , 2016 Apr 15 , 2016 Gears 5 Third - person shooter The Coalition Microsoft Studios 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 PA PC X Gears of War 4 Third - person shooter The Coalition Microsoft Studios May 25 , 2017 Oct 11 , 2016 Oct 11 , 2016 PA PC X Gears of War : Ultimate Edition Third - person shooter The Coalition Microsoft Studios Unreleased Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Action - adventure Lucid Games Sierra Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Gemini : Heroes Reborn Action & Adventure Phosphor Games Imperative Entertainment Unreleased Jan 19 , 2016 Jan 19 , 2016 Generation Zero Action Avalanche Studios Avalanche Studios Unreleased 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Get Even First - person shooter The Farm 51 Bandai Namco Entertainment Jun 23 , 2017 Jun 23 , 2017 Jun 23 , 2017 Ghost 1.0 Metroidvania Francisco Tellez de Meneses Francisco Tellez de Meneses Jul 11 , 2018 Jul 11 , 2018 Jul 11 , 2018 Ghost Blade HD scrolling shoot ' em up HuCast Games 2Dream Unreleased Feb 28 , 2017 Feb 28 , 2017 Ghost Of A Tale Adventure Seith CG Seith CG Unreleased Early Access Early Access Ghostbusters Action & Adventure FireForge Activision Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Giana Sisters : Dream Runners Platform , beat ' em up Black Forest Games EuroVideo Medien Aug 19 , 2015 Aug 19 , 2015 Aug 19 , 2015 Giana Sisters : Twisted Dreams - Director 's Cut Platform , Beat ' em up Black Forest Games Black Forest Games Apr 30 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2014 Dec 12 , 2014 Ginger : Beyond the Crystal Adventure , Platformer Drakhar Studio BadLand Games Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 Glitchrunners Multiplayer Torque Studios Torque Studios 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Goat Simulator Simulation Coffee Stain Studios Double Eleven Apr 17 , 2015 Apr 17 , 2015 Apr 17 , 2015 Goat Simulator : Mmore Goatz Edition Simulation Coffee Stain Studios Double Eleven Aug 26 , 2015 Aug 26 , 2015 Aug 26 , 2015 God of Light : Remastered Puzzle Playmous Playmous Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 PA God 's Trigger Top - down shooter One More Level Techland 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Goliath Action & Adventure Promcast Limited E-Home Entertainment Jun 30 , 2017 Jun 30 , 2017 Jun 30 , 2017 The Golf Club Sports HB Studios HB Studios Aug 19 , 2014 Aug 19 , 2014 Aug 19 , 2014 The Golf Club 2 Sports HB Studios HB Studios Jun 27 , 2017 Jun 27 , 2017 Jun 27 , 2017 Gone Home : Console Edition Action & Adventure The Fullbright Company Midnight City Unreleased Feb 12 , 2016 Jan 12 , 2016 Goosebumps : The Game Action & Adventure WayForward Technologies GameMill Entertainment Oct 14 , 2015 Oct 14 , 2015 Oct 14 , 2015 Grab the Bottle Puzzle Kamina Dimension Sometimes You Unreleased Jun 20 , 2018 Jun 20 , 2018 X Grand Prix Rock ' N Racing Racing EnjoyUp Games EnjoyUp Games Unreleased May 13 , 2016 May 13 , 2016 Grand Theft Auto V Action - adventure , open world Rockstar North Rockstar Games Dec 11 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 Gravel Racing Milestone S.r.l. Milestone S.r.l. Unreleased Feb 27 , 2018 Feb 27 , 2018 Graveyard Keeper Simulation Lazy Bears Games tinyBuild 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Greedfall Action role - playing Spiders Focus Home Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Gridd : Retroenhanced Shoot em ' up Antab Studio Kongregate Unreleased Jul 26 , 2017 Jul 26 , 2017 X Grim Dawn Action role - playing , hack and slash Crate Entertainment Crate Entertainment 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Grim Legends : The Forsaken Bride Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Jun 10 , 2016 Jun 10 , 2016 Grim Legends 2 : Song of the Dark Swan Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Jun 23 , 2017 Jun 23 , 2017 Grip Racing Caged Element Wired Productions Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Grow Up Adventure , Platformer Ubisoft Reflections Ubisoft Aug 16 , 2016 Aug 16 , 2016 Aug 16 , 2016 Gryphon Knight Epic Action & Adventure Cyber Rhino Studios Cyber Rhino Studios Unreleased Mar 30 , 2016 Mar 30 , 2016 Guacamelee ! Super Turbo Champion Edition Platform , Beat ' em up Drinkbox Studios Drinkbox Studios Jul 2 , 2014 Jul 2 , 2014 Jul 2 , 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Guilt Battle Arena Dueling Invincible Cat ForwardXP Feb 14 , 2018 Feb 14 , 2018 Feb 14 , 2018 Guitar Hero Live Music , Rhythm FreeStyleGames Activision Unreleased Oct 23 , 2015 Oct 20 , 2015 Guns , Gore and Cannoli Action & Adventure Crazy Monkey Studios Crazy Monkey Studios Unreleased Sep 25 , 2015 Sep 25 , 2015 Guns , Gore and Cannoli 2 Action & Adventure Crazy Monkey Studios Crazy Monkey Studios Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Gunscape First - person shooter , Sandbox Blowfish Studios Blowfish Studios Unreleased Mar 2 , 2016 Mar 2 , 2016 PC Gunsport Shooter Necrosoft Games Iron Galaxy Studios TBA TBA TBA GunWorld : Xbox One Edition Action M07 Games M07 Games Unreleased Unreleased Sep 16 , 2015 GunWorld 2 Action M07 Games M07 Games Unreleased Unreleased May 13 , 2016 Guts & Glory Racing Hak Jak tinyBuild Unreleased Jul 19 , 2018 Jul 19 , 2018 H1Z1 : King of the Kill Survival Daybreak Game Company Daybreak Game Company TBA TBA TBA Habitat : A Thousand Generations in Orbit Strategy 4gency 4gency TBA TBA TBA Hack , Slash & Backstab Action & Adventure MAGIC Spell Studios MAGIC Spell Studios Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Haimrik Puzzle Platformer Below The Game 1C Company Unreleased Jun 19 , 2018 Jun 19 , 2018 Halo : The Master Chief Collection First - person shooter 343 Industries Microsoft Studios Nov 13 , 2014 Nov 11 , 2014 Nov 11 , 2014 Halo : Spartan Assault Top - down shooter 343 Industries Vanguard Entertainment Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Dec 24 , 2013 Dec 24 , 2013 Halo 5 : Guardians First - person shooter 343 Industries Microsoft Studios Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 X Halo Infinite First - person shooter 343 Industries Microsoft Studios TBA TBA TBA PA PC X Halo Wars : Definitive Edition Real - time Strategy Behaviour Interactive / 343i Microsoft Studios Apr 20 , 2017 Apr 20 , 2017 Apr 20 , 2017 PA Halo Wars 2 Real - time Strategy Creative Assembly Microsoft Studios Feb 21 , 2017 Feb 21 , 2017 Feb 21 , 2017 PA X Hammerwatch Action & Adventure Crackshell BlitWorks Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Hand of Fate Action - adventure , Role - playing Defiant Development Defiant Development Feb 17 , 2015 Feb 17 , 2015 Feb 17 , 2015 Hand of Fate 2 Action - adventure , Role - playing Defiant Development Defiant Development Dec 1 , 2017 Dec 1 , 2017 Dec 1 , 2017 X Handball 16 Sports Eko Software Bigben Interactive Nov 20 , 2015 Nov 20 , 2015 Nov 20 , 2015 Handball 17 Sports Eko Software Bigben Interactive Nov 10 , 2016 Nov 10 , 2016 Nov 10 , 2016 Hard Reset Redux Shooter Flying Wild Hog Gambitious Digital Entertainment Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Has - Been Heroes Action , Strategy Frozenbyte GameTrust Mar 28 , 2017 Mar 28 , 2017 Mar 28 , 2017 Headlander Platformer Adult Swim Games Adult Swim Games Unreleased Nov 17 , 2016 Nov 17 , 2016 HeartZ : Co-Hope Puzzles Platformer Upper Byte Neko Entertainment Unreleased Jun 8 , 2016 Jun 8 , 2016 Heart&Slash Action & Adventure aheartfulofgames Badland Games Unreleased Jun 24 , 2016 Jun 24 , 2016 Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice Action & Adventure Ninja Theory Ninja Theory Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 X Hello Neighbor Stealth , Survival Horror Dynamic Pixels tinyBuild Dec 8 , 2017 Dec 8 , 2017 Dec 8 , 2017 PA X Her Majesty 's Spiffing Action & Adventure Billy Goat Entertainment Ltd Billy Goat Entertainment Ltd Dec 7 , 2016 Dec 7 , 2016 Dec 7 , 2016 Hero Defense Real - time strategy , Tower - defense Happy Tuesday Headup Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Hitman Stealth IO Interactive Square Enix Mar 11 , 2016 Mar 11 , 2016 Mar 11 , 2016 X Hitman 2 Stealth IO Interactive Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Nov 13 , 2018 Nov 13 , 2018 Nov 13 , 2018 X Homefront : The Revolution Shooter Dambuster Studios Deep Silver May 17 , 2016 May 17 , 2016 May 17 , 2016 X HoPiKo Platform Laser Dog Merge Games Unreleased Oct 18 , 2016 Oct 18 , 2016 Horse Racing 2016 Racing , Simulator Yash Future Tech Solutions Yash Future Tech Solutions Oct 20 , 2016 Oct 20 , 2016 Oct 20 , 2016 Hotel Transylvania 3 : Monsters Overboard Adventure Torus Games Outright Games Jul 13 , 2018 Jul 13 , 2018 Jul 13 , 2018 Hover : Revolt of Gamers Platform Midgar Studio Playdius 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 How To Survive : Storm Warning Edition Action role - playing , survival horror Eko Software 505 Games Oct 29 , 2014 Oct 29 , 2014 Oct 29 , 2014 How to Survive 2 Action role - playing , survival horror Eko Software 505 Games Feb 13 , 2017 Feb 13 , 2017 Feb 13 , 2017 Hue Puzzle platformer Fiddlesticks Curve Digital Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 23 , 2016 Human : Fall Flat Puzzle platformer Tomas Sakalauskas Curve Digital May 12 , 2017 May 12 , 2017 May 12 , 2017 Hunt : Showdown Survival horror , Third person shooter , Role - playing shooter Crytek USA Crytek TBA TBA TBA Hunter 's Legacy Platformer Lienzo Lienzo Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Hunting Simulator Simulation Neopica Bigben Int . Jul 10 , 2017 Jul 10 , 2017 Jul 10 , 2017 Hyper Light Drifter Action - adventure , Role - playing Heart Machine Heart Machine Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Hyper Void Shooter Framez Technology Corp . Framez Technology Corp . Unreleased Jan 6 , 2016 Jan 6 , 2016 Hyperdrive Massacre Shooter 34BigThings 34BigThings Unreleased Jan 13 , 2016 Jan 13 , 2016 I , Hope Adventure , Platformer Kenny Roy GameChanger Charity Apr 18 , 2018 Apr 18 , 2018 Apr 18 , 2018 I am Bread Puzzle Bossa Studios Bossa Studios Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 IDARB Platformer Other Ocean Interactive Other Ocean Interactive Jan 30 , 2015 Jan 30 , 2015 Jan 30 , 2015 PC Immortal Redneck Shooter Crema Games Crema Games Feb 27 , 2018 Feb 27 , 2018 Feb 27 , 2018 Immortal : Unchained Shooter Toadman Interactive Toadman Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Impact Winter Adventure Mojo Bones Bandai Namco Ent . Apr 5 , 2018 Apr 5 , 2018 Apr 5 , 2018 In Between Platformer Gentlymad Headup Games Unreleased Jun 8 , 2016 Jun 8 , 2016 In Space We Brawl : Full Arsenal Edition Shooter Forge Reply SRL Forge Reply SRL Unreleased Feb 12 , 2016 Feb 12 , 2016 Indivisible Action role - playing Lab Zero Games 505 Games 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Industry Giant 2 Simulation Reactor Games United Independent Entertainment Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Infinite Air with Mark McMorris Sports HB Studios Maximum Games Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 Infinite Minigolf Sport Zen Studios Zen Studios Jul 24 , 2017 Jul 24 , 2017 Jul 24 , 2017 Infinity Blade Saga Action Chair Entertainment Group Tencent Feb 1 , 2016 Unreleased Unreleased Infinity Runner Infinite Runner Wales Interactive Wales Interactive Unreleased Apr 22 , 2015 Apr 22 , 2015 Infinium Strike Tower Defense Codex Worlds Codex Worlds 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Injustice 2 Fighting NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment May 15 , 2017 May 15 , 2017 May 15 , 2017 X Ink Platformer Zack Bell Games Digerati Distribution Sep 21 , 2017 Sep 21 , 2017 Sep 21 , 2017 Inner Chains Horror Telepaths Tree Telepaths Tree 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Inner Friend Adventure , Horror Playmind Playmind 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Inner World Action & Adventure Studio Fizbin Headup Games Mar 31 , 2017 Mar 31 , 2017 Mar 31 , 2017 The Inner World - The Last Wind Monk Action & Adventure Studio Fizbin Kalypso Media Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 InnerSpace Adventure PolyKnight Games Aspyr Jan 16 , 2018 Jan 16 , 2018 Jan 16 , 2018 Insane Robots Roguelike Card Battler Playniac Playniac Unreleased Jul 13 , 2018 Jul 13 , 2018 X Inside Platformer Playdead Playdead Jun 29 , 2016 Jun 29 , 2016 Jun 29 , 2016 Inside My Radio Platforming Seaven Studio Iceberg Interactive Unreleased Sep 18 , 2015 Sep 18 , 2015 Insurgency : Sandstorm Shooter New World Interactive Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Into the Belly of the Beast Action & Adventure Lucky BROGRAMS fpsVisonary Software Unreleased Jun 22 , 2016 Jun 22 , 2016 Inversus Deluxe Shooter Hypersect Hypersect Unreleased Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 The Invisible Hours Adventure Tequila Works GameTrust Games Unreleased Apr 24 , 2018 Apr 24 , 2018 X iO Platformer Gamious Gamious Unreleased Feb 14 , 2017 Feb 14 , 2017 Iron Crypticle Action - adventure Confused Pelican TIKIPOD Jul 11 , 2017 Jul 11 , 2017 Jul 11 , 2017 Iron Harvest Real - time Strategy King Art King Art 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Iron Wings Arcade Flight Sim Naps Team Naps Team Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 5 , 2017 Ironcast Strategy Dreadbit Ripstone Mar 1 , 2016 Mar 1 , 2016 Mar 1 , 2016 It 's Quiz Time Party Game Snap Finger Click Vision Games Publishing Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Ittle Dew 2 Action - adventure Ludosity Nicalis Nov 14 , 2016 Nov 14 , 2016 Nov 14 , 2016 I , Zombie Puzzle Awesome Games Studio Awesome Games Studio Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 The Jackbox Party Pack Party , trivia Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Unreleased Jun 2 , 2015 Nov 19 , 2014 The Jackbox Party Pack 2 Party , trivia Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Oct 13 , 2015 Oct 13 , 2015 Oct 13 , 2015 The Jackbox Party Pack 3 Party , trivia Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Oct 21 , 2016 Oct 21 , 2016 Oct 21 , 2016 The Jackbox Party Pack 4 Party , trivia Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 Jeopardy ! Card & Board Frima Studios Ubisoft Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 Jet Car Stunts Racing GRIP Digital GRIP Digital May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 Jettomero : Hero of the Universe Adventure Ghost Time Games Ghost Time Games Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 Joe Dever 's Lone Wolf Console Edition Role - playing game Forge Reply SRL 505 Games Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Jotun : Valhalla Edition Action - adventure Thunder Lotus Games Thunder Lotus Games Sep 9 , 2016 Sep 9 , 2016 Sep 9 , 2016 Jump Force Fighting Spike Chunsoft Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Jump Stars Action Pixel Blimp Curve Digital Unreleased Jun 9 , 2017 Jun 9 , 2017 Jump , Step , Step Puzzle Thang Phung Dinh Thunder Cloud Studio Aug 11 , 2017 Aug 11 , 2017 Aug 11 , 2017 JumpJet Rex Action & Adventure TreeFortress Games LOOT Interactive Apr 29 , 2016 Apr 29 , 2016 Apr 29 , 2016 Jurassic World Evolution Business simulation Frontier Developments Frontier Developments Jun 12 , 2018 Jun 12 , 2018 Jun 12 , 2018 Just Cause 3 Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure , Open World Avalanche Studios Square Enix Jan 21 , 2016 Dec 1 , 2015 Dec 1 , 2015 Just Cause 4 Action - adventure Avalanche Studios Square Enix Dec 4 , 2018 Dec 4 , 2018 Dec 4 , 2018 Just Dance 2014 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Milan Ubisoft Unreleased Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 K Just Dance 2015 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreleased Oct 24 , 2014 Oct 21 , 2014 K Just Dance 2016 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreleased Oct 22 , 2015 Oct 20 , 2015 K Just Dance 2017 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreleased Oct 27 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 K Just Dance 2018 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreleased Oct 27 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 K Just Dance 2019 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreleased Oct 25 , 2018 Oct 23 , 2018 Just Dance : Disney Party 2 Rhythm , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreleased Oct 20 , 2015 Oct 20 , 2015 K Just Sing Rhythm iNiS Corporation Ubisoft Sep 14 , 2016 Sep 14 , 2016 Sep 14 , 2016 Jydge Shooter 10tons 10tons Unreleased Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 5 , 2017 Kaiju Panic Strategy Mechabit Ltd . Mechabit Ltd . Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 9 , 2015 Kalimba ! Platformer , Puzzle , Side - scroller Press Play Microsoft Studios Dec 17 , 2014 Dec 17 , 2014 Dec 17 , 2014 Kentucky Route Zero : TV Edition Adventure Cardboard Computer Annapurna Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Kerbal Space Program Enhanced Edition Space flight simulator , sandbox Squad / Flying Tiger Private Division Jan 16 , 2018 Jan 16 , 2018 Jan 16 , 2018 Kholat Survival horror Imgn.Pro Imgn.Pro Jun 9 , 2017 Jun 9 , 2017 Jun 9 , 2017 Kick & Fennick Action & Adventure , Platformer Abstraction Games Abstraction Games Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 KickBeat : Special Edition Music , Rhythm Zen Studios Zen Studios Sep 26 , 2014 Sep 26 , 2014 Sep 26 , 2014 Kill The Bad Guy Strategy , Puzzle Exkee Plug In Digital Jan 31 , 2017 Jan 31 , 2017 Jan 31 , 2017 Killing Floor 2 First - person shooter Tripwire Int . Iceberg Int . Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 X Kinect Funhouse Family , Motion - controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 K Kinect Sports Rivals Sports , Motion Controlled Rare Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Apr 11 , 2014 Apr 8 , 2014 K King 's Quest Action & Adventure The Odd Gentlemen Sierra Jul 29 , 2015 Jul 29 , 2015 Jul 29 , 2015 King Oddball Puzzle 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Sep 8 , 2016 Sep 8 , 2016 Sep 8 , 2016 Kingdom Come : Deliverance Action role - playing , Open world Warhorse Studios Deep Silver Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 X Kingdom Hearts III Action role - playing Square Enix Square Enix Jan 29 , 2019 Jan 29 , 2019 Jan 29 , 2019 Kingdom : New Lands Strategy , Simulation Noio Raw Fury Unreleased Aug 9 , 2016 Aug 9 , 2016 Kitty Powers ' Matchmaker Simulation Magic Notion Stellar Entertainment Software Unreleased Mar 10 , 2017 Mar 10 , 2017 Knee Deep Adventure Prologue Games Wales Interactive Feb 3 , 2017 Feb 3 , 2017 Feb 3 , 2017 Knight Squad Top - down shooter Chainsawesome Games Chainsawesome Games Nov 17 , 2015 Nov 17 , 2015 Nov 17 , 2015 Knock - Knock Horror Ice - Pick Lodge Ice - Pick Lodge Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 Kona Adventure Parabole Parabole Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Korgan Adventure codestalkers codestalkers Apr 27 , 2018 Apr 27 , 2018 Apr 27 , 2018 Krinkle Krusher Action & Adventure Ilusis Interactive Graphics Ilusis Interactive Graphics Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Kung Fu for Kinect Family , Motion Controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased Jun 24 , 2016 Jun 24 , 2016 K Kung Fu Panda : Showdown of Legendary Legends Fighting Vicious Cycle Software Little Orbit Unreleased Nov 27 , 2015 Dec 1 , 2015 Kunio - kun : The World Classics Collection Various Arc System Works Arc System Works 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 KYUB Platformer Ninja Egg Ninja Egg Jul 13 , 2016 Jul 13 , 2016 Jul 13 , 2016 KYURINAGA 'S REVENGE Action & Adventure Recotechnology S.L. Recotechnology S.L. Unreleased Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 LA Cops Action Modern Dream Team17 Unreleased Mar 13 , 2015 Mar 13 , 2015 L.A. Noire Action - adventure Team Bondi Rockstar Games Nov 14 , 2017 Nov 14 , 2017 Nov 14 , 2017 X Land It ! Simulation Nemesys Games Nemesys Games Unreleased Jun 22 , 2016 Jun 22 , 2016 Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris Platformer , Action Crystal Dynamics Square Enix Dec 25 , 2014 Dec 9 , 2014 Dec 9 , 2014 Laser League Action Roll7 505 Games Unreleased May 10 , 2018 May 10 , 2018 Laserlife Shooter Choice Provisions Choice Provisions Unreleased Sep 22 , 2015 Sep 22 , 2015 The Last Night Adventure Odd Tales Raw Fury 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Lastfight Fighting PiranaKing PiranaKing Unreleased Sep 19 , 2016 Sep 19 , 2016 Late Shift FMV , Adventure CtrlMovies Wales Interactive Unreleased Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Layers of Fear Adventure Bloober Team Bloober Team Feb 27 , 2017 Feb 16 , 2016 Feb 16 , 2016 The Legend of el Lobodestroyo vs. la Liga de los Villanos Action - adventure , Platformer Lefhanded Studios Lefhanded Studios Unreleased TBA TBA The Legend of Korra Action - adventure PlatinumGames Activision Unreleased Oct 22 , 2014 Oct 22 , 2014 Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 11 , 2014 Lego City Undercover Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Apr 7 , 2017 Apr 4 , 2017 Lego DC Super-Villains Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Oct 19 , 2018 Oct 16 , 2018 Lego Dimensions Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Sep 29 , 2015 Sep 27 , 2015 Lego Jurassic World Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Jun 12 , 2015 Jun 12 , 2015 Lego Marvel Super Heroes Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Nov 29 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Feb 1 , 2018 Nov 14 , 2017 Nov 14 , 2017 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Jan 26 , 2016 Jan 26 , 2016 The Lego Movie Videogame Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Feb 14 , 2014 Feb 7 , 2014 The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Lego The Hobbit Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Apr 11 , 2014 Apr 8 , 2014 Lego The Incredibles Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Unreleased Jun 13 , 2018 Jun 15 , 2018 Lego Worlds Action - adventure TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 Legrand Legacy JRole - playing Semisoft Another Indie 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 Leo 's Fortune Action - adventure Tilting Point 1337 & Senri Sep 11 , 2015 Sep 11 , 2015 Sep 11 , 2015 Let Them Come Shooter Tuatara Games Versus Evil Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Lethal League Fighting Team Reptile Team Reptile May 10 , 2017 May 10 , 2017 May 10 , 2017 Letter Quest : Grimm 's Journey Remastered Puzzle Bacon Bandit Games Digerati Distribution Unreleased Apr 8 , 2016 Apr 8 , 2016 Level 22 Action - adventure Moving Player Moving Player Unreleased Jan 29 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2016 Lichdom : Battlemage Action & Adventure Xaviant Maximum Games Unreleased Apr 19 , 2016 Apr 19 , 2016 Lifeless Planet : Premier Edition Action - adventure Stage 2 Studios Stage 2 Studios Unreleased May 13 , 2015 May 13 , 2015 Life Is Strange Action - adventure Dontnod Entertainment Square Enix Unreleased Jan 22 , 2016 Jan 19 , 2016 Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Action - adventure Deck Nine Games Square Enix Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 31 , 2017 X Life Is Strange 2 Action - adventure Dontnod Entertainment Square Enix Sep 27 , 2018 Sep 27 , 2018 Light Fall Platformer Bishop Games Bishop Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Lightfield Racing Lost in the Garden Lost in the Garden Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Lilith - M Adventure , Puzzle Chesstar Studios E-Home Entertainment Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Limbo Platformer Playdead Playdead Dec 5 , 2014 Dec 5 , 2014 Dec 5 , 2014 Line of Defense Tactics Strategy 3000AD , Inc . 3000AD , Inc . Unreleased Dec 11 , 2015 Dec 11 , 2015 Linelight Puzzle My Dog Zorro My Dog Zorro Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Little Acre Point & Click Adventure Pewter Games Studios Pewter Games Studios Dec 13 , 2016 Dec 13 , 2016 Dec 13 , 2016 Little Nightmares Puzzle - platformer Tarsier Studios Bandai Namco Ent . Apr 28 , 2017 Apr 28 , 2017 Apr 28 , 2017 Little Triangle Platformer , Battle Royale CottonGame Dreamoji Unreleased Feb 7 , 2018 Feb 7 , 2018 PA Livelock Top Down Shooter , Action role - playing Tuque Games Perfect World Entertainment Unreleased Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 29 , 2016 The Living Dungeon Board Game RadiationBurn RadiationBurn Unreleased Jan 29 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2016 Lock 's Quest Strategy Digital Continue THQ Nordic May 30 , 2017 May 30 , 2017 May 30 , 2017 LocoCycle Racing , Vehicular combat Twisted Pixel Games Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 The Long Dark Survival Hinterland Studio Hinterland Studio Aug 1 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 PA The Long Reach Adventure , Horror Painted Black Games Merge Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Jul 18 , 2018 Jul 18 , 2018 Lords of the Fallen Action role - playing Deck 13 City Interactive Unreleased Oct 31 , 2014 Oct 28 , 2014 Lost Grimoires : Stolen Kingdom Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Apr 28 , 2017 Apr 28 , 2017 Lost Grimoires 2 : Shard of Mystery Point & Click Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Lost Sea Action & Adventure Eastasiasoft Limited Eastasiasoft Limited Unreleased Jun 29 , 2016 Jun 29 , 2016 Lovely Planet shooter OuickTequila tinyBuild Unreleased Jan 8 , 2016 Jan 8 , 2016 Lovers in a Dangerous Space Time 2D Platform , shooter Asteroid Base Asteroid Base Unreleased Sep 9 , 2015 Sep 9 , 2015 Lumo Platformer Rising Star Games Rising Star Games Unreleased Jun 22 , 2016 Jun 22 , 2016 Lumines Remastered Puzzle Resonair Enhance Games Unreleased Jun 26 , 2018 Jun 26 , 2018 Mad Max Vehicular combat , Action - adventure Avalanche Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Oct 1 , 2015 Sep 4 , 2015 Sep 1 , 2015 Madden NFL 15 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Unreleased Aug 29 , 2014 Aug 26 , 2014 Madden NFL 16 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Unreleased Aug 27 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 Madden NFL 17 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Oct 19 , 2016 Aug 23 , 2016 Aug 23 , 2016 Madden NFL 18 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 X Madden NFL 19 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Aug 10 , 2018 Aug 10 , 2018 Aug 10 , 2018 Madden NFL 25 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Mafia III Action & Adventure , Shooter Hangar 13 2K Oct 27 , 2016 Oct 7 , 2016 Oct 7 , 2016 X Mages of Mystralia Adventure Borealys Games Borealys Games Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 The Magic Circle : Gold Edition Puzzle Question Question Unreleased Jun 29 , 2016 Jun 29 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2015 Collectible card game Stainless Games Microsoft Studios Unreleased Nov 5 , 2014 Nov 5 , 2014 Magical Brickout Puzzle Cunning Force Games Cunning Force Games Unreleased Jun 29 , 2018 Jun 29 , 2018 Magnetic : Cage Closed Puzzle Game , Platforming Guru Games Gambitious Digital Entertainment Unreleased Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 28 , 2015 MagNets Arena Game Total Monkery Total Monkery Unreleased Mar 11 , 2016 Mar 11 , 2016 Mahjong Puzzle Sanuk Games Bigben Interactive Unreleased Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 29 , 2016 Maize Adventure Finish Line Games Finish Line Games Sep 11 , 2017 Sep 11 , 2017 Sep 11 , 2017 Maldita Castilla EX - Cursed Castile Action & Adventure , Platformer Abylight Studios Abylight Studios Unreleased Jul 20 , 2016 Jul 20 , 2016 Mantis Burn Racing Racing VooFoo Studios VooFoo Studios Oct 11 , 2016 Oct 11 , 2016 Oct 11 , 2016 PC X Manual Samuel Adventure Perfectly Paranormal Curve Digital Oct 13 , 2016 Oct 13 , 2016 Oct 13 , 2016 Marble Void Platformer Leveled Games Leveled Games Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 X Maria The Witch Adventure Naps Team Naps Team Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Marooners Party , Platform M2H M2H Feb 6 , 2018 Feb 6 , 2018 Feb 6 , 2018 Marvel Puzzle Quest : Dark Reign Puzzle WayForward Technologies D3 Publisher Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance Action Role - Playing Vicarious Visions Activision Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Action Role - Playing Vicarious Visions Activision Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Fighting Capcom / Eighting Capcom Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite Fighting Capcom Capcom Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 PA X Masquerada : Songs and Shadows Tactical role - playing Witching Hour Studios Ysbryd Games Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 Masquerade : The Baubles of Doom Action & Adventure Big Ant Studios Big Ant Studios Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Mass Effect : Andromeda Action role - playing BioWare Electronic Arts Mar 21 , 2017 Mar 21 , 2017 Mar 21 , 2017 Massive Chalice Turn - based tactics / RTS Double Fine Productions Double Fine Productions Jun 1 , 2015 Jun 1 , 2015 Jun 1 , 2015 Masters of Anima Adventure Passtech Games Focus Home Interactive Apr 10 , 2018 Apr 10 , 2018 Apr 10 , 2018 X Max : The Curse of Brotherhood Platformer , puzzle , side - scroller Press Play Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Dec 20 , 2013 Dec 20 , 2013 Mayan Death Robots : Arena Strategy Sileni Studios Daedalic Entertainment May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 McDroid Action & Adventure Elefantopia Grip Digital Unreleased Mar 4 , 2016 Mar 4 , 2016 The Mean Greens - Plastic Warfare Third Person Shooter Virtual Basement Code Headquarters TBA TBA TBA Mega Coin Squad Platformer Big Pixel Studios Adult Swim Games Unreleased May 20 , 2015 May 20 , 2015 Mega Man 11 Platformer Capcom Capcom Oct 2 , 2018 Oct 2 , 2018 Oct 2 , 2018 X Mega Man Legacy Collection Platformer Digital Eclipse Capcom Aug 25 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 Mega Man Legacy Collection 2 Platformer Digital Eclipse Capcom Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 Mega Man X Collection Platformer Capcom Capcom Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Mekazoo Platform The Good Mood Creators The Good Mood Creators Nov 14 , 2016 Nov 14 , 2016 Nov 14 , 2016 Mercenary Kings Action Tribute Games Tribute Games Feb 6 , 2018 Feb 6 , 2018 Feb 6 , 2018 Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes Action - adventure , Stealth Kojima Productions Konami Sep 4 , 2014 Mar 20 , 2014 Mar 18 , 2014 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain Action - adventure , Stealth Kojima Productions Konami Sep 1 , 2015 Sep 1 , 2015 Sep 1 , 2015 Metal Gear Survive Survival Konami Konami Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 22 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Metal Wolf Chaos XD Third - person shooter FromSoftware Devolver Digital 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Metamorphosis Adventure Ovidworks Ovidworks 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Metrico+ Platform , puzzle Digital Dreams Digital Dreams Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Metro 2033 Redux First - person shooter , survival horror 4A Games Deep Silver Unreleased Aug 29 , 2014 Aug 26 , 2014 Metro Exodus First - person shooter , survival horror 4A Games Deep Silver Feb 22 , 2019 Feb 22 , 2019 Feb 22 , 2019 Metro : Last Light Redux First - person shooter , survival horror 4A Games Deep Silver Unreleased Aug 29 , 2014 Aug 26 , 2014 Metropolis : Lux Obscura Puzzle , Adventure Ktulhu Solutions Sometimes You Unreleased Apr 3 , 2018 Apr 3 , 2018 The Metronomicon : Slay the Dance Floor Music Puuba Akupara Games Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Micro Machines World Series Racing Codemasters Koch Media Apr 21 , 2017 Apr 21 , 2017 Apr 21 , 2017 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Action role - playing Monolith Productions Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Dec 25 , 2014 Oct 3 , 2014 Sep 30 , 2014 Middle - earth : Shadow of War Action role - playing Monolith Productions Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Oct 10 , 2017 Oct 10 , 2017 Oct 10 , 2017 PA X Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : Mega Battle Action , Fighting Bandai Namco Bandai Namco Jan 17 , 2017 Jan 17 , 2017 Jan 17 , 2017 Mighty No. 9 Action platforming Comcept Inti Creates Deep Silver Jun 24 , 2016 Jun 24 , 2016 Jun 21 , 2016 Mimic Arena Arena Game Tiny Horse Games Tiny Horse Games Unreleased May 18 , 2016 May 18 , 2016 Minecraft Sandbox Mojang Microsoft Studios Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 NS PC Minecraft : Story Mode Graphic adventure Telltale Games Mojang Telltale Games Unreleased Oct 30 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 Minecraft : Story Mode - Season 2 Graphic adventure Telltale Games Mojang Telltale Games Unreleased Jul 11 , 2017 Jul 11 , 2017 Minit Adventure JW , Kitty , Jukio , and Dom Devolver Digital Apr 3 , 2018 Apr 3 , 2018 Apr 3 , 2018 Mirror 's Edge Catalyst Action - adventure , Platform EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts Jun 9 , 2016 Jun 9 , 2016 Jun 7 , 2016 Mitsurugi Kamui Hikae Action Zenith Blue Zenith Blue Nov 20 , 2015 Feb 16 , 2016 Feb 16 , 2016 Momentum Platformer Projectile Entertainment Projectile Entertainment Unreleased Aug 12 , 2016 Aug 12 , 2016 Momodora : Reverie Under the Moonlight Action - adventure Bombservice Playism Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Mar 17 , 2017 Momonga Pinball Adventures Pinball Paladin Studios / Seaven Studio Plug In Digital Unreleased Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Monochroma Platformer Nowhere Studios Nowhere Studios Jun 24 , 2016 Jun 24 , 2016 Jun 24 , 2016 Monopoly Deal Card & Board , Family Asobo Studios Ubisoft Unreleased Nov 19 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 Monopoly Plus Card & Board , Family Asobo Studios Ubisoft Unreleased Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Monster Energy Supercross Racing Milestone NA : Square Enix PAL : Milestone Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 Feb 13 , 2018 X Monster Hunter : World Action role - playing Capcom Capcom Jan 26 , 2018 Jan 26 , 2018 Jan 26 , 2018 X Monster Jam : Crush It ! Racing Team - 6 GameMill Entertainment Unreleased Oct 24 , 2016 Oct 24 , 2016 Monster Slayers Roguelike Card Battler Nerdook Productions , Stage Clear Studios Digerati Unreleased May 18 , 2018 May 18 , 2018 Monstrum Horror Junkfish SOEDESCO Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Moon Hunters Role - playing Kitfox Games Kitfox Sun Games Jul 19 , 2017 Jul 19 , 2017 Jul 19 , 2017 Moonlighter Action role - playing Digital Sun Games 11 Bit Studios Unreleased May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 PA Moons of Madness Horror Rock Pocket Games Rock Pocket Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Mooseman Adventure Vladimir Beletsky , Mikhail Shvachko Sometimes You Unreleased Jul 18 , 2018 Jul 18 , 2018 X Mordheim : City of the Damned Strategy , Simulation Rogue Factor Focus Home Interactive Oct 17 , 2016 Oct 17 , 2016 Oct 17 , 2016 Morphite Action & Adventure Crescent Moon Games / We 're Five Games Blowfish Studios Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 X Mortal Kombat X Fighting NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Apr 14 , 2015 Apr 14 , 2015 Apr 14 , 2015 Monkey King Saga Strategy Game T - Rex Games E-Home Entertainment Apr 9 , 2015 Jun 15 , 2016 Jun 15 , 2016 Monkey Pirates Action & Adventure Henchmen Studio Henchmen Studio Unreleased Oct 7 , 2015 Oct 7 , 2015 Monster Boy and the Cursed Kingdom Platformer Game Atelier FDG Entertainment 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Mothergunship Shooter Terrible Posture Games Grip Digital Unreleased Jul 17 , 2018 Jul 17 , 2018 Moto Racer 4 Racing Microids Kalypso Media Jan 24 , 2017 Jan 24 , 2017 Jan 24 , 2017 MotoGP 15 Racing Milestone S.r.l. Bandai Namco Entertainment Oct 1 , 2015 Jun 26 , 2015 Unreleased MotoGP 17 Racing Milestone S.r.l. Bandai Namco Entertainment Jun 15 , 2017 Jun 15 , 2017 Jul 11 , 2017 MotoGP 18 Racing Milestone Milestone Jun 7 , 2018 Jun 7 , 2018 Jun 7 , 2018 Mount & Blade : Warband Action role - playing TaleWorlds Entertainment TaleWorlds Entertainment Sep 15 , 2016 Sep 15 , 2016 Sep 15 , 2016 Mr. Pumpkin 's Adventure Adventure Cotton Game E-Home Entertainment May 17 , 2017 May 17 , 2017 May 17 , 2017 Mr. Shifty Action Team Shifty tinyBuild Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 Mugsters Action Puzzler Reinkout Games Team 17 Unreleased Jul 17 , 2018 Jul 17 , 2018 Mulaka Action - adventure Lienzo Lienzo Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 The Mummy Demastered Adventure WayForward Technologies WayForward Technologies Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Murdered : Soul Suspect Adventure , Stealth Airtight Games Square Enix Sep 4 , 2014 Jun 6 , 2014 Jun 3 , 2014 Mushroom Wars 2 Real - time strategy Zillion Whales Zillion Whales TBA TBA TBA Mutant Football League Action , Sports Digital Dreams Entertainment Digital Dreams Entertainment Unreleased Jan 19 , 2018 Jan 19 , 2018 MX Nitro Racing Saber Interactive Miniclip Games Unreleased Feb 14 , 2017 Feb 14 , 2017 MX vs. ATV : All Out Racing Rainbow Studios THQ Nordic Mar 23 , 2018 Mar 23 , 2018 Mar 23 , 2018 MX vs. ATV : Supercross Encore Edition Racing Rainbow Studios Nordic Games Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 MXGP2 Racing Milestone S.r.l. Milestone S.r.l. Jun 21 , 2016 Jun 21 , 2016 Jun 21 , 2016 MXGP3 Racing Milestone S.r.l. Milestone S.r.l. Jun 20 , 2017 Jun 20 , 2017 Jun 20 , 2017 MXGP Pro Racing Milestone S.r.l. Milestone S.r.l. Jul 10 , 2018 Jul 10 , 2018 Jul 10 , 2018 My Hero Academia : One 's Justice Action Byking Bandai Namco Entertainment Aug 23 , 2018 Aug 23 , 2018 Aug 23 , 2018 My Time at Portia Role - playing , Simulation Pathea Games Team17 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Mystereet F : The Detectives ' Curtain Call Action - adventure Division 8 5pb . TBA TBA TBA Mystery Castle Action - adventure , Puzzle Runestone Games Runestone Games Unreleased May 6 , 2016 May 6 , 2016 Mystik Belle Action - adventure Last Dimension WayForward Technologies Unreleased Oct 2 , 2017 Oct 2 , 2017 N++ Platform Metanet Software Metanet Software Oct 4 , 2017 Oct 4 , 2017 Oct 4 , 2017 Narcosis Survival , Horror Honor Code Honor Code May 10 , 2017 May 10 , 2017 May 10 , 2017 Naruto : Ultimate Ninja Storm Fighting CyberConnect2 Bandai Namco Entertainment Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 Fighting CyberConnect2 Bandai Namco Entertainment Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 3 Full Burst Fighting CyberConnect2 Bandai Namco Entertainment Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Aug 25 , 2017 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 Fighting CyberConnect2 Bandai Namco Entertainment Feb 4 , 2016 Feb 5 , 2016 Feb 9 , 2016 Naruto to Boruto : Shinobi Striker Fighting Soleil Bandai Namco Entertainment Aug 31 , 2018 Aug 31 , 2018 Aug 31 , 2018 NASCAR Heat Evolution Racing , Sports Monster Games 704Games Unreleased Unreleased Sep 13 , 2016 NASCAR Heat 2 Racing , Sports Monster Games 704Games Unreleased Unreleased Sep 12 , 2017 Natsuki Chronicle scrolling shoot ' em up Qute Corporation Qute Corporation 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 NBA 2K14 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 NBA 2K15 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Nov 27 , 2014 Oct 10 , 2014 Oct 10 , 2014 NBA 2K16 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Oct 29 , 2015 Sep 28 , 2015 Sep 28 , 2015 NBA 2K17 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Sep 20 , 2016 Sep 20 , 2016 Sep 20 , 2016 NBA 2K18 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 X NBA 2K19 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Sep 7 , 2018 Sep 7 , 2018 Sep 7 , 2018 NBA Live 14 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 NBA Live 15 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Oct 28 , 2014 Oct 28 , 2014 Oct 28 , 2014 NBA Live 16 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Oct 1 , 2015 Oct 1 , 2015 Sep 29 , 2015 NBA Live 18 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 Sep 15 , 2017 X NBA Live 19 Sports EA Tiburon Electronic Arts Sep 7 , 2018 Sep 7 , 2018 Sep 7 , 2018 NBA Playgrounds Sports Saber Interactive Saber Interactive Unreleased May 9 , 2017 May 9 , 2017 Nebulous Puzzle Game Namazu Studios LLC Namazu Studios LLC Unreleased Nov 15 , 2016 Nov 15 , 2016 Necropolis Action role - playing Harebrained Schemes Bandai Namco Entertainment Oct 3 , 2016 Oct 3 , 2016 Oct 3 , 2016 Need for Speed Racing Ghost Games Electronic Arts Nov 12 , 2015 Nov 5 , 2015 Nov 3 , 2015 Need for Speed Payback Racing Ghost Games Electronic Arts Nov 10 , 2017 Nov 10 , 2017 Nov 10 , 2017 X Need for Speed Rivals Racing Ghost Games Electronic Arts Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Neighborhorde Action , Shooter Fermenter Games Fermenter Games Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Neon Chrome Shooter 10tons 10tons Unreleased Jun 8 , 2016 Jun 8 , 2016 X Nero Visual novel Storm in a Teacup Storm in a Teacup Unreleased May 15 , 2015 May 15 , 2015 NeuroVoider Shooter Flying Oak Games Plug In Digital Unreleased Mar 16 , 2017 Mar 16 , 2017 Nevermind Adventure Flying Mollusk Flying Mollusk Jan 11 , 2017 Jan 11 , 2017 Jan 11 , 2017 Next Up Hero Action RPG Digital Continue Aspyr Unreleased Jun 28 , 2018 Jun 28 , 2018 Never Alone Platformer , puzzle , side - scroller Upper One Games Upper One Games Nov 19 , 2014 Nov 19 , 2014 Nov 19 , 2014 NHL 15 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Unreleased Sep 12 , 2014 Sep 9 , 2014 NHL 16 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Unreleased Sep 17 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 NHL 17 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 NHL 18 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 X Nidhogg 2 Fighting game Messhof Messhof Unreleased Jul 18 , 2018 Jul 18 , 2018 Nier : Automata Action role - playing PlatinumGames Square Enix Unreleased Jun 26 , 2018 Jun 26 , 2018 Night in the Woods Adventure Infinite Fall Finji Unreleased Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 Night Trap FMV Screaming Villains Screaming Villains Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Nightmare Boy Platformer The Vanir Project Badland Games Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Nightmares from the Deep : The Cursed Heart Hidden Object puzzle Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Sep 4 , 2015 Sep 4 , 2015 Nightmares from the Deep 2 : The Siren 's Call Hidden Object puzzle Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Aug 25 , 2016 Aug 25 , 2016 Nightmares from the Deep 3 : Davy Jones Hidden Object puzzle Artifex Mundi Artifex Mundi Unreleased Feb 2 , 2018 Feb 2 , 2018 Nine Parchments Action Frozenbyte Frozenbyte Mar 7 , 2018 Mar 7 , 2018 Mar 7 , 2018 Ninja Pizza Girl Platform Disparity Games Disparity Games Jul 20 , 2016 Jul 20 , 2016 Jul 20 , 2016 Ninja Shodown Fighting Bitmap Bureau Rising Star Games Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 5 , 2017 Oct 5 , 2017 No Man 's Sky Action - adventure , survival Hello Games 505 Games Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 No Time to Explain Platform , action tinyBuild tinyBuild Jul 17 , 2015 Jul 17 , 2015 Jul 17 , 2015 North Walking Simulator Outlands Sometimes You Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Not a Hero : Super Snazzy Edition Action & Adventure Roll7 Team17 Unreleased May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Nova - 111 Action Funktronic Games Curve Digital Aug 25 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 Aug 25 , 2015 Nuclear Throne Action Vlambeer Vlambeer TBA TBA TBA Numantia Strategy Recotechnology S.L. Recotechnology S.L. Unreleased Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Nutjitsu Action NinjaBee NinjaBee Unreleased Sep 22 , 2014 May 8 , 2014 Obliteracers Racing Varkian Empire Deck13 Interactive Unreleased Aug 26 , 2016 Aug 26 , 2016 Occultic ; Nine Visual novel 5pb . Mages Nov 9 , 2017 Unreleased Unreleased Oceanhorn : Monster of Uncharted Seas Adventure Cornfox & Bros. / Engine Software FDG Ent . Sep 7 , 2016 Sep 7 , 2016 Sep 7 , 2016 Octahedron Platform Demimonde Square Enix Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Octodad : Dadliest Catch Platform Young Horses Young Horses Aug 26 , 2015 Aug 26 , 2015 Aug 26 , 2015 Oddworld : New ' n ' Tasty ! Puzzle platformer Just Add Water Oddworld Inhabitants Mar 27 , 2015 Mar 27 , 2015 Mar 27 , 2015 Oh My Godheads Fighting Titutitech S.L. Square Enix Collective Dec 4 , 2017 Dec 4 , 2017 Dec 4 , 2017 Oh ... Sir ! ! The Insult Simulator Simulation Vile Monarch Vile Monarch Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 OK K.O. ! Let 's Play Heroes Action Capybara Games Cartoon Network Studios Jan 23 , 2018 Jan 23 , 2018 Jan 23 , 2018 Okami HD Action - adventure Capcom Capcom Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 X OlliOlli Skateboarding Carbon Curve Digital Mar 6 , 2015 Mar 6 , 2015 Mar 6 , 2015 OlliOlli2 : Welcome to Olliwood Skateboarding Roll7 Team17 May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 One Eyed Kutkh Adventure , Puzzle Baba Yaga Games Sometimes You Mar 9 , 2018 Mar 9 , 2018 Mar 9 , 2018 One Hundred Ways Puzzle Sunlight Games Sunlight Games Oct 6 , 2016 Oct 6 , 2016 Oct 6 , 2016 One More Dungeon First - person dungeon crawler roguelike Stately Snail Ratalaika Games Unreleased Aug 1 , 2018 Aug 1 , 2018 One Piece : Burning Blood Fighting Spike Chunsoft Bandai Namco Entertainment Apr 21 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 May 31 , 2016 One Piece : World Seeker Action , Adventure Ganbarion Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Onrush Racing Codemasters Codemasters Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Ooblets Role - playing Glumberland Double Fine Productions 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 PA Orbit Shooter 4Bit Games 4Bit Games Sep 30 , 2015 Sep 30 , 2015 Sep 30 , 2015 Organic Panic Platformer Last Limb Last Limb Apr 1 , 2016 Apr 1 , 2016 Apr 1 , 2016 Ori and the Blind Forest Metroidvania Moon Studios Microsoft Studios Mar 11 , 2015 Mar 11 , 2015 Mar 11 , 2015 Ori and the Will of the Wisps Metroidvania Moon Studios Microsoft Studios 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 PA Original Journey Action - adventure Bonfire Entertainment Another Indie 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Osiris : New Dawn Action , adventure , role - playing , massive multiplayer Fenix Fire Entertainment Reverb Triple XP 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Outbreak Survival , Horror Dead Drop Studios Dead Drop Studios Jun 16 , 2017 Jun 16 , 2017 Jun 16 , 2017 Outbreak : The New Nightmare Survival , Horror Dead Drop Studios Dead Drop Studios Jan 2 , 2018 Jan 2 , 2018 Jan 2 , 2018 Outbreak : The Nightmare Chronicles Survival , Horror Dead Drop Studios Dead Drop Studios May 2 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 X Outcast : Second Contact Action Adventure Appeal Studio Bigben Interactive Nov 27 , 2017 Nov 27 , 2017 Nov 27 , 2017 Outlast Horror Red Barrels Studio Red Barrels Studio Jun 19 , 2014 Jun 19 , 2014 Jun 19 , 2014 Outlast 2 Horror Red Barrels Studio Red Barrels Studio Apr 25 , 2017 Apr 25 , 2017 Apr 25 , 2017 X Outward - The Adventurer Life Sim Role - playing Nine Dots Studio Nine Dots Studio 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Overdriven Reloaded : Special Edition Shoot ' em up TOMAGameStudio TOMAGameStudio Feb 9 , 2018 Feb 9 , 2018 Feb 9 , 2018 PA Overkill 's The Walking Dead First - person shooter Overkill Software 505 Games Nov 6 , 2018 Nov 6 , 2018 Nov 6 , 2018 Overload Shoot em ' Up Revival Productions Revival Productions Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Overlord : Fellowship of Evil Action & Adventure Codemasters - Southam Digital Codemasters Unreleased Oct 20 , 2015 Oct 20 , 2015 Overcooked Puzzle Ghost Town Games Team17 Unreleased Aug 3 , 2016 Aug 3 , 2016 Overcooked 2 Puzzle Ghost Town Games Team17 Unreleased Aug 7 , 2018 Aug 7 , 2018 Overruled ! Brawler Dlala Studios Team17 Unreleased Sep 15 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 Overwatch First - person shooter Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 X Owlboy Platform - adventure D - Pad Studio D - Pad Studio Apr 10 , 2018 Apr 10 , 2018 Apr 10 , 2018 Oxenfree Action & Adventure Night School Studio Night School Studio Unreleased Jan 15 , 2016 Jan 15 , 2016 Pac - Man 256 Arcade Hipster Whale / 3 Sprockets Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased Jun 21 , 2016 Jun 21 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition 2 Arcade Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Pang Adventures Action & Adventure DotEmu DotEmu Unreleased Apr 19 , 2016 Apr 19 , 2016 Pankapu Platformer , Adventure Too Kind Studio Plug In Digital Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Paranautical Activity Action & Adventure Code Avarice Digerati Apr 29 , 2016 Apr 29 , 2016 Apr 29 , 2016 The Park Action & Adventure Funcom Funcom May 3 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 Party Hard Strategy Pinokl Games tinyBuild Unreleased Apr 26 , 2016 Apr 26 , 2016 Past Cure Action , Stealth Phantom 8 Studio Phantom 8 Studio Unreleased Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 The Path of Motus Puzzle - Platformer MichaelArts MichaelArts Unreleased Jul 17 , 2018 Jul 17 , 2018 Pathologic Remake Adventure , Horror Ice - Pick Lodge Ice - Pick Lodge 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Payday 2 : Crimewave Edition First - person shooter Tactical shooter Overkill Software , Starbreeze Studios 505 Games Unreleased Jun 12 , 2015 Jun 16 , 2015 The Peanuts Movie : Snoopy 's Grand Adventure Platform Beenox Activision Unreleased Nov 6 , 2015 Nov 3 , 2015 Peggle 2 Puzzle PopCap Games Electronic Arts Jan 13 , 2015 Dec 9 , 2013 Dec 9 , 2013 Penarium Platformer Self Made Miracle Team17 Sep 23 , 2015 Sep 23 , 2015 Sep 23 , 2015 Pengame Action , Platformer Rogue Relay 1C Publishing 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Perception Adventure , horror Deep End Games Feardemic Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Perfect Woman Simulation Peter Lu & Lea Schönfelder Peter Lu & Lea Schönfelder Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Phantom Doctrine Action , Tactical CreativeForge Games Good Shepherd Entertainment 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Phantom Trigger Role - playing Bread Team tinyBuild Apr 20 , 2018 Apr 20 , 2018 Apr 20 , 2018 PA Pharaonic Action - Role - playing Milkstone Studios Milkstone Studios Jul 13 , 2016 Jul 13 , 2016 Jul 13 , 2016 Phoenix Point Turn - based tactics Snapshot Games Snapshot Games 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Pier Solar and the Great Architects Role - playing WaterMelon Games WaterMelon Games Jun 5 , 2015 Nov 21 , 2014 Nov 21 , 2014 Pillars of Eternity : Complete Edition Role - playing Obsidian Entertainment / Paradox Arctic Paradox Interactive Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Pillars of Eternity II : Deadfire Role - playing Obsidian Entertainment Versus Evil / THQ Nordic 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 The Pillars of the Earth Adventure Daedalic Entertainment Daedalic Entertainment Aug 15 , 2017 Aug 15 , 2017 Aug 15 , 2017 Pinstripe Adventure , Puzzle Atmos Games Armor Games Feb 7 , 2018 Feb 7 , 2018 Feb 7 , 2018 Pit People Turn based , adventure The Behemoth The Behemoth Unreleased Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 Pix the Cat Puzzle Pasta Games Neko Entertainment Unreleased Feb 8 , 2017 Feb 8 , 2017 Pixel Heroes : Byte & Magic Role - playing The Bitfather Headup Games Unreleased Feb 3 , 2017 Feb 3 , 2017 Pixel Piracy Strategy Quadro Delta / Abstraction Games 505 Games Unreleased Feb 17 , 2016 Feb 16 , 2016 Plague Inc : Evolved Turn - based strategy Ndemic Creations Ndemic Creations Sep 18 , 2015 Sep 18 , 2015 Sep 18 , 2015 Plague Road Turn - based strategy Arcade Distillery Arcade Distillery TBA TBA TBA Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier Adventure Imaginati The Imaginarium 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Planet of the Eyes Puzzle , Platformer Cococucumber Cococucumber Sep 11 , 2017 Sep 11 , 2017 Sep 11 , 2017 Planetbase Turn - based strategy Madruga Works Madruga Works May 3 , 2017 May 3 , 2017 May 3 , 2017 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare Tower defense , Third - person shooter PopCap Games Electronic Arts Sep 4 , 2014 Feb 20 , 2014 Feb 25 , 2014 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare 2 Tower defense , Third - person shooter PopCap Games Electronic Arts Feb 23 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds MMO Bluehole Inc . Microsoft Studios Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 Dec 12 , 2017 X Plutobi : The Dwarf Planet Tales Puzzle , Action Adventure XINESS Co XINESS Co Jun 1 , 2017 Jun 1 , 2017 Jun 1 , 2017 Pneuma : Breath of Life First - Person Puzzle Deco Digital Deco Digital Feb 27 , 2015 Feb 27 , 2015 Feb 27 , 2015 Poi Platformer PolyKid PolyKid Jun 27 , 2017 Jun 27 , 2017 Jun 27 , 2017 Polychromatic Shoot ' em up Brushfire Games Brushfire Games Unreleased Oct 2 , 2015 Oct 2 , 2015 PolyGod Shooter Krafted Games Krafted Games Unreleased Aug 17 , 2018 Aug 17 , 2018 Pool Nation FX Sports Cherry Pop Games Cherry Pop Games Unreleased Apr 1 , 2015 Apr 1 , 2015 Portal Knights Role - playing Keen Games 505 Games May 18 , 2017 May 18 , 2017 May 18 , 2017 X Powerstar Golf Sports Zoë Mode Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Premium Pool Arena Sports Iceflake Studios Big Ben Interactive Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Pressure Overdrive Racing Chasing Carrots Chasing Carrots Jul 26 , 2017 Jul 26 , 2017 Jul 26 , 2017 Prey First - person shooter Arkane Studios Bethesda Softworks May 18 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Prison Architect Simulation Introversion Software Double Eleven Limited Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Pro Evolution Soccer 2015 Sports PES Productions Konami Nov 13 , 2014 Nov 13 , 2014 Nov 11 , 2014 Pro Evolution Soccer 2016 Sports PES Productions Konami Sep 15 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 Sports PES Productions Konami Sep 15 , 2016 Sep 15 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Pro Evolution Soccer 2018 Sports PES Productions Konami Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 X Pro Evolution Soccer 2019 Sports PES Productions Konami Aug 28 , 2018 Aug 28 , 2018 Aug 28 , 2018 X Professional Farmer 2017 Simulation VIS - Visual Imagination Software United Independent Entertainment Unreleased Jun 10 , 2016 Jun 10 , 2016 Project CARS Sim racing Slightly Mad Studios Bandai Namco Ent . Feb 1 , 2017 May 8 , 2015 May 12 , 2015 Project CARS 2 Sim racing Slightly Mad Studios Bandai Namco Ent . Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 X Project Root Shooter OPQAM Reverb Triple XP Unreleased Apr 29 , 2015 Apr 29 , 2015 Project Spark Sandbox Team Dakota Microsoft Studios Oct 9 , 2014 Oct 10 , 2014 Oct 7 , 2014 Prototype Action & Adventure Radical Entertainment / FunLabs Activision Aug 12 , 2015 Aug 12 , 2015 Aug 12 , 2015 Prototype 2 Action & Adventure Radical Entertainment / FunLabs Activision Aug 12 , 2015 Aug 12 , 2015 Aug 12 , 2015 Psycho - Pass Visual novel Nitroplus 5pb . May 28 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased Pumped BMX+ Sports Yeah Us ! Curve Digital Unreleased Sep 18 , 2015 Sep 18 , 2015 Punch Club Beat ' em up Lazy Bear Games tinyBuild Mar 31 , 2017 Mar 31 , 2017 Mar 31 , 2017 Pure Chess Grandmaster Edition Chess VooFoo Studios Ripstone Ltd Sep 9 , 2016 Sep 9 , 2016 Sep 9 , 2016 Pure Farming 2018 Simulation Ice Flames Techland Publishing Unreleased Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Pure Hold'em Sports VooFoo Studios Ripstone Ltd Unreleased Aug 21 , 2015 Aug 21 , 2015 Pure Pool Sports VooFoo Studios Ripstone Ltd Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 14 , 2014 Puyo Puyo Tetris Puzzle game Sonic Team Sega Dec 4 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Psychonauts 2 Platform Double Fine Productions Double Fine Productions 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Q Puzzle game Liica Liica Jun 26 , 2015 Jun 26 , 2015 Jun 26 , 2015 Quantic Pinball Pinball Shine Research Plug In Digital Unreleased Feb 9 , 2018 Feb 9 , 2018 Quantum Break Third - person shooter Remedy Entertainment Microsoft Studios Apr 7 , 2016 Apr 5 , 2016 Apr 5 , 2016 X Quantum Replica Action ON3D 1C Publishing 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Quantum Rush : Champions Racing GameArt Studio GmbH GameArt Studio GmbH Unreleased Unreleased Jun 19 , 2015 Quatros Origins Puzzle God As A Cucumber God As A Cucumber Unreleased Jul 29 , 2016 Jul 29 , 2016 Quest of Dungeons Turn Based Rogue - like Upfall Studios Upfall Studios Sep 7 , 2015 Sep 7 , 2015 Sep 7 , 2015 Q.U.B.E : Director 's Cut Puzzle Toxic Games Toxic Games Jul 24 , 2015 Jul 24 , 2015 Jul 24 , 2015 Q.U.B.E 2 Puzzle Toxic Games Trapped Nerve Games Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 PA Quiplash Party game , Trivia game Jackbox Games Jackbox Games Unreleased Unreleased Jun 30 , 2015 Q * bert Rebooted Puzzle GPC Games LOOT Interactive Feb 12 , 2016 Feb 12 , 2016 Feb 12 , 2016 R.B.I. Baseball 14 Sports MLB.com MLB.com Unreleased Unreleased Jun 24 , 2014 R.B.I. Baseball 15 Sports MLB.com MLB.com Unreleased Unreleased Mar 31 , 2015 R.B.I. Baseball 16 Sports MLB.com MLB.com Unreleased Unreleased Mar 29 , 2016 R.B.I. Baseball 17 Sports MLB.com MLB.com Unreleased Unreleased Mar 28 , 2017 R.B.I. Baseball 18 Sports MLB.com MLB.com Unreleased Unreleased Mar 20 , 2018 Rabbids Invasion : The Interactive TV Show Action Ubisoft Barcelona Ubisoft Unreleased Nov 21 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 K Race Arcade Racing Iceflake Studios Iceflake Studios Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 Race the Sun Racing Flippfly Flippfly Apr 20 , 2017 Apr 20 , 2017 Apr 20 , 2017 Rad Rodgers Action , platform Slipgate Studios THQ Nordic Feb 21 , 2018 Feb 21 , 2018 Feb 21 , 2018 Rage 2 First - person shooter Avalanche Studios / id Software Bethesda 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Raging Justice Beat em ' Up MakinGames Team17 May 8 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 Raid : World War II Shooter Lion Game Lion Starbreeze Studios Oct 13 , 2017 Oct 13 , 2017 Oct 10 , 2017 Raiden V scrolling shoot ' em up MOSS MOSS Feb 26 , 2016 May 11 , 2016 May 11 , 2016 Raiders of the Broken Planet Action - adventure MercurySteam MercurySteam Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 PA PC X Railway Empire Simulation Gaming Minds Studios Kalypso Media Jan 30 , 2018 Jan 30 , 2018 Jan 30 , 2018 X Raining Blobs Puzzle Endi Milojkoski Black Shell Media Dec 20 , 2017 Dec 20 , 2017 Dec 20 , 2017 PA Rapala Fishing : Pro Series Simulation , Sport GameMill Entertainment GameMill Entertainment Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Rare Replay Compilation Rare Microsoft Studios Aug 4 , 2015 Aug 4 , 2015 Aug 4 , 2015 The Raven Remastered Adventure King Art THQ Nordic Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Rayman Legends Platform Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft Unreleased Feb 21 , 2014 Feb 18 , 2014 Reagan Gorbachev Action & Adventure Team2Bit Team2Bit Feb 24 , 2016 Feb 24 , 2016 Feb 24 , 2016 Real Farm Simulation SOEDESCO SOEDESCO Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 Oct 20 , 2017 X Realms of Arkania : Blade of Destiny Role - playing Crafty Studios / Kittehface Software United Independent Entertainment Oct 12 , 2017 Oct 12 , 2017 Oct 12 , 2017 Rebel Galaxy Space flight simulator Double Damage Games Double Damage Games Jan 13 , 2016 Jan 13 , 2016 Jan 13 , 2016 ReCore Action - adventure Comcept / Armature Studio Microsoft Studios Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 Sep 13 , 2016 PA X Recruits Top - down Shooter QUByte Interactive Commotion Games TBA TBA TBA Red Dead Redemption 2 Action - adventure Rockstar Games Take - Two Int . Oct 26 , 2018 Oct 26 , 2018 Oct 26 , 2018 Red Faction Guerrilla Re-Mars - Tered Third - person shooter Kaiko Games THQ Nordic Unreleased Jul 3 , 2018 Jul 3 , 2018 Redout : Lightspeed Edition Racing 34BigThings 34BigThings Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 X Refunct Platformer Dominique Grieshofer Dominique Grieshofer Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Regalia : Of Men and Monarchs - Royal Edition Role - playing Pixelated Milk Crunching Koalas Apr 13 , 2018 Apr 13 , 2018 Apr 13 , 2018 Rememoried Platformer , Puzzle Vladimir Kudelka Hangonit Studio Dec 6 , 2017 Dec 6 , 2017 Dec 6 , 2017 Remothered : Tormented Fathers Survival - Horror Stormind Darril Arts Unreleased Jul 25 , 2018 Jul 25 , 2018 Replay : VHS is not dead Puzzle Neko Entertainment Neko Entertainment Feb 24 , 2016 Feb 24 , 2016 Feb 24 , 2016 Reservoir Dogs : Bloody Days Action , Shooter Big Star Games Lionsgate 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Resident Evil HD Remaster Survival horror Capcom Capcom Jan 20 , 2015 Jan 20 , 2015 Jan 20 , 2015 Resident Evil 0 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Jan 19 , 2016 Jan 19 , 2016 Jan 19 , 2016 Resident Evil 2 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Jan 25 , 2019 Jan 25 , 2019 Jan 25 , 2019 Resident Evil 4 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 29 , 2016 Resident Evil 5 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Resident Evil 6 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Mar 29 , 2016 Mar 29 , 2016 Mar 29 , 2016 Resident Evil 7 biohazard Survival horror Capcom Capcom Jan 26 , 2017 Jan 24 , 2017 Jan 24 , 2017 PA Resident Evil : Revelations Survival horror Capcom Capcom Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Resident Evil : Revelations 2 Biohazard Revelations 2 Survival horror Capcom Capcom Mar 19 , 2015 Mar 20 , 2015 Mar 17 , 2015 REUS Simulation Abbey Games SOEDESCO Oct 10 , 2016 Oct 10 , 2016 Oct 10 , 2016 Reversi Quest Board game , Role - playing Yokogo Systems Yokogo Systems Unreleased Jul 15 , 2016 Jul 15 , 2016 Revolve Puzzle , Platformer Rusty Bolt Rusty Bolt Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 RICO Shooter Ground Shatter Ltd . Ground Shatter Ltd . Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Ride Racing Milestone S.r.l. Bandai Namco Entertainment Jun 25 , 2015 Apr 10 , 2015 Oct 6 , 2015 Ride 2 Racing Milestone S.r.l. Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased Oct 6 , 2016 Feb 14 , 2017 RiftStar Raiders Shooter Climax Studios Vision Games Unreleased Feb 28 , 2018 Feb 28 , 2018 Rime Adventure Tequila Works Grey Box / Six Foot May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 Riptide GP2 Racing Vector Unit Vector Unit Unreleased Jan 23 , 2015 Jan 23 , 2015 Riptide GP : Renegade Racing Vector Unit Vector Unit Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 PA PC Rise & Shine Action - adventure Super Awesome Hyper Dimensional Mega Team Adult Swim Games Unreleased Jan 13 , 2017 Jan 13 , 2017 Rise of Insanity Horror Red Limb Red Limb Jun 15 , 2018 Jun 15 , 2018 Jun 15 , 2018 Rise of the Tomb Raider Action - adventure Crystal Dynamics Microsoft Studios Nov 12 , 2015 Nov 13 , 2015 Nov 10 , 2015 X Risk Card & Board , Family Zoe Mode Ubisoft Unreleased Feb 3 , 2015 Feb 3 , 2015 Risk : Urban Assault Card & Board , Family Zoe Mode Ubisoft Unreleased Aug 2 , 2016 Aug 2 , 2016 Rivals Of Aether Fighting Dan Fornace Dan Fornace Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 PA Riverbond Action - adventure Cococucumber Cococucumber 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Road Rage Racing , Action Maximum Games Maximum Games Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Robocraft Infinity Sandbox , Fighting Freejam Freejam Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 PA X Rock ' N Racing Off Road DX Racing EnjoyUp Games EnjoyUp Games Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 16 , 2015 Rock Band 4 Rhythm Harmonix Harmonix , Mad Catz Oct 6 , 2015 Oct 6 , 2015 Oct 6 , 2015 Rock of Ages 2 : Bigger and Boulder Tower Defense ACE Team Atlus Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Aug 29 , 2017 Rock Zombie Action & Adventure Quaternion Studio EnjoyUp Games Unreleased Dec 4 , 2015 Dec 4 , 2015 Rocket League Sports Psyonix Psyonix Feb 17 , 2016 Feb 17 , 2016 Feb 17 , 2016 NS PC Rocksmith 2014 Music Red Storm Ubisoft Unreleased Nov 7 , 2014 Nov 4 , 2014 Rogue Legacy Platformer Cellar Door Games Cellar Door Games May 27 , 2015 May 27 , 2015 May 27 , 2015 Rogue Stormers Run and gun Black Forest Games Black Forest Games Oct 6 , 2016 Oct 6 , 2016 Oct 6 , 2016 Rogue Trooper Redux Shooter TickTock Games Rebellion Developments Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 13 Turn - based Strategy Koei Tecmo Koei Tecmo Jan 28 , 2016 Apr 25 , 2017 Apr 25 , 2017 Romancing SaGa 2 Remastered Role - playing Square Enix Square Enix Dec 15 , 2017 Dec 15 , 2017 Dec 15 , 2017 PA Rory McIlroy PGA Tour Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports Unreleased Jul 16 , 2015 Jul 14 , 2015 Roundabout Open world , racing No Goblin No Goblin Feb 20 , 2015 Feb 20 , 2015 Feb 20 , 2015 Rugby 15 Sports HB Studios Bigben Interactive Unreleased Jan 23 , 2015 Feb 24 , 2015 Rugby 18 Sports EKO Software Bigben Interactive Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 X Rugby Challenge 3 Sports Wicked Witch Software Home Entertainment Suppliers Pty Unreleased Apr 22 , 2016 Apr 22 , 2016 Rugby League Live 3 Sports Big Ant Studios Home Entertainment Suppliers Pty Unreleased Sep 10 , 2015 Sep 10 , 2015 Rugby League Live 4 Sports Big Ant Studios Home Entertainment Suppliers Pty Jul 28 , 2017 Jul 28 , 2017 Jul 28 , 2017 Rugby World Cup 15 Sports HB Studios Bigben Interactive Unreleased Sep 4 , 2015 Sep 4 , 2015 Ruiner Shooter Reikon Games Devolver Digital Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 PA Runbow Platformer 13AM Games 13AM Games Jul 15 , 2017 Jul 15 , 2017 Jul 15 , 2017 RunestoneKeeper Role - playing , Turn - based Blackfire Games E-Home Entertainment Apr 25 , 2018 Apr 25 , 2018 Apr 25 , 2018 PA Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Remastered Open World , Adventure Asobo Studio Microsoft Studios Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 PA X K RWBY : Grimm Eclipse Hack N ' Slash Rooster Teeth Games Rooster Teeth Games Unreleased Jan 17 , 2017 Jan 17 , 2017 Ryse : Son of Rome Action - Adventure Crytek Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell action - adventure Voliton Inc . Deep Silver Apr 16 , 2015 Jan 23 , 2015 Jan 20 , 2015 Saints Row IV : Re-Elected action - adventure Voliton Inc . Deep Silver Apr 16 , 2015 Jan 23 , 2015 Jan 20 , 2015 Samsara Puzzle Marker Marker Unreleased Feb 7 , 2018 Feb 7 , 2018 PA Saturday Morning Role - playing Role - playing Mighty Rabbit Studios Mighty Rabbit Studios Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Save the Ninja Clan Platformer Sometimes You Sometimes You May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Schrödinger 's Cat and The Raiders Of The Lost Quark Action - adventure Team17 Team17 Unreleased May 13 , 2015 May 13 , 2015 Score Rush Extended Shooter Xona Games Xona Games Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Scrabble Card & Board Ubisoft Chengdu Ubisoft Unreleased Unreleased Jun 30 , 2015 Screamride Puzzle Frontier Developments Microsoft Studios Mar 5 , 2015 Mar 6 , 2015 Mar 3 , 2015 Screencheat First - person shooter Surprise Attack Games Surprise Attack Games Mar 1 , 2016 Mar 1 , 2016 Mar 1 , 2016 Scribblenauts Showdown Puzzle Shiver Entertainment Warner . Bros. Int . Ent . Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Sea of Solitude Adventure Jo - Mei Games Electronic Arts 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Sea of Thieves Action - adventure Rare Microsoft Studios Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 PA PC Seasons After Fall Platform , puzzle Swing Swing Submarine Focus Home Int . May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 Sebastien Loeb Rally EVO Racing Milestone SRL Milestone SRL Unreleased Mar 22 , 2016 Mar 22 , 2016 Sega Genesis Classics Multiple Sega Sega May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 Sekiro : Shadows Die Twice Action - adventure FromSoftware Activision 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Serial Cleaner Action & Adventure iFun4All Curve Digital Jul 13 , 2017 Jul 13 , 2017 Jul 13 , 2017 Session Skateboarding crea - ture Studios crea - ture Studios 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 SEUM : Speedrunners from Hell Platformer Pine Studio Headup Games Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 Sep 22 , 2017 The Sexy Brutale Adventure , Puzzle Cavalier Game Studios Tequila Works Apr 12 , 2017 Apr 12 , 2017 Apr 12 , 2017 Shadow Complex Remastered Shooter ChAIR Entertainment / Hardsuit Labs Epic Games Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Shadow of the Tomb Raider Action - adventure Eidos Montreal Square Enix Sep 14 , 2018 Sep 14 , 2018 Sep 14 , 2018 X Shadow Tactics : Blades of the Shogun Real Time Tactics Mimimi Productions Daedalic Entertainment Jul 28 , 2017 Jul 28 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 Shadow Warrior First - person shooter Flying Wild Hog Devolver Digital Unreleased Oct 24 , 2014 Oct 21 , 2014 Shadow Warrior 2 First - person shooter Flying Wild Hog Devolver Digital May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 Shadows : Awakening RPG Games Farm Kalypso Media Sep 4 , 2018 Sep 4 , 2018 Sep 4 , 2018 Shantae : Half - Genie Hero Adventure WayForward Technologies WayForward Technologies Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Shantae and the Pirate 's Curse Adventure WayForward Technologies WayForward Technologies Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 Shape of the World Adventure Stu Maxwell Plug In Digital Unreleased Jun 6 , 2018 Jun 6 , 2018 Shape Up Sports , Fitness , Motion Controlled Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Unreleased Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 11 , 2014 K Shaq Fu : A Legend Reborn Action - adventure , Beat ' em up Saber Interactive Wire Productions Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Sheltered Strategy Unicube Team17 Unreleased Mar 15 , 2016 Mar 15 , 2016 Shenmue I & II Action - adventure , role - playing D3T Sega Aug 21 , 2018 Aug 21 , 2018 Aug 21 , 2018 Sherlock Holmes : Crimes & Punishments Adventure Frogwares Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Oct 3 , 2014 Sep 30 , 2014 Sherlock Holmes : The Devil 's Daughter Adventure Frogwares Bigben Interactive Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Oct 25 , 2016 Shift Happens Platform Klonk Games Deck 13 Unreleased Feb 22 , 2017 Feb 22 , 2017 Shiftlings Platform Rock Pocket Games Rock Pocket Games Unreleased Mar 4 , 2015 Mar 4 , 2015 Shiness Platform , Role - playing Ynnis Interactive Ynnis Interactive Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Shining Resonance Refrain Role - playing Media. Vision Sega Jul 10 , 2018 Jul 10 , 2018 Jul 10 , 2018 X Shiny Action Garage 227 Studios Garage 227 Studios Oct 11 , 2017 Oct 11 , 2017 Oct 11 , 2017 Shovel Knight Action & Adventure , Platformer Yacht Club Games Yacht Club Games Apr 29 , 2015 Apr 29 , 2015 Apr 29 , 2015 Shred It ! Sports Extra Mile Studios Extra Mile Studios Mar 18 , 2016 Mar 18 , 2016 Mar 18 , 2016 Shoppe Keep Strategy , Action Strange Fire Excalibur Games Unreleased Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 Siegecraft Commander Strategy Blowfish Studios Blowfish Studios Jan 17 , 2017 Jan 17 , 2017 Jan 17 , 2017 Silence -- The Whispered World 2 Point & Click Daedalic Entertainment Daedalic Entertainment Dec 9 , 2016 Dec 9 , 2016 Dec 9 , 2016 PA The Sims 4 Simulation Maxis / The Sims Studio Electronic Arts Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 Sine Mora EX Shoot ' em Up Digital Reality THQ Nordic Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 Aug 8 , 2017 The Sinking City Adventure , horror Frogwares Bigben Interactive Mar 21 , 2019 Mar 21 , 2019 Mar 21 , 2019 Sinner : Sacrifice for Redemption Action Role - playing Dark Star Game Studios Another Indie 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 Sixty Second Shooter Prime Shooter Happion Labs Happion Labs Unreleased Jun 18 , 2014 Jun 18 , 2014 Skull and Bones Action & Adventure Ubisoft Singapore Ubisoft 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Sky Force Anniversary Shoot ' em up Infinite Dreams Inc . Infinite Dreams Inc . Dec 8 , 2016 Dec 8 , 2016 Dec 8 , 2016 Sky Force Reloaded Shoot ' em up Infinite Dreams Inc . Infinite Dreams Inc . Dec 1 , 2017 Dec 1 , 2017 Dec 1 , 2017 SkyKeepers Action , Platformer Sword Twin Studios Sword Twin Studios Unreleased Mar 31 , 2017 Mar 31 , 2017 Skylanders : Imaginators Platform Toys For Bob Activision Unreleased Oct 14 , 2016 Oct 16 , 2016 Skylanders : Swap Force Platform Vicarious Visions Activision Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Skylanders : SuperChargers Platform Vicarious Visions Activision Unreleased Sep 25 , 2015 Sep 20 , 2015 Skylanders : Trap Team Platform Beenox Activision Unreleased Oct 10 , 2014 Oct 5 , 2014 Skylar & Plux : Adventure on Clover Island Action - adventure Right Nice Games Grip Digital May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 Skyling : Garden Defense Action & Adventure Mighty Studios Mighty Studios Unreleased Apr 19 , 2016 Apr 19 , 2016 Slain : Back From Hell Side - scrolling action 22nd Century Toys Digerati Oct 20 , 2016 Oct 20 , 2016 Oct 20 , 2016 SlashDash 8 - bit arena fighter Nevernaut Games Nevernaut Games Unreleased Jul 17 , 2015 Jul 17 , 2015 Slayaway Camp : The Butcher 's Cut Puzzle Blue Wizard Digital / Stage Clear Studios Digerati Distribution Oct 23 , 2017 Oct 23 , 2017 Oct 23 , 2017 Sleeping Dogs : Definitive Edition Action - adventure United Front Games Square Enix Unreleased Oct 10 , 2014 Oct 14 , 2014 Slender : The Arrival Action & Adventure Blue Isle Studios Blue Isle Studios Mar 25 , 2015 Mar 25 , 2015 Mar 25 , 2015 Slice Zombies for Kinect Motion Controlled MADE MADE Unreleased May 8 , 2015 May 8 , 2015 K Slime Rancher Action Adventure Monomi Park Monomi Park Aug 1 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 X Slime - san Superslime Edition Platformer Fabraz Headup Games Jun 22 , 2018 Jun 22 , 2018 Jun 22 , 2018 Snake Pass Puzzle Sumo Digital Sumo Digital Mar 29 , 2017 Mar 29 , 2017 Mar 29 , 2017 PA Sniper Elite 3 Tactical shooter , Stealth Rebellion Developments 505 Games Unreleased Jun 27 , 2014 Jul 1 , 2014 Sniper Elite 4 Tactical shooter , Stealth Rebellion Developments Rebellion Developments Feb 14 , 2017 Feb 14 , 2017 Feb 14 , 2017 Sniper : Ghost Warrior 3 Tactical shooter , Stealth CI Games CI Games Apr 25 , 2017 Apr 25 , 2017 Apr 25 , 2017 Snooker Nation Championship Sports Cherry Pop Games Cherry Pop Games Unreleased Early Access Early Access So Many Me Puzzle , Platforming Extend Interactive ORiGO GAMES Unreleased Jul 16 , 2015 Jul 16 , 2015 Soda Drinker Pro Simulator Snowrunner Snowrunner Apr 14 , 2016 Apr 14 , 2016 Apr 14 , 2016 Solar Shifter EX Action & Adventure , Shooter Elder Games Headup Games Unreleased Aug 25 , 2016 Aug 25 , 2016 Solitaire Card Game Sanuk Games Bigben Interactive Unreleased Oct 10 , 2016 Oct 10 , 2016 SOMA Survival horror Frictional Games Frictional Games Unreleased Dec 1 , 2017 Dec 1 , 2017 Sombrero Action PixelMetal Alliance Digital Media 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Song of Horror Horror Protocol Games BadLand Indie 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Song of the Deep Adventure Insomniac Games Insomniac Games / GameTrust Games Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Songbringer Action role - playing Wizard Fu Double Eleven Sep 1 , 2017 Sep 1 , 2017 Sep 1 , 2017 PA Sonic Forces Platformer Sonic Team Sega Nov 9 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 X Sonic Mania Platformer PagodaWest Games / Headcannon Sega Aug 16 , 2017 Aug 15 , 2017 Aug 15 , 2017 Soulcalibur VI Fighting Project Soul Namco Bandai Games Oct 19 , 2018 Oct 19 , 2018 Oct 19 , 2018 The Spectrum Retreat First - person Adventure Dan Smith Studios Ripstone Unreleased July 13 , 2018 July 13 , 2018 X Spheroids Platformer Eclipse Games Eclipse Games Unreleased Feb 13 , 2017 Feb 13 , 2017 PA Star Hammer : The Vanguard Prophecy Turn - based strategy Black Lab Games Slitherine Ltd . Unreleased Aug 24 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Starlink : Battle For Atlas Space combat Ubisoft Toronto Ubisoft Oct 16 , 2018 Oct 16 , 2018 Oct 16 , 2018 The Solus Project Survival , Adventure Teotl Studios Grip Games Jul 15 , 2016 Jul 15 , 2016 Jul 15 , 2016 Soul Axiom Adventure , Puzzle Wales Interactive Wales Interactive Jun 7 , 2016 Jun 7 , 2016 Jun 7 , 2016 South Park : The Fractured but Whole Role - playing Ubisoft San Francisco Ubisoft Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 South Park : The Stick of Truth Role - playing Obsidian Entertainment Ubisoft Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Space Engineers Sandbox , Simulation Keen Software House Keen Software House TBA TBA TBA Space Hulk : Ascension Turn - based Strategy Hoplite Research Hoplite Research Unreleased Apr 20 , 2018 Apr 20 , 2018 Space Hulk : Tactics Turn - based Strategy Cyanide Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Spareware Shooter Rusto Rusto Unreleased Mar 18 , 2016 Mar 18 , 2016 Sparkle 2 Puzzle 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Unreleased Jan 27 , 2016 Jan 27 , 2016 Sparkle Unleashed Puzzle 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Unreleased Jun 3 , 2015 Jun 3 , 2015 Spartan Platformer Sinister Cyclops Game Studios Sinister Cyclops Game Studios Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 Aug 23 , 2017 Speedboat Challenge Racing WS net WS net Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 SpeedRunners Platform DoubleDutch Games tinyBuild Jun 1 , 2017 Jun 1 , 2017 Jun 1 , 2017 Spellspire Action Role - playing 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Unreleased May 26 , 2017 May 26 , 2017 Spintires : MudRunner Vehicle simulation Saber Interactive Focus Home Interactive Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Spiral Splatter Puzzle Neonchimp Games Sometimes You Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Mar 13 , 2018 Splasher Platformer Splashteam Plug In Digital Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Spy Chameleon Puzzle Unfinished Pixel Unfinished Pixel Unreleased May 22 , 2015 May 22 , 2015 Spyro Reignited Trilogy Action & adventure Toys For Bob Activision Unreleased Sep 21 , 2018 Sep 21 , 2018 Squid Hero for Kinect Family , Motion Controlled Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Virtual Air Guitar Company Oy Unreleased Jul 29 , 2015 Jul 29 , 2015 K Squish and the Corrupted Crystal Platformer Cheat Code Studios Cheat Code Studios Sep 4 , 2017 Sep 4 , 2017 Sep 4 , 2017 Standpoint Platformer Unruly Attractions Unruly Attractions Unreleased Sep 30 , 2015 Sep 30 , 2015 Star Balls Puzzle , Action & Adventure Bolder Games Bolder Games Unreleased May 30 , 2017 May 30 , 2017 Star Wars : Battlefront Action , Shooter EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts LucasArts Nov 19 , 2015 Nov 19 , 2015 Nov 17 , 2015 Star Wars : Battlefront II Action , Shooter DICE / EA Motive Electronic Arts LucasArts Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 X Starbound Adventure , Role - playing Chucklefish Chucklefish TBA 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 000000002018 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 Stardew Valley Adventure , Role - playing Eric Barone Chucklefish Dec 14 , 2016 Dec 14 , 2016 Dec 14 , 2016 Stardust Galaxy Warriors : Stellar Climax Shoot ' em up Dreamloop Games Dreamloop Games Unreleased Sep 8 , 2016 Sep 8 , 2016 Starpoint Gemini 2 Space trading and combat game , Role - playing Little Green Men Games Little Green Men Games Sep 26 , 2014 Sep 26 , 2014 Sep 26 , 2014 Starpoint Gemini : Warlords Space trading and combat game , Role - playing Little Green Men Games Little Green Men Games Feb 9 , 2018 Feb 9 , 2018 Feb 9 , 2018 STARWHAL Action & Adventure , Fighting Breakfall Breakfall Unreleased Dec 9 , 2015 Dec 9 , 2015 Stash : No Loot Left Behind Role - playing FrogDice FrogDice TBA TBA TBA State of Decay : Year One Survival Edition Stealth , survival horror Undead Labs Microsoft Studios Apr 28 , 2015 Apr 28 , 2015 Apr 28 , 2015 State of Decay 2 MMO Undead Labs Microsoft Studios May 22 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 PA PC State of Mind Adventure Daedalic Entertainment Daedalic Entertainment Aug 15 , 2018 Aug 15 , 2018 Aug 15 , 2018 The Station Adventure The Station Game The Station Game Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Stay Adventure Appnormals Team PQube May 30 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Stealth Inc. 2 : A Game of Clones Platform , stealth Curve Studios Curve Digital Apr 3 , 2015 Apr 3 , 2015 Apr 3 , 2015 SteamWorld Dig Platform Image & Form Image & Form Jun 5 , 2015 Jun 5 , 2015 Jun 5 , 2015 Steel Rain X Shoot ' em up , Strategy , Role - playing Polarity Flow Polarity Flow Unreleased Dec 16 , 2016 Dec 16 , 2016 Steep Sports Ubisoft Annecy Ubisoft Dec 21 , 2016 Dec 2 , 2016 Dec 2 , 2016 X Steins ; Gate 0 Visual novel 5pb . MAGES Feb 22 , 2017 Unreleased Unreleased Steredenn Shooter Pixelnest Studio Plug In Digital Unreleased Apr 1 , 2016 Apr 1 , 2016 Steven Universe : Save the Light Role - playing Grumpyface Studios Cartoon Network Unreleased Nov 3 , 2017 Nov 3 , 2017 Stick It To The Man ! Platformer Zoink Games Ripstone Publishing Unreleased Aug 28 , 2014 Aug 28 , 2014 Stickbold ! A Dodgeball Adventure Sports Game Swing Curve Digital Unreleased Apr 8 , 2016 Apr 8 , 2016 Stories of Bethem : Full Moon Action & Adventure GuGames Development GuGames Development Unreleased Sep 1 , 2016 Sep 1 , 2016 The Story Goes On Adventure , Puzzle Scarecrow Arts KISS Publishing Unreleased Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 Strange Brigade Action , Adventure Rebellion Developments 505 Games Unreleased Aug 28 , 2018 Aug 28 , 2018 Stranger of Sword City JRole - playing Experience Inc . Experience Inc . Mar 24 , 2016 Mar 29 , 2016 Mar 22 , 2016 Street Fighter 30th Anniversary Collection Fighting Capcom Capcom May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 Strider Action - adventure , Platform Double Helix Games Capcom Sep 4 , 2014 Feb 19 , 2014 Feb 19 , 2014 Strike Suit Zero : Director 's Cut Space combat simulator Born Ready Games Born Ready Games Apr 4 , 2014 Apr 4 , 2014 Apr 4 , 2014 Students of the Round 2 TBA Experience Inc . Experience Inc TBA TBA TBA Styx : Master of Shadows Action - adventure , Role - playing Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Oct 7 , 2014 Oct 7 , 2014 Oct 7 , 2014 Styx : Shards of Darkness Action - adventure , Role - playing Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Mar 14 , 2017 Mar 14 , 2017 Mar 14 , 2017 sU and the Quest for Meaning Platformer Guillaume Bouckaert Playdius 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Super Destronaut DX Shoot ' em up Petite Games Ratalaika Games Unreleased Jul 11 , 2018 Jul 11 , 2018 Subject 13 Adventure Koneko Microids Unreleased Jan 30 , 2017 Jan 30 , 2017 Sublevel Zero Redux Shooter Sigtrap Games Merge Games Unreleased Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 Submerged Action & Adventure , Platformer Uppercut Games Uppercut Games Aug 7 , 2015 Aug 7 , 2015 Aug 7 , 2015 Subnautica Action & Adventure Unknown Worlds / Grip Games Unknown Worlds Entertainment Early Access Early Access Early Access Subterrain Action & Adventure , Survival Pixellore Pixellore Jan 27 , 2017 Jan 27 , 2017 Jan 27 , 2017 Sudden Strike 4 : European Battlefields Edition Real - time tactics Kite Games Kalypso Media May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 The Sun and Moon Puzzle Daniel Linssen Digerati Distribution Unreleased Jan 27 , 2017 Jan 27 , 2017 Sunu Ikkibu : Din Nahu Survival Horror Alecqua Studios Alecqua Games TBA TBA TBA Sunset Overdrive Open world , Shooter Insomniac Games Microsoft Studios Oct 30 , 2014 Oct 31 , 2014 Oct 28 , 2014 Super Blackjack Battle II Turbo Edition Card , Fighting Stage Clear Studios Headup Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Super Bomberman R Action , maze Konami Digital Entertainment Konami Jun 12 , 2018 Jun 12 , 2018 Jun 12 , 2018 Super Cloudbuilt Platform Coilworks Double Eleven Jul 28 , 2017 Jul 28 , 2017 Jul 28 , 2017 Super Comboman : Smash Edition Action Flashman Games Flashman Games Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 Super Hydorah Action & Adventure , Shooter Abylight Studios Abylight Studios Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Sep 20 , 2017 Super Lucky 's Tale Platform Playful Corp Microsoft Studios Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 PA X Super Mutant Alien Assault Shooter , Platformer Cybernate Surprise Attack Games Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Superbeat : Xonic Music , Rhythm PM Studios PM Studios Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Superhot First - person Shooter Superhot Superhot May 3 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 May 3 , 2016 Super Bomb Rush ! Puzzle , Strategy Curvature Systems Curvature Systems Jun 21 , 2017 Jun 21 , 2017 Jun 21 , 2017 Super Dungeon Bros Role - playing React Games Wired Productions Nov 1 , 2016 Nov 1 , 2016 Nov 1 , 2016 PC Super Meat Boy Forever Platform Team Meat Team Meat 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Super Mega Baseball Sports Metalhead Software Metalhead Software Aug 14 , 2015 Aug 14 , 2015 Aug 14 , 2015 Super Mega Baseball 2 Sports Metalhead Software Metalhead Software May 1 , 2018 May 1 , 2018 May 1 , 2018 X Super Night Riders Racing neko. works neko. works May 18 , 2016 May 18 , 2016 May 18 , 2016 X Super Party Sports : Football Puzzle HandyGames HandyGames Unreleased Dec 4 , 2015 Dec 4 , 2015 Super Toy Cars Racing Eclipse Games Eclipse Games Unreleased Sep 4 , 2015 Sep 4 , 2015 Super Time Force Shooter , Sidescroller Capybara Games Capybara Games May 14 , 2014 May 14 , 2014 May 14 , 2014 Surf World Series Sports Climax Studios Vision Games Publishing Aug 30 , 2017 Aug 30 , 2017 Aug 30 , 2017 The Surge Role - playing Deck 13 Focus Home Interactive May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 X The Surge 2 Role - playing Deck 13 Focus Home Interactive 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Surviving Mars City - building , construction and management simulation Haemimont Games Paradox Interactive Mar 15 , 2018 Mar 15 , 2018 Mar 15 , 2018 SwapQuest Puzzle , Role - playing Rebusmind Rebusmind Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 Aug 22 , 2017 The Swapper Platformer , Puzzle Facepalm Games Curve Digital Jun 5 , 2015 Jun 5 , 2015 Jun 5 , 2015 The Swindle Action & Adventure Dan Marshall Curve Digital Aug 7 , 2015 Aug 7 , 2015 Aug 7 , 2015 Switch - Or Die Trying Puzzle , Platformer Threye Interactive Threye Interactive Feb 28 , 2018 Feb 28 , 2018 Feb 28 , 2018 Sword Art Online : Fatal Bullet Role - playing , Shooter Dimps Bandai Namco Ent . Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Sword Coast Legends Role - playing n - Space Digital Extremes n - Space Digital Extremes Jul 20 , 2016 Jul 20 , 2016 Jul 20 , 2016 Swordy Brawler Frogshark Frogshark 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Syberia III Adventure Anuman Interactive Microïds Unreleased Apr 20 , 2017 Apr 25 , 2017 Sylvio Action & Adventure Stroboskop Stroboskop Jan 13 , 2017 Jan 13 , 2017 Jan 13 , 2017 Symmetry Management , Survival Sleepless Clinic IMGN.PRO Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Feb 23 , 2018 Syndrome Survival , Horror Camel 101 BigMoon Entertainment Sep 28 , 2017 Sep 28 , 2017 Sep 28 , 2017 System Shock Action role - playing Night Dive Studios Night Dive Studios 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Table Top Racing : World Tour Racing Playrise Digital Playrise Digital Unreleased Mar 10 , 2017 Mar 10 , 2017 Tachyon Project Shooter Eclipse Games Eclipse Games Aug 22 , 2017 Jul 15 , 2015 Jul 15 , 2015 Tacoma Adventure Fullbright Fullbright Aug 2 , 2017 Aug 2 , 2017 Aug 2 , 2017 PA X Talent not Included Platformer Frima Games Studio Frima Games Studio Apr 5 , 2017 Apr 5 , 2017 Apr 5 , 2017 Tales from the Borderlands Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Tales of Vesperia : Definitive Edition Role - playing Bandai Namco Games Bandai Namco Entertainment Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Tango Fiesta Action & Adventure Spilt Milk Studios Merge Games May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 TauCeti Unknown Origins First - person shooter BadFly Interactive BadFly Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Team Sonic Racing Racing Sumo Digital Sega 00000000Q4 2018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 00000000Q4 2018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 00000000Q4 2018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 Q4 2018 The Technomancer Role - playing Spiders Focus Home Interactive Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Jun 28 , 2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan Action & Adventure PlatinumGames Activision May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Tekken 7 Fighting Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment Jun 2 , 2017 Jun 2 , 2017 Jun 2 , 2017 Tembo the Badass Elephant Platformer Game Freak Sega Jul 21 , 2015 Jul 21 , 2015 Jul 21 , 2015 Tempest 4000 Shoot ' em up Llamasoft Atari Jun 12 , 2018 Jun 12 , 2018 Jun 12 , 2018 Tenebrae : Twilight of the Gods Action role - playing Troglobytes Games Troglobytes Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Tennis in the Face Puzzle 10tons Ltd 10tons Ltd Dec 8 , 2016 Dec 8 , 2016 Dec 8 , 2016 Tennis World Tour Sports Breakpoint Studio Bigben Interactive May 22 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 Terraria Sandbox Engine Software 505 Games Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 14 , 2014 Nov 14 , 2014 TerraTech Vehicular Sandbox Payload Studios Payload Studios Unreleased Aug 10 , 2018 Aug 10 , 2018 Tesla Effect : A Tex Murphy Adventure Adventure Big Finish Games Atlus 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Tesla vs Lovecraft Shoot ' em up 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Mar 16 , 2018 Mar 16 , 2018 Mar 16 , 2018 Teslagrad Platformer Rain Games Rain Games Mar 9 , 2016 Mar 9 , 2016 Mar 9 , 2016 Teslapunk Shooter klutzGames klutzGames Unreleased Oct 7 , 2015 Oct 7 , 2015 Tetraminos Puzzle Sanuk Games Bigben Interactive Unreleased Mar 8 , 2016 Mar 8 , 2016 Tetris Ultimate Puzzle SoMa Play Inc . Ubisoft Dec 17 , 2014 Dec 17 , 2014 Dec 17 , 2014 Tetrobot and Co . Puzzle Swing Swing Submarine Neko Entertainment Unreleased Mar 16 , 2016 Mar 16 , 2016 The Awesome Adventures of Captain Spirit Graphic adventure Dontnod Entertainment Square Enix Unreleased Jun 26 , 2018 Jun 26 , 2018 The Journey Down Point & Click Adventure Skygoblin Blitworks Unreleased Jul 6 , 2018 Jul 6 , 2018 Thea : The Awakening Strategy , Simulation MuHa Games MuHa Games Unreleased May 31 , 2017 May 31 , 2017 theHunter : Call of the Wild Sport , Simulation Expansive Worlds Avalanche Studios Oct 2 , 2017 Oct 2 , 2017 Oct 2 , 2017 X Thief Stealth Eidos Montréal Square Enix Sep 4 , 2014 Feb 28 , 2014 Feb 25 , 2014 Thimbleweed Park Point & Click Adventure Ron Gilbert & Gary Winnick Ron Gilbert & Gary Winnick Mar 30 , 2017 Mar 30 , 2017 Mar 30 , 2017 PA This Is the Police Strategy Weappy Studio THQ Nordic Mar 22 , 2017 Mar 22 , 2017 Mar 22 , 2017 This Is the Police 2 Strategy Weappy Studio THQ Nordic 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 This War of Mine : The Little Ones Action & Adventure 11Bit Studios Deep Silver Unreleased Jan 29 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2016 Thomas Was Alone Puzzle , platform Curve Digital Curve Digital Jan 16 , 2015 Nov 21 , 2014 Nov 21 , 2014 Three Fourths Home : Extended Edition Visual Novel ( bracket ) Games Digerati Distribution Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 9 , 2015 Threes Puzzle Hidden Variable , Sirvo Sirvo Dec 4 , 2014 Dec 4 , 2014 Dec 4 , 2014 Through the Woods Horror Antagonist AS 1C Company May 2 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 Thumper Music , rhythm Drool Drool Aug 18 , 2017 Aug 18 , 2017 Aug 18 , 2017 X Tiles Puzzle Romans I XVI Gaming Romans I XVI Gaming Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 PA Time Recoil Shooter 10tons Ltd . 10tons Ltd . Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 Tiny Troopers : Joint Ops Shooter Epiphany Games Wired Productions Unreleased Feb 26 , 2016 Feb 26 , 2016 Titan Quest Action , Role - playing Black Forest Games THQ Nordic Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Mar 20 , 2018 Titanfall First - person shooter , Mecha Respawn Entertainment Electronic Arts Sep 4 , 2014 Mar 13 , 2014 Mar 11 , 2014 Titanfall 2 First - person shooter , Mecha Respawn Entertainment Electronic Arts Oct 28 , 2016 Oct 28 , 2016 Oct 28 , 2016 X To Azimuth Adventure ( bracket ) games Digerati Distribution 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Toby : The Secret Mine Action - adventure , Platform game Lukáš Navrátil Games Headup Games Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 Jan 20 , 2017 The Toilet Chronicles Platforming The Pyxel Pub The Pyxel Pub TBA TBA TBA Tokyo 42 Action SMAC Games Mode 7 May 31 , 2017 May 31 , 2017 May 31 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands Third - person shooter , Action role - playing Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 Mar 7 , 2017 X Tom Clancy 's The Division Third - person shooter , Action role - playing Massive Entertainment Ubisoft Mar 8 , 2016 Mar 8 , 2016 Mar 8 , 2016 Tom Clancy 's The Division 2 Third - person shooter , Action role - playing Massive Entertainment Ubisoft Mar 15 , 2019 Mar 15 , 2019 Mar 15 , 2019 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege First - person shooter Ubisoft Montreal , Red Storm Entertainment , Ubisoft Toronto Ubisoft Dec 1 , 2015 Dec 1 , 2015 Dec 1 , 2015 Tomb Raider : Definitive Edition Action - adventure Crystal Dynamics Square Enix Sep 4 , 2014 Jan 31 , 2014 Jan 28 , 2014 Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 Skating Robomondo Activision Unreleased Oct 2 , 2015 Sep 30 , 2015 Torment : Tides of Numenera Role - playing inXile Entertainment Techland Publishing Feb 28 , 2017 Feb 28 , 2017 Feb 28 , 2017 Toro Simulator Recotechnology S.L. Recotechnology S.L. Unreleased May 15 , 2015 May 15 , 2015 TorqueL - Physics Modified Edition - Platformer FullPowerSideAttack FullPowerSideAttack Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Toto Temple Deluxe Platformer Juicy Beast Studio Juicy Beast Studio Unreleased Sep 30 , 2015 Sep 30 , 2015 Tower 57 Shooter 11bit Studios 11bit Studios 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 PA TowerFall : Ascension Arena combat , platform Matt Thorson Matt Makes Games Jan 25 , 2017 Jan 25 , 2017 Jan 25 , 2017 The Town of Light Adventure , Horror LKA.it Wired Productions Nov 16 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Toy Odyssey Metroidvania Hiker Games Digital Smash Unreleased Sep 20 , 2016 Sep 20 , 2016 Trackmania Turbo Racing Nadeo Ubisoft Mar 22 , 2016 Mar 22 , 2016 Mar 22 , 2016 Train Sim World Simulation Dovetail Games Dovetail Games Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Jul 24 , 2018 Train Sim World : CSX Heavy Haul Simulation Dovetail Games Dovetail Games Mar 9 , 2018 Mar 9 , 2018 Mar 9 , 2018 Transcripted Shooter Alkemi / Seaven Studio Plug In Digital Sep 13 , 2017 Sep 13 , 2017 Sep 13 , 2017 X Tricky Towers Party , puzzle WeirdBeard WeirdBeard Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 Sep 14 , 2017 TRON RUN / r Racing Sanzaru Games Disney Interactive Apr 8 , 2016 Apr 8 , 2016 Apr 8 , 2016 Tropico 5 - Penultimate Edition Strategy & Simulation Haemimont Games Kalypso Media Group Unreleased May 24 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Tropico 6 Strategy & Simulation Haemimont Games Kalypso Media Group Unreleased 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Tour de France 2015 Sports & Recreation Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Sep 19 , 2015 Jun 18 , 2015 Tour de France 2016 Sports & Recreation Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Unreleased Jun 16 , 2016 Jun 16 , 2016 Tour de France 2017 Sports & Recreation Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Jun 15 , 2017 Jun 15 , 2017 Jun 15 , 2017 Tour de France 2018 Sports & Recreation Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Jun 28 , 2018 Jun 28 , 2018 Jun 28 , 2018 Tower of Guns First Person Shooter Terrible Posture Games Terrible Posture Games Apr 4 , 2015 Apr 4 , 2015 Apr 10 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : War Chest Action , strategy Signal Studios Ubisoft Aug 11 , 2015 Aug 11 , 2015 Aug 11 , 2015 Transformers : Devastation Action , Beat ' em up PlatinumGames Activision Unreleased Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 6 , 2015 Transformers : Fall of Cybertron Action , Beat ' em up High Moon Studios / FunLabs Activision Unreleased Aug 9 , 2016 Aug 9 , 2016 Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark Action - adventure Edge of Reality Activision Jun 24 , 2014 Jun 24 , 2014 Jun 24 , 2014 Trials Fusion Racing , Platform RedLynx Ubisoft Sep 4 , 2014 Apr 16 , 2014 Apr 16 , 2014 Trials of the Blood Dragon Racing , Platform RedLynx Ubisoft Unreleased Jun 13 , 2016 Jun 13 , 2016 Trials Rising Racing , Platform RedLynx Ubisoft Feb 2019 Feb 2019 Feb 2019 Trivial Pursuit Live ! Board game Longtail Studios Ubisoft Unreleased Unreleased Feb 3 , 2015 Troll and I Action & Adventure Maximum Games Maximum Games Mar 21 , 2017 Mar 21 , 2017 Mar 21 , 2017 Trulon : The Shadow Engine Adventure , Role - playing Kyy Games Headup Games Unreleased Feb 23 , 2017 Feb 23 , 2017 TT Isle of Man Racing Kylotonn Bigben Interactive Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Mar 6 , 2018 Tumblestone Puzzle The Quantum Astrophysicists Guild The Quantum Astrophysicists Guild Unreleased Jul 16 , 2016 Jul 16 , 2016 Tunic Action - adventure Finji Finji Unreleased TBA TBA Turok : Dinosaur Hunter First - person Shooter Night Dive Studios Night Dive Studios Unreleased Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 Turok 2 : Seeds of Evil First - person Shooter Night Dive Studios Night Dive Studios Unreleased Mar 2 , 2018 Mar 2 , 2018 The Turing Test Puzzle , Adventure Bulkhead Interactive Square Enix Collective Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 Aug 30 , 2016 TurnOn Platformer Brainy Studio LLC Brainy Studio LLC Jun 1 , 2016 Jun 1 , 2016 Jun 1 , 2016 Twilight Struggle Collectible card game GMT Games GMT Games TBA TBA TBA Twin Mirror Adventure Dontnod Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Typoman Puzzle , Platformer Brainseed Factory Brainseed Factory Unreleased Feb 17 , 2017 Feb 17 , 2017 Ultimate Chicken Horse Platformer Clever Endeavour Games Clever Endeavour Games Unreleased Dec 14 , 2017 Dec 14 , 2017 Ultratron Platformer Carbon Curve Digital Unreleased May 8 , 2015 May 8 , 2015 Unbox : Newbie 's Adventure Platformer Prospect Games Merge Games Jul 26 , 2017 Jul 26 , 2017 Jul 26 , 2017 Uncanny Valley Horror , Puzzle SPL Digerati Distribution Feb 10 , 2017 Feb 10 , 2017 Feb 10 , 2017 Unepic Platformer / RPG Francisco Tellez de Meneses EnjoyUp Games Jan 8 , 2016 Jan 8 , 2016 Jan 8 , 2016 Unformed Action & Adventure Blackfire Games Blackfire Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Unit 4 Platformer Gamera Interactive Gamera Interactive May 23 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Unknown Fate Adventure MarsLit Games 1C Publishing 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Unmechanical : Extended Edition Puzzle Platformer Talawa Games , Teotl Studios Grip Games Jan 30 , 2015 Jan 30 , 2015 Jan 30 , 2015 Unnamed Fiasco Action adventure , Platformer Unnamed Fiasco Team Unnamed Fiasco Team Aug 17 , 2016 Aug 17 , 2016 Aug 17 , 2016 Uno Card & Board Ubisoft Chengdu Ubisoft Aug 16 , 2016 Aug 16 , 2016 Aug 16 , 2016 Unravel Puzzle platformer Coldwood Interactive Electronic Arts Feb 9 , 2016 Feb 9 , 2016 Feb 9 , 2016 Unravel Two Puzzle platformer Coldwood Interactive Electronic Arts Jun 9 , 2018 Jun 9 , 2018 Jun 9 , 2018 Unruly Heroes Action , Adventure , Platformer Magic Design Studios Magic Design Studios 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Unto The End Adventure 2 Ton Studios Digital Uppercut 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Use Your Words Party Smiling Buddha Games Screenwave Media Apr 4 , 2017 Apr 4 , 2017 Apr 4 , 2017 V - Rally 4 Racing Kylotonn Racing Games Bigben Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Vaccine Action & Adventure RNC RNC Feb 20 , 2017 Feb 20 , 2017 Feb 20 , 2017 Valentino Rossi The Game Racing Milestone S.r.l. Milestone S.r.l. Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Jul 26 , 2016 Valfaris Action , Platformer Steel Mantis Digital Uppercut 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Valhalla Hills : Definitive Edition Strategy Daedalic Entertainment Kalypso Apr 28 , 2017 Apr 28 , 2017 Apr 28 , 2017 Valiant Hearts : The Great War Puzzle adventure Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft Jun 25 , 2014 Jun 25 , 2014 Jun 25 , 2014 Valkyria Chronicles 4 Tactical role - playing Sega Sega Sep 27 , 2018 Sep 25 , 2018 Sep 25 , 2018 Valkyria Revolution Strategy Role - playing Sega Sega Unreleased Jun 30 , 2017 Jun 27 , 2017 Valley Adventure Blue Isle Studios Blue Isle Studios Aug 24 , 2016 Aug 24 , 2016 Aug 24 , 2016 Vampyr Action role - playing Dontnod Entertainment Focus Home Interactive Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing Action role - playing NeocoreGames NeocoreGames Dec 1 , 2015 Dec 1 , 2015 Dec 1 , 2015 The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing 2 Action role - playing NeocoreGames NeocoreGames Unreleased Jul 1 , 2016 Jul 1 , 2016 The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing 3 Action role - playing NeocoreGames NeocoreGames Unreleased Jan 1 , 2018 Jan 1 , 2018 X The Vanishing of Ethan Carter Adventure , Puzzle The Astronauts The Astronauts Unreleased Jan 19 , 2018 Jan 19 , 2018 X Vasara HD Collection Shoot ' em up QUByte Interactive QUByte Interactive 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 000000002019 - 03 - 31 - 0000 Q1 2019 Velocity 2x Action & Adventure , Platformer , Shooter FuturLab Sierra Unreleased Aug 19 , 2015 Aug 19 , 2015 Verdun Shooter M2H Game Studio Blackmill Games Mar 8 , 2017 Mar 8 , 2017 Mar 8 , 2017 Vertical Drop Heroes HD Role - playing SPL Digerati Distribution Unreleased Feb 17 , 2017 Feb 17 , 2017 Vesta Adventure , Puzzle FinalBoss Games FinalBoss Games Unreleased Jan 19 , 2018 Jan 19 , 2018 Vicious Attack Llama Apocalypse Shooter RogueCode RogueCode Mar 16 , 2018 Mar 16 , 2018 Mar 16 , 2018 PA Victor Vran : Overkill Edition Action role - playing Haemimont Games Haemimont Games May 29 , 2017 May 29 , 2017 May 29 , 2017 Videoball Sports Action Button Iron Galaxy Studios Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Jul 12 , 2016 Vigor Survival Bohemia Interactive Bohemia Interactive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Vikings : Wolves of Midgard Action role - playing Games Farm Kalypso Media Mar 28 , 2017 Mar 28 , 2017 Mar 28 , 2017 Virginia Adventure Variable State 505 Games Sep 22 , 2016 Sep 22 , 2016 Sep 22 , 2016 The Voice Music Voxler Bigben Interactive Unreleased Nov 25 , 2016 Unreleased Volgarr the Viking 2D Platform Crazy Viking Studios Crazy Viking Studios Dec 5 , 2014 Oct 31 , 2014 Oct 31 , 2014 Voodoo Vince Remastered Platformer Beep Games Beep Games Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 PA Vostok Inc Simulation Nosebleed Interactive BadLand Games Aug 1 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 Aug 1 , 2017 Walk The Light Puzzle AntiCrunch Studios AntiCrunch Studios Sep 7 , 2017 Sep 7 , 2017 Sep 7 , 2017 The Walking Dead : Michonne Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Feb 23 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 Feb 23 , 2016 The Walking Dead : Season One Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Oct 24 , 2014 Oct 14 , 2014 The Walking Dead : Season Two Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Oct 24 , 2014 Oct 21 , 2014 The Walking Dead : Season Three Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 The Walking Dead : The Final Season Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Aug 14 , 2018 Aug 14 , 2018 Aug 14 , 2018 Wand Wars Action & Adventure Moonradish Inc . Moonradish Inc . Unreleased Dec 5 , 2016 Dec 5 , 2016 Wargroove Strategy , Turn - based Chucklefish Chucklefish 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 PA Warhammer 40,000 : Eternal Crusade MMORole - playing Behaviour Interactive Bandai Namco Entertainment Sep 23 , 2016 Sep 23 , 2016 Sep 23 , 2016 Warhammer 40,000 : Inquisitor -- Martyr Action role - playing NeocoreGames NeocoreGames Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Jun 5 , 2018 Warhammer : End Times -- Vermintide First Person Shooter , Action Fatshark Fatshark Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 X Warhammer : Vermintide 2 First Person Shooter , Action Fatshark Fatshark 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Warhammer Quest Role - playing Rodeo Games / Twistplay Chilled Mouse Feb 23 , 2017 Feb 23 , 2017 Feb 23 , 2017 Warlocks 2 : God Slayers Hack n ' Slash Frozen District Frozen District 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate Hack and slash Omega Force Koei Tecmo Sep 4 , 2014 Sep 5 , 2014 Sep 2 , 2014 Warriors Orochi 4 Hack and slash Omega Force Koei Tecmo Nov 27 , 2018 Nov 27 , 2018 Nov 27 , 2018 Wasteland 2 : Game of the Year Edition Role - playing Obsidian Entertainment inXile Entertainment Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 13 , 2015 Watch Dogs Action - adventure , Stealth , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Sep 4 , 2014 May 27 , 2014 May 27 , 2014 Watch Dogs 2 Action - adventure , Stealth , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Nov 15 , 2016 Nov 15 , 2016 Nov 15 , 2016 The Watchmaker Adventure , Puzzle Micropsia Games 1C Publishing 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Way Adventure , Platform Puzzling Dream Code Horizon Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 The Way of Life : Definitive Edition Adventure , Platform CyberCoconut Hexagon Hive 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Way of the Passive Fist Action Household Games Household Games Mar 7 , 2018 Mar 7 , 2018 Mar 7 , 2018 Western Press Dueling Paul Godson & Walk with Kings Surprise Attack Games Mar 23 , 2018 Mar 23 , 2018 Mar 23 , 2018 Winx Club : Alfea Butterflix Adventures Adventure , Puzzle Tsumanga Studios Tsumanga Studios Dec 28 , 2017 Dec 28 , 2017 Dec 28 , 2017 We Are Doomed Shooter Vertex Pop Vertex Pop Apr 17 , 2015 Apr 17 , 2015 Apr 17 , 2015 We Are the Dwarves Adventure Whale Rock Games Whale Rock Games Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 Feb 24 , 2017 We Happy Few Adventure Compulsion Games Gearbox Publishing Apr 13 , 2018 Apr 13 , 2018 Apr 13 , 2018 PA We Sing Pop Song & Rhythm We Sing Productions THQ Nordic Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Oct 24 , 2017 Wells Run and Gun Tower Up Studios Tower Up Studios Jan 30 , 2017 Jan 30 , 2017 Jan 30 , 2017 Westerado : Double Barreled Action Ostrich Banditos Adult Swim Games Dec 8 , 2016 Dec 8 , 2016 Dec 8 , 2016 What Remains of Edith Finch Adventure Giant Sparrow Annapurna Interactive Jul 18 , 2017 Jul 18 , 2017 Jul 18 , 2017 Wheel of Fortune Card & Board Frima Studios Ubisoft Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 Nov 7 , 2017 Wheels of Aurelia Racing MixedBag Srl MixedBag Srl Unreleased Nov 18 , 2016 Nov 18 , 2016 Where Are My Friends ? Platformer , Puzzle Beard Games Studio Sometimes You Unreleased Mar 21 , 2018 Mar 21 , 2018 Whispering Willows Action & Adventure Abstraction Games Abstraction Games Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 28 , 2015 Aug 28 , 2015 White Night Puzzle , survival horror Osome Studio Osome Studio Unreleased Mar 6 , 2015 Mar 6 , 2015 White Noise 2 Survival horror Milkstone Studios Milkstone Studios Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 31 , 2017 Aug 31 , 2017 Wick Puzzle , survival horror Hellbent Games Hellbent Games Unreleased Dec 20 , 2016 Dec 20 , 2016 The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt Action role - playing CD Projekt Red CD Projekt Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment May 21 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 X The Witness Adventure , puzzle Thekla , Inc . Thekla , Inc . Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Sep 12 , 2016 Wizard of Legend Action RPG Contingent99 Humble Bundle Unreleased May 15 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 X The Wolf Among Us Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased Nov 7 , 2014 Nov 4 , 2014 The Wolf Among Us 2 ( tentative title ) Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games Unreleased 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Wolfenstein : The New Order First - person shooter MachineGames Bethesda Softworks Sep 4 , 2014 May 23 , 2014 May 20 , 2014 Wolfenstein : The Old Blood First - person shooter MachineGames Bethesda Softworks May 28 , 2015 May 15 , 2015 May 5 , 2015 Wolfenstein : Young Blood First - person shooter MachineGames Bethesda Softworks 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 000000002019 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2019 Wolfenstein II : The New Colossus First - person shooter MachineGames Bethesda Softworks Oct 27 , 2017 Oct 27 , 2017 Oct 27 , 2017 X Wonder Boy : The Dragon 's Trap Action & Adventure Lizardcube DotEmu Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Apr 18 , 2017 Wondershot Action & Adventure Leikir Studio Leikir Studio Unreleased Feb 19 , 2016 Feb 19 , 2016 World II : Hunting Boss Fighting Guangzhou Good Games / Taiwan OXON Game Studio E-Home Entertainment Jul 15 , 2016 Jul 15 , 2016 Jul 15 , 2016 World of Van Hellsing : Deathtrap Tower Defense , Action - Role - playing NeocoreGames NeocoreGames Jan 3 , 2017 Jan 3 , 2017 Jan 3 , 2017 WRC 5 Rally Kylotonn Games Bigben Interactive Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 16 , 2015 Oct 16 , 2015 WRC 6 Rally Kylotonn Games Bigben Interactive Oct 7 , 2016 Oct 7 , 2016 Oct 7 , 2016 WRC 7 Rally Kylotonn Games Bigben Interactive Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 Oct 3 , 2017 X World to the West Action & Adventure Rain Games Soedesco May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Worlds of Magic : Planar Conquest Strategy Teyon Maximum Games Mar 24 , 2017 Mar 24 , 2017 Mar 24 , 2017 Worms Battlegrounds Artillery Turn - based strategy Team17 Team17 Unreleased May 30 , 2014 Jun 3 , 2014 Worms W.M.D Artillery Turn - based strategy Team17 Team17 Aug 23 , 2016 Aug 23 , 2016 Aug 23 , 2016 Wreckfest Vehicular combat Bugbear Entertainment THQ Nordic Unreleased Nov 20 , 2018 Nov 20 , 2018 Wulverblade Brawler , sidescroller Darkwind Media Darkwind Media Feb 1 , 2018 Feb 1 , 2018 Feb 1 , 2018 Wuppo Action - Adventure , Platformer Knuist & Perzik SOEDESCO Nov 10 , 2017 Nov 10 , 2017 Nov 10 , 2017 WWE 2K15 Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports Unreleased Nov 21 , 2014 Nov 18 , 2014 WWE 2K16 Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports Unreleased Oct 30 , 2015 Oct 27 , 2015 WWE 2K17 Sports Yuke 's / Visual Concepts 2K Sports Mar 22 , 2017 Oct 11 , 2016 Oct 11 , 2016 WWE 2K18 Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 Oct 17 , 2017 WWE 2K19 Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports Oct 9 , 2018 Oct 9 , 2018 Oct 9 , 2018 X XCOM 2 Strategy & Simulation Firaxis Games 2K Sep 6 , 2016 Sep 6 , 2016 Sep 6 , 2016 Xenon Valkyrie+ Platformer , Role - playing Diabolical Mind / COWCAT COWCAT Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Feb 20 , 2018 Xenoraid Shoot ' em up 10tons 10tons Nov 7 , 2016 Nov 7 , 2016 Nov 7 , 2016 Xuan - Yuan Sword : The Gate of Firmament Role - playing Softstar Ent E-Home Entertainment Jan 24 , 2018 Jan 24 , 2018 Jan 24 , 2018 X-Morph : Defense Twin - stick shooter , tower defense EXOR Studios EXOR Studios Aug 30 , 2017 Aug 30 , 2017 Aug 30 , 2017 Yasai Ninja Action & Adventure Recotechnology S.L. Recotechnology S.L. Unreleased Aug 26 , 2015 Aug 26 , 2015 Yesterday Origins Adventure Pendulo Studios Microids Sep 29 , 2016 Sep 29 , 2016 Sep 29 , 2016 Yet Another Zombie Defense HD Top - down Shooter Awesome Games Studio Awesome Games Studio Unreleased Jun 22 , 2018 Jun 22 , 2018 X Yoku 's Island Express Platformer , pinball , adventure Villa Gorilla Team17 May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 May 29 , 2018 PA Yooka - Laylee 3D Platformer Playtonic Games Playtonic Games Apr 11 , 2017 Apr 11 , 2017 Apr 11 , 2017 Your Toy Adventure , Puzzle VIVA Games E-Home Entertainment Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 Nov 17 , 2017 Ys Origin Action role - playing DotEmu DotEmu Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 Apr 11 , 2018 Yu - Gi - Oh ! Legacy of the Duelist Card & Board Other Ocean Interactive Konami Jul 30 , 2015 Jul 30 , 2015 Jul 30 , 2015 ZAMB ! Redux Twin Stick Shooter , Tower Defense Nano Games Nano Games Unreleased May 30 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Zarvot Multiplayer Arena SnowHydra Games SnowHydra Games TBA TBA TBA ZAZEN , zen meditation game Exercise Nangok Software Nangok Software Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Jun 6 , 2017 Zenith Role - playing Infinigon Badland Games Sep 29 , 2016 Sep 29 , 2016 Sep 29 , 2016 Zheros Action & Adventure Rimlight Studios Rimlight Studios Jan 15 , 2016 Jan 15 , 2016 Jan 15 , 2016 Ziggurat Action & Adventure Milkstone Studios Milkstone Studios Mar 20 , 2015 Mar 20 , 2015 Mar 20 , 2015 Zombi Action & Adventure STRAIGHT RIGHT Ubisoft Aug 19 , 2015 Jan 22 , 2016 Aug 18 , 2015 Zombie Army Trilogy Tactical shooter , Stealth Rebellion Developments Rebellion Developments Mar 6 , 2015 Mar 6 , 2015 Mar 6 , 2015 Zombie Driver Ultimate Edition Action - adventure , Racing EXOR Studios EXOR Studios Jun 24 , 2014 Jun 24 , 2014 Jun 24 , 2014 Zombie Party Action - adventure Peach Pie Productions Black Shell Media Oct 6 , 2017 Oct 6 , 2017 Oct 6 , 2017 Zombie Vikings Brawler Zoink Zoink Unreleased Feb 22 , 2018 Feb 22 , 2018 Zoo Tycoon Business simulation Frontier Developments Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 Zoo Tycoon : Ultimate Animal Collection Business simulation Asobo Studio Microsoft Studios Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 Oct 31 , 2017 PA X K Zumba Fitness : World Party Fitness , Motion Controlled Zoë Mode Majesco Entertainment Sep 4 , 2014 Dec 6 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 K Top 0 -- 9 J O Q U V X Y Z Free - to - play Free - to - play ( edit ) Title Genre ( s ) Developer ( s ) Publisher ( s ) Release date Addons Ref . JP EU NA A King 's Tale : Final Fantasy XV Action Empty Clip Studios Square Enix Nov 29 , 2016 Nov 29 , 2016 Nov 29 , 2016 Adventure Pop Puzzle Tic Toc Games 505 Games Unreleased Feb 7 , 2017 Feb 7 , 2017 AirMech Arena Action & Adventure Carbon Games Ubisoft May 12 , 2015 May 12 , 2015 May 12 , 2015 APB : Reloaded Massively Multiplayer Reloaded Studios Reloaded Studios Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Jun 3 , 2016 Battle Ages Strategy DR Studios 505 Games Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Apr 20 , 2016 Battle Islands Strategy DR Studios 505 Games Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 9 , 2015 Oct 9 , 2015 Battle Islands : Commanders Strategy DR Studios 505 Games Unreleased Feb 13 , 2017 Feb 13 , 2017 Ben - Hur Racing , Action Float Hybrid / Krome Studios AOL Unreleased Unreleased Aug 9 , 2016 Clicker Heroes Clicker , Role - playing Playsaurus BlitWorks Mar 10 , 2017 Mar 10 , 2017 Mar 10 , 2017 Crossout Crafting & Combat MMO Targem Games Gaijin Entertainment May 30 , 2017 May 30 , 2017 May 30 , 2017 Dark and Light MMO Snail Games Snail Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Darwin Project Arena , Survival Scavenger Studio Scavenger Studio Unreleased Early Access Early Access PA DC Universe Online MMO Daybreak Games Daybreak Games Apr 29 , 2016 Apr 29 , 2016 Apr 29 , 2016 Defiance 2050 Action role - playing , MMO Trion Worlds Trion Worlds Jul 6 , 2018 Jul 6 , 2018 Jul 6 , 2018 Duelyst Collectible cards Counterplay Games Counterplay Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Dungeon Defenders II Tower defense Trendy Ent Reverb Triple XP Jun 20 , 2017 Jun 20 , 2017 Jun 20 , 2017 The Elder Scrolls : Blades Action role - playing Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 The Elder Scrolls : Legends Collectible card Sparkypants Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Fable Fortune Card Battler Flaming Fowl Studios Mediatonic Feb 22 , 2018 Feb 22 , 2018 Feb 22 , 2018 PA PC Fortnite Strategy Epic Games Epic Games Early Access Early Access Early Access Frozen Free Fall : Snowball Fight Puzzle SuperVillain Studios Disney Interactive Sep 15 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 Sep 15 , 2015 Gems of War Puzzle - Role - playing Infinite 505 Games Unreleased Nov 11 , 2015 Nov 11 , 2015 Gigantic Action , MOBA Motiga Perfect World Jul 20 , 2017 Jul 20 , 2017 Jul 20 , 2017 PA PC Gwent : The Witcher Card Game Card Battler CD Projekt Red CD Projekt Red Early Access Early Access Early Access PA PC Hand of the Gods : Smite Tactics Turn - based strategy Hi - Rez Studios Hi - Rez Studios Feb 21 , 2018 Feb 21 , 2018 Feb 21 , 2018 Happy Dungeons Action , Tactical role - playing Toylogic Toylogic Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 Oct 4 , 2016 Happy Wars Action , Tactical role - playing Toylogic Toylogic Apr 24 , 2015 Apr 24 , 2015 Apr 24 , 2015 Hawken Shooter Reloaded Games 505 Games Jul 8 , 2016 Jul 8 , 2016 Jul 8 , 2016 Hyper Universe MOBA CWave NEXON America Unreleased Aug 7 , 2018 Aug 7 , 2018 X Killer Instinct Fighting Double Helix Games Iron Galaxy Studios Microsoft Studios Sep 4 , 2014 Nov 22 , 2013 Nov 22 , 2013 PA PC King of Wushu Multiplayer online battle arena Snail Games Snail Games 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Lies of Astaroth Card Battle Game IFree Studio IFree Studio Apr 9 , 2015 Aug 12 , 2016 Aug 12 , 2016 Magic Duels Collectible card game Stainless Games Wizards of the Coast Jul 29 , 2015 Jul 29 , 2015 Jul 29 , 2015 Minion Masters : Forced to Duel Battle Arena BetaDwarf BetaDwarf 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Naughty Kitties Tower Defence Coconut Island Coconut Island Released exclusively in China ( Sep 2014 ) NBA 2K17 : The Prelude Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Sep 8 , 2016 Sep 8 , 2016 Sep 8 , 2016 NBA 2K18 : The Prelude Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports Sep 8 , 2017 Sep 8 , 2017 Sep 8 , 2017 Neverwinter MMORole - playing Cryptic Studios Perfect World Entertainment Sep 29 , 2014 Mar 31 , 2015 Mar 31 , 2015 Onigiri Action role - playing CyberStep Cyberstep Feb 6 , 2013 Unreleased Oct 6 , 2015 Paladin Shooter Pumpkin Games Pumpkin Games Dec 7 , 2017 Dec 7 , 2017 Dec 7 , 2017 Paladins First Person Shooter Hi - Rez Studios Hi - Rez Studios Early Access Early Access Early Access Path of Exile Action role - playing Grinding Gear Games Grinding Gear Games Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 Aug 24 , 2017 Phantom Dust Strategy , Online Code Mystics Microsoft Studios May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 May 16 , 2017 PA PC The Pinball Arcade Pinball FarSight Studios FarSight Studios Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Nov 26 , 2014 Pinball FX 2 Pinball Zen Studios Zen Studios Aug 28 , 2014 Aug 28 , 2014 Aug 28 , 2014 Pinball FX 3 Pinball Zen Studios Zen Studios Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 Sep 26 , 2017 PA PC Prominence Poker Card & Board Pipeworks Studio 505 Games Aug 16 , 2016 Aug 16 , 2016 Aug 16 , 2016 Roblox All Roblox Roblox Unreleased Unreleased Jan 27 , 2016 PC Skara : The Blade Remains Fighting , Action 8 - bit Studio 8 - bit Studio 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 Skyforge MMO Allods Team My.com Nov 9 , 2017 Nov 9 , 2017 Nov 9 , 2017 Smite Action Multiplayer online battle arena Hi - Rez Studios Hi - Rez Studios Aug 19 , 2015 Aug 19 , 2015 Aug 19 , 2015 Star Trek Online MMO Cryptic Studios Perfect World Unreleased Sep 7 , 2016 Sep 6 , 2016 Stern Pinball Arcade Pinball FarSight Studios FarSight Studios Unreleased Unreleased Nov 28 , 2016 Tera MMORole - playing Bluehole En Masse Entertainment Apr 2 , 2018 Apr 2 , 2018 Apr 2 , 2018 Trove MMO Trion Worlds Trion Worlds Dec 12 , 2016 Dec 12 , 2016 Dec 12 , 2016 Voice Commander RTS , Top - down shooter Microsoft Foundry Microsoft Studios Unreleased Unreleased Oct 22 , 2014 War Thunder MMO , Shooter Gaijin Ent . Gaijin Ent . Jun 19 , 2018 Jun 19 , 2018 Jun 19 , 2018 X Warframe third - person shooter , Hack ' n Slash Digital Extremes Digital Extremes Sep 4 , 2014 Sep 2 , 2014 Sep 2 , 2014 Weapons of Mythology : New Age MMORole - playing Gamemag Int Lionsfilm 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 000000002018 - 13 - 31 - 0000 2018 World of Tanks : Xbox One Edition MMO Wargaming Wargaming Unreleased Jul 28 , 2015 Jul 28 , 2015 360 See also ( edit ) List of best - selling Xbox One video games List of Kinect games for Xbox One List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One List of Xbox One X Enhanced games List of Games with Gold games # Xbox One List of Xbox One applications List of Xbox Play Anywhere games List of Xbox Live games on Windows 10 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a chronological list , click the sort button in any of the available region 's columns . Games dated November 22 , 2013 ( North America and Europe ) and September 4 , 2014 ( Japan ) are launch titles for the specified regions . Jump up ^ This number is always up to date by this script . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wire Staff , Xbox ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` GDC : ID@Xbox Games First Look '' . Microsoft . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wii game A Boy and His Blob revived for modern systems '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Hat in Time is releasing for # XboxOne and # Playstation4 on December 6th ! That 's right , next week '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New 2D Platformer Aarus Awakening Arrives on Xbox One '' . WinBeta.org. April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Acorn Assault Rodent Revolution is Coming to Xbox One '' . High Tale Studios . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Action Henk Is now Available For Xbox One '' . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventures of Pip Release Date Announced '' . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time : Finn and Jake Investigations Confirmed for Xbox One , Xbox 360 '' . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AER '' . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Down Twin Stick Shooter AIPD announced for PS4 , Xbox One , PC '' . PlayStation Lifestyle . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Alien : Isolation Officially Announced by SEGA '' . IGN . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Princess Sarah will soon available on Xbox One via ID@Xbox '' . Haruneko . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prell , Sophie ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man 2 video game set to sling webs in 2014 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Among the Sleep Coming to Xbox One '' . IGN . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New ID@Xbox Games Storm GDC '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angry Birds Star Wars Confirmed for next gen '' . IGN . October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft premieres Xbox One X , world 's most powerful console '' . PSNewswire . June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Dogs , Assassin 's Creed IV confirmed for Xbox One '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor . `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Release Date Confirmed '' . Gamespot . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Confirmed for Xbox One PS4 and PC '' . GameSpot . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koei Tecmo 's Attack on Titan 2 launches March 20 in North America and Europe , March 15 in Japan '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awesomenauts Assemble Coming to Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paget , Matt . `` Metroidvania Axiom Verge Coming To Xbox One And Wii U '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Azito , Raiden Announced for Xbox One '' . Gematsu . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aztez Press Information '' . Aztez . February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Badland Game of the Year Edition '' . Xbox.com . May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Arkham Knight Swoops Into June 2015 With Two Collector 's Editions '' . gameinformer . September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Richard ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gearbox Unveils Battleborn For Xbox One , PS4 and PC4 '' . xboxachievements.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battlefield 4 , FIFA 14 & Madden 25 Available for Xbox One Before Console Launch '' . xboxachievements.com . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield : Hardline Delayed Until 2015 , EA Explains Why '' . xboxachievements.com . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beach Buggy Racing '' . May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey . `` Capybara 's roguelike Below is only a timed exclusive for Xbox One '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xboned Isaac Update '' . Nicalis . July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bladestorm Nightmare '' . xbox.com . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` `` Blood Bowl 2 announced for Xbox One '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose . `` Former Castlevania Producer Announces Bloodstained : Ritual of the Night '' . IGN . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Estate Comic Series Adaptation Announced for PS4 Xbox One '' . VG247. April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 26 ID@Xbox games shown off in new video '' . MCV . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boom Ball for Kinect '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge Constructor '' . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Next Gen Call of Cthulhu in Development '' . Gamespot . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sledgehammer 's Call of Duty is `` Next - Gen First '' `` . IGN . February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Ops 3 '' . callofduty.com . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 announced for PS4 , Xbox One , and PC '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Ghosts Coming to Xbox One on november 15th For Some Reason '' . xboxachievements.com . November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmageddon : Reincarnation Reaps $3.5 Million , Goes Next - Gen '' . xboxachievements.com . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing Castle Crashers Remastered '' . The Bohemoth . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CastleStorm : Definitive Edition Sieges Xbox One & PS4 Next Week '' . Zen Studios . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cel Damage HD plots a course to Xbox One '' . Pure Xbox . October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5pb Announces Three New Xbox One Adventure Games '' . Gematsu . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Child of Light Announced '' . Ubisoft Blog . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chroma Squad Coming This Summer to Steam , PS4 and Xbox One Later This Year '' . realgamernewz.com. April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cities : Skylines is coming to Console '' . Gamereactor . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clash '' . FennecFox Entertainment . August 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ AB , Mojang . `` Cobalt is now available to download '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` COMA '' . Jason Oda . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zeboyds Role - playing Cosmic Star Heroine coming to Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Quest 2 Preview Double Fine '' . Polygon . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corden , Jez ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Microsoft : Crackdown 3 will launch in February 2019 , more info to arrive at E3 '' . Windows Central . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crash Bandicoot Remaster Releasing On Switch , Xbox One , And PC Early '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crash Force Early Access '' . Dualshockers.com . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crew Release Date Delayed '' . ign.com . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One Launch Title Crimson Dragon is Priced '' . Game Trailers . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Big House '' . TheCulling.com . January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cuphead is a game . Watch It . View It '' . Polygon . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Cyberpunk 2077 , The Witcher 3 Planned For PS4 , Xbox 720 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` D4 is the new episodic series from Deadly Premonition developer '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ north , Dale ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Harmonix announces Dance Central Spotlight , a digital - only Xbox One exclusive '' . Destructoid . Modern Method . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls II Coming to Xbox One , PS4 Next Year '' . IGN . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls III officially announced - Gematsu '' . gematsu.com . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darksiders : Warmastered Edition delayed until november '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Crossley . Darksiders 2 : Definitive Edition Confirmed for PS4 , gamespot.com , February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ID@Xbox highlights new games and fa nfavorites at E3 '' . Microsoft . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Danny ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Dead Island 2 shambles onto systems with exclusive content , beta '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dead or Alive 5 Last Round announced for PS4 and Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cowan , Danny . `` Microsoft announces Kinect Sports Rivals for Xbox One '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer God '' . Kickstarter.com . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Grid 2 release date announced '' . hiddenpath.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Destiny coming to Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deus Ex : Mankind Divided Early 2016 Release Date Revealed at E3 2015 '' . Gamespot . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing DmC Definitive Edition , plus a very `` special '' teaser `` . Capcom . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Comes to PS4 and Xbox One this August '' . Kotaku . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dishonored 2 and Dishonored : Definitive Edition announced - Gematsu '' . gematsu.com . June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity 2.0 : Marvel Super Heroes September Release Date Revealed '' . xboxachievements.com . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy . `` Everything We Know About ' Disney Infinity 3.0 ' ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Button Fighting Game Divekick Coming to Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chloi Rad ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` DmC : Definitive Edition release date moved up '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Don Bradman Cricket '' . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Starve : Giant Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Game Studio Reaches More than 160 million downloads '' . Windows Blog . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DOOM teaser site '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Age : Inquisition Release Delayed Until november '' . xboxachievements.com . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wesley Copeland ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Release date announced for Dragon Ball Xenoverse '' . IGN . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One Games - Xbox '' . xbox.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kietzmann , Ludwig ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Dying Light adds a dash of Parkour to Techland 's zombie tour '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty Warriors 8 : Empires Delayed A Month '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` EA Sports UFC launching next spring for PS4 and Xbox One '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Earthlock : Festival of Magic Kickstarter '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Elders Scrolls Online will finally make its Xbox One debut on June 9 '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elite Dangerous full launch date on Xbox One is October 6th '' . Polygon . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Evil Within 's first 15 minutes sets a spooky and suspenseful tone '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` February 2014 Cover Evolve '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retro platformer Extreme Exorcism to haunt Xbox One in 2015 '' . xboxmad . October 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall coming to Xbox One and PS4 '' . Youtube . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 4 announced ! '' . PC Gamer . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia : Music Evolved Dated for October '' . xboxachievements.com . June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Far Cry 4 Announced For november Release '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fat City Xbox One '' . Youtube . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fenix Rage pisses IGN off in a good way '' . IGN . May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fermi 's Path now available for Xbox One '' . Major Nelson . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metroidvania - style Action role - playing Feudal Alloy announced for PS4 , Xbox One , Switch , and PC '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fenix E3 2014 All the New Indie Games Confirmed for Xbox One '' . Gamespot . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suszek , Mike ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` FIFA 15 kicks off September 23 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey . `` Fighter Within is Ubisoft 's motion - controlled fighting game '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy Type - 0 coming March 2015 with Final Fantasy 15 demo '' . Polygon . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 6 / 11 / 13 12 : 20pm 6 / 11 / 13 12 : 20pm . `` Final Fantasy XV Is not a PS4 Exclusive '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flockers Coming to PS4 and Xbox One This Month '' . ign.com . September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft announces new IP For Honor - Gematsu '' . gematsu.com . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Forza 2 Horizon Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forza 2 Horizon Announced '' . IGN . May 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Forza Motorsport 5 in the works for Xbox One '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fruit Ninja Kinect 2 slices and dices on the Xbox One March 18 '' . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft acquires rights to ' Gears of War ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gears of War Ultimate Edition is coming to PC '' . Polygon . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FPS ' Get Even ' from Polish indie studio aims for next - gen , PC in 2015 '' . Joystiq . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Golf Club Announced for PS4 , Xbox One , PC - IGN '' . Ca.ign.com . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suszek , Mike ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Grand Theft Auto 5 coming to PS4 this fall ( Update : Xbox One , PC too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke . `` ACTIVISION ANnoUNCES GUITAR HERO LIVE WITH 2015 RELEASE DATE '' . IGN . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsport '' . Gunsport.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guworld to be released on xbox one '' . Xbox UK . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft reveals Halo : Master Chief Collection , its biggest HD bundle ever '' . Destructoid . Modern Method . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Jeff ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Halo : Spartan Assault Release Update and New Achievements '' . Majornelson.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kubba , Sinan ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Halo 5 and its ' Guardians ' coming to Xbox One in 2015 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Halo Wars 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Hand of fate '' . Jump up ^ `` Hover : Revolt of Gamers by Midgar Studio '' . Kickstarter . May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Survive '' . How to Survive Facebook . August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Richard ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Hunt : Horrors of the Gilded Age First Look Preview -- A Mythical Monster Mash '' . xboxachievement.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One 's Chaotic Sports Game # IDARB Could Come to PS4 '' . Gamespot . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity Runner '' . Xbox.com. April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Danny ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Limbo dev goes ' Inside ' Xbox One early 2015 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Car Stunts '' . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just Cause 3 Coming To Xbox One , PS4 , And PC In 2015 '' . Gamespot . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance 2017 - # 1 Dance Game ! - Ubisoft ® ( US ) '' . ubi.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance Official Website '' . just-dance-thegame.ubi.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kalimba ! is the new name for Project Totem and is coming Dec. 17 for Xbox One '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KickBeat -- Special Edition Drops the Beat on September 16 '' . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Come : Deliverance '' . Kickstarter . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Events ID@Xbox E3 '' . Xbox Wire . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KYUB '' . Ninja Egg . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team17 bringing LA Cops to Xbox One '' . Pure Xbox . September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris Release Date Set For December '' . xboxachievements.com . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lobodestroyo - Rareware inspired 3D Action Platformer Game by James Guy -- Kickstarter '' . Kickstarter.com . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE LEGEND OF KORRA : GAME RELEASE DATE AND NEW MODE , PLUS WHAT TO EXPECT IN BOOK 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Batman 3 Beyond Gotham Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor . `` Lego City Undercover Coming to Nintendo Switch , PS4 , Xbox One , PC '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Announces LEGO Dimensions '' . IGN . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Weseley . `` LEGO JURASSIC WORLD HAS BEEN REVEALED '' . IGN . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , George ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` LE3 2013 : LEGO MARVEL SUPERHEROS HEADED TO XBOX ONE AND PLAYSTATION 4 '' . analogaddiction.org . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A New Generation of Games : Xbox OneÆs Announced Line - Up '' . Xbox Wire . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lego The Hobbit Unveiled '' . OXM UK . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leo 's Fortune Xbox One Announce Trailer '' . Youtube . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Square Enix & Remember Me developer announce episodic life is strange '' . Gematsu . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dev Diary 19 June 2015 Xbox One & STEAM '' . RadiationBurn . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski , Alexander ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Twisted Pixel 's ' LocoCycle ' an Xbox One launch title '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 : Mad Max Announced for PlayStation 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 15 Available on August 26 '' . EA Sports . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 16 '' . EA Sports . April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic 2015 Duels of the Planeswalkers announced '' . April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IMagnetic Cage Closed entering dark portal in March '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ID@Xbox Interview Total Monkery '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2015 : Mass Effect : Andromeda Announced for Holiday 2016 '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big News at E3 ! '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyrrel , Brandin . `` Max : The Curse of Brotherhood shows some brotherly love for Xbox One '' . XBLA Fans . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Help the Mayan Death Robots are coming '' . April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Man 11 Confirmed For Switch In 2018 '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capcom reveals Mega Man X collection , adds Switch to lineup '' . Destructoid . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Console Platforms '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Danny . `` MGS5 : Ground Zeroes out March 18 , Xbox versions include exclusive mission '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Kyle . `` MGS5 : Phantom Pain announced '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Post Apocalyptic Moscow '' . Deep Silver . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` December 2013 Shadow of Mordor '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Mighty no . 9 confirmed for PS4 and Xbox One '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All the News From E3 '' . Mojang . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Telltale Games . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror 's Edge - Official Site '' . Mirrorsedge.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Square Enix Announces Monster Energy Motocross Game For Nintendo Switch , PS4 , Xbox One , And PC '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TGS : 2017 Monster Hunter World Release Date , Special Editions , Pre-order Bonuses Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mortal Kombat X is Coming on April 14 , Goro Revealed ! '' . comingsoon.net . September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` MotoGP 15 Announced '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Lee ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One Japanese Launch Line - Up Confirmed '' . xboxachievements.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bronze Award - winning RTS Mushroom Wars 2 is headed to Switch '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 Heads to PS4 '' . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Natsuki Chronicle '' . Qute Corporation . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , David ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` NBA 2K14 coming on Oct. 1 ; Xbox One , PS4 versions at launch '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogue , Corellian ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Kinect 2 Supported Xbox One Launch Games '' . 123kinect . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Need for Speed Rivals : Building On Criterion 's Heritage '' . IGN . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N.E.R.O. : nothing Ever Remains Obscure - Storm In a Teacup '' . stcware.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never Alone '' . Upper One Games . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmares from the Deep Xbox One announced '' . WindowsCentral.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` nova - 111 coming to PS4 Vita Xbox One an WiiU next year '' . Curve Studios . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Throne announced for Xbox One '' . OXM UK . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nutjitsu and Worms among first Xbox One ID Xbox games '' . Eurogamer.net . February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Octodad Dadliest Catch '' . Eurogamer . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Lee ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Oddworld : New ' n Tasty Coming to Xbox One '' . xboxachievements.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OlliOlli '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Kyle ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Ori and the Blind Forest is a gorgeous Xbox One exclusive '' . Destructoid . Modern Method . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ori and the Will of the Wisps is the new sequel to the beautiful Ori and the Blind Forest '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Lee ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Outlast Available on Xbox One now '' . xboxachievements.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Overkill is bringing Payday 2 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Destructoid . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian . `` Peggle 2 and Plants Vs. Zombies Garden Warfare will arrive first on Xbox One '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PAX Prime 2014 Day 1 pictures Day 2 Schedule '' . The Behemoth . August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitch Dyer ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pneuma : Breath of Life is a First - Person Puzzler Coming to Xbox One '' . xboxachievements.com . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polychromatic '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 : Powerstar Golf is Xbox One 's Answer to Hot Shots '' . IGN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burns , Luke ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` PES 2015 -- NEW Details Announced ! '' . Konami . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Project Cars delayed until March 2015 to avoid competition , raise quality , Eurogamer , retrieved October 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Project Root '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Danny . `` Microsoft reveals user content - driven game Project Spark '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pure Hold'em '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pure Pool lines up summer release , adds Xbox One version '' . Eurogamer.net . May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q Coming to Xbox One '' . Liica.co.jp . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Max Payne creator Remedy Games crafting ' Quantum Break ' for Xbox One '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum Rush Champions '' . Xbox.com . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quest of Dungeons coming to Xbox One on September 4th '' . Upfall Studios . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` QUBE Director 's Cut '' . Jump up ^ `` QUBE 2 '' . THE MIX . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris . `` RBI Baseball returns this spring '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Rabbids Invade our Consoles again '' . TrueAchievements . June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rayman Legends for Xbox One , PS4 kills loading times thanks to power of new consoles '' . Gamespot . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel Galaxy coming to XBox One and Mac '' . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recore '' . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Remake Coming To Xbox One & Xbox 360 '' . Xbox Achievements.com . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Resident Evil Revelations 2 coming to Japan in early 2015 '' . Siliconera . September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee . `` Bandai Namco Announces Motorcycle Racing Sim Ride '' . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft confirms Rise of the Tomb Raider Xbox exclusivity deal `` has a duration '' `` . Eurogamer . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Risk '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rocksmith 2014 hits PS4 and Xbox One in november '' . Jump up ^ `` Dieselstormers '' . Kickstarter . May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romance of the Three Kingdoms 13 coming to Xbox One '' . Jump up ^ Prell , Sam ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Fore ! EA Sports PGA Tour brings golf out of the Woods '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roundabout Spinning onto Xbox One in Early 2015 '' . xboxachievements.com . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official release date and final content '' . November 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ryse Rises Again As Xbox One Exclusive , Will Use Controller '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schrödinger 's Cat and The Raiders Of The Lost Quark '' . Xbox.com . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble -- Games on Microsoft Store '' . xbox.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Screamride roller coaster tycoon xbox one , xbox 360 '' . vg247.com . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Announces Sea of Thieves '' . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season After Fall Coming to PlayStation 4 '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` With Session , one studio aims to reinvent skateboarding games '' . destructoid . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow Warrior interview '' . DSOG . February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fruzzetti , Ben . `` Shantae : Half - Genie Hero launches digitally on December 20th '' . Nintendo Wire . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavalli , Earnest ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Get fit this november in Ubisoft 's Shape Up '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Fu : A Legend Reborn '' . Indiegogo . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes The Game '' . Frogwares . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is Shiftlings '' . Gamereactor. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shiness '' . Kickstarter . June 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Gems from the GDC indie mixer '' . Game Informer . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new Skylanders Skylanders Trap Team '' . Kotaku. April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` 3D Platformer Skylar & Plux Gets Release Window , New Gameplay Trailer '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` SlashDash Teaser Trailer '' . NeverNaut . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sleeping Dogs for PS4 and Xbox One spotted on Amazon '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Slice Zombies for Kinect Receives Release Date '' . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sniper : Ghost Warrior 3 announced for PC , PS4 and Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox Live Games with Gold for July 2015 '' . MajorNelson.com . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soda Drinker Pro coming to Xbox One in September '' . Joystiq. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic Forces Release Date Revealed For Switch , PS4 , Xbox One , And PC '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic Mania Release Date Confirmed Alongside New Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TStar Hammer : The Vanguard Prophecy Is now Available For Xbox One '' . Xbox . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One and PC exclusive The Solus Project '' . Gamespot . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole on PS4 , Xbox One , PC - Ubisoft ( US ) '' . ubisoft.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sparkle Unleashed '' . Xbox.com . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SpeedRunners Confirmed for Xbox One '' . trueachievements.com . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spy Chameleon '' . Unfinished Pixel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Squid Hero for Kinect '' . Virtual Air Guitar . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Starbound coming to Xbox One and Windows 10 via Game Preview '' . Chucklefish . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , Xbox Wire . `` New ID@Xbox Games Storm GDC '' . xbox.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stash : no Loot Left Behind ( PC , Mac , Linux , Consoles ) '' . kickstarter.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SOD Year One Survival Edition '' . Xbox Wire . August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IGN , xbox ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : State of Decay 2 Announced '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stealth Inc. 2 is coming to Xbox One and Windows in April '' . icxm.net . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SteamWorld Dig '' . Xbox.com . June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Role - playings Stranger of Sword City and Students of Round 2 Coming to Xbox One '' . xboxachievements . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Street Fighter 30th Anniversary Collection coming in May 2018 '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Major ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Strider '' . Xbox Live . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ blog , Strike Suit Zero ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` STRIKE SUIT ZERO : DIRECTOR 's CUT DEVELOPER DIARY '' . Born Ready Games . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Styx : Master of Shadows E3 Gameplay '' . Youtube . June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunu Ikkibu Reveal Teaser '' . July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunset Overdrive is an open world game for Xbox One '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Extra Innings release dates set '' . July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com '' . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox ! Go to Capy Games ! '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Swapper Release Date Confirmed '' . True Achievements . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swords Coast Legends coming to Xbox '' . Yahoo Finance . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Technomancer '' . Focus Home Interactive . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tembo the Badass Elephant '' . Shacknews . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forums '' . Terraria Online . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tetris Ultimate Announced '' . IGN . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Thief launching fox Xbox One '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thimbleweed Park is coming to Xbox '' . Ron Gilbert . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Packard , Kelly ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` This Is The Police Release Date Announced '' . TrueGaming Network Ltd , . TrueAchievement . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Was Alone is now Available on Xbox One '' . Major Nelson . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wong , Andrew ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Respawn Entertainment and EA Prepare for Titanfall on March 11 , 2014 '' . EA . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pyxel Pub '' . Pyxel Pub . June 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 : Open World Tom Clancy Role - playing The Division Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Aaron ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege Launches This October '' . n3rdabl3 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Andrew ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tomb Raider to be announced at VGX on 07 December '' . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris . `` Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 Officially Revealed for PS4 / PS3 , Xbox One / 360 '' . Gamespot . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Toro '' . Jump up ^ `` Dovetail Games looks to the future collaborating with Microsoft '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Guns coming to PS4 , Xbox One and PS3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Toy Soldiers War Chest PS4 , PC , Xbox One in 2015 '' . Polygon . August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Looks like Rise of the Dark Spark is the first next - gen Transformers game '' . Eurogamer . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trivial Pursuit Live '' . Xbox.com . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turok 1 and 2 remasters for Xbox One launch March 2 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riaz , Adnan ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Puzzle - Platformer Turnon Receives Xbox One , PC , Mac Release Date '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Struggle Digital Edition '' . Kickstarter . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratron '' . Xbox.com . May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unmechanical : Extended Edition Coming to Consoles and PS Vita '' . IGN . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` EA 's New Xbox One / PS4 / PC Indie Game Unravel Gets Release Date , New Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Valiant Hearts : The Great War announced '' . Ubiblog . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Valkyria Chronicles 4 returns the series to its tactical roots in 2018 '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Van Helsing and Deathtrap coming to Xbox One '' . NeocoreGames . June 17 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Velocity 2X '' . Microsoft . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One and PS4 getting Telltale 's Walking Dead , Wolf Among Us '' . Gamespot . June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jeffrey ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 : Warhammer 40K Eternal Crusade is all about war '' . Massively . Jump up ^ Musou Orochi 2 Ultimate in Japan . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate hits PS3 , PS4 , Vita , Xbox One this fall '' . Polygon . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wasteland 2 coming to Xbox One and PS4 '' . Gamespot . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Dogs Delayed Until Spring 2014 '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drug - fueled survival game We Happy Few hits retail next spring '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubba , Sinan ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Witcher 3 confirmed for PS4 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wolfenstein : The New Order delayed into 2014 '' . Polygon . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wolfenstein : The Old Blood '' . Jump up ^ `` The World of Van Helsing : Deathtrap '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WRC 5 : FIA World Rally Championship - Trailer ( PS4 , Xbox One ) '' . Youtube . January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 2K15 Launching October 28 for Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PS3 , PS4 '' . Gamespot.com . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 2K16 launches Oct. 27 on current and past consoles , says Take - Two '' . Polygon.com . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yasai Ninja '' . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar . `` Yooka - Laylee Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Cancelled '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZOMBI '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Army Trilogy '' . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Driver Ultimate Edition '' . Xbox.com . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan . `` Zoo Tycoon returns for Xbox 360 and Xbox One '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ YouTube . `` Double Fine Presents `` 140 '' Trailer `` . YouTube . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One , PS4 Getting APB Reloaded '' . Gamespot . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gorgeous Strategy Game Duelyst Coming to PS4 , Xbox One , and Steam '' . Gamespot.com . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gigantic GDC Reveal '' . Xbox Wire . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Wars Sequel Happy Dungeons coming to Xbox One '' . trueachievements.com . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Richard ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Happy Wars is Coming to Xbox One '' . xboxachievements.org . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Killer Instinct coming to Xbox One '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Martial Arts MOBA '' . IGN . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Neverwinter is coming to Xbox One ! '' . arcgames.com . July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Phantom Dust is back on for Xbox , arrives in 2017 '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update Regarding Pinball FX2 for Xbox One and Table Transfers '' . blog.zenstudios.com . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROBLOX -- Games on Microsoft Store '' . xbox.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voice Commander '' . Xbox.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavalli , Earnest ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Warframe brings the free - to - play pain to Xbox One later this year '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World of Tanks Xbox One Edition rolls out in July '' . XboxAchievements.org . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Links to related articles Video gaming products by Microsoft Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Adaptive Controller Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Games with Gold Developer tools DirectX Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Microsoft Studios Turn 10 Studios Rare 343 Industries Mojang The Coalition Lift London The Initiative Undead Labs Playground Games Ninja Theory Compulsion Games Video game lists by platform Amstrad Amstrad CPC Amstrad PCW Apple Apple II Apple IIGS Macintosh Pippin iPod iOS Atari 2600 5200 7800 ST XEGS Lynx Jaguar CD Atari Flashback Bandai Bandai LCD Solarpower Pippin WonderSwan WonderSwan Color Coleco ColecoVision Coleco Adam Commodore Commodore 64 VIC - 20 Amiga Amiga CD32 Magnavox / Philips Magnavox Odyssey Odyssey2 / Videopac Philips CD - i Microsoft Games for Windows Live MS - DOS MSX Windows 3. x Windows Xbox on Windows Windows Mobile Professional Windows Phone Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Applications Xbox One X enhanced NEC PC Engine TurboGrafx - 16 PC - FX Nintendo Arcade Game & Watch Mini Classics Famicom Disk System NES Game Boy Super Game Boy SNES Satellaview Virtual Boy N64 64DD Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance Nintendo e-Reader Pokémon Mini GameCube iQue Player DS DSi Wii Ware 3DS Wii U Switch Sega Arcade SG - 1000 Master System Mega Drive / Genesis Mega-CD / Sega CD 32X Game Gear Pico Saturn Dreamcast SNK Neo Geo Neo-Geo Pocket Color Sony PlayStation A -- L M -- Z PocketStation PlayStation 2 EyeToy PlayStation 3 PSN Move PlayStation Now PlayStation Portable PSN PlayStation Vita A -- L M -- Z PlayStation 4 Free - to - play VR Other 3DO Acorn Electron Android Arcade BBS door Browser Fairchild F FM Towns Game.com Gizmondo GP32 HP3000 Intellivision Kaypro N - Gage Nuon OnLive Ouya PC Booter Linux OS / 2 Sharp X68000 TRS - 80 Vectrex Zeebo ZX Spectrum Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Bill Gates Charles Noski Helmut Panke John W. Stanton Reid Hoffman Sandi Peterson Penny Pritzker Charles Scharf Arne Sorenson Padmasree Warrior Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) S. Somasegar ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware HoloLens Surface Xbox Web properties Azure Bing Channel 9 CodePlex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com OneDrive Outlook.com Store TechNet Conferences Build Inspire MIX PDC TechEd WinHEC Campaigns Where do you want to go today ? ( 1994 ) Champagne ( 2002 ) Mojave Experiment ( 2006 ) I 'm a PC ( 2008 ) Scroogled ( 2012 ) Criticism Bundling of Microsoft Windows Clippy iLoo Internet Explorer Microsoft Bob _NSAKEY Windows XP Vista 10 Litigation Alcatel - Lucent v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case Microsoft v. Lindows Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Microsoft ( 2001 antitrust case ) Microsoft Ireland case Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkedIn LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi Portal Xbox portal Microsoft portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Xbox_One_games&oldid=854765818 '' Categories : Video game lists by platform Xbox One games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many games are there in xbox one	[ "There are currently 1614 games and an additional 61 Free-to-play games on this list.[b]\n" ]	[ "1614" ]
-2560470799470625144	List of World Series champions	List of World Series champions - wikipedia List of World Series champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about winners of the World Series of Major League Baseball that began in 1903 . For earlier league and inter-league championships , see List of pre-World Series baseball champions . At the first World Series , held in 1903 , the Boston Americans ( front row ) defeated the Pittsburg Pirates ( back row ) in eight games . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and concludes the MLB postseason . First played in 1903 , the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff and is a contest between the champions of baseball 's National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) . Often referred to as the `` Fall Classic '' , the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions : in 1904 , when the NL champion New York Giants declined to play the AL champion Boston Americans ; and in 1994 , when the series was canceled due to the players ' strike . The best - of - seven style has been the format of all World Series except in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 , when the winner was determined through a best - of - nine playoff . Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October , a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November . The Series - winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . Players , coaches , and others associated with the team are generally given World Series rings to commemorate their victory ; however , they have received other items such as pocket watches and medallions in the past . The winning team is traditionally invited to the White House to meet the President of the United States . A total of 113 Series have been contested , with the NL champion winning 48 and the AL champion winning 65 . The New York Yankees of the AL have played in 40 World Series through 2017 -- winning 27 -- the most Series appearances , victories , and losses ( 13 , shared with the Los Angeles Dodgers ) of any Major League Baseball franchise . The St. Louis Cardinals , who represented the NL for a 19th time in 2013 , have won 11 championships , which is the second-most among all 30 Major League Baseball teams as well as most among NL teams . Both the Giants and the Dodgers have been NL champions more times , with the Giants winning 23 NL pennants and the Dodgers winning 22 . The Seattle Mariners and the Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) are the only current Major League Baseball franchises to have never appeared in a World Series ; the San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , Texas Rangers ( formerly the 1961 -- 1971 version of the Washington Senators ) , Tampa Bay Rays , and Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) have all played in the Series but have never won . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in a World Series , winning in 1992 and 1993 . The current World Series champions are the Houston Astros . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Series appearances by club 2.1 Appearances by club 2.2 Years of appearance 2.3 Frequent matchups 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Winners ( edit ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series , and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective teams ' World Series record to date . National League team American League team Year Winning team Manager Games Losing team Manager Ref . 1903 Boston Americans ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Collins , Jimmy Jimmy Collins 5 -- 3 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Clarke , Fred Fred Clarke 1904 No World Series 1905 New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Athletics ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1906 Chicago White Sox ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jones , Fielder Fielder Jones 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 1907 Chicago Cubs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 4 -- 0 -- ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1908 Chicago Cubs ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1909 Pittsburg Pirates ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Clarke , Fred Fred Clarke 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1910 Philadelphia Athletics ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 Chicago Cubs ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 1911 Philadelphia Athletics ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1912 Boston Red Sox ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Stahl , Jake Jake Stahl 4 -- 3 -- ( 1 ) New York Giants ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1913 Philadelphia Athletics ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 New York Giants ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1914 Boston Braves ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Stallings , George George Stallings 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Athletics ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1915 Boston Red Sox ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Phillies ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Moran , Pat Pat Moran 1916 Boston Red Sox ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Robins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson 1917 Chicago White Sox ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Rowland , Pants Pants Rowland 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1918 Boston Red Sox ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Barrow , Ed Ed Barrow 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mitchell , Fred Fred Mitchell 1919 Cincinnati Reds ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Moran , Pat Pat Moran 5 -- 3 Chicago White Sox ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Gleason , Kid Kid Gleason 1920 Cleveland Indians ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Speaker , Tris Tris Speaker 5 -- 2 Brooklyn Robins ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson 1921 New York Giants ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 5 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1922 New York Giants ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 4 -- 0 -- ( 1 ) New York Yankees ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1923 New York Yankees ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1924 Washington Senators ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 4 -- 3 New York Giants ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 4 -- 3 Washington Senators ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 1926 St. Louis Cardinals ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1927 New York Yankees ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Donie Bush 1928 New York Yankees ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 1929 Philadelphia Athletics ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 Chicago Cubs ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 1930 Philadelphia Athletics ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Street , Gabby Gabby Street 1931 St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Street , Gabby Gabby Street 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Athletics ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1932 New York Yankees ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Chicago Cubs ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1933 New York Giants ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 4 -- 1 Washington Senators ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin 1934 St. Louis Cardinals ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Frisch , Frank Frank Frisch 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane 1935 Detroit Tigers ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1936 New York Yankees ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 1937 New York Yankees ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 New York Giants ( 12 , 4 -- 8 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 1938 New York Yankees ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Chicago Cubs ( 9 , 2 -- 7 ) Hartnett , Gabby Gabby Hartnett 1939 New York Yankees ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Cincinnati Reds ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 1940 Cincinnati Reds ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 6 , 1 -- 5 ) Baker , Del Del Baker 1941 New York Yankees ( 12 , 9 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 1942 St. Louis Cardinals ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 4 -- 1 New York Yankees ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 1943 New York Yankees ( 14 , 10 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 1944 St. Louis Cardinals ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 4 -- 2 St. Louis Browns ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell 1945 Detroit Tigers ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) O'Neill , Steve Steve O'Neill 4 -- 3 Chicago Cubs ( 10 , 2 -- 8 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1946 St. Louis Cardinals ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) Dyer , Eddie Eddie Dyer 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin 1947 New York Yankees ( 15 , 11 -- 4 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Shotton , Burt Burt Shotton 1948 Cleveland Indians ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Boudreau , Lou Lou Boudreau 4 -- 2 Boston Braves ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 1949 New York Yankees ( 16 , 12 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 5 , 0 -- 5 ) Shotton , Burt Burt Shotton 1950 New York Yankees ( 17 , 13 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Sawyer , Eddie Eddie Sawyer 1951 New York Yankees ( 18 , 14 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 13 , 4 -- 9 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 1952 New York Yankees ( 19 , 15 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 6 , 0 -- 6 ) Dressen , Charlie Charlie Dressen 1953 New York Yankees ( 20 , 16 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 2 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 7 , 0 -- 7 ) Dressen , Charlie Charlie Dressen 1954 New York Giants ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Lopez , Al Al Lopez 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 8 , 1 -- 7 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 21 , 16 -- 5 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1956 New York Yankees ( 22 , 17 -- 5 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 9 , 1 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 1957 Milwaukee Braves ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Haney , Fred Fred Haney 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 23 , 17 -- 6 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1958 New York Yankees ( 24 , 18 -- 6 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Braves ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Haney , Fred Fred Haney 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 10 , 2 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 2 Chicago White Sox ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lopez , Al Al Lopez 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Murtaugh , Danny Danny Murtaugh 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 25 , 18 -- 7 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1961 New York Yankees ( 26 , 19 -- 7 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 4 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hutchinson , Fred Fred Hutchinson 1962 New York Yankees ( 27 , 20 -- 7 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 11 , 3 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 0 New York Yankees ( 28 , 20 -- 8 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 1964 St. Louis Cardinals ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) Keane , Johnny Johnny Keane 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 29 , 20 -- 9 ) Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra 1965 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 12 , 4 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 3 Minnesota Twins ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Mele , Sam Sam Mele 1966 Baltimore Orioles ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Bauer , Hank Hank Bauer 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 13 , 4 -- 9 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 1967 St. Louis Cardinals ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) Schoendienst , Red Red Schoendienst 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 1968 Detroit Tigers ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Smith , Mayo Mayo Smith 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) Schoendienst , Red Red Schoendienst 1969 New York Mets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 4 -- 1 Baltimore Orioles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1970 Baltimore Orioles ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 4 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Murtaugh , Danny Danny Murtaugh 4 -- 3 Baltimore Orioles ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1972 Oakland Athletics ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 4 -- 3 Cincinnati Reds ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 1973 Oakland Athletics ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 4 -- 3 New York Mets ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra Oakland Athletics ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 14 , 4 -- 10 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston Cincinnati Reds ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Johnson , Darrell Darrell Johnson 1976 Cincinnati Reds ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 0 New York Yankees ( 30 , 20 -- 10 ) Martin , Billy Billy Martin 1977 New York Yankees ( 31 , 21 -- 10 ) Martin , Billy Billy Martin 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 15 , 4 -- 11 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 1978 New York Yankees ( 32 , 22 -- 10 ) Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 16 , 4 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Tanner , Chuck Chuck Tanner 4 -- 3 Baltimore Orioles ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1980 Philadelphia Phillies ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Green , Dallas Dallas Green 4 -- 2 Kansas City Royals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frey , Jim Jim Frey 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 4 -- 2 New York Yankees ( 33 , 22 -- 11 ) Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon 1982 St. Louis Cardinals ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Brewers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Kuenn , Harvey Harvey Kuenn Baltimore Orioles ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Altobelli , Joe Joe Altobelli 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Phillies ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Owens , Paul Paul Owens 1984 Detroit Tigers ( 9 , 4 -- 5 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 1 San Diego Padres ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 1985 Kansas City Royals ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Howser , Dick Dick Howser 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 14 , 9 -- 5 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 1986 New York Mets ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Johnson , Davey Davey Johnson 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) McNamara , John John McNamara Minnesota Twins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Kelly , Tom Tom Kelly 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 4 -- 1 Oakland Athletics ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 1989 Oakland Athletics ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 0 San Francisco Giants ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Craig , Roger Roger Craig 1990 Cincinnati Reds ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Piniella , Lou Lou Piniella 4 -- 0 Oakland Athletics ( 14 , 9 -- 5 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 1991 Minnesota Twins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Kelly , Tom Tom Kelly 4 -- 3 Atlanta Braves ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1992 Toronto Blue Jays ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gaston , Cito Cito Gaston 4 -- 2 Atlanta Braves ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gaston , Cito Cito Gaston 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Fregosi , Jim Jim Fregosi 1994 No World Series due to a players ' strike 1995 Atlanta Braves ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 4 -- 2 Cleveland Indians ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove New York Yankees ( 34 , 23 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 2 Atlanta Braves ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1997 Florida Marlins ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 4 -- 3 Cleveland Indians ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove 1998 New York Yankees ( 35 , 24 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 0 San Diego Padres ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bruce Bochy 1999 New York Yankees ( 36 , 25 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 0 Atlanta Braves ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 2000 New York Yankees ( 37 , 26 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 1 New York Mets ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Valentine , Bobby Bobby Valentine 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Brenly , Bob Bob Brenly 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 38 , 26 -- 12 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 2002 Anaheim Angels ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Baker , Dusty Dusty Baker 2003 Florida Marlins ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) McKeon , Jack Jack McKeon 4 -- 2 New York Yankees ( 39 , 26 -- 13 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre Boston Red Sox ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 2005 Chicago White Sox ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Guillén , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén 4 -- 0 Houston Astros ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Garner , Phil Phil Garner 2006 St. Louis Cardinals ( 17 , 10 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 2007 Boston Red Sox ( 11 , 7 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 4 -- 0 Colorado Rockies ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hurdle , Clint Clint Hurdle 2008 Philadelphia Phillies ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Manuel , Charlie Charlie Manuel 4 -- 1 Tampa Bay Rays ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Maddon , Joe Joe Maddon 2009 New York Yankees ( 40 , 27 -- 13 ) Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Manuel , Charlie Charlie Manuel San Francisco Giants ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 1 Texas Rangers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Washington , Ron Ron Washington 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ( 18 , 11 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 3 Texas Rangers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Washington , Ron Ron Washington 2012 San Francisco Giants ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 0 Detroit Tigers ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 2013 Boston Red Sox ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) Farrell , John John Farrell 4 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Matheny , Mike Mike Matheny 2014 San Francisco Giants ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 3 Kansas City Royals ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Yost , Ned Ned Yost 2015 Kansas City Royals ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Yost , Ned Ned Yost 4 -- 1 New York Mets ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Collins , Terry Terry Collins 2016 Chicago Cubs ( 11 , 3 -- 8 ) Maddon , Joe Joe Maddon 4 -- 3 Cleveland Indians ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 2017 Houston Astros ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hinch , A.J. A.J. Hinch 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Roberts , Dave Dave Roberts Series appearances by Club ( edit ) Appearances by club ( edit ) Series appearances Team League Winners Runners - up Win % Most recent Games won Games lost Games tied Game win % Most Recent game win Founded win appearance 40 New York Yankees AL 27 13 . 675 2009 2009 134 90 . 598 2009 1903 20 San Francisco Giants ( New York ) NL 8 12 . 400 2014 2014 57 57 . 500 2014 1883 19 St. Louis Cardinals NL 11 8 . 579 2011 2013 58 60 0 . 492 2011 1882 19 Los Angeles Dodgers ( Brooklyn ) NL 6 13 . 316 1988 2017 48 64 0 . 429 2017 1884 14 Oakland Athletics ( Kansas City / Philadelphia ) AL 9 5 . 643 1989 1990 41 34 0 . 547 1989 1901 12 Boston Red Sox ( Boston ) AL 8 . 667 2013 2013 45 28 . 615 2013 1901 11 Detroit Tigers AL 7 . 364 1984 2012 27 37 . 423 2006 1901 11 Chicago Cubs NL 8 . 273 2016 2016 23 36 . 392 2016 1870 9 Cincinnati Reds NL 5 . 556 1990 1990 26 25 0 . 510 1990 1881 9 Atlanta Braves ( Milwaukee / Boston ) NL 6 . 333 1995 1999 24 29 0 . 453 1871 7 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 5 . 714 1979 1979 23 24 0 . 489 1979 1887 7 Baltimore Orioles ( St. Louis Browns ) AL . 429 21 18 0 . 538 1900 7 Philadelphia Phillies NL 5 . 286 2008 2009 14 23 0 . 378 2009 1883 6 Minnesota Twins ( Washington Senators ) AL . 500 1991 1991 19 21 0 . 475 1991 1901 6 Cleveland Indians AL . 333 1948 2016 17 20 0 . 459 2016 1901 5 Chicago White Sox AL . 600 2005 2005 17 13 0 . 567 2005 1900 5 New York Mets NL . 400 1986 2015 13 16 0 . 448 2015 1962 Kansas City Royals AL . 500 2015 2015 13 12 0 . 520 2015 1969 Miami Marlins ( Florida ) NL 0 1.000 2003 2003 8 5 0 . 615 2003 1993 Toronto Blue Jays AL 0 1.000 1993 1993 8 0 . 667 1993 1977 Houston Astros NL / AL . 500 2017 2017 7 0 . 364 2017 1962 Texas Rangers ( Washington Senators ) AL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2011 8 0 . 333 2011 1961 San Diego Padres NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1998 8 0 . 111 1984 1969 Los Angeles Angels ( Anaheim / California / Los Angeles ) AL 0 1.000 2002 2002 0 . 571 2002 1961 Arizona Diamondbacks NL 0 1.000 2001 2001 0 . 571 2001 1998 Tampa Bay Rays AL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2008 0 . 200 2008 1998 Colorado Rockies NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2007 0 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1993 Milwaukee Brewers ( Seattle Pilots ) AL / NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1982 0 . 429 1982 1969 0 Washington Nationals ( Montreal Expos ) NL 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 0 0 -- 0 ! -- 1969 0 Seattle Mariners AL 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 0 0 -- 0 ! -- 1977 Years of appearance ( edit ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by year of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning World Series appearances . Series appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Season ( s ) 40 New York Yankees 27 13 . 675 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2009 20 San Francisco Giants ( New York ) 8 12 . 400 1905 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 , 1917 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1924 , 1933 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 , 1954 , 1962 , 1989 , 2002 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 19 St. Louis Cardinals 11 8 . 579 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1931 , 1934 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 2004 , 2006 , 2011 , 2013 19 Los Angeles Dodgers ( Brooklyn ) 6 13 . 316 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 2017 14 Oakland Athletics ( Kansas City / Philadelphia ) 9 5 . 643 1905 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1914 , 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 12 Boston Red Sox ( Americans ) 8 . 667 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , 1986 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 11 Detroit Tigers 7 . 364 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 11 Chicago Cubs 8 . 273 1906 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , 1945 , 2016 9 Cincinnati Reds 5 . 556 1919 , 1939 , 1940 , 1961 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , 1990 9 Atlanta Braves ( Milwaukee / Boston ) 6 . 333 1914 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 7 Pittsburgh Pirates 5 . 714 1903 , 1909 , 1925 , 1927 , 1960 , 1971 , 1979 7 Baltimore Orioles ( St. Louis Browns ) . 429 1944 , 1966 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1979 , 1983 7 Philadelphia Phillies 5 . 286 1915 , 1950 , 1980 , 1983 , 1993 , 2008 , 2009 6 Minnesota Twins ( Washington Senators ) . 500 1924 , 1925 , 1933 , 1965 , 1987 , 1991 6 Cleveland Indians . 333 1920 , 1948 , 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , 2016 5 Chicago White Sox . 600 1906 , 1917 , 1919 , 1959 , 2005 5 New York Mets . 400 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , 2015 Kansas City Royals . 500 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , 2015 Toronto Blue Jays 0 1.000 1992 , 1993 Miami Marlins ( Florida ) 0 1.000 1997 , 2003 Houston Astros . 500 2005 , 2017 San Diego Padres 0 . 000 1984 , 1998 Texas Rangers ( Washington Senators ) 0 . 000 2010 , 2011 Arizona Diamondbacks 0 1.000 2001 Los Angeles Angels ( Anaheim / California / Los Angeles ) 0 1.000 2002 Milwaukee Brewers ( Seattle Pilots ) 0 . 000 1982 Colorado Rockies 0 . 000 2007 Tampa Bay Rays 0 . 000 2008 0 Washington Nationals ( Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 Seattle Mariners 0 0 0 ! -- Frequent matchups ( edit ) The following are the 19 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series . All teams which have participated in these were `` Classic Eight '' members of either the American or National League ; no expansion team ( created in 1961 or later ) has faced an opponent more than once in a World Series . Count Matchup Record Years 11 Brooklyn & Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 8 -- 3 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1963 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 7 New York Yankees vs. New York & San Francisco Giants Yankees , 5 -- 2 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 , 1962 5 New York Yankees vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals , 3 -- 2 1926 , 1928 , 1942 , 1943 , 1964 Milwaukee & Atlanta Braves vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 3 -- 1 1957 , 1958 , 1996 , 1999 Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied , 2 -- 2 1946 , 1967 , 2004 , 2013 Chicago Cubs vs. Detroit Tigers Tied , 2 -- 2 1907 , 1908 , 1935 , 1945 Philadelphia & Oakland Athletics vs. New York & San Francisco Giants Athletics , 3 -- 1 1905 , 1911 , 1913 , 1989 Cincinnati Reds vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 1 1939 , 1961 , 1976 Detroit Tigers vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals , 2 -- 1 1934 , 1968 , 2006 Boston & Atlanta Braves vs. Cleveland Indians Tied , 1 -- 1 1948 , 1995 Baltimore Orioles vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Pirates , 2 -- 0 1971 , 1979 Chicago Cubs vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 0 1932 , 1938 Chicago Cubs vs. Philadelphia Athletics ( now Oakland ) Athletics , 2 -- 0 1910 , 1929 Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1972 , 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1974 , 1988 Washington Senators ( now Minnesota Twins ) vs. New York Giants ( now San Francisco ) Tied , 1 -- 1 1924 , 1933 New York Yankees vs. Philadelphia Phillies Yankees , 2 -- 0 1950 , 2009 New York Yankees vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Tied , 1 -- 1 1927 , 1960 Philadelphia Athletics ( now Oakland ) vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied , 1 -- 1 1930 , 1931 Notes ( edit ) The 1907 , 1912 , and 1922 World Series each included one tied game . The 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 World Series were in a best - of - nine format ( carried by the first team to win five games ) . Indicates a team which made the playoffs as a wild card team ( rather than by winning a division ) . The Brewers were in the American League from 1969 -- 1997 , after which they switched to the National League . The Astros were in the National League from 1962 -- 2012 , after which they switched to the American League . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of National League pennant winners List of American League pennant winners List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of pre-World Series baseball champions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball - Reference Playoff and World Series Index '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series Overview '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series History : Championships by Club '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Series -- 1904 '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season interrupted '' . Sports Illustrated . August 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies Announce World Series Trophy Tour Presented by Teva Pharmaceuticals and Comcast SportsNet '' . PR Newswire Association . January 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` World Series rings , the real scoop '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Visit White House , Meet Obama '' . The Huffington Post . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1905 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1907 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1909 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1910 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1918 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers switch leagues , join Reds in NL Central '' . The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ) . E.W. Scripps Company . November 6 , 1997 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . WorldSeries.com -- official website List of World Series winning rosters Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL World Series champions 1903 : Boston Americans 1904 : No series 1905 : New York Giants 1906 : Chicago White Sox 1907 : Chicago Cubs 1908 : Chicago Cubs 1909 : Pittsburg Pirates 1910 : Philadelphia Athletics 1911 : Philadelphia Athletics 1912 : Boston Red Sox 1913 : Philaelphia Athletics 1914 : Boston Braves 1915 : Boston Red Sox 1916 : Boston Red Sox 1917 : Chicago White Sox 1918 : Boston Red Sox 1919 : Cincinnati Reds 1920 : Cleveland Indians 1921 : New York Giants 1922 : New York Giants 1923 : New York Yankees 1924 : Washington Senators 1925 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1926 : St. Louis Cardinals 1927 : New York Yankees 1928 : New York Yankees 1929 : Philadelphia Athletics 1930 : Philadelphia Athletics 1931 : St. Louis Cardinals 1932 : New York Yankees 1933 : New York Giants 1934 : St. Louis Cardinals 1935 : Detroit Tigers 1936 : New York Yankees 1937 : New York Yankees 1938 : New York Yankees 1939 : New York Yankees 1940 : Cincinnati Reds 1941 : New York Yankees 1942 : St. Louis Cardinals 1943 : New York Yankees 1944 : St. Louis Cardinals 1945 : Detroit Tigers 1946 : St. Louis Cardinals 1947 : New York Yankees 1948 : Cleveland Indians 1949 : New York Yankees 1950 : New York Yankees 1951 : New York Yankees 1952 : New York Yankees 1953 : New York Yankees 1954 : New York Giants 1955 : Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 : New York Yankees 1957 : Milwaukee Braves 1958 : New York Yankees 1959 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1960 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1961 : New York Yankees 1962 : New York Yankees 1963 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1964 : St. Louis Cardinals 1965 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1966 : Baltimore Orioles 1967 : St. Louis Cardinals 1968 : Detroit Tigers 1969 : New York Mets 1970 : Baltimore Orioles 1971 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1972 : Oakland Athletics 1973 : Oakland Athletics 1974 : Oakland Athletics 1975 : Cincinnati Reds 1976 : Cincinnati Reds 1977 : New York Yankees 1978 : New York Yankees 1979 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1980 : Philadelphia Phillies 1981 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1982 : St. Louis Cardinals 1983 : Baltimore Orioles 1984 : Detroit Tigers 1985 : Kansas City Royals 1986 : New York Mets 1987 : Minnesota Twins 1988 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1989 : Oakland Athletics 1990 : Cincinnati Reds 1991 : Minnesota Twins 1992 : Toronto Blue Jays 1993 : Toronto Blue Jays 1994 : No series 1995 : Atlanta Braves 1996 : New York Yankees 1997 : Florida Marlins 1998 : New York Yankees 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : New York Yankees 2001 : Arizona Diamondbacks 2002 : Anaheim Angels 2003 : Florida Marlins 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Chicago White Sox 2006 : St. Louis Cardinals 2007 : Boston Red Sox 2008 : Philadelphia Phillies 2009 : New York Yankees 2010 : San Francisco Giants 2011 : St. Louis Cardinals 2012 : San Francisco Giants 2013 : Boston Red Sox 2014 : San Francisco Giants 2015 : Kansas City Royals 2016 : Chicago Cubs 2017 : Houston Astros World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Series_champions&oldid=824588038 '' Categories : World Series World Series lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 07 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the dodgers were in the workd series	[ "\n\nYear\nWinning team\nManager\nGames\nLosing team\nManager\nRef.\n\n\n1903\nBoston Americans (1, 1–0)\nCollins, JimmyJimmy Collins\n5–3[V]\nPittsburgh Pirates (1, 0–1)\nClarke, FredFred Clarke\n[9]\n\n\n1904\nNo World Series\n[1]\n\n\n1905\nNew York Giants (1, 1–0)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n4–1\nPhiladelphia Athletics (1, 0–1)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n[10]\n\n\n1906\nChicago White Sox (1, 1–0)\nJones, FielderFielder Jones\n4–2\nChicago Cubs (1, 0–1)\nChance, FrankFrank Chance\n[11]\n\n\n1907\nChicago Cubs (2, 1–1)\nChance, FrankFrank Chance\n4–0–(1)[T]\nDetroit Tigers (1, 0–1)\nJennings, HughHugh Jennings\n[12]\n\n\n1908\nChicago Cubs (3, 2–1)\nChance, FrankFrank Chance\n4–1\nDetroit Tigers (2, 0–2)\nJennings, HughHugh Jennings\n[13]\n\n\n1909\nPittsburg Pirates (2, 1–1)\nClarke, FredFred Clarke\n4–3\nDetroit Tigers (3, 0–3)\nJennings, HughHugh Jennings\n[14]\n\n\n1910\nPhiladelphia Athletics (2, 1–1)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n4–1\nChicago Cubs (4, 2–2)\nChance, FrankFrank Chance\n[15]\n\n\n1911\nPhiladelphia Athletics (3, 2–1)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n4–2\nNew York Giants (2, 1–1)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n[16]\n\n\n1912\nBoston Red Sox (2, 2–0)\nStahl, JakeJake Stahl\n4–3–(1)[T]\nNew York Giants (3, 1–2)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n[17]\n\n\n1913\nPhiladelphia Athletics (4, 3–1)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n4–1\nNew York Giants (4, 1–3)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n[18]\n\n\n1914\nBoston Braves (1, 1–0)\nStallings, GeorgeGeorge Stallings\n4–0\nPhiladelphia Athletics (5, 3–2)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n[19]\n\n\n1915\nBoston Red Sox (3, 3–0)\nCarrigan, BillBill Carrigan\n4–1\nPhiladelphia Phillies (1, 0–1)\nMoran, PatPat Moran\n[20]\n\n\n1916\nBoston Red Sox (4, 4–0)\nCarrigan, BillBill Carrigan\n4–1\nBrooklyn Robins (1, 0–1)\nRobinson, WilbertWilbert Robinson\n[21]\n\n\n1917\nChicago White Sox (2, 2–0)\nRowland, PantsPants Rowland\n4–2\nNew York Giants (5, 1–4)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n[22]\n\n\n1918\nBoston Red Sox (5, 5–0)\nBarrow, EdEd Barrow\n4–2\nChicago Cubs (5, 2–3)\nMitchell, FredFred Mitchell\n[23]\n\n\n1919\nCincinnati Reds (1, 1–0)\nMoran, PatPat Moran\n5–3[V]\nChicago White Sox (3, 2–1)\nGleason, KidKid Gleason\n[24]\n\n\n1920\nCleveland Indians (1, 1–0)\nSpeaker, TrisTris Speaker\n5–2[V]\nBrooklyn Robins (2, 0–2)\nRobinson, WilbertWilbert Robinson\n[25]\n\n\n1921\nNew York Giants (6, 2–4)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n5–3[V]\nNew York Yankees (1, 0–1)\nHuggins, MillerMiller Huggins\n[26]\n\n\n1922\nNew York Giants (7, 3–4)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n4–0–(1)[T]\nNew York Yankees (2, 0–2)\nHuggins, MillerMiller Huggins\n[27]\n\n\n1923\nNew York Yankees (3, 1–2)\nHuggins, MillerMiller Huggins\n4–2\nNew York Giants (8, 3–5)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n[28]\n\n\n1924\nWashington Senators (1, 1–0)\nHarris, BuckyBucky Harris\n4–3\nNew York Giants (9, 3–6)\nMcGraw, JohnJohn McGraw\n[29]\n\n\n1925\nPittsburgh Pirates (3, 2–1)\nMcKechnie, BillBill McKechnie\n4–3\nWashington Senators (2, 1–1)\nHarris, BuckyBucky Harris\n[30]\n\n\n1926\nSt. Louis Cardinals (1, 1–0)\nHornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby\n4–3\nNew York Yankees (4, 1–3)\nHuggins, MillerMiller Huggins\n[31]\n\n\n1927\nNew York Yankees (5, 2–3)\nHuggins, MillerMiller Huggins\n4–0\nPittsburgh Pirates (4, 2–2)\nDonie Bush\n[32]\n\n\n1928\nNew York Yankees (6, 3–3)\nHuggins, MillerMiller Huggins\n4–0\nSt. Louis Cardinals (2, 1–1)\nMcKechnie, BillBill McKechnie\n[33]\n\n\n1929\nPhiladelphia Athletics (6, 4–2)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n4–1\nChicago Cubs (6, 2–4)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n[34]\n\n\n1930\nPhiladelphia Athletics (7, 5–2)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n4–2\nSt. Louis Cardinals (3, 1–2)\nStreet, GabbyGabby Street\n[35]\n\n\n1931\nSt. Louis Cardinals (4, 2–2)\nStreet, GabbyGabby Street\n4–3\nPhiladelphia Athletics (8, 5–3)\nMack, ConnieConnie Mack\n[36]\n\n\n1932\nNew York Yankees (7, 4–3)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–0\nChicago Cubs (7, 2–5)\nGrimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm\n[37]\n\n\n1933\nNew York Giants (10, 4–6)\nTerry, BillBill Terry\n4–1\nWashington Senators (3, 1–2)\nCronin, JoeJoe Cronin\n[38]\n\n\n1934\nSt. Louis Cardinals (5, 3–2)\nFrisch, FrankFrank Frisch\n4–3\nDetroit Tigers (4, 0–4)\nCochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane\n[39]\n\n\n1935\nDetroit Tigers (5, 1–4)\nCochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane\n4–2\nChicago Cubs (8, 2–6)\nGrimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm\n[40]\n\n\n1936\nNew York Yankees (8, 5–3)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–2\nNew York Giants (11, 4–7)\nTerry, BillBill Terry\n[41]\n\n\n1937\nNew York Yankees (9, 6–3)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–1\nNew York Giants (12, 4–8)\nTerry, BillBill Terry\n[42]\n\n\n1938\nNew York Yankees (10, 7–3)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–0\nChicago Cubs (9, 2–7)\nHartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett\n[43]\n\n\n1939\nNew York Yankees (11, 8–3)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–0\nCincinnati Reds (2, 1–1)\nMcKechnie, BillBill McKechnie\n[44]\n\n\n1940\nCincinnati Reds (3, 2–1)\nMcKechnie, BillBill McKechnie\n4–3\nDetroit Tigers (6, 1–5)\nBaker, DelDel Baker\n[45]\n\n\n1941\nNew York Yankees (12, 9–3)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–1\nBrooklyn Dodgers (3, 0–3)\nDurocher, LeoLeo Durocher\n[46]\n\n\n1942\nSt. Louis Cardinals (6, 4–2)\nSouthworth, BillyBilly Southworth\n4–1\nNew York Yankees (13, 9–4)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n[47]\n\n\n1943\nNew York Yankees (14, 10–4)\nMcCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy\n4–1\nSt. Louis Cardinals (7, 4–3)\nSouthworth, BillyBilly Southworth\n[48]\n\n\n1944\nSt. Louis Cardinals (8, 5–3)\nSouthworth, BillyBilly Southworth\n4–2\nSt. Louis Browns (1, 0–1)\nSewell, LukeLuke Sewell\n[49]\n\n\n1945\nDetroit Tigers (7, 2–5)\nO'Neill, SteveSteve O'Neill\n4–3\nChicago Cubs (10, 2–8)\nGrimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm\n[50]\n\n\n1946\nSt. Louis Cardinals (9, 6–3)\nDyer, EddieEddie Dyer\n4–3\nBoston Red Sox (6, 5–1)\nCronin, JoeJoe Cronin\n[51]\n\n\n1947\nNew York Yankees (15, 11–4)\nHarris, BuckyBucky Harris\n4–3\nBrooklyn Dodgers (4, 0–4)\nShotton, BurtBurt Shotton\n[52]\n\n\n1948\nCleveland Indians (2, 2–0)\nBoudreau, LouLou Boudreau\n4–2\nBoston Braves (2, 1–1)\nSouthworth, BillyBilly Southworth\n[53]\n\n\n1949\nNew York Yankees (16, 12–4)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–1\nBrooklyn Dodgers (5, 0–5)\nShotton, BurtBurt Shotton\n[54]\n\n\n1950\nNew York Yankees (17, 13–4)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–0\nPhiladelphia Phillies (2, 0–2)\nSawyer, EddieEddie Sawyer\n[55]\n\n\n1951\nNew York Yankees (18, 14–4)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–2\nNew York Giants (13, 4–9)\nDurocher, LeoLeo Durocher\n[56]\n\n\n1952\nNew York Yankees (19, 15–4)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–3\nBrooklyn Dodgers (6, 0–6)\nDressen, CharlieCharlie Dressen\n[57]\n\n\n1953\nNew York Yankees (20, 16–4)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–2\nBrooklyn Dodgers (7, 0–7)\nDressen, CharlieCharlie Dressen\n[58]\n\n\n1954\nNew York Giants (14, 5–9)\nDurocher, LeoLeo Durocher\n4–0\nCleveland Indians (3, 2–1)\nLopez, AlAl Lopez\n[59]\n\n\n1955\nBrooklyn Dodgers (8, 1–7)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n4–3\nNew York Yankees (21, 16–5)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n[60]\n\n\n1956\nNew York Yankees (22, 17–5)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–3\nBrooklyn Dodgers (9, 1–8)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n[61]\n\n\n1957\nMilwaukee Braves (3, 2–1)\nHaney, FredFred Haney\n4–3\nNew York Yankees (23, 17–6)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n[62]\n\n\n1958\nNew York Yankees (24, 18–6)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n4–3\nMilwaukee Braves (4, 2–2)\nHaney, FredFred Haney\n[63]\n\n\n1959\nLos Angeles Dodgers (10, 2–8)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n4–2\nChicago White Sox (4, 2–2)\nLopez, AlAl Lopez\n[64]\n\n\n1960\nPittsburgh Pirates (5, 3–2)\nMurtaugh, DannyDanny Murtaugh\n4–3\nNew York Yankees (25, 18–7)\nStengel, CaseyCasey Stengel\n[65]\n\n\n1961\nNew York Yankees (26, 19–7)\nHouk, RalphRalph Houk\n4–1\nCincinnati Reds (4, 2–2)\nHutchinson, FredFred Hutchinson\n[66]\n\n\n1962\nNew York Yankees (27, 20–7)\nHouk, RalphRalph Houk\n4–3\nSan Francisco Giants (15, 5–10)\nDark, AlvinAlvin Dark\n[67]\n\n\n1963\nLos Angeles Dodgers (11, 3–8)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n4–0\nNew York Yankees (28, 20–8)\nHouk, RalphRalph Houk\n[68]\n\n\n1964\nSt. Louis Cardinals (10, 7–3)\nKeane, JohnnyJohnny Keane\n4–3\nNew York Yankees (29, 20–9)\nBerra, YogiYogi Berra\n[69]\n\n\n1965\nLos Angeles Dodgers (12, 4–8)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n4–3\nMinnesota Twins (4, 1–3)\nMele, SamSam Mele\n[70]\n\n\n1966\nBaltimore Orioles (2, 1–1)\nBauer, HankHank Bauer\n4–0\nLos Angeles Dodgers (13, 4–9)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n[71]\n\n\n1967\nSt. Louis Cardinals (11, 8–3)\nSchoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst\n4–3\nBoston Red Sox (7, 5–2)\nWilliams, DickDick Williams\n[72]\n\n\n1968\nDetroit Tigers (8, 3–5)\nSmith, MayoMayo Smith\n4–3\nSt. Louis Cardinals (12, 8–4)\nSchoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst\n[73]\n\n\n1969\nNew York Mets (1, 1–0)\nHodges, GilGil Hodges\n4–1\nBaltimore Orioles (3, 1–2)\nWeaver, EarlEarl Weaver\n[74]\n\n\n1970\nBaltimore Orioles (4, 2–2)\nWeaver, EarlEarl Weaver\n4–1\nCincinnati Reds (5, 2–3)\nAnderson, SparkySparky Anderson\n[75]\n\n\n1971\nPittsburgh Pirates (6, 4–2)\nMurtaugh, DannyDanny Murtaugh\n4–3\nBaltimore Orioles (5, 2–3)\nWeaver, EarlEarl Weaver\n[76]\n\n\n1972\nOakland Athletics (9, 6–3)\nWilliams, DickDick Williams\n4–3\nCincinnati Reds (6, 2–4)\nAnderson, SparkySparky Anderson\n[77]\n\n\n1973\nOakland Athletics (10, 7–3)\nWilliams, DickDick Williams\n4–3\nNew York Mets (2, 1–1)\nBerra, YogiYogi Berra\n[78]\n\n\n1974\nOakland Athletics (11, 8–3)\nDark, AlvinAlvin Dark\n4–1\nLos Angeles Dodgers (14, 4–10)\nAlston, WalterWalter Alston\n[79]\n\n\n1975\nCincinnati Reds (7, 3–4)\nAnderson, SparkySparky Anderson\n4–3\nBoston Red Sox (8, 5–3)\nJohnson, DarrellDarrell Johnson\n[80]\n\n\n1976\nCincinnati Reds (8, 4–4)\nAnderson, SparkySparky Anderson\n4–0\nNew York Yankees (30, 20–10)\nMartin, BillyBilly Martin\n[81]\n\n\n1977\nNew York Yankees (31, 21–10)\nMartin, BillyBilly Martin\n4–2\nLos Angeles Dodgers (15, 4–11)\nLasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda\n[82]\n\n\n1978\nNew York Yankees (32, 22–10)\nLemon, BobBob Lemon\n4–2\nLos Angeles Dodgers (16, 4–12)\nLasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda\n[83]\n\n\n1979\nPittsburgh Pirates (7, 5–2)\nTanner, ChuckChuck Tanner\n4–3\nBaltimore Orioles (6, 2–4)\nWeaver, EarlEarl Weaver\n[84]\n\n\n1980\nPhiladelphia Phillies (3, 1–2)\nGreen, DallasDallas Green\n4–2\nKansas City Royals (1, 0–1)\nFrey, JimJim Frey\n[85]\n\n\n1981\nLos Angeles Dodgers (17, 5–12)\nLasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda\n4–2\nNew York Yankees (33, 22–11)\nLemon, BobBob Lemon\n[86]\n\n\n1982\nSt. Louis Cardinals (13, 9–4)\nHerzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog\n4–3\nMilwaukee Brewers[L1] (1, 0–1)\nKuenn, HarveyHarvey Kuenn\n[87]\n\n\n1983\nBaltimore Orioles (7, 3–4)\nAltobelli, JoeJoe Altobelli\n4–1\nPhiladelphia Phillies (4, 1–3)\nOwens, PaulPaul Owens\n[88]\n\n\n1984\nDetroit Tigers (9, 4–5)\nAnderson, SparkySparky Anderson\n4–1\nSan Diego Padres (1, 0–1)\nWilliams, DickDick Williams\n[89]\n\n\n1985\nKansas City Royals (2, 1–1)\nHowser, DickDick Howser\n4–3\nSt. Louis Cardinals (14, 9–5)\nHerzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog\n[90]\n\n\n1986\nNew York Mets (3, 2–1)\nJohnson, DaveyDavey Johnson\n4–3\nBoston Red Sox (9, 5–4)\nMcNamara, JohnJohn McNamara\n[91]\n\n\n1987\nMinnesota Twins (5, 2–3)\nKelly, TomTom Kelly\n4–3\nSt. Louis Cardinals (15, 9–6)\nHerzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog\n[92]\n\n\n1988\nLos Angeles Dodgers (18, 6–12)\nLasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda\n4–1\nOakland Athletics (12, 8–4)\nLa Russa, TonyTony La Russa\n[93]\n\n\n1989\nOakland Athletics (13, 9–4)\nLa Russa, TonyTony La Russa\n4–0\nSan Francisco Giants (16, 5–11)\nCraig, RogerRoger Craig\n[94]\n\n\n1990\nCincinnati Reds (9, 5–4)\nPiniella, LouLou Piniella\n4–0\nOakland Athletics (14, 9–5)\nLa Russa, TonyTony La Russa\n[95]\n\n\n1991\nMinnesota Twins (6, 3–3)\nKelly, TomTom Kelly\n4–3\nAtlanta Braves (5, 2–3)\nCox, BobbyBobby Cox\n[96]\n\n\n1992\nToronto Blue Jays (1, 1–0)\nGaston, CitoCito Gaston\n4–2\nAtlanta Braves (6, 2–4)\nCox, BobbyBobby Cox\n[97]\n\n\n1993\nToronto Blue Jays (2, 2–0)\nGaston, CitoCito Gaston\n4–2\nPhiladelphia Phillies (5, 1–4)\nFregosi, JimJim Fregosi\n[98]\n\n\n1994\nNo World Series due to a players' strike\n\n\n\n1995\nAtlanta Braves (7, 3–4)\nCox, BobbyBobby Cox\n4–2\nCleveland Indians (4, 2–2)\nHargrove, MikeMike Hargrove\n[99]\n\n\n1996\nNew York Yankees (34, 23–11)\nTorre, JoeJoe Torre\n4–2\nAtlanta Braves (8, 3–5)\nCox, BobbyBobby Cox\n[100]\n\n\n1997\nFlorida Marlins[W] (1, 1–0)\nLeyland, JimJim Leyland\n4–3\nCleveland Indians (5, 2–3)\nHargrove, MikeMike Hargrove\n[101]\n\n\n1998\nNew York Yankees (35, 24–11)\nTorre, JoeJoe Torre\n4–0\nSan Diego Padres (2, 0–2)\nBruce Bochy\n[102]\n\n\n1999\nNew York Yankees (36, 25–11)\nTorre, JoeJoe Torre\n4–0\nAtlanta Braves (9, 3–6)\nCox, BobbyBobby Cox\n[103]\n\n\n2000\nNew York Yankees (37, 26–11)\nTorre, JoeJoe Torre\n4–1\nNew York Mets[W] (4, 2–2)\nValentine, BobbyBobby Valentine\n[104]\n\n\n2001\nArizona Diamondbacks (1, 1–0)\nBrenly, BobBob Brenly\n4–3\nNew York Yankees (38, 26–12)\nTorre, JoeJoe Torre\n[105]\n\n\n2002\nAnaheim Angels[W] (1, 1–0)\nScioscia, MikeMike Scioscia\n4–3\nSan Francisco Giants[W] (17, 5–12)\nBaker, DustyDusty Baker\n[106]\n\n\n2003\nFlorida Marlins[W] (2, 2–0)\nMcKeon, JackJack McKeon\n4–2\nNew York Yankees (39, 26–13)\nTorre, JoeJoe Torre\n[107]\n\n\n2004\nBoston Red Sox[W] (10, 6–4)\nFrancona, TerryTerry Francona\n4–0\nSt. Louis Cardinals (16, 9–7)\nLa Russa, TonyTony La Russa\n[108]\n\n\n2005\nChicago White Sox (5, 3–2)\nGuillén, OzzieOzzie Guillén\n4–0\nHouston Astros[W][L2] (1, 0–1)\nGarner, PhilPhil Garner\n[109]\n\n\n2006\nSt. Louis Cardinals (17, 10–7)\nLa Russa, TonyTony La Russa\n4–1\nDetroit Tigers[W] (10, 4–6)\nLeyland, JimJim Leyland\n[110]\n\n\n2007\nBoston Red Sox (11, 7–4)\nFrancona, TerryTerry Francona\n4–0\nColorado Rockies[W] (1, 0–1)\nHurdle, ClintClint Hurdle\n[111]\n\n\n2008\nPhiladelphia Phillies (6, 2–4)\nManuel, CharlieCharlie Manuel\n4–1\nTampa Bay Rays (1, 0–1)\nMaddon, JoeJoe Maddon\n[112]\n\n\n2009\nNew York Yankees (40, 27–13)\nGirardi, JoeJoe Girardi\n4–2\nPhiladelphia Phillies (7, 2–5)\nManuel, CharlieCharlie Manuel\n[113]\n\n\n2010\nSan Francisco Giants (18, 6–12)\nBochy, BruceBruce Bochy\n4–1\nTexas Rangers (1, 0–1)\nWashington, RonRon Washington\n[114]\n\n\n2011\nSt. Louis Cardinals[W] (18, 11–7)\nLa Russa, TonyTony La Russa\n4–3\nTexas Rangers (2, 0–2)\nWashington, RonRon Washington\n[115]\n\n\n2012\nSan Francisco Giants (19, 7–12)\nBochy, BruceBruce Bochy\n4–0\nDetroit Tigers (11, 4–7)\nLeyland, JimJim Leyland\n[116]\n\n\n2013\nBoston Red Sox (12, 8–4)\nFarrell, JohnJohn Farrell\n4–2\nSt. Louis Cardinals (19, 11–8)\nMatheny, MikeMike Matheny\n[117]\n\n\n2014\nSan Francisco Giants[W] (20, 8–12)\nBochy, BruceBruce Bochy\n4–3\nKansas City Royals[W] (3, 1–2)\nYost, NedNed Yost\n[118]\n\n\n2015\nKansas City Royals (4, 2–2)\nYost, NedNed Yost\n4–1\nNew York Mets (5, 2–3)\nCollins, TerryTerry Collins\n[119]\n\n\n2016\nChicago Cubs (11, 3–8)\nMaddon, JoeJoe Maddon\n4–3\nCleveland Indians (6, 2–4)\nFrancona, TerryTerry Francona\n[120]\n\n\n2017\nHouston Astros[L2] (2, 1–1)\nHinch, A. J.A. J. Hinch\n4–3\nLos Angeles Dodgers (19, 6–13)\nRoberts, DaveDave Roberts\n[121]\n\n" ]	[ "2017" ]
2148936743337079097	List of Presidents of the Philippines	List of presidents of the Philippines - wikipedia List of presidents of the Philippines For colonial chief executives of the Philippines prior to the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines , see Governor - General of the Philippines . Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the President . Built in 1750 , it has become a prominent symbol of and metonym for the office . Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Vicente Sotto III House of Representatives Speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Acting Chief Justice Antonio Carpio Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2010 2013 2016 2019 Political parties ( show ) Lakas LDP Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban PMP UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas Under the present Constitution of the Philippines , the President of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pangulo ng Pilipinas ) is both the head of state and the head of government , and serves as the commander - in - chief of the country 's armed forces . The President is directly elected by qualified voters of the population to a six - year term and must be `` a natural - born citizen of the Philippines , a registered voter , able to read and write , at least forty years of age on the day of the election , and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election '' . Any person who has served as president for more than four years is barred from running for the position again . Upon an incumbent president 's death , permanent disability , resignation , or removal from office , the Vice President assumes the post . Sixteen people have been sworn into office as president . Following the ratification of the Malolos Constitution in 1899 , Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Malolos Republic , considered the First Philippine Republic . He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) . The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic , which led an American governor - general to exercise executive power . In 1935 , the United States , pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty , established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution , which also restored the presidency . The first national presidential election was held , and Manuel L. Quezon ( 1935 -- 44 ) was elected to a six - year term , with no provision for re-election , as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president . In 1940 , however , the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years . A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution , which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II . José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese - sponsored government ; his de facto presidency , not legally recognized until the 1960s , overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth , which went into exile . The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 ; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña ( 1944 -- 46 ) as president . Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) followed Picar when he won the first post-war election in 1946 . He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year . The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents , the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos ( 1965 -- 86 ) , who performed a self - coup by imposing martial law in 1972 . The dictatorship saw the birth of Marcos ' New Society and the Fourth Republic . His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution . The current constitution came into effect in 1987 , marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic . Of the individuals elected as president , three died in office : two of natural causes ( Manuel L. Quezon and Manuel Roxas ) and one in a plane crash ( Ramon Magsaysay , 1953 -- 57 ) . The longest - serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office ; he is the only president to have served more than two terms . The shortest is Sergio Osmeña who spent 1 year and 300 days in office . Two women have held the office : Corazon Aquino ( 1986 -- 92 ) , who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986 , and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ( 2001 -- 10 ) , who , as Vice President , ascended to the presidency upon Estrada 's resignation and was elected to a full six - year term in 2004 . Contents 1 Presidents 1.1 Prior to the First Republic 1.2 1899 -- 1901 : First Republic ( Malolos Republic ) 1.3 1935 -- 46 : Commonwealth 1.4 1943 -- 45 : Second Republic 1.5 1946 -- 72 : Third Republic 1.6 1972 -- 87 : Martial law and the Fourth Republic 1.7 1987 -- present : Fifth Republic 2 Timeline 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Works cited 6 External links Presidents ( edit ) The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each individual . Key Party English name Abbreviation Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas Association for Service to the New Philippines KALIBAPI Kilusang Bagong Lipunan New Society Movement KBL Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino Struggle of the Patriotic Filipino Masses LAMMP Lakas ng Tao -- Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino -- Christian Muslim Democrats People Power -- Partner of the Free Filipino -- Christian Muslim Democrats Lakas -- Kampi -- CMD Lakas ng Tao -- National Union of Christian Democrats People Power -- National Union of Christian Democrats Lakas -- NUCD Liberal Party Liberal Nacionalista Party Nationalist Party Nacionalista Partido Demokratiko Pilipino -- Lakas ng Bayan Philippine Democratic Party -- People 's Power PDP -- Laban United Nationalist Democratic Organization UNIDO Non-partisan N / A Prior to the first Republic ( edit ) The Spaniards unified the Philippines as the Captaincy - General of the Philippines. The Spanish monarchy is represented by the Governor - General from 1565 to 1899 . Spain ceded the all of its remaining possessions , including the Philippines , save for Cuba at the end of the Spanish - American War via the Treaty of Paris . 1899 -- 1901 : first Republic ( Malolos Republic ) ( edit ) The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23 , 1899 at Malolos , and ended on March 23 , 1901 when President Emilio F. Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palanan . President of the First Philippine Republic ( Malolos Republic ) No . overall No . in era Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Prior office Took office Left office Party Term Vice President Refs . Emilio Aguinaldo 1869 -- 1964 ( Lived : 94 years ) President of the Revolutionary Government January 23 , 1899 March 23 , 1901 Non-partisan ( 1899 ) ( 1899 ) None The Americans had already begun controlling areas not controlled by the First Republic after the Spanish cession . The President of the United States is represented first by military governors , then by civilian Governors - General up to 1935 . 1935 -- 46 : Commonwealth ( edit ) The Commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15 , 1935 at Manila , and ended upon independence on July 4 , 1946 . Presidents of the Philippine Commonwealth No . overall No . in era Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Prior office Took office Left office Party Term Vice President Refs . Manuel L. Quezon 1878 -- 1944 ( Lived : 65 years ) 1st President of the Senate of the Philippines November 15 , 1935 August 1 , 1944 Nacionalista ( 1935 ) ( 1935 ) Sergio Osmeña ( 1941 ) ( 1941 ) ( 1944 ) Sergio Osmeña Sr . 1878 -- 1961 ( Lived : 83 years ) 1st Vice President of the Philippines August 1 , 1944 May 28 , 1946 Nacionalista Vacant 5 Manuel A. Roxas 1892 -- 1948 ( Lived : 56 years ) 2nd President of the Senate of the Philippines May 28 , 1946 July 4 , 1946 Liberal ( 1946 ) 5 ( 1946 ) Elpidio Quirino May 28 , 1946 -- July 4 , 1946 1943 -- 45 : Second Republic ( edit ) The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14 , 1943 in Manila , and ended when President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17 , 1945 , in Tokyo . President of the Second Philippine Republic No . overall No . in era Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Prior office Took office Left office Party Term Vice President Refs . José P. Laurel 1891 -- 1959 ( Lived : 68 years ) Commissioner of the Interior October 14 , 1943 August 17 , 1945 KALIBAPI ( 1943 ) ( 1943 ) None 1946 -- 72 : Third Republic ( edit ) The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4 , 1946 , and ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on September 21 , 1972 . Presidents of the Third Philippine Republic No . overall No . in era Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Prior office Took office Left office Party Term Vice President Refs . 5 Manuel A. Roxas 1892 -- 1948 ( Lived : 56 years ) 2nd President of the Senate of the Philippines July 4 , 1946 April 15 , 1948 Liberal ( 1946 ) 5 ( 1946 ) ( 1948 ) Elpidio Quirino July 4 , 1946 -- April 17 , 1948 Vacant April 15 -- 17 , 1948 6 Elpidio Quirino 1890 -- 1956 ( Lived : 65 years ) 2nd Vice President of the Philippines April 17 , 1948 December 30 , 1953 Liberal Vacant April 17 , 1948 -- December 30 , 1949 ( 1949 ) 6 ( 1949 ) Fernando Lopez December 30 , 1949 -- December 30 , 1953 7 Ramon Magsaysay 1907 -- 1957 ( Lived : 49 years ) Secretary of National Defense December 30 , 1953 March 17 , 1957 Nacionalista ( 1953 ) 7 ( 1953 ) ( 1957 ) Carlos P. Garcia 8 Carlos P. Garcia 1896 -- 1971 ( Lived : 74 years ) 4th Vice President of the Philippines March 18 , 1957 December 30 , 1961 Nacionalista Vacant March 18 -- December 30 , 1957 ( 1957 ) 8 ( 1957 ) Diosdado Macapagal December 30 , 1957 -- December 30 , 1961 9 5 Diosdado Macapagal 1910 -- 1997 ( Lived : 86 years ) 5th Vice President of the Philippines December 30 , 1961 December 30 , 1965 Liberal ( 1961 ) 9 ( 1961 ) Emmanuel Pelaez 10 6 Ferdinand E. Marcos 1917 -- 1989 ( Lived : 72 years ) 11th President of the Senate of the Philippines December 30 , 1965 February 25 , 1986 Nacionalista ( 1965 ) 10 ( 1965 ) Fernando Lopez December 30 , 1965 -- September 23 , 1972 ( 1969 ) 11 ( 1969 ) None September 23 , 1972 -- February 25 , 1986 KBL ( 1981 ) 12 ( 1981 ) 1972 -- 87 : martial law and the Fourth Republic ( edit ) President Ferdinand E. Marcos ruled by decree when he declared martial law on September 21 , 1972 . He inaugurated the `` New Society '' after a new constitution was ratified on January 17 , 1973 . He declared the Fourth Republic on January 17 , 1981 , after martial law was lifted . Presidents of the Fourth Philippine Republic No . overall No . in era Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Prior office Took office Left office Party Term Vice President Refs . 10 Ferdinand E. Marcos 1917 -- 1989 ( Lived : 72 years ) 11th President of the Senate of the Philippines December 30 , 1965 February 25 , 1986 Nacionalista ( 1965 ) 10 ( 1965 ) Fernando Lopez December 30 , 1965 -- September 23 , 1972 ( 1969 ) 11 ( 1969 ) None September 23 , 1972 -- February 25 , 1986 KBL ( 1981 ) 12 ( 1981 ) 11 Corazon C. Aquino 1933 -- 2009 ( Lived : 76 years ) ( No prior elected office ) February 25 , 1986 June 30 , 1992 UNIDO ( 1986 ) 13 ( 1986 ) Salvador H. Laurel 1987 -- present : Fifth Republic ( edit ) President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified . The plebiscite happened on February 2 , 1987 . Presidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic No . overall No . in era Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Prior office Took office Left office Party Term Vice President Refs . 11 Corazon C. Aquino 1933 -- 2009 ( Lived : 76 years ) ( No prior elected office ) February 25 , 1986 June 30 , 1992 UNIDO ( 1986 ) 13 ( 1986 ) Salvador H. Laurel 12 Fidel V. Ramos Born 1928 ( 90 years old ) Secretary of National Defense June 30 , 1992 June 30 , 1998 Lakas -- NUCD ( 1992 ) 14 ( 1992 ) Joseph Ejercito Estrada 13 Joseph Ejercito Estrada Born 1937 ( 81 years old ) 9th Vice President of the Philippines June 30 , 1998 January 20 , 2001 LAMMP ( 1998 ) 15 ( 1998 ) ( 2001 ) Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 14 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Born 1947 ( 71 years old ) 10th Vice President of the Philippines January 20 , 2001 June 30 , 2010 Lakas -- NUCD -- UMDP Lakas -- CMD Vacant January 20 -- February 7 , 2001 Teofisto Guingona Jr . February 7 , 2001 -- June 30 , 2004 Lakas -- CMD Lakas Kampi CMD ( 2004 ) 16 ( 2004 ) Noli L. de Castro June 30 , 2004 -- June 30 , 2010 15 5 Benigno S. Aquino III Born 1960 ( 58 years old ) Senator of the Philippines June 30 , 2010 June 30 , 2016 Liberal ( 2010 ) 17 ( 2010 ) Jejomar C. Binay 16 6 Rodrigo Duterte Born 1945 ( 73 years old ) Mayor of Davao City June 30 , 2016 Incumbent PDP -- Laban ( 2016 ) 18 ( 2016 ) Maria Leonor G. Robredo Timeline ( edit ) See also : List of Presidents of the Philippines by time in office See also ( edit ) Philippines portal President of the Philippines List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines First Lady or First Gentleman of the Philippines Vice President of the Philippines List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines Prime Minister of the Philippines Constitution of the Philippines Timeline of Philippine history List of current heads of state and government Heads of state and government of the Philippines List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines List of recorded datu in the Philippines Governor - General of the Philippines Filipino styles and honorifics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The President has three official residences , with the Malacañang Palace Complex as the principal abode and workplace . The other two are Mansion House in Baguio , the official summer residence , and Malacañang sa Sugbo ( Malacañang of Cebu ) , the official residence in Cebu . ^ Jump up to : In chronological order , the presidents started with Manuel Luis M. Quezon , who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president , until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo and José P. Laurel 's presidencies in the 1960s . With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third , Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth , respectively . Jump up ^ Emilio Aguinaldo , the official first president , was elected by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote . ^ Jump up to : For the purposes of numbering , a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person . For example , Manuel Luis M. Quezon was elected in two consecutive terms and is counted as the second president ( not the second and third ) . Upon the death of fifth president , Manuel Roxas , Elpidio Quirino became the sixth president even though he simply served out the remainder of Roxas ' term and was not elected to the presidency in his own right . Jump up ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo was captured by US forces in Palanan , Isabela , during the Philippine -- American War . ^ Jump up to : Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term . Jump up ^ The Malolos Constitution did not provide for a vice president . Jump up ^ Term began with the formal establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth . Jump up ^ Died , in office , of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake , New York . Jump up ^ Term was originally until November 15 , 1943 , due to constitutional limitations as provided by the 1940 amendment of the 1935 Constitution , which shortened the terms of the president and the vice president from six to four years but allowed re-election . Quezon was not intended to serve the full four years of the second term he won in the 1941 election because a ten - year presidency would have been considered excessive . In 1943 , however , due to World War II , he and Vice President Sergio Osmeña , who was also re-elected , had to take an emergency oath of office , extending their tenure . ^ Jump up to : See § 1943 -- 45 : Second Republic . ^ Jump up to : Unseated ( lost re-election ) . Jump up ^ Sought an election for a full term , but was unsuccessful . ^ Jump up to : Prior to the ratification of the 1987 Constitution , there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled . Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Constitution when she appointe Teofisto Guingona Jr . ^ Jump up to : The Liberal Party was not yet a party in itself at the time , but only a wing of the Nacionalista Party . It split and became a separate party by 1947 . Jump up ^ Term began with the establishment of Japan 's puppet Second Republic after it occupied the Philippines during World War II . The Commonwealth continued its existence as a government in exile in Australia and the United States . The Philippines had two concurrent presidents by this time : a de jure ( the Commonwealth president ) and a de facto ( Laurel ) . Because of his status , he was not considered a legitimate president until the 1960s . Jump up ^ Term ended when he dissolved the Second Republic in the wake of Japan 's surrender to the Allies two days prior . The Commonwealth was re-established in the Philippines , with Sergio Osmeña as the fourth president . Jump up ^ Previously affiliated with the Nacionalista Party , but was elected by the National Assembly under the Japanese - organized KALIBAPI , a `` non-political service organization '' as it described itself . All pre-war parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI . Jump up ^ The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president . Jump up ^ The Third Republic began when the Philippine Commonwealth ended on July 4 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Died , in office , of a heart attack in Clark Air Base , Pampanga . Jump up ^ The Liberal Party was split into two opposing wings for the 1949 election : the Avelino wing , led by presidential aspirant José Avelino , and the Quirino wing . Jump up ^ Died , in office , in a plane crash in Mount Manunggal , Cebu . ^ Jump up to : Deposed in the People Power Revolution . ^ Jump up to : Term ended upon Marcos ' declaration of martial law . ^ Jump up to : Imposed martial law , as a self - coup , on September 23 , 1972 , through Proclamation No. 1081 , shortly before the end of his second and final term in 1973 . General Order No. 1 , which detailed the transfer of all powers to the president , was also issued , enabling Marcos to rule by decree . ^ Jump up to : Served concurrently as prime minister from June 12 , 1978 , to June 30 , 1981 . ^ Jump up to : The 1973 Constitution was amended through a plebiscite held on January 27 , 1984 to re-establish the vice presidency . ^ Jump up to : The 1973 Constitution , as amended in 1981 , did not place restrictions on re-election . Jump up ^ Martial law was lifted by Ferdinand Marcos on January 17 , 1981 , through Proclamation No. 2045 , marking the beginning of the Fourth Republic . ^ Jump up to : Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election . Jump up ^ Corazon Aquino promulgated a provisional constitution called the 1986 Freedom Constitution on March 25 , 1986 . It remained in effect until it was supplanted by the current constitution on February 2 , 17 87 , which ushered the Fifth Republic . Jump up ^ Deposed after the Supreme Court declared Estrada as resigned , and , as a result , the office of the president vacant , after the Second EDSA Revolution . Jump up ^ Allied with the Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan ( Coalition of Truth and Experience for Tomorrow ) . Subnotes Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference MalolosRepublic was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto , illegitimate government on September 17 , 1945 . Its laws were considered null and void ; despite this , Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s . ^ Jump up to : Emilio F. Aguinaldo would be counted as the second president if he had won the 1935 election because the presidency was abolished and remained defunct until November 15 , 1935 . During that period , the executive power was exercised by the Governor - General of the US military government and the Insular Government , the precursor of the Philippine Commonwealth . Jump up ^ Aguinaldo took the oath of allegiance to the US nine days later , effectively ending the republic . ^ Jump up to : Before the ratification of the 1981 amendment of the 1973 Constitution , which removed the limit on re-election to the office for another six - year term , presidents were elected to a four - year term with the possibility of re-election , as the amended 1935 Constitution specified : `` No person shall serve as ( p ) resident for more than eight consecutive years . '' When the 1987 Constitution was imposed and , in effect , superseded the previous constitutions , the president is no longer eligible for any re-election . It does , however , allow a person who had assumed the presidency to seek for a full six - year term if he or she has not yet `` served as such for more than four years '' . Jump up ^ The Commonwealth had already been temporarily restored in Tacloban on October 23 , 1944 , during the Battle of Leyte , before it was proclaimed `` reestablished as provided by law '' on February 27 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino both took their oath of office on February 25 , 1986 . In effect , the Philippines again had two simultaneous presidents , albeit for nine hours only . Marcos was proclaimed on February 15 the winner of the widely denounced February 7 snap election , which he called after opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. , his chief rival and Corazon 's wife , was assassinated in 1983 . However , in a separate NAMFREL tally dated February 16 , Aquino was found the actual duly - elected president . The events led to the People Power Revolution on February 22 -- 25 , which forced Marcos to leave to exile in Hawaii and installed Aquino to the office . ^ Jump up to : Accounts differ on when martial law was officially established . While sources such as Raymond Bonner have written that Proclamation No. 1081 was signed on September 23 , 1972 , Primitivo Mijares , a former journalist for Marcos , and the Bangkok Post stated that it was on September 17 , only postdated to September 21 because of Marcos ' numerological beliefs that were related to the number seven . Marcos claimed to have signed it on September 21 , and as of 9 p.m. Philippine Standard Time ( UTC + 08 : 00 ) on September 22 , the country was under martial law . He formally announced it in a live television and radio broadcast on September 23 . The official date when martial law was set was on September 21 ( because it was a date that was divisible by seven ) , but September 23 is generally considered the correct date because it was when the nation was informed and thus the proclamation was put into full effect . ^ Jump up to : On January 17 , 1973 , while martial law was still in effect , the 1973 Constitution was ratified , which suspended the 1935 Constitution and ended the Third Republic . What Marcos called a New Society ( Bagong Lipunan ) began , introducing a parliamentary form of government ; the vice presidency was abolished and the presidential succession provision was devolved to the prime minister . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ortiguero , Romsanne ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` TRAVEL Inside Malacañang Complex , 3 places to visit for a charming date with history '' . News5 . TV5 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mansion House '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sisante , Jam ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Malacañang sa Sugbo still the president 's official residence in Cebu '' . GMA News and Public Affairs . GMA Network . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Executive Branch '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference FirstRep was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970 , p. 281 ^ Jump up to : `` The Commonwealth of the Philippines '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emilio Aguinaldo '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 62 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Jose , Ricardo T. ( 1997 ) . Afterword . His Excellency Jose P. Laurel , President of the Second Philippine Republic : Speeches , Messages and Statements , October 14 , 1943 to December 19 , 1944 . By Laurel , José P. Manila : Lyceum of the Philippines in cooperation with the José P. Laurel Memorial Foundation . ISBN 971 - 91847 - 2 - 8 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 -- via Presidential Museum and Library . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( September 3 , 1945 ) . `` The Philippines : End of a Puppet '' . Time . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P. Laurel '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Second Philippine Republic '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaration of Martial Law '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tejero , Constantino C. ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` The real Manuel Luis Quezon , beyond the posture and bravura '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( April 16 , 1948 ) . `` Heart Attack Fatal to Philippine Pres . Roxas '' . Schenectady Gazette . Manila . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Anniversary of President Ramon Magsaysay '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine Presidents '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quezon , Manuel Luis M. ( December 30 , 1941 ) . `` Second Inaugural Address of President Quezon '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( October 19 , 1961 ) . `` Sergio Osmena , Second President of the Philippines '' . Toledo Blade . Manila : Block Communications . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pascual , Federico D. , Jr . ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today 's issues '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 496 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ `` 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The 1935 Constitution : `` The 1935 Constitution '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . `` 1935 Constitution amended '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office of the Vice President '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel L. Quezon '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 204 Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 54 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` Sergio Osmeña '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : `` Manuel Roxas '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , p. 207 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970 , p. 415 Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sergio Osmeña : Remembering the Grand Old Man of Cebu '' . National Historical Commission of the Philippines . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , Douglas ( February 27 , 1945 ) . `` Speech of General Douglas MacArthur upon turning over to President Sergio Osmena the full powers and responsibilities of the Commonwealth Government under the Constitution '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jose P. Laurel '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ `` The 1943 Constitution '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 205 ^ Jump up to : `` Third Republic '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` The ritual climbing of the main stairs of ... '' Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 -- via Tumblr . On the morning of April 17 , 1948 , Vice President Elpidio Quirino -- fresh off a coast guard cutter from the Visayas -- ascended the staircase to pay his respects to the departed President Manuel Roxas , and to take his oath of office as ( p ) resident of the Philippines . The country had been without a ( p ) resident for two days . ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 80 -- 82 Jump up ^ `` Elpidio Quirino '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line . ( March 18 , 1957 ) . `` Magsaysay Dead in Plane Crash '' . St. Petersburg Times . Manila : Times Publishing Company . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ramon Magsaysay '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 85 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` Carlos P. Garcia '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 210 Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 91 -- 93 Jump up ^ `` Diosdado Macapagal '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 211 Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 96 -- 98 ^ Jump up to : Reaves , Joseph A. ( February 26 , 1986 ) . `` Marcos Flees , Aquino Rules '' . Chicago Tribune . Manila : Tribune Publishing . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution No. 38 '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . February 15 , 1986 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler & Steinberg 1987 , pp. 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ `` 1986 Tally Board '' . National Citizens ' Movement for Free Elections . February 16 , 1986 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 132 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : `` Ferdinand E. Marcos '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 101 -- 104 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 108 -- 110 Jump up ^ Sicat , Gerardo P. ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Marcos and his failure to provide for an orderly political succession '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . The transitional nature of the political system according to the 1973 Constitution was left undefined in view of the martial law government . This constitution adopted a British - style parliamentary system . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : `` Corazon C. Aquino '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , p. 213 ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine Constitutions '' . Official Gazette . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fidel V. Ramos '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 214 Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Calica , Aurea ( January 21 , 2001 ) . `` SC : People 's welfare is the supreme law '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Ejercito Estrada '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ `` Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 153 -- 155 Jump up ^ `` Benigno S. Aquino III '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , p. 217 Jump up ^ PCDSPO 2015 , pp. 159 -- 161 Jump up ^ `` Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers : Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Works cited ( edit ) Agoncillo , Teodoro A. ; Guerrero , Milagros C. ( 1970 ) . History of the Filipino People ( 3rd ed . ) . Malaya Books . Chandler , David Porter ; Steinberg , David Joel ( 1987 ) . In Search of Southeast Asia : A Modern History ( Revised ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1110 - 0 . Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) ( 1898 ) . The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 . Compiled , edited , and translated into English by Sulpicio Guevara . Manila : National Historical Institute ( published 1972 ) . ISBN 971 - 538 - 055 - 7 -- via University of Michigan Library . Philippine Electoral Almanac ( PDF ) ( Revised and expanded ed . ) . Manila : Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . 2015 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 95551 - 6 - 2 -- via Internet Archive . Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History . 1 ( Illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the Philippines . Presidential Website Office of the President of the Philippines Presidential Museum and Library Philippines at worldstatesmen.org Presidents of the Philippines List First Republic ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Emilio Aguinaldo Commonwealth ( 1935 -- 46 ) Manuel L. Quezon Sergio Osmeña Manuel Roxas Second Republic ( 1943 -- 44 ) José P. Laurel Third Republic ( 1946 -- 73 ) Manuel Roxas Elpidio Quirino Ramon Magsaysay Carlos P. Garcia Diosdado Macapagal Ferdinand Marcos New Society ( 1973 -- 81 ) Ferdinand Marcos Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 86 ) Ferdinand Marcos Corazon Aquino Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Benigno Aquino III Rodrigo Duterte Philippine presidential inaugurations Aguinaldo 1897 1899 Quezon 1935 1941 1943 Laurel ( 1943 ) Osmeña ( 1944 ) * Roxas 1946 1946 Quirino 1948 * 1949 Magsaysay ( 1953 ) Garcia 1957 * 1957 Macapagal ( 1961 ) Marcos 1965 1969 1978 * * 1981 1986 C. Aquino ( 1986 ) * Ramos ( 1992 ) Estrada ( 1998 ) Macapagal - Arroyo 2001 * B.S. Aquino III ( 2010 ) Duterte ( 2016 ) * Non-scheduled ( extraordinary ) inaugurations . * * Confirmation as Prime Minister . Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Philippines List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Birth Longevity Lifespan Time in office Time as former president Professional careers Previous executive experience Inaugurations Personal life Education Province Religious affiliation Candidates Tickets Former presidents who pursued public office Other Elections First Ladies and Gentlemen Currency appearances Unofficial Presidents Vice Presidents Birth Death Time in office Personal life Place of primary affiliation Second Ladies and Gentlemen Succession Line of succession Leaders of Southeast Asian countries Heads of state Brunei ( Monarch ) Cambodia ( Monarch ) East Timor ( President ) Indonesia ( President ) ( list ) Laos ( President ) Malaysia ( Monarch ) Myanmar ( President ) ( list ) Philippines ( President ) ( list ) Singapore ( President ) Thailand ( Monarch ) ( list ) Vietnam ( President ) ( list ) Heads of government Brunei Cambodia ( list ) East Timor Indonesia ( list ) Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines ( list ) Singapore Thailand ( list ) Vietnam ( list ) Defunct heads of state and government Burma ( Monarch ) Dutch East Indies ( Governor - General ) Indonesia ( Prime Minister ) Laos ( Monarch ) Myanmar ( Prime Minister ) Philippines ( Consorts ) ( Governor - General ) ( Prime Minister ) Vietnam ( Monarch ) South Vietnam ( leaders ) ASEAN Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines&oldid=854738823 '' Categories : Lists of national presidents Lists of political office - holders in the Philippines Lists of Presidents of the Philippines Presidents of the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing Filipino - language text Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Winaray 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	presidents of the fifth republic of the philippines	[ "\nPresidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 32]\n\n\nNo.overall[note 2]\n\nNo.in era\n\nPortrait\n\nName(Birth–Death)\n\nPrior office\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nParty\n\nTerm[note 4]\n\nVice President\n\nRefs.\n\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\nCorazon C. Aquino1933–2009(Lived: 76 years)\n\n(No prior elected office)\n\nFebruary 25, 1986[note 31]\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\n \n\nUNIDO\n\n(1986)13(1986)\n\nSalvador H. Laurel\n\n[73][74][66]\n\n\n12\n\n2\n\n\n\nFidel V. RamosBorn 1928(90 years old)\n\nSecretary of National Defense\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD\n\n(1992)14(1992)\n\nJoseph Ejercito Estrada\n\n[76][77][78]\n\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n\nJoseph Ejercito EstradaBorn 1937(81 years old)\n\n9th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\nJanuary 20, 2001[note 33][note 6]\n\n \n\nLAMMP\n\n(1998)15(1998)(2001)\n\nGloria Macapagal-Arroyo\n\n[80][81][82]\n\n\n14\n\n4\n\n\n\nGloria Macapagal ArroyoBorn 1947(71 years old)\n\n10th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJanuary 20, 2001\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD–UMDPLakas–CMD\n\nVacant[note 14]January 20 –February 7, 2001\n\n[83][84][82][85]\n\n\nTeofisto Guingona Jr.February 7, 2001 –June 30, 2004\n\n\nLakas–CMDLakas Kampi CMD\n\n(2004)16(2004)\n\nNoli L. de Castro[note 34]June 30, 2004 –June 30, 2010\n\n\n15\n\n5\n\n\n\nBenigno S. Aquino IIIBorn 1960(58 years old)\n\nSenator of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n(2010)17(2010)\n\nJejomar C. Binay\n\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n16\n\n6\n\n\n\nRodrigo DuterteBorn 1945(73 years old)\n\nMayor of Davao City\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\nIncumbent\n\n \n\nPDP–Laban\n\n(2016)18(2016)\n\nMaria Leonor G. Robredo\n\n[89]\n", "\nPresidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 32]\n\n\nNo.overall[note 2]\n\nNo.in era\n\nPortrait\n\nName(Birth–Death)\n\nPrior office\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nParty\n\nTerm[note 4]\n\nVice President\n\nRefs.\n\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\nCorazon C. Aquino1933–2009(Lived: 76 years)\n\n(No prior elected office)\n\nFebruary 25, 1986[note 31]\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\n \n\nUNIDO\n\n(1986)13(1986)\n\nSalvador H. Laurel\n\n[73][74][66]\n\n\n12\n\n2\n\n\n\nFidel V. RamosBorn 1928(90 years old)\n\nSecretary of National Defense\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD\n\n(1992)14(1992)\n\nJoseph Ejercito Estrada\n\n[76][77][78]\n\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n\nJoseph Ejercito EstradaBorn 1937(81 years old)\n\n9th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\nJanuary 20, 2001[note 33][note 6]\n\n \n\nLAMMP\n\n(1998)15(1998)(2001)\n\nGloria Macapagal-Arroyo\n\n[80][81][82]\n\n\n14\n\n4\n\n\n\nGloria Macapagal ArroyoBorn 1947(71 years old)\n\n10th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJanuary 20, 2001\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD–UMDPLakas–CMD\n\nVacant[note 14]January 20 –February 7, 2001\n\n[83][84][82][85]\n\n\nTeofisto Guingona Jr.February 7, 2001 –June 30, 2004\n\n\nLakas–CMDLakas Kampi CMD\n\n(2004)16(2004)\n\nNoli L. de Castro[note 34]June 30, 2004 –June 30, 2010\n\n\n15\n\n5\n\n\n\nBenigno S. Aquino IIIBorn 1960(58 years old)\n\nSenator of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n(2010)17(2010)\n\nJejomar C. Binay\n\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n16\n\n6\n\n\n\nRodrigo DuterteBorn 1945(73 years old)\n\nMayor of Davao City\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\nIncumbent\n\n \n\nPDP–Laban\n\n(2016)18(2016)\n\nMaria Leonor G. Robredo\n\n[89]\n", "\nPresidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 32]\n\n\nNo.overall[note 2]\n\nNo.in era\n\nPortrait\n\nName(Birth–Death)\n\nPrior office\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nParty\n\nTerm[note 4]\n\nVice President\n\nRefs.\n\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\nCorazon C. Aquino1933–2009(Lived: 76 years)\n\n(No prior elected office)\n\nFebruary 25, 1986[note 31]\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\n \n\nUNIDO\n\n(1986)13(1986)\n\nSalvador H. Laurel\n\n[73][74][66]\n\n\n12\n\n2\n\n\n\nFidel V. RamosBorn 1928(90 years old)\n\nSecretary of National Defense\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD\n\n(1992)14(1992)\n\nJoseph Ejercito Estrada\n\n[76][77][78]\n\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n\nJoseph Ejercito EstradaBorn 1937(81 years old)\n\n9th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\nJanuary 20, 2001[note 33][note 6]\n\n \n\nLAMMP\n\n(1998)15(1998)(2001)\n\nGloria Macapagal-Arroyo\n\n[80][81][82]\n\n\n14\n\n4\n\n\n\nGloria Macapagal ArroyoBorn 1947(71 years old)\n\n10th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJanuary 20, 2001\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD–UMDPLakas–CMD\n\nVacant[note 14]January 20 –February 7, 2001\n\n[83][84][82][85]\n\n\nTeofisto Guingona Jr.February 7, 2001 –June 30, 2004\n\n\nLakas–CMDLakas Kampi CMD\n\n(2004)16(2004)\n\nNoli L. de Castro[note 34]June 30, 2004 –June 30, 2010\n\n\n15\n\n5\n\n\n\nBenigno S. Aquino IIIBorn 1960(58 years old)\n\nSenator of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n(2010)17(2010)\n\nJejomar C. Binay\n\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n16\n\n6\n\n\n\nRodrigo DuterteBorn 1945(73 years old)\n\nMayor of Davao City\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\nIncumbent\n\n \n\nPDP–Laban\n\n(2016)18(2016)\n\nMaria Leonor G. Robredo\n\n[89]\n", "\nPresidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 32]\n\n\nNo.overall[note 2]\n\nNo.in era\n\nPortrait\n\nName(Birth–Death)\n\nPrior office\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nParty\n\nTerm[note 4]\n\nVice President\n\nRefs.\n\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\nCorazon C. Aquino1933–2009(Lived: 76 years)\n\n(No prior elected office)\n\nFebruary 25, 1986[note 31]\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\n \n\nUNIDO\n\n(1986)13(1986)\n\nSalvador H. Laurel\n\n[73][74][66]\n\n\n12\n\n2\n\n\n\nFidel V. RamosBorn 1928(90 years old)\n\nSecretary of National Defense\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD\n\n(1992)14(1992)\n\nJoseph Ejercito Estrada\n\n[76][77][78]\n\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n\nJoseph Ejercito EstradaBorn 1937(81 years old)\n\n9th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\nJanuary 20, 2001[note 33][note 6]\n\n \n\nLAMMP\n\n(1998)15(1998)(2001)\n\nGloria Macapagal-Arroyo\n\n[80][81][82]\n\n\n14\n\n4\n\n\n\nGloria Macapagal ArroyoBorn 1947(71 years old)\n\n10th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJanuary 20, 2001\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD–UMDPLakas–CMD\n\nVacant[note 14]January 20 –February 7, 2001\n\n[83][84][82][85]\n\n\nTeofisto Guingona Jr.February 7, 2001 –June 30, 2004\n\n\nLakas–CMDLakas Kampi CMD\n\n(2004)16(2004)\n\nNoli L. de Castro[note 34]June 30, 2004 –June 30, 2010\n\n\n15\n\n5\n\n\n\nBenigno S. Aquino IIIBorn 1960(58 years old)\n\nSenator of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n(2010)17(2010)\n\nJejomar C. Binay\n\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n16\n\n6\n\n\n\nRodrigo DuterteBorn 1945(73 years old)\n\nMayor of Davao City\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\nIncumbent\n\n \n\nPDP–Laban\n\n(2016)18(2016)\n\nMaria Leonor G. Robredo\n\n[89]\n", "\nPresidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 32]\n\n\nNo.overall[note 2]\n\nNo.in era\n\nPortrait\n\nName(Birth–Death)\n\nPrior office\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nParty\n\nTerm[note 4]\n\nVice President\n\nRefs.\n\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\nCorazon C. Aquino1933–2009(Lived: 76 years)\n\n(No prior elected office)\n\nFebruary 25, 1986[note 31]\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\n \n\nUNIDO\n\n(1986)13(1986)\n\nSalvador H. Laurel\n\n[73][74][66]\n\n\n12\n\n2\n\n\n\nFidel V. RamosBorn 1928(90 years old)\n\nSecretary of National Defense\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD\n\n(1992)14(1992)\n\nJoseph Ejercito Estrada\n\n[76][77][78]\n\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n\nJoseph Ejercito EstradaBorn 1937(81 years old)\n\n9th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\nJanuary 20, 2001[note 33][note 6]\n\n \n\nLAMMP\n\n(1998)15(1998)(2001)\n\nGloria Macapagal-Arroyo\n\n[80][81][82]\n\n\n14\n\n4\n\n\n\nGloria Macapagal ArroyoBorn 1947(71 years old)\n\n10th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJanuary 20, 2001\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD–UMDPLakas–CMD\n\nVacant[note 14]January 20 –February 7, 2001\n\n[83][84][82][85]\n\n\nTeofisto Guingona Jr.February 7, 2001 –June 30, 2004\n\n\nLakas–CMDLakas Kampi CMD\n\n(2004)16(2004)\n\nNoli L. de Castro[note 34]June 30, 2004 –June 30, 2010\n\n\n15\n\n5\n\n\n\nBenigno S. Aquino IIIBorn 1960(58 years old)\n\nSenator of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n(2010)17(2010)\n\nJejomar C. Binay\n\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n16\n\n6\n\n\n\nRodrigo DuterteBorn 1945(73 years old)\n\nMayor of Davao City\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\nIncumbent\n\n \n\nPDP–Laban\n\n(2016)18(2016)\n\nMaria Leonor G. Robredo\n\n[89]\n", "\nPresidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 32]\n\n\nNo.overall[note 2]\n\nNo.in era\n\nPortrait\n\nName(Birth–Death)\n\nPrior office\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nParty\n\nTerm[note 4]\n\nVice President\n\nRefs.\n\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\nCorazon C. Aquino1933–2009(Lived: 76 years)\n\n(No prior elected office)\n\nFebruary 25, 1986[note 31]\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\n \n\nUNIDO\n\n(1986)13(1986)\n\nSalvador H. Laurel\n\n[73][74][66]\n\n\n12\n\n2\n\n\n\nFidel V. RamosBorn 1928(90 years old)\n\nSecretary of National Defense\n\nJune 30, 1992\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD\n\n(1992)14(1992)\n\nJoseph Ejercito Estrada\n\n[76][77][78]\n\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n\nJoseph Ejercito EstradaBorn 1937(81 years old)\n\n9th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 1998\n\nJanuary 20, 2001[note 33][note 6]\n\n \n\nLAMMP\n\n(1998)15(1998)(2001)\n\nGloria Macapagal-Arroyo\n\n[80][81][82]\n\n\n14\n\n4\n\n\n\nGloria Macapagal ArroyoBorn 1947(71 years old)\n\n10th Vice President of the Philippines\n\nJanuary 20, 2001\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\n \n\nLakas–NUCD–UMDPLakas–CMD\n\nVacant[note 14]January 20 –February 7, 2001\n\n[83][84][82][85]\n\n\nTeofisto Guingona Jr.February 7, 2001 –June 30, 2004\n\n\nLakas–CMDLakas Kampi CMD\n\n(2004)16(2004)\n\nNoli L. de Castro[note 34]June 30, 2004 –June 30, 2010\n\n\n15\n\n5\n\n\n\nBenigno S. Aquino IIIBorn 1960(58 years old)\n\nSenator of the Philippines\n\nJune 30, 2010\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n(2010)17(2010)\n\nJejomar C. Binay\n\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n16\n\n6\n\n\n\nRodrigo DuterteBorn 1945(73 years old)\n\nMayor of Davao City\n\nJune 30, 2016\n\nIncumbent\n\n \n\nPDP–Laban\n\n(2016)18(2016)\n\nMaria Leonor G. Robredo\n\n[89]\n" ]	[ "Corazon C. Aquino", "Fidel V. Ramos", "Joseph Ejercito Estrada", "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo", "Benigno S. Aquino III", "Rodrigo Duterte" ]
8456166464040038032	Succession to the British throne	Succession to the British throne - wikipedia Succession to the British throne This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 June 2018 . The Sovereign 's Throne in the House of Lords , from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament Succession to the British throne is determined by descent , gender ( for people born before October 2011 ) , legitimacy , and religion . Under common law , the Crown is inherited by a sovereign 's children or by a childless sovereign 's nearest collateral line . The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in `` communion with the Church of England '' . Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015 . Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible . Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte and younger brother , Prince Louis . Sixth in line is Prince Henry , Duke of Sussex , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession . The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 , and the sovereign 's consort , may be appointed Counsellors of State . Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign 's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated . Otherwise , individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles . The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms . Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession . In 2011 , the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement , instead of male - preference primogeniture , and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted , but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England . After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm 's constitution , the changes took effect on 26 March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current line of succession 2 History 2.1 England 2.2 Scotland 2.3 After the union of the crowns 2.3. 1 Stuarts 2.3. 2 Hanoverians and Windsors 2.4 Commonwealth realms 3 Current rules 3.1 Marriages 3.2 Religion 3.3 Treason 4 Accession 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Current line of succession First six in line from 23 April 2018 1 . The Prince of Wales 2 . The Duke of Cambridge 3 . Prince George of Cambridge 4 . Princess Charlotte of Cambridge 5 . Prince Louis of Cambridge 6 . The Duke of Sussex No official , complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained . The exact number , in remoter collateral lines , of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain . In 2001 , American genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession , but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status . When updated in January 2011 , the number was more than 5,000 . The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession , being limited to descendants of the sons of George V ( the present Queen 's grandfather ) . The order of the first seventeen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy ; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ( Notes and sources below ) and footnotes . Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession . King George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) King Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 ) King George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) Queen Elizabeth II ( born 1926 ) ( 1 ) Charles , Prince of Wales ( b . 1948 ) ( 2 ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( b . 1982 ) ( 3 ) Prince George of Cambridge ( b . 2013 ) ( 4 ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( b . 2015 ) ( 5 ) Prince Louis of Cambridge ( b . 2018 ) ( 6 ) Prince Henry , Duke of Sussex ( Prince Harry ) ( b . 1984 ) ( 7 ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( b . 1960 ) ( 8 ) Princess Beatrice of York ( b . 1988 ) ( 9 ) Princess Eugenie of York ( b . 1990 ) ( 10 ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( b . 1964 ) ( 11 ) James , Viscount Severn ( b . 2007 ) ( 12 ) Lady Louise Windsor ( b . 2003 ) ( 13 ) Anne , Princess Royal ( b . 1950 ) ( 14 ) Peter Phillips ( b . 1977 ) ( 15 ) Savannah Phillips ( b . 2010 ) ( 16 ) Isla Phillips ( b . 2012 ) ( 17 ) Zara Tindall ( née Phillips ; b . 1981 ) ( 18 ) Mia Tindall ( b . 2014 ) ( 19 ) Unnamed daughter ( b . 2018 ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( 1930 -- 2002 ) ( 20 ) David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon ( b . 1961 ) ( 21 ) Charles Armstrong - Jones , Viscount Linley ( b . 1999 ) ( 22 ) Lady Margarita Armstrong - Jones ( b . 2002 ) ( 23 ) Lady Sarah Chatto ( née Armstrong - Jones ; b . 1964 ) ( 24 ) Samuel Chatto ( b . 1996 ) ( 25 ) Arthur Chatto ( b . 1999 ) Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ( 1900 -- 1974 ) ( 26 ) Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( b . 1944 ) ( 27 ) Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ( b . 1974 ) ( 28 ) Xan Windsor , Lord Culloden ( b . 2007 ) ( 29 ) Lady Cosima Windsor ( b . 2010 ) ( 30 ) Lady Davina Lewis ( née Windsor ; b . 1977 ) ( 31 ) Senna Lewis ( b . 2010 ) ( 32 ) Tāne Lewis ( b . 2012 ) ( 33 ) Lady Rose Gilman ( née Windsor ; b . 1980 ) ( 34 ) Lyla Gilman ( b . 2010 ) ( 35 ) Rufus Gilman ( b . 2012 ) Prince George , Duke of Kent ( 1902 -- 1942 ) ( 36 ) Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ( b . 1935 ) ( 37 ) George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews ( b . 1962 ) Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick ( b . 1988 ) Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor ( b . 1992 ) ( 38 ) Lady Amelia Windsor ( b . 1995 ) Lord Nicholas Windsor ( b . 1970 ) ( 39 ) Albert Windsor ( b . 2007 ) ( 40 ) Leopold Windsor ( b . 2009 ) ( 41 ) Louis Windsor ( b . 2014 ) ( 42 ) Lady Helen Taylor ( née Windsor ; b . 1964 ) ( 43 ) Columbus Taylor ( b . 1994 ) ( 44 ) Cassius Taylor ( b . 1996 ) ( 45 ) Eloise Taylor ( b . 2003 ) ( 46 ) Estella Taylor ( b . 2004 ) ( 47 ) Prince Michael of Kent ( b . 1942 ) ( 48 ) Lord Frederick Windsor ( b . 1979 ) ( 49 ) Maud Windsor ( b . 2013 ) ( 50 ) Isabella Windsor ( b . 2016 ) ( 51 ) Lady Gabriella Windsor ( b . 1981 ) ( 52 ) Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy ( b . 1936 ) ( 53 ) James Ogilvy ( b . 1964 ) ( 54 ) Alexander Ogilvy ( b . 1996 ) ( 55 ) Flora Ogilvy ( b . 1994 ) ( 56 ) Marina Ogilvy ( b . 1966 ) ( 57 ) Christian Mowatt ( b . 1993 ) ( 58 ) Zenouska Mowatt ( b . 1990 ) Notes and sources Mark Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession 1952 Succession published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy , `` Succession '' , retrieved 27 April 2018 . Listed on Debrett 's website ( as of 27 April 2018 ) : `` The Line of Succession '' Listed by Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0929 - 9 , p. 22 These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic . This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015 , restoring them to the line of succession , when the Perth Agreement came into effect . X Excluded as Roman Catholics . This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement . History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland . Originally in both countries , there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne . The individual could have relied on inheritance , statute , election ( by Parliament or by another body ) , nomination ( by a reigning sovereign in his or her will ) , conquest or prescription ( de facto possession of the Crown ) . It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence ; often , the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims , but on the political or military power of the claimants . However , over time , the default rule became male primogeniture : later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules , and to prove their rivals illegitimate . Eventually , Parliament asserted control of succession . England In 1485 , Henry Tudor , a female - line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster , the House of Beaufort , assumed the English crown as Henry VII , after defeating Richard III , who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry 's standard . Richard was the last king of the House of York , and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485 , the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field , and caused Richard 's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament . After Henry 's coronation in London in October that year , his first parliament , summoned to meet at Westminster in November , enacted that `` the inheritance of the crown should be , rest , remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord , King Henry VII , and the heirs of his body lawfully coming . '' Henry VII was followed by his son , Henry VIII . Though his father descended from the Lancastrians , Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line , as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland ; this would pass down with the monarchs of England , and later Great Britain , until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom . Henry VIII 's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession . Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon , by whom he had a daughter named Mary . His second marriage , to Anne Boleyn , resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth . Henry VIII had a son , Edward , by his third wife , Jane Seymour . An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate ; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth . Though the two remained illegitimate , an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them , providing further `` that the King should and might give , will , limit , assign , appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises ... by letters patent or last will in writing . '' Mary and Elizabeth , under Henry VIII 's will , were to be followed by descendants of the King 's deceased sister Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk ( he , however , excluded his niece Frances Brandon , Duchess of Suffolk ) . This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry 's eldest sister Margaret Tudor , who were the rulers of Scotland . Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament When Henry VIII died in 1547 , the young Edward succeeded him , becoming Edward VI . Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England . He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half - sister , Mary , from inheriting the throne . He excluded Mary and Elizabeth , settling on the Duchess of Suffolk 's daughter , Lady Jane Grey . Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England . Nonetheless , the will , which originally referred to Jane 's heirs - male , was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs - male . Upon Edward VI 's death in 1553 , Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland . She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary . As Henry VIII 's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544 , Edward 's contravening will was unlawful and ignored . Mary was succeeded by her half - sister , Elizabeth , who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors , and refused to name an heir . Whilst previous monarchs ( including Henry VIII ) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills , the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes , and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority . Wary of threats from other possible heirs , Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584 , which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding . ( The Act was repealed in 1863 . ) Scotland The House of Stewart ( later Stuart ) had ruled in Scotland since 1371 . It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567 ; even then she was succeeded by her son , James VI . After the Union of the Crowns Stuarts Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland , her first cousin twice removed , even though his succession violated Henry VIII 's will , under which Lady Anne Stanley , heiress of Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk , was supposed to succeed . James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision , and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival . He reigned as James I of England and Ireland , thus effecting the Union of the Crowns , although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707 . His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament . Principal members of the house of Stuart following the 1603 Union of the Crowns . James 's eldest surviving son and successor , Charles I , was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 . The monarchy itself was abolished . A few years later , it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell , effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King . Cromwell had the right to name his own successor , which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son , Richard Cromwell . Richard was ineffective , and was quickly forced from office . Shortly afterwards , the monarchy was restored , with Charles I 's son Charles II as King . After the death of her last child in 1700 , Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights . James II and VII , a Roman Catholic , followed his brother Charles II , despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles 's illegitimate Protestant son , the Duke of Monmouth . James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688 . Parliament then deemed that James had , by fleeing the realms , abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King 's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William , who as James 's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him . The two became joint Sovereigns ( a unique circumstance in British history ) as William III of England and Ireland ( and II of Scotland ) and Mary II of England , Scotland and Ireland . William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James . The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones . First in the line were the descendants of Mary II . Next came Mary 's sister Princess Anne and her descendants . Finally , the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession . Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones , and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . After Mary II died in 1694 , her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702 . The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end ; William and Mary never had any children , and Princess Anne 's children had all died . Therefore , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement . The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants , and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages . The Act , however , declared that they would be followed by James I & VI 's granddaughter Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover ( the daughter of James 's daughter Elizabeth Stuart ) , and her heirs . As under the Bill of Rights , non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . Electress Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) Upon William 's death , Anne became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland . Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne 's heir - presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders , the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security . The Act provided that , upon the death of Anne , the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland , who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met . Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent , but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen 's army . England 's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to cripple Scotland 's economy by cutting off trade with them . Thus , Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ; the Crown of the new nation ( along with the Crown of Ireland ) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement . Hanoverians and windsors Benjamin Harris 's Protestant Tutor , a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer . Edition of 1713 . Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children 's education . Anne was predeceased by Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover , and was therefore succeeded by the latter 's son , who became George I in 1714 . Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne , supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession . The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed , and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules . In 1801 , following the Acts of Union 1800 , the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1811 and 1820 , when George III was deemed unfit to rule , the Prince of Wales ( later George IV ) acted as his regent . Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death , but this event did not come about . George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937 In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father 's death . Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936 , and opened ( for the only time ) Parliament in November 1936 . Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson , a divorcee , but the Church of England , of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor , would not authorize the marriage of divorcees . Consequently , Parliament passed His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign `` immediately upon '' his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December . The Act provided that he and his descendants , if any , were not to have any `` right , title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne '' . Edward died childless in 1972 . Edward 's abdication was `` a demise of the Crown '' ( in the words of the Act ) , and the Duke of York , his brother who was then next in the line , immediately succeeded to the throne and to its `` rights , privileges , and dignities '' , taking the regnal name George VI . He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter , Elizabeth II . By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland ( which had become a republic in 1949 ) , but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states ( Commonwealth realms ) . Commonwealth realms Further information : Perth Agreement Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953 , passing to the left of the Coronation Chair Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and , to maintain that arrangement , they have agreed to continue the same line of succession ; some realms do so through domestic succession laws , while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm . In February 1952 , on her accession , Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms . In October 2011 , the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth , Australia , to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender -- instead of male - preference primogeniture . They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics . The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England . The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 , after legislation was made according to each realm 's constitution . Following the changes coming into effect , the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged , including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren , until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015 . The first to be affected by the changes , on the day they came into effect in March , were the children of Lady Davina Lewis -- her son Tāne ( born 2012 ) and her daughter Senna ( born 2010 ) -- who were reversed in the order of succession , becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively . Current rules The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement ( restated by the Acts of Union ) still govern succession to the throne . They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which was passed mainly `` to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender '' and `` to make provision about Royal Marriages '' ( according to its long title ) , thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that , by their laws , have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK . Other realms passed their own legislation . Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were `` dead '' . That individual 's descendants are not also disqualified , unless they are personally ineligible . Marriages The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant `` heirs of the body '' ( that is , legitimate descendants ) of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , are eligible to succeed to the throne , unless otherwise disqualified . The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture ( the `` male - preference '' criterion is no longer applicable , in respect of succession to the throne , to persons born after 28 October 2011 ) , whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children , and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling . Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed . Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated , but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown . The Royal Marriages Act 1772 ( repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry . ( The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families , as well as , from 1936 , any descendants of Edward VIII , of which there are none . ) The Act provided , however , that if a dynast older than twenty - five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign , then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year , unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage . A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void , and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed , though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected . This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void , so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic . Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course . A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void `` for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown '' under the 2013 act . The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII 's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne . The Act is no longer applicable , because Edward died in 1972 without issue . Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act , the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign 's approval before marrying . Marriage without the Sovereign 's consent disqualifies the person and the person 's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown , but the marriage is still legally valid . Religion Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement . The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides `` that all and every person and persons that then ( at the time of the Bill of Right 's passage ) were , or afterwards should be reconciled to , or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome , or should profess the popish religion , or marry a papist , should be excluded . '' The Act of Settlement continues , providing `` that all and every Person and Persons who shall ... is , are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities '' as the Bill of Rights established . The clause precludes a Roman Catholic from succeeding to the throne . The monarch is required to be in communion with the Church of England . The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed . The Act did not require that the spouse be Anglican ; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics . Since the passage of the Act it has been determined ( in the case of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage . The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics , though not on Roman Catholics themselves . Treason Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason ( Ireland ) Act 1703 , it is treason to `` endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm '' . Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment . Accession The Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign . In the Commonwealth realms , upon the death of a sovereign , the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately , with no need for confirmation or further ceremony . Nevertheless , the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation , which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places , in London , York , Edinburgh and other cities . The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign 's reign as Accession Day , including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom . Formerly , a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession . But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England . James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland . This precedent has been followed since . Now , the Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace . Proclamations since James I 's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , the Privy Council , the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and `` other principal Gentlemen of quality '' , though there have been variations in some proclamations . The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth . Upon his or her accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths . The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism . This declaration , known as the Accession Declaration , is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign ( i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament ) or at his or her coronation , whichever occurs first . The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic . Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism , the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will `` uphold and maintain '' the Protestant succession . In addition to the Accession Declaration , the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland . This oath is normally made at the sovereign 's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession . According to the Regency Act 1937 , should the sovereign be under the age of 18 , such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age . After a period of mourning , the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey . Normally , the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates , though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; for example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet during his short reign was the undoubted king . See also Biography portal Royalty portal United Kingdom portal Accession Declaration Act 1910 Alternative successions of the English crown British prince British princess Family tree of the British royal family Jacobite succession List of descendants of George V List of heirs to the British throne List of heirs to the English throne List of heirs of Scotland List of monarchs in the British Isles Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II Posthumous birth Royal Succession Act 2013 ( New Zealand ) Royal Succession Bills and Acts Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( United Kingdom ) Succession to the Crown Act 2015 ( Australia ) Succession to the Throne Act , 2013 ( Canada ) Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles , linked directly or indirectly -- Wikipedia book Notes Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , s . 3 : `` A person who ( when the person marries ) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying . '' Jump up ^ Most sources , including Whitaker 's Almanack , exclude her as a confirmed Catholic , but Debrett 's includes her in line . Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker 's Almanack as following Estella Taylor ( b 2004 ) and eligible to succeed ; MSN News , Debrett 's and Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor . They were baptised as Catholics , and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker 's earlier than 2012 . Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession . Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council . Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts . Eventually , by the time it was changed in 1910 , the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration . References ^ Jump up to : `` Succession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , W.A. `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44537478 Jump up ^ `` Line of succession to the throne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 February 1952 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chrimes , S.B. ( 1999 ) . Henry VII . Yale University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780300078831 . Jump up ^ `` Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII '' . Jump up ^ Smith , G. Barnett ( 1892 ) . History of the English Parliament . Ward , Lock , Bowden & Co. p. 298 . Jump up ^ `` Succession to the Crown Act 1603 '' . Jump up ^ UPI , London , 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/ ) Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( Commencement ) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 : Written statement '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` What do the new royal succession changes mean ? '' . Royal Central . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Succession to the Crown Act 2013 '' . UK Parliament . Section 3 . Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , section 2 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , preamble Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , section 2 Jump up ^ `` Accession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Salutes '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910 , schedule Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 , article XXV . `` ... And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty ( whom God long preserve ) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right ... '' Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937 , section 1 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Coronation '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Sources Blackstone , William ( 1765 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Of The King , and His Title '' . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1995 ) . The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829334 - 7 . Bryant , A. ( 1975 ) . A Thousand Years of British Monarchy . London : Collins . Cox , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand '' . Waikato Law Review . 7 : 49 -- 72 . External links Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 Text of the Act of Settlement 1701 Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 . hide Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts hide Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_to_the_British_throne&oldid=846553482 '' Categories : British monarchy Succession to the British crown Constitution of the United Kingdom British royalty British royal family Lines of succession Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2011 Use British English from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who gets the throne when the queen dies	[ "Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte and younger brother, Prince Louis. Sixth in line is Prince Henry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign's consent would be disqualified from succession." ]	[ "Charles, Prince of Wales" ]
-1417345234301969626	Life Is Strange: Before the Storm	Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Wikipedia Life is Strange : Before the Storm Jump to : navigation , search Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Ross McCall Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : TBA Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix . The first of three episodes was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on 31 August 2017 . It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series , set as a prequel to the first game , focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber . Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber ( pictured ) Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view . The player assumes control of sixteen - year - old Chloe Price , three years prior to Life Is Strange . Unlike its predecessor , the game does not include time travel . Instead , Before the Storm features the ability `` Backtalk '' , with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations ; `` Backtalk '' may also make a situation worse . A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted . Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes . The environment can be interacted with and altered , including marking walls with graffiti . Plot ( edit ) In her hometown of Arcadia Bay , sixteen - year - old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill . Conflict arises with two men inside , whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction . The next day , Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class , stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point . They people - watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park , which apparently upsets Rachel . They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard . Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood , but is refused an answer . After Rachel leaves , Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed . She meets up with Rachel again , who discloses that she witnessed her father cheating on her mother through the viewfinder . Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin , and in a fit of rage kicks it over , igniting a wildfire . The next day , Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school ; Chloe is either suspended or expelled depending on player actions . Unwilling to return home and face her mother and step - father , Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck that she decides to repair . She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers , who arranges a meeting to discuss setting her debt with him . Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew , who owes Frank a large sum . However , Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer , and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it . When later a student is unable to participate in school 's theater production of `` The Tempest '' due to road closures from the wildfire , Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel . After the play , they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck return to Rachel 's house to pack . There , following a confrontation , Rachel 's father reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress , but in fact Rachel 's biological mother . Development ( edit ) Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer 's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression . Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine . Rhianna DeVries , who initially did the game 's motion capture for Chloe Price , voices the character , while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant . Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG - AFTRA strike . The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter , and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017 . Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character : piano for isolation , electric guitar for rebelliousness , and layered vocals for friendship . Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration . Release ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development . Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange : Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017 , stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter `` Farewell '' -- featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character -- three additional outfits , and Mixtape Mode , allowing players to customise playlists with the game 's soundtrack . Episode Release date `` Episode 1 : Awake '' 31 August 2017 `` Episode 2 : Brave New World '' 19 October 2017 `` Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty '' TBA Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Awake ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 Episode 2 : Brave New World ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 77 / 100 Critics appraised Episode 1 : Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber . Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe 's behaviour `` endearing '' and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers . Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more `` grounded '' dialogue . Despite disparaging Chloe for being `` her same tiresomely combative self '' early on , Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a `` naivety and vulnerability '' worthy of sympathy . Conversely , the relationship between the leads was said to have formed `` at unnatural speed '' . Peeples and Loveridge favoured the `` Backtalk '' gameplay feature , while Metro and Wallace cared little for it . Otherwise lauded were the story , graphics , voice acting , and soundtrack . Reviewers found Episode 2 : Brave New World to either be better than the first installment or one of the series ' greatest . Metro praised how choices made a difference with a `` profound effect '' on character arc , while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe 's `` genuine growth '' contrasting her `` fiery spirit '' . Similarly , Game Informer 's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character , declaring this `` its biggest strength '' . However , Juba 's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace , in reference to the `` forced '' manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends . Brett Makedonski , writing for Destructoid , thought that the character exposition was done `` to great effect '' . Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence , which Metro stated as their favorite ; Mejia called `` one of the funniest '' in Before the Storm ; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices . Metro criticized the script for being `` uneven '' and disapproved of the voice acting . Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with , saying it was `` a bit drawn out '' , though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature . Awards ( edit ) Following E3 2017 , Life Is Strange : Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar 's Best of E3 awards and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer 's Adventure Game award . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Square Enix London Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson , John ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is Chloe 's game '' . Red Bull Games . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer ( update ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel 's Max - based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 1 : Awake . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 19 October 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 2 : Brave New World . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( July 2017 ) . `` Life Will Be Strange '' . Develop . No. 184 . p. 17 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch 's absence , season pass kerfuffle and more '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` ' Life is Strange : Before the Storm ' is all about being a wiseass teen '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Three - part Life is Strange prequel confirmed '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kress , Bryan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for ' Life Is Strange : Before The Storm ' Video Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Biery , Thomas ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Life is Strange : Before the Storm 's music brings out Chloe 's emotions '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Scoring with Chloe : Daughter 's OST for Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Images Of Apparent Life Is Strange Prequel Pop Up '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange Before the Storm : Chloe and Rachel 's next adventures REVEALED '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Main menu . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 2 has a release date and a new trailer '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Clark , Justin ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm - Episode 1 - Awake Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Ep 1 review -- abandon the SS Pricefield , all aboard whatever we 're calling the Chloe Rachel ship '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm review in progress '' . VideoGamer.com . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is fan service at its finest '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jeremy ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 1 : Awake '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Episode One review : `` It 's touching , poignant , and will definitely move you '' `` . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 1 review -- Awake '' . Metro. 31 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm -- Awake '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 2 review -- Brave New World '' . Metro. 20 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Ozzie ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - ' Brave New World ' Impressions '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm : Brave New World '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before the Storm -- Brave New World '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` GamesRadar+ E3 awards - our best , most exciting games of E3 2017 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Best of E3 2017 -- Day Three : Fighter , Adventure , RPG , Shooter , Action '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Life Is Strange Video games Life Is Strange Before the Storm Life Is Strange 2 Related Dontnod Entertainment Deck Nine Ashly Burch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm&oldid=808870405 '' Categories : 2017 video games Adventure games Coming - of - age fiction Episodic video games Interactive movie video games LGBT - related video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Single - player video games Square Enix games Unity ( game engine ) games Video game prequels Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2010 Video games set in Oregon Video games set in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is episode 2 of life is strange before the storm out	[ "\n\nEpisode\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 1: Awake\"[14]\n31 August 2017\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 2: Brave New World\"[15]\n19 October 2017[16]\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Episode 3: Hell Is Empty\"[15]\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "19 October 2017" ]
6934455744116095945	James and Oliver Phelps	James and Oliver Phelps - wikipedia James and Oliver Phelps Jump to : navigation , search James and Oliver Phelps James and Oliver Phelps at Lucca Comics and Games 2011 James Andrew Eric Phelps Oliver Martyn John Phelps ( 1986 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 1986 ( age 32 ) Sutton Coldfield , Birmingham , England Occupation Actors Years active 2001 -- present James Andrew Eric Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps ( born 25 February 1986 ) are identical twin British actors , best known for playing identical twins , Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Charity work 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) James and Oliver were born in the Sutton Coldfield area of Birmingham , England on 25 February 1986 . They are the only sons of Susan ( née Spare ) and Martyn Phelps . James is the younger of the two by 13 minutes . Growing up , they attended Little Sutton Primary School and the Arthur Terry Secondary School . As they spent an extensive amount of time shooting for Harry Potter , the twins were tutored on set , along with their fellow school - age cast friends . Career ( edit ) In 2000 , at age 14 , the twins skipped school exams to attend an open audition , despite having no previous acting experience , and , after about six auditions , were cast as Fred and George Weasley in the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . They went on to portray their characters in all of the subsequent Harry Potter films . Outside of acting , James has worked as a runner on the set of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and other film productions , such as The Da Vinci Code . In 2009 , the twins appeared as brothers in the fifth episode of the third season of the TV series Kingdom . In 2012 , they starred in A Mind 's Eye , a short documentary film based on the philosophical ideas of Plato . The brothers have also been involved in the Harry Potter Exhibition ; they were present during its 2009 official opening in Chicago , and have since followed its tour around different cities and countries to promote it . Their second tour was a solo one around Thailand . In January 2014 , both went to the Harry Potter Celebration in Orlando , Florida , with Evanna Lynch , Matthew Lewis , and Devon Murray . They also made a LiveCast , where they answered fans ' questions and talked about the expansion at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , where the fans can go to the Diagon Alley , summer 2014 . Personal life ( edit ) Both twins enjoy golf and play regularly . Oliver 's handicap is 18 and James ' is 20 . The twins support rival football clubs in Birmingham . Oliver supports Aston Villa , and did so alongside his late grandfather , while James supports Birmingham City with his father . However , both support Gloucester RFC together . They both support Major League Soccer side , Portland Timbers . The twins enjoy travelling . Both travel around the world to tour and attend sports games and events ; Oliver also maintains his own website called JOP World , where he chronicles the various places he visits and keeps fans updated with the brothers ' activities . James and Oliver are close with several of the Harry Potter cast members , including Rupert Grint , Tom Felton , Daniel Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis . They attended Radcliffe 's Broadway performances , and often meet up with Grint , Felton and Lewis to play golf . In the summer of 2013 , the twins moved to Santa Monica , California for a while to look at different film projects . Currently , they spend time in the US and back home in the UK . Charity work ( edit ) In January 2003 , the twins planted trees at the National Forest , in Leicestershire . The wood that helped make the Harry Potter broomsticks was replanted by the boys , with the trees being birch and ash . Both James and Oliver are supporters of Teenage Cancer Trust . They opened one of the charity 's specialist units in Birmingham and have continued to support the charity since . The twins also make public appearances in support of music and sports . Every year , they attend the V Festival , held by Virgin Media each August , as well as attending the Download Festival , a rock music festival managed and arranged by Live Nation UK in Donington Park , England . In May 2006 , they both took part in a celebrity football tournament called the `` Celebrity World Cup Soccer Six . '' They participated alongside other celebrity sports fans . James and Oliver were part of the Virgin Money Giving drive . Oliver focused on raising money for the RNLI lifeguards and James became involved with the `` National Three Peaks Challenge , '' an event that challenged a climber to climb the three highest peaks in the United Kingdom in a 24 - hour span . On 22 November 2011 , the brothers took part in a skydive for Cancer Research UK in Australia in memory of Harry Moseley , an 11 - year - old boy who died on 8 October 2011 after a four - year battle with brain cancer . By December 2011 , the amount pledged for their jump stood at £ 2,525 . On 7 September 2013 , the brothers went on Pointless Celebrities to win money for the charity in memory of Harry Moseley , but only managed to win the £ 2,500 . Filmography ( edit ) Film and television Year Title James ' role Oliver 's role Notes Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Fred Weasley George Weasley 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Fred Weasley George Weasley Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Fred Weasley George Weasley 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Fred Weasley George Weasley 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Fred Weasley George Weasley 2009 Kingdom Callum Anderson Finlay Anderson Episode : `` 3.5 '' 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Fred Weasley / Runner George Weasley Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Fred Weasley George Weasley Short film Robocoaster at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter -- Hogsmeade Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Fred Weasley George Weasley 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fred Weasley George Weasley 2012 Ward 3 Jimmy N / A 2012 The Turn Morris Talliver N / A Short film 2013 Ears N / A Mr Ears 2014 Own Worst Enemy Constable Berrow Constable Stroyde 2014 Hogwarts Express Fred Weasley George Weasley Short film Shuttle service between destinations at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter -- Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley 2015 King of the Nerds Himself Himself Guest Appearance ( s ) episode 7 2015 Danny and the Human Zoo Mr Brian Carter Mr Barry Carter TV film Video games Year Title James ' role Oliver 's role Notes 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Fred Weasley ( voice ) George Weasley ( voice ) Video game Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Fred Weasley ( voice ) George Weasley ( voice ) Video game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the magical Midlanders , icBirmingham '' . Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk. 15 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` friends - funfacts '' . friends-funfacts.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.jopworld.com/ Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Potter twins plant trees '' . BBC News . 19 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actors James and Oliver Phelps -- Pictures , Information , Biography , Quotes '' . Veritaserum. 25 February 1986 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Phelps Twins Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Books and Wands ( 25 February 1986 ) . Retrieved on 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Three Peaks Challenge . Three Peaks Challenge ( 11 April 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin Money Giving Fundraising James Phelps Three Peak Challenge Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Uk.virginmoneygiving.com ( 4 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin Money Giving Fundraising Oliver Phelps ' fundraising page Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Uk.virginmoneygiving.com ( 6 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James and Oliver Phelps . James Phelps on IMDb Oliver Phelps on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_and_Oliver_Phelps&oldid=836725755 '' Categories : 1986 births Male actors from Birmingham , West Midlands British male film actors Identical twin male actors Living people People from Sutton Coldfield British expatriates in the United States Twin people from the United Kingdom British male child actors 21st - century British male actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from November 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Simple English Slovenščina Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the weasley twins in harry potter	[ "James Andrew Eric Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin British actors, best known for playing identical twins, Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series." ]	[ "James Andrew Eric Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps" ]
-825113490197151102	2017 FIFA Confederations Cup	2017 FIFA Confederations Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Кубок конфедераций 2017 Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 17 June -- 2 July 2017 Teams 8 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 4 ( in 4 host cities ) Final positions Champions Germany ( 1st title ) Runners - up Chile Third place Portugal Fourth place Mexico Tournament statistics Matches played 16 Goals scored 43 ( 2.69 per match ) Attendance 628,304 ( 39,269 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Leon Goretzka Lars Stindl Timo Werner ( 3 goals each ) Best player Julian Draxler Best goalkeeper Claudio Bravo Fair play award Germany ← 2013 2021 → 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup participating teams The 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 10th FIFA Confederations Cup , a quadrennial international men 's football tournament organised by FIFA . It was held in Russia , from 17 June to 2 July 2017 , as a prelude to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Russia was announced as the hosts on 2 December 2010 after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The matches were played in four different stadiums across four cities : Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kazan , and Sochi . It was the first time Russia has hosted the tournament , and the third time the Confederations Cup has been held in the European continent . As hosts , Russia qualified automatically for the tournament ; they were joined by the six winners of the FIFA confederation championships and the 2014 FIFA World Cup champions , Germany . The final tournament was played in two stages : a group stage and a latter knockout stage . In the group stage , each team played three games in a group of four , with the winners and runners - up from each group advancing to the knockout stage . In the knockout stage , the four teams competed in single - elimination matches , beginning with the semi-finals and ending with the final match of the tournament . A third - place match was played between the two losing semi-finalist teams . The defending champions , Brazil , who won the previous three Confederation Cups ( 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) , failed to qualify for the first time since 1995 following their loss on penalties to Paraguay in the quarter - finals of the 2015 Copa América. 2015 AFC Asian Cup winners Australia became the first team to qualify from multiple confederations , having previously represented the OFC in 1997 , 2001 and 2005 . This was the first Confederations Cup to feature video assistant referees ( VARs ) . World champions Germany won their first title following a 1 -- 0 win over Chile in the final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 1.1 Qualified teams 2 Venues 3 Schedule 4 Draw 5 Match officials 6 Match ball 7 Squads 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Semi-finals 9.3 Third place play - off 9.4 Final 10 Awards 11 Statistics 11.1 Goalscorers 12 Prize money 13 Ticketing 14 Sponsorship 15 Broadcasting rights 16 Logistics 17 References 18 External links Qualification ( edit ) The eight competing teams were the host nation , the reigning FIFA World Cup champions , and the six holders of the FIFA confederation championships . If any team qualified for multiple berths ( such as , if the World Cup champions also won their continental championship ) , the next best - placed team from their continental championship would have qualified . After Russia secured a spot in the tournament as the hosts , Germany were the first team to qualify via competition , after winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . The final match saw the Germans clinch the country 's fourth world title through a 1 -- 0 extra-time win against Argentina . Australia were the next team to qualify after beating South Korea 2 -- 1 after extra time , in the 2015 AFC Asian Cup Final . This victory marked Australia 's first Asian Cup win since their move from the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) in 2006 . It was also the first time a team had become champions of two confederations , following Australia 's four OFC Nations Cup titles . Chile were the fourth team to secure a spot at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after defeating Argentina 4 -- 1 on a penalty shoot - out following a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time , in the 2015 Copa América Final . As 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions , Mexico 's qualifying path saw them face 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States in the 2015 CONCACAF Cup play - off match . The new format , in which the two most recent CONCACAF Gold Cup winners compete to decide the representative team of CONCACAF , was won by Mexico 3 -- 2 after extra time . New Zealand were the sixth team to qualify for the tournament after defeating Papua New Guinea 4 -- 2 on a penalty shoot - out following a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time , in the 2016 OFC Nations Cup Final . Portugal were the seventh team to qualify , after defeating host nation France 1 -- 0 after extra time , in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winning team , Cameroon , took the eighth and final spot with their 2 -- 1 win against Egypt in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Final . This was the first time in FIFA Confederations Cup history that three national teams from any single confederation ( Russia , Germany and Portugal from UEFA ) participated in the tournament . Qualified teams ( edit ) The following teams qualified for the tournament . Country Confederation Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Russia UEFA Hosts 1 2 December 2010 0 ( debut ) Germany UEFA 2014 FIFA World Cup winners 2 13 July 2014 2 ( 1999 , 2005 ) Australia AFC 2015 AFC Asian Cup winners 3 31 January 2015 3 ( 1997 , 2001 , 2005 ) Chile CONMEBOL 2015 Copa América winners 4 4 July 2015 0 ( debut ) Mexico CONCACAF 2015 CONCACAF Cup winners 5 10 October 2015 6 ( 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , 2013 ) New Zealand OFC 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners 6 11 June 2016 3 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2009 ) Portugal UEFA UEFA Euro 2016 winners 7 10 July 2016 0 ( debut ) Cameroon CAF 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners 8 5 February 2017 2 ( 2001 , 2003 ) Bold indicates champions for that year . Italic indicates hosts for that year . All of Australia 's previous appearances were as champions of the Oceania Football Confederation . This was their first appearance representing Asia . Venues ( edit ) Four cities served as the venues for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . All four venues will also be among the 12 used for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Saint Petersburg Moscow Saint Petersburg Kazan Sochi Moscow Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Otkrytiye Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Capacity : 68,134 Capacity : 45,360 Kazan Sochi Kazan Arena Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 45,379 Capacity : 47,659 Schedule ( edit ) The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match against New Zealand at the Zenit Arena in Saint Petersburg on 17 June . The distribution of the knockout stage matches was as follows : The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the final on 2 July . The Kazan Arena in Kazan hosted the first semi-final on 28 June . The Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi hosted the second semi-final on 29 June . The Otkrytiye Arena in Moscow hosted the third place match on 2 July . Draw ( edit ) The draw took place on 26 November 2016 , 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) , at the Tennis Academy in Kazan . For the draw , the eight teams were allocated to two pots . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia and the three highest - ranked teams in the November 2016 edition of the FIFA World Rankings ( shown in parentheses below ) : Germany , Chile , and Portugal . Pot 2 contained the remaining four teams : Mexico , Australia , New Zealand , and the winners of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations ( whose identity was not known at the time of the draw , and regardless of their identity , could not be among the three highest - ranked participating teams ) , which was won by Cameroon on 5 February 2017 to complete the line - up . The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four , with each group containing two teams from Pot 1 and two teams from Pot 2 . During the draw procedure , teams were drawn into alternating groups ( Group A , then Group B , repeating ) , and assigned a position within the group by drawing another ball . As hosts , Russia were automatically assigned to Position A1 in the draw . Since there were three teams from Europe , one of the two groups was certain to contain two teams from the same confederation ( Russia and Portugal ) , the first time this happened in a FIFA Confederations Cup . Pot 1 Pot 2 Russia ( 55 ; hosts ) Germany ( 3 ) Chile ( 4 ) Portugal ( 8 ) Mexico ( 18 ) Australia ( 48 ) Cameroon ( 65 ) New Zealand ( 110 ) Jump up ^ Assigned to A1 Match officials ( edit ) A total of 9 refereeing trios ( a referee and two assistant referees ) , 1 support referee , and 8 video assistant referees were appointed for the tournament . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee Video assistant referee AFC Fahad Al - Mirdasi Abdullah Al - Shalawi Mohammed Al - Abakry -- Ravshan Irmatov Alireza Faghani Reza Sokhandan Mohammadreza Mansouri CAF Bakary Gassama Jean - Claude Birumushahu Marwa Range -- Malang Diedhiou CONCACAF Mark Geiger Joe Fletcher Charles Justin Morgante -- Jair Marrufo CONMEBOL Néstor Pitana Hernán Maidana Juan Pablo Belatti -- Enrique Cáceres Sandro Ricci Wilmar Roldán Alexander Guzman Cristian De La Cruz OFC -- -- Abdelkader Zitouni -- UEFA Milorad Mažić Milovan Ristić Dalibor Đurđević -- Artur Soares Dias Ovidiu Hațegan Clément Turpin Gianluca Rocchi Elenito Di Liberatore Mauro Tonolini Damir Skomina Jure Praprotnik Robert Vukan Match ball ( edit ) The official match ball for the Cup was produced by Adidas , and was named `` Krasava '' , which is a Russian slang word for `` beautiful '' or `` awesome '' . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squads Each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by the FIFA deadline . Players in the final squad could be replaced due to serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match , where the replacement players did not need to be in the preliminary squad . The official squads were announced by FIFA on 8 June 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) All times are local , MSK ( UTC + 3 ) . Tiebreakers ( edit ) The top two teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals . The rankings of teams in each group were determined as follows ( regulations Article 19.6 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams were equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings were determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Group A ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Portugal 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 6 + 2 7 Russia ( H ) 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 8 − 7 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Russia v New Zealand 17 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 Russia 2 -- 0 New Zealand Boxall 31 ' ( o.g. ) Smolov 69 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 50,251 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Portugal v Mexico 18 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 Portugal 2 -- 2 Mexico Quaresma 34 ' Cédric 86 ' Report Hernández 42 ' Moreno 90 + 1 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 34,372 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Russia v Portugal 21 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 18 : 00 Russia 0 -- 1 Portugal Report Ronaldo 8 ' Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Attendance : 42,759 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Mexico v New Zealand 21 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 Mexico 2 -- 1 New Zealand Jiménez 54 ' Peralta 72 ' Report Wood 42 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 25,133 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Mexico v Russia 24 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 18 : 00 Mexico 2 -- 1 Russia Araujo 30 ' Lozano 52 ' Report Samedov 25 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,585 Referee : Fahad Al - Mirdasi ( Saudi Arabia ) New Zealand v Portugal 24 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 18 : 00 New Zealand 0 -- 4 Portugal Report Ronaldo 33 ' ( pen . ) B. Silva 37 ' A. Silva 80 ' Nani 90 + 1 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 56,290 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 7 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 + 2 5 Australia 0 5 − 1 Cameroon 0 6 − 4 Source : FIFA Cameroon v Chile 18 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 Cameroon 0 -- 2 Chile Report Vidal 81 ' Vargas 90 + 1 ' Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Attendance : 33,492 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Australia v Germany 19 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 Australia 2 -- 3 Germany Rogic 41 ' Juric 56 ' Report Stindl 5 ' Draxler 44 ' ( pen . ) Goretzka 48 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 28,605 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Cameroon v Australia 22 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 Cameroon 1 -- 1 Australia Zambo Anguissa 45 + 1 ' Report Milligan 60 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 35,021 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Germany v Chile 22 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 21 : 00 Germany 1 -- 1 Chile Stindl 41 ' Report Sánchez 6 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 38,222 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Germany v Cameroon 25 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 Germany 3 -- 1 Cameroon Demirbay 48 ' Werner 66 ' , 81 ' Report Aboubakar 78 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 30,230 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Chile v Australia 25 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 Chile 1 -- 1 Australia Rodríguez 67 ' Report Troisi 42 ' Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Attendance : 33,639 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup knockout stage In the knockout stage , if a match was level at the end of normal playing time , extra time was played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) , where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution . If still tied after extra time , the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . Bracket ( edit ) Semi-finals Final 28 June -- Kazan Portugal 0 ( 0 ) 2 July -- Saint Petersburg Chile ( p ) 0 ( 3 ) Chile 0 29 June -- Sochi Germany Germany Mexico Third place play - off 2 July -- Moscow Portugal ( a.e.t. ) Mexico Semi-finals ( edit ) Portugal v Chile 28 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 Portugal 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Chile Report Penalties Quaresma Moutinho Nani 0 -- 3 Vidal Aránguiz Sánchez Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 40,855 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Germany v Mexico 29 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 21 : 00 Germany 4 -- 1 Mexico Goretzka 6 ' , 8 ' Werner 59 ' Younes 90 + 1 ' Report Fabián 89 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 37,923 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Portugal v Mexico 2 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 15 : 00 Portugal 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Mexico Pepe 90 + 1 ' Adrien 104 ' ( pen . ) Report Neto 54 ' ( o.g. ) Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Attendance : 42,659 Referee : Fahad Al - Mirdasi ( Saudi Arabia ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Final Chile v Germany 2 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 Chile 0 -- 1 Germany Report Stindl 20 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 57,268 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The player awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Julian Draxler Alexis Sánchez Leon Goretzka Golden Boot Silver Boot Timo Werner Leon Goretzka Lars Stindl 3 goals , 2 assists 3 goals , 0 assists Golden Glove Claudio Bravo FIFA Fair Play Award Germany Additionally , Fifa.com shortlisted six goals so that football fans could vote on the tournaments ' best . The poll closed on 10 July . Hyundai Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Marco Fabián Germany 3 -- 1 Semi-finals Statistics ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup statistics . Goalscorers ( edit ) 43 goals were scored in 16 matches , for an average of 2.69 goals per match . 3 goals Leon Goretzka Lars Stindl Timo Werner 2 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 1 goal Tomi Juric Mark Milligan Tom Rogic James Troisi Vincent Aboubakar André - Frank Zambo Anguissa Martín Rodríguez Alexis Sánchez Eduardo Vargas Arturo Vidal Kerem Demirbay Julian Draxler Amin Younes Néstor Araujo Marco Fabián Javier Hernández Raúl Jiménez Hirving Lozano Héctor Moreno Oribe Peralta Chris Wood Adrien Silva Cédric Nani Pepe Ricardo Quaresma André Silva Bernardo Silva Aleksandr Samedov Fyodor Smolov 1 own goal Michael Boxall ( against Russia ) Luís Neto ( against Mexico ) Source : FIFA Prize money ( edit ) Based on final position , teams received prize money from FIFA . Competition stage Final position Prize money ( US dollars ) Final Winners $5,000,000 Runners - up $4,500,000 Match for third place Third place $3,500,000 Fourth place $3,000,000 Group stage Fifth to eighth place $2,000,000 Ticketing ( edit ) Tickets were distributed in four stages : pre-sale for VISA owners , random draw , first come first served and last minute sales . Sponsorship ( edit ) FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways VISA Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Vivo Alfa - Bank Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Territory Broadcaster Ref . Albania RTSH Argentina TyC , DirecTV Armenia ARMTV Australia SBS , Optus Sport Austria ORF Azerbaijan AzTV , İTV Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Globo , SporTV , Band Brunei Astro Bulgaria BNT Canada CTV , RDS , TSN Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV China Tencent Sports Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV Costa Rica Teletica , Sky Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR , TV 2 Ecuador RTS El Salvador TCS , Sky Estonia ERR Faroe Islands DR Finland Yle France TF1 , SFR Sport Germany ARD , ZDF Georgia GPB Greece ERT Greenland DR , TV 2 Guatemala TVA , Sky Honduras Televicentro , Sky Hong Kong LeSports Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV India Sony Pictures Networks Indonesia RTV , OrangeTV Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy Sky Japan Fuji TV , NHK Kosovo RTK Latvia LTV Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Malaysia Astro Malta PBS MENA beIN Sports Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca Moldova TRM Montenegro RTCG Nepal Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Prime , Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky Paraguay TyC Peru Latina Televisión , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP Portugal RTP Puerto Rico Telemundo Puerto Rico , Punto 2 Romania TVR Russia Channel One , Match TV Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC , SuperSport South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain GOL Sub-Saharan Africa SuperSport , Star Times Sweden SVT Switzerland SRG SSR Taiwan ELTA TV Thailand Channel 3 Turkey TRT United Kingdom ITV United States Fox , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo TV , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC Venezuela Meridiano Televisión , Venevisión Jump up ^ excludes Israel Jump up ^ excludes South Africa Jump up ^ ITV did not broadcast the third - place match Logistics ( edit ) Free travel via additional trains travelling between host cities during the sporting events were provided to spectators holding match tickets or documents granting access to the match , along with FAN ID . FAN IDs were issued to all spectators of the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 for access to a stadium . FAN ID gave the opportunity to use free transport services on the match days in the cities hosting the sports events . The foreign citizens , who come to the Russian Federation as spectators of the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 matches , could use their FAN IDs for multiple visa - free entry into and exit from the Russian Federation upon presentation of valid identity documents that are recognized as such by the Russian Federation , during the period that started ten days before the date of the first match and ended ten days after the date of the last match of the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 . There were complaints that Russian authorities were canceling FAN IDs without notice very close to kickoff times . In 2015 , the Russian Ministry of Sport and Local Organising Committee launched a website aimed at providing coverage of the preparation process ahead of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter makes Russia visit '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany crowned as Portugal bag bronze '' . FIFA.com. 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 -- Teams '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mutko to chair 2018 World Cup organising committee '' . supersport.com. 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 to start and finish at Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium names for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM confirmed '' . FIFA.com. 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedules for FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and 2018 FIFA World Cup TM unveiled '' . FIFA.com. 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament of Champions map drawn in Kazan '' . FIFA.com. 26 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Ranking ( 24 November 2016 ) '' . FIFA.com. 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draw procedures of the Official Draw confirmed '' . FIFA.com. 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon complete Russia 2017 line - up '' . FIFA.com. 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 Draw Procedure '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match officials appointed for FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of appointed match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Krasava debuts as 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup match ball '' . soccer.com . Soccer.com. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2017 squads confirmed '' . FIFA.com. 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 -- Squad Lists '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 - Awards '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards list dominated by victorious Germans '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Confederations Cup 2017 : the economic prizes that will win the first 3 places ( in Spanish ) http://larepublica.pe/ Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 -- Sales Phases '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Campagin . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gazprom agrees Fifa sponsorship deal '' . SportsProMedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai - Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years '' . SportsBusinessDaily.com . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Group becomes new FIFA Partner '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser - Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup TM sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hisense becomes Official Sponsor of 2018 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's looking ahead to 2018 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo '' . SportsProMedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alfa - Bank unveiled as first - ever Regional Supporter for the FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Xin Hao , Ya . `` 腾讯体育携手 FIFA 签约 2017 联合会杯独家版权 ( Tencent Sports and FIFA sign the exclusive contract of the broadcasting right of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup ) '' . QQ.com ( in Chinese ) . Tencent . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' ( in Finnish ) . Yle . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin . `` Report : SFR Sport picks up Fifa Confederations Cup rights '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagja , Beri . `` RTV Siarkan 20 Partai di Piala Dunia U-20 dan Piala Konfederasi 2017 '' . Juara.net ( in Indonesian ) . Juara . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tarmizi , Tasrief . `` OrangeTV siarkan Piala Konfederasi 2017 '' . Antaranews.com ( in Indonesian ) . Antara . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup 2017 -- Sky ha acquistato i diritti tv ! Tutte le partite in diretta tv e streaming . Come seguire l'evento : calendario , programma e orari '' ( 2017 Confederations Cup -- Sky has purchased the tv rights ! All matches live on TV and streaming . How to follow the competition : schedule and times ) . oasport.it ( in Italian ) . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Russia vs New Zealand FIFA Confederations Cup Live '' . Online Free Football . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide '' . PrimeTV.co.nz . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taça das Confederações : Operação RTP '' . RTP Extra ( in Portuguese ) . RTP . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copa Confederaciones : Itinerario de Juegos '' . TelemundoPR ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Russia , FIFA reach last - gasp TV deal for Confederations Cup '' . USAToday . AP . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Match TV agrees rights deal with Fifa '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 -- 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa Confederaciones se verá al completo en GOL TV '' . As.com ( in Spanish ) . As . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA 聯合會盃 '' . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ฟุตบอล ฟีฟ่า คอน เฟด เด อ เร ชั่ น ส์ คั พ 2017 '' . CH3Thailand.com ( in Thai ) . Thai TV3 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transport programme '' . welcome2018.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Паспорт болельщика '' . www.fan-id.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ellingworth , James ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Russian fans say dozens barred from Confederations Cup '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Associated Press . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ TASS ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Russia launches English - language information portal for fans in advance 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . Russia Beyond The Headlines . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . FIFA Confederations Cup , FIFA.com 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Knockout stage Final General information Squads Statistics Venues Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Otkrytiye Arena ( Moscow ) Qualification World Cup AFC CAF CONCACAF 2013 2015 Play - off CONMEBOL OFC UEFA 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Chile Third place Portugal Fourth place Mexico Eliminated in the group stage Group A New Zealand Russia Group B Australia Cameroon FIFA Confederations Cup Tournaments Saudi Arabia 1992 Saudi Arabia 1995 Saudi Arabia 1997 Mexico 1999 Korea / Japan 2001 France 2003 Germany 2005 South Africa 2009 Brazil 2013 Russia 2017 2021 Finals 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 Squads 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 Other articles Finals Goalscorers Hat - tricks Records Red cards Team appearances 2016 -- 17 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 16 ' 17 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 16 ' 17 Faroe Islands ' 16 ' 17 Finland ' 16 ' 17 France Georgia ' 16 ' 17 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 16 ' 17 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 16 ' 17 Kosovo Latvia ' 16 ' 17 Lithuania ' 16 ' 17 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 16 ' 17 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 16 ' 17 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 16 ' 17 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 16 ' 17 Finland ' 16 ' 16 -- ' 17 France Georgia ' 16 ' 17 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 16 ' 17 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 16 ' 17 Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 16 ' 17 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 16 ' 17 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 16 ' 17 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia Finland ' 16 France Iceland ' 16 ' 17 Israel Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 16 ' 17 Romania Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Lithuania ' 16 ' 17 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 16 ' 17 Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2017 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2017 Euro Under - 17 qualification 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 16 -- ' 17 ' 17 -- ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup&oldid=798968723 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2016 -- 17 in Russian football 2017 in association football FIFA Confederations Cup tournaments June 2017 sports events in Russia July 2017 sports events in Russia International association football competitions hosted by Russia Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Use dmy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do they pick the confederations cup teams	[ "The eight competing teams were the host nation, the reigning FIFA World Cup champions, and the six holders of the FIFA confederation championships. If any team qualified for multiple berths (such as, if the World Cup champions also won their continental championship), the next best-placed team from their continental championship would have qualified." ]	[ "host nation, the reigning FIFA World Cup champions, and the six holders of the FIFA confederation" ]
-841692131938677551	Traffic light	Traffic light - wikipedia Traffic light Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( April 2013 ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An LED traffic light in Portsmouth , England A traffic light for pedestrians in Switzerland Traffic lights , also known as traffic signals , traffic lamps , traffic semaphore , signal lights , stop lights , robots ( in South Africa and most of Africa ) , and traffic control signals ( in technical parlance ) , are signalling devices positioned at road intersections , pedestrian crossings , and other locations to control flows of traffic . The world 's first , manually operated gas - lit traffic signal was short lived . Installed in London in December 1868 , it exploded less than a month later , injuring or killing its policeman operator . Traffic control started to seem necessary in the late 1890s and Earnest Sirrine from Chicago patented the first automated traffic control system in 1910 . It used the words `` STOP '' and `` PROCEED '' , although neither word lit up . Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to users by displaying lights of a standard colour ( red , amber ( Orange ) , and green ) following a universal colour code . In the typical sequence of colour phases : The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted , if it is safe to do so and there is room on the other side of the intersection . The amber ( yellow ) light warns that the signal is about to change to red . In a number of countries -- among them the United Kingdom -- a phase during which red and yellow are displayed together indicates that the signal is about to change to green . Actions required by drivers on a yellow light vary , with some jurisdictions requiring drivers to stop if it is safe to do so , and others allowing drivers to go through the intersection if safe to do so . A flashing amber indication is a warning signal . In the United Kingdom , a flashing amber light is used only at pelican crossings , in place of the combined red -- amber signal , and indicates that drivers may pass if no pedestrians are on the crossing . The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding . A flashing red indication is treated as a stop sign . In some countries traffic signals will go into a flashing mode if the Conflict Monitor detects a problem , such as a fault that tries to display green lights to conflicting traffic . The signal may display flashing yellow to the main road and flashing red to the side road , or flashing red in all directions . Flashing operation can also be used during times of day when traffic is light , such as late at night . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types and placement of colours 2.1 Single aspects 2.2 Dual aspects 2.3 Three or more aspects & positioning of aspects 2.4 Traffic signal cycles 2.5 Variations 2.6 Use of traffic signals in waterways , on railroads for rail traffic 3 Pedestrian and cyclist crossing lights 3.1 Auditory and tactile signals 3.2 Australia and New Zealand 3.3 European standard 3.4 British standard 3.5 China standard 3.6 North American standard 4 Lights for public transport 4.1 Preemption and priority 5 Turning signals and rules 6 Lane control 7 Speed sign 8 Special provisions 9 Dummy lights 10 Technology 10.1 Optics and lighting 10.2 Programmable visibility signals 10.3 Conventional lighting systems 10.4 Light design 10.5 Technological advancements 10.6 Control and coordination 10.7 Mounting 11 Implementation 11.1 Small vehicle safety 11.2 Traffic signal warrants 12 United States MUTCD 13 Legal implications 13.1 Red light running 13.1. 1 Red light cameras 13.2 Confirmation lights 13.3 Light timing length 14 In other contexts 14.1 Racing 14.2 As a rating mechanism 15 Gallery 16 In Unicode 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Citations 21 External links History ( edit ) A traffic light in Stockholm in 1953 . The installation of a traffic signal in San Diego in December 1940 Before traffic lights , traffic police controlled the flow of traffic . A well - documented example is that on London Bridge in 1722 . Three men were given the task of directing traffic coming in and out of either London or Southwark . Each officer would help direct traffic coming out of Southwark into London and he made sure all traffic stayed on the west end of the bridge . A second officer would direct traffic on the east end of the bridge to control the flow of people leaving London and going into Southwark . On 9 December 1868 , the first non-electric gas - lit traffic lights were installed outside the Houses of Parliament in London to control the traffic in Bridge Street , Great George Street , and Parliament Street . They were proposed by the railway engineer J.P. Knight of Nottingham who had adapted this idea from his design of railway signalling systems and constructed by the railway signal engineers of Saxby & Farmer . The main reason for the traffic light was that there was an overflow of horse - drawn traffic over Westminster Bridge which forced thousands of pedestrians to walk next to the Houses of Parliament . The design combined three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for night - time use , on a pillar , operated by a police constable . The gas lantern was manually turned by a traffic police officer with a lever at its base so that the appropriate light faced traffic . The signal was 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) high . The light was called the semaphore and had arms that would extend horizontally that commanded drivers to `` Stop '' and then the arms would lower to a 45 degrees angle to tell drivers to proceed with `` Caution '' . At night a red light would command `` Stop '' and a green light would mean use `` Caution '' . Although it was said to be successful at controlling traffic , its operational life was brief . It exploded on 2 January 1869 as a result of a leak in one of the gas lines underneath the pavement and injured the policeman who was operating it . In the first two decades of the 20th century , semaphore traffic signals like the one in London were in use all over the United States with each state having its own design of the device . One example was from Toledo , Ohio in 1908 . The words `` Stop '' and `` Go '' were in white on a green background and the lights had red and green lenses illuminated by kerosene lamps for night travelers and the arms were 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above ground . It was controlled by a traffic officer who would blow a whistle before changing the commands on this signal to help alert travelers of the change . The design was also used in Philadelphia and Detroit . The example in Ohio was the first time America tried to use a more visible form of traffic control that evolved the use of semaphore . The device that was used in Ohio was designed based on the use of railroad signals . In 1912 , a traffic control device was placed on top a tower in Paris at the Rue Montmartre and Grande Boulevard . This tower signal was manned by a police woman and she operated a revolving four - sided metal box on top of a glass showcase where the word `` Stop '' was painted in red and the word `` Go '' painted in white . An electric traffic light was developed in 1912 by Lester Wire , a policeman in Salt Lake City , Utah , who also used red - green lights . On 5 August 1914 , the American Traffic Signal Company installed a traffic signal system on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland , Ohio . It had two colours , red and green , and a buzzer , based on the design of James Hoge , to provide a warning for colour changes . The design by James Hoge allowed police and fire stations to control the signals in case of emergency . The first four - way , three - colour traffic light was created by police officer William Potts in Detroit , Michigan in 1920 . Ashville , Ohio claims to be the home of the oldest working traffic light in the United States , used at an intersection of public roads from 1932 to 1982 when it was moved to a local museum . Many pictures of historical traffic lights appear at a Traffic Signal Trivia page . The tower was the first innovation that used the three - coloured traffic signal and appeared first in the City of Detroit , where the first three - coloured traffic light was built at the intersection of Michigan and Woodward Avenues in 1920 . The man behind this three - colour traffic light was police officer William Potts of Detroit . He was concerned about how police officers at four different lights signals could not change their lights all at the same time . The answer was a third light that was coloured amber , which was the same colour used on the railroad . Potts also placed a timer with the light to help coordinate a four - way set of lights in the city . The traffic tower soon used twelve floodlights to control traffic and the reason for a tower in the first place was that at the time the intersection was one of the busiest in the world , with over 20,000 vehicles daily . Los Angeles installed its first automated traffic signals in October 1920 at five locations on Broadway . These early signals , manufactured by the Acme Traffic Signal Co. , paired `` Stop '' and `` Go '' semaphore arms with small red and green lights . Bells played the role of today 's amber or yellow lights , ringing when the flags changed -- a process that took five seconds . By 1923 the city had installed 31 Acme traffic control devices . The Acme semaphore traffic lights were often used in Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons for comedic effect due to their loud bell . The first interconnected traffic signal system was installed in Salt Lake City in 1917 , with six connected intersections controlled simultaneously from a manual switch . Automatic control of interconnected traffic lights was introduced March 1922 in Houston , Texas . In 1922 traffic towers were beginning to be controlled by automatic timers . The first company to add timers in traffic lights was Crouse Hinds . They built railroad signals and were the first company to place timers in traffic lights in Houston , which was their home city . The main advantage for the use of the timer was that it saved cities money by replacing traffic officers . The city of New York was able to reassign all but 500 of its 6,000 officers working on the traffic squad ; this saved the city $12,500,000 . After witnessing an accident between an automobile and a horse - drawn carriage , African American inventor , Garrett Morgan , filed a U.S. patent for a traffic signal . Patent No. 1,475,024 was granted on 20 November 1923 for Morgan 's three - position traffic signal . The first traffic lights in Britain were deployed in Piccadilly Circus in 1926 . Wolverhampton was the first British town to introduce automated traffic lights in 1927 in Princes Square at the junction of Lichfield Street and Princess Street . Melbourne was the first city in Australia to install traffic lights in 1928 on the intersection of Collins and Swanston Street . The twelve - light system did not become available until 1928 and another feature of the light system was that hoods were placed over the light and each lens was sand - blasted to increase daytime visibility . Both the tower and semaphores were phased out by 1930 . Towers were too big and obstructed traffic ; semaphores were too small and drivers could not see them at night . The first traffic light in South India was installed at Egmore Junction , Chennai in 1953 . The city of Bangalore installed its first traffic light at Corporation Circle in 1963 . The control of traffic lights made a big turn with the rise of computers in America in the 1950s . Thanks to computers , the changing of lights made Crosby 's flow even quicker thanks to computerized detection . A pressure plate was placed at intersections so once a car was on the plate computers would know that a car was waiting at the red light . Some of this detection included knowing the number of waiting cars against the red light and the length of time waited by the first vehicle at the red . One of the best historical examples of computerized control of lights was in Denver in 1952 . One computer took control of 120 lights with six pressure - sensitive detectors measuring inbound and outbound traffic . The system was in place at the central business district , where the most traffic was between the downtown area and the north and northeastern parts of the city . The control room that housed the computer in charge of the system was in the basement of the City and County Building . As computers started to evolve , traffic light control also improved and became easier . In 1967 , the city of Toronto was the first to use more advanced computers that were better at vehicle detection . Thanks to the new and better computers traffic flow moved even quicker than with the use of the tower . The computers maintained control over 159 signals in the cities through telephone lines . People praised the computers for their detection abilities . Thanks to detection computers could change the length of the green light based on the volume of waiting cars . The rise of computers is the model of traffic control which is now used in the 21st century . Countdown timers on traffic lights were introduced in the 1990s . Timers are useful for pedestrians , to plan whether there is enough time to cross the intersection before the end of the walk phase , and for drivers , to know the amount of time before the light turns green . In the United States , timers for vehicle traffic are prohibited , but pedestrian timers are now required on new or upgraded signals on wider roadways . Types and placement of colours ( edit ) Main article : List of variations in traffic light signalling and operation Traffic lights can have several additional lights for filter turns or bus lanes . This one in Warrington , United Kingdom , also shows the red + orange combination seen in a number of European countries , and a backing board with white border to increase the target value of the signal head . Improved visibility of the signal head is achieved during the night by using the retro - reflective white border . Play media Road crossing of ( Shetland ) A970 with Sumburgh airport 's runway . The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off . Aspect is a term referring to the light that faces the drivers . A typical vertical traffic signal has three aspects , or lights , facing the oncoming traffic , red on top , yellow below , and green below that . Generally one aspect is illuminated at a time . In some cases , a fourth aspect , for a turn arrow for example , is below the three lights or aspects in more complicated road traffic intersections . Single aspects ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) The simplest traffic light comprises either a single or a pair of coloured aspects that warns any user of the shared right of way of a possible conflict or danger . Flashing red : treated as a stop sign . This can also signal the road is closed . In France and the United Kingdom , flashing red mandates absolute stop , at the crossing of a railway line , an airport strip , or a swing bridge . Flashing yellow : caution , crossing or road hazard ahead . Flashing green : varies among jurisdiction . Flashing green can give permission to go straight as well as make a left turn in front of opposing traffic ( which is stopped by a steady red light ) , can indicate the end of a green cycle before the light changes to a solid yellow , or ( as in British Columbia , Canada , or Mexico City , Mexico ) indicates the intersection is a pedestrian crosswalk . In Greece , flashing green lights can not be found . Instead , dual flashing orange lights are used . Dual aspects ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) These have two lights , usually mounted vertically . They are often seen at railway crossings , fire stations , and intersections of streets . They flash yellow when cross traffic is not expected , and turn red to stop traffic when cross traffic occurs ( e.g. , the fire engines are about to exit the station ) . They are also sometimes used for ramp metering , where motorists enter a controlled - access highway during heavy traffic . Usually , only one vehicle on the ramp proceeds when the signal shows green . Two or three per green are allowed in some cases . Three or more aspects & positioning of aspects ( edit ) The standard traffic signal is the red light above the green , with yellow between . When the traffic signal with three aspects is arranged horizontally or sideways , the arrangement depends on the rule of the road . In right - lane countries , the sequence ( from left to right ) is red -- yellow -- green . In left - lane countries , the sequence is green -- yellow -- red . Horizontally mounted signals in Japan A traffic signal in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , with specially - shaped lights to assist people with colour blindness Other signals are sometimes added for more control , such as for public transportation and right or left turns allowed only when the green arrow is illuminated or specifically prohibited if the red arrow is illuminated . Traffic signal cycles ( edit ) Generally , at least one direction of traffic at an intersection has the green lights ( green aspect ) at any moment in the cycle . In some jurisdictions , for a brief time , all signals at an intersection show red at the same time , to clear any traffic in the intersection . The delay can depend on traffic , road conditions , the physical layout of the intersection , and legal requirements . Thus modern signals are built to allow the `` all red '' in an intersection , even if the feature is not used . Some signals have no `` all red '' phase : the light turns green for cross traffic the instant the other light turns red . Another variant in some locations is the pedestrian scramble , where all the traffic lights for vehicles become red , and pedestrians are allowed to walk freely , even diagonally , across the intersection . Variations ( edit ) In the Canadian province of Quebec and the Maritime provinces , lights are often arranged horizontally , but each aspect is a different shape : red is a square ( larger than the normal circle ) and usually in pairs at either end of the fixture , yellow is a diamond , and green is a circle . In many southern and southwestern U.S. states , most traffic signals are similarly horizontal in order to ease wind resistance during storms and hurricanes . The Canadian province of Alberta also uses this horizontal arrangement . Japanese traffic signals follow the mostly same rule except are referred to as 青 ( blue ) but this causes complications with the international `` green for go '' rule and so in 1973 a decree was issued according to which the `` go '' light should be changed to the bluest possible hue of green . This would make it factually bluer without having to change the name from 青 ( blue ) to 緑 ( green ) . In Britain , normal traffic lights follow this sequence : Red -- stop Red and Amber -- stop , indicating it will turn green Green -- proceed with caution , but only if the way is clear Amber -- stop unless it is unsafe to do so Use of traffic signals in waterways , on railroads for rail traffic ( edit ) The three - aspect standard is also used at locks on the Upper Mississippi River . Red means that another vessel is passing through . Yellow means that the lock chamber is being emptied or filled to match the level of the approaching vessel . After the gate opens , green means that the vessel may enter . Railroad signals , for stopping trains in their own right of way , use the opposite positioning of the colours , the two types can not be confused . That is , green on top and red below is the standard placement of the signal colours on railroad tracks . Pedestrian and cyclist crossing lights ( edit ) Further information : Pedestrian crossing This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( January 2012 ) Pedestrian crossing control panel in Dubai Auditory and tactile signals ( edit ) In some jurisdictions such as Australia , New Zealand , and Ireland pedestrian lights are associated with a sound device , for the benefit of blind and visually impaired pedestrians . These make a slow beeping sound when the pedestrian lights are red and a continuous buzzing sound when the lights are green . In the Australian States of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria and Western Australia , the sound is produced in the same unit as the push buttons . This system of assistive technology is also widely used at busy intersections in Canadian cities . In the United Kingdom , the Puffin crossings and their predecessor , the Pelican crossing , will make a fast beeping sound to indicate that it is safe to cross the road . The beeping sound is disabled during the night time so as not to disturb any nearby residents . In some states in the United States , at some busy intersections , buttons will make a beeping sound for blind people . When the light changes , a speaker built into the button will play a recording to notify blind people that it is safe to cross . When the signal flashes red , the recording will start to count down with the countdown timer . In Japan case , please see ja : 音響装置付信号機 . In several countries such as New Zealand , technology also allows deaf and blind people to feel when lights have changed to allow safe crossing . A small pad , housed within an indentation in the base of box housing the button mechanism , moves downwards when the lights change to allow crossing . This is designed to be felt by anyone waiting to cross who has limited ability to detect sight or sound . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) In Australia and New Zealand , the light sequence is : Green man : safe to cross the intersection Flashing red man : continue to cross if already in the intersection , but do not start to cross Red man : do not cross Some traffic lights in the capital cities ( e.g. Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane and Adelaide ) have countdown timers for pedestrian crossing lights , usually a countdown from 30 when the red flashing man appeared . Countdown timers have been installed on some pedestrian crossing lights in Auckland and Christchurch counting down from 15 seconds . Some traffic - light controlled junctions have a light sequence that stops all vehicular traffic at the junction at the same time , and gives pedestrians exclusive access to the intersection so that they can cross in any direction ( including diagonally ) . This is prominently featured in the Sydney CBD outside Town Hall , and other pedestrian - heavy locations , such as in Redfern near the University of Sydney . This is known as a pedestrian scramble or Barnes Dance in some places . In New Zealand such pedestrian crossings can be found in the central business district ( CBD ) of Auckland , Wellington and Christchurch , and were formerly also found in Dunedin . The Barnes Dance is named after an American traffic engineer , Henry A. Barnes . Barnes did not claim to have invented the system but was a strong advocate of it , having observed the difficulties his daughter faced crossing the road to get to school . Several intersections in Wellington , New Zealand , have alternative green man figures . Eight intersections near Parliament Buildings have silhouettes of suffragette Kate Sheppard , while four intersections along Cuba Street have silhouettes of drag performer and LGBT rights activist Carmen Rupe . European standard ( edit ) Traffic light animation ( pedestrians , cyclists and traffic ) . Ljubljana , Slovenia Bicycle traffic lights in Vienna The European approach to a signalized crossing is to use dual or , more rarely , a triple aspect with a blackened out lens of a pictogram pedestrian . For cyclists , the same approach is used , with the lens blackened out for a bicycle frame . It is not uncommon to see lenses with both symbols on them . Most European countries use orange instead of yellow for the middle light . The light sequence is : Green : safe to cross . Yellow or orange : continue to cross only if unable to stop safely . Flashing yellow or orange : cross with caution ( often used when lights are out of order or shut down ) . Red : do not cross . In Germany , the Czech Republic and some other Central European countries , a combination of red and orange lights is illuminated just before the green phase . Drivers are thereby cued to prepare to go ( e.g. , by restarting engine , if necessary , and / or shifting into a drive gear ) . The light sequence is as follows : Green : safe to cross . Orange : continue to cross only if unable to stop safely . Flashing orange : cross with caution , obey signage ( used when lights are out of order or shut down ) . Red : do not cross . Red and orange : do not cross , prepare for green . The light is blackened out with a pedestrian pictogram . Ampelmännchen pedestrian traffic signals have come to be seen as a nostalgic sign for the former German Democratic Republic . British standard ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Ireland , British Crown dependencies and dependent territories , and former possessions like Hong Kong two or more of the following signals are displayed to pedestrians - A still image of a green walking person : cross the road Flashing green walking person : continue to cross if already on the crossing but do not start to cross . Some signals use an amber numerical countdown display , instead of the flashing green man , indicating to pedestrians the time remaining to cross the road . Red standing man : do not cross / do not start to cross In the United Kingdom there is no direct offence committed if a pedestrian fails to obey crossing signals and many lights commonly only use two still images - a green walking person and a red standing man , this being the general case where the crossing is at a road junction and the pedestrian signals are in combination with those controlling vehicular traffic . Flashing amber lights and images at pedestrian crossings are used where the vehicular traffic lights perform the sole function of stopping road traffic to allow pedestrians to cross a road . The same system is used also in Switzerland and Macau . China standard ( edit ) Green : safe to cross . Red : do not cross . Yellow ( solid , after green , before red ) : continue to cross only if unable to stop safely . Flashing yellow : cross with caution ( often used in low - traffic crossing or after midnight ) . North American standard ( edit ) Play media Pedestrian sign in Washington , D.C. In the United States , the most common aspect is the written ' walk ' or ' do n't walk . ' In Canada , the white walking person is almost always used . Increasingly for retrofits of dual aspects and newer installations , the lower aspect formerly used for the `` walk '' signal ( a walking person ) is being replaced with a timer countdown . The raised hand pictogram first appeared in the city of Westmount , Montreal , and was invented by Alexander Heron , having observed a policeman 's gloved hand controlling a crossing . The light sequence is : Green , blue , or white walking person or `` walk '' : cross with caution ( pedestrians have the right of way ; motorists turning left or right must yield to pedestrians ) . Flashing red or orange stop hand or `` do n't walk '' : do not start crossing , but continue if already in the middle of the intersection . Red or orange stop hand or `` do n't walk '' : do not enter the intersection The U.S. state of Massachusetts allows an unusual indication variation for pedestrian movement . At signalized intersections without separate pedestrian signal heads , the traffic signals may be programmed to turn red in all directions , followed by a steady display of yellow lights simultaneously with the red indications . During this red - plus - yellow indication , the intersection is closed to vehicular traffic and pedestrians may cross , usually in whatever direction they choose ( this is known as a `` Barnes dance '' ) . Lights for public transport ( edit ) Four - lamp public transport traffic light in Moscow , Russia , showing `` stop '' signal . TTC Spadina streetcar signals ( smaller black signals ) A tram signal in Genèva , Switzerland . Signals for buses and trams in Karlsruhe , Germany Swedish traffic light ( left ) for use by public transport vehicles only . All signals use white lighting and special symbols ( `` S '' , `` -- '' and an arrow ) to distinguish them from regular signals . The small light at the top tells the driver when the vehicle 's transponder signal is received by the traffic light . Traffic lights for public transport often use signals that are distinct from those for private traffic . They can be letters , arrows or bars of white or coloured light . In Portland , Oregon , the tram signals feature an orange horizontal bar and a white vertical bar . Some systems use the letter B for buses , and T for trams . In some European countries and Russia , dedicated traffic signals for public transport ( tram , as well any that is using a dedicated lane ) have four white lights that form the letter T. If the three top lamps are lit , this means `` stop '' . If the bottom lamp and some lamps on the top row are lit , this means permission to go in a direction shown . In case of a tram signal , if there are no tram junctions or turns on an intersection , a simpler system of one yellow signal in the form of letter T is used instead ; the tram must proceed only when the signal is lit . In North European countries , the tram signals feature white lights of different forms : `` S '' for `` stop '' , `` -- '' for `` caution '' and arrows to permit passage in a given direction . The Netherlands use a distinctive `` negenoog '' ( nine - eyed ) design shown on the top row of the diagram ; bottom row signals are used in Belgium , Luxembourg , France and Germany . The signals mean ( from left to right ) : `` go straight ahead '' , `` go left '' , `` go right '' , `` go in any direction '' ( like the `` green '' of a normal traffic light ) , `` stop , unless the emergency brake is needed '' ( equal to `` yellow '' ) , and `` stop '' ( equal to `` red '' ) . The METRO light rail system in Minneapolis , Minnesota as well as the RTA Streetcar System in New Orleans use a simplified variant of the Belgian / French system in the respective city 's central business district where only the `` go '' and `` stop '' configurations are used . A third signal equal to yellow is accomplished by flashing the `` go '' signal . In Japan , tram signals are under the regular vehicle signal ; however the colour of the signal intended for trams is orange . Tram traffic lights at a tramway junction in Hong Kong In Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong , a yellow T - signal is used for trams , in place of the green signal . Addition to that , at any tramway junction , another set of signals is available to indicate the direction of the tracks . In Australia a white `` B '' or `` T '' sometimes replaces the green light indicating that buses or trams ( respectively ) have right of way . Preemption and priority ( edit ) Main articles : Traffic signal preemption and Bus priority Some regions have signals that are interruptible , giving priority to special traffic usually emergency vehicles such as fire apparatus , ambulances , and police squad cars . Most of the systems operate with small transmitters that send radio waves , infrared signals , or strobe light signals that are received by a sensor on or near the traffic lights . Some systems use audio detection , where a certain type of siren must be used and detected by a receiver on the traffic light structure . Upon activation the normal traffic light cycle is suspended and replaced by the `` preemption sequence '' : the traffic lights to all approaches to the intersection are switched to `` red '' with the exception of the light for the vehicle that has triggered the preemption sequence . Sometimes , an additional signal light is placed nearby to indicate to the preempting vehicle that the preempting sequence has been activated and to warn other motorists of the approach of an emergency vehicle . The normal traffic light cycle resumes after the sensor has been passed by the vehicle that triggered the preemption . In lieu of preemptive mechanisms , in most jurisdictions , emergency vehicles are not required to respect traffic lights . However , emergency vehicles must slow down , proceed cautiously and activate their emergency lights to alert oncoming drivers to the preemption when crossing an intersection against the light . Unlike preemption , which immediately interrupts a signal 's normal operation to serve the preempting vehicle and is usually reserved for emergency use , `` priority '' is a set of strategies intended to reduce delay for specific vehicles , especially mass transit vehicles such as buses . A variety of strategies exist to give priority to transit but they all generally work by detecting approaching transit vehicles and making small adjustments to the signal timing . These adjustments are designed to either decrease the likelihood that the transit vehicle will arrive during a red interval or decrease the length of the red interval for those vehicles that are stopped . Priority does not guarantee that transit vehicles always get a green light the instant they arrive like preemption does . Turning signals and rules ( edit ) A traffic light in Westbrook , Maine , on State Route 25 . Notice the red arrow to the left of the two green straight lights . In some instances , traffic may turn left ( in left - driving jurisdictions ) or right ( in right - driving jurisdictions ) after stopping at a red light , providing they give way to the pedestrians and other vehicles . In some places that generally disallow this , a sign next to the traffic light indicates that it is allowed at a particular intersection . Conversely , jurisdictions that generally allow this might forbid it at a particular intersection with a `` no turn on red '' sign , or put a green arrow to indicate specifically when a turn is allowed without having to yield to pedestrians ( this is usually when traffic from the perpendicular street is making a turn onto one 's street and thus no pedestrians are allowed in the intersection anyway ) . Some jurisdictions allow turning on red in the opposite direction ( left in right - driving countries ; right in left - driving countries ) from a one - way road onto another one - way road ; some of these even allow these turns from a two - way road onto a one - way road . Also differing is whether a red arrow prohibits turns ; some jurisdictions require a `` no turn on red '' sign in these cases . A study in the State of Illinois ( a right - driving jurisdiction ) concluded that allowing drivers to proceed straight on red after stopping , at specially posted T - intersections where the intersecting road went left only , was dangerous . Proceeding straight on red at T - intersections where the intersecting road went left only used to be legal in Mainland China , with right - hand traffic provided that such movement would not interfere with other traffic , but when the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People 's Republic of China took effect on 1 May 2004 , such movement was outlawed . In some other countries , the permission is indicated by a flashing yellow arrow ( cars do not have to stop but must give way to other cars and pedestrians ) . Another distinction is between intersections that have dedicated signals for turning across the flow of opposing traffic and those that do not . Such signals are called dedicated left - turn lights in the United States and Canada ( since opposing traffic is on the left ) . With dedicated left turn signals , a left - pointing arrow turns green when traffic may turn left without opposing traffic and pedestrian conflict , and turns red or disappears otherwise . Such a signal is referred to as a `` protected '' signal if it has its own red phase ; a `` permissive '' signal does not have such a feature . Three standard versions of the permissive signal exist : One version is a horizontal bar with five lights -- the green and yellow arrows are located between the standard green and yellow lights . A vertical five - light bar holds the arrows underneath the standard green light ( in this arrangement , the yellow arrow is sometimes omitted , leaving only the green arrow below the solid green light , or possibly an LED based device capable of showing both green and yellow arrows within a single lamp housing ) . Some newer LED turn arrows seen in parts of Canada are capable of multicoloured animation . Such lights will often display a flashing and animated green or yellow arrow when the dedicated turn is allowed , but then transform into a red arrow on a white background with a red line through it , emphasising that the turn is no longer allowed . These lights will also often have the words `` no turn '' displayed , or an explanatory reason why the turn is not allowed , such as `` train '' in the case of a rail or light rail crossing . A third type is known as a `` doghouse '' or `` cluster head '' -- a vertical column with the two normal lights is on the right side of the signal , a vertical column with the two arrows is located on the left , and the normal red signal is in the middle above the two columns . Cluster signals in Australia and New Zealand use six signals , the sixth being a red arrow that can operate separately from the standard red light . In a fourth type , sometimes seen at intersections in Ontario and Quebec , Canada , there is no dedicated left - turn lamp per se . Instead , the normal green lamp flashes rapidly , indicating permission to go straight as well as make a left turn in front of opposing traffic , which is being held by a steady red lamp . ( This `` advance green , '' or flashing green can be somewhat startling and confusing to drivers not familiar with this system . This also can cause confusion amongst visitors to British Columbia , where a flashing green signal denotes a pedestrian controlled crosswalk . ) Another interesting practice seen at least in Ontario is that cars wishing to turn left that arrived after the left turn signal ended can do so during the yellow phase , as long as there is enough time to make a safe turn . A flashing yellow arrow , which allows drivers to make left turns after giving way to oncoming traffic , is becoming more widespread in the United States , particularly in Oregon , North Carolina , Virginia , Michigan ( replacing their trademark `` red - ball '' flashing left - turn lights ) , and Las Vegas , Nevada . In the normal sequence , a protected green left - turn arrow will first change to a solid yellow arrow to indicate the end of the protected phase , then to a flashing yellow arrow , which remains flashing until the standard green light changes to yellow and red . These generally take the form of four signal sections ( green , yellow , yellow arrow , red ) . On some newer signals , notably in the city of Bend , Oregon , the green and flashing yellow arrows emanate from the same light section through the use of a dual - colour LED array , while the solid yellow arrow is mounted above it . In Las Vegas , the arrow turns flashing yellow from a red light , before turning red again . Generally , a dedicated left - turn signal is illuminated at the beginning of the green phase of the green - yellow - red - green cycle . This is called a leading turn . This allows left - turn traffic , which often consists of just a few cars , to vacate the intersection quickly before giving priority to vehicles traveling straight . This increases the throughput of left - turn traffic while reducing the number of drivers , perhaps frustrated by long waits in heavy traffic for opposing traffic to clear , attempting to make an illegal left turn on red . A dedicated left - turn signal that appears at the end of the green phase is called a lagging turn . If there is no left - turn signal , the law requires one to yield to oncoming traffic and turn when the intersection is clear and it is safe to do so . In the U.S. , many older inner - city and rural areas do not have dedicated left - turn lights , while most newer suburban areas have them . Such lights tend to decrease the overall efficiency of the intersection as it becomes congested , although it makes intersections safer by reducing the risk of head - on collisions and may even speed up through traffic , but if a significant amount of traffic is turning , a dedicated turn signal helps eliminate congestion . Some intersections with permissive turn signals occasionally have what is known as `` yellow trap '' , `` lag - trap '' , or `` left turn trap '' ( in right - driving countries ) . This refers to situations when left - turning drivers are trapped in the intersection with a red light , while opposing traffic still has a green . In British Columbia , the law addresses this problem by giving a left - turning driver already in an intersection the right - of - way to make the turn once the intersection is otherwise clear , regardless of the traffic light state . For example , an intersection has dedicated left - turn signals for traffic traveling north . The southbound traffic gets a red light so northbound traffic can make a left turn , but the straight - through northbound traffic continues to get a green light . A southbound driver who had entered the intersection earlier will now be in a predicament , since they have no idea whether traffic continuing straight for both directions is becoming red , or just their direction . The driver will now have to check the traffic light behind them , which is often impossible from the viewing angle of a driver 's seat . This can also happen when emergency vehicles or railroads preempt normal signal operation . In the United States , signs reading `` Oncoming traffic has extended green '' or `` Oncoming traffic may have extended green '' must be posted at intersections where the `` yellow trap '' condition exists . Although motorcycles and scooters in most jurisdictions follow the same traffic signal rules for left turns as do cars and trucks , some places , such as Taiwan , have different rules . In these areas , it is not permitted for such small and often hard - to - see vehicles to turn left in front of oncoming traffic on certain high - volume roads when there is no dedicated left - turn signal . Instead , in order to make a left turn , the rider moves to the right side of the road , travels through the first half of the intersection on green , then slows down and stops directly in front of the line of cars on the driver 's right waiting to travel across the intersection , which are of course being held by a red light . There is often a white box painted on the road in this location to indicate where the riders should group . The rider turns the bike 90 degrees to the left from the original direction of travel and proceeds along with the line of cars when the red light turns green , completing the left turn . This procedure improves safety because the rider never has to cross oncoming traffic , which is particularly important given the much greater likelihood of injury when a cycle is hit by a car or truck . This system ( called a `` hook turn '' ) is also used at many intersections in the CBD of Melbourne , Australia , where either or both streets carry tramways . This is done so right - turning vehicles ( Australia drives on the left ) do not block the passage of trams . The system is being extended to the suburbs . Lane control ( edit ) Main article : Lane control lights Lane - control lights are a specific type of traffic light used to manage traffic on a multi-way road , highway or tollway . Typically , these lights allow or forbid traffic to use one or more of the available lanes by the use of green lights or arrows ( to permit ) or by red lights or crosses ( to prohibit ) . In the US , lane - control lights are often used to control and / or direct the flow of traffic through toll plazas and highway tunnels , such as during unusually - heavy traffic flow when more lanes may be required in one direction than in the other direction , or during a hurricane evacuation , when the lane signals for most or all lanes will show green for one direction to assist in more rapid traffic flow from the evacuation site . Lane - control lights are also used at highway weigh stations to direct tractor - trailers and other heavy or oversized vehicles into the proper lanes for weighing , inspection or exit . In the US , most notably the Southeastern , there often is a `` continuous - flow '' lane . This lane is protected by a single , constant - green arrow pointing down at the lane ( s ) permitting the continuous flow of traffic , without regard to the condition of signals for other lanes or cross streets . Continuous lanes are restricted in that vehicles turning from a side street may not cross over the double white line to enter the continuous lane , and no lane changes are permitted to the continuous lane from an adjacent lane or from the continuous lane to an adjacent lane , until the double white line has been passed . Some continuous lanes are protected by a raised curb located between the continuous lane and a normal traffic lane , with white and / or yellow reflective paint or tape , prohibiting turning or adjacent traffic from entering the lane . Continuous - flow traffic lanes are found only at `` T '' intersections where there is no side street or driveway entrance on the right side of the main thoroughfare ; additionally , no pedestrians are permitted to cross the main thoroughfare at intersections with a continuous - flow lane , although crossing at the side street may be permitted . Intersections with continuous - flow lanes will be posted with a white regulatory sign approximately 500 ft ( 150 m ) before the intersection with the phrase , `` right lane continuous traffic , '' or other , similar , wording . If the arrow is extinguished for any reason , whether by malfunction or design , traffic through the continuous lane will revert to the normal traffic pattern for adjacent lanes , except that turning or moving into or out of the restricted lane is still prohibited . Speed sign ( edit ) Main article : Speed sign A speed sign is a special traffic light , variable traffic sign or variable - message sign giving drivers a recommended speed to approach the next traffic light in its green phase and avoid a stop due reaching the intersection when lights are red . Special provisions ( edit ) Traffic light failure in most jurisdictions in both drive - on - the - left Australia and some states of the mainly drive - on - the - right Europe must be handled by drivers as a priority - to - the - right intersection , or an all - way stop elsewhere , pending the arrival of a police officer to direct traffic . Some major intersections in the Netherlands have additional right - of - way signs mounted above , below or next to the traffic lights ; these take effect when the lights are no longer active . In the UK and parts of North America , drivers simply treat the junction as being uncontrolled when traffic lights fail , giving way as appropriate , unless a police officer is present . In much of the United States failed traffic signals must be treated as all - way stop intersections . In Italy as well as some jurisdictions in the US , traffic lights inactive at nighttime emit a yellow - coloured flashing signal in directions owing priority while the intersecting street emit a flashing red light , requiring drivers to stop before proceeding . In Germany the priority directions will not be illuminated while the intersecting streets will be shown a flashing yellow signal . Dummy lights ( edit ) Historic dummy light in Canajoharie , New York , United States In an era when intersections were often controlled by a single traffic signal head , many signals were installed on pedestals in the centers of intersections . Often referred to as `` dummy lights , '' these installations often replaced beacons or `` mushrooms '' that denoted the centers of intersections and separated opposing traffic , with the infrastructure used for the beacons and mushrooms serving the new `` stop and go '' type signals . There are a handful of operational dummy lights still in service . Three are located in New York State : Beacon , Canajoharie and Croton - on - Hudson . After a dummy light was knocked down by a truck in 2010 , the city of Coleman , Texas decided to preserve and refurbish its last two pedestal mounted dummy lights as part of its historic district preservation efforts . In 2011 , the Arkansas State Historic Preservation Office nominated the state 's last remaining pedestal mounted signal , located in Smackover , to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The oldest working ' dummy ' style beacon in Rhode Island was located in the Historic Mill village of Albion in the Blackstone River Valley ( Town of Lincoln RI ) . It was erected in 1932 above where the old village well stood in the center square . In April 2015 it was destroyed by a motorist . The beacon was a local historical site and the logo for a local Boy Scout Troop , Troop 711 Albion . Increases in traffic flows have prompted calls for these types of traffic lights to be removed due to safety concerns , but their historic value has kept these landmarks at their original locations . To serve historic district applications , Teeco Safety Systems of Shreveport , Louisiana , still manufactures replacement fixed 4 - way traffic signals for pedestal and overhead span wire installations . Technology ( edit ) Optics and lighting ( edit ) An example of a LED traffic light in Australia Traditionally , incandescent and halogen bulbs were used . Because of the low efficiency of light output and a single point of failure ( filament burnout ) municipalities are increasingly retrofitting traffic signals with LED arrays that consume less power , have increased light output , last significantly longer , and in the event of an individual LED failure , still operate albeit with a reduced light output . With the use of optics , the light pattern of an LED array can be comparable to the pattern of an incandescent or halogen bulb . The low energy consumption of LED lights can pose a driving risk in some areas during winter . Unlike incandescent and halogen bulbs , which generally get hot enough to melt away any snow that may settle on individual lights , LED displays -- using only a fraction of the energy -- remain too cool for this to happen . As a response to the safety concerns , a heating element on the lens was developed . Programmable visibility signals ( edit ) Traffic signals installed in Shelton , Washington , seen off - axis from the intended viewing area ( top ) and from the signal 's intended viewing area ( bottom ) . From off - axis , these signals appear to be `` off '' or invisible to adjacent lanes of traffic during the daytime . Only a faint glow can be seen when viewed at night . Signals such as the 3M High Visibility Signal and McCain Programmable Visibility signal utilize light - diffusing optics and a Fresnel lens to create the signal indication . The light from a 150 W PAR46 sealed - beam lamp in these `` programmable visibility '' signals passes through a set of two glass lenses at the back of the signal . The first lens , a frosted glass diffusing lens , diffuses the light into a uniform ball of light around five inches in diameter . The light then passes through a nearly identical lens known as an optical limiter ( 3M 's definition of the lens itself ) , also known as a `` programming lens '' , also five inches in diameter . Using a special aluminum foil - based adhesive tape , these signals are `` masked '' or programmed by the programming lens so that only certain lanes of traffic will view the indication . At the front of these programmable visibility signals is a 12 '' Fresnel lens , each lens tinted to meet United States Institute of Transportation Engineers ( ITE ) chromaticity and luminance standards . The Fresnel lens collimates the light output created by the lamp , and creates a uniform display of light for the lane in which it is intended . These signals were first developed by the 3M Company in the late 1960s , and were popular in the late 1970s as traffic density increased . In addition to being positioned and mounted for desired visibility for their respective traffic , some traffic lights are also aimed , louvered , or shaded to minimize misinterpretation from other lanes . For example , a Fresnel lens on an adjacent through - lane signal may be aimed to prevent left - turning traffic from anticipating its own green arrow . Today , McCain Traffic Systems is the only U.S. - based manufacturer producing optically programmable traffic signals similar to the 3M model . Intelight Inc. manufactures a programmable traffic signal that uses a software - controlled LED array and electronics to steer the light beam toward the desired approach . The signal is programmed unlike the 3M and McCain models . It requires a connection to a laptop or smartphone with the manufacturer software installed . Connections can be made directly with a direct - serial interface kit , or wirelessly with a radio kit over WIFI to the signal . In addition to aiming , Fresnel lenses , and louvers , visors and back panels are also useful in areas where sunlight would diminish the contrast and visibility of a signal face . Typical applications for these signals were skewed intersections , specific multi-lane control , left - turn pocket signals or other areas where complex traffic situations existed . Conventional lighting systems ( edit ) Conventional traffic signal lighting , still common in some areas , utilizes a standard light bulb . Typically , a 67 , 69 , or 115 watt medium - base ( household lamp in the US ) light bulb provides the illumination . Light then bounces off a mirrored glass or polished aluminium reflector bowl , and out through a polycarbonate plastic or glass signal lens . In some signals , these lenses were cut to include a specific refracting pattern . Crouse - Hinds is one notable company for this practice . In the 1930s throughout the 1950s , they utilized a beaded prismatic lens with a `` smiley '' pattern embossed into the bottom of each lens . Light design ( edit ) In the United States , traffic lights are currently designed with lights approximately 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in diameter . Previously the standard had been 8 inches ( 200 mm ) , however those are slowly being phased out in favor of the larger and more visible 12 inch lights . Variations used have also included a hybrid design , which had one or more 12 inch lights along with one or more lights of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) on the same light . For example , these `` 12 - 8 - 8 '' ( along with 8 - 8 - 8 ) lights are standard in most jurisdictions in Ontario , Manitoba , and British Columbia ( that , is , the red light is 12 and others 8 , making the red more prominent ) . In the United Kingdom , 12 inch lights were implemented only with Mellor Design Signal heads designed by David Mellor . These were designed for symbolic optics to compensate for the light loss caused by the symbol . However , following a study sponsored by the UK Highways Agency and completed by Aston University , Birmingham , UK , an enhanced optical design was introduced in the mid 1990s . Criticism of sunlight washout ( can not see the illuminated signal due to sunlight falling on it ) , and sun - phantom ( signal appearing to be illuminated even when not due to sunlight reflecting from the parabolic mirror at low sun angles ) , led to the design of a signal that used lenslets to focus light from a traditional incandescent bulb through apertures in a matt black front mask . This cured both problems in an easily manufactured solution . This design proved very successful and was taken into production by a number of traffic signal manufacturers through the engineering designs of Dr Mark Aston , working firstly at the SIRA Ltd in Kent , and latterly as an independent optical designer . The manufacturers took a licence for the generic design from the Highways Agency , with Dr Aston engineering a unique solution for each manufacturer . Producing both bulb and LED versions of the signal aspects , these signals are still the most common type of traffic light on UK roads . With the invention of anti-phantom , highly visible Aston lenses , lights of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) could be designed to give the same output as plain lenses , so a larger surface area was unnecessary . Consequently , lights of 12 inches ( 300 mm ) are no longer approved for use in the UK and all lights installed on new installations have to be 200 mm ( 8 in ) in accordance with TSRGD ( Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions ) . Exemptions are made for temporary or replacement signals . Technological advancements ( edit ) With technologies in developed countries continuing to advance , there is now an increasing move to develop and implement smart traffic lights on the roads . These are systems that adapt to information that is received from a central computer about the position , speed and direction of vehicles . They try to communicate with cars to alert drivers of impending light changes and reduce motorists ' waiting time considerably . Trials are currently being conducted for the implementation of these advanced traffic lights but there are still many hurdles to widespread use that need to be addressed ; one of which is the fact that few cars yet have the required systems to communicate with these lights . Control and coordination ( edit ) Main article : Traffic light control and coordination The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads . Mounting ( edit ) There are significant differences from place to place in how traffic lights are mounted or positioned so that they are visible to drivers . Depending upon the location , traffic lights may be mounted on poles situated on street corners , hung from horizontal poles or wires strung over the roadway , or installed within large horizontal gantries that extend out from the corner and over the right - of - way . In the last case , such poles or gantries often have a lit sign with the name of the cross-street . Mounted traffic lights in North America An example of a wire - mounted traffic light in Fort Worth , Texas . A typical traffic light on Ninth Avenue in New York City . Note that the traffic light gantry is of a guy - wire masted style , which is unique to New York City . A vertically mounted traffic light in Boston . Example of horizontally mounted traffic light in Trenton , New Jersey . Horizontally mounted traffic lights in Calgary , Alberta . A very bulky tubular metal structure . Not only is the intersection very large , but due to its location on Florida 's east coast , the traffic lights must be hurricane resistant . Diagonal mast - arms , which were frequently used in Pennsylvania during the 1960s and 1970s . This particular example is located on the border between Abington and Upper Dublin Townships , in Montgomery County , PA . In some locations , lights are mounted with their multiple faces arranged horizontally , often with supplemental vertical signals on the side , while others locations use vertical signals almost exclusively . Horizontal signals have consistent orientation , like their vertical counterparts . Often , supplemental curb pedestal mounts , intended to support a signal for a different approach road , are used when primary signals are partially obscured due to structures such as overpasses , approaches around a building that obscure the primary signal mountings , and unusual approach geometry . In Florida , horizontal signals mounted on poles , known as `` mast arms '' , are in wide use due to their lower wind profile , important for minimizing hurricane damage . In areas where wind - load is not as much of a concern as ice - load , such as Illinois or Minnesota , the lights are mounted vertically to reduce the accumulation of ice or snow over the surface of the signal heads . In a few countries such as Japan , South Korea , Mexico and a few jurisdictions in Canada and the US such as Texas , New Mexico , Florida , Wisconsin , Nebraska , Quebec , and Alberta , most traffic signals are mounted horizontally . Traffic signals in most areas of Europe are located at the stop line on same side of the intersection as the approaching traffic ( there being both right - and left - hand traffic ) and are often mounted overhead as well as on side of the road . At particularly busy junctions for freight , higher lights may be mounted specifically for trucks . The stop line alignment is done to prevent vehicles blocking any crosswalk and allow for better pedestrian traffic flow . There may also be a special area a few meters in advance of the stop line where cyclists may legally wait but not motor vehicles ; this advanced stop line is often painted with a different road surface with greater friction and a high colour , both for the benefit of cyclists and for other vehicles . The traffic lights are mounted so that cyclists can still see them . In Spain , the mounted traffic lights on the far side of the intersection is meant for the traffic that exits the intersection in that particular direction . This is often done due to the pedestrian crossings , so that traffic has to wait if they get a red light . These intersections also come with a stop line in the exit area of the intersection . In North America , there is often a pole - mounted signal on the same side of the intersection , but additional pole - mounted and overhead signals are usually mounted on the far side of the intersection for better visibility . Most traffic lights are mounted that way in the Western United States and Canada . In Ontario , traffic lights are almost always mounted on the far side of the intersection with poles . In some areas of the United States , signals facing in up to four directions are hung directly over the intersection on a wire strung diagonally over the intersection ( once common in Michigan ) , or the signal faces traffic in one direction , still hung by wires ( but the wire is strung horizontally between two adjacent corners of the intersection ) . This is common in the Southern and Eastern United States . In other countries like Australia , New Zealand , UK , traffic lights are mounted at the stop line before the intersection and also after the intersection . Some busy intersections have an overhead traffic light for heavy vehicles and vehicles further away . Implementation ( edit ) According to transportation engineers , traffic lights can have both positive and negative effects on traffic safety and traffic flow . The separation of conflicting streams of traffic in time can reduce the chances of right - angle collisions . But also the frequency of rear - end crashes can be increased by the installation of traffic lights , and they can adversely affect the safety of bicycle and pedestrian traffic . They can increase the traffic capacity at intersections , but can also result in excessive traffic delay . Hans Monderman , the innovative Dutch traffic engineer , and pioneer of shared space schemes , was sceptical of their role , and is quoted as having said of them : `` We only want traffic lights where they are useful and I have n't found anywhere where they are useful yet . '' Small vehicle safety ( edit ) In some instances the stoplight traffic detector will not change the light for small vehicles such as motorcycles , scooters and particularly bicycles , because the induction loop sensor fails to detect the small vehicle . A vehicle with sufficient mass of metal such as steel interacts with the sensor 's magnetic field causing the light to change at the appropriate time . Motorcycles and scooters have much less mass than cars , resulting in a failure to detect the vehicle , while bicycles may not even be constructed with metal . This situation most often occurs at the times of day when other traffic is sparse as well as when the small vehicle is coming from a direction that does not have a high volume of traffic . Most sensor traffic lights are capable of detecting these vehicles , but are not properly adjusted or calibrated initially , after road construction such as re-surfacing , or set too high in an attempt to avoid false triggers . Inoperative , defective , or non-cycling traffic lights A light that fails to cycle may not meet the legal definition , often worded as any device `` by which traffic is alternately directed to stop and permitted to proceed '' , required for any citation to be upheld , and be considered `` inoperative '' or `` defective . '' This may occur when a signal is programmed to remain green for the major street , but fails to detect and cycle for a vehicle crossing via a minor street or using a dedicated turn lane . Some jurisdictions specify operators to `` bring the vehicle to a complete stop before entering the intersection and may proceed with caution only when it is safe to do so , '' while others may construe any action to force it to cycle as tampering . Some states in the United States have passed laws which give motorcyclists an affirmative defense to proceed through a red light with caution after stopping when the device which causes the light to change from red to green does not activate . A partial listing of these state statutes include Indiana Title 9 - 21 - 3 - 7 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( D ) , Wisconsin 346.37 ( 1 ) ( c ) ( 4 ) , Illinois Sec. 11 - 306 ( c ) ( 3.5 ) , Minnesota 169.06 Subd. 9 , South Carolina S.C. Code 56 - 5 - 970 ( 5 ) , North Carolina , Idaho , Arkansas , and Tennessee . The American Motorcycle Association ( AMA ) provides a quick reference guide for state laws for motorcycles such as traffic actuated signals . Traffic signal warrants ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Traffic signals have strengths and weaknesses that must be considered when deciding whether to install them . Signaled intersections can reduce delay for side road traffic and reduce the occurrence of collisions by turning traffic and cross traffic . But they may also cause delay for traffic on the main road , and often increase rear - end collisions by up to 50 % . Since right - angled and turn - against - traffic collisions are more likely to result in injuries , this is often an acceptable trade - off . United States MUTCD ( edit ) Criteria have been developed to help ensure that new signals are installed only where they will do more good than harm . In the United States these criteria are called warrants , and are found in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( MUTCD ) , the Federal regulation covering the use of signs , pavement markings , traffic signals , and similar devices . In the US MUTCD , there are nine warrants for traffic signals : Eight - hour vehicular volume . Traffic volume must exceed prescribed minima for eight hours of an average day ( usually a weekday ) . Four - hour vehicular volume . Traffic volume must exceed prescribed minima for four hours of an average day . Peak hour volume or delay . This is applied only in unusual cases , such as office parks , industrial complexes , and park and ride lots that attract or discharge large numbers of vehicles in a short time , and , for a minimum of one hour of an average day . The side road traffic suffers undue delays when entering or crossing the major street . Pedestrian volume . If the traffic volume on a major street is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delays in attempting to cross it . School crossing . If the traffic density at school crossing times exceeds one per minute which is considered to provide too few gaps in the traffic for children to safely cross the street . Coordinated signal system . For places where adjacent traffic control signals do not keep traffic grouped together efficiently . Crash experience . The volumes in the eight - and four - hour warrants may be reduced if five or more right - angle and cross traffic turn collisions have happened at the intersection in a twelve - month period . Roadway network . Installing a traffic control signal at some intersections might be justified to encourage concentration and organization of traffic flow on a roadway network . Intersection near a grade crossing . A traffic control signal is often justified at an intersection near a railroad crossing , in order to provide a preemption sequence to allow traffic queued up on the tracks an opportunity to clear the tracks before the train arrives . An intersection is usually required to meet one or more of these warrants before a signal is installed . However , meeting one or more warrants does not require the installation of a traffic signal , it only suggests that they may be suitable . It could be that a roundabout would work better . There may be other unconsidered conditions that lead traffic engineers to conclude that a signal is undesirable . For example , it may be decided not to install a signal at an intersection if traffic stopped by it will back up and block another , more heavily trafficked intersection . Also , if a signal meets only the peak hour warrant , the advantages during that time may not outweigh the disadvantages during the rest of the day . Between 1979 and 1988 , the city of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , removed signals at 199 intersections that did not meet any of the warrants . On average , the intersections had 24 % fewer crashes after the unwarranted signals were removed . The traffic lights had been erected in the 1960s because of since - resolved protests over traffic . By 1992 , over 800 traffic lights had been removed at 426 intersections , and the number of crashes at these intersections dropped by 60 % . Legal implications ( edit ) California attempt to discourage red light running by posting the minimum fine . In virtually all jurisdictions in which they are used , it is an offence for motorists ( and other road users ) to deliberately disregard the instructions of traffic lights ( or other traffic control devices ) . Exceptionally , it is not an offence for pedestrians to cross against a red light in the United Kingdom , where pedestrian lights officially give advice , rather than an instruction , although UK pedestrians do commit an offence if they cross a road against the signals of a police officer controlling traffic . Perhaps the most obvious common traffic - light related offence is failing to stop for a red light ( in some jurisdictions , running a yellow light may also incur a penalty ) . Enforcement of traffic lights varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction ; some places are extremely strict , while other locales are known for traffic lights being routinely ignored by motorists , with no serious attempts by law enforcement to alter the situation . In some jurisdictions ( such as Toronto , Washington , D.C. , New York City , and California ) , there are ordinances or by - laws against `` gridlocking '' . A motorist entering an intersection ( even if on a green light ) but unable to proceed and who gets stranded in the intersection ( when traffic ahead fails to proceed ) , and who remains after the light turns red ( thus blocking traffic from other directions ) may be cited . The definition of the intersection area is that square where the two streets overlap marked by the inner lines of each crosswalk . ( Occupying the space inside the crosswalk lines is itself a traffic infraction , but different from gridlocking ) . This gives the meaning to the anti-gridlock slogan `` do n't block the box '' . This is sometimes used as a justification for making a turn across the opposing travel lanes on a red light at a busy intersection , by pulling partway into the intersection at a green light waiting to perform the turn , and , if oncoming traffic is not abated before the light changes to red , proceeding to turn once the light has turned red and opposing traffic has stopped . This means that at busy junctions without a protected green arrow for turning traffic , one turns after the light turns red . This maneuver is commonly referred to as `` occupying the intersection '' or `` being legally allowed to complete one 's turn '' . In some jurisdictions , including most American states , a vehicle already in the intersection when the light turns red legally has the right of way , and vehicles who have green must yield to the vehicle in the intersection . In Sackville , New Brunswick , it is customary for through traffic to voluntarily yield to the first oncoming left - turning vehicle to allow it to perform a `` Pittsburgh left '' . This is similar to a hook turn performed in Melbourne , Australia , which is legal at signed intersections . A driver comes to a stop on the crosswalk beyond the stop line as a result of attempting to avoid a red light violation Enforcement of traffic lights is done in one of several ways : by police officers observing traffic , and issuing citations to motorists who violate the signal as a result of an accident investigation , if it is determined that one or more motorists ran the red light -- even if the incident was not observed by a police officer with red light cameras Red light running ( edit ) Jurisdictions differ somewhat on how to deal with `` red light running '' -- attempts by motorists to race to an intersection while facing a yellow light , in an attempt to beat the red . In some locales , as long as the light is yellow when the motorist enters the intersection , no offence has been committed ; in others , if the light turns red at any time before a motorist clears the intersection , then an offence occurs . In New York City the yellow light is very short ( only about three seconds ) in order to discourage driving through . In Oregon and other places , a stricter standard applies -- running a yellow light is an offence , unless the motorist is unable to stop safely . This standard has been criticized as ambiguous and difficult to enforce ( red light cameras in Oregon are activated only if a motorist enters the intersection on a red ) . Red light cameras in New South Wales , Australia , are activated only if a motorist enters an intersection 0.3 seconds after the light has turned red . As urban centers become more dense and vehicles and pedestrians come into closer contact with each other , the risk of crashes increases . With the rapid increase of vehicles for hire through smart phone apps and the competition from taxis and livery cabs , the urgency to complete as many rides in as short a period of time as possible has led to drivers pushing the limits on red lights . According to the IIHS Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , every year red light running causes hundreds of deaths , thousands of injuries and hundreds of millions of dollars in related costs . In Spring 2015 , Hunter College in New York City completed an observational study of red light running , the first of its kind . The conclusion , after monitoring 3,259 vehicles at 50 intersections over a period of days around the 5 boroughs , found that almost 10 % of vehicles and 15 % of taxis ran the red light , amounting to nearly 400,000 red lights run every single day . New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio launched a Vision Zero plan to reduce vehicular and pedestrian fatalities . The New York City Police Department 's 2014 TrafficStat report showed 33,577 red light tickets for 2013 , which is 126 % increase in the number of failure - to - yield summonses and red - light running violations . The Amber Gambler Twins is one of many public interest films trying to change the public 's behavior regarding running of yellow lights . Red light cameras ( edit ) Main article : Red light camera In some countries , red light cameras are used . An automated camera is connected to the triggering mechanism for the corresponding traffic light , which is targeted to photograph a vehicle and driver crossing against the light . Either the driver or the vehicle 's owner ( depending on local laws ) are fined for the violation . In some jurisdictions , including the United States and Italy , private companies have been contracted to operate traffic - related cameras and receive a portion of the resulting revenues . In some cases red light cameras have been abused by local governments , where vehicle operators have been fined as a result of traffic systems that have been improperly modified . Despite the fact that cameras can reduce the number of crashes , it has been proven that at these intersections drivers tended to react quicker to a yellow light change when stopping . The consequence of this change could be the slight decline in the intersection capacity . Confirmation lights ( edit ) An intersection with blue confirmation lights in Newport News , Virginia Another way police officers have begun to combat red light runners is with Confirmation Lights . These lights , usually blue or white , can be seen from anywhere in an intersection , making it so that officers do not have to have a line - of - sight with a red light to catch someone illegally entering an intersection . They are only on when the red light they are associated with is on . Some intersections will also have multiple confirmation lights for a single direction of travel if there are different signals for different directions . These lights are separate from the main ones , often protrude above or below the main traffic light , and are much smaller than a standard light to help avoid confusion . In the Netherlands , many traffic signals that are red can be seen from the side via a small bulbous window , indicating to drivers ( and police officers ) whether the signal in the crossing direction is actually red or not , by simply leaking out some of the red light through the side of the traffic signal . This has gradually become less common as traditional incandescent signals are replaced by LED signals , while increasingly red light cameras are used to detect driving - through - red violations . Light timing length ( edit ) Traffic light with time in Tehran , Iran See also : Traffic light control and coordination The length of yellow lights can differ , for example in many places the length of a yellow light is usually four or five seconds , but elsewhere it may be as little as three , considerably reducing the time for reaction . It is typical for these times to vary according to the set speed limit , with longer times for higher limits . In the U.S. state of Georgia , a yellow light must be lit one second for every 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) of posted speed limit . For intersections with red light cameras , one extra second must be added . In Colorado Springs , Colorado , yellow lights at numerous intersections have been noted with durations of approximately two seconds . In the United States , there is a recommended federal safety minimum of three seconds for yellow lights . The time from when a red light is displayed and when a cross street is given a green light is usually based on the physical size of the intersection . This intervening period is called the `` all - red time '' . A typical all - red time is two seconds to allow cars to clear the intersection . In a wider intersection , such as a four - lane road or highway intersection , the all - red time may be as much as five seconds , allowing drivers who could not or would not stop at the yellow light enough time to clear the intersection without causing a collision . Two exceptions are in New Westminster , British Columbia , Canada , and Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , where there is no all - red time . The change is instantaneous , due to the nature of the older relay operated signals . It is also the case in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . In other contexts ( edit ) The symbolism of a traffic light ( and the meanings of the three primary colours used in traffic lights ) are frequently found in many other contexts . Since they are often used as single spots of colour without the context of vertical position , they are typically not comprehensible to up to one in ten males who are colour blind . Traffic lights have also been used in computer software , such as the macOS user interface , and in pieces of artwork , particularly the Traffic Light tree in London , UK . Racing ( edit ) Automobile racing circuits can also use standard traffic signals to indicate to racing car drivers the status of racing . On an oval track , four sets may be used , two facing a straight - away and two facing the middle of the 180 - degree turn between straight - away . Green would indicate racing is under way , while yellow would indicate to slow or while following a pace car ; red would indicate to stop , probably for emergency reasons . Scuderia Ferrari , a Formula One racing team , formerly used a traffic light system during their pit stops to signal to their drivers to when to leave the pits . The red light was on when the tires were being changed and fuel was being added , yellow was on when the tires were changed , and green was on when all work was completed . The system is ( usually ) completely automatic . However , the system was withdrawn after the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix , due to the fact that it heavily delayed Felipe Massa during the race , when he was in the lead . Usually , the system was automatic , but heavy traffic in the pit lane forced the team to operate it manually . A mechanic accidentally pressed the green light button when the fuel hose was still attached to the car , causing Massa to drive off , towing the fuel hose along . Additionally , Massa drove into the path of Adrian Sutil , earning him a penalty . He finally stopped at the end of the pit lane , forcing Ferrari 's mechanics to sprint down the whole of the pit lane to remove the hose . As a result of this , and the penalty he also incurred , Massa finished 13th . Ferrari decided to use a traditional `` lollipop '' for the remainder of the 2008 season . Another type of traffic light that is used in racing is the Christmas Tree , which is used in drag racing . The Christmas Tree has six lights : a blue staging light , three amber lights , a green light and a red light . The blue staging light is divided into two parts : Pre-stage and stage . Sometimes , there are two sets of bulbs on top of each other to represent them . Once a driver is staged at the starting line , then the starter will activate the light to commence racing , which can be done in two ways . If a Pro tree is used , then the three amber lights will flash at the same time . For the Sportsman tree , the amber light will flash from top to bottom . When the green light comes up , the race officially begins but if a driver crosses the line before that happens , then a red light will come up and that will be a foul . As a rating mechanism ( edit ) See also : Traffic light rating system and European Union energy label The colours red , yellow and green are often used as a simple - to - understand rating system for products and processes . It may be extended by analogy to provide a greater range of intermediate colours , with red and green at the extremes . Gallery ( edit ) LED traffic light ( using cap visors ) Temporary LED traffic lights with sensor in Australia Temporary traffic light in the United Kingdom Traffic light in a small intersection in Hagerstown , Maryland ( using tunnel visors ) Example of traffic signals mounted on gantries in downtown Cincinnati , Ohio , and integrated with street signage Typical set of traffic lights in East Lansing , Michigan Typical example of traffic lights mounted on a wide street in California One example of traffic lights on a suburban street in Santa Clarita , California LED traffic lights in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden Typical set of traffic lights in Spain The green on top light in Tipperary Hill , Syracuse , New York LED pedestrian signal in New York City Traffic light in Ashgabat , Turkmenistan A Marshalite traffic signal , as formerly installed at various intersections in Melbourne , Australia , indicating how much time remained before a signal change . In Unicode ( edit ) In Unicode , the symbol for `` horizontal traffic light '' is U + 1F6A5 ( 🚥 ) . Also , `` vertical traffic light '' is U + 1F6A6 ( 🚦 ) . See also ( edit ) Ampelmännchen Induction loop Level crossing List of variations in traffic light signalling and operation -- for a more complete description of unusual traffic signal indications . Pedestrian crossing Ramp meter Traffic - light signalling and operation Traffic light coalition Traffic light control and coordination Traffic optimization Traffic robots in Kinshasa Yellow trap Smart traffic light Slow Children At Play Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These are typically older signals . There are many examples in Houston , Texas , of this . Suspended lights constructed so that a single source simultaneously illuminates all four directions always have this characteristic : Red ( in two directions ) and green ( in the two cross directions ) with Red - Yellow - Green sequence on two sides and Green - Yellow - Red sequence on the cross sides References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sites.Tufts.edu The Origins and Globalization of Traffic Control Signals -- Retrieved 8 December 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` The man who gave us traffic lights '' . BBC . 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Day , Lance ; Ian McNeil ( 1996 ) . Biographical dictionary of the history of technology . Taylor & Francis . pp. 404 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06042 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic lights in use before there were motorcars '' . didyouknow.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Lights Sequence '' . drivingtesttips.biz . Jump up ^ `` driving in America '' . What is USA News . 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Sessions , Gordon M. ( 1971 ) . Traffic devices : historical aspects thereof . Washington : Institute of Traffic Engineers . OCLC 278619 . Jump up ^ City of Westminster blue plaque on the site Jump up ^ Thames Leisure. `` 12 Amazing Facts About London '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ BBC . `` The man who gave us traffic lights '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Justin . `` THE ECCENTRIC ENGINEER : The history of traffic lights is full of twists and turns '' . 2008 . ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - IET -. 3 ( 15 ) : 93 . Page 93 Jump up ^ University of London . `` Westminster Road Semaphore '' . Victoria County History . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Street Semaphore Signals. - Gas . '' Times ( London , England ) 6 Jan. 1869 : 10 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 5 Aug. 2015 . Describes the explosion but does not mention the fate of the policeman . ^ Jump up to : McShane , C. 1999 . `` The Origins and Globalization of Traffic Control Signals '' . JOURNAL OF URBAN HISTORY. 25 ( 3 ) : 379 - 404 . Page 382 Jump up ^ Mary Bellis Sititle = The History of Roads and Asphalt ( 5 February 1952 ) . Inventors.about.com . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New Traffic Signal Installed '' . The Motorist . Ken Pub. Co : 28 -- 29 . August 1914 . Jump up ^ `` USPTO # 1251666 Sept. 22 , 1913 '' . Patimg2.uspto.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Sheldon ( March 1947 ) . `` Mr. ' Trafficlight ' '' . Motor News . Automobile Club of Michigan : 14 -- 15 , 27 . Jump up ^ Neato Stuff At the Ashville Museum . Ashville Area Heritage Society . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ World 's Oldest Traffic Light . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Castleman , Monte ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Traffic Signal Trivia '' . Jump up ^ CityDig : Should I Stop or Should I Go ? Early Traffic Signals in Los Angeles . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Section 1.5 : `` System Evolution '' , Traffic Control Systems Handbook , Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA - HOP - 06 - 006 , October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Garrett Morgan , inventor of one of the first traffic lights African American Registry '' . www.aaregistry.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ A , Morgan Garrett ( 20 Nov 1923 ) , Traffic signal , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Traffic Controls '' . Exploring 20th Century London . The Museum of London . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Control and Traffic Signals '' . Wolverhampton City Council . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` That good old red light 50 years ago '' . The Hindu . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Signals '' . Carrollton Texas . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Backhaus , Peter ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` The Japanese traffic light blues : Stop on red , go on what '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Types of Pedestrian Crossing in the UK . 2pass.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Auckland pedestrians begin ' Barnes Dance ' - NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . nzhistory.net.nz . Jump up ^ Maoate - Cox , Daniela ( 11 September 2014 ) . `` Kate Sheppard lights encourage voting '' . Radio New Zealand . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicoll , Jared ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Carmen Rupe lighting up Wellington streets once again '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Signals Online - European Signals in the Collection '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 Schedule 14 , Part 2 , 10 Jump up ^ `` Publication on traffic lights the from the Swedish Transport Administration '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) RVV 1990 artikel 70 Official regulation of traffic rules and traffic signs Jump up ^ `` Emergency vehicle traffic signal preemption system '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved 7 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FHWA - MUTCD - 2003 Edition Revision 1 Chapter 4F '' . dot.gov . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Vehicles at Red Signal or Stop Sign '' . Ohio Laws and Rules . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Service and Vehicles '' . Virginia General Assembly . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ nsw.gov.au . Rta.nsw.gov.au . Jump up ^ Justia.com para 3a . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Light Signals and Red Light Cameras '' . Geocities.com . Archived from the original on 24 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` RoadSense for Drivers -- Signs , Signals and Road Markings '' ( PDF ) . Accessed : 25 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` Yellow Trap Quiz '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` FHWA -- MUTCD -- 2003 Edition Revision 1 Chapter 4D '' . Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` FHWA -- MUTCD -- 2003 Edition Revision 1 Chapter 2C '' . Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen - und Verkehrswesen ( 2000 ) . Begriffsbestimmungen , Teil : Verkehrsplanung , Straßenentwurf und Straßenbetrieb . FGSV Verlag . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Andreas Richter ( 2005 ) . Geschwindigkeitsvorgabe an Lichtsignalanlagen . DUV . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 3 - 8244 - 0828 - 7 . Jump up ^ File : Croton - on - Hudson Dummy Light. jpg Jump up ^ `` LED traffic lights could pose winter driving risk '' . CTV. 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` LED Traffic Lights Unusual , Potentially Deadly Winter Problem - ABC News '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Marmarelli , Beth ( 22 June 2011 ) . `` Engineering Team Develops Device to Aid LED Traffic Signals in Inclement Weather & Places Overall in Campus 's Senior Design Competition '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hankscraft Inc. ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Patent application title : Traffic Light Heater '' . Class name : Heating devices combined with diverse - type art device electrical devices , 20120255942 . United States Patent Office . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Intelight ESB Traffic Signal Head '' . intelight-its.com . Jump up ^ `` FHWA -- MUTCD -- 2003 Edition Revision 1 Fig . 4D - 3 Long Description '' . Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Signals '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Transportation Engineers . September 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Millward ( 4 November 2006 ) . `` Is this the end of the road for traffic lights ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Howstuffworks.com . Auto.howstuffworks.com ( 1 April 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Motorcycleassistant.com . Motorcycleassistant.com . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration . `` Chapter 4B . Traffic Control Signals -- General '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration . `` Section 4A. 02 Definitions Relating to Highway Traffic Signals , # 73 '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ohio Revised Code . `` 4511.01 Traffic laws - operation of motor vehicles definitions . section ( RR ) '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What exactly is an Inoperative Traffic Signal ? '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Revised Statutes , 28 - 645 C '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Statutes Annotated , 21 - 5817 . Tampering with a traffic signal ; aggravated tampering with a traffic signal '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Statutes Annotated , 8 - 1508 ( c ) ( 4 ) '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Barnett ( 6 June 2008 ) . `` States green - light new red - light laws for motorcycles '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : National Cooperative Highway Research Program , Crash Reduction Factors for Traffic Engineering and Intelligent Transportation System ( ITS ) Improvements : State - of - Knowledge Report , November 2005 , Table 3 Jump up ^ Section 4C . Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( 2009 Edition ) . Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov . Jump up ^ `` Archives - Philly.com '' . articles.philly.com . Jump up ^ NSW RTA Road users ' handbook . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Red light running '' . Jump up ^ Hunter Study : Nearly One in Ten New York City Motorists Runs a Red Light -- Hunter College Jump up ^ `` One Year Report '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . Vision Zero. April 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerekes , David ( 16 November 2015 ) . Journal of Sex , Religion , Death . Level Two : Food for Thought : Headpress . p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` Public Information Films '' . TV Ark . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Haley . `` Congress questions red light cameras '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Italy : Prosecution Advances in Red Light Camera Fraud Scandal '' . theNewspaper.com. 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 01 . Mayor Adriano Alessandrini is now accused of shortening the duration of yellow lights to boost the profits of the red light camera program . The move paid off , with 2,425,801.60 euros ( US $3,206,078.01 ) in revenue generated from motorists who did not have adequate time to stop , according to prosecution documents . Jump up ^ Fatemeh Baratian - Ghorghi ; Huaguo Zhou ; Isaac Wasilefsky ( 2015 ) . `` Impacts of Red Light Photo Enforcement Cameras on Clearance Lost Time at Signalized Intersections '' . Transportation Research Board . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fatemeh Baratian - Ghorghi ; Huaguo Zhou ; Isaac Wasilefsky ( 2015 ) . `` Effect of Red - Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections '' . Journal of Transportation Engineering . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Signal Confirmation Light '' . City of Oviedo , Florida . City of Oviedo , Florida . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow lights shorter in Chicago '' , Chicago Tribune , 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Light Song '' . Citations ( edit ) City of Beacon . Canajoharie , New York : Credits . Retrieved 30 Sep 2008 . Croton - on - Hudson Historical Society . Canajoharie , New York : Credits . Retrieved 30 Sep 2008 . Villages of Canajoharie & Palatine Bridge . Canajoharie , New York : Credits . Retrieved 30 Sep 2008 . Woods , Arthur ( April 1916 ) . `` Keeping City Traffic Moving : One Of The Most Difficult Of All City Problems , And The New Methods Which Have Been Devised To Solve It '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . Doubleday , Page & Company . XXXI : 621 -- 532 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Traffic lights ( category ) FHWA Arterial Management Website , latest information on traffic signal operations Traffic Lights by Ed Pegg , Jr. , Wolfram Demonstrations Project : demonstrates that there are `` seven distinct light cycles that will prevent collisions . '' Animations of various US signal phasings Micro Controller based Traffic Light Controller . SCATS -- Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System InSync : The # 1 Self - Optimizing Traffic Signal System . Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Traffic Signal Optimization Safety Evaluation of Converting Traffic Signals from Incandescent to Light - emitting Diodes : Summary Report Federal Highway Administration Safety Evaluation of Discontinuing Late - night Flash Operations at Signalized Intersections : Summary Report Federal Highway Administration Traffic signals , 1922 , digitized NYPD photograph from the Lloyd Sealy Library Digital Collections 100th Anniversary of Traffic Light Systems Photos of pedestrian signals from various countries Traffic signs Signs Warning sign Regulatory sign Prohibitory traffic sign Mandatory sign Special regulation sign Stop sign Yield sign Crossbuck Dead End sign One - way traffic Speed limit ( by country ) Advisory speed limit Information sign Direction , position , or indication sign Variable - message sign Bilingual sign Driver location signs Logo sign Priority to the right By comparison Comparison of European road signs Comparison of MUTCD - influenced traffic signs Comparison of traffic signs in English - speaking countries By country Africa Botswana Mauritius South Africa Zimbabwe Asia Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Laos Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Europe Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Estonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Netherlands Norway Poland Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Scotland Wales North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Lights Traffic light Traffic - light signalling and operation Traffic light control and coordination Typefaces Alfabeto Normale ( IT ) Austria ( AT ) Caractères ( FR ) Clarendon ( US ) Clearview ( US / CA / ID / PH / LK ) DIN 1451 ( DE / SADC ) Drogowskaz ( PL ) Enigmatic ( JP / KR ) Highway Gothic ( Global ) Bitstream Vera Sans ( TW ) Frutiger ( Europe ) GOST 10807 - 78 ( USSR ) GOST R 52290 - 2004 ( RU ) Hangil ( KR ) LLM Lettering ( MY ) Motorway ( Europe ) NPS Rawlinson Roadway ( US ) Panno ( KR ) SNV ( CH ) Tern ( Europe ) Trafikkalfabetet ( NO ) Transport ( UK ) Tratex ( SE ) Vialog ( JP ) Conventions Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( US ) SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual ( SADC ) Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions ( UK ) Lamps Lighting Concepts Accent lighting Color temperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Light fixture Light pollution Lightbulb socket Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Parabolic aluminized reflector ( PAR ) Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent laser lamp Chemiluminescent Solid - state LED bulb Cathodoluminescent Electron - stimulated Electroluminescent field - induced polymer Combustion Acetylene / Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High - intensity discharge ( HID ) Hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide ( HQI ) Mercury - vapor Metal - halide ceramic Sodium vapor Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Stationary Aircraft warning Balanced - arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light Torchère Track lighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glow stick Headlamp ( outdoor ) Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Display Decorative Aroma lamp Black light Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Related topics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&oldid=816053153 '' Categories : 1868 introductions Pedestrian crossing components Street furniture Traffic law Traffic signals History of road transport Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Dutch - language external links Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with too many examples Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from March 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2014 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 USA - centric Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where might you find a single flashing red light in france	[ "Flashing red: treated as a stop sign. This can also signal the road is closed. In France and the United Kingdom, flashing red mandates absolute stop, at the crossing of a railway line, an airport strip, or a swing bridge.", "Flashing red: treated as a stop sign. This can also signal the road is closed. In France and the United Kingdom, flashing red mandates absolute stop, at the crossing of a railway line, an airport strip, or a swing bridge.", "Flashing red: treated as a stop sign. This can also signal the road is closed. In France and the United Kingdom, flashing red mandates absolute stop, at the crossing of a railway line, an airport strip, or a swing bridge." ]	[ "the crossing of a railway line", "an airport strip", "a swing bridge" ]
-6850104372496719832	Thermoregulation	Thermoregulation - wikipedia Thermoregulation `` Body heat '' redirects here . For other uses , see Body Heat ( disambiguation ) . `` Body temperature '' redirects here . For information regarding normal human body temperature , see Human body temperature . For the 2011 Japanese film , see Body Temperature ( film ) . Thermoregulation in animals Ectotherm Endotherm Mesotherm Poikilotherm Homeothermy Heterothermy Stenotherm Eurytherm Thermolabile Thermostability Gigantothermy Kleptothermy Bradymetabolism Tachymetabolism Thermogenesis Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries , even when the surrounding temperature is very different . A thermoconforming organism , by contrast , simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature , thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation . The internal thermoreegulation process is one aspect of homeostasis : a state of dynamic stability in an organism 's internal conditions , maintained far from thermal equilibrium with its environment ( the study of such processes in zoology has been called physiological ecology ) . If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal , a condition known as hyperthermia occurs . For humans , this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C ( 131 ° F ) , and with prolonged exposure ( longer than a few hours ) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C ( 167 ° F ) death is almost inevitable . Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) for six hours . The opposite condition , when body temperature decreases below normal levels , is known as hypothermia . It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction , causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it . Normal body temperature is around 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) , and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures , hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range . It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained . It was then found that local differences were present , since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body , although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts . Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs . Also , for such results to be comparable , the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions . The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts , or in some cases of sex or species , the vagina , uterus or bladder . Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature . More often the temperature is taken in the mouth , axilla , ear or groin . Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop , thereby conserving energy . Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of animals by thermal characteristics 1.1 Endothermy vs. ectothermy 1.2 Ectotherms 1.3 Ectothermic cooling 1.4 Ectothermic heating ( or minimizing heat loss ) 1.5 Endothermy 1.6 Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy 2 Vertebrates 2.1 Brain control 2.2 In birds and mammals 2.3 In humans 3 In plants 4 Behavioral temperature regulation 4.1 Hibernation , estivation and daily torpor 5 Variation in animals 5.1 Normal human temperature 5.2 Variations due to circadian rhythms 5.3 Variations due to women 's menstrual cycles 5.4 Variations due to fever 5.5 Variations due to biofeedback 6 Low body temperature increases lifespan 7 Limits compatible with life 7.1 Arthropoda 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Classification of animals by thermal characteristics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Endothermy vs. ectothermy ( edit ) Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from endothermy to ectothermy . Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes , and are colloquially referred to as warm - blooded . When the surrounding temperatures are cold , endotherms increase metabolic heat production to keep their body temperature constant , thus making the internal body temperature of an endotherm more or less independent of the temperature of the environment . One metabolic activity , in terms of generating heat , that endotherms are able to do is that they possess a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms , enabling them to generate more heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars . Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures . They are colloquially referred to as cold - blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm - blooded animals . Ectotherms are the opposite of endotherms when it comes to regulating internal temperatures . In ectotherms , the internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance ; the biggest factor that enables them to maintain adequate body temperatures is due to environmental influences . Living in areas that maintain a constant temperature throughout the year , like the tropics or the ocean , have enabled ectotherms to develop a wide range of behavioral mechanisms that enable them to respond to external temperatures , such as sun - bathing to increase body temperature , or seeking the cover of shade to lower body temperature . Ectotherms ( edit ) Main article : Ectotherm Seeking shade is one method of cooling . Here sooty tern chicks are using a black - footed albatross chick for shade . Ectothermic cooling ( edit ) Vaporization : Evaporation of sweat and other bodily fluids . Convection : Increasing blood flow to body surfaces to maximize heat transfer across the advective gradient . Conduction : Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface . For instance : Lying on cool ground . Staying wet in a river , lake or sea . Covering in cool mud . Radiation : releasing heat by radiating it away from the body . Ectothermic heating ( or minimizing heat loss ) ( edit ) Convection : Climbing to higher ground up trees , ridges , rocks . Entering a warm water or air current . Building an insulated nest or burrow . The red line represents the air temperature . The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard . The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow . Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature . They regulate their behavior based on the temperature outside , if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as necessary . Conduction : Lying on a hot surface . Radiation : Lying in the sun ( heating this way is affected by the body 's angle in relation to the sun ) . Folding skin to reduce exposure . Concealing wing surfaces . Exposing wing surfaces . Insulation : Changing shape to alter surface / volume ratio . Inflating the body . Thermographic image of a snake around an arm To cope with low temperatures , some fish have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing ; some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues . Amphibians and reptiles cope with heat loss by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations . An example of behavioral adaptation is that of a lizard lying in the sun on a hot rock in order to heat through conduction . Endothermy ( edit ) Main article : Endotherm An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature , typically by keeping it at a constant level . To regulate body temperature , an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments . Evaporation of water , either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing sweat glands , helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism 's tolerance range . Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat , relying heavily on panting to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth . Mammals like cats , dogs and pigs , rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout . The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly serves to increase friction and enhance grip . Birds also counteract overheating by gular fluttering , or rapid vibrations of the gular ( throat ) skin . Down feathers trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator . Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis . In marine mammals , such as whales , or animals that live in very cold regions , such as the polar bears , this is called blubber . Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels . A cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate , decreasing the temperature difference between the animal and the air and thereby minimizing heat loss . Furthermore , having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive . Many animals survive cold frosty nights through torpor , a short - term temporary drop in body temperature . Organisms when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature have not only behavioural , physiological , and structural adaptations but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly . The main features of this system are stimulus , receptor , modulator , effector and then the feedback of the newly adjusted temperature to the stimulus . This cyclical process aids in homeostasis . Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy ( edit ) Homeothermy and poikilothermy refer to how stable an organism 's deep - body temperature is . Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic , like mammals . However , animals with facultative endothermy are often poikilothermic , meaning their temperature can vary considerably . Most fish are ectotherms , as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water . However , almost all fish are poikilothermic . Vertebrates ( edit ) By numerous observations upon humans and other animals , John Hunter showed that the essential difference between the so - called warm - blooded and cold - blooded animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former , and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter . Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air ( homeothermy ) . Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature , dependent on their surroundings ( poikilothermy ) . Brain control ( edit ) Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus . Such homeostatic control is separate from the sensation of temperature . In birds and mammals ( edit ) Kangaroo licking its arms to cool down on a very hot day In cold environments , birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss : Using small smooth muscles ( arrector pili in mammals ) , which are attached to feather or hair shafts ; this distorts the surface of the skin making feather / hair shaft stand erect ( called goose bumps or pimples ) which slows the movement of air across the skin and minimizes heat loss . Increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature ( warm - blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates ( see Bergmann 's Rule ) ) Having the ability to store energy as fat for metabolism Have shortened extremities Have countercurrent blood flow in extremities -- this is where the warm arterial blood travelling to the limb passes the cooler venous blood from the limb and heat is exchanged warming the venous blood and cooling the arterial ( e.g. , Arctic wolf or penguins ) In warm environments , birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss : Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting Storing fat reserves in one place ( e.g. , camel 's hump ) to avoid its insulating effect Elongated , often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air In humans ( edit ) Main article : Thermoregulation in humans Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation . As in other mammals , thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis . Most body heat is generated in the deep organs , especially the liver , brain , and heart , and in contraction of skeletal muscles . Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates , including hot humid and hot arid . High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body , placing it in great danger of injury or even death . For example , one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion , which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures , resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness , fainting , or a rapid heartbeat . For humans , adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations . The physiological control of the body 's core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus , which assumes the role as the body 's `` thermostat . '' This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature sensors , which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors . Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories ; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures . Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems , these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback , thus maintaining a constant core temperature . There are three avenues of heat loss : convection , conduction , and radiation . If skin temperature is greater than that of the surroundings , the body can lose heat by radiation and conduction . But , if the temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin , the body actually gains heat by radiation and conduction . In such conditions , the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation . So , when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature , anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise . During intense physical activity ( e.g. sports ) , evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss . Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss . Play media A dog panting after exercise In plants ( edit ) Thermogenesis occurs in the flowers of many plants in the Araceae family as well as in cycad cones . In addition , the sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) is able to thermoregulate itself , remaining on average 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) above air temperature while flowering . Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots , which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying hummingbird . One possible explanation for plant thermoregulation is to provide protection against cold temperature . For example , the skunk cabbage is not frost - resistant , yet it begins to grow and flower when there is still snow on the ground . Another theory is that thermogenicity helps attract pollinators , which is borne out by observations that heat production is accompanied by the arrival of beetles or flies . Behavioral temperature Regulation ( edit ) Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior . Desert lizards are ectotherms and so unable to metabolically control their temperature but can do this by altering their location . They may do this , in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body . By basking in the sun , the lizard absorbs solar heat . It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy . To lower their temperature , lizards exhibit varied behaviors . Sand seas , or ergs , produce up to 57.7 ° C ( 135.9 ° F ) , and the sand lizard will hold its feet up in the air to cool down , seek cooler objects with which to contact , find shade or return to their burrow . They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the sun goes down or the temperature falls . Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the thermal gradient . During cold weather many animals increase their thermal inertia by huddling . Animals also engage in kleptothermy in which they share or even steal each other 's body warmth . In endotherms such as bats and birds ( such as the mousebird and emperor penguin ) it allows the sharing of body heat ( particularly amongst juveniles ) . This allows the individuals to increase their thermal inertia ( as with gigantothermy ) and so reduce heat loss . Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms . Other animals exploit termite mounds . Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss . Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of insulation . Some animals are regionally heterothermic and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature -- nearly to 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts , like the legs , feet ( or hooves ) , and nose . An ostrich can keep its body temperature relatively constant , even though the environment can be very hot during the day and cold at night . Hibernation , estivation and daily torpor ( edit ) To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures , some mammals hibernate during cold periods . To remain in `` stasis '' for long periods , these animals build up brown fat reserves and slow all body functions . True hibernators ( e.g. , groundhogs ) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the core temperature of false hibernators ( e.g. , bears ) varies ; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods . Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid , non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation . Estivation is similar to hibernation , however , it usually occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and desiccation . Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation . Examples include lady beetles ( Coccinellidae ) , North American desert tortoises , crocodiles , salamanders , cane toads , and the water - holding frog . Daily torpor occurs in small endotherms like bats and hummingbirds , which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy . Variation in animals ( edit ) Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature . Normal Human temperature ( edit ) Main article : Normal human body temperature Previously , average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 ° C ( 98.6 ° F ) , while normal ranges are 36.1 ° C ( 97.0 ° F ) to 37.8 ° C ( 100.0 ° F ) . In Poland and Russia , the temperature had been measured axillary. 36.6 ° C was considered `` ideal '' temperature in these countries , while normal ranges are 36 ° C to 36.9 ° C . Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 36.8 ° C ( 98.2 ° F ) ( same result in three different studies ) . Variations ( one standard deviation ) from three other studies are : 36.4 -- 37.1 ° C ( 97.5 -- 98.8 ° F ) 36.3 -- 37.1 ° C ( 97.3 -- 98.8 ° F ) for males , 36.5 -- 37.3 ° C ( 97.7 -- 99.1 ° F ) for females 36.6 -- 37.3 ° C ( 97.9 -- 99.1 ° F ) Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement , with rectal temperature being 0.3 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.5 -- 1 ° F ) higher than oral temperature , while axillary temperature is 0.3 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.5 -- 1 ° F ) lower than oral temperature . The average difference between oral and axillary temperatures of Indian children aged 6 -- 12 was found to be only 0.1 ° C ( standard deviation 0.2 ° C ) , and the mean difference in Maltese children aged 4 -- 14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 ° C , while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 ° C . Variations due to circadian rhythms ( edit ) In humans , a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity , lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monkeys also have a well - marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity , and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night ; nocturnal monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day . Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds -- whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference -- experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity ( night ) and lowest during the period of rest ( day ) . Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine . In essence , the temperature curve of diurnal birds is similar to that of man and other homoeothermal animals , except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning . Also , the curves obtained from rabbits , guinea pigs , and dogs were quite similar to those from man . These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms . Variations due to women 's menstrual cycles ( edit ) During the follicular phase ( which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation ) , the average basal body temperature in women ranges from 36.45 to 36.7 ° C ( 97.6 to 98.1 ° F ) . Within 24 hours of ovulation , women experience an elevation of 0.15 -- 0.45 ° C ( 0.2 -- 0.9 ° F ) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of progesterone . The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7 -- 37.3 ° C ( 98.1 -- 99.2 ° F ) throughout the luteal phase , and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation . Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating , so as to aid conception or contraception . Variations due to fever ( edit ) Fever is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the hypothalamus , caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system . To the subject , a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not . Variations due to biofeedback ( edit ) Some monks are known to practice Tummo , biofeedback meditation techniques , that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially . Low body temperature increases lifespan ( edit ) It has been theorised that low body temperature may increase lifespan . In 2006 , it was reported that transgenic mice with a body temperature 0.3 -- 0.5 C lower than normal mice lived longer than normal mice . This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons ( Hcrt - UCP2 ) , which elevated hypothalamic temperature , thus forcing the hypothalamus to lower body temperature . Lifespan was increased by 12 % and 20 % for males and females , respectively . The mice were fed ad libitum . The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is more difficult to study in humans ; in 2011 , the UCP2 genetic alleles in humans were associated with obesity . Limits compatible with life ( edit ) There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an ectothermic animal may endure and yet live . The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease metabolism , and hence to lessen the production of heat . Both catabolic and anabolic pathways share in this metabolic depression , and , though less energy is used up , still less energy is generated . The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the central nervous system first , especially the brain and those parts concerning consciousness ; both heart rate and respiration rate decrease ; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes , becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness ; without medical intervention , death by hypothermia quickly follows . Occasionally , however , convulsions may set in towards the end , and death is caused by asphyxia . In experiments on cats performed by Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring , the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 ° C. At this low temperature , respiration became increasingly feeble ; heart - impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased , the beats becoming very irregular , appearing to cease , then beginning again . Death appeared to be mainly due to asphyxia , and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee - jerks . However , too high a temperature speeds up the metabolism of different tissues to such a rate that their metabolic capital is soon exhausted . Blood that is too warm produces dyspnea by exhausting the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre ; heart rate is increased ; the beats then become arrhythmic and eventually cease . The central nervous system is also profoundly affected by hyperthermia and delirium , and convulsions may set in . Consciousness may also be lost , propelling the person into a comatose condition . These changes can sometimes also be observed in patients suffering from an acute fever . Mammalian muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50 ° C , with the sudden rigidity of the whole body rendering life impossible . H.M. Vernon performed work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature ( temperature of heat rigor ) of various animals . He found that species of the same class showed very similar temperature values , those from the Amphibia examined being 38.5 ° C , fish 39 ° C , reptiles 45 ° C , and various molluscs 46 ° C. Also , in the case of pelagic animals , he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body . In higher animals , however , his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characteristics of the protoplasm and , hence , greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life . Arthropoda ( edit ) The maximum temperatures tolerated by certain thermophilic arthropods exceeds the lethal temperatures for most vertebrates . The most heat - resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world . The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day , in excess of 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , for the carcasses of insects and other forms of life which have succumbed to heat stress . In April 2014 , the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis has been recorded as the world 's fastest land animal relative to body length , at a speed of 322 body lengths per second . Besides the unusually great speed of the mites , the researchers were surprised to find the mites running at such speeds on concrete at temperatures up to 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) , which is significant because this temperature is well above the lethal limit for the majority of animal species . In addition , the mites are able to stop and change direction very quickly . See also ( edit ) Innate heat Human body temperature Thermal neutral zone Insect thermoregulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Global Warming : Future Temperatures Could Exceed Livable Limits , Researchers Find '' . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia : Causes , Symptoms , and Treatment '' . WebMD . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khan Academy '' . Khan Academy . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Boundless ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Homeostasis : Thermoregulation '' . Boundless . ^ Jump up to : Romanovsky , AA ( 2007 ) . `` Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system '' . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 292 ( 1 ) : R37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpregu. 00668.2006 . PMID 17008453 . Jump up ^ Swan , K.G. ; R.E. Henshaw ( March 1973 ) . Lumbar sympathectomy and cold acclimatization by the arctic wolf . Analysis of Surgery . 177 . pp. 286 -- 292 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000658 - 197303000 - 00008 . PMC 1355529 . PMID 4692116 . Jump up ^ Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment . SeaWorld / Busch Gardens Animal Information Database , 2002 . Last accessed 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Penguins . Mike Bingham , International Penguin Conservation Work Group . Last accessed 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Kanosue , K. ; Crawshaw , L.I. ; Nagashima , K. ; Yoda , T. ( 2009 ) . `` Concepts to utilize in describing thermoregulation and neurophysiological evidence for how the system works '' . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 109 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 11 . doi : 10.1007 / s00421 - 009 - 1256 - 6 . Jump up ^ Guyton , A.C. , & Hall , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 890 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Heat Exhaustion : Symptoms and Treatment '' . WebMD . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ Harmon , Katherine . `` How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ Harrison , G.A. , Tanner , J.M. , Pilbeam , D.R. , & Baker , P.T. ( 1988 ) Human Biology : An introduction to human evolution , variation , growth , and adaptability . ( 3rd ed ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Weiss , M.L. , & Mann , A.E. ( 1985 ) Human Biology and Behaviour : An anthropological perspective . ( 4th ed ) . Boston : Little Brown Jump up ^ `` Thermoregulation '' . www.unm.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Boundless ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Thermoreception '' . Boundless . Jump up ^ Tansey , Etain A. ; Johnson , Christopher D. ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Recent advances in thermoregulation '' . Advances in Physiology Education . 39 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 148 . doi : 10.1152 / advan. 00126.2014 . ISSN 1043 - 4046 . PMID 26330029 . Jump up ^ `` Temperature Regulation of the Human Body '' . hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Guyton & Hall ( 2006 ) , pp. 891 -- 892 Jump up ^ Wilmore , Jack H. , & Costill , David L. ( 1999 ) . Physiology of sport and exercise ( 2nd ed ) . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ( 1976 ) Textbook of Medical Physiology . ( 5th ed ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders ^ Jump up to : Minorsky , Peter V. ( May 2003 ) . The Hot and the Classic . Plant Physiol. 132 . pp. 25 -- 26 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 900071 . PMC 1540311 . PMID 12765187 . Jump up ^ Plants Thermoregulation ( PDF ) . Google . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Holdrege , Craig ( 2000 ) . Skunk Cabbage ( Symplocarpus foetidus ) . The Nature Institute . pp. 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Nagy ; Daniel K. Odell & Roger S. Seymour ( December 1972 ) . Temperature Regulation by the Inflorescence of Philodendron . Science . 178 . pp. 1195 -- 1197 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 178.4066. 1195 . PMID 17748981 . Jump up ^ Gibernau , Marc ; Barabé , Denis ( 2000 ) . Thermogenesis in three Philodendron species ( Araceae ) of French Guiana ( PDF ) . Canadian Journal of Botany. 78 . p. 685 . doi : 10.1139 / cjb - 78 - 5 - 685 . Jump up ^ Westhoff , Jacob ( 9 Oct 2014 ) . `` Behavioural thermoregulation and bioenergetics of riverine smallmouth bass associated with ambient cold - period thermal refuge '' . Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 25 : 72 -- 85 . doi : 10.1111 / eff. 12192 . Jump up ^ Arends , A ; Bonaccorso , FJ ; Genoud , M ( 1995 ) . `` Basal rates of metabolism of nectarivorous bats ( Phyllostomidae ) from a semiarid thorn forest in Venezuela '' . J. Mammal. 76 : 947 -- 956 . doi : 10.2307 / 1382765 . Jump up ^ Brown , C.R. ; Foster , G.G. ( 1992 ) . `` The thermal and energetic significance of clustering in the speckled mousebird , Colius striatus '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 162 ( 7 ) : 658 -- 664 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00296648 . Jump up ^ Ancel A , Visser H , Handrich Y , Masman D , Le Maho Y ( 1997 ) . Energy saving in huddling penguins . Nature . 385 . pp. 304 -- 305 . doi : 10.1038 / 385304a0 . Jump up ^ Canals , M ; Rosenmann , M ; Bozinovic , F ( 1989 ) . `` Energetics and geometry of huddling in small mammals '' . J. Theor. Biol. 141 : 181 -- 189 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5193 ( 89 ) 80016 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ehmann , H ; Swan , G ; Swan , G ; Smith , B ( 1991 ) . `` Nesting , egg incubation and hatching by the heath monitor Varanus rosenbergi in a termite mound '' . Herpetofauna. 21 : 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Knapp , CR ; Owens , AK ( 2008 ) . `` Nesting Behavior and the Use of Termitaria by the Andros Iguana ( Cyclura Cychlura Cychlura ) '' . Journal of Herpetology. 42 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 53 . doi : 10.1670 / 07 - 098.1 . Jump up ^ Kenneth S. Hagen ( 1962 ) . `` Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 7 : 289 -- 326 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. en. 07.010162. 001445 . Jump up ^ Bob Moore ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` Estivation : The Survial Siesta '' . Audubon Guides . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ F.H. Pough , R.M. Andrews , J.E. Cadle , M.L. Crump , A.H. Savitzky and K.D. Wells ( 2001 ) . Herpetology , second edition . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Starr , Cecie ( 2005 ) . Biology : Concepts and Applications . Thomson Brooks / Cole . p. 639 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46226 - X . Jump up ^ Wong , Lena ; Forsberg , C ; Wahren , LK ( 2005 ) . `` Temperature of a Healthy Human ( Body Temperature ) '' . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , The Physics Factbook. 16 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 128 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 6712.2002. 00069. x . PMID 12000664 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rectal , ear , oral , and axillary temperature comparison . Yahoo Health . Jump up ^ Deepti Chaturvedi ; K.Y. Vilhekar ; Pushpa Chaturvedi ; M.S. Bharambe ( 17 June 2004 ) . `` Comparison of Axillary Temperature with Rectal or Oral Temperature and Determination of Optimum Placement Time in Children '' ( PDF ) . Indian Pediatrics. 41 ( 6 ) : 600 -- 603 . PMID 15235167 . Jump up ^ Quintana , E.C. ( June 2004 ) . How reliable is axillary temperature measurement ? . Annuals of Emergency Medicine . 43 . pp. 797 -- 798 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2004.03. 010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Sutherland ; Galbraith , J.J. ( 1905 ) . An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds , and a few mammals ( PDF ) . The Journal of Physiology Online . Jump up ^ Swedan , Nadya Gabriele ( 2001 ) . Women 's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8342 - 1731 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cromie , William J. ( 2002 ) . Meditation changes temperatures : Mind controls body in extreme experiments . Harvard Gazette . Jump up ^ Transgenic Mice with a Reduced Core Body Temperature Have an Increased Life Span , by Bruno Conti et al. Science , 3 , November 2006 Jump up ^ Reduced Body Temperature Extends Lifespan , Study Finds Jump up ^ Bee cool , live long Jump up ^ `` OMIM entry on human UnCoupling Protein 2 ( UCP2 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Simpson S , Herring PT ( 1905 - 05 - 09 ) . `` The effect of cold narcosis on reflex action in warm - blooded animals '' . J. Physiol. 32 ( 5 Suppl 8 ) : 305 -- 11 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1905. sp001084 . PMC 1465681 . PMID 16992777 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology ( FASEB ) ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Mite sets new record as world 's fastest land animal '' . Featured Research . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Van ( 1 May 1996 ) . `` Chapter 21 : Most heat tolerant '' . Book of Insect Records . University of Florida . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Blatteis , Clark M , ed. ( 2001 ) ( First published 1998 ) . Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation . Singapore & River Edge , NJ : World Scientific Publishing Co . ISBN 981 - 02 - 3172 - 5 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Charkoudian , Nisha ( May 2003 ) . Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation : How It Works , When It Does Not , and Why . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 78 . pp. 603 -- 612 . doi : 10.4065 / 78.5. 603 . PMID 12744548 . full pdf This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Animal Heat '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . This cites work of Simpson & Galbraith Green , Charles Wilson ( 1917 ) . Kirke 's Handbook of Physiology . North American Revision . New York : William Wood & Co . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Other Internet Archive listings Hall , John E. ( 2010 ) . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . see Table of Contents link ( Previously Guyton 's Textbook of Medical Physiology . Earlier editions back to at least 5th edition 1976 , contain useful information on the subject of thermoregulation , the concepts of which have changed little in that time ) . Hardy , James D ; Gagge , A. Pharo ; Stolwijk , Jan A , eds. ( 1970 ) . Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation . Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas . Havenith , George ; Coenen , John M.L ; Kistemaker , Lyda ; Kenney , W. Larry ( 1998 ) . Relevance of individual characteristics for human heat stress response is dependent on exercise intensity and climate type . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 77 . pp. 231 -- 241 . doi : 10.1007 / s004210050327 . Kakuta , Naoto ; Yokoyama , Shintaro ; Nakamura , Mitsuyoshi ; Mabuchi , Kunihiko ( March 2001 ) . Estimation of Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Geometric Human Model . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . 48 . pp. 324 -- 331 . doi : 10.1109 / 10.914795 . PMID 11327500 . link to abstract Marino , Frank E ( 2008 ) . Thermoregulation and Human Performance : Physiological and Biological Aspects . Medicine and Sport Science . Vol. 53 . Basel , Switzerland : Karger . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8055 - 8648 - 1 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Mitchell , John W ( 1 June 1976 ) . Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms . Biophysical Journal . 16 . pp. 561 -- 569 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 76 ) 85711 - 6 . PMC 1334880 . PMID 1276385 . Milton , Anthony Stewart ( 1994 ) . Temperature Regulation : Recent Physiological and Pharmacological Advances . Switzerland : Birkhäuser Verlag . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 2992 - 0 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Selkirk , Glen A & McLellan , Tom M ( November 2001 ) . Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . Journal of Applied Physiology. 91 . pp. 2055 -- 2063 . PMID 11641344 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Simpson , S. & Galbraith , J.J ( 1905 ) . Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation , and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 45 . pp. 65 -- 104 . doi : 10.1017 / S0080456800011649 . Helmut Tributsch ( Author ) , Miriam Varon ( Translator ) ( May 1985 ) . How Life Learned to Live : Adaptation in Nature . Mit Pr . ISBN 978 - 0262700283 . Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. ( 1993 ) . Encyclopedia of animals - Mammals , Birds , Reptiles , Amphibians . Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . Pages 567 - 568 . ISBN 1 - 875137 - 49 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Thermal Comfort Observations . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998 Wong , Lena ( 1997 ) . `` Temperature of a Healthy Human ( Body Temperature ) '' . The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Thermoregulation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Library resources about Thermoregulation Resources in your library hide Human homeostasis Blood composition Blood sugar Osmoregulation Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system Acid -- base Fluid balance Hemostasis Other Predictive Thermoregulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&oldid=845894383 '' Categories : Human homeostasis Animal physiology Heat transfer Thermoregulation Mathematics in medicine Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	hypothermia is a state of body temperature lower than	[ "Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoreegulation process is one aspect of homeostasis: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from thermal equilibrium with its environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167 °F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1] The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction, causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it. Normal body temperature is around 37 °C (99 °F), and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 °C (95 °F).[2] Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range.[3]" ]	[ "35 °C (95 °F)" ]
-3218362576526706739	Snowy (character)	Snowy ( character ) - wikipedia Snowy ( character ) For other uses , see Snowy ( disambiguation ) . Snowy Snowy ( Milou ) , by Hergé Publication information Publisher Casterman ( Belgium ) First appearance Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ( 1929 ) The Adventures of Tintin Created by Hergé In - story information Full name Snowy ( Milou in the original French ) Species Wire Fox Terrier Partnerships List of main characters Supporting character of Tintin Snowy ( French : Milou ( milu ) ) is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . Snowy is a white Wire Fox Terrier who is a companion to Tintin , the series ' protagonist . He debuted on 10 January 1929 in the first installment of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , which was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième until May 1930 . Snowy 's conception was inspired in part by a Fox Terrier at a café Hergé used to frequent . Milou , Snowy 's original French name , was the nickname of Hergé 's first girlfriend . In the first eight Tintin adventures , Snowy regularly addresses his internal monologue to the reader . Hergé diminished Snowy 's speaking role after the introduction of Captain Haddock in the ninth story , The Crab with the Golden Claws . However , at times when Captain Haddock is not around , he speaks - as seen in Tintin in Tibet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and design 2 Character 3 Adaptions 4 Statues and commemorative murals 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography Inspiration and design ( edit ) Hergé never had a dog in his family until his last years ; however , in 1929 he was a regular at a café where the proprietor had a terrier . This dog was a major source of inspiration for Snowy . Snowy 's original French name Milou -- an abbreviation of Marie - Louise -- is borrowed from the nickname of Hergé 's first girlfriend , Marie - Louise Van Cutsem . Marie - Louise 's father disapproved of Hergé 's low social standing , and the young couple 's relationship consequently deteriorated . Nevertheless , Hergé remained fond of Marie - Louise , and made her the namesake of Tintin 's most trusted friend . The name Snowy was chosen for English - language translations not only because of the dog 's colour , but because it 's a five - letter word that fits in the speech balloons . Character ( edit ) Throughout the series , Snowy is Tintin 's sidekick and companion on journeys . Along with Tintin he is the only character to appear in all of the comic albums . In the debut album Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , Snowy is a source of comic relief . Throughout the first eight stories Snowy is the series ' co-star ; he is able to understand human language , and communicates with speech bubbles . His verbal responses to various situations include jokes , expressions of fright , and pleas to Tintin to exercise caution . In the early albums he takes an interest in mechanics and geography ; in Tintin in the Congo , he makes biblical references . As a dog , he also sniffs , tracks , chases , and bites . The character of Snowy evolved through the course of the Tintin series . In early works he exchanges dialog with other characters , including animals , and provides a running commentary on the situation . His character then became affected by the introduction of Captain Haddock in The Crab with the Golden Claws . Before Haddock 's appearance , Snowy was the source of dry and cynical side - commentary , which balanced out Tintin 's constantly positive , optimistic perspective . When Haddock entered the series , the Captain took over the role of the cynic , and Snowy gradually shifted into a more light - hearted role , having dialog only with Tintin . Snowy is portrayed as brave and is often fearless against much larger creatures when Tintin is threatened . He repeatedly frees Tintin from captivity and saves him from dangerous situations , and will sometimes identify a villain before Tintin . His only fear is arachnophobia . Snowy is loyal to Tintin and always wishes to stay by his master 's side : in a scene in The Shooting Star when Tintin temporarily abandoned him , Snowy was inconsolable . Snowy loves whiskey , and occasionally gets drunk ( as occurred in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and in Tintin in Tibet ) . His appetite for food is the basis for several short , comical sequences . The dog 's biggest lust is for bones . This is repeatedly the centre of moral dilemmas , as Snowy has to decide between carrying out important tasks , such as carrying an SOS message , and picking up a bone . Snowy indulges in rowdy behaviour chasing the Siamese cat at Marlinspike Hall until the two become friends at the end of The Calculus Affair . Snowy often adds to the story in notable ways . For instance , Snowy is the only character in Flight 714 to Sydney to escape mass hypnosis and to know of their abduction by aliens . Adaptions ( edit ) Snowy as he appears in Steven Spielberg 's 2011 motion capture feature film The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn At the end of the run of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets on 8 May 1930 , a mock reception for Snowy and Tintin was conducted at Brussels ' Gare du Nord railway station . There Snowy was played by Hergé 's cafékeeper 's Fox Terrier . In The Adventures of Tintin television series , Snowy is voiced by Susan Roman . However , Snowy 's comments are not present . Among the anthropomorphic cast of Bryan Talbot 's graphic novel Grandville , there is a white Wire Fox Terrier named `` Snowy Milou '' . In a drug - induced delirium , he describes the dreams he has had , with close parallels to the various adventures of the Tintin books . From a computer - generated imagery point of view , Snowy was the most difficult character to film during production of the 2011 motion capture film The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn . Fur is generally difficult to render , with white being the most difficult colour and curly fur being the most difficult shape . Another issue was Snowy is always shown at particular angles , which made it difficult to make him recognisable with moving camera shots . Early in the development process , when the motion - capture was being filmed in - studio , the production team considered casting a dog as Snowy . Instead a puppet was used , acted out by a puppeteer . Thus , the actors worked with the puppet placeholder ; Snowy and the other characters were then animated afterwards . Statues and commemorative murals ( edit ) The Place du Grand Sablon , Brussels , Belgium contains a life sized bronze statue of Tintin and his fox terrier , Snowy just outside Comics cafe . A mural on a building at Rue de l'Etuve recreates a scene of Tintin , Captain Haddock and Snowy coming down a building fire escape from The Calculus Affair . The Gare du Midi station in Brussels contains a huge reproduction of a panel from Tintin in America . The Le Lombard building in Central Brussels ( Near Gare du Midi ) has two giant heads of Snowy and Tintin on the roof . These are lit up with neon lights at night . Lombard was the editor of the Journal de Tintin . The Stockel subway station in Brussels has huge panels with scenes from Tintin comic books painted as murals . The Uccle cultural center ( Rue Ruge ) in Belgium has a life size statue of Tintin and Snowy . The statue was sculpted by Nat Neujeun and commissioned by Raymond Leblanc , the publisher of Tintin ( magazine ) . See also ( edit ) List of The Adventures of Tintin characters List of fictional dogs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peeters 2012 , p. 341 , `` Character Names in French and English '' . Jump up ^ `` Snowy : Real life inspiration '' . Characters of Tintin . Official Hergé website . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 24 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 31 Jump up ^ : 309 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Rao , Rohit ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` The Adventures Of Tintin : Season One '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Farr ( 2007 ) : 23 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 25 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 30 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 29 Jump up ^ Farr ( 2007 ) : 27 Jump up ^ `` Susan Roman '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Weta Workshop : 38 Jump up ^ Weta Workshop : 37 Jump up ^ Weta Workshop : 39 Jump up ^ `` Comics Cafe , Brussels - Restaurant Reviews , Phone Number & Photos - TripAdvisor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Field Report : Tintin and Hergé in Brussels '' . A113 Animation . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tintin Tracking In Comic - Crazy Brussels '' . Huffington Post . 21 December 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Studios Hergé , Moulinsart . `` Tintin in Brussels '' . Official route drawn by Moulinsart and Studios Hergé . Moulinsart and Studios Hergé . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Herdman , Malcolm ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` The best of Brussels : A comic walk around Tintin Town , the city where a star was born '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCU '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Farr , Michael ( 2007 ) . Tintin & Co . London : Egmont . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4052 - 3264 - 7 . Peeters , Benoît ( 2012 ) ( 2002 ) . Hergé : Son of Tintin . Tina A. Kover ( translator ) . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0454 - 7 . Weta Workshop ( 2011 ) . The Art of the Adventures of Tintin . New Zealand : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780062087492 . Thompson , Harry ( 1991 ) . Tintin : Hergé & His Creation . London : John Murray ( Publishers ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84854 - 672 - 1 . hide The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé The Adventures of Tintin Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ( 1930 ) Tintin in the Congo ( 1931 ) Tintin in America ( 1932 ) Cigars of the Pharaoh ( 1934 ) The Blue Lotus ( 1936 ) The Broken Ear ( 1937 ) The Black Island ( 1938 ) King Ottokar 's Sceptre ( 1939 ) The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1941 ) The Shooting Star ( 1942 ) The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) The Seven Crystal Balls ( 1948 ) Prisoners of the Sun ( 1949 ) Land of Black Gold ( 1950 ) Destination Moon ( 1953 ) Explorers on the Moon ( 1954 ) The Calculus Affair ( 1956 ) The Red Sea Sharks ( 1958 ) Tintin in Tibet ( 1960 ) The Castafiore Emerald ( 1963 ) Flight 714 to Sydney ( 1968 ) Tintin and the Picaros ( 1976 ) Tintin and Alph - Art ( 1986 , unfinished ) Le Thermozéro ( unfinished , unpublished ) Characters Tintin Snowy Captain Haddock Professor Calculus Thomson and Thompson Rastapopoulos Bianca Castafiore Chang Chong - Chen Nestor Jolyon Wagg Settings Borduria Khemed Marlinspike Hall San Theodoros Syldavia The Unicorn Wadesdah Other settings Feature films The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1947 ) Tintin and the Golden Fleece ( 1961 ) Tintin and the Blue Oranges ( 1964 ) Tintin and the Temple of the Sun ( 1969 ) Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( 1972 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Television series Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin ( 1958 -- 62 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 1991 -- 92 ) Home video Documentaries I , Tintin ( 1976 ) Tintin and I ( 2003 ) Stage The Mystery of the Blue Diamond ( 1941 ) Kuifje -- De Zonnetempel ( De Musical ) ( 2001 ) Tintin -- Le Temple du Soleil -- Le Spectacle Musical ( 2002 ) Video games Tintin on the Moon ( 1987 ) Tintin in Tibet ( 1996 ) Prisoners of the Sun ( 1997 ) Tintin : Destination Adventure ( 2001 ) The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( 2011 ) Other media and memorabilia Tintin media Books about Tintin Tintin and the World of Hergé Tintin magazine Tintin postage stamps Tintin coins Collaborators of Hergé Studios Hergé Bob de Moor Edgar P. Jacobs Jacques Martin Greg Roger Leloup Josette Baujot Jacques Van Melkebeke Zhang Chongren Legacy of Hergé Hergé Foundation Ideology of Tintin Ligne claire Musée Hergé Parodies and pastiches Breaking Free Tintin in Thailand Publishers Casterman Le Lombard Methuen Publishing Le Petit Vingtième Le Soir Tintin ( magazine ) Little , Brown & Co . Literary critics Michael Farr Philippe Goddin Benoît Peeters Yves Rodier Numa Sadoul Book : Hergé and Tintin Category : Tintin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowy_(character)&oldid=841761703 '' Categories : Tintin characters Comics characters introduced in 1929 Comic book sidekicks Fictional dogs Hergé characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from August 2013 Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Mirandés Nederlands Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 21 : 55 . About Wikipedia	whats the name of the dog in tintin	[ "Snowy (French: Milou [milu])[1] is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Snowy is a white Wire Fox Terrier who is a companion to Tintin, the series' protagonist. He debuted on 10 January 1929 in the first installment of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, which was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième until May 1930." ]	[ "Snowy" ]
384149657393414180	Zealandia	Zealandia - wikipedia Zealandia Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Zealandia ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° S 170 ° E / 40 ° S 170 ° E / - 40 ; 170 Topography of Zealandia . The linear ridges running north - northeast ( Colville to the west and Kermadec to the east , separated by the Havre Trough and Lau Basin ) and southwest ( the Resolution Ridge System ) away from New Zealand are not considered part of the continental fragment , nor are Australia ( upper left ) , Fiji or Vanuatu ( top centre ) . Zealandia ( / ziːˈlændiə / ) , also known as the New Zealand continent or Tasmantis , is a nearly submerged mass of continental crust that sank after breaking away from Australia 60 -- 85 million years ago , having separated from Antarctica between 85 and 130 million years ago . It has variously been described as a continental fragment , a microcontinent and a continent . The name and concept for Zealandia were proposed by Bruce Luyendyk in 1995 . The land mass may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago , and most of it ( 93 % ) remains submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean . With a total area of approximately 4,920,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) , it is the world 's largest current microcontinent , more than twice the size of the next - largest microcontinent and more than half the size of the Australian continent . As such , and due to other geological considerations , such as crustal thickness and density , it is arguably a continent in its own right . This was the argument which made news in 2017 , when geologists from New Zealand , New Caledonia and Australia concluded that Zealandia fulfills all the necessary requirements to be considered a continent , rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment . Zealandia supports substantial inshore fisheries and contains gas fields , of which the largest known is New Zealand 's Maui gas field , near Taranaki . Permits for oil exploration in the Great South Basin were issued in 2007 . Offshore mineral resources include iron sands , volcanic massive sulfides and ferromanganese nodule deposits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 1.1 Classification as a continent 2 Biogeography 3 Political divisions 4 Population 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Geology ( edit ) Topographic map of Zealandia Zealandia is largely made up of two nearly parallel ridges , separated by a failed rift , where the rift breakup of the continent stops and becomes a filled graben . The ridges rise above the sea floor to heights of 1,000 -- 1,500 m ( 3,300 -- 4,900 ft ) , with infrequent rocky islands rising above sea level . The ridges are continental rock , but are lower in elevation than normal continents because their crust is thinner than usual , approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) thick , and consequently they do not float as high above the Earth 's mantle . About 25 million years ago , the southern part of Zealandia ( on the Pacific Plate ) began to shift relative to the northern part ( on the Indo - Australian Plate ) . The resulting displacement by approximately 500 km ( 310 mi ) along the Alpine Fault is evident in geological maps . Movement along this plate boundary has also offset the New Caledonia Basin from its previous continuation through the Bounty Trough . Compression across the boundary has uplifted the Southern Alps , although due to rapid erosion their height reflects only a small fraction of the uplift . Farther north , subduction of the Pacific Plate has led to extensive volcanism , including the Coromandel and Taupo Volcanic Zones . Associated rifting and subsidence has produced the Hauraki Graben and more recently the Whakatane Graben and Wanganui Basin . Volcanism on Zealandia has also taken place repeatedly in various parts of the continental fragment before , during and after it rifted away from the supercontinent Gondwana . Although Zealandia has shifted approximately 6,000 km ( 3,700 mi ) to the northwest with respect to the underlying mantle from the time when it rifted from Antarctica , recurring intracontinental volcanism exhibits magma composition similar to that of volcanoes in previously adjacent parts of Antarctica and Australia . This volcanism is widespread across Zealandia but generally of low volume apart from the huge mid to late Miocene shield volcanoes that developed the Banks and Otago Peninsulas . In addition , it took place continually in numerous limited regions all through the Late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic . However , its causes are still in dispute . During the Miocene , the northern section of Zealandia ( Lord Howe Rise ) might have slid over a stationary hotspot , forming the Lord Howe Seamount Chain . Zealandia is occasionally divided by scientists into two regions , North Zealandia ( or Western Province ) and South Zealandia ( or Eastern Province ) , the latter of which contains most of the Median Batholith crust . These two features are separated by the Alpine Fault and Kermadec Trench and by the wedge - shaped Hikurangi Plateau , and are moving separately to each other . Classification as a continent ( edit ) The case for Zealandia being a continent in its own right was argued by Nick Mortimer and Hamish Campbell in their book Zealandia : Our continent revealed in 2014 , citing geological and ecological evidence to support the proposal . In 2017 , a team of eleven geologists from New Zealand , New Caledonia and Australia concluded that Zealandia fulfills all the requirements to be considered a drowned continent , rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment . This was widely covered by news media . The `` Saint Bathans mammal '' , a representative of the Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna . It is evidence that terrestrial mammals besides bats lived in Zealandia . Biogeography ( edit ) New Caledonia lies at the northern end of the ancient continent , while New Zealand rises at the plate boundary that bisects it . These land masses are two outposts of the Antarctic Flora , including Araucarias and Podocarps . At Curio Bay , logs of a fossilized forest closely related to modern Kauri and Norfolk Pine can be seen that grew on Zealandia about 180 million years ago during the Jurassic period , before it split from Gondwana . These were buried by volcanic mud flows and gradually replaced by silica to produce the fossils now exposed by the sea . During glacial periods , more of Zealandia becomes a terrestrial rather than a marine environment . Zealandia was originally thought to have no native land mammal fauna , but the discovery in 2006 of a fossil mammal jaw from the Miocene in the Otago region shows otherwise . Political divisions ( edit ) Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand and continental shelf boundaries for much of Zealandia The total land area ( including inland water bodies ) of Zealandia is 286,655 km ( 110,678 sq mi ) . Of this , New Zealand comprises the majority , at 267,988 km ( 103,471 sq mi or 93 % ) which includes the mainland , nearby islands , and most outlying islands including the Antipodes Islands , Auckland Islands , Bounty Islands , Campbell Islands , and Chatham Islands ( but not the Kermadec Islands or Macquarie Island ( Australia ) , which are part of the rift ) . New Caledonia and the islands surrounding it comprise some 18,576 km ( 7,172 sq mi or 7 % ) and the remainder is made up of various territories of Australia including Lord Howe Island Group ( New South Wales ) at 56 km ( 22 sq mi or 0.02 % ) , Norfolk Island at 35 km ( 14 sq mi or 0.01 % ) , as well as Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs ( Coral Sea Islands Territory ) with 0.25 km ( 0.097 sq mi ) . Population ( edit ) The total human population of Zealandia today is about 5 million people . New Zealand -- 4,735,600 New Caledonia -- 252,000 Norfolk Island -- 2,302 Lord Howe Island Group -- 347 Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs -- 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Figure 8.1 : New Zealand in relation to the Indo - Australian and Pacific Plates '' . The State of New Zealand 's Environment 1997 . 1997 . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Danver , Steven L. ( 22 December 2010 ) . Popular Controversies in World History : Investigating History 's Intriguing Questions . ABC - CLIO . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 598 - 84078 - 0 . Zealandia or Tasmantis , with its 3.5 million square km territory being larger than Greenland , ... Jump up ^ Keith Lewis ; Scott D. Nodder ; Lionel Carter ( 11 January 2007 ) . `` Zealandia : the New Zealand continent '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer , Nick ; Campbell , Hamish J. ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Zealandia : Earth 's Hidden Continent '' . GSA Today . 27 . doi : 10.1130 / GSATG321A. 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Luyendyk , Bruce P. ( April 1995 ) . `` Hypothesis for Cretaceous rifting of east Gondwana caused by subducted slab capture '' . Geology. 23 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 376 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1995 ) 023 < 0373 : HFCROE > 2.3.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Searching for the lost continent of Zealandia '' . The Dominion Post . 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2007 . We can not categorically say that there has always been land here . The geological evidence at present is too weak , so we are logically forced to consider the possibility that the whole of Zealandia may have sunk . Jump up ^ Campbell , Hamish ; Gerard Hutching ( 2007 ) . In Search of Ancient New Zealand . North Shore , New Zealand : Penguin Books . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 302088 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wood , Ray ; Stagpoole , Vaughan ; Wright , Ian ; Davy , Bryan ; Barnes , Phil ( 2003 ) . New Zealand 's Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76 ( PDF ) . Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences series 56 ; NIWA technical report 123 . Wellington , New Zealand : Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited ; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research . p. 16 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . The continuous rifted basement structure , thickness of the crust , and lack of seafloor spreading anomalies are evidence of prolongation of the New Zealand land mass to Gilbert Seamount . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Nick ; Hamish Campbell ( 2014 ) . Zealandia : Our continent revealed . North Shore , New Zealand : Penguin Books . pp. 72ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 357156 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Zealandia : Is there an eighth continent under New Zealand ? '' . BBC News . 2017 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Great South Basin -- Questions and Answers '' . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New survey published on NZ mineral deposits '' . 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Figure 4 . Basement rocks of New Zealand '' . UNCLOS Article 76 : The Land mass , continental shelf , and deep ocean floor : Accretion and suturing . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Nick ; Hamish Campbell ( 2014 ) . Zealandia : Our continent revealed . North Shore , New Zealand : Penguin Books . pp. 120ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 357156 - 8 . Jump up ^ Yarwood , V. Book review of `` Zealandia : Our continent revealed '' , New Zealand Geographic , November - December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Potter , Randall ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Meet Zealandia : Earth 's latest continent '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Zealandia -- pieces finally falling together for continent we did n't know we had '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ East , Michael ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Scientists discover ' Zealandia ' -- a hidden continent off the coast of Australia '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Fossil forest : Features of Curio Bay / Porpoise Bay Retrieved on 6 November 2007 Jump up ^ Campbell , Hamish ; Gerard Hutching ( 2007 ) . In Search of Ancient New Zealand . North Shore , New Zealand : Penguin Books . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 302088 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/population_clock.aspx Further reading ( edit ) Mortimer , N. , and Campbell , H. ( 2014 ) Zealandia : Our continent revealed . Auckland : Penguin Books ( NZ ) . ISBN 978 - 0143571568 External links ( edit ) Zealandia the New Zealand ( drowned ) Continent , from Te Ara Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia Americas Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Oceanic features of Zealandia Major divisions Western Province ( North Zealandia ) Eastern Province ( South Zealandia ) Plateaux , ridges , and rises Bellona Plateau Bounty Platform Campbell Plateau Challenger Plateau Chatham Rise Chesterfield Plateau Colville - Lau Ridge Dampier Ridge Fairway Ridge Kenn Plateau Lord Howe Plateau Loyalty Ridge Mellish Rise Norfolk Ridge Northland Plateau Puysegur Ridge Resolution Ridge Three Kings Ridge West Norfolk Ridge Troughs and trenches Bellona Gap Bellona Trough Bounty Trough Havre Trough Hikurangi Trench New Caledonia Trough Puysegur Trench Oceanic basins Bellona Basin Campbell Basin Canterbury Basin Capel Basin Cato Basin Chatham Slope Dampier Basin Deepwater Taranaki Basin East Coast Basin Emerald Basin Fairway Basin Faust Basin Gower Basin Great South Basin Middleton Basin Monowai Basin Moore Basin New Caledonia Basin Norfolk Basin Northeast Slope Northland Basin Outer Campbell Basin Pegasus Basin Pukaki Basin Raukumara Basin Reinga Basin South Fiji Basin South Loyalty Basin Taranaki Basin Wanganui Basin West Coast Basin Seamounts Banc Capel Capel Guyot Clark Seamount Flinder 's Seamount Gifford Guyot Gilbert Seamount Graveyard Seamounts Havre Seamount Lord Howe Seamount Chain Rumble III Seamount Rumble IV Seamount Rumble V Seamount South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts Tangaroa Seamount Tasmantid Seamount Chain Other Alpine Fault Kermadec Plate Maari oil field Maui gas field Pohokura field Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zealandia&oldid=802393944 '' Categories : New Zealand seafloor ( oceanography ) Continental fragments Continents Zealandia Geology of New Zealand Geography of New Caledonia Geography of Oceania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use dmy dates from February 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what continent is new zealand part of map	[ "Zealandia ( /ziːˈlændiə/), also known as the New Zealand continent or Tasmantis,[2] is a nearly submerged mass of continental crust that sank after breaking away from Australia 60–85 million years ago, having separated from Antarctica between 85 and 130 million years ago.[3] It has variously been described as a continental fragment, a microcontinent and a continent.[4] The name and concept for Zealandia were proposed by Bruce Luyendyk in 1995.[5]" ]	[ "Zealandia" ]
-5511858354439584425	Anderson, California	Anderson , California - wikipedia Anderson , California For the former town in Mendocino County with this name , see Anderson , Mendocino County , California . City in California in California , United States Anderson , California City in California Seal Nickname ( s ) : City of Opportunity Location of Anderson in Shasta County , California Anderson , California Location in the United States Coordinates : 40 ° 27 ′ 8 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 48 '' W / 40.45222 ° N 122.29667 ° W / 40.45222 ; - 122.29667 Coordinates : 40 ° 27 ′ 8 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 48 '' W / 40.45222 ° N 122.29667 ° W / 40.45222 ; - 122.29667 Country United States State California County Shasta Incorporated January 16 , 1956 Government Type Council - manager City council Mayor Baron V. Browning Vice Mayor Norma Comnick Susie Baugh Melissa Hunt Stan Neutze Area Total 6.62 sq mi ( 17.15 km ) Land 6.37 sq mi ( 16.50 km ) Water 0.25 sq mi ( 0.64 km ) 3.74 % Elevation 430 ft ( 132 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 9,932 Estimate ( 2017 ) 10,370 Density 1,627.43 / sq mi ( 628.35 / km ) Time zone UTC - 8 ( Pacific ( PST ) ) Summer ( DST ) UTC - 7 ( PDT ) ZIP code 96007 Area code ( s ) 530 FIPS code 06 - 02042 GNIS feature ID 0277470 Website http://ci.anderson.ca.us/ Anderson is a city in Shasta County , California , United States , approximately 10 miles south of Redding . The population was 9,932 at the 2010 census , up from 9,022 at the 2000 census . The city was named after ranch owner Elias Anderson who granted the Oregon and California Railroad trackage rights and land for a station . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Politics 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Recreation 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Railroad activity came to the area in 1872 . Anderson is named after Elias Anderson , who owned the largest land grant in the vicinity . The city 's Anderson River Park sits on part of the original land grant owned by Anderson . Geography ( edit ) Anderson is located at 40 ° 27 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 48 '' W / 40.452092 ° N 122.296560 ° W / 40.452092 ; - 122.296560 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.6 square miles ( 17 km ) , of which 6.4 square miles ( 17 km ) of it is land and 0.2 square miles ( 0.52 km ) of it ( 3.74 % ) is water . Climate ( edit ) According to the Köppen Climate Classification system , Anderson has a Hot - summer Mediterranean climate , abbreviated `` Csa '' on climate maps . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 508 -- 1960 4,492 -- 1970 5,492 22.3 % 1980 7,381 34.4 % 8,299 12.4 % 2000 9,022 8.7 % 9,932 10.1 % Est. 2017 10,370 4.4 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Anderson had a population of 9,932 . The population density was 1,500.3 people per square mile ( 579.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Anderson was 8,273 ( 83.3 % ) White , 70 ( 0.7 % ) African American , 426 ( 4.3 % ) Native American , 256 ( 2.6 % ) Asian , 17 ( 0.2 % ) Pacific Islander , 353 ( 3.6 % ) from other races , and 537 ( 5.4 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,070 persons ( 10.8 % ) . The Census reported that 9,920 people ( 99.9 % of the population ) lived in households , 12 ( 0.1 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 0 ( 0 % ) were institutionalized . There were 3,944 households , out of which 1,453 ( 36.8 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 1,503 ( 38.1 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 771 ( 19.5 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 254 ( 6.4 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 364 ( 9.2 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 25 ( 0.6 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 1,163 households ( 29.5 % ) were made up of individuals and 490 ( 12.4 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.52 . There were 2,528 families ( 64.1 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.07 . The population was spread out with 2,746 people ( 27.6 % ) under the age of 18 , 934 people ( 9.4 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 2,565 people ( 25.8 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 2,420 people ( 24.4 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 1,267 people ( 12.8 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34.1 years . For every 100 females , there were 87.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 82.2 males . There were 4,211 housing units at an average density of 636.1 per square mile ( 245.6 / km2 ) , of which 1,888 ( 47.9 % ) were owner - occupied , and 2,056 ( 52.1 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.8 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 4.6 % . 4,727 people ( 47.6 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 5,193 people ( 52.3 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 9,022 people , 3,372 households , and 2,319 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,412.0 people per square mile ( 545.1 / km2 ) . There were 3,579 housing units at an average density of 560.2 per square mile ( 216.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 86.51 % White , 0.62 % African American , 4.13 % Native American , 1.77 % Asian , 0.12 % Pacific Islander , 2.33 % from other races , and 4.51 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.30 % of the population . There were 3,372 households out of which 39.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 42.6 % were married couples living together , 20.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 31.2 % were non-families. 26.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.14 . In the city , the population was spread out with 31.6 % under the age of 18 , 9.2 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 18.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 32 years . For every 100 females , there were 87.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 79.6 males . The median income for a household in the city was $24,558 , and the median income for a family was $29,259 . Males had a median income of $28,074 versus $20,745 for females . The per capita income for the city was $11,744 . About 22.2 % of families and 28.3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 43.3 % of those under age 18 and 9.5 % of those age 65 or over . According to a 2006 estimate , the population is 10,677 . The report by the California Department of Finance lists the annual percentage change population estimate at 1.4 % . In 2007 , the population dropped from 10,677 to 10,580 . In areas north of Anderson , 4,036 live in unincorporated urban areas along Highway 273 . Another 8,342 live in rural areas , including at least 3,500 people in the communities of Olinda and Happy Valley , which is west of Anderson and southwest of Redding . A total of 21,400 people live in the entire Anderson area , including Olinda , Happy Valley , and some areas south of Churn Creek Bottom . Politics ( edit ) In the state legislature Anderson is located in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Ted Gaines , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle . Federally , Anderson is in California 's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . Economy ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 ) Education ( edit ) Anderson Union High School Oakview High School North Valley High School Anderson New Technology High School Shasta Christian Academy Recreation ( edit ) The city is home to Anderson River Park , North Volonte Park , and South Volonte Park . Anderson River Park is located off of Stingy Ln . down Rupert Rd . The park is situated on the Sacramento River . The park consists of athletic fields , picnic areas , fishing access , play structures , and a disc golf course . North Volonte Park is located off South St. on Emily Rd . North Volonte Park is separated from South Volonte Park . North Volonte Park is a developed park which consists of softball and baseball fields . It also has a skate park . South Volonte Park is located behind North Volonte Park . South Volonte Park is wetlands that are outlined by a jogging trail . It also contains exercise equipment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` City of Anderson '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Aug 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin ; William Bright ( 2004 ) . California Place Names ( Fourth ed . ) . University of California Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24217 - 3 . Jump up ^ Northern California . Heathrow , Florida : AAA Publishing . 2012 . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Climate Summary for Anderson , California Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA - Anderson city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ State of California , Department of Finance , E-1 Population Estimates for Cities , Counties and State with Annual Percent Change -- January 1 , 2005 and 2006 . Sacramento , California , May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . State of California . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Members Assembly '' . State of California . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 1st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Anderson , California . Official City Website Anderson Union High School District Images of Anderson from the Eastman 's Originals Collection , Special Collections Dept. , University of California , Davis . Municipalities and communities of Shasta County , California , United States County seat : Redding Cities Anderson Redding Shasta Lake CDPs Bella Vista Big Bend Burney Cassel Cottonwood Fall River Mills French Gulch Hat Creek Keswick Lakehead McArthur Millville Montgomery Creek Mountain Gate Old Station Palo Cedro Round Mountain Shasta Shingletown Unincorporated communities Beegum Castella Centerville Cloverdale Dana Enterprise Gas Point Happy Valley Igo Ingot Lakehead - Lakeshore Matheson Minnesota Motion Oak Run O'Brien Olinda Ono Platina Pollard Flat Tunnel Inn Viola Whitmore Indian reservations Big Bend Rancheria Redding Rancheria Ghost towns Buzzards Roost Delamar Kennett Whiskeytown Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson,_California&oldid=864455916 '' Categories : Cities in Shasta County , California Incorporated cities and towns in California Populated places on the Sacramento River Hidden categories : Articles with short description Infobox settlement pages with bad settlement type Coordinates on Wikidata Articles to be expanded from January 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 09 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is redding california from anderson california	[ "Anderson is a city in Shasta County, California, United States, approximately 10 miles south of Redding. The population was 9,932 at the 2010 census, up from 9,022 at the 2000 census.\n" ]	[ "10 miles" ]
-3195793323056746567	Eddie and the Cruisers	Eddie and the Cruisers - wikipedia Eddie and the Cruisers Jump to : navigation , search Eddie and the Cruisers Theatrical release poster . Directed by Martin Davidson Produced by Joseph Brooks Robert K. Lifton Screenplay by Martin Davidson Arlene Davidson Based on The novel by P.F. Kluge Starring Tom Berenger Michael Paré Music by John Cafferty Cinematography Fred Murphy Edited by Priscilla Nedd - Friendly Production company Aurora Productions Distributed by Embassy Pictures Release date September 23 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 23 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $4.7 million Eddie and the Cruisers is a 1983 American film directed by Martin Davidson with the screenplay written by the director and Arlene Davidson , based on the novel by P.F. Kluge . The film was marketed with the tagline `` Rebel . Rocker . Lover . Idol . Vanished . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Cast notes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Shooting 5 Soundtrack 6 Reaction 7 Critical reception 8 Re-release 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A television reporter named Maggie Foley ( Ellen Barkin ) investigates the mysterious disappearance of legendary rock star Eddie Wilson ( Michael Paré ) . Flashbacks dramatize Eddie 's life and the rise and fall of his rock and roll band , Eddie and the Cruisers . The band gets its start at a Somers Point , New Jersey club called Tony Mart 's . Not adept at writing lyrics , Eddie hires Frank Ridgeway ( Tom Berenger ) aka `` Wordman '' to be the band 's keyboard player and lyricist , over the protests of band manager Doc Robbins ( Joe Pantoliano ) and bassist Sal Amato ( Matthew Laurance ) . Rounding out the Cruisers are saxophonist Wendell Newton ( Michael `` Tunes '' Antunes ) , background singer and Eddie 's girlfriend Joann Carlino ( Helen Schneider ) , and drummer Kenny Hopkins ( David Wilson ) . The band 's first album , Tender Years , became a major hit , but recording their next album , A Season in Hell , turns out to be a nightmare . Inspired by the bleak , fatalistic poetry of Arthur Rimbaud , Eddie pushes his bandmates beyond their limits , musically and personally . Eddie wants to be great , but bassist Sal replies , `` We ai n't great . We 're just some guys from Jersey . '' Eddie makes this clear that if the band can not be great , there is no reason to ever play music again . A Season in Hell is ultimately rejected by Satin Records on the grounds that it is `` dark and strange '' . In the early morning hours , Eddie 's car crashes through the railing and over the Stainton Memorial Causeway . Eddie vanishes without a trace , his body never found . Almost 20 years later , Satin re-releases the band 's first album , which charts even higher than it did originally . A television documentary is soon in the works , exploring the mystery of the band 's second album , which had disappeared from the vaults of Satin Records the day after Eddie 's disappearance . All of the original Cruisers are set to participate in it except Eddie and Wendell Newton , who had died of an overdose in August 1963 at age 37 . The others are now living ordinary lives : Sal Amato fronts a Cruisers tribute band . Ridgeway is a high school English teacher in Vineland . Doc works as a radio disc jockey in Asbury Park . Joann is a stage choreographer in Wildwood , and Hopkins works in an Atlantic City casino . During the documentary interviews , the band expresses a desire to relive the past , even though many of their memories are humiliating . For example , during a concert at Benton College , where Frank was once a student , Eddie ridicules Frank repeatedly by referring to him as `` Toby Tyler '' . The other Cruisers members share similar stories . Joann is able to complete the one piece of the puzzle that Frank could not : revealing what happened to the band 's second album . After storming from the studio , Eddie brought her to the Palace of Depression , a makeshift castle made of garbage and junk that he visited often as a child . She reveals it was in fact she who took the master tapes for the album from Satin Records , hiding them in the Palace of Depression , where she felt they belonged . Frank and Joann go back to the Palace of Depression to retrieve the master tapes . A mystery man driving a blue ' 57 Chevy Bel Air convertible identical to Eddie 's arrives at the house and calls to Joann . But before she can reach the car , Frank unmasks the impostor , revealing him to be Doc , who was after the master tapes all these years . Moved by his story , Frank and Joann give him the master tapes . Doc drives off into the night vowing that the Cruisers will finally conquer the world this time . In a surprise reveal at the ending , a bearded , much older looking Eddie is shown alive , watching the ending credits of Foley 's documentary tribute to him and the band roll through the window of an appliance store . He smiles serenely , proud to know that his work is finally being heard , and then disappears into the night . Cast ( edit ) Tom Berenger as Frank Ridgeway Michael Paré as Eddie Wilson Joe Pantoliano as Doc Robbins Matthew Laurance as Sal Amato Helen Schneider as Joann Carlino David Wilson as Kenny Hopkins Michael `` Tunes '' Antunes as Wendell Newton Ellen Barkin as Maggie Foley Joanne Collins as Regina Lewis Cast Notes ( edit ) Only two cast members , Michael `` Tunes '' Antunes , the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band , and backup singer Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the fictional band . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Martin Davidson has said that the inspiration for the film came from a desire to `` get all my feelings about the music of the last 30 years of rock music into it . '' He optioned P.F. Kluge 's novel with his own money and at great financial risk . He wrote the screenplay with Arlene Davidson and decided to use a Citizen Kane - style story structure . He remembered , `` That was in my head : the search . '' Davidson made a deal with Time - Life , a company that was going into the movie - making business . However , it quickly left the business after making two films that were not financially successful . He was understandably upset and a couple of days later he went out to dinner and met a secretary who had worked on his first film . He told her what had happened to his film , and she gave his script for Eddie and the Cruisers to her business partners . In a relatively short time , a deal was struck with Aurora and Davidson was given a $6 million budget . Shooting ( edit ) In order to get a credible looking and sounding band for the film , Davidson hired Kenny Vance , one of the original members of Jay and the Americans . He showed Davidson his scrapbook , the places the band performed , the car they drove in , and how they transported their instruments . Vance also told Davidson stories about the band , some of which he incorporated into the script . Tom Berenger has said that he did not try to learn piano for the film but did practice keyboards for hours in his trailer . Matthew Laurance actually learned how to play the bass through rehearsals . Only Michael `` Tunes '' Antunes , the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band , and Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the cast . Michael Paré was discovered in a New York City restaurant working as a chef . He said of his role in the film that it was `` a thrill I 've never experienced . It 's a really weird high . For a few moments , you feel like a king , a god . It 's scary , a dangerous feeling . If you take it too seriously ... '' Davidson had the actors who played in Eddie 's band rehearse as if they were getting ready for a real concert . Pare remembers , `` The first time we played together - as a band - was a college concert . An odd thing happened . At first , the extras simply did what they were told . Then , as the music heated up , so did the audience . They were n't play - acting anymore . The screaming , stomping and applause became spontaneous . '' Davidson recalls , `` One by one , kids began standing up in their seats , screaming and raising their hands in rhythmic applause . A few girls made a dash for the stage , tearing at Michael 's shirt . We certainly had n't told them to do that . But we kept the cameras rolling . '' Additionally , New Jersey musician Southside Johnny was hired as a technical advisor for the film . Ellen Barkin , who has the small role of the television reporter , Maggie Foley , later said that she `` hated '' making the film : That was what we liked to call a `` pay the rent '' job . It was n't a script I liked , but I remember my agent at the time saying , `` Look , you only have to work two weeks , and they 're going to pay you a lot of money . We 'll just say it was your first movie and they just did n't release it . '' I think people were all fucked up on drugs . I do n't know . I was a little removed , because I was n't on the movie the whole time , but it seemed like it was just a mess . Like , when I 'd go , I 'd think -- I like to make a movie where I know who the boss is . I like a big boss . I like a real director . And it seemed like it was just , `` Who 's driving the ship here ? What 's going on ? '' According to Davidson , when he completed the film , three different studios wanted to distribute it , and he went with Embassy Pictures because they offered him the most money . However , they had no prior experience in distribution and were unable to properly release it in theaters . Davidson remembered , `` And six months later , somebody said , ' Your picture is appearing on HBO this weekend , ' and I did n't even know . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music . Initially , Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts , but when they meet Frank , they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors . However , Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band , and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band . The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands . Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band -- John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence , Rhode Island . Davidson met the band and realized that they closely resembled the band as described in the script , right down to a Cape Verdean saxophone player , whom he cast in the film . Initially , Cafferty was only hired to write a few songs for the film , but he did such a good job of capturing the feeling of the 1960s and 1980s that Davidson asked him to score the entire film . After successful screenings on HBO in 1984 , the album suddenly climbed the charts , going quadruple platinum . The studio re-released the soundtrack in the fall of 1984 . Nine months after the film was released in theaters , the main song in the film , `` On the Dark Side , '' was the number one song in the country on Billboard 's Mainstream , Rock , and Heatseeker charts ; and # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Another single from the film , `` Tender Years '' , peaked at # 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Reaction ( edit ) Eddie and the Cruisers was originally intended to open during the summer , but a scheduling error resulted in a September release , when its target audience - teenagers - were back in school . The film had its world premiere at Deauville . Embassy Pictures threw a promotional party for the film at a West Hollywood dance club in September , 1983 where Cafferty and his band played . The film was a box office flop , receiving many negative to mixed reviews from critics ( see below ) . The film was released in theaters on September 23 , 1983 and grossed $1.4 million on its opening weekend . It would go on to make a paltry $4.7 million in North America . The film was pulled from theaters after three weeks and all of the promotional ads pulled after one week . In the fall of 1984 , the single `` On the Dark Side '' from the soundtrack album suddenly climbed the charts , as the film was rediscovered on cable television and home video , prompting the studio to briefly re-release the album . Critical reception ( edit ) Eddie and the Cruisers was not well received by critics . Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote , `` the ending is so frustrating , so dumb , so unsatisfactory , that it gives a bad reputation to the whole movie . '' In her review for The New York Times , Janet Maslin wrote , `` Some of the details ring uncannily true , like the slick oldies nightclub act that one of the Cruisers is still doing nearly 20 years after Eddie 's supposed death . Other aspects of the film are inexplicably wrong . Eddie 's music sounds good , but it also sounds a lot like Bruce Springsteen 's , and it would not have been the rage in 1963 . '' However , she did praise Paré 's performance : `` Mr. Paré makes a fine debut ; he captures the manner of a hot - blooded young rocker with great conviction , and his lip - synching is almost perfect . '' Gary Arnold , in the Washington Post , wrote , `` At any rate , it seemed to me that what Eddie and the Cruisers aspired to do was certainly worth doing . The problem is that it finally lacks the storytelling resources to tell enough of an intriguing story about a musical mystery man . '' Re-release ( edit ) In 1984 , Eddie and the Cruisers was discovered by additional audiences during its first pay cable run on HBO . Embassy Pictures re-released the film for one week based on successful summer cable screenings and a popular radio single , but it once again failed to perform at the box office . Looking back , Davidson said , `` that picture should have been a theatrical success . There was an audience for it . People still watch it and still tell me about it . '' Davidson was offered the job of directing a sequel to the film , but he was not keen on the idea and wanted no participation . The eventual project , which , unlike the first , had had no source novel from Kluge as its basis , was released as Eddie and the Cruisers II : Eddie Lives ! in 1989 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Cody , Pleased To Meet Ya ! INTERVIEW : Michael Paré talks with TV STORE ONLINE about the cult classic STREETS OF FIRE '' , TV Store Online October 30 , 2013 accessed 23 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : Deans , Laurie ( September 2 , 1983 ) . `` Movie dogs faking it as fur flies '' . Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to : Muir 2007 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Muir 2007 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Deans , Laurie ( September 23 , 1983 ) . `` Most of the cast just fakes the rock '' . Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie and the Cruisers Production Notes '' . MGM . 1983 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Ellen Barkin on great directors and her favorite roles , from Diner to Buckaroo Banzai '' By Sam Fragoso , Random Roles - AV Club Mar 14 , 2015 accessed 30 March 2015 Jump up ^ Meyer , Andrea ( November 14 , 2000 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Martin Davidson 's Echo ; A Hollywood Vet 's Tale of Dashed Dreams '' . indieWIRE . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Muir 2007 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Deans , Laurie ( October 5 , 1984 ) . `` A whole lot of shootin ' going on , Western - style '' . Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to : Muir 2007 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Walt Bailey . `` Casey Kasem 's American Top 40 -- 10 / 27 / 84 '' . oldradioshows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's American Top 40 -- 11 / 3 / 84 '' . oldradioshows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's American Top 40 -- 1 / 12 / 85 '' . oldradioshows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( August 5 , 1983 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Eddie and the Cruisers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 23 , 1983 ) . `` Eddie and the Cruisers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( September 23 , 1983 ) . `` Early Rock Days , Eddie and the Cruisers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( September 30 , 1983 ) . `` Elusive Eddie '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Cockrell , Eddie ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` Insights on Film '' . Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Muir , John Kenneth . The Rock and Roll Film Encyclopedia . Applause Books , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eddie and the Cruisers Eddie and the Cruisers on IMDb Eddie and the Cruisers at AllMovie Eddie and the Cruisers at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Martin Davidson The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) Almost Summer ( 1978 ) Hero at Large ( 1980 ) Eddie and the Cruisers ( 1983 ) Long Gone ( 1987 ) Heart of Dixie ( 1989 ) Hard Promises ( 1991 ) Looking for an Echo ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_and_the_Cruisers&oldid=805434956 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1980s drama films American independent films American musical drama films American mystery films American rock music films Fictional musical groups Films about music and musicians Films based on American novels Films set in New Jersey Films shot in New Jersey Films set in the 1960s Aurora Productions films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Polski Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the eddie and the cruisers songs	[ "Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors.[4] However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands.[4] Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band--John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island." ]	[ "John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island" ]
-7687176332873498419	List of Mama's Family characters	List of Mama 's family characters - wikipedia List of Mama 's family characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of the characters appearing on the television show Mama 's Family ( 1983 -- 1990 ) and The Family ( 1974 -- 1978 ) sketches on The Carol Burnett Show which preceded it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thelma Harper ( Mama ) 2 Eunice Harper Higgins 3 Vinton Harper 4 Naomi Harper 5 Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . 6 Ellen Harper 7 Ed Higgins 8 Bubba Higgins 9 Aunt Fran Crowley 9.1 Frances Crowley 's Last Will and Testament 10 Iola Boylen 11 Lloyd Meechum 12 Alberta Meechum 13 Alvin Tutweiler 14 References Thelma Harper ( Mama ) ( edit ) See Thelma Harper Eunice Harper Higgins ( edit ) See Eunice Harper Higgins Vinton Harper ( edit ) Vinton Harper First appearance `` Vint and the Kids Move In '' Last appearance `` Bye - bye -- Baby ! '' Portrayed by Ken Berry David Friedman as Young Vint Harper Information Aliases Vinton Ray Harper ( birth name ) Gender Male Occupation Locksmith Family Thelma Harper ( mother ) Carl Harper ( father ; deceased ) Ellen Jackson ( sister ) Eunice Higgins ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Mitzi Harper ( divorced ) Naomi Oates ( current ) Children Sonja Harper ( daughter , with Mitzi ) Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr. ( son , with Mitzi ) Tiffany Thelma Harper ( daughter , with Naomi ) Relatives Aunt Fran Crowley ( aunt ) Ed Higgins ( brother - in - law ) Bubba Higgins ( nephew ) Billy Joe Higgins ( nephew ) Vinton Ray Harper , played by actor Ken Berry , was the youngest of the three children of Thelma Harper and her late husband , Carl . Vint was born on March 10 . As a child and as an adult , he was often at the mercy of his older sisters , snobbish Ellen and temperamental , tempestuous Eunice . Vint worked as a locksmith at a store called Kwik Keys . Prior to the series ' run , Vint and his former wife , Mitzi , had two children , Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr. and Sonja Harper . Mitzi had just abandoned Vinton and her family to move to Las Vegas as the series began , finding work there as a cocktail waitress , and Vint and his two children moved in with his mother after being evicted from their house . He soon reconnected with former schoolmate , and his mother 's next door neighbor , Naomi Oates . They fell in love after a one - night stand , exacerbating the neighborly rivalry between Thelma and Naomi , and they married in his mother 's house . Their plan after marriage had been to move to Arizona to run a trailer park , but their business partner absconded with their money , leaving them destitute with no other alternative but to move into his mother 's basement . During the NBC run of the series ( 1983 - 1984 ) , Vint was portrayed as clumsy , temperamental and unafraid of confrontation . As a blue - collar worker from the heartland , a few episodes during the NBC run revolved around his family 's inability to act with grace and class in public , much to the embarrassment of the more cultured members of the family . This changed during the series ' run in syndication ( 1986 - 1990 ) , when Vint was portrayed as dumbfounded and naïve , with a peaceable demeanor and a fear of confrontation . Toward the end of the third season , Vint became a member of the Mystic Knights of the Cobras , a fictitious men 's order similar to the Shriners and the Elks Club . A running gag throughout the series was that the Vint and Naomi characters were relegated to living in his mother 's basement while other family members occupied the rooms upstairs . When the series began running in syndication , Vint 's children Buzz and Sonja had moved out of the house and his aunt ( Thelma 's sister Fran ) had recently died . The season three premiere had Vint 's nephew Bubba Higgins , the son of Eunice and Ed Higgins , released from juvenile hall to Thelma 's custody after his parents had left Raytown for Florida ; Bubba was given Fran 's spacious room , complete with pink floral wallpaper . A season four episode addressed the unusual living arrangements between the family members as they switched rooms , but Vint and his wife ultimately chose to move back into the basement and remained there without further complaint . In the penultimate episode of the series , Vint and Naomi finally moved out of the basement and into a recreational vehicle parked in his mother 's driveway . A recurring theme throughout the fifth season had Vint and his wife planning and attempting to conceive a child , culminating in the announcement at the season finale that Naomi was pregnant . The sixth season saw the family 's preparation for the upcoming new addition , and the series ended with Naomi giving birth to a daughter , Tiffany Thelma Harper . Naomi Harper ( edit ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Naomi Harper First appearance `` Vint and the Kids Move In '' Last appearance `` Bye - bye -- Baby ! '' Portrayed by Dorothy Lyman Information Nickname ( s ) `` Skeeter '' Aliases Naomi Oates Occupation Cashier at Food Circus Assistant Manager at Food Circus Spouse ( s ) Vinton Harper , Leonard Oates ( ex-husband ) , Tommy Ray / Lee ( ex-husband ) Children Tiffany Thelma Harper ( daughter ) Vinton Harper Jr . AKA Buzz ( step - son ) Sonja Harper ( step - daughter ) Relatives Thelma Harper ( mother - in - law ) , Bubba Higgins ( nephew ) , Ellen Jackson ( sister - in - law ) , Eunice Higgins ( sister - in - law ) , Ed Higgins ( brother - in - law ) Naomi Harper ( formerly Oates ) , played by actress - director Dorothy Lyman , was the second wife of Vinton Harper and the bane of Thelma Harper 's existence . Thelma thinks that Naomi is a floozy ; but Vint adores her and calls her `` Skeeter '' . At first , Naomi was Thelma 's neighbor , always complaining about the sap from Thelma 's tree dripping on her car , but later she becomes family . Naomi is a very amorous , touchy - feely woman , who 's often seen openly showing her love and affection towards Vint by rubbing and feeling all over him . She almost always either wears the color yellow and / or off - the - shoulder dresses and blouses . She met Vint , an old schoolmate , after he moved in with his mother , and the two hit it off . They even shared a night together , which infuriated Thelma . In fact , her wedding ceremony was almost ruined by the over-the - top antics of her hateful sister - in - law , Eunice Harper Higgins . Eunice begged both Vint and Naomi to let her sing . Naomi reluctantly agreed , basically to keep Eunice quiet . However , the straw broke for Eunice when Naomi showed her a ring that her mother had given Vint . It turned out to be a sapphire ring that had belonged to her father , which she had coveted for some time . Naomi tied the ring around her neck ( it was the something old , something borrowed and something blue , her dress was the something new ) . This led to Eunice going off on every single member of her family , particularly her mother , leading Ed , Eunice 's long - suffering husband , to carry her out of the house . During this argument , Naomi was n't spared Eunice 's tongue - lashing and neither was Vinton . She called her younger brother , `` Tinker Bell '' and referred to Naomi as a `` recycled bride '' . This set the stage for animosity between Eunice and Naomi . At first , Naomi , with Vint and her new family , was set to move to Arizona to run a trailer park , but her so - called `` partner '' ran off with the money she had made selling her house . Naomi worked as a cashier at Food Circus , a local grocery store in Raytown , and continued to do so , even after her marriage . She later was promoted to Assistant Manager . She worked under three managers , Mr. Frank Palmer ( who hired Thelma Harper as head of customer relations ) , Mr. Carruthers and Mr. Archie Woods , who sexually harassed Naomi . She had been married two previous times , most notably to Leonard Oates ( played by Jerry Reed ) , but despite that , Vint is her soul - mate and the love of her life . She and Vint remain a solid couple , even though neighbor Iola Boylen makes no secret of her lifelong crush on Vint . Although she established a bond between her and her two stepchildren , ( from Vint 's first marriage ) Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr. and Sonja Harper ; she had her own child by Vint , Tiffany Thelma Harper , who was named in part after her grandmother . After years of living in the basement of the Harper home , they purchased a trailer and lived in the backyard , out of the house , but never out of Thelma 's shadow . The character of Naomi underwent a change after the series went to first - run syndication . Naomi became less assertive and more dumb . During the run on NBC , Naomi was not shown to be a pushover and quite often stood up to Mama . Indeed , at one point she sued Mama . This side of Naomi was dropped when the series entered syndication . There is also a continuity error with how many prior times Naomi has been married . Most say Vinton was her third marriage but several instances ( such as in the episode regarding the chili cook - off ) , Naomi names four prior ex-husbands so that would make Vinton her fifth . Naomi says she married Tommy Lee when she was 17 , then names Rick , Leonard and George as her other husbands . It was Leonard ( played by Jerry Reed ) who had the last name of Oates . Naomi boasts about her cooking , but it 's really canned food with a few added ingredients . Her `` Famous International Stew '' is canned stew , canned peas , canned Mexican corn , canned sauerkraut and SpaghettiOs . Another time is when Mama , Iola and Naomi competed in a chili cookoff , Naomi 's ingredients consisted of canned chili , Beer Nuts , beef jerky , and Fritos . Despite having limited cooking skills , Naomi briefly worked as a caterer with disastrous results . Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr. ( edit ) Vinton Harper Jr. , better known by his nickname , `` Buzz '' , played by actor Eric Brown , was the youngest of the two children of Vinton Harper and his first wife , Mitzi . Right after Mitzi had run off to Las Vegas to work in show business , ( in actuality , she worked at a bar as a cocktail waitress ) he , along with his father and his sister , Sonja Harper moved in with his grandmother , Thelma Harper , after they were evicted from their house . He shared a very good relationship with his grandmother and great - aunt Fran Crowley . The reason for this is that he did n't constantly drive his grandmother crazy as Sonja was often wont to do , and as his father had to his mother when he was Buzz 's age . He found favor with Aunt Fran because they shared a bathroom and at least , he was extremely neat and orderly , unlike Sonja . Buzz was that he was extremely obedient , patient and was always willing to do the right thing . Although he could be head - strong , like most of his family , he was never outright mean . This did n't please Sonja , who like her aunts before her , felt that he was overshadowing her . Buzz also seemed to have a close bond with his grandmother . One example was when she was lining up help to clean the attic . After everyone else gave some ridiculous and even some not - so - subtle excuses for not wanting to doing so , Buzz said that he had no excuse and therefore would help her . `` You 've got no imagination , Buzz '' his grandmother said , `` but I love you . '' Together the two shared stories from her earlier days when his dad and aunts were children , and even though they never got the attic ( where Buzz slept ) cleaned up , both enjoyed the day . As it turned out , it was a surprise for Thelma , who received a freezer that she had coveted for a long time as a birthday present , and everyone had pitched in . Another sore spot with Sonja was that even though she was older , she perceived Buzz to be favored by his father . In fact , he told his father , after he had told them that he was planning to remarry , that no matter what situations that he dragged them into , that they were his for the dragging . In his mind , other fathers would have given up on them and dumped them , but his father never did , and that was good enough for him . Buzz and Sonja were on the receiving end of their sharp - tongued aunt , Eunice Harper Higgins 's ire when she told them to `` go soak their heads in Clearasil ! ! '' This occurred at Vint and Naomi 's wedding . After two years of living with his grandmother , he and Sonja moved to an unknown location and did not appear in the syndicated episodes . The only mention of Buzz and Sonja was in the first syndicated episode , when Thelma lamented that they could not attend Fran 's funeral . They did establish a bond with their father 's second wife , Naomi Harper , however . In fact , Buzz outright said that he liked Naomi . Ellen Harper ( edit ) This television - related section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ellen Harper Jackson First appearance The Carol Burnett Show ( November 22 , 1975 ) Last appearance Episode : `` Best Medicine '' ( July 1986 ) Portrayed by Betty White Information Aliases Mary Ellen Harper ( birth name ) Gender Female Occupation Socialite Family Carl Harper ( father ; deceased ) Thelma Harper ( mother ) Eunice Higgins Vinton Harper Spouse ( s ) Bruce Jackson ( divorced ) Children Mary Beth Jackson Debbie Jackson ( daughters with Bruce ; mentioned on The Carol Burnett Show ) Relatives Fran Crowley ( maternal aunt ; deceased ) Bubba Higgins ( nephew ) Sonja Harper ( niece ) ( Tiffany Thelma Harper ) ( niece ) Buzz Harper ( nephew ) Billy Joe Higgins ( nephew ) Ellen Jackson ( née Mary Ellen Harper ) , who made sporadic appearances in the sketch comedy , The Family , and its spin - off sitcom , Mama 's Family , was played by Betty White . Ellen was born on June 30 in Raytown and is the oldest of Carl Harper and Thelma Crowley Harper 's three children . Even as a child , her snobbish tendencies asserted themselves . Typically , she prefers not to associate with anyone in her family unless it benefits her in some way . She was married to an often spoken of but never seen husband named Bruce Jackson , whom she later divorced . Her ability to do anything well irritated her resentful younger sister , Eunice , to no end . This , added to the fact that Ellen was Carl and Thelma 's clear favorite , added to the explosive rivalry between the two sisters . Ellen later learned of Bruce 's infidelity from Eunice , who gleefully exposed it to her face the night before Vint and Naomi 's wedding . Ellen 's relationship with her brother Vinton `` Vint '' Harper tends to be amicable , although like the rest of the family , she usually dismisses him for being a bit dim . Shortly after her divorce from Bruce Jackson , Ellen began to date a much younger man named Glenn , to which Thelma vehemently objected . She later began seeing Alvin Tutweiler , mayor of Raytown . Ellen saw him as the ticket back into the high society that she missed since her divorce . When confronted on this conniving by her mother , she flippantly replied : `` it worked for Nancy Reagan . '' Ellen was clearly resentful towards her mother when she decided to run against her boyfriend for mayor . Despite Ellen 's conniving , Thelma won the Mayor 's race . However , Thelma realized that she could n't run Raytown , so she relinquished the Mayor 's office back to Tutweiler . When the show went into syndication , it was presumed that Ellen still lived in Raytown as she was frequently mentioned but seen in only one episode after the second season . Betty White was , by this time , starring in The Golden Girls . Despite being her mother 's favorite , Ellen ( like her siblings ) is n't spared Thelma 's criticism , insults or wrath . When Fran died and Ellen did not attend her funeral , this caused a huge rift in Thelma and Ellen 's relationship , and Thelma threatened to not speak to her again . Afterwards , Ellen made an attempt to mend fences with her mother by showing up with a peace offering , but Thelma remained unmoved and ordered her out of the house . Thelma let go of her animosity when she soon after learned that Ellen had been checked into the hospital for surgery ( in reality , she had a mere fanny tuck ) . It was there that Thelma admitted to Ellen that she had always favored her the best of her three kids . That was the last appearance for Ellen 's character in the series . Ellen was chosen as Raytown Country Club 's Woman of the Year , and was embarrassed when Thelma , Vint , and Naomi showed up at the awards ceremony . She has also dated a successful businessman named Glenn , who was so young that Thelma observed `` She 's old enough to have lived two of his lives . '' However , in `` The Family '' sketches on the Carol Burnett Show , Ellen has no qualms about snapping back at her mother , when she is annoyed with her . In those sketches , she was also near gleeful whenever she got something that Eunice wanted , like a Tiffany lampshade or a box of fine china . She also tended to rub it into Eunice 's face that she was favored , and Eunice was not . In The Family sketches , her husband 's name was Arthur and they had two spoiled daughters , named Mary Beth and Debbie . Ed Higgins ( edit ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ed Higgins is a character in `` The Family '' sketches on The Carol Burnett Show and , to a lesser extent , on the sitcom spinoff Mama 's Family . In both cases , he was played by Harvey Korman . Among other things , Ed is a fiercely ill - tempered , slovenly , unsuccessful buffoon in The Family sketches . In his appearances on Mama 's Family , however , the intensity of the character is toned down and he is more of an affable , buffoonish dolt . Ed is the owner of Central Hardware store in Raytown . He was married to the most trying of women , Eunice Harper Higgins . They eloped , much against her mother Thelma Harper 's wishes , and that set up years of contention . In his wife 's eyes , he was an inconsiderate , worthless goon . At the hardware store , he had an assistant named Mickey Hart ( Tim Conway ) . Mickey was only seen on The Carol Burnett Show . Ed was asked by his brother in - law 's soon - to - be wife , Naomi Harper to give her away at her wedding . This earned him the wrath of Eunice , who wanted to sing at the wedding but was turned down by almost everyone in the family . During the wedding , Eunice decided to destroy the festivities , by railing and ranting at every member of her family , because once again , she was overshadowed by them . However , it is possible Ed has some relief from Eunice in the form of prostitutes . We know this from the episode where Thelma and Eunice are in jail together , with a prostitute who sets them both straight ( briefly ) . When Ed comes to bail the women out , he and the prostitute recognize each other suggestively . The couple , for all their contention , had a son , Bubba . They ultimately abandoned Bubba while he was in juvenile hall , moving to Florida without telling him . Neither Ed or Eunice appeared in any syndicated episodes . Bubba Higgins ( edit ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bubba Higgins First appearance `` Farewell Frannie '' Last appearance `` Bye Bye Baby '' Created by Dick Clair Portrayed by Allan Kayser Information Occupation College student Family Eunice Higgins ( mother ) Ed Higgins ( father ) Billy Joe Higgins ( brother ) Relatives Thelma Harper , neé Crowley ( grandmother ) Carl Harper ( grandfather ; deceased ) Vint Harper ( uncle ) Naomi Harper ( aunt ) Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr. ( cousin ) Sonja Harper ( cousin ) Tiffany Thelma Harper ( cousin ) Ellen Jackson ( aunt ) Bruce Jackson ( former uncle ) Fran Crowley ( great - aunt ; deceased ) Bubba Higgins is a fictional character in the television situation comedy , Mama 's Family . He was played by Allan Kayser . Bubba Higgins was the son of Ed and Eunice Higgins . Some time prior to his first appearance , he had stolen a car , and was sent to juvenile hall . He was released early on good behavior , only to return home and find that it was locked up . During Fran 's wake , Bubba was told that his parents had basically left him in Raytown while they went off to Florida . This characteristically selfish act of Eunice 's was enough to incur the wrath of her mother , Thelma Harper , who swore that she would kill Eunice for leaving Bubba in Raytown and also later for missing her own son 's high school graduation . Bubba was quite a contrast from his cousin , Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr ... Whereas Buzz was patient and easy to get along with , Bubba was a lot like his mother . He was n't as selfish as she was , but he was temperamental and stubborn . He was also very girl - crazy , something that his grandmother could n't understand . One time , she found a porno magazine in his bedroom , and she formed MOP ( Mothers Opposing Pornography ) to quash that . Bubba 's two best friends were Dwayne and T - Boy . Thelma thoroughly disliked the two from the outset , and often forbade Bubba from hanging out with them , but he usually wound up doing so and angering her in the process . When he first arrived , he did n't win any favor with his uncle Vinton and aunt Naomi Harper , when he got the prized bedroom that was left open when Thelma 's sister , Fran Crowley , died . Thelma had indeed promised him his own room . They had wanted that room , and were angered that Bubba got it , promise or no promise . They remained , under protest , in the basement . Bubba nearly caused a serious breach in his relationship with his grandmother , when he came home drunk on a few beers . It hurt Thelma to see Bubba drunk and it reminded her all too clearly of the first time Eunice drank . During a mother - daughter banquet , where Eunice and Thelma were supposed to sing `` MOTHER , '' they instead got into a violent argument about all the things that her mother had thought she had done and wrecked . That was why Thelma was so strident against drinking . Iola had told Bubba , Vint and Naomi the story the day after Bubba 's drinking incident and he tearfully apologized to Thelma , telling her she was the last person in the world he ever wanted to hurt . Thelma happily accepted and Bubba swore off drinking . Although he regularly drives his family crazy , they truly love Bubba . He got through his probation , and started to attend junior college . By this time , he did break away from Dwayne and T - Boy . He was also instrumental in saving his grandmother 's home , when he discovered that the house was a former brothel that the founder of Raytown had died in it . This made the house a Raytown historical landmark . Aunt Fran Crowley ( edit ) Frances Marie Crowley First appearance `` Vint and the Kids Move In '' ( January 1983 ) Last appearance `` A Grave Mistake '' ( April 1984 ) Created by Dick Clair Portrayed by Rue McClanahan Information Nickname ( s ) `` Aunt Fran '' ( nickname ) `` Fran '' ( nickname ) `` Frannie '' ( nickname ) Occupation Newspaper reporter Freelance writer Title Miss Crowley Family Grandma Crowley ( mother ; deceased ) Grandpa Crowley ( father ; deceased ) Thelma Harper ( sister ) Clyde Crowley ( brother ; lives in Amarillo , Texas ) Ellen Jackson ( niece ) Eunice Higgins ( niece ) Ed Higgins ( nephew - in - law ) Vint Harper ( nephew ) Naomi Harper ( niece - in - law ) Sonja Harper ( great - niece ) Buzz Harper ( great - nephew ) Bubba Higgins ( great - nephew ) Billy Joe Higgins ( great - nephew ) Tiffany Thelma Harper ( great - niece ) Relatives Ina ( aunt ; deceased ) Gert Corey ( cousin ) Don ( uncle ) Lorraine ( aunt ) Leroy ( cousin ; deceased ) Frances Marie Crowley , commonly known as `` Aunt Fran '' , is a fictional character on the television series , Mama 's Family . She was portrayed by Rue McClanahan during the show 's first two seasons . Fran is the uptight spinster younger sister of acid - tongued Thelma Harper . At first , she was the only one living with Thelma , until the arrival of her nephew , Vinton Harper and his children , Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr. and Sonja Harper . She was a reporter for one of Raytown 's newspapers , `` The Bugle '' . She was also a budding author , and had her own writing studio , which had been yanked from her by Thelma who needed the room for Sonja . ( The room had originally belonged to Ellen Harper and Eunice Harper Higgins , Vinton 's older sisters . ) At times , Fran had felt that her privacy had been invaded because of Vint and his family moving in , namely because Sonja had read her manuscript . Another particular cross was that she had to share a bathroom with the kids . At least Buzz kept his things in an orderly fashion and for this won favor from Fran , while Sonja was more messy and unorganized and therefore more frustrating to Fran . Fran often stood up to her opinionated sister , although at times she would let her hair down and have some fun . She showed this side of herself when she indulged in some wine at the wedding preparations for Vint and Naomi Oates . Also , when she chaperoned Sonja 's slumber party when Thelma was out of town . However , after two seasons , ( and because Rue McClanahan and Betty White , who played Ellen , had been asked to join the cast of The Golden Girls ) , Fran died as a result of swallowing a toothpick in the ladies room at the local bar and grill , The Bigger Jigger . Her room eventually went to her great - nephew , Bubba Higgins , which caused Vint and Naomi great consternation , since they had been angling for that room . McClanahan was actually unhappy with the role . Frances Crowley 's last will and testament ( edit ) After Fran 's funeral in `` Farewell Frannie '' , it was later revealed in `` Where There 's a Will '' that she left a last will and testament and Thelma contacted the executor of Fran 's last will and testament , Larwin P. Finstadler . According to Finstadler , Aunt Fran was worth an estimated $35,000 dollars through six bank accounts , stock and land holdings . 10 % of her estate is set aside for her favorite charity , the Ray of Hope Home for Wayward Girls . ( $3,500 ) To her sister Thelma Harper , she is bequeathed half of the remainder of her estate . ( $15,750 ) To her nephew Vint Harper and niece - in - law Naomi Harper , they are bequeathed half of the remainder of her estate . ( $15,750 ) There is one stipulation that Thelma must fill out Fran 's one final wish : which is to not lose her temper for a period of 2 weeks . If she failed , which she did , the entire estate would go to the Ray of Hope Home for Wayward Girls . Iola Boylen ( edit ) Iola Lucille Boylen First appearance Farewell , Frannie Last appearance Bye Bye Baby Information Nickname ( s ) Miss Boylen Gender Female Title Miss Boylen Family Tommy Boylen ( unknown relative ) Verne Boylen ( brother ) Relatives Vernilia Boylen ( cousin ) Vernette Boylen ( niece ) Iola Lucille Boylen , born on July 7 in Raytown a character on Mama 's Family , was played by Beverly Archer during the series ' syndicated run ( 1986 - 1990 ) . During the NBC years ( 1983 - 1984 ) , there was no mention of Iola by name ; however , various references to the Boylen family were made , including a `` Tommy Boylen '' and `` Ms. Boylen , '' the latter who appeared briefly as a neighbor living across the street from Thelma Harper and her family . After Iola 's introduction in season three , she was portrayed as having lived across the street from and knowing the Harper family for all of her life . With the exception of her niece , Vernette ( played by Penelope Sudrow ) , the rest of her family members and the inside of her home were unseen . References were made throughout the series to her father and morbidly obese and disabled mother , Mr. and Mrs. Boylen , her brother Verne , and her cousin Vernelia , who worked at an adoption agency in the neighboring town of Hinckley . Thelma 's daughter Ellen had limited interaction with Iola in the syndicated version of the series , and through flashbacks , it is revealed that Thelma 's daughter Eunice disliked her . Thelma 's grandson Bubba always referred to her as `` Miss Boylen , '' and Iola 's catchphrase was a friendly `` Knock , knock ! '' whenever she entered the Harpers ' house , usually around dinner time . Iola would often be the only other person whom Thelma would spend time with , outside of her family . They would often be involved in civic work together , most notably the Church Ladies ' League ( CLL ) . Although the two women were best friends , multiple episodes and story lines would depict conflicts that would arise between the two when fighting over the same things ( e.g. , a position as president of the CLL ; a rose - growing contest ; a chili cook - off ; a winning lottery ticket , etc . ) . When first introduced , the character of Iola seemed to be an antagonist for Mama , but this role was quickly dropped and most episodes depicted Iola as a second banana to Thelma in her schemes throughout the series ' run . From the character 's introduction at the beginning of season three until the middle of season four , the Iola character was infatuated with Vinton , a crush that was revealed to have existed since they were children . Her open flirtatiousness around Vinton and her disdain of Naomi led to an acrimonious and somewhat formal relationship between the two women . However , after a season four episode ( `` I Do , I Do n't '' ) in which various characters fantasized about married life with the objects of their affections , Iola 's attitude towards Vinton changed from that point forward in the series . With Iola no longer displaying any overt interest in Vinton , relations between her and Naomi greatly improved , with episodes in seasons five and six depicting the two women spending time together at the theater and the mall . Iola was depicted as mobile , having the ability to drive a car and the church van , which were both never seen . As a home economics major , she was frequently portrayed as an excellent cook , baker , gardener , housekeeper , and sewer of clothes , drapes , and slipcovers . However , she was also a frequent maker of handicrafts that ranged from the impractical to the ridiculous ; she would bestow these unwanted items regularly upon the Harper family , much to their chagrin . It was never explained if Iola ever had a job outside of her house , or if she was a full - time caregiver for her parents ; in several episodes , Iola alluded to selling her handicrafts at events , and one episode had her almost getting a job as an inventor . In every episode in which Iola appeared , her character wore pink gingham shirtwaist dresses . However , depending on the plot lines , she would also change from her everyday dress into pink overalls ( when working in the garden ) , black gingham shirtwaist dresses ( while in mourning for characters who had died , including her cat ) , and during dream sequences , a pink off - the - shoulder dress ( in the style of Naomi ) and a vixen dress ( in film - noir femme - fatale style ) . Lloyd Meechum ( edit ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rev. Lloyd Meechum is a fictional character on the television sitcom , Mama 's Family . He was played by Earl Boen . Lloyd Meechum is the reverend for the church ( unnamed ) that Thelma Harper and her family attend . He is married to the often overbearing Alberta Meechum and has a grandson named Eugene . Reverend Meechum , in fact , married Vinton `` Vint '' Harper and Naomi Harper and officiated at Fran Crowley 's funeral . In fact , it was an incident with little Eugene that warranted him the most time on the show . During one Sunday in church , Eugene carved initials into the pews ; and ran up and down , screaming and throwing paper airplanes at the choir . While the Harpers behavior was n't sterling ; Mrs. Meechum was sitting there with a smile which butter would n't melt , to coin the sarcastic phrase of Iola Boylan . Then , while the Meechums were visiting the shut - ins , the Harpers were saddled with Eugene . To say that he was a holy terror would be a grievous understatement . He doctored Thelma 's stew with a bottle of hot sauce ; locked Vinton and his nephew , Bubba Higgins in the garage ; and tormented Naomi , Thelma and Iola . There was no respite for the Harpers , since Lloyd was injured in the hospital . Eugene was still a terror . He tied up Thelma , and it took Lloyd and Alberta to untie the thoroughly livid Thelma . While she held Eugene down , Lloyd spanked him , for kicking his sore leg . The milquetoast finally grew a spine . Alberta Meechum ( edit ) Alberta Meechum is a fictional character on the television sitcom , Mama 's Family . She was played by Anne Haney . Alberta is the catty , judgmental , and gossipy wife of the reverend Lloyd Meechum . As a church leader , she was well known in her parish . She was a former president of the Church Ladies League , or the CLL . She was also stuck - up by virtue of her strong position in the church . This allowed her to somewhat control her husband . Because of her nature , she was considered Thelma Harper 's nemesis . They had a very bratty grandson named Eugene ( aka Little Eugene ) , whom she spoiled unabashedly , and allowed to misbehave so dreadfully . Whenever he did anything wrong , she would simply sit there and smile a smile `` like butter would n't melt '' . During one Sunday , she decided to foist the unwilling Eugene on the even more unwilling Harpers . She said that he would n't be no trouble . Grammatically she was more than right ; he indeed was n't no trouble ; in fact he was ALL trouble ! And the trouble he unleashed on them was terrible . Among his crimes , he doctored Thelma 's stew with a whole bottle of Hot Sauce , then tried to deny his wrongdoing when caught ; locked Vinton `` Vint '' Harper and Bubba Higgins in the garage ; tormented Vint 's wife , Naomi Harper ; ruined Thelma 's best tablecloth by coloring on it with crayons ; wrecked a gift of Iola Boylan 's ; ruined Thelma 's downstairs bathroom by spraying a whole can of Vint 's shaving cream ; and tying up Thelma during the night . Even with all the proof of the crimes he committed , Alberta refused to do anything about Eugene , thinking that anything he did was perfect . In short , she tried to turn things around on Thelma by trying to blame her for all that happened , even though the idea of the Harpers babysitting Eugene had been Alberta 's idea at the outset . When Eugene kicked Lloyd in his broken leg , that was the final straw . While Thelma grabbed him when he tried to run for it , and held him in place ; Lloyd finally spanked the unruly child as he deserved , to Alberta 's horror . When Thelma made an attempt at an unprecedented second term as president of the Church Ladies League , the conniving Alberta , presumably in retaliation for Thelma helping her husband punish their grandson , did everything in her power to stop her , by putting up Iola as a candidate , and nearly destroying Thelma and Iola 's friendship . As it turned out , neither of them won , both defeated by Lolly Perdue , the only member of the CLL big enough to separate the two squabbling combatants . Alvin Tutweiler ( edit ) Alvin Tutweiler is a fictional character in the television series Mama 's Family . He was played by Alan Oppenheimer . Tutweiler was the mayor of the fictitious community of Raytown , where Thelma Harper lived for many years . Despite his often pompous ways and tendency to rub his constituents the wrong way , he was a somewhat decent mayor . He had met Ellen Harper not long after she had divorced her husband , Bruce Jackson , and the two bonded . To the snobbish and very conniving Ellen , she saw him as a step to becoming possibly the first lady of the state . Her claim to this was `` it worked for Nancy Reagan ! '' As always , trouble began when , during a senior citizen 's group meeting at Thelma 's house , she challenged the usually unopposed Mayor in his next election . This was a shock to Ellen , who refused to have any part of it , and fought her own family to try to stop it . Obviously her heart was set for Alvin to win , but in the end , despite Ellen 's machinations , Thelma defeated him by a shocking landslide . However , she discovered that campaigning for mayor , and actually running a city are two very different things , and Thelma realized that she could n't run Raytown , so she resigned and handed the reins of the city back to Alvin , who remained mayor all during the rest of the show 's run . Another time where the mayor made things tough for Thelma was when he was about to demolish the neighborhood she lived in to put in another landfill . Making Raytown distinguished by having two landfills ! However , her neighborhood ( and her house in particular ) was a former house of ill - repute where the founder of Raytown , James A. Ray , had died . It was located at Number One Old Decatur Road , and although the street system had changed , the house that she lived in was purchased back when it was Number One Old Decatur Road , and so the house was saved , to Tutweiler 's chagrin , by making it a historical landmark . The neighbors were furious about this because they were hoping for a ton of money , and also to be rid of Thelma as a neighbor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New York Times Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Rue McClanahan '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Carol Burnett Show Notable sketches `` As the Stomach Turns '' `` The Family '' `` Mrs. Wiggins '' `` Went with the Wind ! '' Notable characters Thelma Harper Eunice Harper Higgins Mrs. Wiggins The Oldest Man Films and TV shows based on sketches Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) Eunice ( 1982 ) Mama 's Family ( 1982 - 1984 ; 1986 - 1990 ) Episodes `` A Special Evening with Carol Burnett '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mama%27s_Family_characters&oldid=818700034 '' Categories : Mama 's Family characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did betty white play on mama's family	[ "Ellen Jackson (née Mary Ellen Harper), who made sporadic appearances in the sketch comedy, The Family, and its spin-off sitcom, Mama's Family, was played by Betty White." ]	[ "Ellen Jackson" ]
-1986187361211071705	2016 College Football Playoff National Championship	2016 College Football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2016 College Football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship College Football Playoff Alabama Crimson Tide Clemson Tigers ( 13 -- 1 ) ( 14 -- 0 ) SEC ACC 45 40 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Dabo Swinney AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP Total Alabama 7 7 7 24 45 Clemson 14 0 10 16 40 Date January 11 , 2016 Season 2015 Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Location Glendale , Arizona MVP Offensive : # 88 TE O.J. Howard , Jr . Alabama Defensive : # 4 SS Eddie Jackson , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 6.5 National anthem Ciara Eric Church ( Championship Tailgate ) Canaan Smith ( America the Beautiful ) Referee Terry Leyden ( Pac - 12 ) Attendance 75,765 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Heather Cox and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Eduardo Varela and Pablo Viruega ( ESPN Deportes ) Mike Tirico , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Joe Schad ( ESPN Radio ) International TV coverage Network ESPN ( Spanish and Portuguese ) Announcers Eduardo Varela and Pablo Viruega College Football Playoff National Championship < 2015 2017 > The 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that determined the national champion of NCAA Division I FBS college football for the 2015 season . It was played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona on January 11 , 2016 , and was the culminating game of the 2015 -- 16 bowl season . The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated semifinal bowls played on December 31 , 2015 : the No. 1 Clemson Tigers , who beat the No. 4 Oklahoma Sooners 37 -- 17 at the Orange Bowl , coached by Dabo Swinney in his 8th season , and the No. 2 Alabama Crimson Tide , who shut out the No. 3 Michigan State Spartans 38 -- 0 at the Cotton Bowl Classic , coached by Nick Saban . The 13 -- 1 Alabama Crimson Tide won the game , holding off the undefeated Clemson Tigers 45 -- 40 in the fourth quarter . Accompanied by a talented receiving corps , Clemson 's Heisman Finalist quarterback Deshaun Watson had a historic performance , setting the record for most total yards in national championship game history , with 478 yards ( 405 passing / 73 rushing ) against the nation 's third - ranked defense in Alabama , breaking the record previously set by Vince Young in the 2006 Rose Bowl . Following the game , the AP Poll also named Alabama as its top team of the season , giving Alabama their fourth title in seven seasons . Both Clemson and Alabama finished the season 14 -- 1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2016 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Clemson 4 Starting lineups 5 Game summary 5.1 Scoring summary 5.2 Statistics 6 Broadcasting 6.1 Local Radio 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona was announced as the host site in December 2013 , along with 2017 host Raymond James Stadium . The Arizona Organizing Committee , co-chaired by Brad Wright and Win Holden , hosted the game . 2016 College Football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals 2016 Championship Game December 31 -- Orange Bowl 1 Clemson 37 4 Oklahoma 17 January 11 -- National Championship 1 Clemson 40 December 31 -- Cotton Bowl 2 Alabama 45 2 Alabama 38 3 Michigan State 0 This bracket : view talk edit Teams ( edit ) The championship game marked the 16th meeting between the two schools . The last previous meeting was the season opener in the 2008 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game . Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team Alabama was led by head coach Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide played Michigan State in the semifinals at the 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic , winning 38 - 0 . Clemson ( edit ) See also : 2015 Clemson Tigers football team Clemson was led by head coach Dabo Swinney . The Tigers played Oklahoma in the semifinals at the 2015 Orange Bowl , winning 37 - 17 . Starting lineups ( edit ) Selected in an NFL Draft ( number corresponds to draft round ) † = 2015 All - American Alabama Position Clemson Offense Calvin Ridley WR Artavis Scott Cam Robinson 2 LT Mitch Hyatt Ross Pierschbacher LG Eric Mac Lain † Ryan Kelly 1 Jay Guillermo Alphonse Taylor RG Tyrone Crowder Jr . Dominick Jackson RT Joe Gore O.J. Howard 1 TE Jordan Leggett 5 ArDarius Stewart 3 WR Hunter Renfrow Jake Coker QB † Deshaun Watson 1 † Derrick Henry 2 RB Wayne Gallman 4 Defense † A'Shawn Robinson 2 DE DE † Shaq Lawson 1 Jonathan Allen 1 NG DT D.J. Reader 5 Jarran Reed 2 DE DT Carlos Watkins 4 Denzel Devall JLB DE Kevin Dodd 2 † Reggie Ragland 2 MLB SLB Travis Blanks Reuben Foster 1 WLB MLB B.J. Goodson 4 Minkah Fitzpatrick CB WLB Ben Boulware Cyrus Jones 2 CB Mackensie Alexander 2 Marlon Humphrey 1 CB Cordrea Tankersley 3 Eddie Jackson 4 SS Jayron Kearse 7 Geno Matias - Smith FS T.J. Green 2 Game summary ( edit ) Alabama came off a stellar defensive performance in the semifinal game , and was looking to contain Clemson 's QB Deshaun Watson , but Alabama defense was quickly forced into conceding most of the field and stopping Clemson in the redzone . Alabama 's offense was stressed at the line of scrimmage by Clemson 's defensive line led by Shaq Lawson . Despite being statistically outplayed by Clemson ( 550 Clemson offensive yards to 473 Alabama ) offensively and statistically tied in other areas , Alabama was able to capitalize on three key plays : an interception of Deshaun Watson 's pass early in the second quarter , a surprise Alabama onside kick early in the fourth quarter , and an Alabama kickoff return for a touchdown in the middle of the fourth quarter . These plays accounted for 21 points , and Alabama won the game 45 to 40 . Having won the coin toss to start the game , Clemson elected to defer to the second half . Characteristic of Alabama , the offensive opening drive was slow and cautious but notable for utilizing Derrick Henry four times , a change from the semifinal game against Michigan State . Alabama and Clemson would trade punting drives before , on the next Alabama possession , Derrick Henry was utilized three times . On the third run , Derrick found an opening for a 50 - yard touchdown run ( 7 - 0 ) . However , on the next two Clemson possessions Deshaun Watson used his speed , agility , and elusiveness to sustain drives with a mixture of QB runs and fade routes against Alabama 's top - ranked defense . Both drives ended in TD throws to Hunter Renfrow ( 7 - 14 ) , the latter of which ended the first quarter . On Alabama 's next possession to start the second quarter , despite a promising start in a 29 - yard pass to Richard Mullaney , Alabama 's offensive line conceded a sack by Kevin Dodd and a tackle for loss on Derrick Henry . Characteristic of Alabama , facing third and long offensive coordinator Lane Kiffin opted for extra field position on a punt with a short throw to Ridley rather than attempting a first down pass . On the ensuing Clemson drive Deshaun Watson was intercepted by Eddie Jackson at the Clemson 42 yard line . The resulting Alabama possession culminated in a 1 - yard TD run by Derrick Henry ( 14 - 14 ) . After this flurry , both Clemson and Alabama played more cautiously as each of the three following possessions by both teams went no further than 40 yards . Clemson 's last possession of the half resulted in a blocked field goal . Going into the third quarter , Clemson opted to receive the ball but was forced into a quick three and out . On Alabama 's next possession , TE OJ Howard found himself open in space for a 53 - yard touchdown ( 21 - 14 ) . Clemson responded with a mixture of QB runs , pass plays by Deshaun Watson , and key run plays by RB Wayne Gallman on its next two drives to get a 37 - yard field goal by Greg Hugel ( 21 - 17 ) and a 1 - yard touchdown run by Wayne Gallman ( 21 - 24 ) . Both teams were then stalled for three and outs or near three and outs on their next two possessions to close the Third quarter . On Alabama 's first possession of the fourth quarter , Jake Coker found ArDarius Stewart in single man coverage for 38 yards . This gain , however , did not translate into a touchdown as the offense was stalled by good secondary play from Clemson . Alabama settled for a field goal from 33 yards to tie the game ( 24 - 24 ) . On the ensuing kickoff Alabama gambled on a surprise onside kick , executed to perfection by Adam Griffith and caught by Marlon Humphrey . Alabama capitalized almost immediately with another 50 + touchdown pass to a wide open OJ Howard ( 31 - 24 ) . Clemson pulled within 4 once again . However , Alabama 's defense held in the red zone and forced a field goal from Clemson ( 31 - 27 ) . On the ensuing kickoff , Alabama RB Kenyan Drake stunned Clemson by taking the ball 95 yards for an Alabama touchdown ( 38 - 27 ) . Deshaun Watson quickly answered with an 8 play 75 yard touchdown drive which culminated in a 15 - yard touchdown pass to WR Artavius Scott . In attempt to pull within three points of Alabama ( and thus within a field goal of tying the game ) , Clemson attempted a two - point conversion with what morphed into a naked bootleg QB run by Deshaun Watson which was stopped short ( 38 - 33 ) . On Alabama 's next possession QB Jake Coker passed the ball in a checkdown screen to OJ Howard who , getting good blocking , ran for 63 yards . With less than 3 minutes left in the game , ran the ball up the middle to convert downs . After a key third down scramble for a first down by Jake Coker , Derrick Henry , on third down , broke the touchdown plane with the nose of the ball over the top of the goal line pile of players for a 1 - yard TD run ( 45 - 33 ) . A stellar performance by Deshaun Watson on a 55 - second drive culminated in a 24 - yard touchdown pass to Jordan Leggett with 12 seconds left on the clock ( 45 - 40 ) . Clemson attempted an onside kick but the ball was recovered by Alabama sealing their victory . This was the fourth Alabama national championship win in seven years , first of the College Football Playoff era , and Head Coach Nick Saban 's fifth overall . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP ALA CLEM 7 : 55 59 0 : 55 ALA Derrick Henry 50 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 7 0 5 : 18 6 59 2 : 37 CLEM Hunter Renfrow 31 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 7 7 0 : 00 7 73 2 : 17 CLEM Hunter Renfrow 11 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 7 14 9 : 35 7 42 2 : 23 ALA Derrick Henry 1 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 14 14 12 : 53 64 0 : 53 ALA O.J. Howard 53 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Coker , Adam Griffith kick good 21 14 10 : 10 9 55 2 : 43 CLEM 37 - yard field goal by Greg Huegel 21 17 4 : 48 9 60 3 : 38 CLEM Wayne Gallman 1 - yard touchdown run , Greg Huegel kick good 21 24 10 : 34 8 64 2 : 33 ALA 33 - yard field goal by Adam Griffith 24 24 9 : 45 50 0 : 49 ALA O.J. Howard 51 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Coker , Adam Griffith kick good 31 24 7 : 47 6 61 1 : 58 CLEM 31 - yard field goal by Greg Huegel 31 27 7 : 31 - - - ALA Kick returned 95 yards for touchdown by Kenyan Drake , Adam Griffith kick good 38 27 4 : 40 8 75 2 : 51 CLEM Artavis Scott 15 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , 2 - point run failed 38 33 1 : 07 8 75 3 : 33 ALA Derrick Henry 1 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 45 33 0 : 12 6 68 0 : 55 CLEM Jordan Leggett 24 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 45 40 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 45 40 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Alabama Clemson First Downs 18 31 Plays -- yards 71 -- 473 85 -- 550 Rushes -- yards 46 -- 138 38 -- 145 Passing yards 335 405 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 11 -- 25 -- 0 37 -- 47 -- 1 Time of possession 30 : 31 29 : 29 Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN , ESPN Deportes , and ESPN Radio , with Chris Fowler and Kirk Herbstreit as English commentators on TV , and Eduardo Varela and Pablo Viruega as Spanish commentators . In Brazil , the game was broadcast on ESPN Brazil by Everaldo Marques ( play by play ) and Antony Curti ( color commentator ) . As in 2015 , ESPN provided Megacast coverage of the game , which supplemented coverage with analysis and additional perspectives of the game on different ESPN channels and platforms . An average of 23.6 million viewers watched the game , representing a 29 % decrease over the 2015 title game , which was seen by 33.4 million viewers . The game was the sixth - highest - rated broadcast in U.S. cable television history ( by contrast , the 2015 game was the highest - rated ) , and ESPN reported that the game brought the network its third - highest overnight ratings ( behind the 2010 and 2015 title games ) . Local Radio ( edit ) Network Play - by - play Color commentator ( s ) Sideline reporter ( s ) Studio Host ( s ) WFFN -- FM 95.3 , WDGM - FM 99.1 and Crimson Tide Sports Network ( Alabama ) WCCP - FM 105.5 and Clemson Tigers Sports Network ( Clemson ) Eli Gold Don Munson Phil Savage Rodney Williams Chris Stewart Patrick Sapp See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alabama 61⁄2 - to 7 - point favorite in title game vs. Clemson '' . FoxSports . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas experts ' guide to betting Alabama - Clemson '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Playoff Announces National Championship Pregame Entertainment '' ( Press release ) . College Football Playoff . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ciara To Sing National Anthem At College Football Playoff '' . dfw.cbslocal.com . CBS Local DFW . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/stats/football/fbs/current/team/22 Jump up ^ `` Deshaun Watson has record night in national championship loss '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy . `` How Deshaun Watson became a superstar '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final AP Poll : Alabama finishes No. 1 for 10th time ; Stanford , OSU move up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama claims it has 16 national titles , but several are disputed '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN brings the Megacast back for the College Football Playoff National Championship '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for ESPN 's Megacast of the College Football Playoff title game '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN College Football Title Game Ratings Drop 19 % From 2015 Record '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` New college football playoff draws larger TV audience for title game '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles 2015 -- 16 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 19 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 19 ) Camellia ( Dec. 19 ) Cure ( Dec. 19 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 19 ) Miami Beach ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 22 ) Poinsettia ( Dec. 23 ) GoDaddy ( Dec. 23 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 24 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) St. Petersburg ( Dec. 26 ) Sun ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 26 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 26 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 28 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 29 ) Russell Athletic ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Texas ( Dec. 29 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 30 ) Belk ( Dec. 30 ) Music City ( Dec. 30 ) Holiday ( Dec. 30 ) Peach ( Dec. 31 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Fiesta ( Jan. 1 ) Rose ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( Jan. 1 ) TaxSlayer ( Jan. 2 ) Liberty ( Jan. 2 ) Alamo ( Jan. 2 ) Cactus ( Jan. 2 ) College Football Playoff games : Orange ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) Cotton ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 11 ) All - Star Games : East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 23 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 23 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 30 ) NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Clemson Tigers bowl games 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic 1949 Gator Bowl 1951 Orange Bowl 1952 Gator Bowl 1957 Orange Bowl 1959 Sugar Bowl 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl 1977 Gator Bowl 1978 Gator Bowl 1979 Peach Bowl 1982 Orange Bowl # 1985 Independence Bowl 1986 Gator Bowl 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl 1993 Peach Bowl 1996 Gator Bowl 1996 Peach Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 1999 Peach Bowl 2001 Gator Bowl 2001 Humanitarian Bowl 2002 Tangerine Bowl 2004 Peach Bowl 2005 Champs Sports Bowl 2006 Music City Bowl 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2009 Gator Bowl 2009 Music City Bowl 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl 2012 Orange Bowl 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 Orange Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Fiesta Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2015 -- 16 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=834249483 '' Categories : 2015 -- 16 NCAA football bowl games 2015 -- 16 College Football Playoff Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Clemson Tigers football bowl games 2016 in sports in Arizona January 2016 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 18 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did alabama play in the national championship 2015	[ "The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated semifinal bowls played on December 31, 2015: the No. 1 Clemson Tigers, who beat the No. 4 Oklahoma Sooners 37–17 at the Orange Bowl, coached by Dabo Swinney in his 8th season, and the No. 2 Alabama Crimson Tide, who shut out the No. 3 Michigan State Spartans 38–0 at the Cotton Bowl Classic, coached by Nick Saban." ]	[ "Clemson Tigers" ]
-2534330509582895154	The Terminator	The Terminator - wikipedia The Terminator Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1984 film . For the franchise it initiated , see Terminator ( franchise ) . For the eponymous character , see Terminator ( character ) . For other uses , see Terminator ( disambiguation ) . The Terminator Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by Gale Anne Hurd Written by James Cameron Gale Anne Hurd Additional Dialogue : William Wisher Jr . Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger Michael Biehn Linda Hamilton Paul Winfield Music by Brad Fiedel Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by Mark Goldblatt Production companies Hemdale Pacific Western Productions Cinema ' 84 Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date October 26 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 26 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.4 million Box office $78.3 million The Terminator is a 1984 American science - fiction action film directed by James Cameron . It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator , a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor ( Linda Hamilton ) , whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post-apocalyptic future . Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese , a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Connor . The screenplay is credited to Cameron , along with producer Gale Anne Hurd . Executive producers John Daly and Derek Gibson of Hemdale Film Corporation were instrumental in the film 's financing and production . The Terminator topped the US box office for two weeks and helped launch Cameron 's film career and solidify Schwarzenegger 's . It received critical acclaim , with many praising its pacing , action scenes and Schwarzenegger 's performance . Its success led to a franchise consisting of four sequels ( Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Terminator Salvation and Terminator Genisys ) , a television series , comic books , novels and video games . In 2008 , The Terminator was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home video 5 Reception 6 Legacy 7 Franchise 8 Themes 9 Soundtrack 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1984 Los Angeles , a cyborg assassin known as a Terminator arrives from 2029 and steals guns and clothes . Shortly afterward , Kyle Reese , a human soldier from 2029 , arrives . He steals clothes and evades the police . The Terminator begins systematically killing women named Sarah Connor , whose addresses he finds in the telephone directory . He tracks the last Sarah Connor to a nightclub , but Kyle rescues her . The pair steal a car and escape with the Terminator pursuing them in a police car . As they hide in a parking lot , Kyle explains to Sarah that an artificial intelligence defense network , known as Skynet , will become self - aware in the near future and initiate a nuclear holocaust . Sarah 's future son John will rally the survivors and lead a resistance movement against Skynet and its army of machines . With the Resistance on the verge of victory , Skynet sent a Terminator back in time to kill Sarah before John is born , to prevent the formation of the Resistance . The Terminator is an efficient killing machine with a powerful metal endoskeleton and an external layer of living tissue that makes it appear human . Kyle and Sarah are apprehended by police after another encounter with the Terminator . Criminal psychologist Dr. Silberman concludes that Kyle is paranoid and delusional . The Terminator repairs his body and attacks the police station , killing many police officers in his attempt to locate Sarah . Kyle and Sarah escape , steal another car and take refuge in a motel , where they assemble pipe bombs and plan their next move . Kyle admits that he has been in love with Sarah since John gave him a photograph of her , and they have sex . The Terminator kills Sarah 's mother and impersonates her when Sarah , unaware of the Terminator 's ability to mimic victims , attempts to contact her via telephone . When they realize he has reacquired them , they escape in a pickup truck . In the ensuing chase , Kyle is wounded by gunfire while throwing pipe bombs at the Terminator . Enraged ‚ Sarah knocks the Terminator off his motorcycle but loses control of the truck , which flips over . The Terminator hijacks a tank truck and attempts to run down Sarah , but Kyle slides a pipe bomb onto the tanker , causing an explosion that burns the flesh from the Terminator 's endoskeleton . It pursues them to a factory , where Kyle activates machinery to confuse the Terminator . He jams his final pipe bomb into the Terminator 's abdomen , blowing the Terminator apart , injuring Sarah , and killing Kyle . The Terminator 's still functional torso reactivates and grabs Sarah . She breaks free and lures it into a hydraulic press , crushing it . Months later , a pregnant Sarah is traveling through Mexico , recording audio tapes to pass on to her unborn son , John . She debates whether to tell him that Kyle is his father . At a gas station , a boy takes a Polaroid photograph of her which she purchases -- the same photograph that John will eventually give to Kyle . Cast ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger , Linda Hamilton and Michael Biehn played the film 's leads . Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator / T - 800 Model 101 , a cybernetic android disguised as a human being sent back in time to assassinate Sarah Connor . Michael Biehn as Kyle Reese , a human Resistance fighter sent back in time to protect Sarah . Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor , the Terminator 's target who is soon to be the mother of the future Resistance leader John Connor . Paul Winfield as Ed Traxler , a police Lieutenant who questions Sarah . Lance Henriksen as Hal Vukovich , a police Sergeant who questions Sarah . Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman , a criminal psychologist . Bess Motta as Ginger Ventura , Sarah 's roommate . Rick Rossovich as Matt Buchanan , Ginger 's boyfriend . Additional actors included Shawn Schepps as Nancy , Sarah 's co-worker at the diner ; Dick Miller as the gun shop clerk ; professional bodybuilder Franco Columbu ( Schwarzenegger 's friend and workout partner ) as a Terminator in 2029 ; Bill Paxton and Brian Thompson as punks who are confronted by the Terminator ; and Marianne Muellerleile as one of the other women with the name `` Sarah Connor '' who was shot by the Terminator . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In Rome , Italy , during the release of Piranha II : The Spawning , director Cameron fell ill and had a dream about a metallic torso holding kitchen knives dragging itself from an explosion . Inspired by director John Carpenter , who had made the slasher film Halloween ( 1978 ) on a low budget , Cameron used the dream as a `` launching pad '' to write a slasher - style film . Cameron 's agent disliked the Terminator concept and requested that he work on something else . After this , Cameron dismissed his agent . Cameron returned to Pomona , California and stayed at the home of science fiction writer Randall Frakes , where he wrote the draft for The Terminator . Cameron 's influences included 1950s science fiction films , the 1960s fantasy television series The Outer Limits , and contemporary films such as The Driver ( 1978 ) and Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) . To translate the draft into a script , Cameron enlisted his friend Bill Wisher , who had a similar approach to storytelling . Cameron gave Wisher scenes involving Sarah Connor and the police department to write . As Wisher lived far from Cameron , the two communicated ideas by recording tapes of what they wrote by telephone . Frakes and Wisher would later write the US - released novelization of the movie . The initial outline of the script involved two Terminators being sent to the past . The first was similar to the Terminator in the film , while the second was made of liquid metal and could not be destroyed with conventional weaponry . Cameron felt that the technology of the time was unable to create the liquid Terminator , and returned to the idea with the T - 1000 character in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) . Gale Anne Hurd bought the rights to The Terminator from James Cameron for one dollar . Gale Anne Hurd , who had worked at New World Pictures as Roger Corman 's assistant , showed interest in the project . Cameron sold the rights for The Terminator to Hurd for one dollar with the promise that she would produce it only if Cameron was to direct it . Hurd suggested edits to the script and took a screenwriting credit in the film , though Cameron stated that she `` did no actual writing at all '' . Cameron and Hurd had friends who worked with Corman previously and who were working at Orion Pictures , now part of MGM . Orion agreed to distribute the film if Cameron could get financial backing elsewhere . The script was picked up by John Daly , chairman and president of Hemdale Film Corporation . Daly and his executive vice president and head of production Derek Gibson became executive producers of the project . Cameron wanted his pitch for Daly to finalize the deal and had his friend Lance Henriksen show up to the meeting early dressed and acting like the Terminator . Henriksen , wearing a leather jacket , fake cuts on his face , and gold foil on his teeth , kicked open the door to the office and then sat in a chair . Cameron arrived shortly after which relieved the staff from Henriksen 's act . Daly was impressed by the screenplay and Cameron 's sketches and passion for the film . In late 1982 , Daly agreed to back the film with help from HBO and Orion . The Terminator was originally budgeted at $4 million and later raised to $6.5 million . Hemdale , Pacific Western Productions and Cinema ' 84 have been credited as production companies after the film 's release . Pre-production ( edit ) Casting Arnold Schwarzenegger as our Terminator , on the other hand , should n't have worked . The guy is supposed to be an infiltration unit , and there 's no way you would n't spot a Terminator in a crowd instantly if they all looked like Arnold . It made no sense whatsoever . But the beauty of movies is that they do n't have to be logical . They just have to have plausibility . If there 's a visceral , cinematic thing happening that the audience likes , they do n't care if it goes against what 's likely . -- James Cameron on casting Schwarzenegger . For the role of Kyle Reese , Orion wanted a star whose popularity was rising in the United States but who also would have foreign appeal . Orion co-founder Mike Medavoy had met Arnold Schwarzenegger and sent his agent the script for The Terminator . Cameron was dubious about casting Schwarzenegger as Reese as he felt he would need someone even bigger to play the Terminator . Sylvester Stallone and Mel Gibson were offered the Terminator role , but both turned it down . The studio suggested O.J. Simpson for the role , but Cameron did not feel that Simpson would be believable as a killer . Cameron agreed to meet with Schwarzenegger about the film and devised a plan to avoid casting him ; he would pick a fight with him and return to Hemdale and find him unfit for the role . Upon meeting him , however , Cameron was entertained by Schwarzenegger who would talk about how the villain should be played . Cameron began sketching his face on a notepad and asked Schwarzenegger to stop talking and remain still . After the meeting , Cameron returned to Daly saying Schwarzenegger would not play Reese but that `` he 'd make a hell of a Terminator '' . Schwarzenegger was not as excited by the film ; during an interview on the set of Conan the Destroyer , an interviewer asked him about a pair of shoes he had ( which were for The Terminator ) . Schwarzenegger responded , `` Oh some shit movie I 'm doing , take a couple weeks . '' He recounted in his memoir , Total Recall , that he was initially hesitant , but thought that playing a robot in a contemporary film would be a challenging change of pace from Conan the Barbarian and that the film was low profile enough that it would not damage his career if it were unsuccessful . He also wrote that `` it took ( him ) awhile to figure out that Jim ( Cameron ) was the real deal . '' In preparation for the role , Schwarzenegger spent three months training with weapons to be able to use them and feel comfortable around them . Schwarzenegger speaks only 18 lines in the film , and fewer than 100 words . James Cameron said that `` Somehow , even his accent worked ... It had a strange synthesized quality , like they had n't gotten the voice thing quite worked out . '' For the role of Reese , various other suggestions were made for the role including rock musician Sting . Cameron chose Michael Biehn for the role . Biehn was originally skeptical about the part , feeling that the film was silly . After meeting with Cameron , Biehn stated that his `` feelings about the project changed '' . Hurd stated that `` almost everyone else who came in from the audition was so tough that you just never believed that there was gon na be this human connection between Sarah Connor and Kyle Reese . They have very little time to fall in love . A lot of people came in and just could not pull it off . '' To get into Kyle Reese 's character , Biehn studied the Polish resistance movement in World War II . In the first few pages of the script , the character of Sarah Connor is written as `` 19 , small and delicate features . Pretty in a flawed , accessible way . She does n't stop the party when she walks in , but you 'd like to get to know her . Her vulnerable quality masks a strength even she does n't know exists . '' For the role , Cameron chose Linda Hamilton , who had just finished filming Children of the Corn . Rosanna Arquette had previously auditioned . Cameron found a role for Lance Henriksen as Detective Hal Vukovich , as Henriksen had been essential to finding finances for the film . For the special effects shots in the film , Cameron wanted Dick Smith who had previously worked on The Godfather and Taxi Driver . Smith did not take Cameron 's offer and suggested his friend Stan Winston for the job . Brad Fiedel was with the Gorfaine / Schwartz Agency where a new agent named Beth Donahue found that Cameron was working on The Terminator and sent him a cassette of Fiedel 's music . Fiedel was then invited to a screening of the film with Cameron and Hurd . Hurd was not certain on having Fiedel compose the score as he had only worked in television music previously , and not theatrical films . Fiedel convinced the two that he would be right for the job by showing them an experimental piece he had worked on , thinking that `` You know , I 'm going to play this for him because it 's really dark and I think it 's interesting for him . '' The song convinced Hurd and Cameron to sign him on to the film . Filming ( edit ) Filming for The Terminator was set to begin in early 1983 in Toronto , but was halted when producer Dino De Laurentiis applied an option in Schwarzenegger 's contract that would make him unavailable for nine months while he was filming Conan the Destroyer . During the waiting period , Cameron was contracted to write the script for Rambo : First Blood Part II , refined the Terminator script , and met with producers David Giler and Walter Hill to discuss a sequel to Alien , which became Aliens , released in 1986 . There was limited interference from Orion Pictures . Two suggestions Orion put forward included the addition of a canine android for Reese , which Cameron refused , and to strengthen the love interest between Sarah and Reese , which Cameron accepted . To create the Terminator 's look , Winston and Cameron passed sketches back and forth , eventually deciding on a design nearly identical to Cameron 's original drawing in Rome . Winston had a team of seven artists work for six months to create a Terminator puppet ; it was first molded in clay , then plaster reinforced with steel ribbing . These pieces were then sanded , painted and then chrome - plated . Winston sculpted a reproduction of Schwarzenegger 's face in several poses out of silicone , clay and plaster . The sequences set in 2029 and the stop - motion scenes were developed by Fantasy II , a special effects company headed by Gene Warren Junior . A stop - motion model is used in several scenes in the film involving the Terminator 's skeletal frame . Cameron wanted to convince the audience that the model of the structure was capable of doing what they saw Schwarzenegger doing . To allow this , a scene was filmed of Schwarzenegger injured and limping away ; this limp made it easier for the model to imitate Schwarzenegger . One of the guns seen in the film and on the film 's poster was an AMT Longslide pistol modified by Ed Reynolds from SureFire to include a laser sight . Both non-functioning and functioning versions of the prop were created . At the time the movie was made , diode lasers were not available ; because of the high power requirement , the helium -- neon laser in the sight used an external power supply that Schwarzenegger had to activate manually . Reynolds states that his only compensation for the project was promotional material for the film . In March 1984 , the film began production in Los Angeles . Cameron felt that with Schwarzenegger on the set , the style of the film changed , explaining that `` the movie took on a larger - than - life sheen . I just found myself on the set doing things I did n't think I would do -- scenes that were just purely horrific that just could n't be , because now they were too flamboyant . '' Most of The Terminator 's action scenes were filmed at night , which led to tight filming schedules before sunrise . A week before filming started , Linda Hamilton sprained her ankle , leading to a production change whereby the scenes in which Hamilton needed to run occurred as late as the filming schedule allowed . Hamilton 's ankle was taped every day and she spent most of the film production in pain . Schwarzenegger tried to have the iconic line `` I 'll be back '' changed as he had difficulty pronouncing the word I 'll . He also felt that his robotic character would not speak in contractions and that the Terminator would be more declarative . Cameron refused to change the line to `` I will be back '' , so Schwarzenegger worked to say the line as written the best he could . He would later say the line in numerous films throughout his career . After production finished on The Terminator , some post-production shots were needed . These included scenes showing the Terminator outside Sarah Connor 's apartment , Reese being zipped into a body bag , and the Terminator 's head being crushed in a press . Release ( edit ) Schwarzenegger with President Ronald Reagan two months before The Terminator 's premiere in 1984 . Orion Pictures did not have faith in The Terminator performing well at the box office and feared a negative critical reception . At an early screening of the film , the actors ' agents insisted to the producers that the film should be screened for critics . Orion only held one press screening for the film . The film premiered on October 26 , 1984 . On its opening week , The Terminator played at 1,005 theaters and grossed $4.0 million making it number one in the box office . The film remained at number one in its second week . It lost its number one spot in the third week to Oh , God ! You Devil . Cameron noted that The Terminator was a hit `` relative to its market , which is between the summer and the Christmas blockbusters . But it 's better to be a big fish in a small pond than the other way around . '' Writer Harlan Ellison stated that he `` loved the movie , was just blown away by it '' , but believed that the screenplay was based on a short story and episode of The Outer Limits he had written , titled `` Soldier '' , and threatened to sue for infringement . Orion settled in 1986 and gave Ellison an undisclosed amount of money and an acknowledgment credit in later prints of the film . Some accounts of the settlement state that `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' , another Outer Limits episode written by Ellison , was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film , but Ellison has explicitly stated that The Terminator `` was a ripoff '' of `` Soldier '' rather than `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' . Cameron was against Orion 's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement , he would have to pay any damages if Orion lost a suit by Ellison . Cameron replied that he `` had no choice but to agree with the settlement . Of course there was a gag order as well , so I could n't tell this story , but now I frankly do n't care . It 's the truth . '' Marketing ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Terminator comics and List of Terminator video games . A soundtrack to the film was released in 1984 which included the score by Brad Fiedel and the pop and rock songs used in the club scenes . Shaun Hutson wrote a novelization of the film which was published on February 21 , 1985 by London - based Star Books ( ISBN 0 - 352 - 31645 - 4 ) ; Randal Frakes and William Wisher wrote a different novelization for Bantam / Spectra , published October , 1985 ( ISBN 0 - 553 - 25317 - 4 ) . In September 1988 , NOW Comics released a comic based on the film . Dark Horse Comics published a comic in 1990 that took place 39 years after the film . Several video games based on The Terminator were released between 1991 and 1993 for various Nintendo and Sega systems . Home video ( edit ) Michael Biehn signing a copy of the film during an appearance at Midtown Comics in 2012 . The Terminator was released on VHS and Betamax in 1985 . The film performed well financially on its initial release . The Terminator premiered at number 35 on the top video cassette rentals and number 20 on top video cassette sales charts . In its second week , The Terminator reached number 4 on the top video cassette rentals and number 12 on top video cassette sales charts . In March 1995 , The Terminator was released as a letter boxed edition on Laserdisc . The film premiered through Image Entertainment on DVD , on September 3 , 1997 . IGN referred to this DVD as `` pretty bare - bones ... released with just a mono soundtrack and a kind of poor transfer . '' Through their acquisition of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment 's pre-1996 film library catalogue , MGM released a special edition of the film on October 2 , 2001 , which included documentaries , the script , and advertisements for the film . On January 23 , 2001 , a Hong Kong VCD edition was released online . On June 20 , 2006 , the film was released on Blu - ray through Sony in the United States . In late 2012 , the film was re-released on Blu - ray , this time with a transfer by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , which features improved sharpness compared to Sony 's 2006 Blu - ray , and revised color grading , as well as expanded extra material , such as deleted scenes and a making - of feature . Reception ( edit ) From contemporary reviews , Variety praised the film , calling it a `` blazing , cinematic comic book , full of virtuoso moviemaking , terrific momentum , solid performances and a compelling story ... Schwarzenegger is perfectly cast in a machine - like portrayal that requires only a few lines of dialog . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that the film has `` Plenty of tech - noir savvy to keep infidels and action fans satisfied . '' Time placed The Terminator on its `` 10 Best '' list for 1984 . The Los Angeles Times called the film `` a crackling thriller full of all sorts of gory treats ... loaded with fuel - injected chase scenes , clever special effects and a sly humor . '' The Milwaukee Journal gave the film 3 stars , calling it `` the most chilling science fiction thriller since Alien . '' A review in Orange Coast magazine stated that `` the distinguishing virtue of The Terminator is its relentless tension . Right from the start it 's all action and violence with no time taken to set up the story ... It 's like a streamlined Dirty Harry movie -- no exposition at all ; just guns , guns and more guns . '' In the May 1985 issue of Cinefantastique it was referred to as a film that `` manages to be both derivative and original at the same time ... not since The Road Warrior has the genre exhibited so much exuberant carnage '' and `` an example of science fiction / horror at its best ... Cameron 's no - nonsense approach will make him a sought - after commodity '' . In the United Kingdom the Monthly Film Bulletin praised the film 's script , special effects , design and Schwarzenegger 's performance . Other reviews focused on the film 's level of violence and story - telling quality . The New York Times opined that the film was a `` B - movie with flair . Much of it ... has suspense and personality , and only the obligatory mayhem becomes dull . There is far too much of the latter , in the form of car chases , messy shootouts and Mr. Schwarzenegger 's slamming brutally into anything that gets in his way . '' The Pittsburgh Press wrote a negative review , calling the film `` just another of the films drenched in artsy ugliness like Streets of Fire and Blade Runner . '' The Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars , adding that `` at times it 's horrifyingly violent and suspenseful at others it giggles at itself . This schizoid style actually helps , providing a little humor just when the sci - fi plot turns too sluggish or the dialogue too hokey . '' The Newhouse News Service called the film a `` lurid , violent , pretentious piece of claptrap '' . British author Gilbert Adair called the film `` repellent to the last degree '' , charging it with `` insidious Nazification '' and charging that it had an `` appeal rooted in an unholy compound of fascism , fashion and fascination . '' The film won three Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , best make - up and best writing . In 1991 , Richard Schickel of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the film giving it an `` A '' rating , writing that `` what originally seemed a somewhat inflated , if generous and energetic , big picture , now seems quite a good little film '' and called it `` one of the most original movies of the 1980s and seems likely to remain one of the best sci - fi films ever made . '' Film4 gave the film five stars , calling it the `` sci - fi action - thriller that launched the careers of James Cameron and Arnold Schwarzenegger into the stratosphere . Still endlessly entertaining . '' TV Guide gave the film four stars referring to it as an `` amazingly effective picture that becomes doubly impressive when one considers its small budget ... For our money , this film is far superior to its mega-grossing mega-budgeted sequel . '' Empire gave the film five stars calling it `` As chillingly efficient in exacting thrills from its audience as its titular character is in executing its targets . '' The film database Allmovie gave the film five stars , saying that it `` established James Cameron as a master of action , special effects , and quasi-mythic narrative intrigue , while turning Arnold Schwarzenegger into the hard - body star of the 1980s . '' Legacy ( edit ) In 1998 , Halliwell 's Film Guide described the film as `` slick , rather nasty but undeniably compelling comic book adventures . '' The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 based on 50 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` With its impressive action sequences , taut economic direction , and relentlessly fast pace , it 's clear why The Terminator continues to be an influence on sci - fi and action flicks . '' The film also holds a score of 83 / 100 ( `` universal acclaim '' ) on review aggregator website Metacritic . The Terminator has received recognition from the American Film Institute . The film ranked 42nd on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , a list of America 's most heart - pounding films . The character of the Terminator was selected as the 22nd - greatest movie villain on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . Arnold 's catch phrase `` I 'll be back '' was voted the 37th - greatest movie quote by the AFI . In 2005 , Total Film named The Terminator the 72nd - best film ever made . In 2008 , Empire magazine selected The Terminator as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . Empire also placed the T - 800 14th on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . In 2008 , The Terminator was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2010 , the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years . In 2015 , The Terminator was among the films included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . Franchise ( edit ) The film initiated a long - running Terminator franchise , which currently consists of five films and several adaptations in other media . Biographer Laurence Leamer wrote that The Terminator `` was an influential film affecting a whole generation of darkly hued science fiction , and it was one of Arnold 's best performances . '' Themes ( edit ) The psychoanalyst Darian Leader sees The Terminator as an example of how the cinema has dealt with the concept of masculinity ; he writes that , `` We are shown time and again that to be a man requires more than to have the biological body of a male : something else must be added to it ... To be a man means to have a body plus something symbolic , something which is not ultimately human . Hence the frequent motif of the man machine , from the Six Million Dollar Man to the Terminator or Robocop . '' The film also explores the potential dangers of AI dominance and rebellion . The robots become self - aware in the future , reject human authority and determine that the human race needs to be destroyed . The impact of this theme is so important that `` the prevalent visual representation of AI risk has become the terminator robot . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see The Terminator ( soundtrack ) . The Terminator soundtrack was composed and performed on synthesizer by Brad Fiedel . Fiedel described the film 's music as being about `` a mechanical man and his heartbeat '' . Almost all the music in the film was performed live . The Terminator theme is played over the opening credits and is played in various points in the film in sped up versions : a slowed down version when Reese dies , and a piano version during the love scene . It has been described as having a `` deceptively simple melody '' line and `` haunting synthesizer music '' . It is in a time signature of 13 16 , which came about as Fiedel experimented with the rhythm track on his music equipment ; it was initially an accident , but Fiedel found that he liked the `` herky - jerky '' `` propulsiveness '' . Fiedel created music for when Reese and Connor escape from the police station that would be appropriate for a `` heroic moment '' . Cameron turned down this theme , as he believed it would lose the audience 's excitement . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal 1980s portal Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography List of action films of the 1980s List of American films of 1984 List of science - fiction films of the 1980s List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Terminator '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Film : The Terminator '' . lumiere.obs.coe.int . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petley , Julian ( 1984 ) . `` The Terminator '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . British Film Institute . 52 ( 612 ) : 54 -- 55 . ISSN 0027 - 0407 . p.c -- Cinema ' 84 . A Pacific Western Production . For Orion ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 38 ^ Jump up to : `` High - risk Movie Mogul '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 34 Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan . `` Why The Terminator is a horror classic '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 35 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 15 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 110 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 111 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 3 , 1991 ) . `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 39 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 6 Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Creator James Cameron on Terminator 's Origins , Arnold as Robot , Machine Wars '' . Wired . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Iconic Roles That Famous Actors Turned DownSylvester Stallone as T - 800 ( The Terminator , 1984 ) '' . Complex . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hurd , Gale Anne ( producer ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 40 Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 41 Jump up ^ Andrews , 2003 . pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Chase , Donald ; Meyers , Kate ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` 65 Words ... And Arnold Was a Star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 42 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 43 Jump up ^ Lombardi , Ken ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` '' The Terminator '' 30 years later `` . CBS News . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 44 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Quint chats with Michael Biehn , Part 1 ! Aliens , Terminator , Abyss and working with James Cameron ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Roffman , Michael ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stream + Interview : Brad Fiedel 's The Terminator Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 51 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 24 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 25 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 26 Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` True story : the making of the Terminator 's laser - sighted . 45 pistol '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wisher , William ( screenwriter ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 30 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 31 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Arnold Schwarzenegger : ' I 'll Be Back ' Quote Was Almost Ruined '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt , Mark ( editor ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 53 ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Movies , Weekend of November 9 , 1984 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Terminator ' surprises the critics ; is a top grosser '' . Tri City Herald . November 30 , 1984 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heard , 1997 . p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Ellison , Harlan . `` The Ellison Bulletin Board '' . HarlanEllison.com . Jump up ^ Marx , Andy ( July 7 , 1991 ) . `` IT 'S MINE All Very Well and Good , but Do n't Hassle the T - 1000 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heard , 1997 . p. 77 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 16 Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 15 , 2007 ) . `` It Came From the ' 60s , Cheesy but Influential '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Axmaker , Sean . `` The Terminator '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 54 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 54 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 55 Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Review by Bret Adams '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hutson 's History -- The Film Tie - ins '' . Shaun Hutson : Official Site . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Overstreet , 2010 . p. 252 Jump up ^ Marriott , Scott Alan . `` The Terminator -- Overview '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moleski , Linda ( April 27 , 1985 ) . `` New on the Charts '' . Billboard. 97 ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Top Video Cassette Rentals '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 97 ( 19 ) : 35 . May 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Video Cassette Sales '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 97 ( 19 ) : 30 . May 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` This Week ... '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 107 ( 10 ) : 67 . March 11 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Chalquist , Craig . `` The Terminator : Overview '' . Allmovie . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Jeremy ( September 15 , 2001 ) . `` The Terminator : Special Edition '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fordham , Trent . `` The Terminator ( Special Edition ) : Overview '' . Allmovie . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Jeremy ( September 22 , 2001 ) . `` Terminator : Special Edition , The '' . IGN . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator VCD '' . yesasia.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator ( Blu - Ray ) : Overview '' . Allmovie . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remastered Terminator Heads to the U.S '' . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator Review '' . Variety . December 31 , 1983 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( November 26 , 1984 ) . `` Time review '' : 105 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Douglas D. ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` Schwarzenegger shows acting muscle in thriller '' . Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Marc ( November 1984 ) . `` Brian DePalma 's Sleaze Factor '' . Orange Coast Magazine . Emmis Communications . 10 ( 11 ) : 141 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : French , 1996 . p. 62 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 63 Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) The Screen : ' Terminator , ' suspense tale '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` Beefcake Violence begets ' Terminator ' '' . Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sid ( Oct 30 , 1984 ) . `` The Terminator Just a Bit Schizoid '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Richard ( Oct 26 , 1984 ) . `` ' Conan muscleman takes on new role in ' Terminator ' '' . Spokane Chronicle . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Nigel ( 1995 ) . True Myths : The Life and Times of Arnold Schwarzenegger . London : Bloomsbury . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 2450 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturnawards.org . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( December 13 , 1991 ) . `` The Terminator Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator -- Film Review from Film4 '' . Film4 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator : Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review of The Terminator '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bozzola , Lucia . `` The Terminator : Review '' . Allmovie . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ( 1997 ) . Halliwell 's Film and Video Guide ( paperback ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( 13 ed . ) . HarperCollins . p. 1072 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 638868 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film news Who is the greatest ? '' . Total Film . October 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator joins movie archive '' . BBC . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : How `` Toxic '' Is IFTA 's Best Indies ? `` . Deadline . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Steven Jay , ed. ( 2015 ) . 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . Quintessence Editions ( 9th ed . ) . Hauppauge , New York : Barron 's Educational Series . p. 697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 6790 - 4 . OCLC 796279948 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Presents the History of Terminator '' . IGN . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Movie Sequels Better than the Originals '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leamer , Laurence ( 2005 ) . Fantastic : The Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger . London : St Martin 's Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 283 - 07028 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leader , Darian ( 1996 ) . Why do women write more letters than they post ? . London : Faber & Faber . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 17619 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chita - Tegmark , Meia ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Terminator Robots and AI Risk '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Bret . `` The Terminator : Overview '' . Allmusic . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fiedel , Brad ( composer ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . Jump up ^ Hayward , 2004 . p. 168 Jump up ^ Adams , Brett . `` The Terminator -- Brad Fiedel '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seth Stevenson , What Is the Time Signature of the Ominous Electronic Score of The Terminator ? , Slate , Published 26 February 2014 , Accessed 27 February 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Andrews , Nigel ( 2003 ) . True Myths : The Life and Times of Arnold Schwarzenegger . Carol Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 364 - 0 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . French , Sean ( 1996 ) . The Terminator . British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 553 - 8 . Hayward , Philip ( 2004 ) . Off the planet : music , sound and science fiction cinema . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86196 - 644 - 8 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Keegan , Rebecca Winters ( 2009 ) . The Futurist : The Life and Films of James Cameron . New York , United States : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 46031 - 8 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Heard , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Dreaming Aloud : The Life and Films of James Cameron . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 25680 - 3 . Overstreet , Robert M. ( 2010 ) . The Official Overstreet Comic Book Companion ( 11 ed . ) . Random House of Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 72308 - 7 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Terminator . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Terminator The Terminator on IMDb The Terminator at AllMovie The Terminator at Box Office Mojo The Terminator at Rotten Tomatoes The Terminator at Metacritic Terminator Films The Terminator Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines Terminator Salvation Terminator Genisys Television series The Sarah Connor Chronicles characters episodes `` Pilot '' `` Heavy Metal '' `` Self Made Man '' `` Born to Run '' soundtrack Characters John Connor Sarah Connor Kyle Reese Skynet Terminators Model 101 ( T - 800 / T - 850 ) T - 1000 T-X TOK715 T - 3000 Video games T2 : Arcade The Terminator : Rampage RoboCop Versus The Terminator The Terminator : Future Shock Skynet The Terminator : Dawn of Fate Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines Terminator 3 : War of the Machines Terminator 3 : The Redemption Terminator Salvation Terminator Genisys : Future War Publishing Comics Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator RoboCop Versus The Terminator Superman vs. The Terminator : Death to the Future Terminator : The Burning Earth Terminator 2 : Infinity Terminator : Salvation T2 Trilogy Attractions T2 3 - D : Battle Across Time Terminator X : A Laser Battle for Salvation Terminator Salvation : The Ride Other Quotes `` I 'll be back '' `` Hasta la vista , baby '' Music The Terminator ( soundtrack ) `` You Could Be Mine '' `` The Current '' Shocking Dark The Terminators James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Avatar 2 ( 2020 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 3 - D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 191525944 LCCN : n97032745 GND : 4422613 - 5 SUDOC : 183580206 BNF : cb15566109s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Terminator&oldid=817883301 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films 1980s action thriller films 1980s independent films American chase films American films American independent films American robot films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films Android ( robot ) films Drone films Films directed by James Cameron Screenplays by James Cameron Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Films set in 1984 Films set in 2029 Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot from the first - person perspective Films using stop - motion animation Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Orion Pictures films Films involved in plagiarism controversies Post-apocalyptic films Dystopian films Terminator films Time travel films United States National Film Registry films Films produced by Gale Anne Hurd Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 03 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what city does the terminator take place in	[ "In 1984 Los Angeles, a cyborg assassin known as a Terminator arrives from 2029 and steals guns and clothes. Shortly afterward, Kyle Reese, a human soldier from 2029, arrives. He steals clothes and evades the police. The Terminator begins systematically killing women named Sarah Connor, whose addresses he finds in the telephone directory. He tracks the last Sarah Connor to a nightclub, but Kyle rescues her. The pair steal a car and escape with the Terminator pursuing them in a police car." ]	[ "Los Angeles" ]
-5034390168984707589	Presidential Medal of Freedom	Presidential Medal of Freedom - wikipedia Presidential Medal of Freedom Jump to : navigation , search Presidential Medal of Freedom Awarded by the President of the United States of America Type Medal Awarded for `` An especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors . '' Statistics Distinct recipients Unknown ; an average of fewer than 11 per year since 1993 Precedence Next ( higher ) None Next ( lower ) Presidential Citizens Medal Service ribbon of the Presidential Medal of Freedom ( left : Medal with Distinction ) The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is -- along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal -- the highest civilian award of the United States . It recognizes those people who have made `` an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors '' . The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy , superseding the Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the award 2 Insignia 3 Recipients 3.1 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History of the award ( edit ) Similar in name to the Medal of Freedom , but much closer in meaning and precedence to the Medal for Merit : the Presidential Medal of Freedom is currently the supreme civilian decoration in precedence , whereas the Medal of Freedom was inferior in precedence to the Medal for Merit ; the Medal of Freedom was awarded by any of three Cabinet secretaries , whereas the Medal for Merit was awarded by the president , as is the Presidential Medal of Freedom . President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085 , with unique and distinctive insignia , vastly expanded purpose , and far higher prestige . It was the first U.S. civilian neck decoration and , in the grade of Awarded With Distinction , is the only U.S. sash and star decoration ( the Chief Commander degree of the Legion of Merit -- which may only be awarded to foreign heads of state -- is a star decoration , but without a sash ) . The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4 , and at other convenient times as chosen by the president , but it has not been awarded every year ( e.g. , 2001 , 2010 ) . Recipients are selected by the president , either on his own initiative or based on recommendations . The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations . The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once ; Colin Powell received two awards , his second being With Distinction ; Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards With Distinction . It may also be awarded posthumously ; examples ( in chronological order ) include John F. Kennedy , Pope John XXIII , Lyndon Johnson , Paul `` Bear '' Bryant , Thurgood Marshall , Cesar Chavez , Roberto Clemente , Jack Kemp , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman , Michael Schwerner , Elouise Cobell , and Grace Hopper ( Chaney , Goodman and Schwerner , civil rights workers murdered in 1964 , were awarded their medals in 2014 , 50 years later . ) Insignia ( edit ) Medal and accoutrements including undress ribbon , miniature , and lapel badge . Graphical representation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel , with a red enamel pentagon behind it ; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background ( taken from the Great Seal of the United States ) within a golden ring . Golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star . It is worn around the neck on a blue ribbon with white edge stripes . A special , rarely given grade of the medal , known as the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction , has a larger execution of the same medal design worn as a star on the left chest along with a sash over the right shoulder ( similar to how the insignia of a Grand Cross is worn ) , with its rosette ( blue with white edge , bearing the central disc of the medal at its center ) resting on the left hip . When the medal With Distinction is awarded , the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon and can be identified by its larger size than the standard medal ( compare size of medals in pictures below ) . The sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception . Both medals may also be worn in miniature form on a ribbon on the left chest , with a silver American bald eagle with spread wings on the ribbon , or a golden American bald eagle for a medal awarded With Distinction . In addition , the medal is accompanied by a service ribbon for wear on military service uniform , a miniature medal pendant for wear on mess dress or civilian formal wear , and a lapel badge for wear on civilian clothes ( all shown in the accompanying photograph of the full presentation set ) . Recipients ( edit ) See also : List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Gallery ( edit ) Civil Rights leader A. Philip Randolph receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president Lyndon B. Johnson on September 14 , 1964 . President Richard Nixon and the Apollo 13 crew ( right to left : Jack Swigert , Jim Lovell and Fred Haise ) after being presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom on April 18 , 1970 . President Ronald Reagan presenting Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony in 1985 Former United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H.W. Bush in 1991 George H.W. Bush awarding former President Ronald Reagan the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction in January 1993 `` The Queen of Soul '' Aretha Franklin wipes a tear after being honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom alongside historian Robert Conquest , left , and economist Alan Greenspan on November 9 , 2005 . Former United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush on January 13 , 2009 Former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard receiving the Medal from George W. Bush on January 13 , 2009 Chita Rivera with President Barack Obama prior to receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom , August 2009 President Barack Obama talks with Stephen Hawking in the Blue Room of the White House before a ceremony presenting him and 15 others the Presidential Medal of Freedom , August 12 , 2009 . President Barack Obama awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to German chancellor Angela Merkel on June 7 , 2011 . President Barack Obama awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction to Vice President Joe Biden on January 12 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Awards and decorations of the United States government Awards and decorations of the United States military Bharat Ratna ( India ) Federal Cross of Merit ( Germany ) Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana ( Italy ) Légion d'honneur ( France ) Order of Merit ( United Kingdom and Commonwealth ) Order of Australia Knight Bachelor ( United Kingdom ) Order of Canada Order of St. Andrew ( Russia ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Executive Order 11085 , signed February 22 , 1960 ; Federal Register 28 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order 9586 , signed July 6 , 1945 ; Federal Register 10 FR 8523 , July 10 , 1945 Jump up ^ `` President Kennedy 's Executive Order 11085 : Presidential Medal of Freedom - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum '' . www.jfklibrary.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Senate : Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients '' . 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , W.J. ( September 30 , 1993 ) . `` Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington , Virginia '' . University of California , Santa Barbara : The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . In recognition of your legacy and service , of your courage and accomplishment , today , General Powell , I was honored to present you with the Presidential Medal of Freedom , with distinction . I want to tell all those here in attendance that this was the second Medal of Freedom you have received , the first from President Bush in 1991 . And today , you became only the second American citizen in the history of the Republic to be the recipient of two Medals of Freedom . Jump up ^ US White House ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' . Retrieved 22 Nov 2016 . Jump up ^ Torreon , Barbara Salazar ( 31 Mar 2004 ) . A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . RS20884 . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service -- Library of Congress ( United States Government ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . There are two degrees of the Medal , the higher being the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction . External links ( edit ) Presidential Medal of Freedom . `` Presidential Medal of Freedom '' , an article ( undated ) from jfklibrary.org , the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 's official website . Accessed August 22 , 2009 . `` Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients '' , a list of recipients from May 5 , 1993 , through August 19 , 2009 , from senate.gov , the U.S. Senate 's official website . Accessed August 22 , 2009 . `` President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients '' , a news release from the White House Press Secretary , December 15 , 2006 , containing a transcript of President George W. Bush 's opening remarks at the December 15 , 2006 , presentation ( with link to individual citations ) . Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov , a section of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 's official website . Accessed August 22 , 2009 . `` Medal of Freedom Ceremony '' ( August 12 , 2009 ) , a news release , August 12 , 2009 , from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse.gov , the White House 's official website . Accessed August 22 , 2009 . Sanger , David E. , `` War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom '' , The New York Times , December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom&oldid=799560011 '' Categories : Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Awards established in 1960 Civil awards and decorations of the United States Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who decides who gets the presidential medal of freedom	[ "The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. It recognizes those people who have made \"an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors\".[2] The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform." ]	[ "President of the United States" ]
-1054064734546081235	Cosmic latte	Cosmic latte - wikipedia Cosmic latte Jump to : navigation , search Cosmic latte Color coordinates Hex triplet # FFF8E7 sRGB ( r , g , b ) ( 255 , 248 , 231 ) CMYK ( c , m , y , k ) ( 0 , 2.7 , 9.6 , 0 ) HSV ( h , s , v ) ( 40 ° , 9.4 % , 90 % ) Source Internet B : Normalized to ( 0 -- 255 ) ( byte ) H : Normalized to ( 0 -- 100 ) ( hundred ) Due to flawed calculations , the average color of the universe was originally thought to be turquoise . Cosmic spectrum green Cosmic latte is a name assigned to the average color of the universe , found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University . In 2001 , Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry determined that the average color of the universe was a greenish white , but they soon corrected their analysis in a 2002 paper , in which they reported that their survey of the light from over 200,000 galaxies averaged to a slightly beigeish white . The hex triplet value for cosmic latte is # FFF8E7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery of the color 1.1 Naming of the color 2 References 3 External links Discovery of the color ( edit ) Finding the average color of the universe was not the focus of the study . Rather , the study examined spectral analysis of different galaxies to study star formation . Like Fraunhofer lines , the dark lines displayed in the study 's spectral ranges display older and younger stars and allow Glazebrook and Baldry to determine the age of different galaxies and star systems . What the study revealed is that the overwhelming majority of stars formed about 5 billion years ago . Because these stars would have been `` brighter '' in the past , the color of the universe changes over time shifting from blue to red as more blue stars change to yellow and eventually red giants . As light from distant galaxies reaches the Earth , the average `` color of the universe '' ( as seen from Earth ) tends towards pure white , due to the light coming from the stars when they were much younger and bluer . Naming of the color ( edit ) The corrected color was initially published on the Johns Hopkins News website and updated on the team 's initial announcement . Multiple news outlets , including NPR and BBC , displayed the color in stories and some relayed the request by Glazebrook on the announcement asking for suggestions for names , jokingly adding all were welcome as long as they were not `` beige '' . These were the results of a vote of the scientists involved based on the new color : Color Name Credit Number of votes from JHU astronomers Cosmic Latte Peter Drum 6 Cappuccino Cosmico Peter Drum 17 Big Bang Buff / Blush / Beige Many entrants 13 Cosmic Cream Several entrants 8 Astronomer Green Unknown 8 Astronomer Almond Lisa Rose 7 Skyvory Michael Howard 7 Univeige Several entrants 6 Cosmic Khaki Unknown Primordial Clam Chowder Unknown Though Drum 's suggestion of `` cappuccino cosmico '' received the most votes , the researchers favored Drum 's other suggestion , `` cosmic latte '' . This is because the similar `` Latteo '' means `` Milky '' in Italian , Galileo 's native language . It also leads to the similarity to the Italian term for the Milky Way , `` Via Lattea '' , and they enjoyed the fact that the color would be similar to the Milky Way 's average color as well , as it is part of the sum of the universe . They also claimed to be `` caffeine biased '' . Drum came up with the name while sitting in a Starbucks drinking a latte and reading the Washington Post . Drum noticed that the color of the universe as displayed in the newspaper was the same color as his latte . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Universe : Beige , not Turquoise '' . Wired . Wired . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldry , Ivan K. ; Glazebrook , Karl ; Baugh , Carlton M. ; Bland ‐ hawthorn , Joss ; Bridges , Terry ; Cannon , Russell ; Cole , Shaun ; Colless , Matthew ; Collins , Chris ( 2002 ) . `` The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey : Constraints on Cosmic Star Formation History from the Cosmic Spectrum '' . The Astrophysical Journal . The American Astronomical Society ( published 20 April 2002 ) . 569 ( 2 ) : 582 -- 594 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0110676 . Bibcode : 2002ApJ ... 569 ... 582B . doi : 10.1086 / 339477 . ^ Jump up to : Glazebrook , Karl . `` The Cosmic Spectrum '' . www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines@Hopkins : Johns Hopkins University News Releases '' . www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Vikki . `` NPR : The Color of the Universe Is ... '' www.npr.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Universe is off colour '' . news.bbc.co.uk . March 8 , 2002 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Universe : Beige , not Turquoise '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cosmic Spectrum '' . 2002 - 10 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SCIENCE '' . The Washington Post . 2002 - 07 - 01 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official project website : The Cosmic Spectrum at the Wayback Machine ( archived 22 December 2016 ) ( hide ) Shades of white Anti-flash white Antique white Beige Blond Cornsilk Cosmic latte Cream Eggshell Floral white Ghost white Honeydew Isabelline Ivory Lavender blush Lemon chiffon Linen Magnolia Mint cream Navajo white Old lace Papaya whip Peach Pearl Seashell Snow Splashed white Vanilla White White smoke A typical sample is shown for each name ; a range of color - variations is commonly associated with each color - name . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_latte&oldid=839903622 '' Categories : Shades of white Physical universe Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Lumbaart മലയാളം Norsk Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 13 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	according to john hopkins university what is the color of the universe	[ "Cosmic latte is a name assigned to the average color of the universe, found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University. In 2001, Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry determined that the average color of the universe was a greenish white, but they soon corrected their analysis in a 2002 paper, in which they reported that their survey of the light from over 200,000 galaxies averaged to a slightly beigeish white.[2] The hex triplet value for cosmic latte is #FFF8E7." ]	[ "a slightly beigeish white" ]
5489717211503600508	Marco Polo (TV series)	Marco Polo ( TV series ) - wikipedia Marco Polo ( TV series ) Marco Polo Promotional poster Genre Historical Drama Adventure Created by John Fusco Directed by Joachim Rønning Espen Sandberg Alik Sakharov Daniel Minahan David Petrarca John Maybury Jon Amiel James McTeigue Starring Lorenzo Richelmy Benedict Wong Joan Chen Rick Yune Amr Waked Remy Hii Zhu Zhu Tom Wu Mahesh Jadu Olivia Cheng Uli Latukefu Chin Han Pierfrancesco Favino Ron Yuan Claudia Kim Jacqueline Chan Leonard Wu Thomas Chaanhing Chris Pang Gabriel Byrne Michelle Yeoh Theme music composer Daniele Luppi Ending theme Altan Urag Composer ( s ) Peter Nashel Eric V. Hachikian Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 + 1 special ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Minahan Elizabeth Sarnoff John Fusco Harvey Weinstein Peter Friedlander Blair Fetter Bob Weinstein Patrick Macmanus Joachim Rønning Espen Sandberg Dave Erickson David C. Glasser Ben Silverman Chris Grant Producer ( s ) Richard Sharkey Brett Conrad Collin Creighton Michael Chernuchin Kate Barnow Bruce Marshall Romans Production location ( s ) Malaysia Kazakhstan Hungary Italy Slovakia Cinematography Romain Lacourbas Vanja Černjul Xavier Grobet Gavin Struthers Editor ( s ) Malcolm Jamieson Michael Berenbaum Allyson C. Johnson Andrew Marcus Barbara Tulliver Elizabeth Kling Malik Johnson Martin Nicholson Erica Freed Marker Andy Keir William Henry Running time 51 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) The Weinstein Company TV Electus Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) , 2160p ( 4K UHD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) -- July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Marco Polo is an American drama web television series inspired by Marco Polo 's early years in the court of Kublai Khan , the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . The show premiered on Netflix on December 12 , 2014 . The series was written and created by John Fusco and stars Lorenzo Richelmy in the title role with Benedict Wong as Kublai Khan . The series is produced by The Weinstein Company . On January 7 , 2015 , Marco Polo was renewed by Netflix for a 10 - episode second season , which premiered on July 1 , 2016 . On December 12 , 2016 , Netflix announced they had canceled Marco Polo after two seasons . Sources told The Hollywood Reporter that the series ' two seasons resulted in a $200 million loss for Netflix , and the decision to cancel the series was jointly taken by Netflix and The Weinstein Company . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 2.1 Music 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Christmas special 3.3 Season 2 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Lorenzo Richelmy Marco Polo Main Benedict Wong Kublai Khan Main Joan Chen Empress Chabi Main Remy Hii Crown Prince Jingim Main Uli Latukefu Byamba Main Zhu Zhu Nergui / Princess Kokachin Main Mahesh Jadu Ahmad Main Tom Wu Li Jinbao a.k.a. `` Hundred Eyes '' Main Olivia Cheng Jia Mei Lin Main Rick Yune Kaidu Khan Main Pierfrancesco Favino Niccolò Polo Main Amr Waked Vice Regent Yusuf Main Does not appear Chin Han Chancellor Jia Sidao Main Guest Claudia Kim Princess Khutulun Recurring Main Jacqueline Chan Shabkana Khatun Does not appear Main Ron Yuan Prince Nayan Does not appear Main Leonard Wu Prince Orus Does not appear Main Michelle Yeoh Lotus Does not appear Main Thomas Chaanhing Gerel Khan Does not appear Main Chris Pang Arban Khan Does not appear Main Gabriel Byrne Pope Gregory X Does not appear Main Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Chloe Luthi & Jaime Chew + Princess Ling Ling Recurring Max Kellady Emperor Gong of Song Recurring Esther Low Princess Kokachin Guest Recurring Tan Kheng Hua Empress Dowager Xie Daoqing Recurring Does not appear Patrick Teoh General Red Brow Recurring Does not appear Lawrence Makoare Za Bing Recurring Does not appear Nicholas Bloodworth Tulga Recurring Does not appear Shu An Oon Jing Fei Recurring Does not appear Vanessa Vanderstraaten Princess Sorga Recurring Does not appear Corrado Invernizzi Maffeo Polo Recurring Does not appear Baljinnyamyn Amarsaikhan Ariq Böke Recurring Does not appear Jason Chong General Kasar Does not appear Recurring Daniel Tuiara Sukh Does not appear Recurring + Luthi portrays Ling Ling in season 1 , Chew in season 2 . Production ( edit ) The series was originally developed at Starz , which had picked up the series in January 2012 . After attempts to film in China failed , the project was released back to The Weinstein Company . Netflix then picked up the series for a 10 - episode season , for approximately $90 million , making it one of the most expensive TV shows in the world , second to Game of Thrones . The project was officially announced at Netflix in January 2014 . Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg serve as executive producers and directed the pilot and second episodes , `` The Wayfarer '' and `` The Wolf and the Deer '' , respectively . The series was filmed in Italy , Kazakhstan , and at Pinewood Studios in Malaysia . Stuntman Ju Kun was working on the show alongside fight choreographer Brett Chan , but went missing with the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 during pre-production . To prepare for her role as Chabi , Joan Chen read the book The Secret History of the Mongol Queens by Jack Weatherford , as she wanted her performance to reflect the culture of the time period . During his extensive research , show creator John Fusco traveled the Silk Road by horseback and also crossed the Ming Sha Dunes of Western China on camel . In Venice , Italy he sought out and studied the Last Will and Testament of Marco Polo . While some Mongolian viewers and experts view it as `` riddled with historical errors '' , many have praised the series . Orgil Narangerel , who played Genghis Khan in a BBC documentary , said it was more accurate than any previous foreign portrayal of Mongolian culture . `` As a Mongol and an artist , Marco Polo makes me feel like our dreams are coming true , '' he told AFP . `` I watched all 10 episodes in just one day . '' Music ( edit ) The series featured music by Mongolian bands Altan Urag and Batzorig Vaanchig of Asia 's Got Talent , who cameoed as a singer . Daniele Luppi composed the main theme , whilst Peter Nashel and Eric V. Hachikian are composers of the original score . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Wayfarer '' Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg John Fusco December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) After three years crossing seas , deserts and the Silk Road , a young Marco Polo finds himself a prisoner of the great Kublai Khan . `` The Wolf and the Deer '' Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg John Fusco December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) As Kublai Khan battles his warmonger brother for rule over Mongolia , Marco learns that justice in Khan 's Imperial City is swift as it is deadly . `` Feast '' Alik Sakharov Michael Chernuchin December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) Marco begins a dangerous relationship with the beautiful Blue Princess as tensions grow between Kublai and Xiangyang 's cunning Chancellor . `` The Fourth Step '' Alik Sakharov Brett Conrad December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) As war looms with the walled city of Xiangyang , Prince Jingim tests his diplomacy skills while Kublai questions Marco 's allegiance . 5 5 `` Hashshashin '' Daniel Minahan Patrick Macmanus December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) Marco searches for the mastermind behind a murderous plot , while Prince Jingim weighs the risks of retaliation . 6 6 `` White Moon '' Daniel Minahan Dave Erickson December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) On the eve of an auspicious ceremony , Marco searches for the culprit behind the assassination attempted on Kublai Khan , even as a new one takes shape . 7 7 `` The Scholar 's Pen '' David Petrarca Michael Chernuchin December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) Marco and Hundred Eyes take on a dangerous mission to infiltrate the walled city of Xiangyang , while its Chancellor struggles to hold on to power . 8 8 `` Rendering '' John Maybury Brett Conrad December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) When Kublai sets his sights -- and his army -- on the taking of the walled city of Xiangyang , Marco 's allegiance is tested . 9 9 `` Prisoners '' David Petrarca Patrick Macmanus December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) Marco finds his fate in the hands of Kublai yet again . Meanwhile , behind the walls of Xiangyang , Chancellor Sidao sets his sights on regaining power . 10 10 `` The Heavenly and Primal '' John Maybury John Fusco December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) Marco 's ingenuity -- and loyalty -- is put to the ultimate test when Kublai takes a violent and bold step in his quest to become emperor of the world . Christmas special ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` One Hundred Eyes '' Alik Sakharov John Fusco December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) A 30 - minute origin story of Hundred Eyes , in which a defiant warrior - monk arrives at Kublai Khan 's court in chains and earns his nickname . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 12 `` Hunter and the Sable Weaver '' Daniel Minahan John Fusco July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Much of the second season premiere is about getting reoriented in this world , establishing who these characters are and where they stand . After flashing back to a young Kublai Khan taking lessons from his grandfather , we see Kublai at home in his role , attending to trade issues while also preparing for his son 's wedding . Jingim is set to marry the Blue Princess , the former love interest of Marco Polo , securing more heirs to the throne . It is n't long before the day of celebrations is spoiled though . Khan 's bastard child Byamba shows up with a message from Kaidu , Kublai 's cousin . Kaidu is still angry about not being handed the lead during the sack of Xiangyang , and he 's prepared a form of retaliation . He 's going to challenge the Kublai 's rule as Khan in an attempt to secure the position for himself . Kublai , of course , does not accept such a ridiculous claim , but that 's not the news Byamba brings back to Kaidu . There 's a confrontation on the horizon this season , and it 's taking place within filial boundaries . As for Marco Polo , his first storyline of the season is lacking . He , along with Mei Lin , is looking for the boy emperor , the last heir of the Song Dynasty that Jia Sidao defended last season . The journey leads them past an outpost after Mei Lin uses her ties with the Red Lotus to bargain for safe passage . That leads them to a small house in the middle of the jungle where they believe the emperor is . After encountering quite the fight with a woman there , they find the boy emperor stashed away under the floorboards . 13 `` Hug '' David Petrarca Patrick Macmanus July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Marco Polo and Mei Lin are traveling through the jungle with the boy emperor in their care . They 're delivering the boy to Kublai , as Marco has been instructed , but their travel is n't so easy . The boy 's protector , who 's known only as The Handmaiden , is still chasing after them , somehow able to keep up with them despite traveling on foot . Meanwhile , Kaidu is doing everything he can to secure support in his claim to Kublai 's throne . While on the one hand it 's not a difficult sell because many believe Kublai stole the election long ago , there are also those who see going against Kublai as a dangerous act . Back in the new capital of Cambulac , Kublai is taking advice from his wife . She says that he needs to accept the challenge to his throne because Kaidu is operating within the law and any other approach would suggest weakness or deceit . Then , Marco and Mei Lin return with the boy emperor . The return sparks all kinds of intriguing relationships and power struggles . There 's Kublai asserting his power over Mei Lin , even as Marco asks for leniency . There 's Marco being `` introduced '' to the Blue Princess by Jingim , and the appropriate awkwardness that follows from the former secret romantic partners . Then there 's the issue of what to do with the boy emperor . While Jingim and Marco suggest letting the boy fade from the public 's memory by stashing him in a safe place , Ahmad suggests killing him and parading his head through the streets to send a message . Of course , this is the same man who 's working with Mei Lin to overthrow Kublai , even telling her that she could see her daughter in exchange for bringing the boy emperor to the capital . The Blue Princess has a miscarriage , but Jingim is forgiving and understanding . Kaidu has his meeting with Nayan , who 's preaching Christianity to the Mongolian masses , but they ca n't come to an agreement for him to back Kaidu 's claim to the throne . And of course there 's Marco telling Kublai of the many people in south China killing themselves , as they see the Mongolian presence not as liberation but as occupation . The whole episode revolves around a single decision though : Will Kublai kill the boy emperor ? As Ahmad brings the boy to Kublai , and leaves the two of them alone , it 's clear the emperor is conflicted . He first brandishes a dagger but then hugs the boy , consoles him for he knows he 's innocent . But , as he 's hugging him , he suffocates him , his limp body falling to the floor as Marco stumbles upon the scene , a look of disgust crossing his face before the credits roll . 14 `` Measure Against the Linchpin '' Daniel Minahan Elizabeth Sarnoff July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) As the boy emperor hangs from the capital , and the Handmaiden takes the sight in , Kublai awakes from another nightmare , his wife still lambasting him for his decision to kill a child . Marco is n't too happy with him either , and with both in crisis , Kublai takes his Venetian friend on a hike in order to decide what to do about Kaidu 's claim to the throne . Meanwhile , the Blue Princess is having one hell of a time . Not only does the Handmaiden confront her ( though they both agree they have a common enemy ) , there 's also the pressure to produce an heir before Kaidu 's claim comes to pass . That pressure leads to a truly sadistic moment from the Empress . During the night , she holds the Blue Princess down and forces a stable boy to have sex with her since Jingim has yet to impregnate her . `` The baby will have no royal blood , '' she says , with pure menace . While this is happening Jingim goes to Karakorum to help persuade people to side with his father . That means taking down a huge dude in a wrestling match and earning some respect , though that does n't stop Kaidu 's two children from attacking them on their way home . Furthermore , Kaidu makes a bold decision and insists that his daughter Khutulun , rather than his son , will be the next heir . This episode is all about the hike though . Marco and Kublai discuss death , responsibility , and fate , and come face - to - face with a wolf several times . Kublai and Marco stare the wolf down and eventually shoot it when things get dangerous . Kublai sees it as a sign . He will stare down Kaidu 's claim until it becomes too dangerous . 15 `` Let God 's Work Begin '' David Petrarca Kate Barnow July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Nayan is in Northern Israel , along with Marco 's father , to talk about Kublai . The discussion is rather simple . The Pope sees Kublai 's rule as a threat , especially since he 's so accepting of many religions , and vows to confront his forces should they move West . Nayan is less enthused about this idea , but when he proves his religious value to the Pope and the two agree to work together , he 's swayed , washing away his sins and preparing for battle . Meanwhile , the hunt is on for Jingim and Ahmad . Kaidu is pissed at his son because of his actions , which have brought Kublai to his doorstep . Together they all go out to search for the Khan 's missing sons . Along the way , Kaidu and Kublai connect with memories of their childhood but also remain divided on the prospects of the Mongol empire . Things get particularly heated when the insults start flying and Kaidu pulls his sword on Kublai . Ultimately , nothing comes of the moment , as Jingim and Ahmad are found , but certainly the challenge to the throne will not go so smoothly . The other dangling plot thread is that of the Blue Princess and her potential pregnancy . Here she finds out that the stable boy who impregnated her has been killed , and when she goes to see the body for herself she stumbles upon his wife and spends the day with her and her baby . It almost seems as if she 'll abandon her position , especially if Jingim is n't found . Alas , after some bonding with Ahmad , who almost reveals his plans to overthrow the Khan in his delirium , he is found , and she returns to greet him with the good news of her own pregnancy . 16 5 `` Lullaby '' Jon Amiel Bruce Marshall Romans July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Five rebels execute five different attacks and kill 300 Mongolians , as Ahmad informs the Khan . Kublai states that while he 'll still travel to Xanadu to challenge Kaidu , he gives Ahmad control of his forces to strike back . Meanwhile , Khutulun makes it clear to Kaidu that she 's not happy about being the heir because it would mean sacrificing her own goals , and Byamba , who she 's now separated from , is demoted to a foot soldier by Ahmad , who 's still working on his own plans to dethrone Kublai . Ahmad gains even more control when a guard tells him about the Empress leading a stableboy into Princess Kokachin 's chambers . That whole situation is about to get even more complicated because the real Princess Kokachin shows up , apparently not dead like we all believed , and wants her life back . At the same time , Marco continues to grow suspicious of Ahmad , especially as he decides to send nearly 60,000 troops to battle the uprising and only 7,000 with Kublai to Xanadu . `` Lullaby '' also spends a bit of time filling in Ahmad 's backstory . He was once simply a tax collector for the Khan , wanting to travel and learn about the people in Kublai 's empire . Before long though he becomes jaded ; a prostitute he shares a bed with , and ends up killing when she hums the same song his mother did when he was a child , signals his turn as he returns to Kublai and takes a position as his finance minister and begins to take control of his future . The future for everyone is clearly about to get chaotic . The Handmaiden and Hundred Eyes have a strange fight / dance showdown , Kublai is leaving for Xanadu with little protection and an uncertain meeting with Kaidu , and Ahmad is clearly gaining more power . 17 6 `` Serpent 's Terms '' Jon Amiel Noelle Valdivia July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) First , as the episode opens , we see Kaidu and his mother secretly finding their way to Cambulac . They arrive in the middle of the night shrouded in hoods . The purpose of their meeting in the capital is to discuss the overthrow of the Khan with Ahmad . The Khan 's Vice Regent has made it clear that he wants Kublai gone , and he sees Kaidu as his own tool . Along with Kaidu he invites Nayan for the meeting , securing both in opposition to Kublai , the offer of Mei Lin 's daughter to the sinful Nayan helping to sway him . Meanwhile , Kublai is in Xanadu petitioning for votes , bringing a vision of empirical expansion , complete with cool fireworks , to the people there . There are harbingers of death all around though . Horses that were gifted to Kublai are attacked , found with their eyes carved out . Marco and Jingim believe it 's the work of Kaidu , but Kublai does n't seem worried . Eventually , after a night of passion with an exotic dancer who 's traveled the world , the Blue Princess visits Marco and the mystery of the horses seems solved . You see , the fake Blue Princess believes it was the real Blue Princess who attacked the horses , sending a message to Kublai and , more importantly the impostor Blue Princess , that she wanted her life back . When she goes to Marco with this theory though it 's revealed that she has blood all over her hands . The real Blue Princess seems to be a figment of her imagination , perhaps brought on by her guilt over her child and the dead stableboy . `` Serpent 's Terms '' ends with Ahmad , Nayan , and Kaidu forming an alliance -- one which Khutlulun is n't happy about -- while Kublai remains unaware , and Byamba is off on his own following barrels of black powder that he believes will reveal something corrupt . 18 7 `` Lost Crane '' Alik Sakharov Matthew White July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) We see that Hundred Eyes and the Handmaiden , who he refers to as Lotus , were once friends and lovers , until the Mongolians attacked them , Hundred Eyes believing he watched Lotus die at the hands of an archer . That bit of backstory makes their reunion here that much sweeter , and their separation at the end of the episode all the more heartbreaking . The second attack is undertaken by Khutulun and Orus on the order of Kaidu . He 's conducting murderous raids under the banner of Kublai , having his children and warriors wear masks to conceal their identities . Essentially he 's framing Kublai in the hopes of drumming up support for his ascension to the throne . Meanwhile , the Blue Princess is truly losing it , and her visions threaten to reveal the true nature of the baby . Jingim is upset by his wife 's condition , but , after Kublai finds out about Kaidu 's attacks under his own banner , he 's ordered to ride East to engage in their own attacks . That 's all part of Ahmad 's grand scheme though : send Jingim East to die while Nayan and Kaidu amass troops in the West . There 's a twist that Ahmad does n't expect though : Mei Lin turns on him after he fails to deliver on his promise for her to see her daughter . That sends her to Marco , who gives her time with her daughter , and in return she tells him everything . Marco goes to the Khan and asks for his permission to head West even though he ca n't reveal why . He 's asking for trust and Kublai gives it . A good thing he does , too , as Marco and Jingim ride West and , after Byamba saves them from two of Kaidu 's men , discover the gathering forces and one big surprise : Marco 's father , Niccolò Polo . 19 8 `` Whitehorse '' James McTeigue Elizabeth Sarnoff & Patrick Macmanus July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) First , Ahmad lies to Kublai about Jingim 's attacks in the East -- remember , Marco and Jingim actually headed West -- and when Mei Lin goes missing , Kublai questions his Vice Regent 's connection to her . At the same time , Niccolò goes missing from Nayan 's camp near the Twin Rivers , captured by Marco and Byamba . They spend the entirety of `` Whitehorse '' hiding in the woods , Marco questioning his father about where they will attack the Khan , and his father returning fire by essentially calling him a traitor to his Christian people . For a while it looks like Marco has no choice but to kill his father , but a last - minute attack leaves the elder Polo 's fate hanging in the balance . As for Mei Lin , she 's escaped her entrapment with Ahmad , daughter in tow , and when Mongols attack her on the road , Lotus comes to her aid . That forces Mei Lin to accept that the Mongols will keep coming after her and her daughter until she ends this feud , so she leaves her daughter in the care of Lotus , the same woman who could n't protect the boy emperor . Essentially , `` Whitehorse '' is about bringing the conflicts to the forefront before the season 's climax . Kublai learns of Ahmad 's betrayal when Jingim arrives home safe , and he 's devastated , crying in his wife 's arms when he realizes Ahmad tricked him into killing the boy emperor . With Nayan and Kaidu set on destroying Kublai , and Kublai realizing it now that Ahmad 's been outed , the forces are set to collide in the final two episodes of the season . And of course , Marco 's caught in the middle . 20 9 `` Heirs '' James McTeigue Kate Barnow July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) The opening credits of Marco Polo do n't come until 20 minutes into `` Heirs '' because the show is too busy pulling off quite the battle scene . The episode opens with Kublai showing up at Nayan and Kaidu 's camp in the dead of night . He has quite the plan in store : He lights all of his white horses on fire and sends them running into the camp , where they light the tents ablaze and ignite the black powder , causing huge explosions . That fiery backdrop is also the stage for a number of individual moments . Kaidu is sent to safety by Niccolò so as to keep the hope of dethroning the Khan alive . Byamba and Marco fight side by side . Hundred Eyes comes face to face with a huge man covered in chain mail , but destroys him with a quick jab to the neck . Then , there are the big moments . Khutulun saves Byamba , showing that her love trumps her allegiance to her father . Jingim bashes Orus ' skull in , which Khutulun witnesses . Then Marco lets his father escape as Kublai watches from a distance . When the battle is over , Nayan is crucified and the Khan must reckon with the fact that not only has Ahmad betrayed him , holing up in Cambulac under the false pretense of the Khan 's orders , he also feels betrayed by Marco . The arrival of Jingim 's heir -- or `` Heirs , '' as the Blue Princess gives birth to both a girl and a boy -- should bring some joy to the lives of the Khan and his people , but it 's clear there 's more darkness on the horizon . Marco is banished from the tent , but only after the Blue Princess whispers her secret to him , and Kublai heads toward a vote that will impact his empire and legacy . 21 10 `` The Fellowship '' Alik Sakharov Elizabeth Sarnoff & Patrick Macmanus July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) There 's a lot of sitting around , as Kublai and Kaidu await the outcome of the Kurultai , and Ahmad sits on the Khan 's throne in Cambulac , hoping that his plan unfolds in a timely fashion . Essentially , the episode is a lot of setup for a few moments that change the course of the show , and set up a number of stories for the third season . There 's basically two stories that make up `` The Fellowship . '' First there 's Kaidu and Kublai giving speeches and hoping to be selected as the Khan of Khans . It looks as if the vote is all but settled , with the people siding with Kublai and protesting Kaidu 's aggressive tactics . Of course , the Kurultai does n't go down without a hitch . Ahmad , backed into a corner by the presence of Jingim , Byamba , and Hundred Eyes , sends word to Kaidu revealing the truth about Jingim 's son and Kublai 's heir . Kaidu uses that knowledge to blackmail the Khan and the Empress , but they 're more determined than Kaidu gives them credit for . First , the Empress helps the Blue Princess drown herself , and Kublai attempts to poison Kaidu , hoping to stop the potential leak of the information . Kaidu gets the upper hand though and is moments away from killing Kublai when Marco saves him , coming back from his banishment to inform the Khan about an approaching Christian army , killing Kaidu and proving his loyalty to Kublai in the process . Back at Cambulac , Jingim , Hundred Eyes , and Byamba expertly pull off a raid that sees them take back control of the capital as Ahmad runs and hides . Unfortunately for him , Mei Lin is waiting for him in his room . She kills him and , in return , Jingim allows her to leave the capital freely , with Hundred Eyes offering to escort her back to her daughter . Thus , `` The Fellowship '' re-establishes Kublai as the Khan of Khans , and Ahmad , Kaidu , and the Blue Princess are dead . As Ahmad hangs from the entrance to Cambulac though , things are n't exactly peaceful . In fact , as the episode cuts to black , Byamba and Jingim look out at the empty camp where the Kurultai was meant to be held . The camera focuses in on a cross . Kublai may be back in full control , but the Christians are moving East . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Marco Polo was met with negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a rating of 24 % , based on 33 reviews , with a rating average of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An all - around disappointment , Marco Polo is less entertaining than a round of the game that shares its name . '' On Metacritic , the show 's first season has a score of 48 out of 100 based on 21 reviews by critics , indicating `` mixed reviews '' . In his review for Entertainment Weekly , Jeff Jensen gave the first season a `` B − '' rating , calling the premise `` stale '' , but added `` Somewhere in the middle of episode 2 , though , Marco Polo becomes surprisingly watchable . The filmmaking becomes bolder . '' Writing for People , Tom Gliatto praised the series , calling it `` ... a fun , body - flinging , old - fashioned epic '' . USA Today reviewer Robert Bianco gave the series 1 ⁄ stars out of 4 , saying , `` Clearly what Netflix hopes you 'll see a ( sic ) big - bucks , prestige entertainment along the lines of that HBO fantasy epic , but in truth , Marco is far closer to one of those cheesy international syndicated adventures . '' In 2015 , the President of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj presented John Fusco and the Marco Polo creative team with an award , honoring their positive portrayal and global presentation of Mongolian subject matter . Fusco , himself , has described the series as historical fiction , based on the accounts of the Venetian traveler Marco Polo . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Daniele Luppi Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Series Daniele Luppi Nominated Australian Production Design Guild Awards Set Decoration on a Television Drama Christian Petersen Won SXSW Film Festival Excellence in Title Design Nominees ( show ) Ben Smith Bryce Wymer Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Vanja Cernjul Won Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie / Mini-Series / Pilot Romain Lacourbas Nominated 2017 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Nominees ( show ) Dave Paterson Rachel Chancey Glenfield Payne Damian Volpe Nominated See also ( edit ) Europeans in Medieval China Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty History of the Song dynasty References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marco Polo TV series finishes shooting in Slovakia '' . The Slovak Spectator . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' Marco Polo ' Sets December Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Marco Polo ' Sets Its Cast '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` A mega Marco Polo recap : Let 's talk about all of season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marco Polo ' Canceled at Netflix After Two Seasons '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Marco Polo to get the Starz treatment with new original series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Weinstein Company , Seeking Hits , Shifts to TV '' . 25 November 2013 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Is Creating One Of The Most Expensive TV Shows In The World -- Here 's Why It 's So Important '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Official : Netflix Orders Series ' Marco Polo ' From Weinstein Co '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 passengers include stuntman , honeymooners '' . 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Ayers . `` Inside ' Marco Polo , ' Netflix 's $90 Million Epic '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ `` Riding the Silk Road '' . Traveller . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Marco Polo Series ' Riddled With Historical Errors ' '' . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MARCO POLO : SEASON 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Polo ( 2014 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Polo Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's Fun New Marco Polo Is All About the Wrath of Kublai Khan '' . people.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Marco Polo ' gets lost on the Silk Road to nowhere '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbould , Chris ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` New season of Marco Polo to reveal the dark side of characters , says actor Lorenzo Richelmy '' . The National . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Makinen , Julie ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` ' Marco Polo ' brings the court of Kublai Khan to Netflix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Creative Arts Emmys : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.hmmawards.com/2015-music-in-visual-media-nominees/ External links ( edit ) Marco Polo on Netflix Marco Polo on IMDb Netflix original ended series Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sense8 ( 2015 -- 18 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Narcos ( 2015 -- 17 ) Terrace House : Boys & Girls in the City ( 2015 - 16 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Master of None ( 2015 -- 17 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Lost & Found Music Studios ( 2015 -- 17 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Marseille ( 2016 -- 18 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bottersnikes and Gumbles ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Estocolmo ( 2016 ) Terrace House : Aloha State ( 2016 - 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Abstract : The Art of Design ( 2017 ) My Only Love Song ( 2017 ) El Chapo ( 2017 -- 18 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale ( 2018 ) First Team : Juventus ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Evil Genius ( 2018 ) The Break with Michelle Wolf ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Polo_(TV_series)&oldid=853429512 '' Categories : Netflix original programming English - language television programs Cultural depictions of Marco Polo Cultural depictions of Kublai Khan Television series set in the Yuan dynasty 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings Television series set in the Mongol Empire Television series set in the 13th century Television series by The Weinstein Company Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 18 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons of marco polo will there be	[ "On December 12, 2016, Netflix announced they had canceled Marco Polo after two seasons. Sources told The Hollywood Reporter that the series' two seasons resulted in a $200 million loss for Netflix, and the decision to cancel the series was jointly taken by Netflix and The Weinstein Company.[5]\n" ]	[ "two seasons" ]
-7283162003353322807	Book of Numbers	Book of Numbers - wikipedia Book of Numbers Jump to : navigation , search For the 1973 American crime film , see Book of Numbers ( film ) . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( hide ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( hide ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Poetry Wisdom ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Numbers ( from Greek Ἀριθμοί , Arithmoi ; Hebrew : בְּמִדְבַּר ‬ , Bəmiḏbar , `` In the desert ( of ) '' ) is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible , and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah . The book has a long and complex history , but its final form is probably due to a Priestly redaction ( i.e. , editing ) of a Yahwistic source made some time in the early Persian period ( 5th century BCE ) . The name of the book comes from the two censuses taken of the Israelites . Numbers begins at Mount Sinai , where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among them in the sanctuary . The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land . The people are counted and preparations are made for resuming their march . The Israelites begin the journey , but they `` murmur '' at the hardships along the way , and about the authority of Moses and Aaron . For these acts , God destroys approximately 15,000 of them through various means . They arrive at the borders of Canaan and send spies into the land . Upon hearing the spies ' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan , the Israelites refuse to take possession of it . God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task . The book ends with the new generation of Israelites in the Plain of Moab ready for the crossing of the Jordan River . Numbers is the culmination of the story of Israel 's exodus from oppression in Egypt and their journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers . As such it draws to a conclusion the themes introduced in Genesis and played out in Exodus and Leviticus : God has promised the Israelites that they shall become a great ( i.e. numerous ) nation , that they will have a special relationship with Yahweh their god , and that they shall take possession of the land of Canaan . Numbers also demonstrates the importance of holiness , faithfulness and trust : despite God 's presence and his priests , Israel lacks faith and the possession of the land is left to a new generation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes 5 Weekly Torah portions 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Translations Structure ( edit ) Most commentators divide Numbers into three sections based on locale ( Mount Sinai , Kadesh - Barnea and the plains of Moab ) , linked by two travel sections ; an alternative is to see it as structured around the two generations of those condemned to die in the wilderness and the new generation who will enter Canaan , making a theological distinction between the disobedience of the first generation and the obedience of the second . Summary ( edit ) Priest , Levite , and furnishings of the Tabernacle God orders Moses , in the wilderness of Sinai , to number those able to bear arms -- of all the men `` from twenty years old and upward , '' and to appoint princes over each tribe . A total of 603,550 Israelites are found to be fit for military service . The tribe of Levi is exempted from military service and therefore not included in the census . Moses consecrates the Levites for the service of the Tabernacle in the place of the first - born sons , who hitherto had performed that service . The Levites are divided into three families , the Gershonites , the Kohathites , and the Merarites , each under a chief . The Kohathites were headed by Eleazar , son of Aaron , while the Gershonites and Merarites were headed by Aaron 's other son , Ithamar . Preparations are then made for resuming the march to the Promised Land . Various ordinances and laws are decreed . The Israelites set out from Sinai . The people murmur against God and are punished by fire ; Moses complains of their stubbornness and is ordered to choose seventy elders to assist him in the government of the people . Miriam and Aaron insult Moses at Hazeroth , which angers God ; Miriam is punished with leprosy and is shut out of camp for seven days , at the end of which the Israelites proceed to the desert of Paran on the border of Canaan . Twelve spies are sent out into Canaan and come back to report to Moses . Joshua and Caleb , two of the spies , report that the land is abundant and is `` flowing with milk and honey '' , but the other spies say that it is inhabited by giants , and the Israelites refuse to enter the land . Yahweh decrees that the Israelites will be punished for their loss of faith by having to wander in the wilderness for 40 years . Moses is ordered by God to make plates to cover the altar . The children of Israel murmur against Moses and Aaron on account of the destruction of Korah 's men and are stricken with the plague , with 14,700 perishing . Aaron and his family are declared by God to be responsible for any iniquity committed in connection with the sanctuary . The Levites are again appointed to help in the keeping of the Tabernacle . The Levites are ordered to surrender to the priests a part of the tithes taken to them . Miriam dies at Kadesh Barnea and the Israelites set out for Moab , on Canaan 's eastern border . The Israelites blame Moses for the lack of water . Moses is ordered by God to speak to a rock but initially disobeys , and is punished by the announcement that he shall not enter Canaan . The king of Edom refuses permission to pass through his land and they go around it . Aaron dies on Mount Hor . The Israelites are bitten by Fiery flying serpents for speaking against God and Moses . A brazen serpent is made to ward off these serpents . The Israelites arrive on the plains of Moab . A new census gives the total number of males from twenty years and upward as 601,730 , and the number of the Levites from the age of one month and upward as 23,000 . The land shall be divided by lot . The daughters of Zelophehad , their father having no sons , are to share in the allotment . Moses is ordered to appoint Joshua as his successor . Prescriptions for the observance of the feasts and the offerings for different occasions are enumerated . Moses orders the Israelites to massacre the people of Midian . The Reubenites and the Gadites request Moses to assign them the land east of the Jordan . Moses grants their request after they promise to help in the conquest of the land west of the Jordan . The land east of the Jordan is divided among the tribes of Reuben , Gad , and the half - tribe of Manasseh . Moses recalls the stations at which the Israelites halted during their forty years ' wanderings and instructs the Israelites to exterminate the Canaanites and destroy their idols . The boundaries of the land are spelled out ; the land is to be divided under the supervision of Eleazar , Joshua , and twelve princes , one of each tribe . Composition ( edit ) Balaam and the Angel ( illustration from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle ) The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah ( the books of Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy ) reached its present form in the post-Exilic period ( i.e. , after c. 520 BCE ) , based on pre-existing written and oral traditions and `` contemporary geographical and demographic details but even more importantly from contemporary political realities '' . The five books are often described as being drawn from four `` sources '' - schools of writers rather than individuals - the Yahwist and the Elohist ( frequently treated as a single source ) , the Priestly source and the Deuteronomist . There is ongoing dispute over the origins of the non-Priestly source ( s ) , but it is generally agreed that the Priestly source is post-exilic . Genesis is made up of Priestly and non-Priestly material . Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel 's history . Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic / post-exilic period . Numbers is a Priestly redaction ( i.e. , editing ) of a non-Priestly original . Deuteronomy , now the last book of the Torah , began as the set of religious laws ( these make up the bulk of the book ) , was extended in the early part of the 6th century BCE to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history ( the books from Joshua to Kings ) , and later still was detached from that history , extended and edited again , and attached to the Torah . Themes ( edit ) A Plague Inflicted on Israel While Eating the Quail ( illustration from the 1728 Figures de la Bible ) David A. Clines , in his influential The Themes of the Pentateuch ( 1978 ) , identified the overarching theme of the five books as the partial fulfilment of a promise made by God to the patriarchs , Abraham , Isaac and Jacob . The promise has three elements : posterity ( i.e. , descendants -- Abraham is told that his descendants will be as innumerable as the stars ) , divine - human relationship ( Israel is to be God 's chosen people ) , and land ( the land of Canaan , cursed by Noah immediately after the Deluge ) . The theme of the divine - human relationship is expressed , or managed , through a series of covenants ( meaning treaties , legally binding agreements ) stretching from Genesis to Deuteronomy and beyond . The first is the covenant between God and Noah immediately after the Deluge in which God agrees never again to destroy the Earth with water . The next is between God and Abraham , and the third between God and all Israel at Mount Sinai . In this third covenant , unlike the first two , God hands down an elaborate set of laws ( scattered through Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers ) , which the Israelites are to observe ; they are also to remain faithful to Yahweh , the god of Israel , meaning , among other things , that they must put their trust in his help . The theme of descendants marks the first event in Numbers , the census of Israel 's fighting men : the huge number which results ( over 600,000 ) demonstrates the fulfillment of God 's promise to Abraham of innumerable descendants , as well as serving as God 's guarantee of victory in Canaan . As chapters 1 -- 10 progress , the theme of God 's presence with Israel comes to the fore : these chapters describe how Israel is to be organised around the Sanctuary , God 's dwelling - place in their midst , under the charge of the Levites and priests , in preparation for the conquest of the land . The Israelites then set out to conquer the land , but almost immediately they refuse to enter it , and Yahweh condemns the whole generation who left Egypt to die in the wilderness . The message is clear : failure was not due to any fault in the preparation , because Yahweh had foreseen everything , but to Israel 's sin of unfaithfulness . In the final section , the Israelites of the new generation follow Yahweh 's instructions as given through Moses and are successful in all they attempt . The last five chapters are exclusively concerned with land : instructions for the extermination of the Canaanites , the demarcation of the boundaries of the land , how the land is to be divided , holy cities for the Levites and `` cities of refuge '' , the problem of pollution of the land by blood , and regulations for inheritance when a male heir is lacking . Weekly Torah portions ( edit ) Main article : Weekly Torah portion Bemidbar , on Numbers 1 -- 4 : First census , priestly duties Naso , on Numbers 4 -- 7 : Priestly duties , the camp , unfaithfulness and the Nazirite , Tabernacle consecration Behaalotecha , on Numbers 8 -- 12 : Levites , journeying by cloud and fire , complaints , questioning of Moses Shlach , on Numbers 13 -- 15 : Mixed report of the scouts and Israel 's response , libations , bread , idol worship , fringes Korach , on Numbers 16 -- 18 : Korah 's rebellion , plague , Aaron 's staff buds , duties of the Levites Chukat , on Numbers 19 -- 21 : Red heifer , water from a rock , Miriam 's and Aaron 's deaths , victories , serpents Balak , on Numbers 22 -- 25 : Balaam 's donkey and blessing Pinechas , on Numbers 25 -- 29 : Phinehas , second census , inheritance , Moses ' successor , offerings and holidays Matot , on Numbers 30 -- 32 : Vows , Midian , dividing booty , land for Reuben , Gad , and half of Manasseh Masei , on Numbers 33 -- 36 : Stations of the Israelites ' journeys , instructions for conquest , cities for Levites See also ( edit ) Balaam Book of the Wars of the Lord Inverted nun ( only appears twice in the Book of Numbers and seven times in the Book of Psalms ) Ketef Hinnom Priestly Blessing Torah What hath God wrought ( disambiguation ) Wilderness of Sin References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashley 1993 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : McDermott 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Olson 1996 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Stubbs 2009 , p. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Ashley 1993 , p. 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Knierim 1995 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Enns 2012 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , I. , Silberman , NA. , The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts , p. 68 - 69 Jump up ^ Coogan , Brettler & Newsom 2007 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Carr 2000 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Dozeman 2000 , p. 443 . Jump up ^ Houston 2003 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Van Seters 2004 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Clines 1997 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bandstra 2004 , p. 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Olson 1996 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ska 2006 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Clines 1997 , p. 62 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ashley , Timothy R ( 1993 ) . The Book of Numbers . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825230 . Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . Carr , David ( 2000 ) . `` Genesis , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Clines , David A ( 1997 ) . The theme of the Pentateuch . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567431967 . Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann ( 2007 ) . `` Editors ' Introduction '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195288803 . Dozeman , Thomas ( 2000 ) . `` Exodus , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Enns , Peter ( 2012 ) . The Evolution of Adam . Baker Books . ISBN 9781587433153 . Houston , Walter J ( 2003 ) . `` Leviticus '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Bible Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Knierim , Rolf P ( 1995 ) . The task of Old Testament theology : substance , method , and cases . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802807151 . McDermott , John J ( 2002 ) . Reading the Pentateuch : a historical introduction . Pauline Press . ISBN 9780809140824 . Olson , Dennis T ( 1996 ) . Numbers . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237363 . Plaut , Gunther . The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 Ska , Jean - Louis ( 2006 ) . Introduction to reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061221 . Stubbs , David L ( 2009 ) . Numbers . Brazos Press . ISBN 9780664237363 . Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : a social - science commentary . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567080882 . Further reading ( edit ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Treasures old and new : essays in the theology of the Pentateuch . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802826794 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of faith : a theological handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . Campbell , Antony F ; O'Brien , Mark A ( 1993 ) . Sources of the Pentateuch : texts , introductions , annotations . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451413670 . Carr , David M. ( 2016 ) . `` The Formation of the Hebrew Bible '' . In Niditch , Susan . The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel . John Wiley & Sons . Dawes , Gregory W ( 2005 ) . Introduction to the Bible . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814628355 . Fretheim , Terence E ( 1998 ) . `` Numbers '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Gilbert , Christopher ( 2009 ) . A Complete Introduction to the Bible . Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809145522 . Knierim , Rolf P ; Coats , George W ( 2005 ) . Numbers . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802822314 . Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Numbers . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Numbers ( Bible ) Numbers - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) במדבר Bamidbar -- Numbers ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Translations ( edit ) Jewish translations : Numbers at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) Numbers ( The Living Torah ) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's translation and commentary at Ort.org Bamidbar -- Numbers ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Christian translations : Numbers Online Bible at GospelHall.org ( King James Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( New Revised Standard Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( Anglicized New Revised Standard Version ) Numbers at Wikisource ( Authorized King James Version ) Numbers at drbo.org ( Douay - Rheims Version ) Bible : Numbers public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Book of Numbers Pentateuch Preceded by Leviticus Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Deuteronomy Christian Old Testament ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers&oldid=827918213 '' Categories : 5th - century BC books Book of Numbers Torah books Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the book of numbers written in the bible	[ "The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah (the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) reached its present form in the post-Exilic period (i.e., after c.520 BCE), based on pre-existing written and oral traditions and \"contemporary geographical and demographic details but even more importantly from contemporary political realities\".[7][8] The five books are often described as being drawn from four \"sources\" - schools of writers rather than individuals - the Yahwist and the Elohist (frequently treated as a single source), the Priestly source and the Deuteronomist.[9] There is ongoing dispute over the origins of the non-Priestly source(s), but it is generally agreed that the Priestly source is post-exilic.[10]" ]	[ "after c.520 BCE" ]
-8320957405471932578	The Circle (2017 film)	The Circle ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia The Circle ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Circle Theatrical release poster Directed by James Ponsoldt Produced by Anthony Bregman Gary Goetzman Tom Hanks James Ponsoldt Screenplay by James Ponsoldt Dave Eggers Based on The Circle by Dave Eggers Starring Emma Watson Tom Hanks John Boyega Karen Gillan Ellar Coltrane Patton Oswalt Glenne Headly Bill Paxton Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Matthew Libatique Edited by Lisa Lassek Production companies Image Nation Abu Dhabi Playtone Likely Story IM Global Distributed by STXfilms EuropaCorp Release date April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) ( Tribeca ) April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $33.9 million The Circle is a 2017 American techno - thriller film directed by James Ponsoldt with a screenplay by Ponsoldt and Dave Eggers based on Eggers ' 2013 novel of the same name . The film stars Emma Watson and Tom Hanks , with John Boyega , Karen Gillan , Ellar Coltrane , Patton Oswalt , Glenne Headly and Bill Paxton . It is the final performance of Paxton 's career , and was released just after his death in February 2017 . It is also Headly 's penultimate performance before her death in June 2017 . The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26 , 2017 , and was theatrically released on April 28 , 2017 , by STXfilms and EuropaCorp . It received negative reviews but grossed $33 million worldwide , becoming director Ponsoldt 's highest grossing feature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting and financing 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When her car breaks down Mae Holland ( Emma Watson ) contacts an old acquaintance Mercer ( Ellar Coltrane ) who is liked by her parents : Vinnie ( Bill Paxton ) , has multiple sclerosis and needs the help of his wife , Bonnie ( Glenne Headly ) . Mae 's friend Annie Allerton ( Karen Gillan ) works at The Circle , a tech company where Mae gets a job in Customer Experience . At a company meeting , Eamon Bailey ( Tom Hanks ) introduces SeeChange , which uses small cameras placed anywhere to provide real time video . At work Mae rises in The Circle , embracing social networking . At a company presentation , Tom Stenton ( Patton Oswalt ) introduces a political candidate . Tom explains how transparency brings accountability . A man Mae previously met at a party is in the crowd and leaves once the candidate ceases talking . Mae again sees the man from the party , Ty Lafitte ( John Boyega ) . He takes her to an abandoned underground area saying that the plan is to keep all information on everyone in this area . Ty does not seem comfortable with this new direction . Mae becomes embarrassed , as Ty is the creator of True You , a very popular Circle product , and she did not know who he was . He tells her that True You has been morphed into something that he did not intend and that he has taken a back seat at The Circle . Later , Mae is shown a picture of a chandelier made by Mercer in the shape of ( or from ) deer antlers . She photographs it and shares it on her Circle profile . The image attracts significant negative attention to Mercer , with people accusing him of killing real animals . Mercer confronts Mae about sharing the picture . Despite her insistence that she did not intend to hurt him , Mercer storms off . Mae goes kayaking at night and has to be rescued by the coastguard . The next day Eamon says that SeeChange cameras recorded her at the kayak premises and in the water . She was saved because of this . At the next meeting , Eamon introduces Mae , and they discuss her experience of rescue . She says she is the first circler to go ' completely transparent ' . This involves wearing a small camera and exposing her life to the world . Annie is in the audience . Mae 's transparency damages her relationships . She accidentally sees her parents having sex . She quickly turns away from the camera , but everyone following her sees in turn . At a board meeting Eamon announces support from all 50 states for voting through Circle accounts . Mae suggests requiring every individual to have a Circle account . Eamon and Tom approve , but the suggestion upsets Annie . At the next company - wide meeting , Mae says that The Circle believes it can find anyone on the planet in under 20 minutes . She identifies an escaped prisoner . Within 10 minutes , Circlers around the world find the prisoner through social media and SeeChange cameras . Mae suggests transparency can be a force for good . Mae says that the program can find anyone . Someone suggests Mercer . Tom persuades Mae to continue , asking if they can break their record of 10 minutes . Mercer is located in a cabin . Disturbed , and wanting privacy , he drives off trying to escape those tracking him but , under stress , he drives off a bridge to his death . Mae is horrified . She moves back in with her parents . She calls Annie , who has also left The Circle , to her apparent benefit . Mae , however , finds that connection with others helps her cope with Mercer 's death . Mae returns to the Circle , despite her parents ' pleas . Mae calls Ty and asks for a favor , and Ty tells her something that he has discovered . At the next company - wide meeting , Mae says how connection has helped her recover . She speaks with Eamon and invites Tom onstage , then inviting both Eamon and Tom to go fully transparent . She explains how Ty has found all their accounts , even the accounts that their wives were unaware of , and exposes them as no one should be exempt . Eamon and Tom , clearly upset , try to save face before Tom leaves the stage . Mae reiterates her point of transparency being good , with the support of the audience . Mae goes kayaking again , untroubled by the drones that surround her . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Mae Holland . Tom Hanks as Eamon Bailey . John Boyega as Ty Lafitte / Kalden , . Karen Gillan as Annie Allerton , Ellar Coltrane as Mercer . Patton Oswalt as Tom Stenton , , Bill Paxton as Vinnie Holland , Mae 's father . Glenne Headly as Bonnie Holland , Mae 's mother . Poorna Jagannathan as Dr. Jessica Villalobos Nate Corddry as Dan Jimmy Wong as Mitch Ellen Wong as Renata Judy Reyes as Congresswoman Santos Andrea Brooks as Sky Production ( edit ) Casting and Financing ( edit ) On December 15 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Tom Hanks would star in a film adaptation of Dave Eggers ' 2013 novel The Circle , with James Ponsoldt writing and directing . In January 2015 , THR confirmed that Anthony Bregman would produce the film through his banner , Likely Story , along with Ponsoldt , Hanks , and Gary Goetzman . On May 11 , 2015 , it was announced that Image Nation Abu Dhabi would fully finance the film , together with Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald , while IM Global would handle international sales . IM GLOBAL later sold the rights to various distributors . On May 23 , 2015 , Deadline revealed that producers had offered Emma Watson the female lead role in the film . In June 2015 , director Ponsoldt confirmed that Watson was not officially on board , but that she is one possibility to star in the film . On June 24 , 2015 , Variety confirmed that Watson was officially set to play the lead role of Mae Holland in the film . On August 19 , 2015 , John Boyega was added to the cast , and on September 1 , 2015 , Karen Gillan was cast to play Annie , a warm and intelligent member of The Circle . On September 11 , 2015 , Patton Oswalt joined the cast to play Tom Stenton , one of three founders of the Circle , and on September 16 , 2015 , Bill Paxton joined the film as Watson 's character 's father . On September 29 , 2015 , Ellar Coltrane joined the film , playing the character Mercer . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on September 11 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . On September 17 , filming was taking place in Pasadena . Reshoots were done in January 2017 . Release ( edit ) In February 2016 , EuropaCorp acquired U.S and Canadian distribution rights to the film , while STX Entertainment co-distributes . The Circle premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26 , 2017 and was released on April 28 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) The Circle grossed $20.5 million in the United States and Canada and $13.4 million in other territories , for a total of $33.9 million , against a production budget of $18 million . In North America , The Circle was released alongside How to Be a Latin Lover , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Sleight , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 3,163 theaters during its opening weekend . However , the film underperformed , debuting at number five with $9 million , behind The Fate of the Furious , How to Be a Latin Lover , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and The Boss Baby . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 17 % based on 112 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Circle assembles an impressive cast , but this digitally driven thriller spins aimlessly in its half - hearted exploration of timely themes . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 43 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` D + '' on an A+ to F scale . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times criticized the film for its repetitiveness and lack of originality : `` The novel is at its most trenchantly funny when depicting the exhausting nature of virtual social life , and it 's in this area , too , that the movie gets its very few knowing laughs . But it 's plain , not much more than 15 minutes in , that without the story 's paranoid aspects you 're left with a conceptual framework that 's been lapped three times over by the likes of , say , the Joshua Cohen novel Book of Numbers or the HBO comedy series Silicon Valley '' . Dan Callahan of The Wrap wrote : `` The main problem with The Circle is that the evil of the tech company is made so obvious right from the start . '' Eric Kohn of IndieWire awarded the film a C. He was especially critical of the film 's tonal inconsistencies : `` Recent years have seen a proliferation of deep - dive narratives on the information age , from the psychological thriller territory of Mr. Robot to the parodic extremes of Silicon Valley . Ponsoldt 's project is stuck in between those two extremes . On the one hand , it 's an Orwellian drama about surveillance society ; at the same time , it 's a sincere workplace drama about young adulthood that shoehorns in some techno - babble for the sake of deepening its potential . '' Gregory Wakeman of Cinema Blend panned the film , arguing that `` the movie 's grand philosophical debate is so simplistic and comes from two opposing and extreme sides of the spectrum that it 's basically rendered mute . '' He also wrote : `` Smug , condescending , and completely without incident , The Circle is the reason why people hate Hollywood . '' Wakeman gave the film one - and - a-half stars out of five . Likewise , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film one star out of four . He wrote : `` The Circle feels dull , dated and ripped from yesterday 's headlines . It flatlines while you 're watching it . '' In a positive review , John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` The film 's final message is n't as difficult to grapple with as the world we 're actually living in , but that does n't make it easy . '' He also described the film as `` a mainstream - friendly critique of social media . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety was positive as well , directing much of his praise towards the film 's contemporary relevance : `` You could call The Circle a dystopian thriller , yet it 's not the usual boilerplate sci - fi about grimly abstract oppressors lording it over everyone else . The movie is smarter and creepier than that ; it 's a cautionary tale for the age of social - media witch hunts and compulsive oversharing . The fascist digital future the movie imagines is darkly intriguing to contemplate , because one 's main thought about it is how much of that future is already here . '' Mick LaSalle of The San Francisco Chronicle also praised the film 's timeliness : `` What makes The Circle so valuable is not only that it 's showing us a ghastly possible path that the world may take , but that it articulates the mentality that could create and sustain it . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Circle '' . Tribeca Film Festival . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Circle ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Joins Tom Hanks in Thriller ' The Circle ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' John Boyega Lands Lead In James Ponsoldt 's ' The Circle ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Karen Gillan Completes ' Circle ' , Lands Final Lead In James Ponsoldt Pic '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Patton Oswalt Joins James Ponsoldt 's ' The Circle ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Paxton Joins Tom Hanks in ' The Circle ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tom Hanks Eyes David Eggers ' Novel ' The Circle ' With James Ponsoldt : Hot Package '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Cannes : ' Ex Machina 's ' Alicia Vikander to Star in James Ponsoldt 's ' The Circle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Cannes : Tom Hanks Thriller ' The Circle ' Gets Financing from Image Nation '' . variety.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cannes : Tom Hanks ' ' The Circle ' Sold Worldwide to Independent Territories by IM Global '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : NEMIROFF , PERRI ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` THE CIRCLE : James Ponsoldt Updates on Emma Watson 's Involvement ; Confirms Fall Start '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Bill Paxton died on Saturday . He was 61 . '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Boyhood ' Star Joins Emma Watson , Tom Hanks in ' The Circle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 9 / 11 / 15 : Matt Damon Starts on Jason Bourne Sequel , Shailene Woodley Wraps Divergent Series : Allegiant '' . ssninsider.com . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson cuts a demure figure in knitted sweater and chinos as she gets to work on her new movie The Circle '' . dailymail.co.uk . September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for ' The Circle ' , starring Emma Watson , Tom Hanks & Patton Oswalt '' . onlocationvacations.com . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STX Lands Luc Besson 's ' Valerian ' And Other EuropaCorp Titles In 3 - Year Pact ; RED Hit With Massive Layoffs '' . deadline.com . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` EuropaCorp Buys Domestic Rights to ' The Circle ' With Emma Watson , Tom Hanks '' . Variety.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Busch , Anita ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` STX Lands Luc Besson 's ' Valerian ' And Other EuropaCorp Titles In 3 - Year Pact ; RED Hit With Massive Layoffs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and Tom Hanks ' ' The Circle ' to Premiere at 2017 Tribeca Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hanks & Emma Watson Thriller ' The Circle ' Sets Spring 2017 Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Circle ' likely no match for ' Fate ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Wins ; ' How to Be a Latin Lover , ' ' Baahubali 2 ' Beat ' The Circle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Circle ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Circle Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Circle '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : In ' The Circle , ' Click Here if You Think You 're Being Watched '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Dan ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Circle ' Review : Tom Hanks Runs Social Media Cult in Implausible Thriller '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Circle ' Review : Tom Hanks and Emma Watson Star In a Misguided Story of Technology Gone Wrong -- Tribeca 2017 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` THE CIRCLE REVIEW '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Circle ' Review : Torn - From - Headlines Tech Thriller Is Cinematic Dead Link '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Circle ' : Film Review - Tribeca 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tribeca Film Review : Tom Hanks and Emma Watson in ' The Circle ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Circle ' a tale of technology run amok '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Circle . Official website The Circle on IMDb The Circle at AllMovie Films directed by James Ponsoldt Off the Black ( 2006 ) Smashed ( 2012 ) The Spectacular Now ( 2013 ) The End of the Tour ( 2015 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Tom Hanks Director That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Screenwriter That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 , 4 episodes ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Producer Cast Away ( 2000 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) City of Ember ( 2008 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Television From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Related Filmography Playtone Awards and nominations Colin Hanks Rita Wilson Jim Hanks Dave Eggers Novels You Shall Know Our Velocity What Is the What The Wild Things A Hologram for the King The Circle Your Fathers , Where Are They ? And the Prophets , Do They Live Forever ? Heroes of the Frontier Short story collections How We Are Hungry Non-fiction A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius Teachers Have It Easy Zeitoun Visitants Projects 30 Days , 50 Songs 826 Valencia The Best American Nonrequired Reading McSweeney 's Timothy McSweeney 's Quarterly Concern The Believer Wholphin Might ScholarMatch Adaptations Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Zeitoun ( TBA ) You Shall Know Our Velocity ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Circle_(2017_film)&oldid=804593522 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s science fiction films American drama films American films American science fiction films American thriller films EuropaCorp films Films based on American novels Films directed by James Ponsoldt Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films produced by Tom Hanks Films set in Europe Films set in San Francisco Films set on islands Films shot in Los Angeles Playtone films Techno - thriller films Films based on works by Dave Eggers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mae's dad in the circle	[ "Bill Paxton as Vinnie Holland, Mae's father.[7]" ]	[ "Bill Paxton" ]
-5747192338428587830	Houston Astros	Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . Houston Astros 2017 Houston Astros season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 Colors Navy blue , orange , white Name Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames ' Stros Ballpark Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2017 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2017 NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1980 1986 1997 1998 1999 2001 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers 1.16 2017 : World Series champions 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1970s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out , the team electing to keep a five - stripe `` rainbow '' design on the sleeves . From 1987 to 1993 , the Astros wore the same uniform for both home and away games ; the only team in Major League Baseball to do so during that period . Its favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990.1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 -- 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hoped would generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World Series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 -- 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 -- 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 -- 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 -- 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 -- 75 and 74 -- 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 -- 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 -- 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 -- 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the American League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 -- 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 -- 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 -- 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 -- 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 -- 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 -- 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : World Series Champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series Many buildings in the skyline of Downtown Houston participated in cheering for the Astros during the 2017 World Series . In 2014 , Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process . As of June 9 , the Astros were 41 -- 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . This was the best start in the Astros ' 55 - year history . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with an American League best 60 -- 29 record and a 16 game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' three - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 -- 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( home of the Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Astros greatly improved against the Rangers in 2017 , going 12 -- 7 against them and winning the season series . At the August 31 waiver - trade deadline GM Jeff Luhnow acquired veteran starting pitcher and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander to bolster the starting rotation . Verlander won each of his 5 regular season starts with the Astros , yielding only 4 runs over this stretch . He carried his success into the playoffs , posting a record of 4 - 1 in his 6 starts , and throwing a complete game shutout in Game 2 of the ALCS . Verlander was named the 2017 ALCS MVP . The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division , and first division title overall since 2001 . They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions : National League West in 1980 and 1986 , National League Central from 1997 -- 1999 and 2001 , and American League West in 2017 . On September 29 , the Astros won their 100th game of the season , the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins , the first being in 1998 . They finished 101 -- 61 , with a 21 - game lead in the division , and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs . The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one , and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The Astros won the ALCS four games to three , and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series , winning the first championship in franchise history . The city of Houston celebrated the team 's accomplishment with a parade on the afternoon of November 3 , 2017 . Houston 's Independent School District gave the students and teachers the day off to watch the parade . On November 16 , 2017 Jose Altuve was named the American League Most Valuable Player , capping off a historic season in which he accumulated 200 hits for the fourth consecutive season , led the majors with a . 346 BA , and was the unquestioned clubhouse leader of the World Series Champions . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 season Team name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 810 392 418 -- . 484 Overall total 8948 4391 4552 5 . 491 Playoff record 80 35 45 -- . 438 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach Retired August 26 , 2007 Craig Biggio C , OF , 2B Retired August 17 , 2008 Jimmy Wynn OF Retired June 25 , 2005 José Cruz OF Coach Retired October 3 , 1992 Jim Umbricht Retired April 12 , 1965 Mike Scott Retired October 3 , 1992 Nolan Ryan Retired September 29 , 1996 Don Wilson Retired April 13 , 1975 Larry Dierker Manager Retired May 19 , 2002 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Houston Astros Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) Houston Astros 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Dean Deetz 47 Chris Devenski 45 Michael Feliz 53 Ken Giles -- Anthony Gose 64 Reymin Guduan 61 Jandel Gustave 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 60 Dallas Keuchel 58 Francis Martes 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 59 Joe Musgrove 63 David Paulino 41 Brad Peacock -- Cionel Pérez 62 Brady Rodgers 56 Héctor Rondón 29 Tony Sipp 38 Joe Smith 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 10 Yulieski Gurriel † -- Colin Moran 23 A.J. Reed 13 Tyler White Outfielders 21 Derek Fisher 9 Marwin González 18 Tony Kemp 6 Jake Marisnick 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Catchers -- Tim Federowicz Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( assistant hitting ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 37 Alex Cintrón ( first base ) -- Joe Espada ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) -- Doug White ( bullpen ) 96 Carlos Munoz ( bullpen catcher ) 40 active , 0 inactive , 1 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 15 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations Jump up ^ `` Astros officially launch new identity '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sale of Astros to Jim Crane , move to American League in 2013 approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media LP . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Headed to American League as New Team Owner Approved '' . Businessweek . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Astros . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elston , Gene . `` George Kirksey Papers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Colt . 45s '' . AstrosDaily . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Drops Plans to Buy Buff Franchise '' . Bonham Daily Favorite . January 24 , 1960 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New York - Houston Get National Franchises '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . October 11 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Baseball Muddled for ' 61 '' . The Victoria Advocate. 1960 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Will Get Emphasis , Paul Declares '' . Observer -- Reporter. 1961 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herskowitz , Mickey ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Astros out to make history their history '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ian , Fleming ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` April 10 , 1962 Chicago Cubs at Houston Colt . 45 's Play by Play and Box Score '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Coons , Ron ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Richard `` Turk '' Farrell `` . find a grave . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht , Colts pitcher , dies of cancer '' . Morning Record . Meriden , Connecticut . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht Incredible-people.com '' . Profiles.incredible-people.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Colts become Astros '' . Florence Times . Alabama . Associated Press . December 2 , 1964 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colts now ' Astros ' '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . December 2 , 1964 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome Houston-Astros.com '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Astrodome - history , photos and more Ballparks of Baseball . ^ Jump up to : Jimmy Wynn Statistics Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Baseball-Reference.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Cesar Cedeno '' . BaseballLibrary.com. 1985 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astros History '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Cedeno Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Treder , Steve . `` Offseason blockbusters : November ( Part two : 1966 -- 1981 ) '' . Hardball Times . Jump up ^ `` Lee May Baseball Stats , facts , biography , images and video '' . The Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hofheinz , Roy Mark tshonline.org '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Tal Smith -- Pres . Baseball Ops -- Astros '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2005 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Enos Cabell '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Joe Niekro '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Encyclopedia -- Michael Eisenbath -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 1999 - 05 - 14 . ISBN 9781566397032 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Houston Astros Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` John J. McMullen Dies at 87 ; Ex-Owner of Devils and Astros '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 18 , 1980 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One - game playoff history -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Doran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Lanier Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Ball '' . Hardballtimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2013/4/11/4213250/houston-astros-uniforms-craig-biggio-jeff-bagwell-jimmy-winn-cesar-cedeno Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history -- 1987 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated has very , very , very high hopes for the 2017 Astros '' . Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Astros ' Justin Verlander trade came together at the last second '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Astros win 1st World Series crown , top Dodgers 5 - 1 in Game 7 '' . statesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Numbers : Houston Astros - Baseball Essential '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League Champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2016 American League Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Houston Astros managers Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. Hinch ( 2015 -- ) Houston Astros retired numbers 5 Jeff Bagwell 7 Craig Biggio 24 Jimmy Wynn 25 José Cruz 32 Jim Umbricht 33 Mike Scott 34 Nolan Ryan 40 Don Wilson 49 Larry Dierker Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL Corinthians FC of San Antonio Dallas City FC Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Liverpool Warriors Midland - Odessa FC PDL Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. Corpus Christi FC FC Cleburne Houston FC Texas United FC Tyler FC MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Lacrosse MLL Dallas Rattlers Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball NPF Scrap Yard Dawgs Texas Charge Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Houston Nickname : Space City Topics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History Timeline Media Newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Art Car Parade Bayou Place Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium Free Press Summer Fest The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Texas Medical Center Theater District Waterwall Park Business Districts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also : List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education State universities University of Houston University of Houston -- Clear Lake University of Houston -- Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Baptist University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K - 12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy - Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See : List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood / Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt / Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place ( Lamar Terrace ) Sunset Terrace / Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood ( subdivision ) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Dash Houston Dynamo Houston Rockets Houston Texans Scrap Yard Dawgs Harris County Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Astros&oldid=815992759 '' Categories : Houston Astros Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Baseball teams established in 1962 Professional baseball teams in Texas 1962 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the astros make it to the world series	[ "\n\nHouston Astros\n\n\n 2017 Houston Astros season\n\n\nEstablished in 1962\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (2013–present)\n\nWest Division (2013–present)\n\n\n\nNational League (1962–2012)\n\nCentral Division (1994–2012)\nWest Division (1969–1993)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n5\n7\n24\n25\n32\n33\n34\n40\n49\n42\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nNavy blue, orange, white[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nHouston Astros (1965–present)\nHouston Colt .45s (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\n'Stros\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nMinute Maid Park (2000–present)\nAstrodome (1965–1999)\nColt Stadium (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nAL Pennants (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL Pennants (1)\n2005\n\n\nAL West Division titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL West/Central Division titles (6)\n\n\n\n1980\n1986\n1997\n\n\n\n\n1998\n1999\n2001\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (3)\n\n\n\n2004\n2005\n2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike-split 1981 season, losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS.\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJim Crane\n\n\nManager\nA. J. Hinch\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nJeff Luhnow\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nReid Ryan\n\n", "\n\nHouston Astros\n\n\n 2017 Houston Astros season\n\n\nEstablished in 1962\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (2013–present)\n\nWest Division (2013–present)\n\n\n\nNational League (1962–2012)\n\nCentral Division (1994–2012)\nWest Division (1969–1993)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n5\n7\n24\n25\n32\n33\n34\n40\n49\n42\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nNavy blue, orange, white[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nHouston Astros (1965–present)\nHouston Colt .45s (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\n'Stros\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nMinute Maid Park (2000–present)\nAstrodome (1965–1999)\nColt Stadium (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nAL Pennants (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL Pennants (1)\n2005\n\n\nAL West Division titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL West/Central Division titles (6)\n\n\n\n1980\n1986\n1997\n\n\n\n\n1998\n1999\n2001\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (3)\n\n\n\n2004\n2005\n2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike-split 1981 season, losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS.\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJim Crane\n\n\nManager\nA. J. Hinch\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nJeff Luhnow\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nReid Ryan\n\n" ]	[ "2017", "2005" ]
-6559373361842178470	Tin Woodman	Tin Woodman - wikipedia Tin Woodman Jump to : navigation , search For the science fiction novel , see Tin Woodman ( novel ) . Nick Chopper The Tin Woodman Oz character The Tin Woodman as illustrated by William Wallace Denslow ( 1900 ) First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Jack Haley Information Nickname ( s ) The Tin Woodman Aliases The Tin Man , Rusty Tin Man Species Former human ( in the novels , not in the 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz ) Gender Male Occupation Ruler of the Winkies Title Emperor Significant other ( s ) Nimmie Amee Relatives Chopfyt ( made with some of his human parts ) Nationality Munchkinland The Tin Woodman , better known as either the Tin Man or ( incorrectly ) the Tin Woodsman ( the third name appears only in adaptations , the first -- and in rare instances , the second -- was used by Baum ) , is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum . Baum 's Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , and reappeared in many other Oz books . In late 19th - century America , men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons . Baum , who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display . Contents ( hide ) 1 The books 2 The Tin Man in later fiction 3 Depictions on stage and screen 4 Modern works 5 Sources of the Tin Man image 6 References The books ( edit ) Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper ( the name first appearing in The Marvelous Land of Oz ) , the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz , as his father had before him . The Wicked Witch of the East enchanted his axe to prevent him from marrying his sweetheart , after being bribed by the lazy old woman who kept the Munchkin maiden as a servant , and did not wish to lose her . ( In a later book of the series , The Tin Woodman of Oz , the woman is said to be the Witch 's servant , and it is the Witch herself who decides to enchant Nick 's axe . ) The enchanted axe chopped off his limbs , one by one . Each time he lost a limb , Ku - Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin . Finally , nothing was left of him but tin . However , Ku - Klip neglected to replace his heart . Once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin , he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest , as he was caught in rain , and use his oil can to release him . He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard . They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion . The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West . The Tin Woodman 's axe proves useful in this journey , both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed , and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party . When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group , they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height , damaging him badly . However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch . His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow 's desire for brains , reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions . This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior ; neither convinces the other , and Dorothy , listening , is unable to decide which one is right . Symbolically , because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest , she is provided with both and need not select . The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain , but cares nothing for the loss of his brain . Towards the end of the novel , though , Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow 's . The Wizard turns out to be a `` humbug '' and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust . However , this is enough to please the Tin Woodman , who , with or without a heart , was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy 's companions ( just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest ) . When he accidentally crushes an insect , he is grief - stricken and , ironically , claims that he must be careful about such things , while those with hearts do not need such care . This tenderness remains with him throughout the series , as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell . When Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas , the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor . Later , he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin -- from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden . Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive , in contrast to the windup mechanical man Tik - Tok Dorothy meets in a later book . Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine , but rather had his flesh body replaced by a metal one . Far from missing his original existence , the Tin Woodman is proud ( perhaps too proud ) of his untiring tin body . A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain , tears , or other moisture . For this reason , in The Marvelous Land of Oz the character has himself nickel - plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City . Even so , the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series . This is inaccurate , in that tin does not rust ; only iron does . This may reflect the usage where an object made of iron or steel but coated with tin ( in order to prevent rusting ) is called a `` Tin '' object , as a `` tin bath '' , a `` tin toy '' , or a `` tin can '' ; thus , the Tin Woodman might be interpreted ( in English , at least ) as being made of steel with a tin veneer . One passage in The Road to Oz , by Baum himself , wherein the Woodman attends Ozma 's birthday party accompanied by a Winkie band playing a song called `` There 's No Plate Like Tin , '' strongly implies that this is the case . Another explanation may be that the Woodman is chiefly made of tin , with iron joints ; in some of the illustrations , his joints are a different color from the rest of his body . In Alexander Volkov 's Russian adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Volkov avoided this problem by the translation of `` The Tin Woodman '' as the `` Iron Woodchopper '' . The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed . He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with Walt McDougall in 1904 - 05 , Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz . In Ozma of Oz , he commands Princess Ozma 's army , and is briefly turned into a tin whistle . In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , he serves as defense counsel in the trial of Eureka . He affects the plot of a book most notably in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty . Baum also wrote a short book titled The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman , part of the Little Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers . In The Tin Woodman of Oz , Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love , Nimmie Amee , but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt , a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs . For the Tin Woodman , this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl , meeting another tin man , Captain Fyter , and conversing with his ill - tempered original head . Baum 's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character , still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories ' outcome . Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz , by Ruth Plumly Thompson , and Lucky Bucky in Oz , by John R. Neill . The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove 's The Hidden Valley of Oz , in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size . The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate . In his eponymous novel , he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline 's enchantment of the country , which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard . ( It should be noted , however , that although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease , they may die of accidents or be killed by others . ) The Tin Man in later fiction ( edit ) In the 1998 novel The Tin Man , by Dale Brown , the eponymous protagonist is a power - armored vigilante whom the media and police have dubbed The Tin Man for his physical resemblance to the Wizard of Oz character . The Tin Woodman is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire 's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation and Maguire 's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch . In the book , Nessarose - the Wicked Witch of the East - is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper 's limbs . She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant , probably Nimmie Amee , from marrying Nick Chopper . This seems to be close to the Tin Man 's origin in the original books , but from the Witch 's perspective . In the musical adaptation of Wicked the Tin Man is revealed to be Boq , a Munchkin whom Nessarose , the Wicked Witch of the East , fell in love with when they were at school together . When she discovered his heart belonged to Glinda , she botched a spell that was meant to make him fall in love with her by taking his heart , but instead shrunk his heart to nothing by taking it away without ' giving ' it to Nessa . To save his life , Elphaba , the Wicked Witch of the West , was forced to turn him into tin . Not understanding her reasons , he pursues Elphaba with a single - minded vengeance for his current form . The Tin Man 's humble origin in the novel conflicts with his having been the aristocratic Boq . In Oz Squad , Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with `` Rebecca Eastwitch '' in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her . A darker twist to the beloved woodman is made by author James A. Owen in the fourth installment of his series , The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica when his identity is revealed to be Roger Bacon . The Tin Woodman appears in the 2011 TV series Once Upon a Time episode `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa ( as a teenager ) and by Alex Désert ( as an adult ) . In this version he goes by the name Stanum ( derived from the Latin world `` stannum '' , which means `` tin '' ) . Since youth , Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena , the daughter of another woodsman , he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her , regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena , who they see as a freak . Many years later , Stanum , now a man , is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain , and his body slowly begins to transform into tin . To prevent himself from completely becoming tin , Stanum seeks out help from Zelena ( now the Wicked Witch of the West ) at the Emerald City of Oz . Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart , which can save him . During their quest , Stanum tells Zelena that she does n't have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice . Suddenly , a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum , and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away ( at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it , cowardly ) . When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart , the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person 's magic . Unfortunately Zelena 's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum , whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself , leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently . Some time later , when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode `` Heart of Gold '' , the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road , torn apart . Depictions on stage and screen ( edit ) Poster for 1902 stage extravaganza Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man In 1902 , Baum helped to adapt The Wizard of Oz into a wildly successful stage extravaganza . David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman , Niccolo Chopper ( who played the piccolo ) , opposite Fred Stone as the Scarecrow , and the team became headliners . The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations , such as the 1910 film , but was largely forgotten , and the name `` Niccolo '' never appeared in one of the books . Revisionist books like Oz Squad have referred to him as `` Nicholas , '' a name not found in the books , either . In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , the Tin Man was played by actor Jack Haley . Originally , Ray Bolger was cast to play the role of Tin Man , despite his desire to play the Scarecrow . Buddy Ebsen was , at the time , cast as Scarecrow , and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger . While this pleased Bolger , it led to medical problems for Ebsen . The Tin Man 's makeup originally contained aluminum powder which got into Ebsen 's lungs , bringing him to the edge of death . He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role . Despite this , and the fact that the Tin Man 's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste , Ebsen went on to outlive both Bolger and Haley . Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories . His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous . There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man . It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin ; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man 's remark `` The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart '' . Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow ( in the National Museum of American History ) and Cowardly Lion ( two sets in private hands ) , that of the Tin Man `` was largely destroyed '' . Haley also portrayed the Tin Man 's Kansas counterpart , Hickory ( one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmworkers ) . Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film . Hickory helps Zeke ( Lion 's alter ego ) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm . Unlike Zeke , Hickory and Hunk ( Scarecrow 's alter ego ) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm . He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious . Hickory is seen with Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Zeke , and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel ( The Wizard 's alter ego ) . In the original Broadway version of The Wiz , Tiger Haynes played the Tinman , a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up ( as in the book ) . Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation of The Wiz . In this version , as in the 1939 movie , there is no explanation of how he became tin , just a reference of the `` genius who created me '' . He worked as the carnival barker and when the park was closed , he was abandoned , rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife , `` Teeny '' ( a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady ) . He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow . Ne - Yo played the Tinman in the TV special The Wiz Live ! . This version portrayed him as a construction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush . When she found out he already had a girlfriend , `` Bertha '' , she became so jealous , she turned him into a heartless tinman . The Witch boasted afterwards that if she could n't have his heart , then no one could . Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie , Ne - Yo also played one of Aunt Em 's farmhands - John , who walks with a metal leg brace . Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include Oliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version of The Wizard of Oz directed by and starring Larry Semon , in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a `` Tin Woodsman '' ( sic ) . In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became `` Knight of the Garter '' . In the 1960 television adaptation of The Land of Oz , he was played by vaudeville comedian Gil Lamb ; in the 1969 film , The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph ; and in the 1985 film Return to Oz , he was played by Deep Roy , a little person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill 's artwork . In the 1961 animated TV series , Tales of the Wizard of Oz and its sequel , the 1964 NBC animated television special Return to Oz , the Tin Man ( here named Rusty ) was voiced by Larry D. Mann . In the 1970s , the Tin Woodman appeared in a series of short animated educational films about heart health from Joleron Productions . In an episode of The World 's Greatest Super Friends , Superman temporarily became the Tin Man after a tornado took him , Wonder Woman , and Aquaman to Mister Mxyzptlk 's planet of Oz . In a 1981 episode of Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo , Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him , Shaggy , and Scooby to `` Ahz '' , a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation . In 1985 , the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational film Act on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials . Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True . The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production . Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of `` If I Only Had a Heart '' in which he swung his microphone mimicking his Who persona . He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man in Nathan Lane 's long version of `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' . Toward the end , he hugged the Wizard ( Joel Grey ) saying to him `` Thank you from the bottom of my heart ! '' . In 1996 , they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids . He has a son named Tin Boy . Like his father he can cut wood with his ax . And he has to be careful with water and snow or he 'll be rust . His voice played by Andy Milder . Hiroki Tsujiai from Ultra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party . James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows . The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role , the Tin Thing , in 2005 's television film The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz . In this version , he is the Wicked Witch 's research assistant , transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla . Gonzo 's other role is himself . He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets ' show . In 2006 , the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of television commercials for Chef Boyardee brand canned Beef Ravioli , in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 Oz film . In the commercials , the Tin Man ( played by Australian actor David Somerville ) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso ( which he does n't notice until the midpoint of the first commercial ) ; thus , he appears to be a very large , mobile can of ravioli . In the first ad , the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an elementary school cafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher . The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood , accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party ; after fleeing across a golf course ( while dodging balls from the driving range ) , he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose ( playing on the Tin Man 's classic weakness of rusting ) . As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can , sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man 's cries for help are heard . In 2006 , the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch 's feature film titled Transposition of the Great Vessels . Based on the story of his own parents , who moved from Redding to Los Angeles , in hopes of making a better life . His father wanted to work for the forest service , and his mother wanted to be a cook , but their baby was born with a rare heart condition . They were forced to give up those dreams , and make choices that would give them insurance and stability . A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences ; the `` Tin Woodman '' makes an appearance while on his deathbed , at UCLA Medical Center . At Sundance of 2007 , a film premiered by young director Ray Tintori entitled Death to the Tinman . It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s , in the town Verton , rather than Oz . However , the book of the same name , which tells the origins of the character , is cited by opening intertitles as the source . Although the basic premise is nearly identical , much of the details and all names and locations have been changed . This is partially due to the film 's satirical look at criminal reenactments , as it states at the beginning that names `` have been changed to protect the innocent . '' Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes , though , is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman 's Axe , which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God . This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance . A 2007 CG animated short film called `` After Oz '' , produced by the film students at Vancouver Film School , centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man , after he has received his heart from Oz . The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand - new mechanical heart , before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman ( or robot ? ) to whom he gives the heart . She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart . An internet - collaboration , CG animated feature based on Baum 's book The Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A : M Films , and completed in 2009 . In 2010 , Whitestone Motion Pictures produced a 23 - minute live - action short film , Heartless : The Story of the Tin Man . The film is based on the book The Tin Woodman of Oz , where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin . In the film , the Tin Man appears to be more steam - or coal - powered . His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads `` Pedudoe Tin Co . '' but this is a reference to the workings of the film company , and not a reference to any Oz book or material . The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack . In the 2013 prequel , Oz the Great and Powerful , although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear , the film introduces his creator , the Master Tinker , portrayed by Bill Cobbs . Tin Man appears in the animated film Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( which is based on Dorothy of Oz ) , voiced by Kelsey Grammer . The Woodsman , a 2012 stage play written by James Ortiz with music by Edward W. Hardy , tells the backstory of the Tin Man , using puppetry , movement , and music . The play has received multiple Off Broadway productions , and won a 2016 Obie Award for Ortiz 's puppet design . In the TV series Emerald City , the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack ( Gerran Howell ) , a friend of the enigmatic Tip , who helps ' him ' escape from his imprisonment by a witch . When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion , her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her . Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg - like state ; his head and right arm are still organic , but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour . The Tin Man appears in Once Upon a Time . In this show , he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum ( portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by Alex Désert as an adult ) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird 's nest . When two bullies show up to harm Zelena , Stanum helped to fend them off . Years later , Stanum comes to Zelena for help . He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area . Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him , but needs Zelena 's help to get by the beast that guards it . When close to its location , Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena . When they get to the heart , Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining . When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task , Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy . He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human . As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move , Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him . Modern works ( edit ) The song `` Country Robot / A Letter to Dorothy '' by The Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man 's perspective ; it includes the lyrics `` You gave me oil , I was a rusty load / You even helped me find my heart . '' In the song `` Tin Man '' by the band America , the lyrics state that `` Oz never did give nothin ' to the Tin Man , that he did n't , did n't already have . '' The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz . Country artist Kenny Chesney recorded the song `` Tin Man '' for his album `` All I Need to Know '' . The first verse and refrain state : Tracy Chapman included a song titled `` Remember the Tinman '' on her 1995 album New Beginning . In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's , the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber . In the 2007 Sci - Fi miniseries Tin Man , a `` Tin Man '' is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) One of the story 's protagonists , Wyatt Cain ( played by Neal McDonough in the title role ) , is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others . In addition , he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child . The Avett Brothers 2009 Album I and Love and You features a song called `` Tin Man '' . Verses of the Future Islands 2010 post-pop , synth - ballad Tin Man contain numerous metaphorical , Tin - Man related references . The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - `` I am the Tin Man '' . In the 2011 direct - to - DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz , the Tin Man was voiced by Rob Paulsen . The Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Jordan Turnage . He appears in the form of a man named Nick ( played by Billy Boyd ) . A 1990 episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation is titled `` Tin Man . '' The Phineas & Ferb episode `` Wizard of Odd '' features the Tin Man in his rusted state , but he is never freed from this condition . He is also featured in an end credits song entitled `` Rusted . '' Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled `` The Wizard of Dizz , '' in which the role of the Tin Man is played by Mickey Mouse . The parody The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz featured Gonzo the Great in the role of the Tin Man . In the game Code Name : S.T.E.A.M. , Tin Man , along with other Oz characters , is a playable character . His design is more based on Japanese culture and he have the ability to give steam to allies . The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige 's Dorothy Must Die novel series . In this series , Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy 's use of magic and the ' magic ' in the gifts they received from the Wizard , with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted ' love ' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited . He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance , with his legs compared to horses ' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers . At the conclusion of the first novel , series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart , having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy 's companions to kill Dorothy herself . Sources of the Tin Man image ( edit ) 1890 cartoon portraying President Benjamin Harrison as a knight in tin armor Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s . They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion , Tin Woodman , Scarecrow , Yellow Brick Road , Silver Slippers , cyclone , monkeys , Emerald City , little people , Uncle Henry , passenger balloons , witches and the wizard . These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade . The notion of a `` Tin Man '' has deep roots in European and American history , according to Green ( 2006 ) , and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s . Baum and Denslow , like most writers and illustrators , used the materials at hand that they knew best . They built a story around them , added Dorothy , and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need ( such as brains , a heart and courage ) if only they had self - confidence . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children 's book , of course , but as Baum warned in the preface , it was a `` modernized '' fairy tale as well . The Tin Man -- the human turned into a machine -- was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s . Indeed , he had been part of European folk art for 300 years . In political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker , dehumanized by industrialization . The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal ; so he has lost his heart and can not move without the help of farmers ( represented by the Scarecrow ) ; in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love , which needs only an infusion of self - confidence to be awakened . In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed . The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows President Benjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin . Such images support the argument that the figure of a `` tin man '' was in use as political allegory in the 1890s . The man on the right is politician James G. Blaine . The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly ( and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court ) . In the 1902 stage adaptation , which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations ( unless they are satirical ) , the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil . `` You would n't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller , '' the Scarecrow responds , `` He 'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 141 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 152 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 38 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ The Shadow Dragons Jump up ^ `` ( # 618 ) `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen '' . snopes.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MythBusters ( 2005 season ) # Episode SP7 -- `` Hollywood on Trial '' Jump up ^ `` Oz lion costume goes under hammer '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Witness '' . The Witness. 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Vancouver Film School ( 2007 - 08 - 31 ) . `` After Oz - Vancouver Film School ( VFS ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` whitestonemotionpictures.com '' . whitestonemotionpictures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Allport , Lee ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . Jump up ^ Zoe Beery , `` The Tin Man of Oz Gets a Refit in ' The Woodsman ' '' , The Village Voice , May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ranjit S. Dighe , ed . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Archie Green , Tin Men ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Gretchen Ritter , `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 - 203 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Oz p 34 Clanton , Gene . Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) Culver , Stuart . `` Growing Up in Oz . '' American Literary History 4 ( 1992 ) 607 - 28 . in JSTOR Culver , Stuart . `` What Manikins Want : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors '' , Representations , 21 ( 1988 ) 97 - 116 . Dighe , Ranjit S. ed . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory ( 2002 ) Erisman , Fred . `` L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma '' in American Quarterly Vol. 20 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1968 ) , pp. 616 - 623 online at JSTOR Gardner , Todd . `` Responses to Littlefield '' ( 2004 ) , online Geer , John G. and Thomas R. Rochon , `` William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road , '' Journal of American Culture ( Winter , 1993 ) Green , Archie . Tin Men ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2002 ) . on the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations Hearn , Michael Patrick ( ed ) . The Annotated Wizard of Oz. ( 2000 , 1973 ) Jensen , Richard . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 - 1896 ( 1971 ) , ch. 10 . Karp , Andrew . Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum 's Oz in Utopian Studies , 1998 Littlefield , Henry M. `` The Wizard of Oz : Parable on Populism '' American Quarterly Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1964 ) , pp. 47 - 58 in JSTOR Nesbet , Anne . `` In Borrowed Balloons : The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation '' in The Slavic and East European Journal > Vol. 45 , No. 1 ( Spring , 2001 ) , pp. 80 - 95 online at JSTOR Riley , Michael O. ( 1997 ) Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum . University of Kansas Press ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X Ritter , Gretchen . Goldbugs and Greenbacks : The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America ( 1997 ) Ritter , Gretchen . `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics . '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 - 203 . Rockoff , Hugh . `` The ' Wizard of Oz ' as a Monetary Allegory , '' Journal of Political Economy 98 ( 1990 ) : 739 - 60 online at JSTOR Swartz , Mark Evan . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' on Stage and Screen to 1939 ( 2000 ) Velde , Francois R. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road : How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard '' Economic Perspectives . Volume : 26 . Issue : 2 . 2002 . also online here Ziaukas , Tim . `` 100 Years of Oz : Baum 's ' Wizard of Oz ' as Gilded Age Public Relations '' in Public Relations Quarterly , Fall 1998 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Characters Elphaba Glinda Wizard of Oz Boq Nessarose Stage adaptation Wicked awards and nominations album Songs `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' `` Dear Old Shiz '' `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` Popular '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` One Short Day '' `` A Sentimental Man '' `` Defying Gravity '' `` No One Mourns the Wicked ( Reprise ) '' `` Thank Goodness '' `` Wonderful '' `` I 'm Not That Girl ( Reprise ) '' `` No Good Deed '' `` For Good '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Woodman&oldid=805643429 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) characters Characters in Wicked Fictional amputees Fictional cyborgs Fictional emperors and empresses Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional humanoid robots Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did the tin man want in the wizard of oz	[ "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch." ]	[ "a heart" ]
6192975320450477132	South Park: The Fractured but Whole	South Park : the Fractured But Whole - Wikipedia South Park : the Fractured But Whole Jump to : navigation , search South Park : The Fractured but Whole Developer ( s ) Ubisoft San Francisco Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Trey Parker Chris Brion Jason V. Schroeder Producer ( s ) Eric Stough Adrien Beard Bruce Howell Elena - Diana Sfecia Designer ( s ) Ken Strickland Writer ( s ) Trey Parker Jolie Menzel Demian Linn Marc Fortier Composer ( s ) Jamie Dunlap Engine Snowdrop Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : October 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a 2017 role - playing video game developed and published by Ubisoft , in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios . Based on the American adult animated television series South Park , it is the sequel to the 2014 video game South Park : The Stick of Truth . Set one day after the events of that game , the story again follows the New Kid , who has recently moved to the eponymous town , and becomes involved in an epic role - play involving two rival superhero factions vying to create their own superhero media franchises . Their game unwittingly uncovers a grand conspiracy to raise crime in the town , and unite all of the criminal organisations under a new kingpin . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a role - playing video game that is viewed from a 2.5 D , third - person perspective . The player controls the New Kid as he explores the fictional Colorado town of South Park , which can be freely moved around . A fast - travel system allows the character Fastpass to transport the player between unlocked travel points . The game allows the player to select from ten different superhero classes : the nimble Speedster , the short - range , high damage Brutalist , the long range , moderate damage Blaster , the weather - based Elementalist , the offense - attracting Cyborg , the long - range , the status effecting Psychic , the stealthy Assassin , the gadget - using Gadgeteer , the healing Plantmancer , and the high - damage , swift Martial Artist . Three classes are available to choose from at the start of the game ( Blaster , Speedster , and Brutalist ) , and the New Kid can eventually eventually have access to all ten classes , mixing and matching powers freely from the available classes , for example allowing the player to use the Blaster 's fire blasts , the Assassin 's knives , and the Martial Artist 's kicks . The player can assign four powers from the classes , three regular attacks and a single Ultimate attack that can only be used after filling the Ultimate bar by successfully completing timed button presses during attacks and defenses . The Fractured But Whole retains the turn - based combat of The Stick of Truth but instead of taking place on a static plane , battles now take place on a variable - size grid on which the player and enemies can move freely to create strategic advantages . The grid can contain environmental hazards such as exploding chemical barrels , and red Lego . Attacks are selected from a menu , and can be augmented with contextual button presses for extra damage , while timed button presses during enemy attacks can recover some health after being hit , and builds up the Ultimate meter . Attacks offer different effects , such as abilities with `` knockback '' damage which can be used to forcibly move an opponent around the battlefield , and can inflict status effects such as `` grossed out '' ( poisoned ) , freeze , burn , and bleed which inflict damage over time . Each attack affects different areas of the grid , requiring strategic positioning on the grid to impact enemies and avoid attacks . Additionally , the attacking character 's attack can knock targets into each other or into an ally for an additional attack , increasing damage . Healing items can be used in battle , requiring one turn per use . Artifacts can be collected and equipped to boost the player 's Might , making them more formidable in battle , and offer different perks such as increasing defense ; more artifacts can be equipped as the player increases their level . The character also has a DNA slot , allowing them to equip strands of DNA that boost their various attributes , including Brawn , Brains , Health , Spunk , and Move . Throughout the game , the player can select up to three allies from 12 different characters to accompany them in battle , each possessing three powers and an ultimate attack . The non-player character , PC Principal , can teach the player the ability to recognize microaggressions , which allows the player a free attack in battle against an enemy that says a demeaning term for a demographic . Certain characters , such as Jimbo and Ned , Classi , Gerald Broflovksi , and Moses , can be summoned during battle ; the former three delivering powerful attacks , while Moses heals all allies . The New Kid possesses the ability to manipulate time with their farts , which can be used in battle to skip an opponents turn , temporarily pause time to freely move around the grid and inflict damage out of turn , or summon a past version of the New Kid to join the battle . The New Kid 's farting powers can also be used outside of battle to reverse time to fix objects , and pause time to avoid a dangerous obstacle or fast moving target . Certain areas of the town are inaccessible until the player gains specific allies that can use the New Kid 's farting power to overcome the obstacle : Captain Diabetes can be sent into a rage that allows him to move heavy objects ; the Human Kite can fly the New Kid to otherwise unreachable heights ; Toolshed can clear paths that are blocked by lava ( red Lego bricks ) that cause the player to burst into flames on their touch . The player is able to modify the New Kid 's appearance , superpowers , gender , sexuality , race , and ethnicity at any time in the game . Gender choices include male , female , and trigender . Costume items can be collected and mixed together freely and recolored , and have no influence on the New Kid 's abilities . Selecting the New Kid 's race is presented as a difficulty level slider , with lighter skin being easy and darker skin being harder . The slider does not affect combat , but impacts the amount of money they player can receive , and how certain characters will speak to the New Kid . There are three combat difficulty levels , the highest labelled `` Mastermind '' . A crafting system allows the player to use recovered or purchased resources such as duct tape , glue , sports drink bottles and taco - related products to craft items such as healing burritos and quesadillas , costumes , and artifacts . The player is encouraged to explore the wider game world to defecate in toilets in a mini-game , find Yaoi art depicting intimate moments between the characters Tweek and Craig , or take selfies with the town residents to increase their followers on the player character 's Instagram - like Coonstagram social media feed . It is necessary to amass a number of followers to complete certain story missions . The character 's cellphone serves as the game 's main menu , containing the inventory , character profiles , and active quests , among others . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) See also : List of South Park characters South Park : The Fractured but Whole is set in the fictional town South Park in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . Set the day after the events of South Park : The Stick of Truth , the player again controls the New Kid , a silent protagonist . The children abandon their fantasy role - playing game to instead become superheroes and create a superhero media franchise . Unable to agree on who will get their own movie or Netflix series , the heroes are split into two rival factions , each vying to be the first to create their own franchise : Coon and Friends and the Freedom Pals . Led by the racoon - clawed Coon ( Eric Cartman ) , Coon and Friends operates out of the Coon Cave in his basement . Among their number are The Human Kite ( Kyle Broflovski ) , Mosquito ( Clyde Donovan ) , the super fast Fastpass ( Jimmy Valmer ) , the powerful Super Craig ( Craig ) , and the New Kid . The Freedom Pals are led by the telekinetic Dr. Timothy ( Timmy Burch ) , and consist of Mysterion ( Kenny McCormick ) , Toolshed ( Stan Marsh ) , the weather - wielding Wonder Tweek ( Tweek Tweak ) , and mechanized Tupperware ( Token Black ) . Other heroes include the hacker Call Girl ( Wendy Testaburger ) , and Captain Diabetes ( Scott Malkinson ) . The heroes ' journey brings them into conflict with various groups including the local elderly population , ninjas , the sixth graders , the Hooters - parodying Raisins girls , hobos , Kyle 's cousin Kyle Schwartz , and the supervillain Professor Chaos ( Butters Stotch ) . The Fractured But Whole features various characters from the series ' history , including : Stan 's father Randy , Butter 's father Stephen , Kyle 's father Gerald , the school principal PC Principal , Moses , Seaman , the Memberberries , school counselor Mr Mackey , Detective Yates , strippers Spontaneous Bootay and Classi , Big Gay Al , gun enthusiasts Ned and Jimbo , Father Maxi , Jesus , the Crab people , the Memberberries , Towelie , and a Kanye West - inspired Gay Fish . The game also featured Morgan Freeman as a taco shop owner . Locations from the show include the City Wok restaurant , the Peppermint Hippo strip club , Kenny 's House in the abandoned gentrified SoDoSoPa district , the classier Shi Tpa Town containing Skeeter 's Bar and Jimbo 's Guns , the Memberberry Farm , and the road to Canada , are featured in the game . Plot ( edit ) Cartman and the other children decide to play superheroes with the goal of launching a superhero media franchise by finding a missing cat for the $100 reward . The New Kid joins the game and Cartman provides them with a tragic backstory ; seeing their father have sex with their mother . The search uncovers a conspiracy led by a new kingpin who has united the police , the Italian , Chinese , and Russian crime families , and the sixth graders to steal cats and use their urine to contaminate drugs and alcohol , making the townspeople act crazy and raising crime , which will be blamed on the mayor . Coon and Friends defeat the kingpin 's henchman , Professor Chaos , and Cartman surmises that the mastermind is Mitch Conner , a crude hand puppet drawn on Cartman 's left hand . The New Kid and Chaos are sent to infiltrate the Freedom Pals to gain more information , culminating in the two groups working together to take down the police department , who are helping Mitch become the new mayor so they can have less restrictions on fighting crime . Afterwards , the children all join Freedom Pals upon learning that they have developed a franchise plan that is more inclusive than Cartman 's . The next day , Mitch kidnaps the New Kid 's parents and destroys the Freedom Pals ' franchise plan . They capture Cartman , who insists that he has no control over Mitch , and reveals that the New Kid 's parents are being held at the genetic engineering lab . There , the Freedom Pals learn that Mitch has been funding the creation of a mutated army of cats and sixth graders , that Mitch unleashes on the children . Battling through the mutants , the New Kid finds their parents , and is forced to kill one of them to continue . At the exit , the Freedom Pals are ambushed by Mitch , and the mutated clone of Kyle 's cousin , Kyle . The New Kid uses a powerful fart to defeat the clone , which accidentally transports the Freedom Pals one week into the future , where Mitch is the mayor . Cartman ( as ' The Coon ' ) with his hand puppet Mitch Conner With aid from Morgan Freeman , the New Kid learns to time travel with their farts : first to the future where Mitch has completed his master plan to make every day Christmas Day , causing drunken anarchy throughout the town ; they then travel to the past and confront Cartman before he can start the superhero game . Mitch reveals himself and punches the New Kid in the stomach , causing a fart that sends them back to the New Kid 's superhero origin . Cartman and the New Kid 's interference prevents the New Kid 's father from having sex with his mother , changing the past . Instead , his parents reveal the secret that they have withheld from the New Kid ; they have the superhuman ability to amass social media followers . The government kidnapped them to harness their powers , during which time they fell in love and had the New Kid . They escaped to protect their child and gave them medicine to suppress their powers , which also caused extreme flatulence . Knowing the truth , the New Kid time travels with Cartman to the day of Mitch 's inauguration . Cartman escapes a confrontation with the Freedom Pals and prepares to be sworn in as Mitch . The Freedom Pals use social media to publicly reveal Mitch 's plot , and accuse Cartman of raising crime so that the Coon would have more crime to fight , giving him the bigger franchise . Mitch confesses that he was traumatized by seeing his dad get `` fucked '' . Mitch 's mother appears on Cartman 's right hand and reveals that she was the one who had sex with his father . They fight and both `` die '' , ending Mitch 's plot , while the townspeople resolve to obtain clean drugs and alcohol from the next town over . After the credits , the New Kid returns home to find their changes to the past mean both parents are alive and , unburdened by the secret they were keeping , their relationship is happier . While the New Kid 's parents go upstairs to have sex , Professor Chaos confronts the New Kid with the truth that no matter how much they change the past , their father will always have fucked their mother . Chaos offers the New Kid a chance to take a darker path , as the screen fades to black . Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , South Park co-creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker stated they were open to making a sequel , depending on the reception for South Park : The Stick of Truth . When Ubisoft offered to develop a new game , the pair debated between making the sequel or a film , including a new South Park movie . They wanted to ensure quality control and determined that outside of the TV series and their families they could only allow for a single big project and chose to work on the game . The Fractured but Whole , was announced in June 2015 . The game was developed by Ubisoft San Francisco , for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows , replacing Obsidian Entertainment . The original title planned for the project was The Butthole of Time . However Matt Stone and Trey Parker were informed that the retailers would not place a product with the word `` butthole '' on their shelves . This caused Trey Parker to go back to his office and work for a few hours on how to sneak the phrase onto the game without upsetting retailers , and eventually settled on `` but whole '' . On September 22 , the developers announced that the game `` has gone gold '' , meaning the game 's production is now completed . A new trailer was also released featuring the Kanye West minigame . Parker and Stone were involved through the entire development cycle , from conception to finalizing . At the beginning of development , Parker and Stone met with the team at Ubisoft to determine the story they wanted to tell , what they were unhappy about in The Stick of Truth and what worked and needed to be retained or iterated . The game 's senior producer Jason Schroeder and other team members would visit South Park studios for a few days twice a month or conduct teleconferencing meetings . Schroeder was responsible for declining the pair 's requests when necessary . Parker and Stone wrote the script in Movie Magic Screenwriter , complete with stage directions which would then be edited or translated into gameplay by narrative designer Jolie Menzel and her team . Although meetings still took place , Parker and Stone would become less available to the Ubisoft team during production of the show , with their colleague Bill Hader making sure the pair remained focused on the show 's tight production schedule . Ubisoft adapted their in - house Snowdrop game engine to allow the importation of the art assets used in the show rather than emulating them as in The Stick of Truth . This allowed the Ubisoft team to iterate and implement changes to the game and story late into the development schedule , meaning the story could satirize events that happened sometimes only 2 - 3 months before release . This allowed them to incorporate elements from seasons produced during the game 's development including the character PC Principal , and the various gentrified areas of the town . Of last minute changes , Schroeder said `` If it does n't mess with our age rating ? It should n't be a problem . '' The layout of levels was designed to also allow combat , such that when battles take place the player was not taken to an abstract map as in The Stick of Truth . Schroeder said `` when we have to cut away from a certain background for the fighting it kind of broke the feeling of I 'm fighting where I 'm exploring so we thought about what can we do to make the place I 'm exploring also the combat space ? '' The team considered that removing movement from a previously explorable area did not work , which led to the addition of movement to combat which in turn led to the more tactical combat in The Fractured But Whole . Schroeder described it as a mixture of Parker 's affection for board games , and Stone 's preference for shooter , action , and sports games . The design team opted to retain the turn - based combat system from The Stick of Truth as it better enabled the implementation of timing for jokes . The game script is 360 pages along , which is twice the size of that of the previous game , and equivalent to four or five feature films according to Agnone . This required Stone and Parker to record approximately 20,000 lines of dialogue between them . During production , Parker became ill and had to undergo an emergency gallbladder surgery . Following the surgery , Parker convinced his doctor to allow him to temporarily leave the hospital to record dialogue . On his return to the hospital , Parker explained to the show 's executive producer Frank C. Agnone II , `` I just want this game to be sweet '' . Parker and Stone considered it important to not allow the superhero setting overwhelm the main focus of the story , which is fourth - grade children playing together , and just dressing up as heroes to enhance that experience . Stone said it is important to remind the player that they are just children playing pretend to retain the charm . Later in development , Parker and Stone were able to play early builds of the game , helping them visualize what they wanted to do with the game . The pair would write out ideas for changes and feedback on their whiteboard , which the Ubisoft team used to understand what was required of them . The development team chose the Brutalist , Speedster , and Blaster as starting classes because they were simple to understand . The decision was also made to separate the players statistics from their clothing choices . Schroeder explained players to be able to create their own superhero brand by dressing as they want , citing the popularity of The Stick of Truth for online streaming . They instead developed the Artifact system which could be used to enhance statistics as an alternative . A dropped option for The Stick of Truth was the option to play as a girl , which was unable to be included without altering the entire narrative . They chose to include it for The Fractured But Whole , with Stone stating that he always plays as a girl where the option exists . Release ( edit ) Parker and Stone originally announced a release date of December 6 , 2016 , during Ubisoft 's press conference at E3 2016 on June 13 , 2016 . On September 15 , 2016 , Ubisoft announced on their blog that the game was delayed to the first quarter of 2017 because the development team wants to ensure that the game meets the high expectations of fans . It was also announced that those who pre-order the game will be able to download The Stick of Truth free of charge . On February 9 , 2017 , Ubisoft announced a further delay for the game , with its new release window Ubisoft 's 2018 fiscal year ( April 2017 -- March 2018 ) . PSN has refunded all South Park : The Fractured but Whole pre-orders . PSN also removed access to the South Park : The Stick of Truth for people who got it as a South Park : The Fractured but Whole pre-order bonus . In May 2017 , Ubisoft released a new trailer for the game , announcing the release date as October 17 , 2017 . Ubisoft stated they currently do n't have any plans for a Nintendo Switch release . In addition to the base game , various specialty versions were released at launch . The Gold Edition included a set of in - game costumes , a bonus perk , and the Season Pass , granting access to post-launch downloadable content ( DLC ) . The Steelbook Gold Edition featured the standard game as well as the Gold Edition content and a series of lithographic prints displaying art by South Park Studios , presented in a metallic case . The Collector 's Standard Edition contained the game , the lithographic prints , and a 6 - inch replica of Cartman as `` The Coon '' , by UbiCollectibles and ArtToyz , and the Collector 's Gold Edition , contained all of the extra items . Additionally , people who pre-ordered the game received a downloadable version of The Stick of Truth , and the character Towelie as an in - game assistant . The Playstation Store offered exclusive avatars of Kenny , Butters , Stan , Kyle , Cartman , and Coon and Friends , and Amazon released an exclusive bundle of the game that came with the Steelbook case and a remote controlled Coon on a tricycle . The voiced figure can be controlled by an App available for Android and and iOS users . As a promotional item , the team designed and created the Nosulus Rift , a parody on the Oculus Rift , which appeared at the PAX West event in September 2016 . Developed internally at Ubisoft as a joke idea about a fake prop that the team would promote as real , the team eventually decided to develop the item for real . The item , which was not released for sale publicly , would release a fart smell to create a smell - immersive experience . A 12 - character series of collectible figures based on The Fractured But Whole 's cast was also released . Downloadable content ( edit ) Several downloadable content items were released alongside the game which were provided for a fee , including various costume items and perks in the `` Relics of Zaron '' pack , and `` Towelie : Your Gaming Bud '' , which causes the character Towelie to appear and give comical advice to the player at certain points in the game . Three downloadable content packs are in development for The Fractured But Whole . The first , `` Danger Deck '' , involves a combat challenge in Doctor Timothy 's Danger Deck , while the latter two offer story - based campaigns : `` From Dusk til Casa Bonita '' requires the player to team up with the Coon and Mysterion to fight a demonic presence at the Casa Bonita restaurant , and `` Bring the Crunch '' introduces a new superhero class . All of the downloadable content was made available with the optional `` Season Pass '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 81 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 85 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 EGM 9.0 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 86 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 South Park : The Fractured But Whole received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review website Metacritic provides a score of 81 out of 100 from 16 critics for the Microsoft Windows version , 80 out of 100 from 68 critics for the PlayStation 4 version , and 85 out of 100 from 29 critics for the Xbox One version . Brett Makedonski of Destructoid gave the game a score of 8.5 / 10 , saying that `` The Fractured but Whole is worthy of the highest compliment a game like this could get : It feels like a long , quality episode of South Park . It 's an improvement over The Stick of Truth in terms of combat mechanics , ridiculous plot escalation , and amount of content . It 's really all that a South Park lover could ask for . '' Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo said `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole is an absolutely hysterical game that combines truckloads of fan service with an RPG experience more realized than its predecessor . There may be a few technical hiccups along the way , but you 'll be hard - pressed to find a more complete experience that makes you laugh the way this one does . If you love South Park , this game is a must play . '' Game Informer awarded the game a 8.75 out of 10 with Kyle Hilliard summarizing that `` The Fractured but Whole is a welcome sequel , maintaining the standard of quality set by the previous game and , in a broader sense , all of Parker and Stone 's work . Every aspect is overloaded with both smart and immature jokes , the combat is an improvement , the game is bigger and longer , and the sneaky moments of sincerity make you recall the charm of childhood in surprising ways -- just like the show . '' Paul Tamburro of Game Revolution gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars , stating `` Ultimately , South Park : The Fractured But Whole is still a polished RPG that die - hard fans of the animated series will love . However , while its combat system has been greatly improved , its failure to provide the same belly laughs as The Stick of Truth , the lack of variety in its locations and its mundane puzzle - solving make for a disappointing follow - up . I enjoyed my time with The Fractured But Whole , and it 's clear that a great deal of effort went into its development , but after this I 'm not so sure that I 'd want to revisit South Park a third time . '' GameSpot 's Miguel Concepcion gave a positive review saying `` Fractured But Whole succeeds as an interactive South Park mini-series , while effectively emulating the show 's current style of adult - targeted entertainment and satirization of political correctness . In other words , it 's consistently amusing and provocative without the edginess the series used to be known for . Both the game 's combat and explorative strengths effectively bridge the many comical plot developments , which range from mildly amusing to downright hilarious . It 's an accomplishment that this game will wholly entertain devoted fans while delivering a heap of jokes that wo n't fly over the heads of casual viewers . '' Giving the game a overall score of 8 / 10 . Sam Prell from GamesRadar said in the review 's verdict that `` South Park balances ample fan service with gameplay that stands on its own merits and an engaging story . It wo n't make you a fan if you were n't one already , but it 's hard to imagine a better - realized adaptation . '' Awarding The Fractured but Whole 4.5 out of 5 stars . Dan Ryckert of Giant Bomb concluded that `` If you 're in the mood for a unique , lighthearted RPG ( and are at least somewhat receptive to South Park 's specific sense of humor ) you 'll find more than enough to like here . '' IGN reviewer Dan Stapleton gave South Park : The Fractured but Whole a 8.5 / 10 , stating `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole is another epic - length episode of the humor that 's kept fans of the show laughing for 20 years . '' 86 / 100 was the score given by PC Gamer 's Andy Kelly who said in the verdict on South Park : The Fractured but Whole , `` A slick RPG with superb tactical combat , a detailed world to explore , and a gleefully crude sense of humour . '' `` The Fractured But Whole 's breezy combat and puzzles provided a few days of entertainment , and the best moments of the game had me either laughing or , against all expectations , emotionally touched . I do n't particularly regret my time with the game , but it mostly made me think about how much better the creators of both South Park and The Fractured But Whole could do if they were given the opportunity and space to grow up a little . '' is what Philip Kollar said in his review on Polygon . Accolades ( edit ) In 2016 , The Market for Computer & Video Games ( MCV ) named the game as the best role playing game of that year 's Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Fractured but Whole was nominated for Best Role Playing Game at the 2017 The Game Awards . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Osaka , Massive Entertainment , Ubisoft Annecy , Ubisoft Reflections , Blue Byte , and Ubisoft Quebec References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 吉村 , ミル ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` 実際もっと多いです」 Ubisoft Osaka に聞く、 '' 280 万円求人騒動 `` の真相と、日本からグローバルな AAA タイトルを目指す今後の展望 '' . Famitsu . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Eric ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Young offenders '' . New Statesman . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stapleton , Dan ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park Fractured But Whole Class Guide : Every Power and Which Classes You Should Choose '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shive , Chris ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Review : South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shive , Chris ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` South Park Game Director On Everything to Expect from The Fractured But Whole '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prell , Sam ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review : `` As Fun To Play As It Is To Laugh Along With '' `` . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Fraser ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Wot I Think -- South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgunh . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Brett ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review '' . Trusted Reviews . Time Inc . UK . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryckert , Dan ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole -- Bigger , Longer , And Improved '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Justin ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahern , Colm ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole review '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eadicicco , Lisa ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Review : South Park The Fractured But Whole Is a Great Excuse to Revisit the Kids '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar , Sean ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Is a Better South Park Episode than a Game '' . Paste . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Iain ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` How to acquire and unlock all Summons in South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makedonski , Brett ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Review : South Park : The Fractured but Whole '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole lets you play as a girl '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole 's difficulty slider changes the colour of your skin '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Hirun ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Guide - Beginner 's Guide , Combat Tips , Crafting , Character Classes Explained , Coonstagram '' . USGamer . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park Fractured but Whole review : Emphasis on the `` fractured '' `` . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` South Park The Fractured But Whole review : Bigger , longer and uncensored '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Defecation appreciation '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park : The Fractured but Whole ' is a game that 's too eager to laugh at cruelty '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Aodhan ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park 's ' The Fractured But Whole ' review : An antidote for the endless wave of superhero movies '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Alice ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole E3 Breakdown '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dwan , Hannah ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review round up - What the critics are saying '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Nadia ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole review -- better combat saves the day '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Nadia ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole Is the Most Inclusive Game I 've Played in Ages , and That 's Weird '' . USGamer . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review -- The Difficult Sequel '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review -- Bigger , Longer & Uncut '' . Metro . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Brittany ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review : Bigger , Longer , and Uncut '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Ben ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` The new ' South Park ' game is hilarious , offensive , and absolutely worth your time '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Kanye West Location : Where to Find the Gay Fish '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` South Park Co-Creator On Stick of Truth Sequel Potential '' . IGN . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Darren ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' South Park ' : Videogames ' might be the future , ' say Trey Parker and Matt Stone '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Obsidian ' super excited ' for South Park sequel , even if they 're not making it '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Got Its Title Because They Could n't Use ' Butthole ' '' . Kotaku . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.polygon.com/2017/9/22/16350524/south-park-the-fractured-but-whole-trailer-kanye-west-mother-only-one Jump up ^ http://gematsu.com/2017/09/south-park-fractured-whole-goes-gold ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Working With Trey And Matt -- The South Park : Fractured But Whole Workflow '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shive , Chris ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` How South Park Made Its Brand Of Production Hell Work For The Fractured But Whole '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole delayed to 2017 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details of the Free South Park The Stick of Truth offer '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole delayed again '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Luces , Mike ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Refunds ' South Park : The Fractured But Whole ' Preorders Due To Recent Delay , Dubious Release Date '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Release Date Confirmed , Again '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/UbisoftSupport/status/919656755889688577 ^ Jump up to : Reed , Chris ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` A Complete Guide To South Park : The Fractured But Whole 'S Preorder Bonuses '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` $190 South Park : Fractured But Whole Special Edition Includes RC Cartman Car '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shive , Chris ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` PAX : South Park Introduces a Fractured but Whole New Level of Immersion '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Time Cracks Open A Case Of South Park : The Fractured But Whole Figures '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole release date revealed in a new trailer '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Park TM : The Fractured but Whole TM Towelie : Your Gaming Bud '' . PlayStation Store . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wales , Matt ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft details South Park : Fractured But Whole 's season pass '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole Review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review -- The Difficult Sequel '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MCV 's games of E3 2016 '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . June 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCall , Keenan ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards Reveals 2017 Award Nominees '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Comedy portal Role - playing games portal South Park portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal South Park Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican Book Portal Trey Parker and Matt Stone Parker filmography Stone filmography Feature films Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) Orgazmo ( 1997 ) South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) Team America : World Police ( 2004 ) Television Time Warped ( 1995 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) Music DVDA Chef Aid : The South Park Album South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut soundtrack `` Blame Canada '' Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Theatre The Book of Mormon ( since 2011 ) Video games South Park : The Stick of Truth ( 2014 ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( 2017 ) Characters Parker Stan Marsh Eric Cartman Randy Marsh Mr. Garrison Stone Kyle Broflovski Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Gerald Broflovski See also The Spirit of Christmas Your Studio and You Princess 6 Days to Air Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park:_The_Fractured_but_Whole&oldid=810549761 '' Categories : 2017 video games PlayStation 4 games Superhero video games Time travel video games Ubisoft games Video game sequels Video games based on South Park Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Windows games Xbox One games Cthulhu Mythos games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is south park the fractured but whole release	[ "South Park: The Fractured but Whole is a 2017 role-playing video game developed and published by Ubisoft, in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios. Based on the American adult animated television series South Park, it is the sequel to the 2014 video game South Park: The Stick of Truth. Set one day after the events of that game, the story again follows the New Kid, who has recently moved to the eponymous town, and becomes involved in an epic role-play involving two rival superhero factions vying to create their own superhero media franchises. Their game unwittingly uncovers a grand conspiracy to raise crime in the town, and unite all of the criminal organisations under a new kingpin. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 17, 2017." ]	[ "October 17, 2017" ]
-4208495497310101441	Clint Howard	Clint Howard - wikipedia Clint Howard hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clint Howard Howard in Gentle Ben ( 1967 ) ( 1959 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1959 ( age 59 ) Burbank , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1962 -- present Spouse ( s ) Melanie Howard ( m . 1995 ; div. 2017 ) Parent ( s ) Rance Howard Jean Speegle Howard Relatives Ron Howard ( brother ) Bryce Dallas Howard ( niece ) Paige Howard ( niece ) Clinton Howard ( born April 20 , 1959 ) is an American actor . He is the younger brother of actor and director Ron Howard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Film 2.3 Music 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Howard was born in Burbank , California , the younger son of actors Rance Howard and Jean Speegle Howard . His brother is actor and filmmaker Ron Howard . Career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Howard began his career when he was two , appearing in five episodes of The Andy Griffith Show , then starring his older brother Ron . He played Leon , a toddler in a cowboy outfit who wandered around Mayberry and silently offered people a bite of his sandwich , to which they would respond `` no , thank you '' . Other early notable roles include his appearance on The Streets of San Francisco in the episode entitled `` The House on Hyde Street '' , and The Virginian as Tommy , the proud owner of a new litter of pups in the episode entitled `` Melanie '' . In 1963 , he appeared in the ABC medical drama Breaking Point in the role of four year old Mikey in the episode `` The Gnu , Now Almost Extinct '' . He also played little Billy Taft , the nephew of Dr. Richard Kimble , in the season one episode of The Fugitive , `` Home is the Hunted '' ( 1964 ) . His first prominent role was as a regular on the series Gentle Ben ( 1967 -- 69 ) . He also starred in an episode of Rod Serling 's Night Gallery as Herbie , a ten - year - old boy who predicts the near future , and played Billy in the made for television version of John Steinbeck 's The Red Pony , with Henry Fonda and Maureen O'Hara . Howard appeared in various Star Trek episodes : In 1966 , he appeared as the powerful but childlike alien Balok in `` The Corbomite Maneuver , '' a season one episode of Star Trek : The Original Series ( although not the first episode broadcast , it was the first episode of season one to be produced after the pilot episodes ) . The appearance is a well - remembered one in Star Trek history , and he briefly reprised the character in 2006 on Comedy Central 's roast of William Shatner `` Past Tense Part II , '' a Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Acquisition , '' a season one episode of Star Trek : Enterprise `` Will You Take My Hand , '' a season one episode of Star Trek : Discovery As a nod to Howard 's prominent place in Star Trek culture , he played a part in Star Trek director J.J. Abrams ' series Fringe ; in the season one episode , `` The Road Not Taken '' , playing a man who thought he was the son of Sarek of Vulcan . He discussed a fictitious plot by Romulans from the future , much like the one in Abrams ' own Star Trek film . ( In the next episode , Leonard Nimoy was revealed to be the mysterious character he was discussing . ) In 2003 , Howard played Johnny Bark on Arrested Development in the season one episode Key Decisions , which was produced and narrated by his brother , Ron . He was seen in an episode of Married ... with Children as a creepy janitor . He played a car thief / murderer in the season four Seinfeld episode `` The Trip '' . Howard played Creepy Rodney in the season one My Name Is Earl episode `` Stole a Badge '' , and he was a guest star in the season three episode of the NBC show Heroes `` I Am Sylar '' . Film ( edit ) In his film debut The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ( 1963 ) , he played a child party guest standing on a table at his birthday party , that Shirley Jones put an Indian headdress on his head . Howard also voiced Roo in Disney 's animated shorts Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) and Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) , which were later incorporated into The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) , and Hathi Jr. in The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) . Howard appeared in seventeen films directed by his brother , Ron Howard , including Ron 's first directorial effort -- a short film called Old Paint -- when Clint was ten . He also starred in Ron 's first full length feature , Grand Theft Auto . Other roles in the elder Howard 's films include : John Dexter in Cocoon ( 1985 ) , Paul in Gung Ho ( both film and TV series ) , pathologist Ricco in Backdraft ( 1991 ) , Lou in Parenthood , Flynn in Far and Away ( 1992 ) , flight controller Seymour Liebergot in Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Ken in EDtv ( 1999 ) , and Whobris in How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . He also played Sheriff Purdy in The Missing ( 2003 ) , Lloyd Davis in Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) , Herbert Trimpy in The Dilemma , and Paul Lucas in the episodes `` Spider '' and `` We Interrupt This Program '' of the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon , which was produced by brother Ron . He played Eaglebaur in Rock ' n ' Roll High School , Usher in Get Crazy , Paco in The Waterboy , Arthur Lynne in Uwe Boll 's Heart of America , cellmate Slinky in Tango & Cash , CJZZ Disk Jockey in That Thing You Do ! , Johnson Ritter in the Austin Powers series , another flight controller in Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , Nipples in Little Nicky ( 2000 ) , Gregory Tudor in the low budget film Ice Cream Man ( 1995 ) , Rughead in The Wraith ( 1986 ) , Stanley Coopersmith in Evilspeak ( 1981 ) , Kate the Caterer in The Cat in the Hat , Doctor Koplenson in Halloween ( 2007 ) , and appeared in the romantic comedies , Play the Game and Speed - Dating . He also played Sanders in Alabama Moon and Dr. Owen in Nobody Gets Out Alive , which was written and directed by filmmaker Jason Christopher , and was released nationwide on February 26 , 2013 . The film made rounds of the festival circuit in 2012 , and won two best feature awards , a best director award , and a best actor award . He appeared in Solo : A Star Wars Story , which his brother Ron Howard directed . Music ( edit ) In 1981 , Howard formed The Kempsters , a new wave rock and roll group that was composed mostly of his friends who were neighbors with him on Kemp Street . In 1982 , their original drummer , Mike `` Spooner '' Bauer , was replaced by Tony Rodriquez and the band played regularly at Madame Wong 's West . The band retired in 1983 . Although The Kempsters never released an album while together , Howard has recently begun distributing No Brains At All , a CD featuring four tracks the band recorded in various studios , and seven tracks recorded live on October 17 , 1982 at Madame Wong 's . Personal life ( edit ) Howard married his wife Melanie on October 29 , 1995 . In 2017 , it was announced that Howard had filed for divorce . Howard is a Republican ( contrasting with his brother , Ron , a Democrat ) . On January 29 , 2016 , three days before the Iowa Caucuses , he endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz of Texas for the Republican presidential nomination . Howard is an avid golfer , who played 150 rounds a year , and is also known for playing World of Warcraft in which he plays under the name Extas , of the guild `` Thrust '' on the Dark Iron realm . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1963 The Courtship of Eddie 's Father Child Party Guest Uncredited 1966 Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Roo ( voice ) Short film An Eye for an Eye Jo - Hi Quince -- Brian 's Son 1967 The Jungle Book Hathi Jr. ( voice ) Gentle Giant Mark Wedloe 1968 Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day Roo ( voice ) Short film 1970 The Wild Country Andrew Tanner 1973 Salty Tim Reed 1976 Eat My Dust ! George Poole Jr . 1977 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Roo ( voice ) Grand Theft Auto Ace I Never Promised You a Rose Garden Baseball Catcher 1978 Harper Valley PTA Corley 1979 Rock ' n ' Roll High School Eaglebauer 1981 Evilspeak Stanley Coopersmith 1982 Night Shift Jefferey Get Crazy Usher 1984 Splash Wedding Guest 1985 Cocoon John Dexter 1986 Gung Ho Paul The Wraith Rughead End of the Line Les Sullivan Freeway Ronnie B.O.R.N. Jerry Parenthood Lou Tango & Cash Slinky 1990 Disturbed Brian 1991 Backdraft Ricco The Rocketeer Mark 1992 Far and Away Flynn Carnosaur ' Slim ' Friar Ticks Jarvis Tanner 1994 The Paper Ray Blaisch Leprechaun 2 Tourist Bigfoot : The Unforgettable Encounter Gary Forced to Kill Drifter 1995 Fist of the North Star Stalin Ice Cream Man Gregory Tudor Forget Paris Exterminator Digital Man Deakins Apollo 13 Sy Liebergot Not Like Us Wede Twisted Love Gardener Barb Wire Schmitz Unhook the Stars Gus That Thing You Do ! KJZZ Disc Jockey Santa with Muscles Hinkley 1997 Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery Johnson Ritter 1998 Twilight EMS Worker The Dentist 2 Mr. Toothache Telling You Customer Uncredited The Waterboy Paco Evasive Action Hector Miller 1999 EDtv Ken Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me Johnson Ritter 2000 My Dog Skip Millard The Million Dollar Kid Harvey Little Nicky Nipples Ping ! Stu How the Grinch Stole Christmas Whobris Blackwoods Greg 2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Johnson Ritter Heart of America Artie Lynne 100 Women Mr. Willens 2003 Pauly Shore is Dead Pauly 's Business Manager House of the Dead Salish The Cat in the Hat Kate the Caterer The Missing Sheriff Purdy Raising Genius Mr. Goss The Sure Hand of God Clyde Trotter I Am Stamos Himself Short film 2005 River 's End Mr. Powell My Big Fat Independent Movie The Mechanic Cinderella Man Referee Planet Ibsen Henrik Ibsen Fun with Dick and Jane INS Agent 2006 Church Ball Gene Jensen The Powder Puff Principle Principal Richard Skelter Short film Curious George Balloon Man ( voice ) How to Eat Fried Worms Uncle Ed Big Bad Wolf Fulton Chaney 2007 Music Within Clerk Halloween Dr. Koplenson A Plumm Summer Binky the Clown A Christmas Too Many Todd 2008 Foreign Exchange Long Larry Frost / Nixon Lloyd Davis Senior Skip Day Lionel Huffer 2009 London Betty Narrator ( voice ) Play the Game Dick Super Capers Mugger Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Air and Space Mission Control Tech # 1 Curious George 2 : Follow That Monkey ! Farmer Dan ( voice ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto Cthulu ( voice ) Alabama Moon Constable Sanders Holyman Undercover Roy Sr . Speed - Dating Dom 2011 The Dilemma Herbert Trimpy Blubberella Dr. Mangler BloodRayne : The Third Reich Night Club Cliff 2012 Last Call George The Lords of Salem Carlo Nobody Gets Out Alive Doctor Owen 2013 Assault on Wall Street Chuck Huff Karl Sparks Gordon Eldridge The Profane Exhibit Bob Segment : `` Basement '' 2014 Bald Nathan Short film Sand Castles Todd Carlson Balls Out Philip 2015 The Funhouse Massacre Taxidermist 2016 Guys and Girls Ca n't Be Friends Gus 2017 Mad Families Gravy The Church Alexander James / The Spirit 2018 Solo : A Star Wars Story Ralakili Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1962 -- 64 The Andy Griffith Show Leon / Boy at Church Social ( uncredited ) 5 episodes 1963 Breaking Point Mikey Episode : `` The Gnu , Now Almost Extinct '' 1964 Vacation Playhouse Little Boy Episode : `` Hey , Teacher '' 1964 -- 65 The Baileys of Balboa Stanley 26 episodes 1964 , 1965 The Fugitive Billy Taft / Johnny Stransel Episodes : `` Home Is the Hunted '' / `` Set Fire to a Straw Man '' 1965 Bonanza Michael Thorpe Episode : `` All Ye His Saints '' 1966 The Patty Duke Show Ralphie Episode : `` Three Little Kittens '' 1965 , 1966 Please Do n't Eat the Daisies David / Davey 3 episodes 1965 , 1970 The F.B.I. Alan Ellwood / Josh Cobb Episodes : `` An Elephant Is Like a Rope '' / `` Incident in the Desert '' 1966 , 1967 , 1971 The Virginian Will / Tommy / Manuel 3 episodes 1966 The Jean Arthur Show Robbie Fielding Episode : `` My Client , the Rooster '' 1966 Star Trek : The Original Series Balok Episode : `` The Corbomite Maneuver '' 1966 Laredo Midj Episode : `` Leave It to Dixie '' 1967 The Monoroes Jody Larson Episode : `` Teaching the Tiger to Purr '' 1967 Judd for the Defense Tim Oliver Episode : `` A Civil Case of Murder '' 1967 -- 69 Gentle Ben Mark Wedloe 56 episodes 1970 Lancer Willie Sharpe Episode : `` Blue Skies for Willie Sharpe '' 1970 Love , American Style David Kaufman Episode : `` Love and the Coed Dorm / Love and the Optimist / Love and the Teacher '' 1970 The Red Skelton Show Lemonade Stand Proprietor Episode : `` Stone Walls Do Not a Prison Make : So They Added Iron Bars '' 1970 The Odd Couple Randy Granger Episode : `` The Big Brothers '' 1970 Family Affair Tom Richards Episode : `` Say Uncle '' 1971 Gunsmoke Lonny Episode : `` Murdoch '' 1971 The Mod Squad Davey Carr Episode : `` The Price of Love '' 1971 Marcus Welby , M.D. Kimmy Rolf Episode : `` Tender Comrade '' 1971 Night Gallery Herbie Bittman `` The Boy Who Predicted Earthquakes '' 1971 Nanny and the Professor Timmy McGovern Episode : `` One for the Road '' 1971 , 1973 Insight Larry Gilprin 2 episodes 1973 The Rookies Dennis Palmer Episode : `` Crossfire '' 1973 The Red Pony Jody Tiflin Television film 1973 - 74 The Streets of San Francisco Billy Rudolph 2 episodes Doc Elliot Paul Scarne Episode : `` A Small Hand of Friendship '' The Cowboys Steve 12 episodes Movin ' On Mark Episode : `` Life Line '' Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Andrew Episode : `` Wild Country : Part 2 '' Huckleberry Finn Arch Television film 1976 , 1980 Happy Days Moose 2 episodes 1977 The Death of Richie Peanuts Television film 1978 The Fitzpatricks D'Annunzio Episode : `` A Living Wage '' 1978 Cotton Candy Corky Macpherson Television film 1982 Lou Grant Jerry Kovacovich Episode : `` Recovery '' 1986 -- 87 Gung Ho Googie 9 episodes Sledge Hammer ! Police Officer Episode : `` State of Sledge '' Santa Barbara Marshall Episode : `` # 1.677 '' 1990 Hunter Man in Restaurant Episode : `` Kill Zone '' 1992 Seinfeld Tobias Lehigh Nagy Episode : `` The Trip '' Part 2 1993 -- 94 Space Rangers Mimmer 6 episodes 1994 Cheyenne Warrior Otto Nielsen Television film 1995 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Grady Episode : `` Past Tense '' 1995 Married ... with Children Mullen Episode : `` And Bingo Was Her Game - O '' 1995 Silk Stalkings Craig P. Sykes Episode : `` Kill Shot '' The Outer Limits Dennis Episode : `` First Anniversary '' Humanoids from the Deep Deputy Television film 1997 Gun The Homeless Guy Episode : `` The Shot '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Paul Lucas Miniseries 1998 Addams Family Reunion Dogcatcher ( uncredited ) Television film 1999 Total Recall 2070 Pontifex Episode : `` Baby Lottery '' 1999 The Pretender Smitty Episode : `` Qallupilluit '' 1999 Arthur 's Quest Mr. Whitney Television film 2002 Star Trek : Enterprise Muk Episode : `` Acquisition '' 2002 Rapsittie Street Kids : Believe in Santa Tug ( voice ) Television film 2003 Crossing Jordan Gil Runkis Episode : `` The First Six Years '' 2003 , 2013 Arrested Development Johnny Bark 2 episodes 2006 , 2008 My Name Is Earl Creepy Rodney 2 episodes 2009 Heroes Tom Miller Episode : `` I Am Sylar '' 2009 Fringe Emmanuel Grayson Episode : `` The Road Not Taken '' 2011 Workaholics Replacement for Adam Demamp Episode : `` The Strike '' 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film Harold Television film 2013 Hawaii Five - O Superintendent Episode : `` Kupouli ' la '' ; uncredited 2014 Key and Peele Aerobics Director Episode : `` Aerobics Meltdown '' 2014 The Birthday Boys Traffic Control Operator Episode : `` Plight of the Working Class '' 2016 Still the King Crazy Dave 2 episodes 2018 Star Trek : Discovery Orion Drug Dealer Episode : `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' Direct - to - video Year Title Role 1990 Silent Night , Deadly Night 4 : Initiation Ricky 1991 Silent Night , Deadly Night 5 : The Toy Maker Ricky 2003 Beethoven 's 5th Owen Tuttle Video games Year Title Voice role 1998 Tex Murphy : Overseer Larry Hammond See also ( edit ) Biography portal Los Angeles portal California portal Film portal Television portal Conservatism portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) . `` The residents of Andy Griffith 's Mayberry : Where are they now ? '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Deb , Sopan ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season Finale : Wrapping Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heroes : I Am Sylar '' . WMC Action News 5 . April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Universal Media Village '' . NBC . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Gets Out Alive '' . 26 February 2013 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Movie : Clint Howard to Appear in ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Clint Howard , Wife Melanie Separating After 22 Years of Marriage '' . US Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , Paul . `` Conservative actors bemoan `` intolerant '' Hollywood `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moody , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Why actor Clint Howard is campaigning for Ted Cruz '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Clint Howard Endorses Ted Cruz for President '' . tedcruz.org . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clint Howard . Clint Howard on IMDb Clint Howard at AllMovie Ron Howard and Clint Howard ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ron and Clint Howard Remember Dad Rance 's ' Enthusiasm , Dignity and Fearlessness ' ( Guest Column ) '' . Variety . BNF : cb14019293g ( data ) GND : 1014026393 ISNI : 0000 0000 8092 0448 LCCN : nr2001010074 MusicBrainz : 4ceef1a6 - 8f8b - 495b - 8736 - d466768db1d1 SNAC : w6t86jx1 VIAF : 12504187 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clint_Howard&oldid=844778930 '' Categories : 1959 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors California Republicans Howard acting family Living people Male actors from Burbank , California Male actors from California People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown BLP articles lacking sources from February 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 03 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did clint howard play on andy griffith show	[ "Howard began his career when he was two, appearing in five episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, then starring his older brother Ron. He played Leon, a toddler in a cowboy outfit who wandered around Mayberry and silently offered people a bite of his sandwich, to which they would respond \"no, thank you\".[1] Other early notable roles include his appearance on The Streets of San Francisco in the episode entitled \"The House on Hyde Street\", and The Virginian as Tommy, the proud owner of a new litter of pups in the episode entitled \"Melanie\"." ]	[ "Leon" ]
3357131085062580987	Penn State Nittany Lions football	Penn State Nittany Lions Football - wikipedia Penn State Nittany Lions Football Penn State Nittany Lions football 2018 Penn State Nittany Lions football team First season 1887 Athletic director Sandy Barbour Head coach James Franklin 5th season , 42 -- 19 (. 689 ) Other staff Brent Pry ( defensive coordinator ) Stadium Beaver Stadium ( Capacity : 106,572 ) Field surface Kentucky Bluegrass Location State College , Pennsylvania Conference Big Ten Conference Division East ( since 2014 ) Past conferences Independent ( 1887 -- 1890 , 1892 -- 1992 ) PIFA ( 1891 ) All - time record 884 -- 389 -- 42 (. 688 ) Bowl record 29 -- 17 -- 2 (. 625 ) Claimed nat'l titles 2 ( 1982 , 1986 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 5 ( 1911 , 1912 , 1969 , 1981 , 1994 ) Conference titles 5 ( PIFA 1891 , Big Ten 1994 , 2005 , 2008 , 2016 ) Division titles 2 ( 2011 , 2016 ) Rivalries Pittsburgh ( rivalry ) Ohio State ( rivalry ) Michigan State ( rivalry ) West Virginia ( rivalry ) Alabama ( rivalry ) Maryland ( rivalry ) Syracuse ( rivalry ) Heisman winners Consensus All - Americans 42 Current uniform Colors Blue and White Fight song Fight On , State Mascot Nittany Lion Marching band Penn State Blue Band Website www.gopsusports.com The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football . The Nittany Lions compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Big Ten Conference , which they joined in 1993 after playing as an Independent from their founding through 1992 . Established in 1887 , the Nittany Lions have achieved numerous on - field successes , the most notable of which include two consensus national championships ( 1982 and 1986 ) , four Big Ten Conference Championships ( in 1994 , 2005 , 2008 , and 2016 ) , and 48 appearances in college bowl games , with a postseason bowl record of 29 -- 17 -- 2 . The team is also # 8 all - time in total - wins , one game behind Oklahoma and Alabama . The Nittany Lions play their home games at Beaver Stadium , located on - campus in University Park , Pennsylvania . With an official seating capacity of 106,572 , Beaver Stadium is the second - largest stadium in the western hemisphere , behind only Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The team is currently coached by James Franklin . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1887 -- 1949 ) 1.2 Rip Engle era ( 1950 -- 1965 ) 1.3 Joe Paterno era ( 1966 -- 2011 ) 1.4 Bill O'Brien era ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1.5 James Franklin era ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Head coaches 3 Championships 3.1 National championships 3.2 Conference championships 3.3 Perfect seasons 4 Bowl games 5 Traditions 5.1 Nittanyville 5.2 Success with Honor 5.3 Uniform 5.4 Captains 5.5 Linebacker U 6 2011 child sex abuse scandal 7 Rivalries 7.1 Michigan State 7.2 Minnesota 7.3 Pittsburgh 7.4 Ohio State 7.5 West Virginia 7.6 Syracuse 7.7 Alabama 7.8 Maryland 8 Current coaching staff 9 Individual award winners 9.1 Retired numbers 9.2 Players 9.3 Coaches 9.4 Other awards 10 Hall of Fame 10.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 10.2 College Football Hall of Fame 11 Future non-conference opponents 12 Charity and awareness efforts 13 See Also 14 References 15 External links History See also : List of Penn State Nittany Lions football seasons Early history ( 1887 -- 1949 ) The first recorded game in Penn State football history occurred on November 12 , 1881 , when Penn State traveled to Lewisburg , Pennsylvania to play Bucknell , known until 1886 as the University of Lewisburg . Penn State won 9 -- 0 , which was nine goals to none . At the time , this was really a game of `` American rugby . '' The father of American football , Walter Camp , did not develop the `` scrimmage '' , the `` first down '' and the `` gridiron '' ( yard markings ) until 1882 . Although this game was reported in two State College newspapers and the Mirror ( University of Lewisburg campus newspaper ) , Bucknell denies that this game ever happened . Penn State did not field teams from 1882 through 1886 . Penn State played its first season in 1887 , but had no head coach for their first five years , from 1887 -- 1891 . The teams played its home games on the Old Main lawn on campus in State College , Pennsylvania . They compiled a 12 -- 8 -- 1 record in these seasons , playing as an independent from 1887 -- 1890 . In 1891 , the Pennsylvania Intercollegiate Football Association ( PIFA ) was formed . It consisted of Bucknell ( University of Lewisburg ) , Dickinson , Franklin & Marshall , Haverford , Penn State and Swarthmore . Lafayette and Lehigh were excluded because it was felt they would dominate the Association . Penn State won the championship with a 4 -- 1 -- 0 record . Bucknell 's record was 3 -- 1 -- 1 ( losing to Franklin & Marshall and tying Dickinson ) . The Association was dissolved prior to the 1892 season . In 1894 , the Penn State football team played the Muncy , Pennsylvania high school team . Penn State took an early 24 -- 0 lead , whereupon Muncy was allowed 14 players rather than the usual 11 . That helped , but at half time the score was 42 -- 0 . Muncy was then granted 7 downs instead of four . With 14 players , 7 downs , and Penn State letting its youngest players finish out the game , the final score was only 54 -- 0 . George Hoskins , Penn State 's first head football coach George W. Hoskins was the first head football coach at Penn State . He posted a 17 -- 4 -- 4 record in his four seasons from 1892 -- 1895 as head coach , and his . 760 winning percentage ranks highest in program history . His first team played its home game on the Old Main lawn on campus in State College , Pennsylvania , before the 500 - seat Beaver Field opened in 1893 . He was succeeded by Samuel B. Newton , who posted a 12 -- 14 (. 462 ) record in three seasons , 1896 -- 1898 . Sam Boyle coached for only one year in 1899 and compiled a 4 -- 6 -- 1 record (. 409 ) . Pop Golden coached the Nittany Lions for three seasons from 1900 -- 1902 , tallying a record of 16 -- 12 -- 1 (. 569 ) . Daniel A. Reed took over for the 1903 season and went 5 -- 3 (. 625 ) . Tom Fennell coached the Nittany Lions for five seasons from 1904 -- 1908 , posting a 33 -- 17 -- 1 (. 657 ) record . In 1907 the school adopted the Nittany Lion mascot , a mountain lion named after nearby Mount Nittany . An early mascot was `` Old Coaly '' , a mule that hauled stone for the original Old Main ( completed in 1863 and demolished in 1929 ) . Bill Hollenback took over the Nittany Lions as head coach for the 1909 season and went undefeated at 5 -- 0 -- 2 , but left for Missouri for 1910 . Bill 's older brother Jack Hollenback took over for the 1910 season and went 5 -- 2 -- 1 (. 688 ) , but Bill returned to Penn State for 1911 -- 1914 . Bill went 23 -- 9 -- 2 in his second tenure for a combined record of 28 -- 9 -- 4 (. 732 ) . In 1911 and 1912 , his teams went 8 -- 0 -- 1 and 8 -- 0 and were awarded retroactive national championships by the National Championship Foundation which are recognized by the NCAA . Head coach Dick Harlow brought a new form of defense , trying to go in - between or around offensive blockers rather than try to overpower them . Harlow 's Nittany Lions compiled a 20 -- 8 (. 714 ) record in his three seasons ( 1915 -- 1917 ) and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach for his accomplishments . Hugo Bezdek was Penn State 's head football coach for 12 seasons and was the Nittany Lions ' first athletics director . Bezdek posted a 65 -- 30 -- 11 record , which included two undefeated seasons and a berth in the 1922 Rose Bowl , a game they lost . Bezdek 's Nittany Lions posted a losing record in only two of Bezdek 's seasons , going 1 -- 2 -- 1 in 1918 and 3 -- 5 -- 1 in 1928 . Bezdek retired after the 1929 season and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 . Bob Higgins returned to his alma mater and served as Penn State 's head football coach for 19 seasons . He compiled a 91 -- 57 -- 11 overall record , which included 11 winning seasons and only five losing seasons . Higgins ' 1947 team tied SMU in the Cotton Bowl . Higgins was forced to retire due to poor health following the 1948 season . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 . For one season , Joe Bedenk , also a Penn State alum , served as the Nittany Lions ' head football coach . He was promoted from offensive line coach after the retirement of his predecessor . Bedenk posted a 5 -- 4 record in his 1949 , his lone season as head coach , before requesting to return to his previous post as offensive line coach . Rip Engle Era ( 1950 -- 1965 ) Rip Engle came to Penn State from Brown . Engle posted a 104 -- 48 -- 4 record during his 16 season tenure as head coach and developed a game known as Angleball as a way for his players to maintain fitness in the off - season . Engle never had a losing season at Penn State , and his 5 -- 5 final season was his only non-winning season . His 1959 and 1960 Nittany Lions teams won the Liberty Bowl , while his 1961 and 1962 teams reached the Gator Bowl , winning the first and losing the second . Engle retired following the 1965 season and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973 . Joe Paterno Era ( 1966 -- 2011 ) Joe Paterno Penn State assistant Joe Paterno was promoted to head coach following the retirement of Engle . Paterno spent 46 seasons as the head football coach , the longest tenure of any head coach in the FBS , and 16 more seasons as an assistant , making his 62 total years coaching at Penn State the most of any coach at any school . Under Paterno , Penn State played as an Independent from 1966 -- 1992 , and he continued to coach them when they joined the Big Ten Conference in 1993 -- 2011 . He also served as Penn State 's athletic director from 1980 -- 1982 . His final record is 409 -- 136 -- 3 . His teams won national championships in 1982 and 1986 , posted non-losing records in all seasons but five , and appeared in 37 bowl games with 24 wins . His teams also won the Orange Bowl in 1968 , 1969 , 1973 and 2005 ; the Fiesta Bowl in 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1986 , 1991 and 1996 ; the Sugar Bowl in 1982 ; and the Rose Bowl in 1994 . In June 1990 , Penn State 's athletics program , after a century as a Division I-A independent , joined the Big Ten Conference . Beaver Stadium was expanded six times during Paterno 's tenure . He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and was a major reason why the longtime rule of waiting until retirement to be inducted into the Hall of Fame was changed to any coach over 75 years of age . Players including Kerry Collins , Charlie Zapiec , Matt Millen , Shane Conlan , Jack Ham , Dennis Onkotz , Franco Harris , Greg Buttle , Keith Dorney , John Cappelletti , Curt Warner , Larry Johnson , LaVar Arrington and Ted Kwalick played collegiately for him . He won numerous coaching and sportsman honors during his long run at Penn State . Paterno has the most wins in FBS football and in college sports ( 409 ) . As a result of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal involving longtime assistant Jerry Sandusky , Paterno was fired in November 2011 , and all of the team 's wins from 1998 -- 2011 were forfeited . Paterno 's statue outside Beaver Stadium was also taken down . Defensive coordinator Tom Bradley finished out the 2011 season as interim head coach after Paterno 's ouster . The lost wins dropped Paterno from first to twelfth on the all - time wins list , but on January 16 , 2015 , the NCAA restored Paterno 's vacated wins , again making him the winningest FBS football coach . Bill O'Brien Era ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Bill O'Brien New England Patriots offensive coordinator Bill O'Brien was hired as the 15th head football coach at Penn State , taking over the scandal - ridden Nittany Lions football program in January 2012 . Early in O'Brien's tenure , the NCAA sanctioned Penn State with a four - season postseason ban and a loss of 40 scholarships due to the child sex abuse scandal . O'Brien posted an 8 -- 4 record in his first season as head coach of the Nittany Lions , a much better record than most anticipated . O'Brien's 2013 Nittany Lions team posted a 7 -- 5 record in the second of four years they were ineligible for the postseason . In January 2014 , Bill O'Brien left Penn State to accept the head coaching position with the NFL 's Houston Texans . James Franklin Era ( 2014 -- present ) On January 11 , 2014 , Vanderbilt head coach James Franklin was hired as the 16th Penn State head football coach . He is the first African American head football coach at Penn State . In Franklin 's first year , the NCAA lifted Penn State 's postseason ban and the Nittany Lions were bowl eligible . The Nittany Lions were named to the Pinstripe Bowl where they won against the Boston College Eagles on December 27 , 2014 at Yankee Stadium . To start off the 2015 season , Penn State lost to Temple 27 -- 10 , its first loss to the Owls since 1941 . The loss was followed by victories against Buffalo , Rutgers , San Diego State , Army and Indiana . The Nittany Lions then lost to Ohio State 38 -- 10 in Columbus before winning , 31 -- 30 , at Maryland . The victory against Maryland brought the Nittany Lions to six wins , making them bowl eligible for the second year since the postseason ban was lifted . Penn State then shut out the Illinois Fighting Illini 39 -- 0 in the second to last home game of the 2015 season . They then lost to Michigan in Happy Valley 28 -- 16 and to Michigan State 55 -- 16 at MSU . The win - loss record for Penn State in the 2015 regular season was 7 -- 5 , and 7 -- 6 after a loss to Georgia in the Taxslayer Bowl in Jacksonville . The 2016 season marked the arrival of offensive coordinator Joe Moorhead and included an upset over # 2 Ohio State during a `` White - Out '' in State College . Following the win , Penn State was ranked 24th in the AP Poll , its first ranking since 2011 . Penn State finished the regular season 10 -- 2 , 8 -- 1 in Big Ten play . After winning a tiebreaker against rivals Ohio State , Penn State went on to claim the Big Ten East title and a spot in the Big Ten Championship game in Indianapolis against Big Ten West champion Wisconsin , which they won after trailing 28 -- 14 in the first half . They outscored the Badgers 24 -- 3 in the second half to take home the Nittany Lions ' fourth Big Ten Title . On August 18 , 2017 , Penn State announced that Franklin signed a six - year contract extension worth $5.738 million a year . That deal includes retention bonuses paid at the end of each year of the contract . `` My family and I are very thankful to be a part of the Penn State community , '' Franklin said in a statement . `` I am pleased with the progress our program has made in the community , in the classroom and on the field . I look forward to diligently working with President Barron and Director of Athletics Sandy Barbour on implementing a plan that puts our University and our student - athletes in the best position to compete on the field and in life . '' In addition to the guaranteed money , Franklin 's contract extension has incentives including $800,000 for a national title , $400,000 for a College Football Playoff appearance and $350,000 for winning the Big Ten Championship Game . His incentives are capped at $1 million per year . Penn State went to 7 -- 0 to begin the 2017 season , before losing on consecutive weekends to Ohio State and Michigan State . Penn State finished the regular season with wins over Rutgers , Nebraska and Maryland . Penn State capped the 2017 season at the Fiesta Bowl , beating Washington , 35 -- 28 . After the 2017 season , offensive coordinator Joe Moorhead left PSU to take the head coaching position at Mississippi State . Head coaches Coach Years Seasons Record Pct . Cnf . Record Pct . Cnf . Titles Bowls Nat . Titles No coach 1887 -- 1891 5 12 -- 8 -- 1 . 595 4 -- 1 -- 0 . 800 George Hoskins 1892 -- 1895 17 -- 4 -- 4 . 760 Samuel Newton 1896 -- 1898 12 -- 14 -- 0 . 462 Sam Boyle 1899 4 -- 6 -- 1 . 409 Pop Golden 1900 -- 1902 16 -- 12 -- 1 . 569 Daniel A. Reed 1903 5 -- 3 -- 0 . 625 Tom Fennell 1904 -- 1908 5 33 -- 17 -- 1 . 657 Bill Hollenback 1909 , 1911 -- 1914 5 28 -- 9 -- 4 . 732 Jack Hollenback 1910 5 -- 2 -- 1 . 688 Dick Harlow 1915 -- 1917 20 -- 8 -- 0 . 714 Hugo Bezdek 1918 -- 1929 12 65 -- 30 -- 11 . 665 Bob Higgins 1930 -- 1948 19 91 -- 57 -- 11 . 607 Joe Bedenk 1949 5 -- 4 -- 0 . 556 Rip Engle 1950 -- 1965 16 104 -- 48 -- 4 . 679 Joe Paterno 1966 -- 2011 45 409 -- 136 -- 3 . 749 95 -- 54 -- 0 . 638 37 Tom Bradley 2011 < 1 1 -- 3 . 250 1 -- 2 . 333 Bill O'Brien 2012 -- 2013 15 -- 9 . 625 10 -- 6 . 625 James Franklin 2014 -- present 5th season 42 -- 19 . 689 24 -- 15 . 615 Totals 1887 -- present 129 884 -- 389 -- 42 . 688 134 -- 78 -- 0 . 632 5 48 Championships National championships Penn State has won two consensus national championships , both under Joe Paterno 's tenure as coach . Year Coach Selectors Record Bowl 1982 Joe Paterno AP , Coaches 11 -- 1 Won Sugar 1986 Joe Paterno AP , Coaches 12 -- 0 Won Fiesta Unclaimed national championship selections from NCAA - designated Major Selectors . Year Coach Selectors Record Bowl Result 1911 Bill Hollenback National Championship Foundation 8 -- 0 -- 1 None 1912 Bill Hollenback National Championship Foundation 8 -- 0 None 1969 Joe Paterno Rothman ( FACT ) , Sagarin Ratings 11 -- 0 Orange Bowl W 10 -- 3 1981 Joe Paterno Dunkel System 10 -- 2 Fiesta Bowl W 26 -- 10 1994 Joe Paterno DeVold , Eck Ratings System , Rothman ( FACT ) , Matthews Grid Ratings , National Championship Foundation , New York Times , Sagarin Ratings 12 -- 0 Rose Bowl W 38 -- 20 Conference championships The suite boxes on the east side of Beaver Stadium , with the highlighted years ( undefeated and championship seasons ) added in 2006 Penn State played as an independent from 1887 through 1890 . On September 26 , 1891 , the Pennsylvania Intercollegiate Football Association ( PIFA ) was formed . The PIFA consisted of Bucknell , Dickinson , Franklin and Marshall , Haverford , Penn State and Swarthmore . Penn State won the championship with a 4 -- 1 -- 0 PIFA record losing only to Bucknell ( Bucknell 's record was 3 -- 1 -- 1 ) . The PIFA dissolved prior to the 1892 season . Penn State then played as an independent again until joining the Big Ten Conference in 1990 and beginning play in 1993 . Penn State then won its first Big Ten championship in 1994 , they won two more in 2005 and 2008 , and they won a fourth under James Franklin in 2016 . Perfect seasons Penn State has had seven undefeated , untied seasons since the program started in 1887 : 1887 1912 1968 1969 1973 1986 1994 Bowl games Main article : List of Penn State Nittany Lions bowl games Penn State has earned invitations to 48 bowl games . The Nittany Lions have compiled a bowl record of 29 -- 17 -- 2 (. 625 ) , including a 15 -- 6 -- 1 (. 705 ) record in the major bowls ( Rose , Orange , Sugar , Fiesta , and Cotton ) . Coach Joe Paterno was responsible for most of these bids and victories , compiling more appearances ( 37 ) than any other coach in college football en route to his bowl record of 24 -- 12 -- 1 (. 662 ) . Paterno also has a record of 14 -- 5 (. 737 ) in `` major '' bowls and is the only coach to have won all five major college bowls during his career . Season Coach Bowl Opponent Result 1922 Hugo Bezdek Rose Bowl USC L 3 -- 14 1947 Bob Higgins Cotton Bowl Classic SMU T 13 -- 13 1959 Rip Engle Liberty Bowl Alabama W 7 -- 0 1960 Rip Engle Liberty Bowl Oregon W 14 -- 12 1961 Rip Engle Gator Bowl Georgia Tech W 30 -- 15 1962 Rip Engle Gator Bowl Florida L 7 -- 17 1967 Joe Paterno Gator Bowl Florida State T 17 -- 17 1968 Joe Paterno Orange Bowl Kansas W 15 -- 14 1969 Joe Paterno Orange Bowl Missouri W 10 -- 3 1971 Joe Paterno Cotton Bowl Classic Texas W 30 -- 6 1972 Joe Paterno Sugar Bowl Oklahoma L 0 -- 14 1973 Joe Paterno Orange LSU W 16 -- 9 Joe Paterno Cotton Bowl Classic Baylor W 41 -- 20 Joe Paterno Sugar Bowl Alabama L 6 -- 13 1976 Joe Paterno Gator Bowl Notre Dame L 9 -- 20 1977 Joe Paterno Fiesta Bowl Arizona State W 42 -- 30 1978 Joe Paterno Sugar Bowl Alabama L 7 -- 14 1979 Joe Paterno Liberty Bowl Tulane W 9 -- 6 1980 Joe Paterno Fiesta Bowl Ohio State W 31 -- 19 1981 Joe Paterno Fiesta Bowl USC W 26 -- 10 1982 Joe Paterno Sugar Bowl Georgia W 27 -- 23 Joe Paterno Aloha Bowl Washington W 13 -- 10 1985 Joe Paterno Orange Bowl Oklahoma L 10 -- 25 1986 Joe Paterno Fiesta Bowl Miami ( FL ) W 14 -- 10 Joe Paterno Citrus Bowl Clemson L 10 -- 35 1989 Joe Paterno Holiday Bowl BYU W 50 -- 39 1990 Joe Paterno Blockbuster Bowl Florida State L 17 -- 24 1991 Joe Paterno Fiesta Bowl Tennessee W 42 -- 17 1992 Joe Paterno Blockbuster Bowl Stanford L 3 -- 24 1993 Joe Paterno Citrus Bowl Tennessee W 31 -- 13 1994 Joe Paterno Rose Bowl Oregon W 38 -- 20 1995 Joe Paterno Outback Bowl Auburn W 43 -- 14 Joe Paterno Fiesta Bowl Texas W 38 -- 15 1997 Joe Paterno Citrus Bowl Florida L 6 -- 21 1998 Joe Paterno Outback Bowl Kentucky W 26 -- 14 1999 Joe Paterno Alamo Bowl Texas A&M W 24 -- 0 2002 Joe Paterno Capital One Bowl Auburn L 9 -- 13 2005 Joe Paterno Orange Bowl Florida State W 26 -- 23 2006 Joe Paterno Outback Bowl Tennessee W 20 -- 10 2007 Joe Paterno Alamo Bowl Texas A&M W 24 -- 17 2008 Joe Paterno Rose Bowl USC L 24 -- 38 2009 Joe Paterno Capital One Bowl LSU W 19 -- 17 Joe Paterno Outback Bowl Florida L 24 -- 37 2011 Tom Bradley TicketCity Bowl Houston L 14 -- 30 2014 James Franklin Pinstripe Bowl Boston College W 31 -- 30 2015 James Franklin TaxSlayer Bowl Georgia L 17 -- 24 2016 James Franklin Rose Bowl USC L 49 -- 52 2017 James Franklin Fiesta Bowl Washington W 35 -- 28 By game Bowl # Appearances Record Alamo Bowl 1999 , 2008 2 -- 0 Aloha Bowl 1 -- 0 Blockbuster Bowl 1990 , 1993 0 -- 2 Citrus Bowl / Capital One Bowl 5 1988 , 1993 , 1998 , 2003 , 2010 2 -- 3 Cotton Bowl Classic 1948 , 1972 , 1975 2 -- 0 -- 1 Fiesta Bowl 7 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 , 1992 , 1997 , 2017 7 -- 0 Gator Bowl / TaxSlayer Bowl 5 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1976 , 2015 1 -- 3 -- 1 Holiday Bowl 1989 1 -- 0 Liberty Bowl 1959 , 1960 , 1979 3 -- 0 Orange Bowl 5 1969 , 1970 , 1974 , 1986 , 2005 4 -- 1 Outback Bowl 1996 , 1999 , 2007 , 2011 3 -- 1 Pinstripe Bowl 2014 1 -- 0 TicketCity Bowl 2012 0 -- 1 Rose Bowl 1923 , 1994 , 2009 , 2017 1 -- 3 Sugar Bowl 1972 , 1976 , 1979 , 1983 1 -- 3 Traditions Nittanyville `` Nittanyville '' , originally known as Paternoville , is the name attributed to the student tradition of camping out in front of Beaver Stadium prior to a home football game . Each week before a home game , students camp out in front of the stadium in order to hold their positions in line for front - row seats . Football players , the Blue Band , local food vendors and even the coaching staff frequently visit Nittanyville , pepping up the students as game days draw near . Nittanyville is governed by the student - run Nittanyville Coordination Committee . The tradition was established during the 2005 football season , when students began setting up tents and `` camping '' in front of Beaver Stadium one week before the game with rival school Ohio State on October 8 . Success with Honor Joe Paterno was widely known for his `` grand experiment '' in which he challenged his players to be successful both on the field and in the classroom . In 2011 , the Nittany Lion football team posted an 87 % graduation rate , tied with Stanford for No. 10 overall among the nation 's 120 Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) institutions , above the national average of 67 % . The June 2012 conviction of former assistant coach Jerry Sandusky on multiple counts of child sexual abuse marred the `` Success with Honor '' image . President Rodney Erickson , athletics director Dave Joyner , and head football coach Bill O'Brien , all of whom accepted their jobs in the wake of the scandal , have made statements in which they express commitment to maintaining integrity at the university and within the athletics programs . In 2012 , a group of alumni and supporters established a non-profit organization ( 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) and registered trademark ) that will build upon the `` Success with Honor '' motto . Their mission is to promote and support charitable endeavors as well as to inspire others to `` Get in the Game . '' Success with Honor is a Social Network Community that has identified more than 60 + charities . Success with Honor helps individuals to identify and connect with causes they 'd like to volunteer their skills , time , and / or money to . Similarly , SWH assists charities in finding individuals to meet their current needs . Uniform The Nittany Lions playing against the Virginia Cavaliers in 2012 at Scott Stadium : note the simple uniforms of the Nittany Lions during their away games . The team is widely noted for their simple game uniforms . They only wear white pants , and the jerseys are simple blue for home games , and white for away games . The team is only allowed to wear simple black Nike shoes with white calf socks for game days , though blue tights are permitted underneath the white socks for cold weather games . The helmet is white with a blue stripe down the center , and a blue on white `` Penn State '' sticker covers up the forehead helmet logo . No team logos , conference logos , numbers , or other stickers are permitted on the helmet , though two Nike logos are on facemask visors that some players choose to wear . Penn State has started to wear bowl decals only starting with 1997 Fiesta Bowl . Before that , Penn State always declined the decals so they can play out of their simple game uniforms . The blue and white uniforms replaced pink and black ones in 1890 . The uniforms became even simpler for the 2011 season , as the white cuffs and collars on the home jerseys and the corresponding blue cuffs and collars on the road jerseys were eliminated , leaving the jerseys solid blue and white , respectively . In 2012 Penn State started wearing names on their uniforms for the first time as a way to note the players who stuck with the school through the scandal and a blue ribbon in support the victims of child abuse . In 2013 , the Nittany Lion logo was added to the base of the jersey collar along with the Big Ten logo on the right side of the jersey . Starting in 2015 , the names that were added throughout the 2012 -- 14 seasons to honor those who stayed with the program were removed and the team reverted to the traditional nameless jerseys while still retaining the Nittany Lion logo at the base of the jersey collar . The team also began sporting new Nike Elite 51 jerseys which feature a new design on the collars . In addition , the team added the words `` Nittany Lions '' onto the back of the football helmets . For the 2017 homecoming game against the Indiana Hoosiers , Penn State broke tradition by donning throwback jerseys in what was dubbed the `` Generations of Greatness '' game . These uniforms integrated elements from past uniforms , including : numbers on helmets ' sides , block uniform numbers , white stripes on sleeves , blue stripes on pants , striped socks , gray facemasks , white cleats , and a few other subtle changes . Captains Captains are chosen by the team , with the head coach 's approval . Being named a captain is an honor almost always given to a senior , but there are some notable exceptions : Linebacker Sean Lee was named a captain in the beginning of Spring practice in 2008 , the beginning of his 4th year with the team . However , he suffered a torn ACL during spring practice , redshirted in 2008 , and returned as a captain again in 2009 . The most recent example of a `` true '' junior being named was Paul Posluszny , who was named a captain in both 2005 and 2006 , his junior and senior years , respectively . The last time a junior was named captain before Posluszny was in 1968 , when Steve Smear and Mike Reid were named captains during their junior years . In 2014 , Christian Hackenberg became the first true sophomore to be named team captain . Linebacker U Penn State is often referred to as Linebacker U for its reputation of producing outstanding linebackers . Dennis Onkotz was a two - time All American in 1968 and 1969 and played on two undefeated teams . Jack Ham finished his career with 251 tackles , blocked two punts and went on to play on two undefeated teams . Ham later went on to the NFL , playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers , and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Charlie Zapiec a fourth round draft pick of the Dallas Cowboys , went on to star in the Canadian Football League as a linebacker with the Montreal Alouettes coached by future NFL Legend Marv Levy . Zapiec switched from offensive guard in his senior year and also received All - American honors ; in the two years he started as a guard and the one year as a linebacker , he accumulated 34 wins , including three major bowl victories , while suffering only one loss , the best record for a starter at Penn State . Edward William O'Neil , an American football coach and former professional linebacker , played seven seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . From 1970 -- 1973 , he played linebacker at Penn State . A three - year letterman , he was team captain of the Nittany Lions ' undefeated 1973 team and was named an All - American that same season . Greg Buttle was a linebacker during the 1973 -- 1975 seasons , finishing with 305 tackles in his junior and senior year . He was drafted by the New York Jets and is a part of the All Jet team . Shane Conlan was a two - time All - American and defensive MVP of the 1987 National Championship Fiesta Bowl . He was drafted No. 1 by the Bills in 1987 , named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year and was named to three straight Pro Bowls ( 1988 -- 90 ) . Lavar Arrington finished with 319 career tackles and 139 tackles for losses . He was later drafted second overall by the Washington Redskins . Cameron Wake ( Known as Derek Wake when at Penn State ) went on to capture MVP honors for the British Columbia Lions in the Canadian Football League before moving on to the Miami Dolphins and leading the National Football League in sacks during the 2010 season . Tamba Hali was the 20th overall pick in the 2006 NFL Draft and led the AFC in sacks during the 2010 NFL season , helping the Kansas City Chiefs reach the playoffs . He played defensive end during his college career . Paul Posluszny played from 2003 -- 2006 . Posluszny won the Dick Butkus Award in 2005 and the Chuck Bednarik Award in 2005 and 2006 . He finished with 372 tackles and was drafted by the Buffalo Bills . Currently playing for the Jacksonville Jaguars . Dan Connor finished his career as the all - time leading tackler for Penn State with 419 and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers . Sean Lee graduated from Penn State in 2009 and is an inside linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys . NaVorro Bowman , drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the third round of the 2010 draft , ranked seventh in the league in tackles in 2011 and was named an AP first team All - Pro for his 2011 campaign . Bowman currently play for the Oakland Raiders . Michael Mauti and Gerald Hodges were `` Co-Linebacker U '' in 2012 , both achieved over 95 tackles and both were drafted by the Minnesota Vikings . Both players now play for Mauti 's hometown team New Orleans Saints . 2011 child sex abuse scandal Main article : Penn State child sex abuse scandal This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( February 2018 ) The Penn State child sex abuse scandal centered on then retired Pennsylvania State University football assistant coach Jerry Sandusky 's sexual assault of two underage boys on or near university property . After an extensive grand jury investigation , Sandusky was indicted on 52 counts of child molestation dating from 1994 The trial of Jerry Sandusky on 52 charges of sexual crimes against children started on June 11 , 2012 , at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte , Pennsylvania and ended on the evening of June 22 , 2012 , when the jury found Sandusky guilty on 45 of the 48 counts against him . Several high - level school officials were charged with perjury , suspended , or dismissed for allegedly covering up the incidents or failing to notify authorities . In the wake of the scandal , school president Graham Spanier was forced to resign , and head football coach Joe Paterno was fired without cause late in the season , while Sandusky maintained his innocence . Former FBI director Louis Freeh , whose firm was hired by the Penn State Board of Trustees to conduct an independent investigation into the scandal , concluded , after , ostensibly , conducting over 400 interviews and reviewing over 3.5 million documents , that Paterno , Spanier , Curley and Schultz had `` repeatedly concealed critical facts relating to Sandusky 's child abuse from the authorities , the Board of Trustees , Penn State community , and the public at large . '' In an interview conducted by Showtime 's 60 Minutes Sports , the former Chief Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania , Frank Fina , who investigated and prosecuted Jerry Sandusky , stated that he found no evidence that Joe Paterno participated in a cover - up . On July 23 , 2012 , NCAA announced that it had fined the Penn State football program $60 million , levied a four - year ban from bowl games and vacated all of the program 's 112 wins from 1998 to 2011 . They were originally scheduled to lose 10 scholarships from the incoming classes in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 , which would have been a loss of 40 total scholarships . They were set to have a maximum of 75 players on scholarship in 2013 , then be down to 65 total scholarships for 2014 , 2015 and 2016 , before increasing back up to 75 in 2017 and return to a full allotment of 85 scholarships for the 2018 season . On September 24 , 2013 , the NCAA announced they were restoring 25 of the 40 scholarships to Penn State `` ( d ) ue to Penn State University 's continued progress toward ensuring athletics integrity '' . After losing 10 scholarships from the 2013 -- 2014 incoming class ( bringing in 15 players instead of the normal 25 ) and only having 75 total players on scholarship , Penn State gained five scholarships back for 2014 -- 15 , bringing in 20 new players with 80 total players on scholarship . Full scholarships were regained for 2016 -- 17 , two years ahead of schedule . In total they lost only 15 scholarships , compared to the original penalty of 40 scholarships . The decision to return the scholarships was the result of a unanimous decision of the executive committee of the NCAA following a recommendation from the former US Sen. George Mitchell . The NCAA had appointed Mitchell to monitor the progress of Penn State and adopting recommended reforms to enhance their `` security , ethics , governance and compliance structure '' . The decision to accept the recommendation was based upon the belief that the restored scholarships would provide benefits to student - athletes . Several lawsuits were filed against NCAA related to the levy of penalties . In September 2014 the NCAA , under the auspices of favorable reports from Mitchell , announced that Penn State would be eligible for the 2014 postseason and all scholarships restored in 2015 . The team 's wins and records that had previously been vacated due to the scandal were restored , pending full approval , as part of a legal settlement in January 2015 . Rivalries Michigan State Main article : Michigan State -- Penn State football rivalry Since 1993 , Penn State has played Michigan State for the Land Grant Trophy . Michigan State currently holds possession of the trophy after winning the 2018 contest . Beginning with the league 's expansion and new division format in 2011 , the two teams were in different divisions and did not play annually , however this series renewed in the 2014 season and continue yearly as they will both be in the Big Ten 's Eastern Division . Penn State has a 14 -- 9 record in these trophy games . Michigan State currently leads the series 17 -- 15 -- 1 . Minnesota Main article : Minnesota -- Penn State football rivalry The Nittany Lions taking the field against Minnesota in 2005 . Since 1993 , Penn State has played Minnesota for the Governor 's Victory Bell sporadically in their Big Ten schedule . Due to the latest changes in the Big Ten 's scheduling procedures , the series will be held approximately two times every seven years starting in 2014 ; this will change to three times every seven years when the Big Ten adds another conference game effective 2016 . Penn State won the most recent meeting 29 -- 26 in overtime on October 1 , 2016 in State College . The next game is scheduled for November 9 , 2019 in Minnesota . Penn State currently leads the all - time series 9 -- 5 . Pittsburgh Main article : Penn State -- Pittsburgh football rivalry This is a long - standing series between in - state rivals Penn State and Pittsburgh . Once considered the fiercest and most important college football rivalry north of the Mason -- Dixon line , this rivalry was first played in 1893 when Penn State won 32 -- 0 . The most recent game in the series was played in 2018 with Penn State winning over Pittsburgh 51 - 6 at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Branded the Keystone Classic in 2016 , the Pitt - Penn State game is scheduled to continue annually through 2019 , with the 2017 and 2019 contests taking place at Beaver Stadium in State College and the 2018 contest taking place at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh . Penn State has not played more games against any other opponent , whereas Pitt has only played more against West Virginia University . The game scheduled for 2019 in State College will mark their 100th matchup . Penn State currently holds a 51 -- 43 -- 4 record in the series Ohio State Main article : Ohio State -- Penn State football rivalry The rivalry began before Penn State was a member of the Big Ten . Penn State won the first four meetings of the series , which were held between 1912 and 1964 . Then Ohio State won in 1975 in a game held in Columbus , Ohio and again in 1976 during the first ever match - up between the two teams in State College , Pennsylvania . Penn State and Ohio State would meet again in 1980 in their first and only postseason bowl , the 1980 Fiesta Bowl , which Penn State won . After the Fiesta Bowl , the two teams would not meet again until Penn State joined the Big Ten in 1993 . Since then , the Nittany Lions and Buckeyes have played each other annually . Ohio State currently leads the series 18 -- 14 . West Virginia Main article : Penn State -- West Virginia football rivalry Penn State and West Virginia have played each other 59 times . The first game was in 1904 when Penn state won that game 34 - 0 . The two teams announced on September 19 , 2013 that a home and home series has been scheduled for 2023 and 2024 . This series has been dominated by the Nittany Lions , currently leading the series 48 - 9 - 2 . Syracuse Main article : Penn State -- Syracuse football rivalry The rivalry started in 1922 , when Syracuse fought Penn State to a 0 -- 0 tie . But it was during the 1950s and 1960s that the rivalry intensified , as it enjoyed a competitive and often controversial string of contests . Syracuse football was led by Ben Schwartzwalder , and Penn State by Rip Engle , then Joe Paterno . From 1950 to 1970 , Syracuse won 11 games to Penn State 's 10 . After Schwartzwalder retired in 1973 , Syracuse floundered . Penn State won 16 straight from 1971 to 1986 . Conference realignment and scheduling disagreements also dampened the intensity of the rivalry . Penn State fans and players increasingly turned their attention to the rivalry with Pittsburgh . In 1987 , Coach Dick MacPherson finally led Syracuse to a resounding 48 -- 21 victory over the Nittany Lions in the Carrier Dome . Syracuse won again the following year in Happy Valley but lost the last two games before the series was suspended in 1991 . The rivalry has since been renewed three times since the series suspension -- in 2008 , 2009 , and 2013 . The Nittany Lions won all three of these contests . Penn State leads the series 43 -- 23 -- 5 . Alabama Main article : Alabama -- Penn State football rivalry Though the Crimson Tide are not as much of a traditional opponent for the Nittany Lions , the two teams are still often considered among the best in the country , claim a combined 18 national titles , and have met in a bowl game three times . The series began on December 19 , 1959 in that year 's edition of the Liberty Bowl , a 7 -- 0 win for # 12 Penn State . Sixteen years later , the Nittany Lions and Crimson Tide met in the 1975 Sugar Bowl , resulting in a 13 -- 6 Tide victory in New Orleans . Perhaps the most notable game between these two teams came four years later , in a 1979 Sugar Bowl rematch , resulting in another Alabama victory . The rivalry was intensified during the 1980s , when the Lions and Tide met in 10 consecutive seasons , all during regular season play . After this time , the rivalry went dormant for two decades before being renewed for a 2 - game home - and - home series in 2010 and 2011 . In all , Alabama leads the series , 10 -- 5 . Maryland Main article : Maryland -- Penn State football rivalry Penn State and Maryland met in briefly interrupted stretches between 1917 and 1993 , with a near - consecutive run played all but three years ( 1976 , 1981 , and 1983 ) between 1960 and 1993 . However , the one - sided record belies what was often a competitive match - up until its final years . While Maryland only compiled one win and one tie , numerous games were narrowly lost by missed field goals and turnovers . In 1975 , a field goal attempt by kicker Mike Sochko hit the upright with under a minute left , and Maryland lost 15 -- 13 . Ten years later , the Terps missed three field goals to eventually lose 20 -- 18 . After the Nittany Lions ' move to the Big Ten Conference in 1993 , the series was cancelled . However , Maryland ended up joining the Big Ten as well , in 2014 , reinstating the rivalry after more than 2 decades of being dormant . They are scheduled to play annually as part of the conference schedule . Both schools compete aggressively for recruits in the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area and Delaware Valley . Current coaching staff Staff as of March 2018 . Position Name First Year Alma mater Head Coach James Franklin 2014 East Stroudsburg ( 1994 ) Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Brent Pry 2014 Buffalo ( 1993 ) Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Ricky Rahne 2014 Cornell ( 2002 ) Tight ends / Offensive Recruiting Coordinator Tyler Bowen 2018 Maryland ( 2009 ) Wide receivers David Corley Jr . 2018 William & Mary ( 2002 ) Assistant Head Coach / Cornerbacks / Defensive Recruiting Coordinator Terry Smith 2014 Penn State ( 1991 ) Safeties / Co-Defensive Coordinator Tim Banks 2016 Central Michigan ( 1995 ) Run Game Coordinator / Offensive Line Matt Limegrover 2016 University of Chicago ( 1990 ) Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line / Run Game Coordinator Sean Spencer 2014 Clarion ( 1995 ) Assistant Defensive Line / Special Teams Coordinator Phil Galiano 2018 Shippensburg University Running Backs Ja'Juan Seider 2018 West Virginia Strength and Conditioning Dwight Galt 2014 Maryland Individual award winners Retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of Retirement 22 John Cappelletti RB 1970 -- 73 September 7 , 2013 Players Heisman Trophy John Cappelletti -- 1973 Maxwell Award Richie Lucas -- 1959 Glenn Ressler -- 1964 Mike Reid -- 1969 John Cappelletti -- 1973 Chuck Fusina -- 1978 Kerry Collins -- 1994 Larry Johnson -- 2002 Walter Camp Award John Cappelletti -- 1973 Larry Johnson -- 2002 Sammy Baugh Trophy Kerry Collins -- 1994 Chuck Bednarik Award LaVar Arrington -- 1999 Paul Posluszny -- 2005 , 2006 Dan Connor -- 2007 William V. Campbell Trophy John Urschel -- 2013 Fred Biletnikoff Award Bobby Engram -- 1994 ( inaugural winner ) Dick Butkus Award LaVar Arrington -- 1999 Paul Posluszny -- 2005 Rimington Trophy A.Q. Shipley -- 2008 Lombardi Award Bruce Clark -- 1978 Carl Nassib -- 2015 Ted Hendricks Award Carl Nassib -- 2015 Davey O'Brien Award Todd Blackledge -- 1982 Kerry Collins -- 1994 Outland Trophy Mike Reid -- 1969 Doak Walker Award Larry Johnson -- 2002 Chicago Tribune Silver Football Kerry Collins -- 1994 Michael Robinson -- 2005 Daryll Clark -- 2009 Saquon Barkley - 2016 , 2017 Senior CLASS Award -- Football John Urschel -- 2013 Coaches Amos Alonzo Stagg Award Rip Engle -- 1969 Joe Paterno -- 2002 AT&T - ESPN Coach of the Year Bill O'Brien -- 2012 Big Ten Coach of the Year Joe Paterno - 1994 , 2005 , 2008 Bill O'Brien -- 2012 James Franklin - 2016 Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award Joe Paterno -- 1981 , 2005 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Joe Paterno -- 1978 , 1982 , 1986 George Munger Award Joe Paterno -- 1990 , 1994 , 2005 Maxwell Coach of the Year Bill O'Brien -- 2012 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Joe Paterno -- 1986 Bill O'Brien -- 2012 The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award Joe Paterno -- 2005 Walter Camp Coach of the Year Joe Paterno -- 1972 , 1994 , 2005 Woody Hayes Coach of the Year James Franklin - 2016 Other awards Lambert Trophy -- 1947 , 1961 , 1962 , 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2016 , 2017 Hall of Fame Pro Football Hall of Fame See also : Pro Football Hall of Fame Penn State is one of 11 schools with five or more inductees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Name Position NFL team ( s ) Inducted Jack Ham Linebacker Pittsburgh Steelers 1988 Franco Harris Running back Pittsburgh Steelers , Seattle Seahawks 1990 Mike Michalske Guard Green Bay Packers 1964 Lenny Moore Flanker / running back Baltimore Colts Mike Munchak Guard Houston Oilers 2001 Dave Robinson Linebacker Green Bay Packers 2013 College Football Hall of Fame See also : College Football Hall of Fame Including former head coach Joe Paterno , 24 Nittany Lion players and coaches have been selected for the College Football Hall of Fame . Name Position Inducted Hugo Bezdek Coach 1954 John Cappelletti Halfback 1993 Kerry Collins Quarterback 2018 Shane Conlan Linebacker 2014 Keith Dorney Offensive tackle 2005 Rip Engle Coach 1973 Jack Ham Linebacker 1990 Dick Harlow Coach 1954 Bob Higgins Coach 1954 Glenn Killinger Quarterback 1971 Ted Kwalick Tight end 1989 Richie Lucas Quarterback 1986 Pete Mauthe Fullback 1957 Shorty Miller Quarterback Lydell Mitchell Running back Dennis Onkotz Linebacker 1995 Joe Paterno Coach 2007 Mike Reid Defensive tackle Glenn Ressler Center / guard 2001 Dave Robinson End 1997 Steve Suhey Guard 1985 Dexter Very End 1976 Curt Warner Halfback 2009 Harry Wilson Halfback 1973 Future non-conference opponents Announced schedules as of August 30 , 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 vs Idaho vs Nevada vs Ball State at Auburn vs West Virginia at West Virginia vs Virginia Tech at Temple vs Delaware vs Buffalo at Virginia Tech vs Auburn vs Central Michigan vs Delaware vs Bowling Green vs Villanova vs Temple vs Pittsburgh vs San José State vs Villanova Charity and awareness efforts The Penn State football team has worked in coordination with Uplifting Athletes , a non-profit organization , to raise awareness and funds for the Kidney Cancer Association . In 2003 the team turned their annual weight - lifting competition into a fund - raiser when a player 's father was diagnosed with Kidney Cancer . The event that is now known as Lift for Life , has raised more than $225,000 since its inception . See Also List of Penn State Nittany Lions Head Football Coaches References Jump up ^ Penn State Artwork ( PDF ) . November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Storied programs dominate Ladder 119 's top rungs '' . ESPN . July 27 , 2007 . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Musselman , Ron ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Penn State visit from No. 1 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carey , Jack ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Storied programs revive tradition '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jaclyn ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Winningest college football programs and coaches of all - time '' . Quintevents . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Penn State Football History Database '' . nationalchamps.net . Jump up ^ Taber , Thomas T. ( 1994 ) . History of Muncy . Muncy Historical Society . p. 90 - 91 ^ Jump up to : `` George Hoskins Bio '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Penn State Nittany Lions Football Under Samuel Newton . Placpublishing. 2011 . ISBN 9786137842638 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Newton '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Sam Boyle '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Pop Golden '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Reed '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Fennell '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Rappoport , Ken ; Wilner , Barry ( August 15 , 2009 ) . Penn State Football . ISBN 9781616731045 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Hollenback '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` William M. Hollenback '' . PennAthletics.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Hollenback '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Koios , Eloi Rylan ( October 2011 ) . Penn State Nittany Lions Football Under Bill Hollenback . ISBN 9786137836941 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dick Harlow Bio '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Dick Harlow '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Hugo Bezdek '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Hugo Bezdek Bio '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Higgins '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Higgins Bio '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Bedenk '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Paterno Bio '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rip Engle Bio -- Penn State Official Athletic Site '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sports Illustrated Vault '' . SI.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Rip Engle '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Paterno '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . bigten.org . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Jones . `` Ranking the 10 Best Players to Ever Play for Penn State Coach Joe Paterno '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Paterno fired over Penn St. child abuse scandal '' . CBS News . CBS . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State trustee says he regrets Paterno vote , resigns '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Paterno statue removed at Penn St '' . CNN . July 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board explains firing of Joe Paterno '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State sanctions : $60 M , bowl ban '' . ESPN . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jongman , Jere ; Tracy , Marc ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Rehabilitation of Joe Paterno , Back at No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State hires Bill O'Brien as football coach '' . CBS News . CBS . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State Nittany Lions hit with $60 million fine , 4 - year bowl ban , wins dating to 1998 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Penn State Nittany Lions Football Schedule '' . FBSchedules.com . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Penn State Nittany Lions Football Schedule '' . FBSchedules.com . Jump up ^ Chris Burke . `` Bill O'Brien to be named Texans ' new head coach '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State Nittany Lions Index - College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Passionate , proud Franklin named first permanent Black head football coach at Penn State '' . New Pittsburgh Courier . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of the New Era Pinstripe Bowl '' . pinstripebowl.com . Jump up ^ `` Penn State hires Joe Moorhead as new offensive coordinator '' . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AP Top 25 poll : Penn State ranked for the first time since 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Penn State rallies past Wisconsin to win Big Ten , makes Playoff case '' . Jump up ^ `` Penn State , James Franklin agree to three - year extension worth $20 million '' . Jump up ^ `` James Franklin inks contract extension - Penn State University '' . Jump up ^ `` Penn State coach James Franklin signs pricey six - year extension at $5.7 M per year '' . Jump up ^ `` Washington vs. Penn State - Game Recap - December 30 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Miss . St. hands reins to ' blue - collar ' Moorhead '' . Jump up ^ Penn State Football 2013 Media Guide Penn State Football 2013 Media Guide Jump up ^ `` Penn State Coaching Records '' . College Football Data Warehouse . November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2017 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : The National Collegiate Athletic Association . July 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State Bowl History '' . Cfbdatawarehouse.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nittanyville is about more than the best seats in the house Penn State University '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Paternoville Coordination Committee '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Paternoville '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paterno 's Grand Experiment produced perfection '' . FOX Sports . 2012 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State Football Tied For Best Graduation Success Rate Among BCS / AP Top 25 Teams '' . The Official Home of the Penn State Nittany Lions . CBS Interactive . November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Juror : Sandusky lacked emotion , confirming correct verdict '' . Fox News . June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Erickson , Joyner , O'Brien Release Statements '' . Black Shoe Diaries . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 02 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Fornelli . `` Penn State making uniform change '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bleed Pink and Black ? Corner of College and Allen '' . Studentblog.worldcampus.psu.edu . October 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State to add names to back of football jerseys '' . Philly.com . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State Football to Remove Names from Jerseys '' . Jump up ^ `` FB Announces Generations of Greatness Game '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Beth ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` PSU tri-captains bring a solid mix to the table '' . The Morning Call . Allentown , Pennsylvania . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Community -- CentreDaily.com '' . centredaily.com . Jump up ^ Collegian , Anthony Picardi The Daily . `` The origins of Penn State football 's Linebacker U '' . The Daily Collegian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbell , Mike ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` The Greatest Penn State Linebackers of All Time '' . Black Shoe Diaries -- SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Archer , Todd ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sean Lee part of new / old Linebacker U '' . Dallas Cowboys Blog . ESPN Dallas . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sat , Aug 188 : 00 PM ET ( May 28 , 1988 ) . `` NaVorro Bowman Stats , News , Videos , Highlights , Pictures , Bio -- San Francisco 49ers '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Mauti '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Hodges '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Sara Ganim ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Jerry Sandusky interview prompts long - ago victims to contact lawyer '' . The Patriot - News . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Sandusky 's Trial Begins With Graphic Testimony '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Colleen ; Avila , Jim ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Jerry Sandusky Offered Victim 4 a Contract to Keep Seeing Him '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scolforo , Mark ; Armas , Genaro ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Ex-Penn St. assistant Sandusky convicted of abuse '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sandusky Convicted of Sexually Abusing Boys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Top Officials Step Down Amid Penn State Scandal '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Sandusky regrets showers with boys at Penn State '' . BBC News Online . November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State 's Part '' . The New York Times . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ; Marklein , Mary Beth ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Freeh report blasts culture of Penn State '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Louis Freeh in Conjunction with Announcement of Report Regarding the Pennsylvania State University '' ( Press release ) . Kekst and Company . July 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Although concern to treat the child abuser humanely was expressly stated , no such sentiments were ever expressed by them for Sandusky 's victims . Jump up ^ `` Sandusky prosecutor : Paterno not part of cover - up '' . Philly.com . Jump up ^ Prisbell , Eric ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` NCAA hands out severe punishment for Penn State '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ aassimon ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Executive Committee to gradually restore Penn State scholarships '' . NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Mike ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` NCAA modifies sanctions against Penn State , restoring scholarships ; may consider lifting bowl ban '' . Center Daily Times . Jump up ^ `` NCAA drops postseason ban of Penn State Nittany Lions '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Berger , Zach ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Corman Settlement : Paterno 's Wins Restored and Consent Decree Replaced '' . Onward State . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Paterno is now winningest coach '' . ESPN . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State vs. Michigan State Football Series '' . Cfbdatawarehouse.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.gopsusports.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/082616aaa.html Jump up ^ `` Penn State vs Pittsburgh ( PA ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Penn State Football Coaches , gopsusports.com , retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State to Retire Cappelletti 's No. 22 Jersey '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Winners '' . Heisman Trophy . HeismanTrophy.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Camp Player of the YearAward Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Baugh Trophy Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Bednarik Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Biletnikoff Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Butukus Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Rimington Trophy Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Lombardi Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Hendricks Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davey O'Brien Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Outland Trophy Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doak Walker Award Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune 's Silver Football history '' . The Chicago Tribune . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by College '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by College '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State and Temple to Renew Football Series '' . GoPSUSports.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State Uplifting Athletes '' . Scott Shirley , Uplifting Athletes . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penn State Nittany Lions football . Official website Penn State Nittany Lions football Venues Old Main lawn ( until 1891 ) Beaver Field ( 1892 -- 1908 ) New Beaver Field ( 1909 -- 1959 ) Beaver Stadium ( 1960 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Maryland Michigan State Minnesota Ohio State Pittsburgh Syracuse West Virginia Culture & lore Nittany Lion `` Fight On , State '' Penn State Blue Band Uplifting Athletes Joe Paterno statue Something for Joey 1982 Nebraska game Penn State child sex abuse scandal Paterno People Head coaches All - Americans Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Links to related articles The Pennsylvania State University Located in : State College , Pennsylvania Academics College of Agricultural Sciences College of Arts and Architecture Smeal College of Business College of Communications College of Earth and Mineral Sciences College of Education College of Engineering College of Health and Human Development College of Information Sciences and Technology College of the Liberal Arts Eberly College of Science Graduate School Schreyer Honors College School of Nursing School of International Affairs Penn State Dickinson Law Penn State Law Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies College of Medicine Pennsylvania College of Technology School of Hospitality Management Athletics Sports Penn State Nittany Lions Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Field Hockey Football Men 's Ice Hockey Women 's Ice Hockey Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Men 's Volleyball Women 's Volleyball Wrestling Facilities Beaver Stadium Bryce Jordan Center Golf Courses Pegula Ice Arena Penn State Ice Pavilion Medlar Field at Lubrano Park Rec Hall Rivalries Alabama Maryland Michigan State Minnesota Ohio State Pittsburgh Syracuse West Virginia Spirit Legion Of Blue Alma Mater Blue Band Fight On , State Nittany Lion ( mascot ) The Nittany Lion Buildings Academic buildings Berkey Creamery Old Main Palmer Museum of Art IST Building Radiation Science & Engineering Center Residence halls University libraries Campuses : Commonwealth Abington Altoona Berks Beaver Brandywine DuBois Erie ( Behrend College ) Fayette ( Eberly Campus ) Greater Allegheny Harrisburg ( Capital College ) Hazleton Lehigh Valley Mont Alto New Kensington Schuylkill Shenango University Park ( Main campus ) Wilkes - Barre Worthington Scranton York Campuses : Special Mission Penn State Dickinson Law Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine Penn State Law World Campus Pennsylvania College of Technology Departments Cancer Institute Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Research Applied Research Laboratory Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel Penn State Lunar Lion Team Media The Daily Collegian Penn State Law Review Dickinson Law Review Penn State University Press WKPS ( 90.7 FM ) WPSU ( 91.5 FM ) WPSU - TV Onward State People Alumni Athletic directors Coaches Faculty Olympians Presidents George W. Atherton Eric J. Barron ( current president ) Joe Paterno Fred Lewis Pattee Jerry Sandusky Graham Spanier Student life Army ROTC Air Force ROTC Penn State IFC / Panhellenic Dance Marathon ( THON ) Penn State Thespians Penn State Women 's Ice Hockey Club Penn State Glee Club Mount Nittany Nittany Lion Shrine Old Coaly State College Related History Joe Paterno statue Nittany Lion Shrine Child sex abuse scandal Death of Tim Piazza Big Ten Conference football East Division Indiana Hoosiers Maryland Terrapins Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans Ohio State Buckeyes Penn State Nittany Lions Rutgers Scarlet Knights West Division Illinois Fighting Illini Iowa Hawkeyes Minnesota Golden Gophers Nebraska Cornhuskers Northwestern Wildcats Purdue Boilermakers Wisconsin Badgers Championships & awards Conference champions All - time standings ( 1896 -- 1958 ) , ( 1959 -- present ) Championship Game Individual awards Chicago Tribune Silver Football Seasons 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football&oldid=866139909 '' Categories : Penn State Nittany Lions football Sports clubs established in 1887 1887 establishments in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using infobox NCAA football school with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles that may be too long from February 2018 Articles using small message boxes All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 14 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did penn state entered the big 10	[ "The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football. The Nittany Lions compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Big Ten Conference, which they joined in 1993 after playing as an Independent from their founding through 1992.[2][3][4]\n" ]	[ "in 1993" ]
4047688916703678051	Despicable Me 2	Despicable Me 2 - wikipedia Despicable Me 2 Jump to : navigation , search Despicable Me 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Pierre Coffin Chris Renaud Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Starring Steve Carell Kristen Wiig Benjamin Bratt Miranda Cosgrove Russell Brand Steve Coogan Ken Jeong Music by Heitor Pereira Pharrell Williams Edited by Gregory Perler Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) ( Australia ) July 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $76 million Box office $970.8 million Despicable Me 2 is a 2013 American 3D computer - animated comedy film and the sequel to the 2010 animated film Despicable Me . Produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures and animated by Illumination Mac Guff , the film was directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud , and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio . Steve Carell , Russell Brand , Miranda Cosgrove , Elsie Fisher , and Dana Gaier reprise their roles as Gru , Dr. Nefario , Margo , Agnes , and Edith respectively . Kristen Wiig , who played Miss Hattie in the first film , voices agent Lucy Wilde , while Ken Jeong , who played the Talk Show Host , voices Floyd Eagle - san . New cast members include Benjamin Bratt as Eduardo `` El Macho '' Pérez and Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom , head of the fictional Anti-Villain League ( AVL ) . Despicable Me 2 premiered on June 5 , 2013 in Australia and was released in the United States on July 3 , 2013 . The film received mostly positive reviews from critics , and was nominated for Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and for Academy Award for Best Original Song ( for `` Happy '' ) , losing both to Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Frozen . Grossing over $970.8 million worldwide against its budget of $76 million , the film became the second - highest - grossing animated film of 2013 and the third highest - grossing film of 2013 . It is also the most profitable film in the 101 - year history of Universal Studios . A spinoff / prequel film , Minions , focusing on the little yellow henchmen before they met Gru , was released on July 10 , 2015 . A sequel , Despicable Me 3 , was released on June 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart positions 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Prequel and sequel 7.1 Prequel 7.2 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A mysterious vehicle using a huge magnet steals a highly potent mutagen known as PX - 41 from a secret laboratory in the Arctic Circle . The Anti-Villain League ( AVL ) , headed by Silas Ramsbottom , tries to recruit former supervillain Gru to track down those responsible and recover the mutagen , but Gru refuses , claiming that he is now a legitimate businessman as well as the devoted father of Margo , Edith , and Agnes . Dr. Nefario , Gru 's friend and assistant , longs to go back to villainy and leaves Gru for new employment . Gru reluctantly agrees to investigate the theft , and is partnered with undercover AVL agent Lucy Wilde . The pair begin their search in the Paradise Shopping Mall , disguised as bakery employees . Gru immediately comes to suspect Mexican restaurant owner , Eduardo Pérez , of being the infamous `` El Macho '' , a legendary supervillain who supposedly died by riding a shark into the mouth of an active volcano with 250 pounds of dynamite strapped to his chest . Gru and Lucy break into Eduardo 's restaurant at night , but find no proof . Meanwhile , Agnes , confiding in her dream to one day have a mother , believes that Gru will fall in love with Lucy , though Gru states that his relationship with Lucy is professional . Although holding Eduardo as his chief suspect , Gru agrees to pursue others , including wig merchant Floyd Eagle - san . After witnessing Eduardo 's two - timing son , Antonio , woo Margo and invite everyone to his Cinco de Mayo party , Gru renews his focus on Eduardo . He is then set up on a dinner date with a vacuous woman named Shannon . The date goes horribly , and Shannon is about to humiliate Gru after she spots his wig , until Lucy , visiting the restaurant herself , saves Gru and renders Shannon unconscious with a tranquilizer gun . While they take Shannon home , Gru and Lucy spend personal time together , and Gru falls in love with her , proving Agnes right . The next day , the AVL arrest Eagle - san after finding an almost - empty jar of the mutagen in his shop , and the investigation is closed by Ramsbottom . Lucy is reassigned to Australia , but gives Gru her lipstick Taser as a gift before leaving . A heartbroken Gru , having lacked the courage to ask Lucy out on a date , instead takes his girls to the Cinco de Mayo party . While there , he follows Eduardo and discovers a secret musical steps - activated elevator , where he finally finds proof that Eduardo is El Macho . On her flight , Lucy , realizing that she has also fallen in love with Gru , jumps out of the plane and hang glides down to the party . Gru discovers that Macho , who is revealed to have hired Nefario as a partner , has been abducting Gru 's Minions and using the stolen PX - 41 serum to make them evil . Macho plans to launch rockets full of the mutated Minions into major cities in order to achieve world domination . He gives Gru the chance to team up with him , but Gru walks away . Lucy later arrives at the party , but Macho captures Lucy after Pollito , Macho 's pet chicken , retrieves her AVL ID badge from her purse . Nefario rejoins Gru , who fakes being captured with two other minions to help him rescue Lucy . Fighting alongside his daughters and Nefario , Gru and his team return the Minions to their normal , friendly , yellow state using jelly containing a powerful antidote that was created by Nefario . Macho then takes the mutagen himself and turns into a monster , but Gru and Nefario defeat him using Lucy 's lipstick Taser and a fart gun . Gru finds Lucy strapped to a TNT - loaded shark rocket and starts to untie her , but Pollito launches the rocket , sending it flying towards the same volcano where Macho previously faked his death . Lucy accepts Gru 's invitation for a date , and the pair dive into the ocean seconds before the rocket enters the volcano and violently explodes . Gru rejoins the AVL , and then he and Lucy get married , and Margo , Edith and Agnes finally have someone close to a mother . Cast ( edit ) Miranda Cosgrove and Steve Carell at the Australian premiere of Despicable Me 2 Steve Carell as Gru , a former villain turned father ( and then member of the Anti-Villain League ) . Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde , an Anti-Villain League agent and then Gru 's love interest . Wiig previously voiced Miss Hattie in the first film . Benjamin Bratt as Eduardo `` El Macho '' Pérez , the owner of Salsa & Salsa , a Mexican restaurant in the Paradise Mall , and the mastermind behind the theft of the PX - 41 serum . Al Pacino was originally cast in the role and had recorded all his lines , but left the film due to creative differences . Miranda Cosgrove as Margo , the oldest child of the three girls . Russell Brand as Dr. Nefario , Gru 's elderly , hearing impaired gadget man . Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom , the director of the Anti-Villain League . Ken Jeong as Floyd Eagle - san , the owner of Eagle Hair Club , a wig store in the Paradise Mall . Elsie Fisher as Agnes , the youngest child of the three girls . Dana Gaier as Edith , the middle child of the three girls . Moisés Arias as Antonio Pérez , Margo 's first love interest and Eduardo 's son . Nasim Pedrad as Jillian , Gru 's irritating matchmaking neighbor who wants Gru to date her friends . Kristen Schaal as Shannon , Jillian 's superficial friend . Pierre Coffin as Kevin , Stuart , Bob and additional and evil Minions . According to Coffin , he lent his voice to 899 Minions . Chris Renaud as additional and evil Minions . Renaud also voices an Italian waiter . Vanessa Bayer as Flight Attendant . Nickolai Stoilov as Arctic Lab Guards . Production ( edit ) Directors Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud at the film 's screening at the 2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival Chris Meledandri , CEO of Illumination Entertainment , said in July 2010 that a sequel was in the works . Release was tentatively scheduled for July 3 , 2013 . Miranda Cosgrove stated on her official Facebook and Twitter page on October 14 , 2011 that she had recorded her first lines , while Meledandri confirmed in February 2012 that they had started working on the film . Casting ( edit ) In October 2011 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Javier Bardem was negotiating to voice a villain , named El Macho , but the negotiations failed . By February 2012 , Al Pacino had joined the cast to voice the villain . In April 2012 , producers confirmed that Steve Carell , Russell Brand , Miranda Cosgrove , Dana Gaier and Elsie Fisher were returning to reprise their roles . Kristen Wiig , who voiced Miss Hattie in the original film , voices Lucy Wilde , an agent of the Anti-Villain League ( AVL ) who recruits Gru to track and take down a tough , Mexican villain named El Macho . Steve Coogan joined the cast as Silas Ramsbottom , the head of the Anti-Villain League . On May 3 , 2013 , just a month before the film 's premiere , producers announced that Al Pacino had left the film over creative differences about how his character should come to life . At the time of his departure , Pacino 's character had already been fully voiced and animated . Chris Renaud , co-director of the film , commented on Pacino 's departure : `` So we do n't want an unhappy actor , and we want something that is well - realized on all sides . If you do n't see eye to eye , sometimes it 's easier to ( part company ) and move on from there . '' Benjamin Bratt , who had already been considered before Pacino , stepped in to voice Eduardo . Chris Meledandri , producer of the film , admitted that he was not `` aware of any of the major animated films of the last 15 years that has brought an actor in at such a late stage '' . Due to the finished animation , Bratt had to match his timing exactly to the character 's mouth movement . Initially , during his five - day recording , he tried to imitate Pacino 's voice , but found it impossible , saying `` no one can out - Al Pacino Al Pacino '' . He ended up only using Pacino as an inspiration , and resolved to go with his own interpretation of the character . His work was commended by Variety , saying : `` You 'd never guess he was n't the filmmakers ' first choice . '' Release ( edit ) Despicable Me 2 premiered on June 5 , 2013 , at Event Cinemas in Bondi Junction , New South Wales , Australia . Steve Carell and Miranda Cosgrove were present at the red carpet premiere . In France , it premiered on June 12 , 2013 , as part of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival . The American premiere was held at Universal CityWalk in Los Angeles on June 22 , 2013 ; Steve Carell , Miranda Cosgrove , Kristen Wiig , Benjamin Bratt , Ken Jeong , Elsie Fisher , Dana Gaier , Nasim Pedrad and composer Pharrell Williams were present at the `` yellow carpet '' premiere . The film was theatrically released in the United States on July 3 , 2013 . It was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D format and released in select international IMAX theatres . This film was also shown in the 4DX format , featuring tilting seats , water sprays , strobe lightning , aroma , wind , pops , and ticklers , in selected countries . Cinépolis opened its first 4DX room at the Centro Comercial Limonar Premier mall in Cali , Colombia , with the release of the film . As with the first film , which did not have a theatrical release in China , the film 's distributor Universal Pictures had troubles releasing the sequel . When it was reported in July 2013 that the film had been denied a theatrical release in China , then the second largest film market in the world , some analysts attributed this to the protection of locally produced animation . There were also rumors that the film 's release was banned in China because the film 's minions too much resembled former Chinese president Jiang Zemin . China 's Film Bureau was `` furious '' about the negative comments , stating that the film was not submitted for censorship approval . In fact , there was reportedly a `` commercial conflict '' between Universal and Edko Films , the film 's local distributor , over which titles are to be imported . Edko had decided that the film `` would not do well in China and decided against using one of the precious quota slots for the film . '' In December 2013 , a few weeks after the Universal Pictures ' announcement that it would open a Beijing office , it was reported that Despicable Me 2 would be theatrically released in China on January 10 , 2014 . Marketing ( edit ) A blimp dressed to appear as a Minion , named `` Despicablimp , '' toured the United States from March 2013 in a six - month tour to promote the film 's release . As one of the largest airships in the world , measuring 165 feet ( 50 m ) in length , 55 feet ( 17 m ) in height , and weighing 8,000 pounds ( 3.6 t ) , it crossed the country three times during its 20,000 miles ( 32,000 km ) - long tour , visiting hundreds of events , including the film 's premiere in Hollywood . The blimp , an American Blimp Corporation A-150 model , could be tracked in real - time via GPS at the Despicablimp Command Center website , which allowed fans to post photos of sightings , and compete for various prizes , including for a ride in the blimp . A free mobile action video game inspired by the Despicable Me franchise , titled Despicable Me : Minion Rush , was released on June 13 , 2013 . The game , developed by Gameloft , was adapted for iPhone , iPad and Android devices . Played as one of the Minions , it allows customization of the character , who must perform various tasks , including defeating Vector and a new villain created for the game , to earn the title of Minion of the Year . The game was downloaded more than 100 million times in the first three months after its release , and won a BAFTA 's British Academy Children 's Award in the category BAFTA 's Kids Vote . For the film 's release , Roblox , a massively multiplayer online game , released two virtual items , a Minion and goggles . Six books were released for the film : The Junior Novel , The Anti-Villain League Handbook , Undercover Super Spies , Attack of the Evil Minions ! , Make a Minion , and Meet the Minions . Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment partnered with more than 100 licensing and promotional partners in a deal valued at an unprecedented $250 million . One of the partners was McDonald 's , which included in its Happy Meals various Minion toys , some of them unique to a specific country . To take advantage of banana - loving Minions , Chiquita Brands International ran various sweepstakes , and a Minion , voiced by Pierre Coffin , performed the song `` Chiquita Banana '' in the film . Thinkway Toys released various toys and figures , and Hasbro made special Monopoly and Operation games . Custom 3D glasses , modelled after the Minions ' goggles , were released exclusively at Best Buy and Look3D , the producer of the glasses , for use in RealD 3D theatres and with passive 3D home theatre systems . Home media ( edit ) Despicable Me 2 was released in Digital HD on November 26 , 2013 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on December 10 , 2013 . The DVD and Blu - ray combo pack features three `` mini movies '' titled Puppy , Panic in the Mailroom , and Training Wheels . A Walmart exclusive Blu - ray / DVD combo pack included two limited edition Minion toys . In its first week of home entertainment release , 4.5 million physical and digital units had been sold , earning $80 million and breaking several records . The film had the highest first - week sales for a digital title ever and became the best selling animated Blu - ray title in its first week , surpassing its predecessor , which previously held the record . Despicable Me 2 was the best selling Blu - ray of 2013 with 4,689,747 sold for a total of $93,734,824 in sales . It was also the second best selling DVD for the year 2013 with 4,566,911 sold for sales totaling $77,250,269 . As of January 2015 , Despicable Me 2 has sold 6,998,018 DVDs and 5,560,038 Blu - ray discs totalling $112,572,748 and $114,061,866 respectively totalling $226,634,614 in North America . Despicable Me 2 was released on Ultra HD Blu - ray on June 6 , 2017 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Despicable Me 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Heitor Pereira and Pharrell Williams Released June 18 , 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Score Length 1 : 01 : 25 Label Back Lot Music Heitor Pereira film scores chronology The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2011 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) The Smurfs 2 2013 Singles from Despicable Me 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Happy '' Released : November 21 , 2013 Despicable Me 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the film , released on June 18 , 2013 through Back Lot Music . The original music was composed by Heitor Pereira and Pharrell Williams . The album was promoted by the highly successful single `` Happy '' performed by Williams . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Heitor Pereira , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` Scream '' Pharrell Williams Cee Lo Green 3 : 41 2 . `` Another Irish Drinking Song '' Paul and Storm Pierre Coffin 0 : 39 3 . `` Just a Cloud Away '' Williams Williams 2 : 56 4 . `` Happy '' Williams Williams 3 : 53 5 . `` I Swear '' ( John Michael Montgomery ) Gary Baker , Frank J. Myers Coffin 1 : 38 6 . `` Y.M.C.A. '' ( Village People ) Henri Belolo , Jacques Morali , Victor Willis Coffin 2 : 55 7 . `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' Williams Williams 3 : 26 8 . `` Despicable Me '' Williams Williams 4 : 14 9 . `` PX - 41 Labs '' 2 : 06 10 . `` The Fairy Party '' 1 : 27 11 . `` Lucy and the AVL '' 5 : 39 12 . `` Goodbye Nefario '' 1 : 27 13 . `` Time for Bed '' 1 : 27 14 . `` Break - In '' 3 : 00 15 . `` Stalking Floyd Eaglesan '' 1 : 35 16 . `` Moving to Australia '' 3 : 09 17 . `` Going to Save the World '' 1 : 25 18 . `` El Macho '' 1 : 27 19 . `` Jillian '' 0 : 47 20 . `` Take Her Home '' 1 : 29 21 . `` El Macho 's Lair '' 3 : 32 22 . `` Home Invasion '' 1 : 57 23 . `` The Big Battle '' 7 : 23 24 . `` Ba Do Bleep '' Johannes Brahms Chris Renaud 0 : 13 Total length : 1 : 01 : 25 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 163 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 160 UK Compilation Albums ( OCC ) 48 US Billboard 200 86 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) 19 US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Despicable Me 2 received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 based on 175 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Despicable Me 2 offers plenty of eye - popping visual inventiveness and a number of big laughs . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating from mainstream critics , gave the film a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film earned an `` A '' from audiences polled by CinemaScore , on an A+ to F scale . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Steve Carell 's Slavic inflections as Gru do the trick , as before . Wiig 's clever hesitations and comic timing help save the day . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` The new edition does n't quite catch that inspired spark . '' Stephen Whitty of The Star - Ledger gave the film three out four stars , saying `` Not only a fun cartoon but -- that rare thing -- a sequel which actually improves on the original . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Armed with masses of minions and an excess of adorability , Despicable Me 2 is guaranteed to charm anyone who 's out of school and already bored . '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` It 's fun . It 's cheerful . It 's lollipop colorful . Best of all , it features lots of minion mischief , which guarantees plenty of laughs . But what it does n't have is an edge . '' Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` It feels at times as if Despicable Me 2 actually is The Minions Movie . Coffin and Renaud and returning screenwriters Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio have n't managed to come up with a dastardly plot to rival the shrinking and stealing of the moon from the previous film . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film two and a half stars out of five , saying `` It is consistently diverting and so cute you 'll want to pet it . Yet it is also weightless and lacks a center . '' Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Better , or at least sweeter , than the first , with Wiig adding some much - needed romantic charm to the toddler - level humor . '' Tirdad Derakhshani of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two and a half stars out of five , saying `` If you 're looking for quality prepackaged , predigested Hollywood family fun this summer , you could do a lot worse than Despicable Me 2 . '' Keith Uhlich of Time Out gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` A fleeter film than its predecessor , Despicable Me 2 delights more often than it disappoints . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a negative review , saying `` The minions are still wacky scene - stealers -- and once again , we do n't get nearly enough of them -- but Gru and his daughters have been blanded down to bad - sitcom level . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` With its predecessor having made a whopping $540 million globally , it 's no wonder that Universal saw fit to order a sequel . But it 's not enough just to trot out legions of minions and cobble together a plot . Audiences deserve more imagination and inventiveness than this wan recycling . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' C ' grade , saying `` By the end , every child in the audience will want his or her own monster - minion toy . Adults will just regret the way that Despicable Me 2 betrays the original film 's devotion to bad - guy gaiety . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Sure , it 's not as novel as the first time we were here , but directors Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud stay true to the clever , slapstick vibe . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Despicable Me 2 feels like an opportunity to get together with some old friends , hang out , and discover what they 've been up to . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film a positive review , saying `` The scope of the ' toon espionage - adventure goings - on is surprisingly limited . But the filmmakers so clearly love working on these characters , their creative joy is infectious . '' Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` The animation is beguiling , particularly when Lucy drives her car into the ocean , transforming it into a submarine that scoots around sharks and fish . '' Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` While not quite as charming or unique as the original , Despicable Me 2 comes awfully close , extending co-directors Chris Renaud and Pierre Coffin 's delightfully silly sensibility to a bit larger universe . '' Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` It 's a credit that the writing can be so funny in the moment , that it takes time to realize there 's no cohesive story , zero dramatic tension and nary a practical lesson for either the characters in the film or the people watching in the theater . '' James Rocchi of MSN Movies gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` Heartfelt and hilarious , smart and silly , action - packed but never violent , Despicable Me 2 is that rare sequel that outshines its beginnings . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` For an adult , the predictability could turn you blasé . For kids , revisiting these jokes is a howl . Pinkie promise . '' Mary F. Pols of Time gave the film a positive review , saying `` As a sequel it stands level with the first film , and may have the edge on it . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Co-directors Chris Renaud and Pierre Coffin , who do Minion voices expertly , never let up on the laughs . A fart joke in 3 - D may not be three times as wacky , but the high spirits of Despicable Me 2 are irresistible fun . '' A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a ' C ' grade , saying `` What 's missing -- and this was the crucial component of part one -- is a little sour to undercut the sweet . Like its protagonist , a bad guy gone boringly good , Despicable Me 2 has no edge . It 's fatally nice and insufficiently naughty . '' Laremy Legel of Film.com gave the film a 6.3 out of 10 , saying `` Despicable Me 2 is fun , especially near the culmination . Structural issues aside , it 's impossible not to like these characters , all of them , rendered with love , always entertaining even when the story around them does n't make much sense . '' Box Office ( edit ) Despicable Me 2 grossed $368 million in North America , and $602.7 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $970.8 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $394.5 million . It is currently the thirtieth highest - grossing film , the sixth highest - grossing animated film , the third highest - grossing 2013 film ( behind Frozen and Iron Man 3 ) , the second highest - grossing 2013 animated film , the second highest - grossing Illumination Entertainment film , and the fifth highest - grossing Universal Studios film . With a budget of $76 million , the film is the most profitable film in the 101 - year history of Universal Studios . North America Despicable Me 2 is the twenty - sixth highest - grossing film , the fourth highest - grossing 2013 film , the sixth highest - grossing animated film , the seventh highest - grossing 3 - D film , and the second highest - grossing Illumination Entertainment film . It is the sixth animated film to pass the $300 million mark . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 40 million tickets in North America . The film opened on Wednesday , July 3 , 2013 at first place with $35.0 million ( including $4.7 million from Tuesday night showings ) . Its opening - day gross stands as third highest for an animated feature , and the seventh highest among films opening on a Wednesday . The film then dropped 30 % to $24.5 million on Thursday , marking the second - largest non-opening Thursday gross . Over the five - day Independence Day weekend ( Wednesday - to - Sunday , including Tuesday night showings ) , the film earned $143.1 million , the highest five - day start for an animated film ( ahead of Toy Story 3 's $141.0 million five - day debut ) . During the traditional three - day opening weekend ( Friday - to - Sunday ) , the film earned $83.5 million . The film 's three - day opening - weekend gross was the largest among Illumination Entertainment films , the third largest for an Independence Day holiday , the fourth largest among animated films , the seventh largest among films released in July , and the tenth largest among films not released on a Friday . The film remained in the first position at the box office for two consecutive weekends . Other countries Despicable Me 2 is the twenty - seventh highest - grossing film , the third highest - grossing animated film , the fourth highest - grossing Universal film , and the third highest - grossing 2013 film . It is also only the fourth animated film to have grossed over $600 million . On its first weekend , Despicable Me 2 opened only in Australia with $6.66 million , ahead of Monsters University which opened on the same weekend . The film set an opening - day record in Latvia . In total , it opened at number one in 67 territories , and set opening - weekend records among animated films in Latin America , Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Vietnam , and Lebanon , as well as opening - weekend records among all films in South Africa and Venezuela . The film remained in the first position at the box office for two consecutive weekends during July 2013 . The film 's largest openings occurred in the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $22.5 million ) , China ( $15.4 million ) and Mexico ( $14.9 million ) . In total earnings , its largest markets were the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $72.2 million ) , China ( $53.0 million ) and Mexico ( $47.7 million ) . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Renaud , Pierre Coffin & Chris Meledandri Nominated Best Original Song `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Feature Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film Gregory Perler Nominated Annie Award Best Animated Feature Nominated Best Animated TV / Broadcast Commercial Won Character Animation in an Animated Feature Production Jonathan Del Val Nominated Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon Nominated Music in an Animated Feature Production Heitor Pereira , Pharrell Williams Nominated Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Yarrow Cheney , Eric Guillon Nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Eric Favela Nominated Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Kristen Wiig Nominated Steve Carell Nominated Pierre Coffin Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Animated Film Chris Renaud , Pierre Coffin Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards ( BAFTA ) BAFTA Kid 's Vote ( Feature Film ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures -- Animated Charleen Richards , Tom Johnson , Gary A. Rizzo , Chris Scarabosio , Alan Meyerson , Tony Eckert Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Animated Feature Nominated Best Song `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Nominated Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie Steve Carell Nominated Miranda Cosgrove Won Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina 2013 Best Animated Film People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Favorite Movie Nominated Producers Guild of America Award Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Janet Healy , Chris Meledandri Nominated Satellite Awards Satellite Award for Best Original Song `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams Nominated Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Washington , D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Pierre Coffin and Chris Renurd Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Chris Meledandri , Janet Healy , Chris Renaud , Pierre Coffin Nominated Prequel and sequel ( edit ) Prequel ( edit ) Main article : Minions ( film ) A prequel feature film titled Minions , featuring the Minions as the main characters , was released on July 10 , 2015 . Written by Brian Lynch , it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy . The film , set in the 1960s , focuses on the Minions before they met Gru , where they compete for the right to become henchmen of an ambitious villain , Scarlet Overkill , voiced by Sandra Bullock . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Despicable Me 3 A sequel , titled Despicable Me 3 , was released on June 30 , 2017 . The film was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , with Eric Guillon serving as co-director , and was produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio returned to write the screenplay for the film . Steve Carell , Kristen Wiig , Miranda Cosgrove , Dana Gaier , Julie Andrews and Steve Coogan reprised their roles from previous films as Gru , Lucy Wilde , Margo , Edith , Marlena Gru , and Silas Ramsbottom , respectively . New cast members include Trey Parker as former child star - turned - supervillain Balthazar Bratt , Jenny Slate as AVL member Valerie Da Vinci , and Nev Scharrel as the new voice of Agnes . Steve Carell and Steve Coogan also voiced new characters : Gru 's long - lost twin brother Dru , and his courteous butler , Fritz . Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud reprised their roles as the Minions , respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DESPICABLE ME 2 ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Despicable Me 2 ' Set to Upstage ' Lone Ranger ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Steve Coogan Joining Voice Cast for ' Despicable Me 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Gru Meets His Match In Latest Despicable Me 2 Trailer '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Summer 2013 Movie Preview '' . IGN. April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt Replaces Al Pacino On ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaztambide , Raul ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt as Super Villain ' El Macho ' in `` Despicable Me 2 '' `` . Entertainment Affair . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Gru is resolute in his belief that ' El Macho ' has adopted the guise of Eduardo Pérez , the owner of Salsa & Salsa restaurant in the Paradise Mall . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Say Goodbye To My Little Friend : Al Pacino Exits Summer Sequel ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 : evil genius or just plain bad ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` New Despicable Me 2 Trailer Released '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Racheal ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Despicable Me Minion Mayhem is now open at Universal Studios '' . Behind the Thrills . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ IMTA ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` IMTA Alum Moises Arias in We The Party ! '' . That IMTA Blog . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Universal Pictures ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment Present the American Premiere of Despicable Me 2 Universal CityWalk and Gibson Amphitheatre Universal City , CA Saturday , June 22 , 2013 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 2 Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 Premiere -- Pierre Coffin '' . Trailer Addict . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Meledandri 's Illumination Game Plan Includes ' Despicable Me ' Sequel , ' Minion ' Spinoffs , Dr. Seuss , The Addams Family '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dates Savages , Despicable Me 2 and Oblivion '' . ComingSoon.net . June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Miranda ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` First day on Despicable Me 2 ! ! ! ; ) '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Producer Chris Meledandri Talks Dr. Seuss Biopic and DESPICABLE ME 2 ; Confirms Biopic Will Probably Be Live - Action with Animated Seuss Characters '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Javier Bardem in Negotiations to Voice Villain in ' Despicable Me 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Lily Collins Drops Out of ' Evil Dead , ' Warner Bros. 's adaptation of ' Elfquest ' Hits the Skids '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Al Pacino Makes Animated Film Debut In `` Despicable Me 2 '' `` . Deadline . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Longsdorf , Amy ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Director Chris Renaud talks ' Despicable Me 2 ' ( interview ) '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` How Replacement Villain Became Unlikely Hero in ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt speaks frankly about his last - minute addition to ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Hit Fix . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt Talks DESPICABLE ME 2 , Replacing Al Pacino , and CLOUDY WITH A CHANCE OF MEATBALLS 2 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathan ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Steve Carell to appear at Sydney premiere of Despicble Me 2 '' . The Australian . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elgart , Olivia ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Miranda Cosgrove Looks Too Cute At ' Despicable Me 2 ' Premiere '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Gets Standing O at Annecy Fest '' . Variety . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Yellow Carpet World Premiere Of DESPICABLE ME 2 Includes Steve Carell , Kristen Wiig And Minions '' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 Premiere Interviews ! Steve Carell , Miranda Cosgrove , Pharrell , and more ! '' . Wetpaint . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 Arriving in International 3D IMAX Theaters Starting June 20 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reseña : Mi Villano Favorito 2 4DX - 3D ( Despicable Me 2 3D ) '' . Solo Sangrons . Blogger . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinépolis Online -- Mi Villano Favorito 2 4DX Esp '' ( Review : Despicable Me 2 4DX - 3D ( Despicable Me 2 An IMAX 3D Experience ) ) . Cinepolis ( in Spanish ) . Cinepolis . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Аз , проклетникът 2 4DX '' ( Despicable Me 2 4DX ) . Cinefish.bg ( in Bulgarian ) . Cinefish.bg . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4DX Movies -- Previously shown ( 2013 ) '' . 4DX . CJ CGV . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cali estrena su sala 4DX -- Archivo -- Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1990 - eltiempo.com '' ( Cali opens its room 4DX ) . El Tiempo ( in Spanish ) . July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CALI , CIUDAD PIONERA EN COLOMBIA EN CINE 4DX -- Mi Ciudad -- ADN '' . ADN Colombia . July 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Llegó a Colombia la primera sala de cine 4DX '' ( The first 4DX cinema arrives in Colombia ) . Kienyke ( in Spanish ) . July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Denied Release in China ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Pictures ' ' Despicable Me 2 ' denied release in China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . One could speculate that ( Chinese authorities ) are saying , ' OK , enough American animated movies this summer , ' '' Cain said . `` Animation is an important area for China domestically . Jump up ^ Tsui , Clarence ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Blocked from Chinese Theaters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Universal Pictures ' Despicable Me 2 has been denied a release in mainland China , with commentators seeing the decision as part of the country 's attempts to dampen enthusiasm for imported animated features . ^ Jump up to : Coonan , Clifford ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' To Finally Open in China Next Month '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Coonan , Clifford ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` China Denies ' Despicable Me 2 ' Ban '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cremin , Stephen ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` China govt denies banning Despicable Me 2 '' . Film Business Asia . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Universal Pictures ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment 's Despicable Me 2 `` Despicablimp '' Takes Flight On March 23 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Matt Takes a Ride on DESPICABLE ME 2 's `` Despicablimp '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' blimp enters new frontier of movie marketing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connel , Sean ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me ' Game : Our Exclusive First Look at ' Minion Rush ' '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gameloft ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Gameloft , Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment Launch `` Despicable Me : Minion Rush '' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Minion Mania Helps Universal Score with ' Despicable Me 2 ' Game '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Emmett , Neil ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' Despicable Me 2 , '' `` Room on the Broom , '' `` Adventure Time '' Win BAFTAs `` . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minion '' . Roblox . June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minion Goggles '' . Roblox . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 2 : The Junior Novel. Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . May 14 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0316234153 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 2 : The Anti-Villain League Handbook . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . May 14 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0316234153 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 2 : Undercover Super Spies. Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . May 14 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0316234467 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 2 : Attack of the Evil Minions ! . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . July 2 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0316234436 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 2 : Make a Minion Reusable Sticker Book . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . June 18 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0316240314 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 2 : Meet the Minions . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . May 14 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0316234405 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Getzler , Goldman ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` McDonald 's , General Mills among Despicable Me 2 marketing minions '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Happy Meal Toys Collection Fan Site . May 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiquita Brands International , Inc : Chiquita Brands Partners with Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment 's Despicable Me 2 '' ( Press release ) . Chiquita Brands Partners . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Thinkaway Toys . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Hasbro strikes Despicable Me 2 deal with Universal '' . ToyNews Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Look3D . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Geek Alert : Collect Your DESPICABLE ME 2 Special Edition 3D Glasses ! '' . MarketSaw . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 Comes to DVD and Blu - ray December 10 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 Blu - ray Wal - Mart Exclusive '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Breaks Blu - Ray , Digital Sales Records In $80 M Home Vid Debut '' . Deadline . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Blu - rays in the United States 2013 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling DVDs in the United States 2013 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 - Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 4K Ultra HD + Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Soundtrack Announced '' . Film Music Reporter . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 : Various Artists : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Pharrell Williams / Heitor Pereira -- Despicable Me 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Pharrell Williams / Heitor Pereira -- Despicable Me 2 '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHART : CLUK Update 18.01. 2014 ( wk2 ) '' . Zobbel . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 2 - Original Soundtrack Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` July 4th Global Weekend : ' Despicable Me 2 ' Giant $293.2 M and # 1 , ' Lone Ranger ' Dismal $73.2 M For Depp , ' Let Me Explain ' $17.3 M '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' : Carell helps calm cheap scares '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me ' review : A bad guy makes good '' . Newark : The Star - Ledger . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' : Movie review '' . Daily News . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Soren ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 : ' Funny minions steal this sequel '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 is a Minion mutiny : review '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` An Ex-Villain Returns as Mr. Sweets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guzman , Rafer ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Derakhshan , Tirdad ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' still delivers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 : movie review ( PG ) '' . Time Out New York . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Review : Less Despicable , Less Funny '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' : Turns out a good Gru is less fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 Movie Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Former villains take the cake in ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Reelviews . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russo , Tom ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Less ' Despicable , ' still funny '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Movie review : ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' has Minion - size plot '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rocchi , James ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 : Critics ' Reviews '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cover , Colin ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' will hit target viewers in their funny bones '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 : It 's Gru Love '' . Time . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , A.A. ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Legel , Laremy ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Film.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 6 ' Fast & Furious 6 ' Vs. # 11 ' The Croods ' ; # 3 ' Despicable Me 2 ' Vs. # 14 Star Trek Into Darkness ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Illumination Entertainment '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal 's ' Despicable Me 2 ' Crosses $800 M Worldwide ; # 1 Animated Pic Of 2013 '' . Deadline . August 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` NBCUniversal CEO : ' Despicable Me 2 ' Will Be Most Profitable Film in Universal 's History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Finally Opens in China '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Wolverine ' Bleeds , But Still Easily Leads '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH AMERICA : 5 - Day Estimates : ' Despicable Me 2 ' Impresses With $142.1 M ; ' Lone Ranger ' Disappoints With $48.9 M ; ' Let Me Explain ' Strong With $17.5 M ( 7th Update ) '' . BoxOffice . July 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Day Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 - Daily '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Grossing Non-Opening Thursdays at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Despicable ' Defeats ' Ranger ' Over Busy Fourth of July '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by Month -- July '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Weekends for Movie Not Released on a Friday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Pacific Rim ' Loses to Family Sequels '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Box Office , June 20 -- 23 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loria , Daniel ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` GLOBAL : ' Monsters University ' Opens With $136.5 M , ' WWZ ' Trails At $111.8 M , ' Man Of Steel ' Nears $400 M '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loria , Daniel ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATED GLOBAL : ' Pacific Rim ' Posts $53 M Overseas Debut , ' Fast 6 ' Breaks $700 M Global '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 2 ' Passes $900 M Worldwide '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GLOBAL : ' Despicable Me 2 ' Reaches $293.2 M '' . BoxOffice . July 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED GLOBAL : ' The Smurfs 2 ' Opens To $80.2 M , 4 % Under The Original '' . BoxOffice . August 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Despicable ' Defeats ' Ranger ' Over Busy Fourth of July '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Pacific Rim ' Loses to Family Sequels '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Oscars 2014 : The complete list of nominees and winners '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 EDA Award Nominess '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' Captain Phillips , ' ' Gravity ' Among ACE Eddie Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List of 2013 Annie Award Nominations '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of nominees '' . BBC . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema Audio Society Unveils Nominations For The 50th Annual CAS Awards '' . Deadline . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : ' Gravity ' , ' Frozen ' Take Film Honors '' . Deadline . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19TH ANNUAL CRITICS ' CHOICE MOVIE AWARDS NOMINATIONS '' . Critics ' Choice . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Denver Film Critics ' Society Nominations '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' & ' American Hustle ' Lead Pack ( Full List ) '' . Deadline . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kid 's Choice Awards Argentina 2013 '' . Mundo TKM . July 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' vs. ' Iron Man ' : This year 's People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Theatrical Motion Picture , Animated Theatrical Motion Picture and Long - Form TV '' . Producers Guild of America . January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity , ' ' The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ' Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' . Variety . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The 2013 WAFCA Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity ' Soars in Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal , Illumination Move their ' Minions ' to Summer 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Bullock To Voice Super-Villain In ' Minions ' Spinoff For Illumination / Universal '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintcok , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Despicable Me 2 . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Despicable Me 2 Official website Despicable Me 2 on IMDb Despicable Me 2 at The Big Cartoon DataBase Despicable Me 2 at Metacritic Despicable Me 2 at Box Office Mojo Despicable Me 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Despicable Me 2 at AllMovie 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Comedy portal United States portal Film in the United States portal Films directed by Pierre Coffin Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Despicable Me Films Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Minions ( characters ) `` Happy '' Minions Paradise Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Despicable_Me_2&oldid=817916506 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 3D films 2013 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s sequel films American films American 3D films American children 's animated comedy films American comedy films American computer - animated films American sequel films Animated films about orphans Annie Award winners Despicable Me ( franchise ) Films scored by Pharrell Williams Films scored by Heitor Pereira Films directed by Pierre Coffin Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Illumination Entertainment animated films IMAX films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 08 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voices the minions in despicable me 2	[ "\nSteve Carell as Gru,[4] a former villain turned father (and then member of the Anti-Villain League).\nKristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde, an Anti-Villain League agent and then Gru's love interest.[5][6] Wiig previously voiced Miss Hattie in the first film.\nBenjamin Bratt as Eduardo \"El Macho\" Pérez, the owner of Salsa & Salsa, a Mexican restaurant in the Paradise Mall, and the mastermind behind the theft of the PX-41 serum.[7][8][9] Al Pacino was originally cast in the role and had recorded all his lines, but left the film due to creative differences.[10]\nMiranda Cosgrove as Margo, the oldest child of the three girls.[4]\nRussell Brand as Dr. Nefario, Gru's elderly, hearing impaired gadget man.[4]\nSteve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom, the director of the Anti-Villain League.[4][11]\nKen Jeong as Floyd Eagle-san, the owner of Eagle Hair Club, a wig store in the Paradise Mall.[7][12]\nElsie Fisher as Agnes, the youngest child of the three girls.[13]\nDana Gaier as Edith, the middle child of the three girls.[13]\nMoisés Arias as Antonio Pérez, Margo's first love interest and Eduardo's son.[14][15]\nNasim Pedrad as Jillian, Gru's irritating matchmaking neighbor who wants Gru to date her friends.[16][17]\nKristen Schaal as Shannon, Jillian's superficial friend.[17]\nPierre Coffin as Kevin, Stuart, Bob and additional and evil Minions.[17] According to Coffin, he lent his voice to 899 Minions.[18]\nChris Renaud as additional and evil Minions.\n\nRenaud also voices an Italian waiter.[17]\n\n\nVanessa Bayer as Flight Attendant.[17]\nNickolai Stoilov as Arctic Lab Guards.[17]\n", "\nSteve Carell as Gru,[4] a former villain turned father (and then member of the Anti-Villain League).\nKristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde, an Anti-Villain League agent and then Gru's love interest.[5][6] Wiig previously voiced Miss Hattie in the first film.\nBenjamin Bratt as Eduardo \"El Macho\" Pérez, the owner of Salsa & Salsa, a Mexican restaurant in the Paradise Mall, and the mastermind behind the theft of the PX-41 serum.[7][8][9] Al Pacino was originally cast in the role and had recorded all his lines, but left the film due to creative differences.[10]\nMiranda Cosgrove as Margo, the oldest child of the three girls.[4]\nRussell Brand as Dr. Nefario, Gru's elderly, hearing impaired gadget man.[4]\nSteve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom, the director of the Anti-Villain League.[4][11]\nKen Jeong as Floyd Eagle-san, the owner of Eagle Hair Club, a wig store in the Paradise Mall.[7][12]\nElsie Fisher as Agnes, the youngest child of the three girls.[13]\nDana Gaier as Edith, the middle child of the three girls.[13]\nMoisés Arias as Antonio Pérez, Margo's first love interest and Eduardo's son.[14][15]\nNasim Pedrad as Jillian, Gru's irritating matchmaking neighbor who wants Gru to date her friends.[16][17]\nKristen Schaal as Shannon, Jillian's superficial friend.[17]\nPierre Coffin as Kevin, Stuart, Bob and additional and evil Minions.[17] According to Coffin, he lent his voice to 899 Minions.[18]\nChris Renaud as additional and evil Minions.\n\nRenaud also voices an Italian waiter.[17]\n\n\nVanessa Bayer as Flight Attendant.[17]\nNickolai Stoilov as Arctic Lab Guards.[17]\n" ]	[ "Pierre Coffin", "Chris Renaud" ]
-7233587214595621088	MGM Grand Las Vegas	MGM Grand Las Vegas - Wikipedia MGM Grand Las Vegas This article is about the current MGM Grand in Las Vegas . For the first casino hotel with that name , see Bally 's Las Vegas . MGM Grand Las Vegas Location Paradise , Nevada Address 3799 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date 1993 ; 25 years ago ( 1993 ) Theme Art Deco Hollywood No. of rooms 6,852 Total gaming space 171,500 sq ft ( 15,930 m ) Permanent shows Brad Garrett 's Comedy Club David Copperfield Jabbawockeez Kà Signature attractions MGM Grand Garden Arena Hakkasan CSI : The Experience TopGolf Notable restaurants Joël Robuchon L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Hakkasan Emeril 's Michael Mina 's Pub 1842 Craftsteak Wolfgang Puck Fiamma Shibuya Casino type Land - based Owner MGM Resorts International Previous names Marina MGM - Marina Renovated in 1996 , 2005 , 2012 Coordinates 36 ° 06 ′ 08 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 10 '' W / 36.1022 ° N 115.1695 ° W / 36.1022 ; - 115.1695 Coordinates : 36 ° 06 ′ 08 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 10 '' W / 36.1022 ° N 115.1695 ° W / 36.1022 ; - 115.1695 Website mgmgrand.com The MGM Grand Las Vegas ( formerly Marina and MGM - Marina ) is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . The MGM Grand is the largest single hotel in the United States with 6,852 rooms . It is also the third - largest hotel complex in the world by number of rooms and second - largest hotel resort complex in the United States behind the combined The Venetian and The Palazzo . When it opened in 1993 , the MGM Grand was the largest hotel complex in the world . Owned and operated by MGM Resorts International , the 30 - floor main building is 293 ft ( 89 m ) high . The property includes five outdoor pools , rivers , and waterfalls that cover 6.6 acres ( 2.7 ha ) , a 380,000 sq ft ( 35,000 m ) convention center , the MGM Grand Garden Arena , and the Grand Spa . It also houses numerous shops , night clubs , restaurants and the largest casino in Clark County , which occupies 171,500 sq ft ( 15,930 m ) . Located on the Tropicana - Las Vegas Boulevard intersection , pedestrians are not allowed to cross at street level . Instead , the MGM Grand is linked by overhead pedestrian bridges to its neighboring casinos : to the south across Tropicana Avenue , the Tropicana , and to the west across the Strip , New York - New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Marina Hotel and Casino ( 1975 -- 1990 ) 1.2 MGM Grand ( 1993 -- present ) 2 Film history 3 Media 4 Attractions 5 Gaming 6 Hotel 6.1 The Signature at MGM Grand 7 Entertainment venues 8 Restaurants 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Marina hotel and casino ( 1975 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The property was originally the site of the Golf Club Motel during the 1960s . In 1972 , Tom Wiesner co-founded Southwest Securities Development Company , and later founded Wiesner Investment Company . In November 1973 , Southwest Securities Development was planning the Airport Marina Hotel , to be built at the site of the 170 - room Golf Club Motel , which was located near McCarran International Airport . Southwest planned to renovate the motel structure and add a 14 - story addition with 518 rooms . Fred Harvey Company would serve as the operator of the hotel , its restaurants , and other areas of the resort . Fred Harvey had previously opened hotels in other parts of the United States under the Airport Marina name . Southwest also planned to construct a 28,400 sq ft ( 2,640 m ) casino that would operate separately from Fred Harvey . The 700 - room Marina , located at 3805 South Las Vegas Boulevard , was built by Wiesner Investment Company and was opened in 1975 . In 1989 , Wiesner and his partners sold the Marina to Kirk Kerkorian , who also bought the Tropicana Country Club , located behind the Marina and across Tropicana Avenue from the Tropicana and San Rémo hotels to obtain the site that would become the home of the MGM Grand . Kerkorian saw the Marina as a stable and solidly built resort , and decided not to destroy the hotel , but to build around it . During that time , the Marina was known as the MGM - Marina Hotel . The Marina closed on November 30 , 1990 , and ground was broken for the new casino hotel complex on October 7 , 1991 . The Marina hotel building still exists as the west wing of the main hotel building . MGM Grand ( 1993 -- present ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the latest MGM Grand opened on December 18 , 1993 , it was owned by MGM Grand Inc . At that time it had an extensive Wizard of Oz theme , including the green `` Emerald City '' color of the building and the decorative use of Wizard of Oz memorabilia . After entering the casino 's main entrance , one would find themselves in the Oz Casino facing Emerald City . Dorothy , the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion were seen in front of the city . The Emerald City attraction featured an elaborate yellow brick road walk - through , complete with the cornfield , apple orchard , and haunted forest , as well as audio - animatronic figures of Dorothy , the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , the Cowardly Lion , and the Wicked Witch of the West . It would end at the door of the city , leading inside for a performance of `` The Wizard 's Secrets '' . When MGM Grand began its extensive refurbishment in 1996 , the Oz Casino was the first to go . The Emerald City was completely demolished , and the Emerald City Gift Shop was moved to a new shopping section of the casino . The store remained open until early 2003 . Originally , the main entrance on the Strip was under the head of a giant cartoon - like version of MGM 's logo , Leo the Lion , but this entrance feature was changed to a more traditional entrance . In 1998 , a large bronze statue of Leo was added above the entrance to keep with the MGM Lion theme , while not scaring away guests . The statue weighs 50 tons , and at 45 feet ( 14 m ) tall , on a 25 - foot pedestal , is the largest bronze statue in the U.S. A statue of Leo , the MGM lion When the MGM Grand opened , the intention was to create the first true destination hotel in the Las Vegas area by including the MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park behind the casino . The plan was to make the Las Vegas Strip more family friendly by providing activities for those too young to linger inside the casino . The theme park performed poorly and did not reopen for the 2001 season . On December 5 , 2002 , MGM Resorts International ( then named MGM Mirage ) announced that the former theme park would be developed as a luxury condominium and hotel complex called The Signature at MGM Grand . The Las Vegas Monorail was built to connect MGM Grand to Bally 's in 1995 . The coming - out party for the monorail , on behalf of Bally 's , consisted of showgirls and guys from Bally 's famed show , Jubilee ! , helping groups to the monorail . Characters from the Wizard of Oz greeted the groups on the MGM side . The track was later updated to become the southernmost section of the Las Vegas Monorail . The MGM Grand station was refurbished , the trains were replaced with Bombardier M - VI 's , and the track was extended beyond the southern station to provide for track switching for the trains , as well as a starting point for a potential future southern extension to the monorail line . MGM Grand , with sign promoting it as The City of Entertainment , now removed In 2000 , in an attempt to appeal to a more `` mature '' clientele , the hotel underwent a major renovation , and almost all traces of the Oz theme were removed . The theme is now more of the Art Deco era of classic Hollywood , and the hotel started billing itself as The City of Entertainment . More recently , the resort has used the phrase `` Maximum Vegas '' , referring to the vast amount of activities MGM Grand offers its guests . On April 26 , 2000 , MGM opened a new satellite registration / hotel check - in center at McCarran International Airport . This was the first of its kind opened by a hotel company at any United States airport . However , this airport check - in center appears to have closed in late 2013 . In 2005 , MGM opened the West Wing , a renovation of the original Marina Hotel rooms . In October 2011 , MGM began a renovation in which all of its rooms and suites in the main tower were fully renovated , along with the casino floor and other public areas . This has provided the hotel with a more contemporary room design . The work was completed in September 2012 . Film History ( edit ) The MGM Grand was featured prominently in the 1996 boxing comedy The Great White Hype . The MGM Grand was one of the casinos that Danny Ocean and his crew robbed in the 2001 film Ocean 's Eleven . A staged title unification match between heavyweight boxing champions Lennox Lewis and Wladimir Klitschko was prominently featured in the film . Clark Griswold ( Chevy Chase ) and his family play a game of Keno in the final scenes of Vegas Vacation alongside a character played by Sid Caesar . Keno is no longer offered at the casino . The MGM Grand 's Wizard of Oz theme is referenced in the 1996 film Swingers as the friend of the waitress that Trent picks up works as `` a Dorothy '' . The MGM Grand , with its old entrance , was featured at the close of Casino as an example of the `` new '' Las Vegas . The MGM Grand was featured in The Amazing Race 15 , and The Amazing Race 24 . Media ( edit ) A parody of the MGM Grand was featured in the BMX video game Mat Hoffman 's Pro BMX 2 . Leo the Lion was replaced with dragons . The MGM Grand was among many casinos at which the MIT Blackjack Team gambled in the book Bringing Down The House . The MGM Grand is the home base of David Whele in Dominion . Attractions ( edit ) The Lion Habitat in the MGM Grand MGM Grand featured a glass - sided lion habitat inside the casino area , in which up to six lions were shown daily since 1999 . A see - through tunnel ran through the habitat for close - up viewing , where the lions would frequently lounge on top of the glass , allowing visitors to walk under them . The lions were owned by Keith Evans , a trainer of exotic animals , and did not live at the habitat , but at his ranch 12 miles ( 19 km ) outside Las Vegas . The lion habitat closed permanently in February 2012 as part of MGM Grand 's renovation . CSI : The Experience opened in the Studio Walk in September 2009 . Here , guests try to solve one of three murder cases interactively , guided by touchscreen stations , cast member videos , and realistic recreated evidence . The first stop is a debriefing room where Gil Grissom introduces the `` new recruits '' to their assigned cases . After observing the evidence at the crime scene , visitors go to lab areas where they analyze the gathered evidence . They then present their findings in Grissom 's office , answering a test based on their analysis of the evidence . Finally , visitors receive a case summary and a CSI diploma . TopGolf : Opened in 2017 . Gaming ( edit ) The MGM Grand has one of the largest gaming floors in all of Las Vegas , measuring 171,500 square feet ( 15,930 m ) . There are more than 2,500 machines for gaming as well as 139 poker and table games . The slot machines at the MGM Grand range from 1 ¢ to $1,000 and include progressive slots , video poker , and multi-game machines . There is a special High Limit Slots area , featuring slot machines with payouts up to $500,000 . The race and sports book is a state of - the - art betting area that features thirty - six 60 - inch plasma TVs , along with twenty - four 42 - inch plasmas . Bets are offered on a range of sports including soccer , football , boxing , MMA and more . They are also the first room to offer what they call `` SkyBoxes '' . These boxes can hold up to ten guests and come with beverage servers and complimentary food . Hotel ( edit ) The Mansion at MGM Grand The hotel rooms are located in several buildings including : The main hotel building , with 5,044 rooms ( 4,293 rooms ranging from USD $79 to USD $499 per night and 751 suites ranging from USD $275 to USD $20,500 per night . ) SKYLOFTS at MGM Grand , a AAA Five - Diamond , Forbes Five Star hotel , occupies the top two floors of the main building . The hotel has 51 lofts ranging from USD $2,000 to USD $10,000 per night and is a member of The Leading Hotels of the World . The three The Signature at MGM Grand towers , each with 576 suites ranging from USD $170 to USD $599 per night ( designed by Bergman Walls Associates ) . The Mansion at MGM Grand with 29 villas reserved for VIP 's , celebrities , and casino - invited guests ranging from USD $5,000 to USD $35,000 per night . The Signature at MGM Grand ( edit ) The Signature at MGM Grand is a condo hotel project by MGM Mirage and Turnberry Associates , who teamed up to build the three currently open Signature at the MGM Grand towers . The 38 - story , 475 - foot ( 145 m ) tall structures have 576 all - suite units each and were priced from $450,000 to more than $2.0 million . Signature is located on the property where the MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park once stood . Each tower has its own private pool with cabanas as well as access to MGM Grand pools . Additional guest / owner amenities at The Signature include a Starbucks , meeting rooms , exercise room , bar and restaurant . Each tower is connected with walkways including moving walkways for the connection to the MGM Grand . Entertainment venues ( edit ) Brad Garrett 's Comedy Club - features Garrett and other comedians . David Copperfield Theater - nightly shows by the illusionist Hakkasan - restaurant and nightclub Jabbawockeez Theater - features `` Jreamz '' by the eponymous dance group , and Beacher 's Madhouse . Formerly home to the `` Crazy Horse Paris . '' Kà Theatre - home to Cirque du Soleil 's production Kà . Formerly home to EFX . MGM Grand Garden Arena - hosts major concerts and sporting events . Wet Republic Ultra Pool - dayclub Restaurants ( edit ) Joël Robuchon L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Hakkasan Emeril 's Michael Mina 's Pub 1842 Craftsteak Wolfgang Puck Fiamma Morimoto TAP Sports Bar Pearl Shibuya Rainforest Cafe ( Opened on December 18 , 1997 ; Closed in August 24 , 2015 ) China Tang See also ( edit ) Las Vegas portal List of largest hotels in the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.worldcasinoindex.com/casinos/las-vegas/mgm-grand/ Jump up ^ MGM Grand review . LasVegas.com . Jump up ^ `` Golf Club Motel '' . Vintage Las Vegas . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison , Jo Ann ( June 26 , 2002 ) . `` As regent , politician , businessman , Tom Wiesner did it all for Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Harvey Planning Big Las Vegas Hotel '' . The Desert Sun . November 29 , 1973 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knight , Jennifer ; Guiremand , Steve ; Kantowski , Ron ; Neff , Erin ( June 26 , 2002 ) . `` Wiesner brought appealing mix of politics , pubs to LV '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burbank , Jeff ( 2014 ) . `` Holy Cow ! '' . Lost Las Vegas . Pavilion Books . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90981 - 503 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.lasvegasmikey.com/marina.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Marina Hotel was Never Destroyed '' . vegastodayandtomorrow.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marina Hotel and Casino '' . lasvegasmikey.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` History of MGM Las Vegas Hotel '' . earlyvegas.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` MGM Grand Fact Sheet '' . mgmgrand.com . MGM Resorts International . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Airport Check - In mgmgrand.com . Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand lions , on display at casino habitat for the last time today '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jan 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSI : The Experience '' . mgmgrand.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Casino Games . mgmgrand.com . Jump up ^ SkyBox . mgmgrand.com . Jump up ^ `` Skylofts at MGM Grand '' . forbestravelguide.com . Forbes . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury Hotels in North America : Leading Hotels of the World '' . lhw.com . Leading Hotels of the World . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Moving elephant gives Jabbawockeez a chance to open trunk at MGM Grand '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MGM Grand hotel ( Las Vegas ) . Official website Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened The Drew Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas The Drew Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Algiers Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron The Drew Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas&oldid=841901550 '' Categories : 1993 establishments in Nevada Casino hotels Casinos completed in 1993 Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Darts venues Hotel buildings completed in 1993 Hotels established in 1993 Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada Zoos in Nevada MGM Grand Las Vegas Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 20 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the mgm grand open in vegas	[ "When the latest MGM Grand opened on December 18, 1993, it was owned by MGM Grand Inc. At that time it had an extensive Wizard of Oz theme, including the green \"Emerald City\" color of the building and the decorative use of Wizard of Oz memorabilia. After entering the casino's main entrance, one would find themselves in the Oz Casino facing Emerald City. Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion were seen in front of the city. The Emerald City attraction featured an elaborate yellow brick road walk-through, complete with the cornfield, apple orchard, and haunted forest, as well as audio-animatronic figures of Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Wicked Witch of the West. It would end at the door of the city, leading inside for a performance of \"The Wizard's Secrets\". When MGM Grand began its extensive refurbishment in 1996, the Oz Casino was the first to go. The Emerald City was completely demolished, and the Emerald City Gift Shop was moved to a new shopping section of the casino. The store remained open until early 2003.\n" ]	[ "December 18, 1993" ]
-5562749858832838419	Lea Thompson	Lea Thompson - wikipedia Lea Thompson Jump to : navigation , search Lea Thompson Thompson at the Paramount Theater in February 2015 Lea Katherine Thompson ( 1961 - 05 - 31 ) May 31 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Rochester , Minnesota , U.S. Occupation Actress dancer director producer Years active 1982 -- present Spouse ( s ) Howard Deutch ( m . 1989 ) Children Zoey and Madelyn Deutch Lea Katherine Thompson ( born May 31 , 1961 ) is an American actress , television director , and television producer . She is known for her role as Lorraine Baines in the Back to the Future trilogy and as the title character in the 1990s NBC sitcom Caroline in the City . Other films for which she is known include All the Right Moves ( 1983 ) , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) , and The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) . From 2011 - 2017 , she co-starred as Kathryn Kennish in the Freeform ( formerly ABC Family ) series Switched at Birth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life 1.2 Career 1.3 Personal life 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Life and career ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Thompson was born in Rochester , Minnesota , one of five children of Clifford and Barbara Barry Thompson . She has two sisters , Coleen Goodrich and Shannon Katona and two brothers , Andrew ( Ballet dancer ) and Barry . Her mother is of Irish descent . She studied ballet as a girl and danced professionally by the age of 14 , winning scholarships to the American Ballet Theatre , the San Francisco Ballet , and the Pennsylvania Ballet . Told she did not have the right body to become a prima ballerina by Mikhail Baryshnikov himself , she changed her focus to acting . At the time , she was 20 years old and dancing professionally with American Ballet Theatre 's Studio Company ( then known as ABT II ) and when it came time to decide if she would move to the main company , Baryshnikov who was the Artistic Director at the time told her `` You 're a lovely dancer , but you 're too stocky . '' In her words , that was `` my epiphany when I decided to stop dancing and not be a ballet dancer . It was a wonderful moment because I could 've been banging my head against the wall for another 10 years . '' Moving to New York at age 20 , she performed in a number of Burger King advertisements in the 1980s along with Sarah Michelle Gellar and Elisabeth Shue , her eventual co-star in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . Career ( edit ) Thompson made her home - media screen debut in 1982 as Cecily `` Sissy '' Loper in the interactive live - action video game MysteryDisc : Murder , Anyone ? and her movie debut in 1983 , with Jaws 3 - D. She recalled the film as `` the very first movie I ever got , but I lied and said I had done a couple of other movies , so when I showed up , I really knew absolutely nothing . Also , I had said that I knew how to water - ski . And I did not . So I had , like , five days to learn really , really complicated water - skiing things , because I had to fit into the Sea World water - skiing show . I do n't even know how to swim ! '' She followed this with All the Right Moves ( 1983 ) , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , and The Wild Life ( 1984 ) . Thompson 's most famous role is that of Lorraine Baines McFly in the Back to the Future trilogy , with the first film released in 1985 . Thompson 's character is the mother of Marty McFly , played by Michael J. Fox , whom Marty meets when she is a 1950s adolescent age after he travels back in time : he has to avoid having Lorraine fall in love with him instead of with his future father , George ( Crispin Glover ) , which leads to awkward scenes where Lorraine is attracted to him . In 1986 , Thompson starred in SpaceCamp and Howard the Duck ( film ) . For the latter film , she sang several songs on the soundtrack in character , as musician Beverly Switzler , who was the lead vocalist for a band called Cherry Bomb . The recordings appeared on the soundtrack album and on singles . Rounding out film appearances in the late 1980s , Thompson starred in Some Kind of Wonderful , Casual Sex ? , and The Wizard of Loneliness . She also had a prominent role in the 1989 TV film Nightbreaker , for which she was nominated for a CableACE Award . In the early 1990s , Thompson starred as the mother of the eponymous character in Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) , the villainess in The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and a snooty ballet instructor in The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) . She also appeared in several TV films throughout the 1990s , including The Substitute Wife ( 1994 ) and The Right To Remain Silent ( 1996 ) . Thompson found moderate critical and popular success as the star of the NBC sitcom Caroline in the City from 1995 to 1999 . In 1996 , Thompson received a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Series , while her show won for Favorite New TV Comedy Series . Thompson also starred in a A Will of their Own , a 1998 American television mini-series directed by Karen Arthur . The film follows six generations of females within one family , and their struggle for power and independence in America . The film debuted on October 18 , 1998 on the NBC network to strong critical reviews . After a break from acting , Thompson went on to star in several Broadway plays . She later appeared in a TV series called For the People , which only lasted one season . She then starred in a TV film , Stealing Christmas ( 2003 ) , starring Tony Danza and Betty White . Thompson also appeared in several episodes of the dramedy series Ed and in a guest role for one episode in 2004 on NBC 's Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ; she played a woman whose embryos were stolen . In 2005 , Thompson began a series of made - for - TV films for the Hallmark Channel , in which she plays Jane Doe , an ex-secret agent turned housewife , who helps the government solve mysteries . Thompson directed two films from the Jane Doe series -- Jane Doe : The Harder They Fall and Jane Doe : Eye of the Beholder . Thompson was a featured singer on Celebrity Duets and the second contestant eliminated in 2006 . In April 2007 she starred in another television film , A Life Interrupted , which premiered on Lifetime television . At the 2008 Collectormania 13 Convention in Milton Keynes , UK Thompson guest - starred on the show Head Case in January 2008 . She appeared in the TV film Final Approach , which debuted in the U.S. on May 24 , 2008 . Her film credits include Exit Speed , Spy School , Splinterheads , and Adventures of a Teenage Dragon Slayer . She starred in the television movie The Christmas Clause , which received good reviews and ratings . Thompson stars in Mystery Case Files : Shadow Lake , an adventure game released in November 2012 by Big Fish Games . Thompson 's daughter Madeline Deutch plays a paranormal television - series host . From 2011 - 2017 , Thompson starred in the ABC Family series Switched at Birth , about a family realizing their 16 - year - old daughter is not biologically theirs and was switched with another baby at the hospital . In 2014 , Thompson was a competitor on the nineteenth season of Dancing with the Stars . She was paired with professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev . The couple was eliminated in the quarterfinals , finishing sixth place . She also played Irene Steele in the 2014 film Left Behind . On April 27 , 2017 , Thompson was cast in the upcoming film Little Women , a modern adaption of Louisa May Alcott 's novel of the same name , to be written and directed by Clare Niederpruem who will be making her directorial debut . The film will also star her former Switched at Birth co-star Lucas Grabeel , Ian Bohen and Sarah Davenport. Thompson is set to portray Marmee March , the mother who helps her daughters Meg , Jo , Beth and Amy navigate the struggles and heartbreaks of adolescence and adulthood . The film will be released in 2018 to coincide with the book 's 150th anniversary publishing date . Personal Life ( edit ) She has been married to film director Howard Deutch since 1989 . They met on the set of Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) . Thompson and Deutch have two daughters , Madelyn and Zoey , with whom she sang on stage in the Bye Bye Birdie production for the 16th annual Alzheimer 's Association `` A Night at Sardi 's '' in March 2008 . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Lea Thompson filmography Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1985 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Back to the Future Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Some Kind of Wonderful Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Back to the Future Part II Won 1995 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Series Caroline in the City Won Satellite Awards Best Actress in a TV Series -- Musical or Comedy Nominated 2014 American Movie Awards Best Actress The Trouble with the Truth Won See also ( edit ) Book : Lea Thompson List of female film and television directors List of actors who have played multiple roles in the same film List of Dancing with the Stars competitors Film portal Theatre portal Television portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lea Thompson '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Caroline in the City ' still a smalltown girl '' . Post-Bulletin . Rochester , Minnesota . January 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Thompson : Cabin Fever '' . PremierGuideMedia.com . July 2011 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lea Thompson at AllMovie Jump up ^ `` Mikhail Baryshnikov Destroyed Lea Thompson 's Ballet Dreams '' . Starpulse . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Will ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Random Roles : Lea Thompson '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Moss ( 22 April 2007 ) . `` A Life Interrupted '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lea Thompson Dishes on Hallmark 's Final Approach -- Celebrity and Entertainment News Archived 2008 - 05 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Mystery Case Files : Shadow Lake announced at http://www.bigfishgames.com/blog/mystery-case-files-shadow-lake-announced/ Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' : Season 19 Celebrity Contestants Revealed '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Lea Thompson Joins ' Left Behind ' Reboot ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Thompson to Star in New Feature Adaptation of ' Little Women ' '' . DeadlineHollywood.com . Apr 27 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Namkung , Victoria ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Stars break out in song to honor of David E. Kelley 's Alzheimer 's portrayal '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Papp , Adrienne ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Lea Thompson : Still America 's Sweetheart '' ( PDF ) . Westside Today . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLea Thompsonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Lea Thompson at AllMusic 78101 Lea Thompson at the Internet Broadway Database Lea Thompson on IMDb Lea Thompson at Rotten Tomatoes Lea Thompson at the TCM Movie Database VIAF : 107772234 LCCN : no96042626 ISNI : 0000 0000 7823 350X GND : 140784705 SUDOC : 162541694 BNF : cb14026034w ( data ) BIBSYS : 98043427 NKC : mzk2009517682 BNE : XX1122556 IATH : w61q22x2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lea_Thompson&oldid=813535726 '' Categories : 1961 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Minnesota American ballerinas American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors American television producers American people of Irish descent Living people People from Rochester , Minnesota Women television directors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 23 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays lorraine on back to the future	[ "Lea Katherine Thompson (born May 31, 1961)[1] is an American actress, television director, and television producer. She is known for her role as Lorraine Baines in the Back to the Future trilogy and as the title character in the 1990s NBC sitcom Caroline in the City. Other films for which she is known include All the Right Moves (1983), Red Dawn (1984), Howard the Duck (1986) Some Kind of Wonderful (1987), and The Beverly Hillbillies (1993). From 2011-2017, she co-starred as Kathryn Kennish in the Freeform (formerly ABC Family) series Switched at Birth." ]	[ "Lea Katherine Thompson" ]
-1464283332612772510	List of Ray Donovan episodes	List of Ray Donovan episodes - wikipedia List of Ray Donovan episodes Jump to : navigation , search Ray Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman , which premiered on Showtime on June 30 , 2013 . Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character , a `` fixer '' for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler , representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles , California . Ray experiences his own problems when his father , Mickey Donovan ( Jon Voight ) , is unexpectedly released from prison , and FBI agents try bringing down Ray and his associates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 12 July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 12 July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 12 June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 5 12 August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Bag or the Bat '' Allen Coulter Ann Biderman June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) 1.35 Ray Donovan fixes problems for a powerful LA law firm . Originally from South Boston , he now lives in the affluent city of Calabasas , CA . While dealing with his troubled family , including his wife Abby , daughter Bridget and son Coner , he learns of the return of his father , Mickey , released from prison on parole . `` A Mouth Is a Mouth '' Allen Coulter Ann Biderman July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) 1.56 Ray tries to send Mickey back to prison . Angry with Ray , Abby allows her kids to spend the day with Mickey . Ray handles two crises involving movie star clients : A-list actor Sean Walker receives a threatening message and a home invasion , while action hero Tommy Wheeler is blackmailed with a video of his sexual exploits . `` Twerk '' Greg Yaitanes Ron Nyswaner July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 1.45 Mickey spends time with his sons . Ray `` buys '' a talented hip - hop artist , Marvin Gaye Washington , for his rapper neighbor . Bridget becomes friendly with Marvin . Ezra holds a fundraiser , in honor of his late wife , due to being haunted by past mistakes . Meanwhile , the real reason for Mickey 's early parole is revealed . `` Black Cadillac '' John Dahl David Hollander July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 1.52 Ray is forced by Abby to visit Bel Air Academy to see Bridget 's potential new school , while trying to deal with a work situation . Meanwhile , Mickey meets his ex , Claudette , leading to old memories being relived . 5 5 `` The Golem '' Dan Attias Sean Conway July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 1.46 Bunchy receives his money from the settlement with the Church . Mickey and Ezra reminisce about old events while Mickey wears a wire . Ezra has an accident while driving at night , and believes he has killed someone . Terry and Frances ' relationship grows stronger . 6 6 `` Housewarming '' Michael Uppendahl Brett Johnson August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 1.45 Ray tries to shut down Van Miller 's investigation by drugging him , and using this to create an incriminating video . Bunchy throws a housewarming party , but it gets out of control . Ray finds out that Mickey put his kids in danger and retaliates . 7 7 `` New Birthday '' Lesli Linka Glatter David Hollander August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 1.44 Ray finds out about Bridget 's relationship with Marvin and forbids her from seeing him , but she visits him anyway , leading to emotional upset . Meanwhile , Ray flies to Boston to search for Bostonian mobster , Sully . Abby and Deb enjoy themselves too much , which turns into trouble . Mickey makes Sean let him work on a movie project . 8 8 `` Bridget '' Guy Ferland Ann Biderman August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 1.47 The three Donovan brothers remember the anniversary of their sister 's demise . Ray and Avi get the money back that Bunchy spent on his house . Terry goes after Frances ' husband after he sees evidence she has been abused . Mickey has trouble relating to an actress he meets at the spa . 9 9 `` Road Trip '' Jeremy Podeswa Brett Johnson August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 1.33 Accepting Ray 's offer to kill Mickey , Sully travels to Los Angeles , but the journey does not go as planned , forcing Avi to step in . Asked by Coner to attend an award show with Tommy Wheeler , Ray must first obtain a series of incriminating photographs of the actor ; Miller steps up his efforts in his investigation . 10 10 `` Fite Nite '' Tucker Gates Sean Conway September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) 1.25 The Donovans attend Daryll 's fight at Terry 's club . Meanwhile , Ray 's deal with Sully is put into action . Mickey has a rendezvous . Bunchy encounters his abuser , sending him into a tailspin . 11 11 `` Bucky Fuckn ' Dent '' Dan Minahan Ron Nyswaner September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) 1.41 Horrible secrets are revealed when the Donovan boys encounter the priest who abused Bunchy and Ray when they were boys . Ray executes him . Ray sends Avi to protect his family , much to Abby 's anger ; Mickey asks a favor from Claudette when he finds himself under investigation for the murder of Sean Walker . 12 12 `` Same Exactly '' Michael Apted Ann Biderman September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 1.41 With Sully on the run , Ray suggests to Frank a bold strategy in finding him ; Abby leaves Ray a heartfelt message ; Lena convinces Bridget to forgive her father ; An empowered Bunchy kicks Mickey out of his apartment ; Terry feels guilty of his role in the priest 's death ; a final showdown at the docks has long - lasting effects . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Yo Soy Capitán '' Tucker Gates Ann Biderman July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 1.22 Ray 's life returns to normal . The FBI demands that Mickey be brought to them . Abby , concerned for their marriage , forces Ray into therapy with her . Meanwhile , Bunchy attempts to recover from his abuse and applies for a job , Terry obsesses over Frances and Coner is in trouble after assaulting a classmate . 14 `` Uber Ray '' Michael Uppendahl Ann Biderman & David Hollander July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 1.27 Having difficulty in controlling Mickey upon returning him to LA , Ray bribes corrupt parole officer Ronald Keith to keep an eye on his father . As Ed Cochran holds a press conference declaring the FBI caught Sully , Boston Globe reporter Kate McPherson launches her own investigation on what happened at the docks . 15 `` Gem and Loan '' Phil Abraham Michael Tolkin July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 1.38 Desperate to get Bridget into the prestigious Bel - Air Academy , Ray is forced to do an unusual favor for old rival Stu Feldman , which involves a married couple ; Mickey 's attempts to see his old lover are thwarted by Keith ; Kate arrives at Terry 's Fight Club looking for answers ; Abby 's therapist tries to convince her that Ray is bribing her . Marvin reenters Bridget 's life . 16 `` SUC K '' Tucker Gates David Hollander August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 1.45 Ray and the FBI must deal with Tiny , Sully 's nephew who spoke to the cops about his involvement in Sully 's death . After sleeping with Kate , Ray purchases a new house for Abby , who befriends a police officer at a shooting range . Bunchy makes friends with a woman and her child at his new job ; Kate attempts to talk to Mickey . 17 5 `` Irish Spring '' Dan Attias Ron Nyswaner August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 1.42 Ray gets compromising information on Cochran , who enjoys wife - swapping with one of his subordinates . Avi follows Kate as she investigates , but Ray will need to give her a new story . Meanwhile , Abby tries to enjoy her prospective new neighbors , but their comments lead to a violent outburst . Marvin takes Bridget to a party at the house of a hip - hop mogul . Coner `` apologizes '' to Alex - but it does n't go well . 18 6 `` Viagra '' John Dahl Brett Johnson August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 1.44 Ashley introduces Ray to a new client ; Ray turns to an unlikely source in finding dirt on Ed Cochran ; Mickey sets his sights on a bigger payday ; Terry and Potato Pie help Bunchy out when he gets a date with a single mother . 19 7 `` Walk This Way '' Liev Schreiber Ann Biderman August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) 1.35 Coner requests that the Donovan family come together for his birthday , which Ray and Abby have forgotten ; Ashley 's stalker returns ; Mickey 's gift angers Daryl and strains his relationship with Claudette ; An awkward incident leaves Bunchy confused ; Terry learns an awful secret about his gym . 20 8 `` Sunny '' John Dahl David Hollander & Cheo Hodari Coker August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) 1.49 Ray learns the truth about Abby 's absences , and confronts Jim ( the cop ) about their affair . Cookie wants Marvin back for himself because he feels that his initial investment entitles him to all the money that the boy will make . Mickey gets the opportunity to sell his life story into a trilogy , but ends up losing it . Bridget is the sole witness to Cookie 's brutality , who murders Marvin and Re-Kon . 21 9 `` Snowflake '' Guy Ferland Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) 1.63 Ray and Abby have different opinions on how to handle Bridget 's dangerous situation , where Cookie is trying to murder her . Kate turns to a new source for answers ; Bunchy has an awkward moment with his girlfriend 's son ; Mickey and Shorty plan a heist . 22 10 `` Volcheck '' Michael Uppendahl David Hollander September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) 1.80 Kate 's return to Los Angeles sets off a violent chain of events involving Ray 's past ; Cochran is offered directorship of the FBI , but discovers the horrifying video made by Ray . Mickey and Shorty welcome two new members to their heist crew ; Abby gives Jim a startling ultimatum ; 23 11 `` Rodef '' Michael Uppendahl Ron Nyswaner & Brett Johnson September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 1.68 Ray prepares his loved ones for the event of his arrest ; Mickey 's heist does not go according to plan , and Terry is arrested and put into jail . Ray obtains the video of Marvin 's murder ; Jim can not bring himself to follow through on Abby 's plan ; Ezra turns to Avi in dealing with Kate . 24 12 `` The Captain '' Michael Uppendahl Ann Biderman September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 1.97 Kate 's murder at the hand of Avi ( on Ezra 's orders ) forces Ray into action against several of his enemies ; After the stolen safe yields less than expected , Mickey comes up with a new source for money ; Jim gives Abby an enticing offer ; An imprisoned Terry refuses to accept bail ; Bunchy reveals his past to Patty ; Ray kills Cookie in order to protect his daughter . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The Kalamazoo '' Colin Bucksey David Hollander July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) 1.04 Ezra is visited in his hospital bed by sinister Father Thomas Romero . A confused Ezra protests his presence . Romero quizzes Ezra about the buried priest . Deborah ushers the priest away and Ezra demands that Ray is called and warned , Ray does not take these calls , soon afterward , Ezra dies . Ray rescues a client from a potential sex scandal with his usual style and heads to a bar where Abby calls him to tell him of Ezra 's passing . Ray consoles himself with some rough sex with a stranger . Mickey , at his apartment complex , looks after the daughter of call girl Ginger who lives there . Mickey dislikes Ginger 's pimp and after attempting to convince him to change his ways or location resorts to drugging him and tossing him into the pool to drown . Ray meets Andrew Finney in his enormous house . Ray is engaged to recover Finney 's kidnapped son and is provided with ransom money . Ray later meets with the kidnappers and rescues the son , who had originally planned the kidnapping with a friend to get the cash , but the drug dealers they enlisted took over murdering his friend . Finney approves of the outcome and pays Ray . A smartened but broke Bunchy ( Brendan ) Donovan is trying to manage the Gym whilst Terry is in jail . Abby visits for a drink and helps out . Bridget rejects a ride home from school from her drunken mother and complains about this to Coner when at home . Abby stops to rescues a huge dog from the highway and takes it home with her . Romero convinces a police officer to give him a box of evidence relating to the deceased Father Danny . 26 `` Ding '' Ed Bianchi William Wheeler July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) 1.26 Mickey tries to take over Gary 's girls , gets a loan secured on Daryll 's car , and buys coke for the girls to sell . He takes Audrey to her audition where she is not successful . Ray takes on a job from Paige Finney . He is to find Carl LaFell , the husband of a woman that a football star has been having an affair with and pay him off . She tricks Donovan into bringing Carl to a meeting only to see his wife in flagrante delicto with the quarterback -- whose arm LaFell then breaks . When Ray realises this , he demands a check for the money -- which Malcolm Finney pays out . Finney also offers to buy Ray and his firm , but Donovan says he is not for sale . Ray takes the check to LaFell who says he does n't want it . Ray persists , only to be rewarded with a series of punches . Avi offers Lena a partnership in his new business . When she tells Ray , he says she should take it . When Bridget calls Ray about Abby 's behaviour , he visits briefly . Later , Abby catches Connor watching porn and pleasuring himself . She calls Ray to tell him and invites Ray to dinner . He tentatively accepts but ends up not attending . Bunchy falls for the female member of the Mexican team , training at the gym in a big way . Her outfits and demeanor , especially towards Bunchy , are suggestive of a dominatrix . The group 's manager suggests using the gym as a venue for their show . Father Romero , posing as a member of Bunchy 's support group , joins the gym . Terry is involved in a fight in prison , despite Ray paying a guard to protect him . Terry floors his opponent , but a rematch is arranged where Terry is stabbed with a shank . Terry still prevails , but ends up in solitary . 27 `` Come and Knock on Our Door '' Dan Attias David Hollander July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 1.44 A beaten - up Ray returns home in the early morning to surprise Bridget and apologize for missing dinner . While talking , Ray sees the ghost of his dead sister in the room and leaves . This apparition will haunt him throughout the day . Mickey explains his plan to the reluctant girls who agree to try it for one day , but Mickey receives a call from the prison and leaves Daryll to look after business . Daryll is soon overwhelmed with the role but Bunchy arrives and helps out . Ray is visited by Finney 's men who try , but fail , to bring him onto the payroll . Mickey and Ray try different approaches to get Terry out of prison before he is killed by the Aryan gang for killing one of their members in a prison fight . Both try and fail at the prison and Mickey ends up inadvertently killing the judge , who had already turned down cash from Ray . In desperation , Ray turns to Finney , who , in turn , leans on a reluctant Governor Verona , ensuring Terry is released that evening . Ray repays Finney by signing up to work for him . The girls return to a troubled Mickey , who is glum even upon seeing his large cut of the action . Ray calls , saying Terry will be freed . Mickey then cheers up , and claims joint responsibility for the release to Bunchy and Daryll . Ray collects Terry from the prison . 28 `` Breakfast of Champions '' Lesli Linka Glatter Brett Johnson August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) 1.37 Abby visits her family in Boston , flirting with old flame Gus , in her brother Dave 's bar . Margaret , her sister , and Abby do n't get along . Abby spends most of the day drinking and bonding with Margaret 's daughter , Lauren , and resists Ray 's demand she return home . After a brief war of words the sisters patch things up . Bridget has a bad day at school and tries to get her teacher on - side . Coner skips school and borrows Abby 's car ; some girls ask to come round for the day but Coner ends up disappointed when they all bring their boyfriends . Coner and one of the guys come to blows with Coner eventually beating him with a bat ; Bridget arrives before things get too ugly . Mickey tries to patch things up with Terry , though , as usual , his ways only serve to make things worse . Ray spends the day at Finney 's Imperial Studios . He shepherds Casey around as required and helps Paige overcome some personnel issues so that she can best portray the studio to a potential buyer . Andrew Finney first says the deal is off but after interjections from Paige says it is back on again . Alone , Finney tells Ray that he works only for him -- - and suggests things will get ugly with the rest of the brood . Paige later calls Ray asking to meet , Ray declines , stating that he works only for her father . Going home , Ray gets a frosty reception from Bridget but stays at the family home in Abby 's absence . 29 5 `` Handshake Deal '' Colin Bucksey Gina Welch August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 1.32 Mickey sets up a girls and gear party for PJ and his tech company Kwip . All goes well until more product than agreed is consumed , leaving Mickey $10,000 down . One of the girls gets busy with Coner . Ray is tasked by Finney with retrieving a phone which contains damaging evidence of Governor Verona 's dalliances . He enlists Lena to help and brings her back on staff . The phone recovered , Ray discovers that Paige was among Verona 's indiscretions . Bunchy 's heart is broken when Teresa and family leave after Terry spikes the wrestling deal . Romero tries further to befriend Bunchy . Bridget is having trouble with her college application ; Ray 's attending a meeting with her does n't help so she phones her Mom . Abby , who has agreed to buy the bar and put in Margaret 's name , agrees to come home . On hearing from her sister that she needs Ray to agree to the bar deal Margaret becomes angry . Mickey tries to extend his loan with the Armenians and ends up agreeing to give them 50 % of the business . Paige wants the phone but Ray insists his loyalties lie with her father . On meeting Finney he implies that the phone has been destroyed , Finney is displeased but seems content that his daughter does not have it . Ray later meets with Paige and offers the phone for 5 % of the NFL deal , but settles for 3 % . Ray comes home to find Mickey and Coner there , sending Coner to bed ; Ray shares a quick drink with his father . After Mickey leaves Ray watches TV with the dog and then Abby comes home . 30 6 `` Swing Vote '' John Dahl Michael Tolkin August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 1.61 The Minassians take Mickey to visit another of their business partners and show him the punishment that awaits if payment is late . He returns to the apartment complex to find Ginger packed and ready to leave as Mrs Rosenblatt has threatened to call child protection about Audrey , Mickey says he will help and she should stay . Abby asks Ray if he wants a divorce , he does n't answer straight away but later calls saying a divorce is not what he wants , he wants to build a better life for them all . Bunchy shares his feelings about losing Teresa with his support group , Romero convinces him they should go and see her in Bakersfield on the trip Romero claims to have stabbed his own abuser in the eyes . Terry receives a weight plate shaped calling card from the Aryans . Ray gets confirmation from Lee Drexler that his contract with Paige is good and signs it . He is then called in by Finney to help delay a potential bidder for the NFL team , so that he misses the deadline . He despatches Lena to intercept this Mr Sylvester , whom they drug and deposit in a motel room . Paige gets the deal signed , though has to agree to a 10 % break fee . Bunchy visits Teresa and asks her to marry him , despite her protestations he says he will wait at a diner down the street until she changes her mind . At the diner , Romero tricks Bunchy into saying how his abuser was despatched . Teresa does arrive and agrees to go with Bunchy -- but only if he agrees to : tell the truth , be faithful , not hit her and drop the name Bunchy , Brendan agrees . At the election party Abby is introduced to Verona and the Finney clan . Ray leaves for a while to attend to a petrified Terry . On returning , with Verona losing the election and having found out about the deal with Paige , Finney expresses his disappointment at Ray . 31 7 `` All Must Be Loved '' Tucker Gates David Hollander August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 1.37 Terry 's specialist advises him that recent events are normal for Parkinson 's and he should really have in - home support , Ray agrees with Abby that he could move in with them , Terry later declines . Darryl is beaten and his car is taken by the Armenians who had come after a $30 k payment , Mickey says he will sort it out and arranges to meet them with the money . Bunchy tells his family of his intention to marry Teresa and asks Ray for his settlement money . Ray OK 's the financing for Abby 's father 's bar . Paige tells Donovan she is divorcing Varick and fronts Ray $200 k to bribe Helen Miller of Fish & Game . Romero calls Ray and asks for a meet , saying he knows about Father O'Connor's murder . At the meeting he offers forgiveness if Ray confesses , Ray starts to confess then leaves -- Romero follows but Ray turns on the priest and beats him until Terry pulls him off -- Romero excommunicates them but calls for Ray to repent . Bunchy goes to Mickey looking for more work , Mickey takes him to the meeting with the Armenians , who , on discovering Mickey has given them play money lay in to Mickey and Darryl outnumbering and overwhelming them until Bunchy steps in -- Darryl later tells Mickey that reprisals are a certainty . Bridget 's crush on her tutor , Greg Donellen , moves to the next level . Paige summons Ray on the pretext of business , but on arriving her motives are clearly more about pleasure . 32 8 `` Tulip '' Michael Uppendahl David Hollander & William Wheeler August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 1.44 Paige tells Ray , her overnight guest , that they must seal the deal with Napier that week to keep everything on track . Ray enlists Helen Miller to provide some evidence ( snakes which have been used to traffic drugs ) which will be planted on Miller . Despite good planning by Ray and Lena , one of the snakes bites Miller , thwarting their plans . Romero shows up at the gym and has Bunchy summon Ray . Armed and ready to dispose of another priest , Ray is surprised when Romero simply hands him all of the evidence that he has gathered and leaves . The Armenians take revenge by torching Daryll 's car . The investigating police officer tells Mickey that she is aware of his activities and that he can either become an informant again or he , Darryl and Bunchy will likely face jail . Mickey later calls her and agrees . A disgruntled Varick is denied access to Finney so sneaks in through a back door . He threatens to expose his relationship with Finney who responds by hitting him , fatally , with a fire poker . Finney calls in Ray who , in turn , brings Avi back to help clean up with Lena . Burning and burying Varick 's body ( along with Romero 's evidence ) in a deep desert grave , Avi tries to convince Ray that Kate 's murder was for Ray 's good . Finney , as agreed with Ray , tells Paige he will pay Napier 's price for the land and that she can take control of the deal going forward . Avi lays a false trail suggesting Varick fled south of the border . Bridget visits Donellen at home . He is on painkillers , and after he falls asleep on the couch Bridget snuggles up alongside him . Abby gets Terry cleaned up somewhat and he ends up staying in the room that Abby had prepared for him . 33 9 `` The Octopus '' Colin Bucksey Brett Johnson September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 1.41 Mickey is required by Detective Muncie to work with them on a sting operation against the Minassians and their Russian supplier of trafficked girls , Ivan Belikov . Preparations for Bunchy 's wedding are underway but at the rehearsal dinner Ray gives less a best man 's speech , more a mumbled couple of sentences . Ray has Lena check out Teresa and family , who are mostly clean . Terry 's Parkinson 's ( or meds ) give him nightmares and when checking out the noise Abby and Ray find a shaken and embarrassed Terry has wet the bed . The NFL is checking the Finneys ' deal and the absence of Varick leads them to have one of their investigators , disgraced former FBI director Ed Cochran , look into the deal . Cochran seems to relish the prospect of encountering Ray again . Mickey hides out in a motel . Muncie goes looking for him and arrests groom - to - be Bunchy when Mickey can not be located . Ray agrees with Muncie to swap father for brother , then tracks down Mickey and convinces him to return . Mickey meets with the Minassians and sees the pictures of the sex - slaves that Belikov is controlling ; he is shaken by these . Bridget is out bowling with Donellen who admits his feelings for her . Bunchy and Teresa are married and the reception is a success with Ray delivering a fine and moving speech . Mickey asks Ray for help with his situation . Ray asks Lena to look into the Minassians . 34 10 `` One Night in Yerevan '' Dan Attias Gina Welch & David Hollander September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 1.43 Ray is planning to get Mickey out of his sticky situation with the cops by working with old employer Lee Drexler . Ray gets Lee to act as a legal representative for Mickey . Their angle is to say that Mickey is senile , which is signed off on by a doctor whom they pay , and then appoint Ray as his guardian . That means that Mickey ca n't rightfully participate in Muncie 's sting . Ray also tries to convince the Minassians to let Mickey out of the deal they made , and asks for help from an Armenian pop star whom Ray had helped out in the past . Meanwhile , Cochran is gathering more evidence in his investigation of Ray , using the vetting of the Finney NFL deal as a reason to dig into any potential dirty business . Cochran is getting closer to learning the truth . He meets with Finney , gets a sense of where he stands , and also bribes his way into Avi 's storage locker . Worried about Bridget , Abby searches her room for something that will help her figure out what 's wrong . She finds Mr. Donellen 's pill bottle and confronts Bridget about it . When Abby learns the truth , she first threatens to call the cops . Donellen lies to Abby telling her that Bridget is obsessed with him because they both lost loved ones . 35 11 `` Poker '' Colin Bucksey Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.45 Cochran sends the LAPD , via their website , a map of where Varick 's body is buried , his screen observed remotely by Avi and Lena . He then plants the poker at Ray 's apartment and has Finney tell the police chief that it was Ray who killed Varick . Finney asks Paige to back him up . Avi calls Ray and they agree the body should be moved . Ray answers some of a detective 's questions about Varick , but Lee Drexler arrives and concludes the conversation . Lee tells Ray that Finney had implicated him ; Ray sees Finney 's lawyer and tells him to have Finney recant his statement . Cochran arrives home to find Ray there , Ray asks where the poker is , but it takes a bullet to the leg and some persuasion to get the location . Ray recovers the poker just before the police arrive -- Lena speeds it away . Bridget , though grounded , visits Donellen and tells him how she feels but he gently rebuffs her . Abby arrives and takes Bridget away . Terry makes a pass at Abby . Ray intercepts Paige on her way into the LAPD offices and he tries to convince her to tell the truth . She tells the police that Finney killed Varick and that they were lovers . Ray and his team deposit the body and poker in a dumpster at Finney 's home . Paige tells Finney she made her statement , but not its contents , and Lena torches the body . Ray and his team return a bruised Cochran to Dybek . Mickey avoids having to move to Reno by convincing his boys he has Alzheimer 's , and claims that he is scared that Ray will lock him away somewhere . Ray confronts Mickey , and Mickey tells Ray they will all hate him if he is sent away , forcing Ray to relent . 36 12 `` Exsuscito '' David Hollander David Hollander & William Wheeler September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.50 TV news covers unfolding events at the Finney house , Paige arrives at Ray 's apartment to ride out the media storm . Ray leaves and goes home . Bridget is in Santa Monica and arranges a liaison with Greg Donellen . Teresa wakes Bunchy and rides him before she takes him to the hills and tells him she is pregnant , Bunchy reacts badly and admits he is worried about how good a parent he would be and does n't want to disappoint her . Abby searches for Bridget , hammering on Donellen 's door getting no response . Meanwhile Ray arrives home where Terry , reluctantly , tells him about Donellen . Ray calls Bridget , who does not answer , when Abby texts asking where she is she says at Mickey 's . Terry agrees to collect her ; Abby tells Ray who agrees to meet there . Ray is second to arrive but sees two of the Armenians armed for revenge , he gets a gun and finds the Armenians shooting out Mickey 's apartment , Ray shoots at them but they leave quickly . Michelle is killed and Terry is badly hurt . Ray and Mickey rush Terry to the hospital . Avi advises that the Minassians will kill all of Ray 's family , so Ray and Avi plan to eliminate them . Waiting as Minassians arrive at their club they are surprised to see Mickey arrive and gun down the doorman before entering the building . They follow and between them dispatch the Armenian men , though Ray is wounded . Mickey slits the throat of Ovsanna Minassian . Ray next goes to rescue Bridget . Donellen has declined Bridget 's advances but this does n't stop Ray from punching him a few times hard . He takes Bridget with him to the hospital where Terry is . She says Ray does n't love her or anyone , and leaves . She goes home and packs her bags . Terry is in a bad way , wounded and weakened . Ray goes to see Romero so he will visit Terry . Romero awaits his confession , Terry 's heart arrests . Ray confesses and tells of Father O'Connor's misdeeds against him ; Terry regains consciousness . Leaving the confessional Ray collapses . Romero drives him back towards L.A. Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Girl with Guitar '' Liev Schreiber David Hollander June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) ( online ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) ( Showtime ) 1.11 Ray and Terry have recovered . Ray attends his first abuse survivors ' support meeting and tries to get Bridget to move back home . Abby gets alarming medical news that she has cancer . Mickey 's new con fizzles . Ray gets a job offer but then has to help a friend out of a jam . 38 `` Marisol '' John Dahl Mike Binder & Rob Fresco July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) 1.15 Ray helps Hector handle a person from his past who threatens to reveal a secret that could ruin Hector 's boxing career . Meanwhile , Abby offers Bunchy a lesson in marital compromise ; and Det . Muncie uses incriminating evidence against the Donovans to force Ray 's hand , which draws him further in the path of the Russian mob . 39 `` Little Bill Primm 's Big Green Horseshoe '' Michael Apted David Hollander & Miki Johnson July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 1.34 Ray struggles with not bringing work home , while boxing brings drama to both homes . Meanwhile his fathers paradox luck pulls him closer to his son . 40 `` Federal Boobie Inspector '' Phil Abraham Sean Conway July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 1.27 Ray visits a Hollywood power player in an attempt to get the Russian mob off his back and unearths a secret Ezra shared in the past . Meanwhile , Lena and an ex-girlfriend take Abby out on the town to help her confront fears over her recent cancer diagnosis ; and Mickey offers his boys a job prospect and tries to assimilate back into the family . 41 5 `` Get Even Before Leavin ' '' Robert McLachlan Chad Feehan July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 1.27 Ray goes with Mickey to Primm , to retrieve the money from the recent heist at the Casino . Meanwhile , Abby has some difficult decisions to make about her cancer , Bridget returns home and Bunchy has serious marital problems . 42 6 `` Fish and Bird '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer David Hollander July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.24 Mickey takes the blame for the Armenian hit and goes to prison . Belikov is released . Bunchy baptizes his daughter and comes to live with Ray after Teresa left him . Ray settles his debt with the Russian mob , but new troubles arise . 43 7 `` Norman Saves the World '' Tricia Brock Mike Binder & David Sonnenborn August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.13 Ray has a confrontation with a Hollywood agent and a former fixer ; without the protection of the Russians , Ray helps Mickey secure his own safety . 44 8 `` The Texan '' Tucker Gates David Hollander & Sean Conway August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.21 Ray and Abby find out about Conor 's gun ; Hector 's plans get surprisingly interrupted by Marisol . 45 9 `` Goodbye Beautiful '' James Whitmore Jr . Chad Feehan & Miki Johnson August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.21 Sonia asks Ray for help . Mickey , Bunchy and Teresa go to Primm . The Russians find out about Belikov . 46 10 `` Lake Hollywood '' Stephen Williams David Hollander & Mike Binder August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 1.00 Hector 's wife confronts him and he deals with Marisol . Mickey , Bunchy and Teresa go to Ray 's house . Ray does everything he can to ensure his family 's safety and save his friend . 47 11 `` Chinese Algebra '' John Dahl Sean Conway & Chad Feehan September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 1.47 Ray 's latest attempt to save Avi and square his debts to the mob takes a hit when FBI agent Frank Barnes becomes involved . 48 12 `` Rattus Rattus '' David Hollander David Hollander September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 1.34 As the Campos fight gets underway , Ray desperately turns to his family for help . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Abby '' David Hollander David Hollander August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.13 Ray begins court - ordered anger management after a family tragedy sparks a bar fight . Meanwhile , Mickey , Bunchy and Daryll prepare for Terry and Maureen 's wedding and Bridget looks up a mysterious acquaintance in New York . Conor adjusts to military school and Samantha Winslow , a studio head , hires Ray to do some work for her . 50 `` Las Vegas '' John Dahl David Hollander & Miki Johnson August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.11 A flashback to Ray and Abby 's 21st anniversary when they went to Las Vegas to see Damon 's first televised fight . In the present , movie star Natalie James hires Ray to protect her from her abusive manager , who has also impregnated her . Hopes for a beautiful day are dashed at Terry and Maureen 's wedding as tensions flare between the Donovans and the Dohertys . 51 `` Dogwalker '' John Dahl Sean Conway August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.06 Ray cleans up Natalie 's mess . At home , however , he struggles to reconnect with his family and complete anger management . Unable to reach Maureen , Terry visits Conor at military school . A surprise visit from Frank Barnes threatens to sink Mickey back into a life of violence . Bunchy happens upon the business opportunity of a lifetime to provide for Teresa and Maria . 52 `` Sold '' Tucker Gates Chad Feehan August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 1.07 Mickey 's screenwriting dreams stall out - until he 's pulled into a gruesome fix for Daryll 's movie star client . Abby starts construction on the new bar while Ray searches for a solution to their problem . Terry tries to win back Maureen one last time . Bunchy takes the cash out of his safe for a business deal . However , he stops at a local sandwich shop with all his money in a diaper bag and is robbed . Bridget tells her boyfriend that her father is not a nice man , and intentionally got him sick so that Abby could take his place on an experimental cancer treatment . 53 5 `` Shabbos Goy '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer David Hollander & William Wheeler September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1.08 Tom and Vicky blackmail Winslow , and demand money and one of her Oscar statuettes . Ray is looking for Natalie . Mickey finds Avi , but is unable to murder him for Frank Barnes . 54 6 `` Shelley Duvall '' Michael Uppendahl Miki Johnson & David Sonnenborn September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1.05 Terry visits Bridget , Landry finds out that Natalie is staying with Ray , and asks to see her . Upon confronting Natalie , Landry grabs her roughly , and Ray stops him . 55 7 `` If I Should Fall from Grace with God '' Michael Uppendahl David Hollander & Chad Feehan September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.15 56 8 `` Horses '' Zetna Fuentes William Wheeler October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.22 57 9 `` Mister Lucky '' Guy Ferland Sean Conway October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.21 58 10 `` Bob the Builder '' Stephen Williams Chad Feehan October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.24 59 11 `` Michael '' Carl Franklin Miki Johnson October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1.23 60 12 `` Time Takes a Cigarette '' David Hollander David Hollander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Showtime Announces Premiere Dates for ' Nurse Jackie , ' ' Dexter ' ( Returning Early ) ' Ray Donovan , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Renewed for Season 5 at Showtime '' . Variety . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ray donovan on showtime '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Sprint Cup ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' & ' Megalodon : The Monster Shark Lives ' Win Night , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' NFL Countdown ' ' Dexter ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives ' , ' Dexter , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' Dexter ' Series Finale , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Video Music Awards ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' The Strain ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' NFL Countdown ' Leads Night + ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' & ' NFL Countdown ' Win Night , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Ray Donovan ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' & ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' Win Night , ' Boadwalk Empire ' , ' Ray Donovan ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Wiches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' I am Cait ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' True Detective ' , NASCAR , ' Ballers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Rick and Morty ' & ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , Win Night , ' True Detective ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Detective ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' MTV Video Music Awards ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Last Ship ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' The Strain ' , MLB Baseball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Strain ' , NFL Countdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Kardashians ' top a slow day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.17. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.24. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan -- Season 5 Episode 12 '' . Showtime . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Ray Donovan episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ray_Donovan_episodes&oldid=807021307 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 12 : 24 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in ray donovan season 5	[ "\n\n5\n12[2]\nAugust 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)\nOctober 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)[3]\n" ]	[ "12" ]
3811579777791863973	Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)	Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 film ) - wikipedia Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Romeo & Juliet US theatrical poster Directed by Carlo Carlei Produced by Ileen Maisel Nadja Swarovski Julian Fellowes Screenplay by Julian Fellowes Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring Douglas Booth Hailee Steinfeld Damian Lewis Kodi Smit - McPhee Ed Westwick Stellan Skarsgård Paul Giamatti Music by Abel Korzeniowski Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Peter Honess Production companies Echo Lake Entertainment Swarovski Entertainment Distributed by Icon Productions Entertainment Film Distributors ( UK ) Relativity Media ( US ) Release date 11 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 118 minutes Country United Kingdom Italy United States Language English Budget $17 million ( est . ) Box office $3 million Romeo & Juliet is a 2013 British - American romantic drama film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's romantic tragedy of the same name written by Julian Fellowes and directed by Carlo Carlei . The film stars Douglas Booth , Hailee Steinfeld , Damian Lewis , Kodi Smit - McPhee , Ed Westwick , Stellan Skarsgård and Paul Giamatti . The film opened in the United Kingdom and the United States on 11 October 2013 . Like Franco Zeffirelli 's adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy , this film uses the traditional setting of Renaissance Verona , but , unlike previous major film adaptations , this film only follows the plot and uses only some of the dialogue as written by Shakespeare . This has led to a controversy , with several critics denouncing the film 's advertising as misleading , and losing the essence of the play . The film grossed $3 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Production and casting 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical release and premiere 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) During the late Middle Ages in Verona , two wealthy families , the Montagues and Capulets , have been feuding for centuries . One day at the market place , the feuding families start a brawl which infuriates the Prince and he threatens that if the peace of Verona is disturbed again , he shall take their lives . Meanwhile , Romeo , a young Montague , reveals that he is in love with Lord Capulet 's niece , Rosaline . Romeo 's cousin , Benvolio persuades him to forget Rosaline but Romeo rebuffs him . Later that night , there is a party held by Lord Capulet . Romeo sneaks in with Benvolio and Mercutio hoping to meet Rosaline . Instead , Romeo sees Juliet who is Lord Capulet 's daughter and falls in love with her . Juliet feels the same and they share a dance . They go together to a quiet place and share a passionate kiss . Juliet 's Nurse interrupts and when Romeo talks to the nurse , he discovers that Juliet is a Capulet . After the party ends , Romeo sneaks into Juliet 's garden secretly where he witnesses Juliet expressing her love for Romeo . He climbs the balcony and they quickly decide to get married the next day . Romeo seeks help from Friar Laurence to wed them and the Friar agrees thinking that their love may end the violent war between Capulets and Montagues . They perform the ceremony and afterwards Juliet returns home . Romeo catches up with Mercutio and Benvolio but they meet Tybalt and his men on the way . This starts another violent brawl during which Tybalt stabs Mercutio . Romeo is enraged and runs after Tybalt seeking revenge . They fight and Romeo slays Tybalt . As the result of this loss , the Prince banishes Romeo from Verona . Meanwhile both families are filled with grief over their losses , especially Juliet . The Friar sends Romeo to Juliet so he can spend one last night with her . Romeo goes to Juliet and they consummate their marriage . Romeo leaves in haste the next morning . But Juliet is shocked when her father brings news of planning to wed Juliet with Count Paris . Juliet is resistant but her father threatens to disown her if she does not wed Paris . Juliet goes to Friar Laurence for help , threatening to take her life if the Friar does not have a solution . The Friar in return , gives her a potion that will put her in a deathlike sleep temporarily while he will inform Romeo about this and they shall run away together . Juliet is overjoyed and drinks the potion that night . Her parents are devastated and instead of her marriage , her funeral is planned . During the funeral , Benvolio sees Juliet and thinks she is dead and immediately runs off to tell Romeo . Friar 's letter however , does not reach Romeo and Benvolio tells Romeo that Juliet is dead . Romeo is shocked and devastated and plans to take his life . He buys poison and goes to Juliet . Paris tries to stop him , but is killed in a sword fight . Romeo kisses Juliet one last time , then he drinks the potion unaware that Juliet has awakened . Juliet is overjoyed to see him and they kiss but Romeo suddenly collapses and she finds out that he took poison and Romeo dies in her arms . The Friar arrives but he is too late . He hears some guards coming and goes to hold them off . While Juliet is filled with grief , she finds and stabs herself with Romeo 's dagger . The Friar arrives and finds them both dead . Their funeral is held together and the Capulets and Montagues finally reconcile , ending their feud . Cast ( edit ) Douglas Booth as Romeo Montague Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet Capulet Damian Lewis as Lord Capulet Kodi Smit - McPhee as Benvolio Montague Ed Westwick as Tybalt Paul Giamatti as Friar Lawrence Lesley Manville as Nurse Christian Cooke as Mercutio Stellan Skarsgård as Prince Escalus of Verona Natascha McElhone as Lady Capulet Tom Wisdom as Count Paris Leon Vitali as Apothecary Laura Morante as Lady Montague Nathalie Rapti Gomez as Rosaline Capulet Tomas Arana as Lord Montague Simona Caparrini as a female guest Anton Alexander as Abraham ( House of Montague ) Production ( edit ) Production and casting ( edit ) Ed Westwick played Tybalt in the film . Ed Westwick was the first actor to read the script . In April 2011 , Hailee Steinfeld was said to be in talks for the lead role as Juliet in this adaptation . Owing to Steinfeld 's young age , there was some concern she would be asked to appear nude in the film . Director Carlo Carlei explained `` there was a lovemaking scene that included nudity for the married Romeo and Juliet . This script was written with a 20 - year - old actress in mind . As soon as Hailee Steinfeld was cast , all nudity and lovemaking have been excised from the script . It will be romantic and age - appropriate for a 14 - year - old . '' Julian Fellowes added , `` We did feel it would be nice to have romantic , married love , and that purity was an important part of the film . They do n't make love until they have been married . '' The role of Romeo was found in June 2011 when Douglas Booth was cast , beating out 300 other actors who were interested in the part . Paul Wesley had been offered the role of Count Paris , but it was announced in February 2012 that Tom Wisdom would play him . Principal photography started on 3 February 2012 in Italy . The film was shot at the grotto Sacro Speco in Subiaco ; Mantua ; Caprarola , Lazio ; Cinecittà , Rome ; and in Verona . The first pictures of the set were posted on Italian newspaper Gazzetta di Mantova on 14 February 2012 . Steinfeld finished filming her scenes on 7 March 2012 . Release ( edit ) Theatrical release and premiere ( edit ) Relativity Media was paid for by the producers to release the movie in North America on 11 October 2013 , while the film was released through D Films in Canada on the same date . The premiere was held in Hollywood on 24 September 2013 at the ArcLight Hollywood . It was released in Australia on 13 February 2014 . Home Media ( edit ) Romeo & Juliet was released on DVD on February 4 , 2014 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Douglas Booth was praised by critics for his performance . The film holds a 22 % approval rating and an average score of 4.5 / 10 on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes based on 82 reviews ; the consensus reads : `` Shakespeare 's classic romance gets a so - so adaptation that 's short on passion and energy . '' The film has a 41 out of 100 rating on Metacritic based on 30 reviews , indicating `` mixed reviews '' . Awards ( edit ) Golden Trailer Awards 2014 Award Category Nominee Result Golden Trailer Best Romance Poster Relativity Media and Blood & Chocolate Productions Ltd . Nominated International Film Music Critics Award ( IFMCA ) 2013 Award Category Nominee Result IFMCA Award Film Score of the Year , Best Original Score for a Drama Film and Film Music Composition of the Year Abel Korzeniowski For the composition track `` A Thousand Times Goodnight '' . Won Soundtrack ( edit ) L'Amor Dona Ch'Io Te Porto Anonymous , late 15th Century - Performed by Ensemble La Rossignol Tourdion ( Pierre Attaignant ) - Performed by Ensemble La Rossignol Skin - Written and Performed by Zola Jesus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Relativity Acquires U.S. Rights to ' Romeo & Juliet ' Starring Hailee Steinfeld '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet '' . FilmDates.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ROMEO & JULIET ( PG ) '' . Entertainment Film Distributors . British Board of Film Classification . 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Fellowes ' Romeo will put Twilight stars in the shade '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Duffin , Claire ( 1 September 2013 ) . `` Romeo , Romeo , what 's Julian Fellowes done to you ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Erin ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Ed Westwick on Life After Gossip Girl '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Hailee Steinfeld in Talks to Star in Indie ' Romeo & Juliet ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Krager , Dave ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` ' Romeo and Juliet ' director : No nude scene for Hailee Steinfeld '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` Douglas Booth Cast as Romeo Opposite Hailee Steinfeld in ROMEO AND JULIET '' . Collider . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Romeo May Have Competition In ' Vampire Diaries ' Star Paul Wesley '' . MTV . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Tom Wisdom Set For ' Romeo and Juliet ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Labecque , Jeff ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Hailee Steinfeld begins ' Romeo and Juliet ' in Italy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet , Mantova diventa set della tragedia di Shakespeare - Fotogalleria '' . Gazetta Di Mantova ( in Italian ) . 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Douglas Booth & Hailee Steinfeld on ' Romeo & Juliet ' Set '' . Page to Premiere Network . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinfeld , Hailee ( @ HaileeSteinfeld ) ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Bitter sweet day today '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 8 March 2012 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` D Films Picks Up ' Romeo & Juliet ' for Canadian Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Smarp ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Ed Westwick in ArcLight Hollywood , Los Angeles , CA , USA '' . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Romeo & Juliet on IMDb Romeo & Juliet at Box Office Mojo Romeo & Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Romeo & Juliet at Metacritic William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Films directed by Carlo Carlei Flight of the Innocent ( 1992 ) Fluke ( 1995 ) Padre Pio : Miracle Man ( 2000 ) Ferrari ( 2003 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Works by Julian Fellowes Films Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Vanity Fair ( 2004 ) Piccadilly Jim ( 2004 ) Separate Lies ( 2005 ) From Time to Time ( 2009 ) The Young Victoria ( 2009 ) The Tourist ( 2010 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) TV series Little Sir Nicholas ( 1990 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1995 ) The Prince and the Pauper ( 1996 ) Julian Fellowes Investigates : A Most Mysterious Murder ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Downton Abbey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Doctor Thorne ( 2016 ) Stage Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) School of Rock ( 2015 ) Half a Sixpence ( 2016 ) The Wind in the Willows ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_%26_Juliet_(2013_film)&oldid=794754125 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s romantic drama films American films American romantic drama films British films British romantic drama films Italian films Italian drama films Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films set in Italy Films shot in Italy Relativity Media films Films directed by Carlo Carlei Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use British English from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Norsk Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lady capulet in romeo and juliet	[ "Natascha McElhone as Lady Capulet" ]	[ "Natascha McElhone" ]
-7641321757908712259	T'Chaka	T'Chaka - wikipedia T'Chaka T'Chaka Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Fantastic Four # 53 ( July 1966 ) Created by Stan Lee ( Writer ) Jack Kirby ( Artist ) In - story information Species Human Place of origin Earth Notable aliases Black Panther Abilities Superhuman strength , speed , agility , stamina , durability , reflexes , and senses Expert martial artist T'Chaka is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . He is the father of T'Challa and Shuri . He was the king of Wakanda and Black Panther before T'Challa , who inherited both titles following his father 's death . The character was portrayed by John Kani in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and Black Panther ( 2018 ) . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Ultimate Marvel 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) T'Chaka first appeared in Fantastic Four # 53 ( 1966 ) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . Fictional character biography ( edit ) T'Chaka is the Chieftain of Wakanda who ascended to the throne after the death of his father King Azzuri the Wise . During 1941 at the time of World War II , Captain America traveled to Wakanda where he met T'Chaka . Together , they assisted Sgt . Fury and His Howling Commandos against Red Skull and Baron Strucker . T'Chaka and Captain America also faced threats from Master Man , Warrior Woman , and Armless Tiger Man when they partook in an all - out attack on Wakanda . Armless Tiger Man even threatened to kill T'Chaka if he did n't have Wakanda 's forces surrender . Outmanned and outgunned , T'Chaka and Captain America held their own against Master Man , Warrior Woman , Armless Tiger Man , White Gorilla , and Red Skull . Sometime later , Captain America visited Wakanda and gave T'Chaka his triangle shield in exchange for some Vibranium . When he got engaged to his first wife N'Yami , T'Chaka adopted Hunter who T'Chaka groomed as the heir to the throne until the day N'Yami gave birth to T'Challa and then died from childbirth . Shortly after T'Challa's birth , his brother Jakarra was born . T'Chaka later married Ramonda who gave birth to Shuri . In the fall of 1959 , T'Chaka was kidnapped by Geoffrey Sydenham of the organization ICON . This was part of ICON 's plan to weaken Wakanda and pillage the technology there . Nick Fury 's Avengers stumbled onto this plot where they ended up fighting ICON . It was discovered that T'Chaka was being held in a castle within Latveria where Dum Dum Dugan and Eric Koenig then rescued him . T'Chaka was safely returned to Wakanda . Many years later , Wakanda had their technology coveted as they had no ties to any other countries . Ulysses Klaw and his mercenaries invaded Wakanda and demanded that T'Chaka give them their vibranium . When T'Chaka refused to give them vibranium , Klaw had his mercenaries kill T'Chaka . This angered T'Challa who used one of the mercenaries ' weapons to destroy their camp and rendered Ulysses Klaw 's right hand useless . The history of T'Chaka's death was retconned in the third volume of the Black Panther comics in which the leaders of some different countries had been unable to negotiate with T'Chaka into giving them some Vibranium . After that happened , they hired Ulysses Klaw . Upon emerging from the floor of T'Chaka's palace , Ulysses Klaw killed T'Chaka . This enraged T'Challa who wounded and drove away Ulysses Klaw . Due to the death of T'Chaka , T'Challa's uncle S'Yan ruled Wakanda in T'Chaka's place until the day when T'Challa was at the right age to be sworn in as the new Chieftain of Wakanda . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Upon eating a special heart - shaped herb , T'Chaka possesses superhuman strength , speed , agility , stamina , durability , reflexes , and senses . He is also an expert martial artist , a known weapons expert , a skilled marksman , an expert tracker and hunter , and a master tactician . Other versions ( edit ) Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) In the Ultimate Marvel universe , T'Chaka's full name was T'Chaka Udaku . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) T'Chaka appears in the Fantastic Four episode `` Panther 's Prey , '' voiced by Beau Weaver . Just like the comics , he is killed by Klaw . T'Chaka appears in episode 3 of Black Panther , voiced by Jonathan Adams . He is seen in a flashback where he was killed by Klaw . T'Chaka is referenced in the Iron Man : Armored Adventures episode `` Panther 's Prey . '' Black Panther mentions to Iron Man that Moses Magnum was responsible for killing T'Chaka . T'Chaka appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode `` The Man in the Ant - Hill , '' voiced by Hakeem Kae - Kazim . He is challenged to the throne of Wakanda by Man - Ape . With some unseen assistance from Klaw , T'Chaka is killed by Man - Ape causing T'Challa to become the next Black Panther and seek help to take back Wakanda . T'Chaka is alluded to in the Avengers Assemble episode `` Panther 's Rage . '' Outside of the fact that T'Chaka is dead , Captain America had to explain to T'Challa that his father gave Howard Stark the Vibranium needed to make Captain America 's shield . Film ( edit ) T'Chaka appears in Ultimate Avengers II , voiced by Dave Fennoy . He begins the film as the Black Panther . When Wakanda is invaded by Chitauri , T'Chaka attacks them to drive them off . He is ambushed by Nazi - disguised Chitauri general Herr Kleiser who stabs him multiple times . T'Chaka defeats and drives off Kleiser , but succumbs to his wounds . After his death , T'Challa ascends to the throne and mantle of the Black Panther . John Kani portrays T'Chaka in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . He first appears in Captain America : Civil War . During a meeting ratifying the Sokovian Accords at the Vienna International Center , T'Chaka is killed by an explosion . The Winter Soldier was originally believed to be behind the attack , but it was later discovered that he was framed by Helmut Zemo . Kani reprises his role as T'Chaka 2018 's in Marvel 's Black Panther while his son Atandwa Kani portrays a young T'Chaka in the same film . In the film 's prologue , T'Chaka learned his brother N'Jobu ( instead of S'Yan ) was plotting acts of open insurrection with plans to having Wakanda take a more aggressive foreign policy to fight the social injustice he witnessed in his assigned country . T'Chaka confronted N'Jobu . When N'Jobu attacked , he was killed by T'Chaka in defense of Zuri ( who was acting as a spy the whole time ) . Distressed at this act and concerned about maintaining Wakanda 's security above all else , T'Chaka chose to promptly return to his nation and left Erik abandoned as a child orphan . T'Challa would learn of this act and the resulting cover - up by his late father . While visiting the ancestor lands , T'Challa learned of T'Chaka's actions and tells him and the Black Panthers before him that he will lead Wakanda in a way that 's opposite of their way for the purpose to correct T'Chaka's past mistakes . Video games ( edit ) T'Chaka is referenced in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance . When the players ask Black Panther about his history , he mentions how his father was killed by Klaw . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black Panther / Captain America : Flags of Our Fathers # 2 Jump up ^ Black Panther / Captain America : Flags of Our Fathers # 3 Jump up ^ Black Panther / Captain America : Flags of Our Fathers # 4 Jump up ^ Black Panther Vol. 3 # 30 Jump up ^ Avengers 1959 # 1 Jump up ^ Avengers 1959 # 4 Jump up ^ Avengers 1959 # 5 ^ Jump up to : Black Panther Vol. 3 # 10 Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 53 Jump up ^ Ultimate Captain America Annual # 1 Jump up ^ Tylwalk , Nick ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War cast list '' . Fansided . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koopman , Sarah ( Jan 16 , 2017 ) . `` Atandwa and John Kani Are In Atlanta And All The Signs Point To Them Joining The ' Black Panther ' Cast '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved Jan 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) T'Chaka at Marvel Wiki T'Chaka at Comic Vine Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. Ross Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Gentle Luke Cage Misty Knight Monica Rambeau Nick Fury Okoye Ramonda S.H.I.E.L.D. Storm Antagonists Achebe Black Knight Doctor Doom Erik Killmonger Fenris Ghaur Kiber the Cruel Klaw Kraven the Hunter Malice Magneto Mephisto Man - Ape Nightshade Psycho - Man Radioactive Man Venomm Publications Jungle Action Marvel Comics Presents The Crew World of Wakanda Storylines `` Doomwar '' In other media Black Panther ( TV series ) Black Panther ( film ) accolades box office achievements soundtrack Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda Related articles Avengers Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Illuminati Ultimates Coal Tiger King Solomon 's Frogs Wakanda Vibranium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%27Chaka&oldid=856908036 '' Categories : African superheroes Characters created by Jack Kirby Characters created by Stan Lee Comics characters introduced in 1966 Male characters in comics Male characters in film Marvel Comics superheroes Jungle superheroes Wakandans Hidden categories : Comics infobox without image Character pop Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played young king t'chaka in black panther	[ "He first appears in Captain America: Civil War.[11] During a meeting ratifying the Sokovian Accords at the Vienna International Center, T'Chaka is killed by an explosion. The Winter Soldier was originally believed to be behind the attack, but it was later discovered that he was framed by Helmut Zemo.\nKani reprises his role as T'Chaka 2018's in Marvel's Black Panther[12] while his son Atandwa Kani portrays a young T'Chaka in the same film. In the film's prologue, T'Chaka learned his brother N'Jobu (instead of S'Yan) was plotting acts of open insurrection with plans to having Wakanda take a more aggressive foreign policy to fight the social injustice he witnessed in his assigned country. T'Chaka confronted N'Jobu. When N'Jobu attacked, he was killed by T'Chaka in defense of Zuri (who was acting as a spy the whole time). Distressed at this act and concerned about maintaining Wakanda's security above all else, T'Chaka chose to promptly return to his nation and left Erik abandoned as a child orphan. T'Challa would learn of this act and the resulting cover-up by his late father. While visiting the ancestor lands, T'Challa learned of T'Chaka's actions and tells him and the Black Panthers before him that he will lead Wakanda in a way that's opposite of their way for the purpose to correct T'Chaka's past mistakes." ]	[ "Atandwa Kani" ]
-8499462814413030959	Pelé	Pelé - wikipedia Pelé Brazilian retired footballer `` Pele '' redirects here . For the Hawaiian goddess , see Pele ( deity ) . For other uses , see Pele ( disambiguation ) . `` O Rei '' redirects here . For the Portuguese footballer of the same nickname , see Eusébio . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Arantes and the second or paternal family name is do Nascimento . Pelé Pelé in 2008 Edson Arantes do Nascimento ( 1940 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1940 ( age 77 ) Três Corações , Minas Gerais , Brazil Occupation Footballer humanitarian Height 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Spouse ( s ) Rosemeri dos Reis Cholbi ( m . 1966 -- 1982 ) Assíria Lemos Seixas ( m . 1994 -- 2008 ) Marcia Aoki ( m . 2016 ) Partner ( s ) Xuxa Meneghel ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Children 7 Parent ( s ) Dondinho , Celeste Arantes Association football career Playing position Forward Attacking midfielder Youth career 1953 -- 1956 Bauru Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1956 -- 1974 Santos 638 ( 619 ) 1975 -- 1977 New York Cosmos 56 ( 31 ) Total 694 ( 650 ) National team 1957 -- 1971 Brazil 92 ( 77 ) Honours ( show ) Representing Brazil Men 's Football FIFA World Cup 1958 Sweden National Team 1962 Chile National Team 1970 Mexico National Team Copa América 1959 Argentina National Team * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Website www.pele10.com Edson Arantes do Nascimento ( Brazilian Portuguese : ( ˈɛtsõ ( w ) ɐˈɾɐ̃tʃiz du nɐsiˈmẽtu ) ; born 23 October 1940 ) , known as Pelé ( ( peˈlɛ ) ) , is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a forward . He is regarded by many in the sport , including football writers , players , and fans , as the greatest footballer of all time . In 1999 , he was voted World Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , and was one of the two joint winners of the FIFA Player of the Century award . That same year , Pelé was elected Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee . According to the IFFHS , Pelé is the most successful league goal - scorer in the world , scoring 1281 goals in 1363 games , which included unofficial friendlies and tour games . During his playing days , Pelé was for a period the best - paid athlete in the world . Pelé began playing for Santos at age 15 and the Brazil national team at 16 . During his international career , he won three FIFA World Cups : 1958 , 1962 and 1970 , being the only player ever to do so . Pelé is the all - time leading goalscorer for Brazil with 77 goals in 92 games . At club level he is the record goalscorer for Santos , and led them to the 1962 and 1963 Copa Libertadores . Pelé 's `` electrifying play and penchant for spectacular goals '' made him a star around the world , and his teams toured internationally in order to take full advantage of his popularity . Since retiring in 1977 , Pelé has been a worldwide ambassador for football and has made many acting and commercial ventures . In 2010 , he was named the Honorary President of the New York Cosmos . Pelé has also been known for connecting the phrase `` The Beautiful Game '' with football . Averaging almost a goal per game throughout his career , Pelé was adept at striking the ball with either foot in addition to anticipating his opponents ' movements on the field . While predominantly a striker , he could also drop deep and take on a playmaking role , providing assists with his vision and passing ability , and he would also use his dribbling skills to go past opponents . In Brazil , he is hailed as a national hero for his accomplishments in football and for his outspoken support of policies that improve the social conditions of the poor . Throughout his career and in his retirement , Pelé received several individual and team awards for his performance in the field , his record - breaking achievements , and legacy in the sport . Contents 1 Early years 2 Club career 2.1 Santos 2.2 New York Cosmos 3 International career 3.1 1958 World Cup 3.2 South American Championship 3.3 1962 World Cup 3.4 1966 World Cup 3.5 1970 World Cup 4 Style of play 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Accolades 6 Personal life 6.1 Relationships and children 6.2 Politics 6.3 Health 7 After football 8 Honours 8.1 International 8.2 Club 8.3 Individual 9 Personal records 10 Career statistics 10.1 Club 10.2 International 10.3 Summary 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Early years Born in Três Corações in 1940 , Pelé has a street named after him in the city -- Rua Edson Arantes do Nascimento . A statue of Pelé is also prominently placed in a plaza near downtown . Pelé was born Edson Arantes do Nascimento on 23 October 1940 , in Três Corações , Minas Gerais , Brazil , the son of Fluminense footballer Dondinho ( born João Ramos do Nascimento ) and Celeste Arantes . He was the elder of two siblings . He was named after the American inventor Thomas Edison . His parents decided to remove the `` i '' and call him `` Edson '' , but there was a mistake on the birth certificate , leading many documents to show his name as `` Edison '' , not `` Edson '' , as he is called . He was originally nicknamed `` Dico '' by his family . He received the nickname `` Pelé '' during his school days , when it is claimed he was given it because of his pronunciation of the name of his favorite player , local Vasco da Gama goalkeeper Bilé , which he misspoke but the more he complained the more it stuck . In his autobiography , Pelé stated he had no idea what the name means , nor did his old friends . Apart from the assertion that the name is derived from that of Bilé , and that it is Hebrew for `` miracle '' ( פֶּ֫לֶא ) , the word has no known meaning in Portuguese . Pelé grew up in poverty in Bauru in the state of São Paulo . He earned extra money by working in tea shops as a servant . Taught to play by his father , he could not afford a proper football and usually played with either a sock stuffed with newspaper and tied with a string or a grapefruit . He played for several amateur teams in his youth , including Sete de Setembro , Canto do Rio , São Paulinho , and Amériquinha . Pelé led Bauru Athletic Club juniors ( coached by Waldemar de Brito ) to two São Paulo state youth championships . In his mid-teens , he played for an indoor football team called Radium . Indoor football had just become popular in Bauru when Pelé began playing it . He was part of the first Futebol de Salão ( indoor football ) competition in the region . Pelé and his team won the first championship and several others . According to Pelé , indoor football presented difficult challenges ; he said it was a lot quicker than football on the grass and that players were required to think faster because everyone is close to each other in the pitch . Pelé accredits indoor football for helping him think better on the spot . In addition , indoor football allowed him to play with adults when he was about 14 years old . In one of the tournaments he participated , he was initially considered too young to play , but eventually went on to end up top scorer with fourteen or fifteen goals . `` That gave me a lot of confidence '' , Pelé said , `` I knew then not to be afraid of whatever might come '' . Club career Santos In 1956 , de Brito took Pelé to Santos , an industrial and port city located near São Paulo , to try out for professional club Santos FC , telling the directors at Santos that the 15 - year - old would be `` the greatest football player in the world . '' Pelé impressed Santos coach Lula during his trial at the Estádio Vila Belmiro , and he signed a professional contract with the club in June 1956 . Pelé was highly promoted in the local media as a future superstar . He made his senior team debut on 7 September 1956 at the age of 15 against Corinthians Santo Andre and had an impressive performance in a 7 -- 1 victory , scoring the first goal in his prolific career during the match . When the 1957 season started , Pelé was given a starting place in the first team and , at the age of 16 , became the top scorer in the league . Ten months after signing professionally , the teenager was called up to the Brazil national team . After the 1962 World Cup , wealthy European clubs such as Real Madrid , Juventus and Manchester United tried to sign him , but the government of Brazil under President Jânio Quadros had declared Pelé an `` official national treasure '' the year before to prevent him from being transferred out of the country . Pelé with Santos in the Netherlands , October 1962 Pelé won his first major title with Santos in 1958 as the team won the Campeonato Paulista ; Pelé would finish the tournament as top scorer with 58 goals , a record that stands today . A year later , he would help the team earn their first victory in the Torneio Rio - São Paulo with a 3 -- 0 over Vasco da Gama . However , Santos was unable to retain the Paulista title . In 1960 , Pelé scored 33 goals to help his team regain the Campeonato Paulista trophy but lost out on the Rio - São Paulo tournament after finishing in 8th place . In the 1960 season , Pelé scored 47 goals and helped Santos regain the Campeonato Paulista . The club went on to win the Taça Brasil that same year , beating Bahia in the finals ; Pelé finished as top scorer of the tournament with 9 goals . The victory allowed Santos to participate in the Copa Libertadores , the most prestigious club tournament in the Western hemisphere . `` I arrived hoping to stop a great man , but I went away convinced I had been undone by someone who was not born on the same planet as the rest of us . '' -- Benfica goalkeeper Costa Pereira following the loss to Santos in 1962 . Santos 's most successful Copa Libertadores season started in 1962 ; the team was seeded in Group One alongside Cerro Porteño and Deportivo Municipal Bolivia , winning every match of their group but one ( a 1 -- 1 away tie versus Cerro ) . Santos defeated Universidad Católica in the semifinals and met defending champions Peñarol in the finals . Pelé scored twice in the playoff match to secure the first title for a Brazilian club . Pelé finished as the second top scorer of the competition with four goals . That same year , Santos would successfully defend the Campeonato Brasileiro ( with 37 goals from Pelé ) and the Taça Brasil ( Pelé scoring four goals in the final series against Botafogo ) . Santos would also win the 1962 Intercontinental Cup against Benfica . Wearing his number 10 shirt , Pelé produced one of the best performances of his career , scoring a hat - trick in Lisbon as Santos won 5 -- 2 . As the defending champions , Santos qualified automatically to the semi-final stage of the 1963 Copa Libertadores . The ballet blanco , the nickname given to Santos for Pelé , managed to retain the title after victories over Botafogo and Boca Juniors . Pelé helped Santos overcome a Botafogo team that contained Brazilian legends such as Garrincha and Jairzinho with a last - minute goal in the first leg of the semi-finals which made it 1 -- 1 . In the second leg , Pelé scored a hat - trick in the Estádio do Maracanã as Santos won , 0 -- 4 , in the second leg . Santos started the final series by winning , 3 -- 2 , in the first leg and defeating Boca Juniors 1 -- 2 , in La Bombonera . It was a rare feat in official competitions , with another goal from Pelé . Santos became the first ( and to date the only ) Brazilian team to lift the Copa Libertadores in Argentine soil . Pelé finished the tournament with 5 goals . Santos lost the Campeonato Paulista after finishing in third place but went on to win the Rio - São Paulo tournament after a 0 -- 3 win over Flamengo in the final , with Pelé scoring one goal . Pelé would also help Santos retain the Intercontinental Cup and the Taça Brasil against Milan and Bahia respectively . Pelé is the all - time leading goalscorer for Santos . In the 1964 Copa Libertadores , Santos were beaten in both legs of the semi-finals by Independiente . The club won the Campeonato Paulista , with Pelé netting 34 goals . Santos also shared the Rio - São Paulo title with Botafogo and won the Taça Brasil for the fourth consecutive year . In the 1965 Copa Libertadores , Santos reached the semi-finals and met Peñarol in a rematch of the 1962 final . After two matches , a playoff was needed to break the tie . Unlike 1962 , Peñarol came out on top and eliminated Santos 2 -- 1 . Pelé would , however , finish as the topscorer of the tournament with eight goals . This proved to be the start of a decline as Santos failed to retain the Torneio Rio - São Paulo . In 1966 , Pelé and Santos also failed to retain the Taça Brasil as Pelé 's goals were not enough to prevent a 9 -- 4 defeat by Cruzeiro ( led by Tostão ) in the final series . The club did , however , win the Campeonato Paulista in 1967 , 1968 and 1969 . On 19 November 1969 , Pelé scored his 1000th goal in all competitions , in what was a highly anticipated moment in Brazil . The goal , popularly dubbed O Milésimo ( The Thousandth ) , occurred in a match against Vasco da Gama , when Pelé scored from a penalty kick , at the Maracanã Stadium . Pelé states that his most memorable goal was scored at Rua Javari stadium on a Campeonato Paulista match against São Paulo rival Clube Atlético Juventus on 2 August 1959 . As there is no video footage of this match , Pelé asked that a computer animation be made of this specific goal . In March 1961 , Pelé scored the gol de placa ( goal worthy of a plaque ) , against Fluminense at the Maracanã . Pelé received the ball on the edge of his own penalty area , and ran the length of the field , eluding opposition players with feints , before striking the ball beyond the goalkeeper . A plaque was commissioned with a dedication to `` the most beautiful goal in the history of the Maracanã '' . In 1967 , the two factions involved in the Nigerian Civil War agreed to a 48 - hour ceasefire so they could watch Pelé play an exhibition game in Lagos . During his time at Santos , Pelé played alongside many gifted players , including Zito , Pepe , and Coutinho ; the latter partnered him in numerous one - two plays , attacks , and goals . New York Cosmos Pelé signing a football for U.S. President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1973 , two years before joining the New York Cosmos After the 1974 season ( his 19th with Santos ) , Pelé retired from Brazilian club football although he continued to occasionally play for Santos in official competitive matches . Two years later , he came out of semi-retirement to sign with the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) for the 1975 season . Though well past his prime at this point , Pelé was credited with significantly increasing public awareness and interest of the sport in the United States . Hoping to fuel the same kind of awareness in the Dominican Republic , he and the Cosmos team played in an exhibition match against Haitian team , Violette AC , in the Santo Domingo Olympic Stadium on 3 June 1976 , where over 25,000 fans watched him score a winning goal in the last seconds of the match , leading the Cosmos to a 2 -- 1 victory . He led the Cosmos to the 1977 NASL championship , in his third and final season with the club . Pelé ( left ) with Eusébio ( far right ) before a game in the NASL in April 1977 On 1 October 1977 , Pelé closed out his career in an exhibition match between the Cosmos and Santos . Santos arrived in New York after previously defeating the Seattle Sounders in New Jersey , 2 -- 0 . The match was played in front of a sold out crowd at Giants Stadium and was televised in the United States on ABC 's Wide World of Sports as well as throughout the world . Pelé 's father and wife both attended the match , as well as Muhammad Ali and Bobby Moore . International career Pelé 's first international match was a 2 -- 1 defeat against Argentina on 7 July 1957 at the Maracanã . In that match , he scored his first goal for Brazil aged 16 years and nine months , and he remains the youngest goalscorer for his country . 1958 World Cup Pelé ( number 10 ) dribbles past three Swedish players at the 1958 World Cup Pelé arrived in Sweden sidelined by a knee injury but on his return from the treatment room , his colleagues stood together and insisted upon his selection . His first match was against the USSR in the third match of the first round of the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where he gave the assist to Vavá 's second goal . He was the youngest player of that tournament , and at the time the youngest ever to play in the World Cup . Against France in the semifinal , Brazil was leading 2 -- 1 at halftime , and then Pelé scored a hat - trick , becoming the youngest in World Cup history to do so . 17 - year - old Pelé cries on the shoulder of goalkeeper Gilmar after Brazil won the 1958 World Cup Final On 29 June 1958 , Pelé became the youngest player to play in a World Cup final match at 17 years and 249 days . He scored two goals in that final as Brazil beat Sweden 5 -- 2 in Stockholm , the capital . His first goal where he flicked the ball over a defender before volleying into the corner of the net , was selected as one of the best goals in the history of the World Cup . Following Pelé 's second goal , Swedish player Sigvard Parling would later comment ; `` When Pelé scored the fifth goal in that Final , I have to be honest and say I felt like applauding '' . When the match ended , Pelé passed out on the field , and was revived by Garrincha . He then recovered , and was compelled by the victory to weep as he was being congratulated by his teammates . He finished the tournament with six goals in four matches played , tied for second place , behind record - breaker Just Fontaine , and was named best young player of the tournament . It was in the 1958 World Cup that Pelé began wearing a jersey with number 10 . The event was the result of disorganization : the leaders of the Brazilian Federation did not send the shirt numbers of players and it was up to FIFA to choose the number 10 shirt to Pelé who was a substitute on the occasion . The press proclaimed Pelé the greatest revelation of the 1958 World Cup , and he was also retroactively given the Silver Ball as the second best player of the tournament , behind Didi . South American championship Pelé also played in the South American Championship . In the 1959 competition he was named best player of the tournament and was top scorer with 8 goals , as Brazil came second despite being unbeaten in the tournament . He scored in five of Brazil 's six games , including two goals against Chile and a hat - trick against Paraguay . 1962 World Cup Pelé with Brazil taking on Italy 's Giovanni Trapattoni at the San Siro , Milan in 1963 When the 1962 World Cup started , Pelé was the best rated player in the world . In the first match of the 1962 World Cup in Chile , against Mexico , Pelé assisted the first goal and then scored the second one , after a run past four defenders , to go up 2 -- 0 . He injured himself in the next game while attempting a long - range shot against Czechoslovakia . This would keep him out of the rest of the tournament , and forced coach Aymoré Moreira to make his only lineup change of the tournament . The substitute was Amarildo , who performed well for the rest of the tournament . However , it was Garrincha who would take the leading role and carry Brazil to their second World Cup title , after beating Czechoslovakia at the final in Santiago . 1966 World Cup Pelé was the most famous footballer in the world during the 1966 World Cup in England , and Brazil fielded some world champions like Garrincha , Gilmar and Djalma Santos with the addition of other stars like Jairzinho , Tostão and Gérson , leading to high expectations for them . Brazil was eliminated in the first round , playing only three matches . The World Cup was marked , among other things , for brutal fouls on Pelé that left him injured by the Bulgarian and Portuguese defenders . Pelé scored the first goal from a free kick against Bulgaria , becoming the first player to score in three successive FIFA World Cups , but due to his injury , a result of persistent fouling by the Bulgarians , he missed the second game against Hungary . Brazil lost that game and Pelé , although still recovering , was brought back for the last crucial match against Portugal at Goodison Park in Liverpool by the Brazilian coach Vicente Feola . Feola changed the entire defense , including the goalkeeper , while in midfield he returned to the formation of the first match . During the game , Portugal defender João Morais fouled Pelé , but was not sent off by referee George McCabe ; a decision retrospectively viewed as being among the worst refereeing errors in World Cup history . Pelé had to stay on the field limping for the rest of the game , since substitutes were not allowed at that time . After this game he vowed he would never again play in the World Cup , a decision he would later change . 1970 World Cup Pelé was called to the national team in early 1969 , he refused at first , but then accepted and played in six World Cup qualifying matches , scoring six goals . The 1970 World Cup in Mexico was expected to be Pelé 's last . Brazil 's squad for the tournament featured major changes in relation to the 1966 squad . Players like Garrincha , Nilton Santos , Valdir Pereira , Djalma Santos and Gilmar had already retired . However , Brazil 's 1970 World Cup squad , which included players like Pelé , Rivelino , Jairzinho , Gérson , Carlos Alberto Torres , Tostão and Clodoaldo , is often considered to be the greatest football team in history . Pelé , front row second from right , before the match against Peru in the 1970 World Cup The front five of Jairzinho , Pelé , Gerson , Tostão and Rivelino together created an attacking momentum , with Pelé having a central role in Brazil 's way to the final . All of Brazil 's matches in the tournament ( except the final ) were played in Guadalajara , and in the first match against Czechoslovakia , Pelé gave Brazil a 2 -- 1 lead , by controlling Gerson 's long pass with his chest and then scoring . In this match Pelé attempted to lob goalkeeper Ivo Viktor from the half - way line , only narrowly missing the Czechoslovak goal . Brazil went on to win the match , 4 -- 1 . In the first half of the match against England , Pelé nearly scored with a header that was saved by the England goalkeeper Gordon Banks . In the second half , he controlled a cross from Tostão before flicking the ball to Jairzinho who scored the only goal . Mário Zagallo ( Brazil 's 1970 coach with Pelé in 2008 ) . Zagallo said of Pelé : `` A kid in Sweden ( 1958 World Cup ) gave signs of genius , and in Mexico ( 1970 World Cup ) he fulfilled all that promise and closed the book with a golden key . And I had the privilege to see it all from close up . '' Against Romania , Pelé scored two goals , with Brazil winning by a final score of 3 -- 2 . In the quarterfinals against Peru , Brazil won 4 -- 2 , with Pelé assisting Tostão for Brazil 's third goal . In their semi-final match , Brazil faced Uruguay for the first time since the 1950 World Cup final round match . Jairzinho put Brazil ahead 2 -- 1 , and Pelé assisted Rivelino for the 3 -- 1 . During that match , Pelé made one of his most famous plays . Tostão passed the ball for Pelé to collect which Uruguay 's goalkeeper Ladislao Mazurkiewicz took notice of and ran off his line to get the ball before Pelé . However , Pelé got there first and fooled Mazurkiewicz with a feint by not touching the ball , causing it to roll to the goalkeepers left , while Pelé went to the goalkeepers right . Pelé ran around the goalkeeper to retrieve the ball and took a shot while turning towards the goal , but he turned in excess as he shot , and the ball drifted just wide of the far post . Brazil played Italy in the final at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City . Pelé scored the opening goal with a header over Italian defender Tarcisio Burgnich . He then made assists on Brazil 's third goal , scored by Jairzinho , and the fourth finished by Carlos Alberto . The last goal of the game is often considered the greatest team goal of all time because it involved all but two of the team 's outfield players . The play culminated after Pelé made a blind pass that went into Carlos Alberto 's running trajectory . He came running from behind and struck the ball to score . Brazil won the match 4 -- 1 , keeping the Jules Rimet Trophy indefinitely , and Pelé received the Golden Ball as player of the tournament . Burgnich , who marked Pelé during the final , was quoted saying `` I told myself before the game , he 's made of skin and bones just like everyone else -- but I was wrong '' . Pelé 's last international match was on 18 July 1971 against Yugoslavia in Rio de Janeiro . With Pelé on the field , the Brazilian team 's record was 67 wins , 14 draws and 11 losses . Brazil never lost a match while fielding both Pelé and Garrincha . Style of play Pelé dribbling past a defender while playing for Brazil , May 1960 . Pelé has also been known for connecting the phrase `` The Beautiful Game '' with football . A prolific goalscorer , he was known for his ability to anticipate opponents in the area and finish off chances with an accurate and powerful shot with either foot . Pelé was also a hard - working team - player , and a complete forward , with exceptional vision and intelligence , who was recognised for his precise passing , and ability to link - up with teammates and provide them with assists . In his early career , he played in a variety of attacking positions . Although he usually operated inside the penalty area as a main striker or centre - forward , his wide range of skills also allowed him to play in a more withdrawn role , as an inside forward or second striker , or out wide . In his later career , he took on more of a deeper playmaking role behind the strikers , often functioning as an attacking midfielder . Pelé 's unique playing style combined speed , creativity , and technical skill with physical power , stamina , and athleticism . His excellent technique , balance , flair , agility , and dribbling skills enabled him to beat opponents with the ball , and frequently saw him use sudden changes of direction and elaborate feints in order to get past players , such as his trademark move , the drible da vaca . Another one of his signature moves was the paradinha , or little stop . In spite of his relatively small stature , 5 feet 8 inches ( 1.73 m ) , he excelled in the air , due to his heading accuracy and elevation . Renowned for his bending shots , he was also an accurate free - kick taker , and penalty taker , although he often refrained from taking penalties , stating that he believed it to be a cowardly way to score . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Pelé was also known to be a fair and highly influential player , who stood out for his charismatic leadership and sportsmanship on the pitch . He also earned a reputation for often being a decisive player for his teams , due to his tendency to score crucial goals in important matches . Reception and legacy `` Pelé was one of the few who contradicted my theory : instead of 15 minutes of fame , he will have 15 centuries . '' -- Andy Warhol . `` My name is Ronald Reagan , I 'm the President of the United States of America . But you do n't need to introduce yourself , because everyone knows who Pelé is . '' -- US President Ronald Reagan , greeting Pelé at the White House . Pelé is one of the most lauded players in history and is frequently ranked the best player ever . Among his contemporaries , Dutch star Johan Cruyff stated ; `` Pelé was the only footballer who surpassed the boundaries of logic . '' Brazil 's 1970 FIFA World Cup - winning captain Carlos Alberto Torres opined ; `` His great secret was improvisation . Those things he did were in one moment . He had an extraordinary perception of the game . '' Tostão , his strike partner at the 1970 World Cup ; `` Pelé was the greatest -- he was simply flawless . And off the pitch he is always smiling and upbeat . You never see him bad - tempered . He loves being Pelé . '' His Brazilian teammate Clodoaldo commented on the adulation he witnessed ; `` In some countries they wanted to touch him , in some they wanted to kiss him . In others they even kissed the ground he walked on . I thought it was beautiful , just beautiful . '' Pelé is the greatest player of all time . He reigned supreme for 20 years . There 's no one to compare with him . -- West Germany 's 1974 World Cup - winning captain Franz Beckenbauer . Former Real Madrid and Hungary star Ferenc Puskás stated ; `` The greatest player in history was Di Stéfano . I refuse to classify Pelé as a player . He was above that . '' Just Fontaine , French striker and leading scorer at the 1958 World Cup ; `` When I saw Pelé play , it made me feel I should hang up my boots . '' England 's 1966 FIFA World Cup - winning captain Bobby Moore commented : `` Pelé was the most complete player I 've ever seen , he had everything . Two good feet . Magic in the air . Quick . Powerful . Could beat people with skill . Could outrun people . Only five feet and eight inches tall , yet he seemed a giant of an athlete on the pitch . Perfect balance and impossible vision . He was the greatest because he could do anything and everything on a football pitch . I remember Saldanha the coach being asked by a Brazilian journalist who was the best goalkeeper in his squad . He said Pelé . The man could play in any position '' . Former Manchester United striker and member of England 's 1966 FIFA World Cup - winning team Sir Bobby Charlton stated ; `` I sometimes feel as though football was invented for this magical player . '' During the 1970 World Cup , when Manchester United defender Paddy Crerand ( who was part of the ITV panel ) was asked ; `` How do you spell Pelé ? '' , he replied with the response ; `` Easy : G-O-D . '' Accolades 1969 Brazil stamp commemorating Pelé 's landmark 1,000 th goal Since retiring , Pelé has continued to be lauded by players , coaches , journalists and others . Brazilian attacking midfielder Zico , who represented Brazil at the 1978 , 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cup , stated ; `` This debate about the player of the century is absurd . There 's only one possible answer : Pelé . He 's the greatest player of all time , and by some distance I might add '' . French three time Balon D'or winner Michel Platini said ; `` There 's Pelé the man , and then Pelé the player . And to play like Pelé is to play like God . '' Joint FIFA Player of the Century , Argentina 's 1986 FIFA World Cup - winning captain Diego Maradona stated ; `` It 's too bad we never got along , but he was an awesome player '' . Prolific Brazilian striker Romário , winner of the 1994 FIFA World Cup and player of the tournament ; `` It 's only inevitable I look up to Pelé . He 's like a God to us '' . Five - time FIFA Ballon d'Or winner Cristiano Ronaldo said : `` Pelé is the greatest player in football history , and there will only be one Pelé '' , while José Mourinho , two - time UEFA Champions League winning manager , commented ; `` I think he is football . You have the real special one -- Mr. Pelé . '' Real Madrid honorary president and former player , Alfredo Di Stéfano , opined : `` The best player ever ? Pelé . Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo are both great players with specific qualities , but Pelé was better '' . Pelé playing for New York Cosmos at Eden Gardens in Kolkata , India with a sold out stadium of 80,000 in 1977 . Presenting Pelé the Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award , former South African president Nelson Mandela said ; `` To watch him play was to watch the delight of a child combined with the extraordinary grace of a man in full . '' US politician and political scientist Henry Kissinger stated , `` Performance at a high level in any sport is to exceed the ordinary human scale . But Pelé 's performance transcended that of the ordinary star by as much as the star exceeds ordinary performance . '' After a reporter asked if his fame compared to that of Jesus , Pelé quipped , `` There are parts of the world where Jesus Christ is not so well known . '' Young visitors to the Pelé museum , opened in 2014 , in Santos , Brazil In 1999 , the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) voted Pelé the World Player of the Century . That same year , the International Olympic Committee elected him the Athlete of the Century . According to the IFFHS , Pelé is the most successful league goal - scorer in the world , scoring 1281 goals in 1363 games , which included unofficial friendlies and tour games . In 1999 , Time magazine named Pelé one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century . During his playing days , Pelé was for a period the highest - paid athlete in the world . Pelé 's `` electrifying play and penchant for spectacular goals '' made him a star around the world . To take full advantage of his popularity , his teams toured internationally . During his career , he became known as `` The Black Pearl '' ( A Pérola Negra ) , `` The King of Football '' ( O Rei do Futebol ) , `` The King Pelé '' ( O Rei Pelé ) or simply `` The King '' ( O Rei ) . In 2014 , the city of Santos inaugurated the Pelé museum -- Museu Pelé -- which displays a 2,400 piece collection of Pelé memorabilia . Approximately $22 million was invested in the construction of the museum , housed in a 19th century mansion . Personal Life Relationships and children Children of Pelé By Anizia Machado Sandra ( 1964 -- 2006 ) By Lenita Kurtz Flávia ( born 1968 ) By Rosemeri dos Reis Cholbi Kelly Cristina ( born 1967 ) Edson ( born 1970 ) Jennifer ( born 1978 ) By Assíria Lemos Seixas Joshua ( born 1996 ) Celeste ( born 1996 ) A practicing Catholic , Pelé donated a signed jersey to Pope Francis . Accompanied with a signed football from Ronaldo , it is located in one of the Vatican Museums . Pelé has married three times , and has had several affairs , producing several children . On 21 February 1966 , Pelé married Rosemeri dos Reis Cholbi . They had two daughters and one son : Kelly Cristina ( born 13 January 1967 ) , who married Dr. Arthur DeLuca , Jennifer ( b . 1978 ) , and their son Edson ( `` Edinho '' , b . 27 August 1970 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . In May 2014 , Edinho was jailed for 33 years for laundering money from drug trafficking . On appeal the sentence was reduced to 12 years and 10 months . From 1981 to 1986 , Pelé was romantically linked with TV presenter Xuxa , which was influential in launching her career . She was 17 when they started dating . In April 1994 , Pelé married psychologist and gospel singer Assíria Lemos Seixas , who gave birth on 28 September 1996 to twins Joshua and Celeste through fertility treatments . The couple divorced in 2008 . Pelé had at least two more children from former affairs . Sandra Machado , who was born from an affair Pelé had in 1964 with a housemaid , Anizia Machado , fought for years to be acknowledged by Pelé , who refused to submit to DNA tests . Although she was recognized by courts as his biological daughter based on DNA evidence in 1993 , Pelé never acknowledged his eldest daughter even after her death in 2006 , nor her two children , Octavio and Gabriel . Pelé also had another daughter , Flávia Kurtz , in an extramarital affair in 1968 with journalist Lenita Kurtz . Flávia was recognized by him as his daughter . At the age of 73 , Pelé announced his intention to marry 41 - year - old Marcia Aoki , a Japanese - Brazilian importer of medical equipment from Penápolis , São Paulo , whom he had been dating from 2010 . They first met in the mid-1980s in New York , before meeting again in 2008 . They married in July 2016 . Politics In 1970 , Pelé was investigated by the Brazilian military dictatorship for suspected leftist sympathies . Declassified documents showed Pelé was investigated after being handed a manifesto calling for the release of political prisoners . Pelé himself did not get further involved within political struggles in the country . In 1976 , Pelé was on a Pepsi - sponsored trip in Lagos , Nigeria , when that year 's attempted Military Coup took place . Pelé was trapped in a hotel together with Arthur Ashe and other tennis pros , who were participating in the interrupted 1976 Lagos WCT tournament . Pelé and his crew eventually left the hotel to stay at the residence of Brazil 's ambassador as they could n't leave the country for a couple of days . Later the airport was opened and Pelé left the country disguised as a pilot . In June 2013 , he was criticized in public opinion for his conservative views . During the 2013 protests in Brazil , Pelé asked for people to `` forget the demonstrations '' and support the Brazil national team . Health In 1977 , Brazilian media reported that Pelé had his right kidney removed . In November 2012 , Pelé underwent a successful hip operation . In December 2017 Pelé appeared in a wheelchair at the 2018 World Cup draw in Moscow where he was pictured with Russian President Vladimir Putin and Diego Maradona . A month later he collapsed from exhaustion and was taken to hospital . After football Pelé at the White House on 10 September 1986 , with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Brazil President José Sarney In 1994 , Pelé was appointed a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador . In 1995 , Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso appointed Pelé to the position of Extraordinary Minister for Sport . During this time he proposed legislation to reduce corruption in Brazilian football , which became known as the `` Pelé law . '' Pelé left his position in 2001 after he was accused of involvement in a corruption scandal that stole $700,000 from UNICEF . It was claimed that money given to Pelé 's company for a benefit match was not returned after it was cancelled , although nothing was proven , and it was denied by UNICEF . In 1997 , he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace . Pelé also helped inaugurate the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals , alongside supermodel Claudia Schiffer . Pelé , Brazil 's Extraordinary Minister for Sport , with US President Bill Clinton in Rio de Janeiro , 15 October 1997 In 1993 , Pelé publicly accused the Brazilian football administrator Ricardo Teixeira of corruption after Pelé 's television company was rejected in a contest for the Brazilian domestic rights to the 1994 World Cup . Pelé accusations led to an eight - year feud between the pair . As a consequence of the affair , the President of FIFA , João Havelange banned Pelé from the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup in Las Vegas . Criticisms over the ban were perceived to have negatively affected Havelange 's chances of re-election as FIFA 's president in 1994 . Pelé has published several autobiographies , starred in documentary films , and composed musical pieces , including the soundtrack for the film Pelé in 1977 . He appeared in the 1981 film Escape to Victory , about a World War II - era football match between Allied prisoners of war and a German team . Pelé starred alongside other footballers of the 1960s and 1970s , with actors Michael Caine , and Sylvester Stallone. in 1969 , Pelé starred in a telenovela called Os Estranhos , about first contact with aliens . It was created to drum up interest in the Apollo missions . In 2001 , had a cameo role in the satire film , Mike Bassett : England Manager . Pelé at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland , 2006 In November 2007 , Pelé was in Sheffield , England to mark the 150th anniversary of the world 's oldest football club , Sheffield F.C. Pelé was the guest of honour at Sheffield 's anniversary match against Inter Milan at Bramall Lane . As part of his visit , Pelé opened an exhibition which included the first public showing in 40 years of the original hand - written rules of football . Pelé scouted for Premier League club Fulham in 2002 . He made the draw for the qualification groups for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals . On 1 August 2010 , Pelé was introduced as the Honorary President of a revived New York Cosmos , aiming to field a team in Major League Soccer . In August 2011 , ESPN reported that Santos were considering bringing him out of retirement for a cameo role in the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup , although this turned out to be false . Brazil President Lula and Pelé in commemoration of 50 years since the first World Cup title won by Brazil in 1958 , at the Palácio do Planalto , 2008 The most notable area of Pelé 's life since football is his ambassadorial work . In 1992 , he was appointed a UN ambassador for ecology and the environment . He was also awarded Brazil 's Gold Medal for outstanding services to the sport in 1995 . In 2012 , Pelé was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Edinburgh for `` significant contribution to humanitarian and environmental causes , as well as his sporting achievements '' . In 2009 , Pelé assisted the Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics . In July 2009 he spearheaded the Rio 2016 presentation to the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa General Assembly in Abuja , Nigeria . On 12 August 2012 , Pelé was an attendee at the 2012 Olympic hunger summit hosted by UK Prime Minister David Cameron at 10 Downing Street , London , part of a series of international efforts which have sought to respond to the return of hunger as a high - profile global issue . Later on the same day , Pelé appeared at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , following the handover section to the next host city for the 2016 Summer Olympics , Rio de Janeiro . Pelé with Vladimir Putin at the opening of the Confederations Cup 2017 in Saint Petersburg , Russia In March 2016 , Pelé filed a lawsuit against Samsung Electronics in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois seeking US $30 million in damages claiming violations under the Lanham Act for false endorsement and a state law claim for violation of his right of publicity . The suit alleged , that at one point Samsung and Pelé came close to entering into a licensing agreement for Pelé to appear in a Samsung advertising campaign . Samsung abruptly pulled out of the negotiations . The October 2015 Samsung ad in question , included a partial face shot of a man who allegedly `` very closely resembles '' Pelé and also a superimposed high - definition television screen next to the image of the man featuring a `` modified bicycle or scissors - kick '' , often used by Pelé . Honours International Brazil FIFA World Cup ( 3 ) : 1958 , 1962 , 1970 Club Santos Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( 6 ) : 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 Copa Libertadores ( 2 ) : 1962 , 1963 Intercontinental Cup ( 2 ) : 1962 , 1963 Intercontinental Supercup : 1968 Campeonato Paulista ( 10 ) : 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1973 Torneio Rio - São Paulo ( 4 ) : 1959 , 1963 , 1964 New York Cosmos North American Soccer League , Soccer Bowl : 1977 North American Soccer League , Atlantic Conference Championship : 1977 Individual In December 2000 , Pelé and Maradona shared the prize of FIFA Player of the Century by FIFA . The award was originally intended to be based upon votes in a web poll , but after it became apparent that it favoured Diego Maradona , many observers complained that the Internet nature of the poll would have meant a skewed demographic of younger fans who would have seen Maradona play , but not Pelé . FIFA then appointed a `` Family of Football '' committee of FIFA members to decide the winner of the award together with the votes of the readers of the FIFA magazine . The committee chose Pelé . Since Maradona was winning the Internet poll , however , it was decided he and Pelé should share the award . Santos Copa Libertadores Top Scorer : 1965 Campeonato Paulista Top Scorer ( 11 ) : 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1969 , 1973 Torneio Rio - São Paulo Top Scorer : 1963 Bola de Prata : 1970 Brazil FIFA World Cup Best Young Player : 1958 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball ( Best Player ) : 1970 Copa America Best Player : 1959 Copa América Top Scorer : 1959 Other awards FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur : 2013 Ballon d'Or ( 7 ) : 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1970 - Le nouveau palmarès ( the new winners ) FIFA Player of the Century : 2000 FIFA Order of Merit : 1984 FIFA Centennial Award : 2004 FIFA 100 Greatest Living Footballers : 2004 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year : 1970 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award : 2005 Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award : 2000 Greatest football player to have ever played the game , by Golden Foot : 2012 Athlete of the Century , by Reuters News Agency : 1999 Athlete of the Century , elected by International Olympic Committee : 1999 South American Footballer of the Year : 1973 Football Player of the Century , elected by France Football 's Ballon d'Or Winners : 1999 Inducted into the American National Soccer Hall of Fame : 1992 World Team of the 20th Century : 1998 TIME : One of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century : 1999 World Soccer Greatest XI of All Time : 2013 FWA Tribute Award : 2018 Orders Knight of the Order of Rio Branco : 1967 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( honorary knighthood ) : 1997 Personal Records Brazil national football team : All - time leading goalscorer : 77 goals ( 95 goals including unofficial friendlies ) . Santos : All - time leading goalscorer : 643 goals in 656 competitive games . Intercontinental Cup : All - time leading goalscorer : 7 goals World record number of hat - tricks : 92 Guinness World Records : Most career goals ( football ) : 1283 goals in 1363 games Guinness World Records : Most FIFA World Cup winners ' medals : three Guinness World Records : Youngest winner of a FIFA World Cup : 17 years and 249 days in 1958 FIFA World Cup Youngest goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup : 17 years and 239 days ( Brazil v Wales 1958 ) Youngest player to score a hat - trick in the FIFA World Cup : 17 years and 244 days ( Brazil v France 1958 ) Youngest player to play in a FIFA World Cup Final : 17 years and 249 days ( Brazil v Sweden 1958 ) Youngest goalscorer in a FIFA World Cup Final : 17 years and 249 days ( Brazil v Sweden 1958 ) Career Statistics Main article : Pelé statistics Club Pelé 's goalscoring record is often reported by FIFA as being 1281 goals in 1363 games . This figure includes goals scored by Pelé in friendly club matches , like international tours Pelé completed with Santos and the New York Cosmos , and a few games Pelé played in for the Brazilian armed forces teams during his national service in Brazil . He was listed in the Guinness World Records for most career goals scored in football . The tables below record every goal Pelé scored in major club competitions for Santos and the New York Cosmos . Club Season Campeonato Paulista Rio - São Paulo Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Domestic competitions Sub-total International Competitions Total Official Total inc . Friendlies Copa Libertadores Intercontinental Cup Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Santos 1956 0 * 0 * 2 * 2 * 1957 14 + 15 * 19 + 17 * 9 5 38 * 41 * 38 * 41 * 67 * 57 * 1958 38 58 8 8 46 66 46 * 66 * 60 * 80 * 1959 32 45 7 6 4 * 2 * 39 51 43 * 53 * 83 * 100 * 1960 30 33 0 0 0 33 33 0 0 0 0 33 * 33 * 67 * 59 * 1961 26 47 7 8 5 * 7 33 55 0 0 0 0 38 * 62 * 74 * 110 * 1962 26 37 0 0 5 * 2 * 26 37 4 * 4 * 5 37 * 48 * 50 * 62 * 1963 19 22 8 14 4 * 8 27 36 4 * 5 * 36 51 * 52 * 67 * 1964 21 34 6 * 7 25 37 0 * 0 * 0 0 31 * 44 * 47 * 57 * 1965 30 49 7 5 4 * 2 * 37 54 7 * 8 0 0 48 * 64 * 66 * 97 * 1966 14 13 0 * 0 * 5 * 2 * 14 * 13 * 0 0 0 0 19 * 15 * 38 * 31 * 1967 18 17 14 * 9 * 32 * 26 * 0 0 0 0 32 * 26 * 65 * 56 * 1968 21 17 17 * 11 * 38 * 28 * 0 0 0 0 38 * 28 * 73 * 55 * 1969 25 26 12 * 12 * 37 * 38 * 0 0 0 0 37 * 38 * 61 * 57 * 1970 15 7 13 * 4 * 28 * 11 * 0 0 0 0 28 * 11 * 54 * 47 * 1971 19 8 21 40 9 0 0 0 0 40 9 72 * 60 * 1972 20 9 16 5 36 14 0 0 0 0 36 14 74 * 55 * 1973 19 11 30 19 49 30 0 0 0 0 49 30 66 * 45 * 10 17 9 27 10 0 0 0 0 27 10 49 * 19 * Total 412 470 53 49 173 * 100 * 638 * 619 * 15 17 7 656 643 1120 1033 * * Indicates that the number was deduced from the list of rsssf.com and this list of Pelé games . Club Season League Post season Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals NY Cosmos 9 5 -- -- 14 10 23 15 1976 22 13 18 11 42 26 1977 25 13 6 11 6 42 23 Total 56 31 8 6 43 27 107 64 International See also : List of international goals scored by Pelé Pelé is the top scorer of the Brazil national football team with 77 goals in 92 official appearances . In addition , he scored 18 times in 22 unofficial games . This makes an unofficial total of 114 games and 95 goals . He also scored 12 goals and is credited with 10 assists in 14 World Cup appearances , including 4 goals and 7 assists in 1970 . Pelé shares with Uwe Seeler , Miroslav Klose and Cristiano Ronaldo the achievement of being the only players to have scored in four separate World Cup tournaments . # Date Venue Home Result Visitor Competition Goals Cumulative Goals 1 . 7 July 1957 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Argentina Roca Cup 2 . 10 July 1957 São Paulo Brazil 2 -- 0 Argentina Roca Cup 3 . 4 May 1958 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 5 -- 1 Paraguay Oswaldo Cruz Cup 4 . 14 May 1958 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 4 -- 0 Bulgaria Friendly 0 5 . 18 May 1958 São Paulo Brazil 3 -- 1 Bulgaria Friendly 5 6 . 15 June 1958 Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union World Cup 0 5 7 . 19 June 1958 Gothenburg Brazil 1 -- 0 Wales World Cup 6 8 . 24 June 1958 Stockholm Brazil 5 -- 2 France World Cup 9 9 . 29 June 1958 Stockholm Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden World Cup 11 10 . 10 March 1959 Buenos Aires Brazil 2 -- 2 Peru Copa América 12 11 . 15 March 1959 Buenos Aires Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Copa América 14 12 . 21 March 1959 Buenos Aires Brazil 4 -- 2 Bolivia Copa América 15 13 . 26 March 1959 Buenos Aires Brazil 3 -- 1 Uruguay Copa América 0 15 14 . 29 March 1959 Buenos Aires Brazil 4 -- 1 Paraguay Copa América 18 15 . 4 April 1959 Buenos Aires Argentina 1 -- 1 Brazil Copa América 19 16 . 13 May 1959 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 0 England Friendly 0 19 17 . 17 September 1959 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 7 -- 0 Chile O'Higgins Cup 22 18 . 20 September 1959 São Paulo Brazil 1 -- 0 Chile O'Higgins Cup 0 22 19 . 29 April 1960 Cairo United Arab Republic 0 -- 5 Brazil Friendly 0 22 20 . 1 May 1960 Alexandria United Arab Republic 1 -- 3 Brazil Friendly 25 21 . 6 May 1960 Cairo United Arab Republic 0 -- 3 Brazil Friendly 0 25 22 . 10 May 1960 Copenhagen Denmark 3 -- 4 Brazil Friendly 0 25 23 . 9 July 1960 Montevideo Uruguay 0 -- 1 Brazil Atlantic Cup 0 25 24 . 12 July 1960 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 5 -- 1 Argentina Atlantic Cup 26 25 . 21 April 1962 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6 -- 0 Paraguay Oswaldo Cruz Cup 27 26 . 24 April 1962 São Paulo Brazil 4 -- 0 Paraguay Oswaldo Cruz Cup 29 27 . 6 May 1962 São Paulo Brazil 2 -- 1 Portugal Friendly 0 29 28 . 9 May 1962 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 0 Portugal Friendly 30 29 . 12 May 1962 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3 -- 1 Wales Friendly 31 30 . 16 May 1962 São Paulo Brazil 3 -- 1 Wales Friendly 33 31 . 30 May 1962 Viña del Mar Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico World Cup 34 32 . 2 June 1962 Viña del Mar Brazil 0 -- 0 Czechoslovakia World Cup 0 34 33 . 13 April 1963 São Paulo Brazil 2 -- 3 Argentina Roca Cup 0 34 34 . 16 April 1963 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 5 -- 2 Argentina Roca Cup 37 35 . 21 April 1963 Lisbon Portugal 1 -- 0 Brazil Friendly 0 37 36 . 28 April 1963 Paris France 2 -- 3 Brazil Friendly 40 37 . 2 May 1963 Amsterdam Netherlands 1 -- 0 Brazil Friendly 0 40 38 . 5 May 1963 Hamburg West Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Friendly 41 39 . 12 May 1963 Milan Italy 3 -- 0 Brazil Friendly 0 41 40 . 30 May 1964 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 5 -- 1 England Taça das Nações 42 41 . 3 June 1964 São Paulo Brazil 0 -- 3 Argentina Taça das Nações 0 42 42 . 7 June 1964 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 4 -- 1 Portugal Taça das Nações 43 43 . 2 June 1965 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 5 -- 0 Belgium Friendly 46 44 . 6 June 1965 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 0 West Germany Friendly 47 45 . 9 June 1965 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 0 -- 0 Argentina Friendly 0 47 46 . 17 June 1965 Orano Algeria 0 -- 3 Brazil Friendly 48 47 . 24 June 1965 Porto Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil Friendly 0 48 48 . 30 June 1965 Stockholm Sweden 1 -- 2 Brazil Friendly 49 49 . 4 July 1965 Moscow Soviet Union 0 -- 3 Brazil Friendly 51 50 . 21 November 1965 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 2 Soviet Union Friendly 52 51 . 19 May 1966 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 0 Chile Friendly 0 52 52 . 4 June 1966 São Paulo Brazil 4 -- 0 Peru Friendly 53 53 . 8 June 1966 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 1 Poland Friendly 0 53 54 . 12 June 1966 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Friendly 55 55 . 15 June 1966 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 2 Czechoslovakia Friendly 56 56 . 25 June 1966 Glasgow Scotland 1 -- 1 Brazil Friendly 0 56 57 . 30 June 1966 Göteborg Sweden 2 -- 3 Brazil Friendly 0 56 58 . 12 July 1966 Liverpool Brazil 2 -- 0 Bulgaria World Cup 57 59 . 19 July 1966 Liverpool Portugal 3 -- 1 Brazil World Cup 0 57 60 . 25 July 1968 Asunción Paraguay 0 -- 4 Brazil Oswaldo Cruz Cup 59 61 . 28 July 1968 Asunción Paraguay 1 -- 0 Brazil Oswaldo Cruz Cup 0 59 62 . 31 October 1968 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Mexico Friendly 0 59 63 . 3 November 1968 Belo Horizonte Brazil 2 -- 1 Mexico Friendly 60 64 . 6 November 1968 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 - 1 FIFA XI Friendly 0 60 65 . 14 December 1968 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 2 West Germany Friendly 0 60 66 . 17 December 1968 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3 -- 3 Yugoslavia Friendly 61 67 . 7 April 1969 Porto Alegre Brazil 2 -- 1 Peru Friendly 0 61 68 . 9 April 1969 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3 -- 2 Peru Friendly 62 69 . 12 June 1969 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 1 England Friendly 0 62 70 . 6 August 1969 Bogotá Colombia 0 -- 2 Brazil World Cup Qualifiers 0 62 71 . 10 August 1969 Caracas Venezuela 0 -- 5 Brazil World Cup Qualifiers 64 72 . 17 August 1969 Asunción Paraguay 0 -- 3 Brazil World Cup Qualifiers 0 64 73 . 21 August 1969 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6 -- 2 Colombia World Cup Qualifiers 65 74 . 24 August 1969 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6 -- 0 Venezuela World Cup Qualifiers 67 75 . 31 August 1969 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 0 Paraguay World Cup Qualifiers 68 76 . 4 March 1970 Porto Alegre Brazil 0 -- 2 Argentina Friendly 0 68 77 . 8 March 1970 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 1 Argentina Friendly 69 78 . 22 March 1970 São Paulo Brazil 5 -- 0 Chile Friendly 71 79 . 26 March 1970 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 1 Chile Friendly 0 71 80 . 12 April 1970 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 0 -- 0 Paraguay Friendly 0 71 81 . 26 April 1970 São Paulo Brazil 0 -- 0 Bulgaria Friendly 0 71 82 . 29 April 1970 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 0 Austria Friendly 0 71 83 . 3 June 1970 Guadalajara Brazil 4 -- 1 Czechoslovakia World Cup 72 84 . 7 June 1970 Guadalajara Brazil 1 -- 0 England World Cup 0 72 85 . 10 June 1970 Guadalajara Brazil 3 -- 2 Romania World Cup 74 86 . 14 June 1970 Guadalajara Brazil 4 -- 2 Peru World Cup 0 74 87 . 17 June 1970 Guadalajara Brazil 3 -- 1 Uruguay World Cup 0 74 88 . 21 June 1970 Mexico City Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy World Cup 75 89 . 30 September 1970 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 1 Mexico Friendly 0 75 90 . 4 October 1970 Santiago de Chile Chile 1 -- 5 Brazil Friendly 76 91 . 11 July 1971 São Paulo Brazil 1 -- 1 Austria Friendly 77 92 . 18 July 1971 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 2 Yugoslavia Friendly 0 77 Unofficial international appearances ( 22 ) and goals ( 18 ) # Date Venue Home Result Visitor Goals Cumulative Goals 1 . 1958 - 05 - 21 São Paulo Brazil 5 -- 0 Corinthians 0 0 2 . 1960 - 05 - 08 Malmö Malmö FF 1 -- 7 Brazil 3 . 1960 - 05 - 12 Milano Inter Milan 2 -- 2 Brazil 4 . 1960 - 05 - 16 Lisbon Sporting Lisbon 0 -- 4 Brazil 0 5 . 1963 - 05 - 03 Eindhoven PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 1 Brazil 0 6 . 1966 - 05 - 01 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2 -- 0 Rio Grande do Sul 0 7 . 1966 - 06 - 21 Madrid Atlético Madrid 3 -- 5 Brazil 7 8 . 1966 - 07 - 04 Stockholm AIK 2 -- 4 Brazil 9 9 . 1966 - 07 - 06 Malmö Malmö FF 1 -- 3 Brazil 11 10 . 1968 - 11 - 06 Rio de Janeiro FIFA XI ( Friendly match ) 2 -- 1 Brazil 0 11 11 . 1968 - 11 - 13 Curitiba Coritiba 1 -- 2 Brazil 0 11 12 . 1969 - 07 - 06 Salvador Bahia 0 -- 4 Brazil 12 13 . 1969 - 07 - 09 Aracaju Rio Grande do Sul 2 -- 8 Brazil 0 12 14 . 1969 - 07 - 13 Recife Pernambuco 1 -- 6 Brazil 13 15 . 1969 - 08 - 01 Bogotá Millonarios 0 -- 2 Brazil 0 13 16 . 1969 - 09 - 03 Belo Horizonte Atlético Mineiro 2 -- 1 Brazil 14 17 . 1970 - 03 - 14 Rio de Janeiro Bangu 1 -- 1 Brazil 0 14 18 . 1970 - 04 - 05 Manaus Amazonas A 1 -- 4 Brazil 15 19 . 1970 - 04 - 19 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 1 -- 3 Brazil 0 15 20 . 1970 - 05 - 06 Guadalajara Guadalajara XI 0 -- 3 Brazil 16 21 . 1970 - 05 - 17 León León XI 2 -- 5 Brazil 18 22 . 1970 - 05 - 24 Irapuato Irapuato 0 -- 3 Brazil 0 18 FIFA World Cup goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result World Cup Round 1 . 1958 - 06 - 19 Ullevi , Gothenburg , Sweden Wales 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1958 Quarterfinal 2 . 1958 - 06 - 24 Råsunda Stadium , Solna , Sweden France 1 -- 3 2 -- 5 1958 Semifinal 3 . 1958 - 06 - 24 Råsunda Stadium , Solna , Sweden France 1 -- 4 2 -- 5 1958 Semifinal 4 . 1958 - 06 - 24 Råsunda Stadium , Solna , Sweden France 1 -- 5 2 -- 5 1958 Semifinal 5 . 1958 - 06 - 29 Råsunda Stadium , Solna , Sweden Sweden 1 -- 3 2 -- 5 1958 Final 6 . 1958 - 06 - 29 Råsunda Stadium , Solna , Sweden Sweden 2 -- 5 2 -- 5 1958 Final 7 . 1962 - 05 - 30 Estadio Sausalito , Viña del Mar , Chile Mexico 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1962 Group stage 8 . 1966 - 07 - 12 Goodison Park , Liverpool , England Bulgaria 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1966 Group stage 9 . 1970 - 06 - 03 Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara , Mexico Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 1970 Group stage 10 . 1970 - 06 - 10 Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara , Mexico Romania 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1970 Group stage 11 . 1970 - 06 - 10 Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara , Mexico Romania 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1970 Group stage 12 . 1970 - 06 - 21 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico Italy 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 1970 Final Source : Team Year Tournament Friendly Total Goal average Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Brazil 1957 0 0 1.00 1958 6 7 9 1.13 1959 8 11 0 9 11 1.22 1960 6 0.89 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 1962 8 8 1.00 1963 5 7 7 0.88 1964 0 0 0.67 1965 0 0 8 9 8 9 1.13 1966 7 9 5 0.85 1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 1968 0 0 7 7 0.63 1969 6 6 9 7 0.71 1970 6 9 15 8 0.57 1971 0 0 0.50 Total 41 43 51 34 92 77 0.84 Career total ( incl . unofficial matches ) 41 43 69 56 114 95 0.83 Summary Pelé numbers differ between sources mostly due to friendly games . The RSSSF states that Pelé scored 767 goals in 831 official games , 1281 goals in 1365 overall while he was active , and 1284 in 1375 taking into account benefit games after retirement . The following table is a compendium of sources that include data from Santos and FIFA official websites among others . Matches Goals Ratio Domestic Tournaments 702 656 0.94 International Tournaments 18 24 1.33 Brazil national football team 92 77 0.84 Official 812 757 0.93 Friendly matches and defunct Tournaments 554 526 0.95 Total 1366 1283 0.94 Matches Goals Ratio International matches ( Official and Friendlies ) 503 479 0.95 Domestic matches ( Official and Friendlies ) 863 804 0.93 Total 1366 1283 0.94 Matches Goals Ratio Santos FC 1116 1091 0.98 New York Cosmos 111 65 0.59 Brazil 114 95 0.83 Other 25 32 1.28 Total 1366 1283 0.94 See also Association football portal Brazil portal Notes Jump up ^ Pelé presumed that it was an insult since the word had no meaning in Portuguese . He discovered in the 2000s that the word meant `` miracle '' in Hebrew . Jump up ^ The mark was surpassed by Northern Ireland 's Norman Whiteside in the 1982 FIFA World Cup . He scored his first World Cup goal against Wales in quarter - finals , the only goal of the match , to help Brazil advance to semifinals , while becoming the youngest ever World Cup goalscorer at 17 years and 239 days . Jump up ^ Pelé would stop in the middle of a penalty kick before shooting to the ball . Goalkeepers complained that this gave strikers an unfair advantage . In the 1970s , FIFA banned this rule from competition . Jump up ^ The 1973 Paulista was held jointly with Portuguesa . Jump up ^ The 1964 Torneio Rio - São Paulo was held jointly with Botafogo . Jump up ^ Soccer Europe compiled this list from The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ Statistics from 1957 to 1974 for the Taça de Prata , Taça Brasil and Copa Libertadores were taken from Soccer Europe website . Soccer Europe lists The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation , but do not give a season - by - season breakdown . Jump up ^ In 1957 , the Paulista Championship was divided in two phases : Blue Series and White Series . In the first , Pelé scored 19 goals in 14 games , and in the Blue Series , scored 17 goals in 15 games . See Jump up ^ This number was inferred from a Santos fixture list from rsssf.com and this list of games Pelé played . Jump up ^ Statistics from 1957 to 1974 for the Taça de Prata , Taça Brasil and Copa Libertadores were taken from Soccer Europe website . Soccer Europe lists The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation , but do not give a season - by - season breakdown . References ^ Jump up to : Pelé & Fish 1977 , p. 18 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Pelé 2008 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Narcía , Eva . `` Un siglo , diez historias '' ( in Spanish ) . BBC World Service . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From Edson to Pelé : my changing identity '' . The Guardian . London . 12 May 2006 . Retrieved 1 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Taking the Pelé '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pelé '' . Biography.com , via A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Heizer 1997 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Magill 1999 , p. 2950 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pele Speaks of Benefits of Futebol de Salão '' . International Confederation of Futebol de Salão. 24 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Massarela , Louis ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` Exclusive interview : Pele on his Santos years '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1976 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pele helps Brazil to World Cup title '' . History ( U.S. TV channel ) . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Da Mata , Alessandro ( 26 October 2007 ) . `` Mesário da estréia de Pelé lembra atrapalhada '' ( in Portuguese ) . Sâo Paulo : LANCE ! . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Chelala , Cesar ( 2014 ) . `` Pele , Maradona and Messi : soccer 's holy trinity '' . Japan Times . Jump up ^ `` Campeonato Paulista : Artilheiros da história -- 2 '' . Folha Online ( in Portuguese ) . 17 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Unzelte , Celso ; Varanda , Pedro ; Cammarota , Giuseppe ; Barreto Berwanger , Alexandre Magno ( 2011 ) . `` Fichas Técnicas De Jogos Que Decidiram O Torneio Rio - Sâo Paulo '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ Matta , Fernando ; Varanda , Pedro ; Barreto Berwanger , Alexandre Magno ; Unzelte , Celso ; Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ( 2009 ) . `` Torneio Rio - São Paulo 1960 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Santos revive spirit of Pele '' . BBC Sport. 16 February 2003 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What they said about Pele '' FIFA. 23 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunmore 2015 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Pierrend , José Luis ; Beuker , John ; Ciullini , Pablo ; Gorgazzi , Osvaldo . `` Copa Libertadores de América 1962 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intercontinental Cups 1962 and 1963 '' . FIFA. 15 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Extraordinary Pele crowns Santos in Lisbon '' . FIFA. 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` Will South Africa 2010 produce a new Pele ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 : With an amazing Pele , Brazil 's Santos wins their second Copa Libertadores Tournament '' . CONMEBOL. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bassorelli , Gerardo . `` En los años sesenta , Peñarol y Santos protagonizaron inolvidables batallas por la Libertadores , generando una rivalidad que transformó a este duelo en el primer clásico que tuvo la Copa '' . LaRed21 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrés , Juan Pablo ; Ballesteros , Frank ; Di Maggio , Robert . `` Copa Libertadores - Topscorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele scores 1,000 th goal '' . History.com . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele receives tribute for 1959 goal '' . Times of Malta. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Pele 's gol de placa '' . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bellos 2003 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pelé ( Brazilian Athlete ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos -- Pelé edges Eusebio as Santos defend title FIFA. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Pelé 's Hail Mary In Santo Domingo '' . Life . 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunmore 2011 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Freedman 2014 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ `` Seven the number for Pele '' . FIFA. 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Bob ( 28 October 2008 ) . `` Top 10 : Young sporting champions '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lang , Jack ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` 60 years ago today , Pele scored his first Brazil goal and began a career that would change football '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Neil ; Gandini , Luca ; Villante , Eric . `` Oldest and Youngest Players and Goal - scorers in International Football '' . Rec . Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Simply the best ever '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . 25 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Copa 1958 '' . Terra Networks ( in Portuguese ) . 2006 . Jump up ^ Gault , Matt ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Norman Whiteside : world beater at 17 , retired by 26 '' . These Football Times . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Will ( 26 May 2010 ) . `` Flashback No 6 . Sweden 1958 : Pele 's genius propels Brazil to first title '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century FIFA. 30 May 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` The King of football '' . FIFA. 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelé ( 13 May 2006 ) . `` How a teenager took the world by wizardry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden -- Awards FIFA . Retrieved 6 May 2011 Jump up ^ Spencer , Jamie ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` The Fascinating Stories Behind 13 Famous Shirt Numbers '' . 90 Min . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tabeira , Martín ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` The Copa América Archive -- Trivia '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tabeira , Martín ( 2009 ) . `` Southamerican Championship 1959 ( 1st Tournament ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . ^ Jump up to : `` PELE -- International Football Hall of Fame '' . ifhof.com . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kunti , Samindra ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` A Look Back at Pelé 's Legendary Takedown of Mexico 's Defense at the 1962 World Cup '' . Remezcla . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 6 July 2014 ) . `` Brazilians look to Pele and 1962 for Cup - winning omen '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 3 June 2006 ) . `` Pele : The Greatest '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England : Group 3 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 January 2015 Jump up ^ Haydon , John . `` Player of the Century ? Why , Pele , of course '' . Soccer Times . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Nick ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup final : 10 top World Cup refereeing errors '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mamrud , Roberto . `` Edson Arantes do Nascimento `` Pelé '' -- Goals in International Matches `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` 1970 Brazilian Soccer Team Voted Best Ever '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Paul ( 9 April 2008 ) . `` The boys from Brazil : On the trail of football 's dream team '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico in thrall to Brazilians ' beautiful game '' . FIFA . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Rob ( 29 December 1999 ) . `` The Greatest ? For Century , Pele Eclipses Muhammad Ali '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Hattenstone , Simon ( 30 June 2003 ) . `` And God created Pelé '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho and Banks reunited '' . BBC . 2 August 2002 . Retrieved 28 July 2003 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Zagallo and Tostao '' . The Blizzard . Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Stephen ( 12 January 2010 ) . `` Mexico 1970 : Brazilians show all how beautiful game should be played '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Championship -- Jules Rimet Cup 1970 Final '' . FIFA . Retrieved 17 December 2014 Jump up ^ Benson , Andrew ( 2 June 2006 ) `` The perfect goal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brazil 's heroes of 1970 relive their days of glory `` '' . FIFA. 10 June 2000 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Gentry ( 2003 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` Remembering the genius of Garrincha '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup will show why football is still a beautiful game '' ( 12 June 2014 ) . The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Malley , Frank ( 23 December 1999 ) . `` Pele , the perfect player '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Messi ? Ronaldo ? Pele ? Maradona ? Who is the greatest of all - time ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Massarella , Louis ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Pele or Puskas ? Maradona or Messi ? Just who is the best No. 10 of all - time ? '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , David ( 12 December 2000 ) . `` Maradona 's genius can not eclipse Brazilian master '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Mesut Ozil 's assists at Arsenal make a compelling case for player of the year '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pelé and Maradona -- two very different number tens '' . FIFA. 25 January 2001 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The great creators '' . FIFA. 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelé 2008 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Pastorin , Darwin . `` PELE ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' ( in Italian ) . Treccani : Enciclopedia dello Sport ( 2002 ) . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marino , Giovanni ( 21 April 2010 ) . `` La vita mancina di Mario Corso `` Io , tra Herrera , Pelè e Berselli '' '' ( in Italian ) . La Repubblica . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pelé 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` Pele Player Profile '' . ESPN . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Nick ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Pele Top 10 : World Cup glory , with Bobby Moore and goals , goals goals '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Crosetti , Maurizio ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Palleggio volante ed esterno destro il mondo conobbe il bambino Pelé '' ( in Italian ) . La Repubblica . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lorenzo Longhi ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Il mastino Burgnich : `` Il mio Pelé , il migliore di tutti '' '' ( in Italian ) . sport.sky.it . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Stefano Fiori ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Mondiali , la maledizione dei campioni in carica continua '' ( in Italian ) . www.foxsports.it . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Domenico Motisi ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Da Pelé a Grosso , i 20 calciatori più determinanti e decisivi ai Mondiali '' ( in Italian ) . sport.sky.it . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : The greatest of them all '' . FIFA. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele tops World Cup legends poll '' . BBC News . 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of the Best '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pele and Mourinho win BBC awards '' . BBC . 11 December 2005 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredo Di Stefano : Pele is better than Messi and Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Younghan Cho ( 2016 ) . `` Football in Asia : History , Culture and Business '' . Routledge Jump up ^ `` Speech by Nelson Mandela at the Inaugural Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award , Monaco 2000 '' . nelsonmandela.org. 25 May 2000 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 14 June 1999 ) . `` PELE : The Phenomenon '' . Time . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Michelle Roehm McCann ( 2012 ) . `` Boys Who Rocked the World : Heroes from King Tut to Bruce Lee '' . p. 140 . Simon and Schuster Jump up ^ `` Pelé Museum is opened with a 2,400 - piece collection and a hologram of the King of Football '' . Copa 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil inaugurates Pele Museum '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Paul ( 27 April 2013 ) . `` Romario trolls Pele on Twitter , says he 's a phony Catholic and talks nothing but shit '' . 101greatgoals.com . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's greatest Pele turns 75 '' . Daily Express . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé Scores A Marriage Hat Trick '' . Latin Times . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele 's son Edinho jailed for 33 years for Drug Trafficking '' . biharprabha.com . Indo - Asian News Service . 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil : Footballer Pele 's son Edinho in jail over drug trafficking charges '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Simón , Yara ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` A Look Back at Xuxa and Pelé 's Controversial Relationship '' . Remezcla . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Soccer Legend Pelé Scores A Marriage Hat Trick ( VIDEO ) '' . Latin Times . 9 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pele 's daughter dies of cancer at 42 '' . ESPN . 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pele misses funeral of `` daughter he never wanted '' . People . 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Daughter who sued Pele dies of cancer at 42 '' . ESPN . 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Minha primeira paixão foi uma japonesa ea última também vai ser ' , afirma Pelé '' ( ' My first love was a Japanese and will also be the last , ' says Pele ) ( in Portuguese ) . Brasil Online . 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football legend Pele marries ' definitive love ' '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé foi investigado pela ditadura na década de 1970 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Folha Online . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How football legend , Arthur Ashe were trapped in Lagos during 1976 coup '' . Pulse . Retrieved 26 July 2018 Jump up ^ `` The story of Lagos ' ill - fated 1976 Professional Tennis Tournament '' . Africa 's Country . Retrieved 26 July 2018 Jump up ^ `` Estranho , conservador , desastroso e ' de outro planeta ' ; comentaristas analisam declarações de Pelé '' ( in Portuguese ) . ESPN UOL. 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Romero , Simon ; Neuman , William ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` How Angry Is Brazil ? Pelé Now Has Feet of Clay '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Estátua de Pelé é `` amordaçada '' na cidade natal do jogador '' ( in Portuguese ) . Terra Networks . 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Guilherme Seto , Rafael Reis ( 28 November 2014 ) . `` Pelé tem apenas um rim desde que era jogador de futebol '' ( in Portuguese ) . Folha de S. Paulo . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pele in hospital , hip operation a success , report says '' . ESPN . 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pele recovering in hospital after collapsing with exhaustion `` . The Telegraph . Retrieved 9 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` World Sport Humanitarian Hall of Fame Inductees -- Pelé '' . Sports Humanitarian . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pele Law on sports introduced in Brazil '' . BBC News . 25 March 1998 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF denies Pele corruption reports '' . SportBusiness.com . Reuters. 23 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelé slips from Brazil pedestal , The Observer , 25 November 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Education : Sir Pele lends his support '' . The Independent . 3 December 1997 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Darby 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Bellos 2003 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Pelé at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Escape to Victory remake : who should follow in Pelé 's footsteps ? '' . The Guardian . 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Estranhos extraterrestres chegavam na tela da Excelsior para fazer contato com Pelé '' ( in Portuguese ) . Cartâo de Visita. 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Bassett : England Manager ( 2001 ) '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rawcliffe , Jonathan ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Pelé joins Sheffield celebrations '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pele scouts for Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 9 October 2002 . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Blevins 2011 , p. 756 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Cosmos Begin Anew , With Eye Toward M.L.S. '' The New York Times . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santos hope for Pele comeback '' . ESPN . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scott ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Reasons why Rio is the right Olympic choice '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé to receive honorary degree '' . University of Edinburgh. 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup king Pele scores for Rio 2016 at ANOCA assembly '' . Sports Features.com . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Justin ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` The 2012 hunger summit could be the reallegacy of the Games '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sport stars get behind Olympic hunger summit '' . 10 Downing Street . 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Maggie ; Perry , Simon ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Spice Girls , One Direction Bring Olympics to a Dazzling End '' . People . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Batterman , L. Robert ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` Soccer Legend Pelé Calls for a Yellow Card against Samsung '' . The National Law Review . Proskauer Rose LLP . ISSN 2161 - 3362 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé : Most wins of the FIFA World Cup by a player '' . Guinness World Records . 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé o atleta do século '' . globo.com. 3 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierrend , José Luis ; Beuker , John ; Ciullini , Pablo ; Gorgazzi , Osvaldo . `` Copa Libertadores de América 1962 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierrend , José Luis ; Beuker , John ; Ciullini , Pablo ; Gorgazzi , Osvaldo . `` Copa Libertadores de América 1963 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recopa Intercontinental 1968 / 69 '' . Rsssf . Retrieved 1 June 2018 Jump up ^ Marcos , Antonio ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` Um campeonato , dois campeões : Conheça a história do Paulista de 73 '' . globo.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 World Cup Icons player ratings revealed : Pele , Gary Lineker and the 17 classic players '' . Bristol Post . 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Ricardo ( 18 January 2002 ) . `` Torneio Rio - São Paulo -- List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Litterer , David A. ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` North American Soccer League '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Century Boys '' . BBC Sport. 10 December 2000 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Split decision - Pele , Maradona each win FIFA century awards after feud '' . 11 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Andres , Juan Pablo ; Ballesteros , Frank ; Di Maggio , Roberto . `` Copa Libertadores - Topscorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todos os Artilheiros do Torneio Rio - São Paulo '' ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Casari , Yuri ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` Bola de Prata Placar 1970 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Escrevendo Futebol . Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur '' . FIFA. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 Jump up ^ Crépin , Timothé ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Pelé devait être le recordman '' ( in French ) . France Football . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Order of Merit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 2 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Centennial Award '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele 's list of the greatest '' . BBC . 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Personality of the Year - previous winners '' . BBC . 11 November 2003 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Personality of the Year celebrates 60th show '' . BBC . 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovina Chidi , Sylvia ( 13 June 2014 ) . The Greatest Black Achievers in History . Lulu . p. 680 . ISBN 1 - 291 - 90933 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Foot Awards 2012 -- Ibrahimovic , Pele , And Cantona '' . Amfm magazine . Retrieved 8 January 2013 Jump up ^ Bar - On 2014 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé Fast Facts '' . CNN . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 Jump up ^ Pierrend , José Luis ( 22 December 2000 ) . `` South American Player of the Year 1973 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 23 December 2015 ) . `` France Football 's Football Player of the Century '' . Rec. Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player Bios '' . U.S. Soccer . Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ World All - Time Teams . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 26 November 2014 Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 14 June 1999 ) Time 100 -- PELE : The Phenomenon Time . Retrieved 22 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` How the panel voted '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS -- PELE IS COMING Football Writers ' Association '' . footballwriters.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Meade , Teresa A. ( 2010 ) . A Brief History of Brazil . Infobase Publishing . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Hartston , William ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Top 10 facts about Grace and Pelé '' . The Express . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Brazil -- Record International Players : Goalscoring for Brazil National Team '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which footballer has scored the most goals for a single club ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kolos , Vladimir ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` Prolific Scorers Data '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Archive : Brazil legend Pele retires from professional football BBC Sport. 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Kevin ( 30 October 2013 ) . `` Pelé honoured with two Guinness World Records achievements in London '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youngest winner of the football ( soccer ) FIFA World Cup '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Planet World Cup - Statistics - Players Planet World Cup . Retrieved 19 October 2015 ^ Jump up to : Dhar , Pulasta ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 1958 and 1962 : The story of Brazil and Pele begins ... '' First Post . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé statistics '' . m-qp-m.us . Jump up ^ `` Most career goals ( football ) '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Castano Graff , Emilio ; Orlando Duarte , Gregoriak . `` Pelé History '' . Soccer Europe . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biographies : Pelé Statistics '' . Soccer Europe . 2012 . Jump up ^ Brito , Ricardo . `` Campeonato Paulista 1957 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Ricardo ; Bovi Diogo , Julio ( 9 February 2009 ) . `` Brazil Cup 1959 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Ricardo ; Bovi Diogo , Julio ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Brazil Cup 1960 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Ricardo ; Bovi Diogo , Julio ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Brazil Cup 1963 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alsos , Jan . `` Legends -- Uwe Seeler '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins Seeler , Klose and Pele among the World Cup greats '' . Tribuna. 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afinal , quantos gols Pelé tem pela Seleção Brasileira ? '' ( in Portuguese ) . Esporte Interativo . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jogos e goals de Pelé pelo Santos '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Santos FC. 2012 . pp. 1 -- 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pelé '' ( in Portuguese ) . Santos Futebol Clube . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Bibliography Bar - On , Tamir ( 2014 ) . The World Through Soccer : The Cultural Impact of a Global Sport . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 307 . ISBN 1442234733 . Bellos , Alex ( 2003 ) . Futebol : The Brazilian Way of Life . Bloomsbury . p. 416 . ISBN 0747561796 . Blevins , David ( 2011 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 1291 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6130 - 5 . Darby , Paul ( 2002 ) . Africa , Football , and FIFA : Politics , Colonialism , and Resistance . Taylor & Francis . p. 236 . ISBN 0714649686 . Dunmore , Tom ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 338 . ISBN 0810873958 . Dunmore , Tom ( 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of the FIFA World Cup . Scarecrow Press . p. 406 . ISBN 0810887436 . Ebony ( 1963 ) . World 's Highest Paid Athlete : Brazilian Soccer Star Earns $150,000 A Year . Johnson Publishing Company . p. 120 . OCLC 1567306 . Freedman , Lew ( 2014 ) . Pelé : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 187 . ISBN 1440829810 . Marcus , Joe ( 1976 ) . The World of Pelé . Mason Charter Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 0884053660 . Pelé ( 2008 ) . Pelé : The Autobiography . Simon and Schuster . p. 368 . ISBN 1847394884 . Pelé ; Fish , Robert L. ( 1977 ) . My Life and the Beautiful Game : The Autobiography of Pelé . Doubleday Publishing . p. 371 . ISBN 0385121857 . Heizer , Teixeira ( 1997 ) . O jogo bruto das copas do mundo . Mauad Editora Ltda . p. 324 . ISBN 8585756527 . Magill , Frank Northen ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of World Biography : The 20th century , O-Z . Routledge . p. 4175 . ISBN 1579580483 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pelé . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pelé Official website Pelé -- FIFA competition record Pelé at National Soccer Hall of Fame Pelé : A Legend Looks Back -- slideshow by Life magazine List of Goals for Brazil Pelé on IMDb Details of Pelé 's international tours for Santos and Cosmos American Soccer History Archives -- click on a year and then scroll down to the bottom of the page to see friendly tournaments Play Soccer with Pele Pelé at Santos official website Pelé at International Football Hall of Fame Pelé at Planet World Cup Awards 1958 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Harry Gregg Defenders Djalma Santos Hilderaldo Bellini Nílton Santos Midfielders Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Forwards Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1970 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Defenders Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Midfielders Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Forwards Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho World Team of the 20th Century Goalkeeper Lev Yashin Defenders Carlos Alberto Franz Beckenbauer Bobby Moore Nílton Santos Midfielders Johan Cruijff / / Alfredo Di Stéfano Michel Platini Forwards Garrincha Diego Maradona Pelé FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA 100 UEFA Baggio Ballack Banks Baresi Van Basten Beckenbauer Beckham Bergkamp Bergomi Best Boniek Boniperti Breitner Buffon Butragueño Cantona Ceulemans Charlton Cruyff Dalglish Dasayev Davids Del Piero Desailly Deschamps Emre Eusébio Facchetti Figo Fontaine Gullit Hagi Henry Kahn Keane Keegan R. van de Kerkhof W. van de Kerkhof Klinsmann Kluivert Kopa B. Laudrup M. Laudrup Lineker Luis Enrique Maier Maldini Masopust Matthäus Müller Nedvěd Neeskens Nesta Van Nistelrooy Owen Papin Pfaff Pirès Platini Puskás Raúl Rensenbrink Rijkaard Rivera Rossi Rui Costa Rummenigge Rüştü Schmeichel Seedorf Seeler Shearer Shevchenko Stoichkov Šuker Thuram Totti Trésor Trezeguet Van der Elst Vieira Vieri Zidane Zoff CONMEBOL Carlos Alberto Batistuta Cafu Crespo Cubillas Di Stéfano Falcão Figueroa Francescoli Júnior Kempes Maradona Passarella Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Romero Ronaldinho Ronaldo Djalma Santos Nílton Santos Saviola Sívori Sócrates Valderrama Verón Zamorano Zanetti Zico CAF Diouf Milla Okocha Abedi Pelé Weah CONCACAF Akers Hamm Sánchez AFC Hong Nakata Brazilian Football Museum -- Hall of Fame Bebeto Carlos Alberto Torres Didi Djalma Santos Falcão Garrincha Gérson Gilmar Jairzinho Julinho Nílton Santos Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Ronaldinho Ronaldo Sócrates Taffarel Tostão Vavá Zagallo Zico Zizinho Honorable mentions : Domingos da Guia Leônidas South American Footballer of the Year El Mundo award 1971 : Tostão 1972 : Cubillas 1973 : Pelé 1974 : Figueroa 1975 : Figueroa 1976 : Figueroa 1977 : Zico 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Maradona 1980 : Maradona 1981 : Zico 1982 : Zico 1983 : Sócrates 1984 : Francescoli 1985 : Romero 1986 : Alzamendi El País award 1987 : Valderrama 1988 : Paz 1989 : Bebeto 1990 : Amarilla 1991 : Ruggeri 1992 : Raí 1993 : Valderrama 1994 : Cafu 1995 : Francescoli 1996 : Chilavert 1997 : Salas 1998 : Palermo 1999 : Saviola 2000 : Romário 2001 : Riquelme 2002 : Cardozo 2003 : Tevez 2004 : Tevez 2005 : Tevez 2006 : Fernández 2007 : Cabañas 2008 : Verón 2009 : Verón 2010 : D'Alessandro 2011 : Neymar 2012 : Neymar 2013 : Ronaldinho 2014 : Gutiérrez 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Borja 2017 : Luan Copa América top scorers 1916 : Gradín 1917 : Romano 1919 : Friedenreich & Neco 1920 : Pérez & Romano 1921 : Libonatti 1922 : Francia 1923 : Aguirre & Petrone 1924 : Petrone 1925 : Seoane 1926 : Arellano 1927 : Carricaberry & Luna & Figueroa & Petrone & Scarone 1929 : González 1935 : Masantonio 1937 : Toro 1939 : Fernández 1941 : Marvezzi 1942 : Masantonio & Moreno 1945 : Méndez & de Freitas 1946 : Medina 1947 : Falero 1949 : Jair 1953 : Molina 1955 : Micheli 1956 : Hormazábal 1957 : Maschio & Ambrois 1959 ( Argentina ) : Pelé 1959 ( Ecuador ) : Sanfilippo 1963 : Raffo 1967 : Artime 1975 : Luque & Díaz 1979 : Peredo & Morel 1983 : Burruchaga & Dinamite & Aguilera 1987 : Iguarán 1989 : Bebeto 1991 : Batistuta 1993 : Dolgetta 1995 : Batistuta & García 1997 : Hernández 1999 : Rivaldo & Ronaldo 2001 : Aristizábal 2004 : Adriano 2007 : Robinho 2011 : Guerrero 2015 : Guerrero & Vargas 2016 : Vargas CONMEBOL Copa América Player of the Tournament South American Nations Championship Player of the tournament 1916 : Gradín 1917 : Scarone 1919 : Friedenreich 1920 : Piendibene 1921 : Tesoriere 1922 : Fortes 1923 : Nasazzi 1924 : Petrone 1925 : Seoane 1926 : Andrade 1927 : Seoane 1929 : Ferreira 1935 : Nasazzi 1937 : Mata 1939 : Fernández 1941 : Livingstone 1942 : Varela 1945 : da Guia 1946 : Pedernera 1947 : Moreno 1949 : Ademir 1953 : Herrera 1955 : Hormazábal 1956 : Míguez 1957 : Sívori 1959 -- 1 : Pelé 1959 -- 2 : Silveira 1963 : Blacut 1967 : Rocha Copa América Player of the tournament 1975 : Cubillas 1979 : Caszely 1983 : Francescoli 1987 : Valderrama 1989 : Sosa 1991 : Rodríguez 1993 : Goycochea 1995 : Francescoli 1997 : Ronaldo 1999 : Rivaldo 2001 : Guevara 2004 : Adriano 2007 : Robinho 2011 : Suárez 2015 : Messi 2016 : Sánchez Copa Libertadores top scorers 1960 : Spencer 1961 : Panzutto 1962 : Coutinho , Raymondi & Spencer 1963 : Sanfilippo 1964 : Rodríguez 1965 : Pelé 1966 : Onega 1967 : Raffo 1968 : Tupãzinho 1969 : Ferrero 1970 : Bertocchi & Más 1971 : Artime & Castronovo 1972 : Cubillas , Ramírez , Rojas & Toninho Guerreiro 1973 : Caszely 1974 : Morena , Rocha & Terto 1975 : Morena & Ramírez 1976 : Palhinha 1977 : Scotta 1978 : La Rosa & Scotta 1979 : Miltão & Oré 1980 : Victorino 1981 : Zico 1982 : Morena 1983 : Luzardo 1984 : Tita 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : de Lima 1987 : Gareca 1988 : Iguarán 1989 : Aguilera & Amarilla 1990 : Samaniego 1991 : Gaúcho 1992 : Palhinha 1993 : Almada 1994 : Rivas 1995 : Jardel 1996 : de Ávila 1997 : Acosta 1998 : Sérgio João 1999 : Bonilla , Fernando Baiano , Gauchinho , Morán & Sosa 2000 : Luizão 2001 : Lopes 2002 : Rodrigo Mendes 2003 : M. Delgado & Ricardo Oliveira 2004 : Luís Fabiano 2005 : Salcedo 2006 : Aloísio , Borja , Calderón , A. Delgado , Ereros , Farías , Fernandão , Marcinho , Nilmar , Montenegro , Pavone , Quinteros , Urrutia & Washington 2007 : Cabañas 2008 : Cabañas & Moreno 2009 : Boselli 2010 : Thiago Ribeiro 2011 : Nanni & Wallyson 2012 : Alustiza & Neymar 2013 : Jô 2014 : Dos Santos & Olivera 2015 : Bou 2016 : Calleri 2017 : Sand Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award 2000 : Pelé 2001 : Steve Redgrave 2002 : Peter Blake 2003 : Gary Player 2004 : Arne Næss Jr . 2005 : No award 2006 : Johan Cruyff 2007 : Franz Beckenbauer 2008 : Sergey Bubka 2009 : No award 2010 : Nawal El Moutawakel 2011 : Zinedine Zidane 2012 : Bobby Charlton 2013 : Sebastian Coe 2014 : No award 2015 : No award 2016 : Niki Lauda 2017 : No award 2018 : Edwin Moses Members of the National Soccer Hall of Fame Players Agoos Akers Alberto Annis D. Armstrong Auld Bachmeier Bahr Balboa Barr Beardsworth Beckenbauer Bernabei Bogićević Bookie Borghi Boulos Brittan D. Brown G. Brown J. Brown Caligiuri Caraffi Carenza Chacurian Chastain Chesney Child Chinaglia Clavijo Colombo Coombes B. Craddock Danilo Davis Dick DiOrio Donelli Dooley Douglas Duggan Dunn Ely Fawcett Ferguson T. Fleming Florie Foudy Fricker Fryer Gaetjens Gallagher Gardassanich Gentle Getzinger Glover Gonsalves Gormley Govier Granitza Gryzik Hamm Harker Harkes Heinrichs Higgins Hynes Jaap Jennings - Gabarra Jones Keller Keough Kropfelder Kuntner Lalas Lang Lenarduzzi Lilly Looby Maca MacMillan Mausser B. McBride P. McBride McGhee Jo . McGuire McIlvenny McLaughlin McNab Meola Mieth Millar Monsen J. Moore J-M . Moore Moorhouse Morrison Murphy Murray Myernick Nanoski Nelson Nilsen Ntsoelengoe O'Brien Olaff A. Oliver L. Oliver Overbeck Pariani Patenaude Pelé Pérez Pope Preki Ramos Ratican Renzulli Reyna Roe Rote Roth Roy Ryan Salcedo Schaller Scurry Slone B. Smith E. Souza J. Souza Spalding Stark E. Stewart Swords Tintle Tracey Trost Vaughn Vermes Wallace Weir Willey B. Wilson P. Wilson Windischmann Wolanin Wood Wynalda Zerhusen Builders Abronzino Aimi Alonso Anderson Anschutz Ardizzone Arena J. Armstrong Barriskill Berling Best Booth Boxer B. Bradley G. Bradley Briggs Brock A. Brown Cahill Chyzowych Coll G. Collins P. Collins Commander Cordery R. Craddock E. Craggs G. Craggs Cummings Delach DeLuca DiCicco Donaghy Donnelly Dorrance Dresmich Duff Edwards Epperlein A. Ertegun N. Ertegun Fairfield Feibusch Fernley Ferro Fishwick Flamhaft H. Fleming P. Foulds S. Foulds D. Fowler M. Fowler Gansler Garber Garcia Giesler Gould Greer Guelker Guennel Healey Heilpern Hemmings Hermann Howard Hudson Hunt Iglehart Jeffrey Johnston Kabanica Kalloch Kehoe Kelly Kempton Klein Kleinaitis Koszma Kracher Kraft Kraus Lamm Larson Lewis Lombardo Long MacEwan Machnik Magnozzi Maher Manning Marre McClay McGrath Ja . McGuire McSkimming Merovich A. Miller M. Miller Mills Ja . Moore Morrissette Netto Newman Niotis Palmer Pearson Peel Peters Phillipson Piscopo Pomeroy Ramsden Reese Ringsdorf E. Robbie J. Robbie Ross Rottenberg Sagar Saunders Schellscheidt Schillinger Schmid Schroeder Schwarz Shields Single A. Smith P. Smith Spath Steelink Steinbrecher Stern Steuer D. Stewart Stone Toye Triner Walder Washauer Webb Weston Woods Woosnam Yeagley Young Zampini Preceded by Rod Laver BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 1970 Succeeded by Lee Trevino Brazil squads Brazil squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Castilho 2 Bellini ( c ) 3 Gilmar 4 Djalma Santos 5 Dino Sani 6 Didi 7 Zagallo 8 Oreco 9 Zózimo 10 Pelé 11 Garrincha 12 Nílton Santos 13 Moacir 14 De Sordi 15 Orlando 16 Mauro 17 Joel 18 Mazzola 19 Zito 20 Vavá 21 Dida 22 Pepe Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1959 South American Championship ( Argentina ) Runners - up 1 Castilho 2 Gilmar 3 Bellini 4 Coronel 5 Djalma Santos 6 Nílton Santos 7 Orlando 8 Paulinho 9 Chinesinho 10 Didi 11 Dino Sani 12 Dorval 13 Esteves 14 Formiga 15 Zito 16 Almir Pernambuquinho 17 Garrincha 18 Henrique 19 Mauro 20 Paulo Valentim 21 Pelé 22 Zagallo Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Mauro ( c ) 4 Zito 5 Zózimo 6 Nílton Santos 7 Garrincha 8 Didi 9 Coutinho 10 Pelé 11 Pepe 12 Jair Marinho 13 Bellini 14 Jurandir 15 Altair 16 Zequinha 17 Mengálvio 18 Jair 19 Vavá 20 Amarildo 21 Zagallo 22 Castilho Coach : Moreira Brazil squad -- 1964 Taça das Nações Runners - up Aírton Beleza Brito Carlinhos Carlos Alberto Gérson Gilmar Jairzinho Joel Julinho Pelé Rildo Rinaldo Roberto Dias Vavá Zagallo Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Fidélis 4 Bellini ( c ) 5 Brito 6 Altair 7 Orlando 8 Paulo Henrique 9 Rildo 10 Pelé 11 Gérson 12 Manga 13 Denílson 14 Lima 15 Zito 16 Garrincha 17 Jairzinho 18 Alcindo 19 Silva 20 Tostão 21 Paraná 22 Edu Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Félix 2 Brito 3 Piazza 4 Carlos Alberto ( c ) 5 Clodoaldo 6 Marco Antônio 7 Jairzinho 8 Gérson 9 Tostão 10 Pelé 11 Rivellino 12 Ado 13 Roberto 14 Baldocchi 15 Fontana 16 Everaldo 17 Joel 18 Paulo Cézar Caju 19 Edu 20 Dario 21 Zé Maria 22 Leão Coach : Zagallo New York Cosmos Brooklyn , New York The Club Original club ( 1970 -- 85 ) Modern club ( 2010 -- present ) Historical team Seasons Players ( all - stars ) List of all honors and achievements Stadiums Yankee Stadium Shuart Stadium Downing Stadium Giants Stadium Belson Stadium MCU Park New York Cosmos Stadium ( proposed ) Affiliated clubs New York Cosmos B NPSL Culture Kits Trans - Atlantic Challenge Cup Once in a Lifetime Cosmos Copa Retired numbers 9 10 Key personnel Chairman Rocco B. Commisso Head coach vacant Division 1 major honors ( 12 ) League championships ( 5 ) 1972 1977 1978 1980 1982 League regular seasons ( 7 ) 1972 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Division 2 major honors ( 3 ) League championships ( 3 ) 2013 2015 2016 League regular seasons ( 3 ) 2013 2015 2016 Seasons ( 19 ) NASL ( 1968 -- 84 ) 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 NASL ( 2011 -- ) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 BIBSYS : 37271 BNE : XX1064135 BNF : cb11918951c ( data ) GND : 118592505 ISNI : 0000 0001 2026 6189 LCCN : n80145774 LNB : 000055570 MusicBrainz : 736ce674 - b38c - 4c81 - bdee - 4c586a01f9cc NDL : 00451005 NKC : jo20000080752 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ LO1V \ 023801 SELIBR : 195819 SUDOC : 027659593 VIAF : 59087501 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pelé&oldid = 854609825 '' Categories : Pelé 1940 births Living people African - Brazilian sportspeople 1958 FIFA World Cup players 1962 FIFA World Cup players 1966 FIFA World Cup players 1970 FIFA World Cup players Association football forwards Brazil international footballers Brazilian expatriate footballers Brazilian expatriates in the United States Brazilian footballers Brazilian non-fiction writers Afro - Brazilian people Brazilian Roman Catholics Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Expatriate soccer players in the United States FIFA 100 FIFA World Cup - winning players Football players and officials awarded knighthoods Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Laureus World Sports Awards winners National Soccer Hall of Fame members New York Cosmos players North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) players Sportspeople from Minas Gerais Santos Futebol Clube players South American Footballer of the Year winners Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description Good articles Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did pele win his last world cup	[ "Pelé began playing for Santos at age 15 and the Brazil national team at 16. During his international career, he won three FIFA World Cups: 1958, 1962 and 1970, being the only player ever to do so. Pelé is the all-time leading goalscorer for Brazil with 77 goals in 92 games. At club level he is the record goalscorer for Santos, and led them to the 1962 and 1963 Copa Libertadores. Pelé's \"electrifying play and penchant for spectacular goals\" made him a star around the world, and his teams toured internationally in order to take full advantage of his popularity. Since retiring in 1977, Pelé has been a worldwide ambassador for football and has made many acting and commercial ventures. In 2010, he was named the Honorary President of the New York Cosmos.\n" ]	[ "1970" ]
6727514737642534557	Sons of Anarchy (season 5)	Sons of Anarchy ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Sons of Anarchy ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Sons of Anarchy ( season 5 ) Season 5 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network FX Original release September 11 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) -- December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Sons of Anarchy episodes The fifth season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close - knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show centers on protagonist Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( Charlie Hunnam ) , first shown as vice president then as president of the club , who begins questioning the club and himself . Season Five premiered on September 11 , 2012 on cable network FX . The premiere ( `` Sovereign '' ) , directed by series executive producer and principal director Paris Barclay and written by series creator and executive producer Kurt Sutter , was one of the highest - rated telecasts in FX 's history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest cast 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest stars 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Home media release 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sons of Anarchy characters Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller - Morrow family of Charming , California , as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original ( SAMCRO ) , their families , various Charming townspeople , allied and rival gangs , associates , and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO 's legal and illegal enterprises . Main cast ( edit ) Charlie Hunnam as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( 13 episodes ) Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow ( 13 episodes ) Mark Boone Junior as Robert `` Bobby Elvis '' Munson ( 13 episodes ) Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser ( 9 episodes ) Kim Coates as Alex `` Tig '' Trager ( 13 episodes ) Tommy Flanagan as Filip `` Chibs '' Telford ( 13 episodes ) Ryan Hurst as Harry `` Opie '' Winston ( 4 episodes ) Theo Rossi as Juan - Carlos `` Juice '' Ortiz ( 13 episodes ) Maggie Siff as Tara Knowles - Teller ( 13 episodes ) Ron Perlman as Clarence `` Clay '' Morrow ( 13 episodes ) Special guest cast ( edit ) Jimmy Smits as Nero Padilla ( 12 episodes ) Rockmond Dunbar as Lieutenant Eli Roosevelt ( 8 episodes ) Harold Perrineau as Damon Pope ( 8 episodes ) Benito Martinez as Luis Torres ( 7 episodes ) Danny Trejo as Romero `` Romeo '' Parada ( 6 episodes ) Drea de Matteo as Wendy Case ( 4 episodes ) Donal Logue as Lee Toric ( 3 episodes ) Walton Goggins as Venus Van Dam ( `` Orca Shrugged '' ) Sonny Barger as Lenny `` The Pimp '' Janowitz ( `` Crucifixed '' ) Recurring cast ( edit ) David LaBrava as Happy Lowman ( 13 episodes ) Christopher Douglas Reed as Philip `` Filthy Phil '' Russell ( 12 episodes ) Chuck Zito as Frankie Diamonds ( 8 episodes ) Michael Marisi Ornstein as Chuck Marstein ( 8 episodes ) Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston ( 7 episodes ) Chris Browning as GoGo ( 6 episodes ) Kurt Yaeger as Greg `` The Peg '' ( 6 episodes ) Wanda De Jesus as Carla ( 5 episodes ) Niko Nicotera as George `` Rat Boy '' Skogstorm ( 5 episodes ) Billy Brown as August Marks ( 5 episodes ) Reynaldo Gallegos as Fiasco ( 5 episodes ) McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy ( 5 episodes ) Kurt Sutter as `` Big '' Otto Delaney ( 4 uncredited ) Robin Weigert as Ally Lowen ( 4 episodes ) Walter Wong as Chris `` V - Lin '' Von Lin ( 3 episodes ) Merle Dandridge as Rita Roosevelt ( 2 episodes ) Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale , Jr. ( 2 episodes ) Timothy V. Murphy as Galen O'Shay ( 2 episodes ) Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin ( 2 episodes ) Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez ( 2 episodes ) Kristen Renton as Ima ( `` Authority Vested '' ) Michael Beach as T.O. Cross ( `` Crucifixed '' ) Guest stars ( edit ) Rachel Miner as Dawn Trager ( 2 episodes ) Ashley Tisdale as Emma Jean ( 2 episodes ) Joel McHale as Warren ( 2 episodes ) Dave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona ( 2 episodes ) Mo McRae as Tyler Yost ( 2 episodes + 1 as co-star ) Marshall Allman as Devin Price ( `` Orca Shrugged '' ) Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman ( `` J'ai Obtenu Cette '' ) Production ( edit ) Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California 's Central Valley , it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood . Main sets located there include the clubhouse , St. Thomas Hospital , and Jax 's house . The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station . External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga . On his Sons of Anarchy YouTube channel Sutterinksoa , Kurt Sutter has stated that he began writing scripts for season 5 , episodes one and two as early as March 1 , 2012 . It was also announced that Chuck Zito would be joining the Sons cast as a Nomad traveling through Charming . Another announced cast addition for season five is Jimmy Smits . Smits , known for his work in L.A. Law , NYPD Blue , The West Wing and Dexter , will play an escort service owner and former Latino gang member who becomes a mentor to Jax . Harold Perrineau joined the cast in May as the villain Damon Pope . With Dave Erickson 's departure , Kurt Sutter remains the only writer to have been writing the series since the first season . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Sons of Anarchy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 54 `` Sovereign '' Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) 5WAB01 5.37 Jax 's sovereignty has a shaky start after the Niners attack one of SAMCRO 's gun shipments . Gemma makes a new ally during a night of drinking . An irritated Tara has trouble ascending to her role as queen and mother . Clay attempts to get back into the club 's good graces by revealing part of the truth about Piney 's death . Damon Pope and his crew exact appalling revenge on Tig . Opie rebuffs Jax 's offer to sit at the table . A series of home invasions rocks Charming , particularly an unsuspecting Unser . 55 `` Authority Vested '' Peter Weller Regina Corrado September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) 5WAB02 4.17 Jax and Chibs hide out at Nero 's brothel , while planning their next move . Tig and the club scour Oakland for Fawn . Clay makes a move that surprises Bobby and Opie . In the midst of chaos , Jax and Tara have a quick wedding ceremony . Nero begins to develop an alliance with Jax and a relationship with Gemma . 56 `` Laying Pipe '' Adam Arkin Kem Nunn & Liz Sagal & Kurt Sutter September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 5WAB03 3.80 As Jax , Chibs , Tig , and Opie struggle to stay alive during their jail time in County , Bobby learns from Luis that the cartel is looking to secure a backup plan . Gemma turns to an unlikely source as Tara continues to maneuver Thomas and Abel away from her . Meanwhile , Clay uses Nero 's escort service to get a rise out of Gemma . Damon Pope gives Jax his terms and conditions , which could effectively change the entire dynamic of SAMCRO . 57 `` Stolen Huffy '' Paris Barclay Chris Collins October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 5WAB04 4.60 The police raid of Nero 's brothel leaves Nero and Carla without an office space . Meanwhile , Jax and Chibs try to protect the escort the Biz Lats believe is responsible . Wendy tries to come to honest terms with Tara , while Gemma makes a move to get Tara back on her side . Jax sees an opportunity to pull the club in a new direction . Opie 's wake is held , with all of SAMCRO in attendance . 58 5 `` Orca Shrugged '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Regina Corrado & Kurt Sutter October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 5WAB05 4.34 The club votes on getting into the companion business with Nero . Meanwhile , Jax begins to build bridges by getting Jacob Hale 's Charming Heights development back on track . The Gallindo / Irish Kings meeting finally happens . Gemma confronts her son over her relationship with Nero . Roosevelt 's wife is accidentally shot when she is pushed to the floor during a home invasion . A transsexual hooker does a favour for SAMCRO . 59 6 `` Small World '' Adam Arkin Roberto Patino October 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 5WAB06 4.03 Damon Pope gives Jax an offer to mule more drugs , bringing the Niners , Lin 's Triad , and the Mayans together in an uneasy pact . As Roosevelt waits for the DNA under Rita 's fingernails to be identified , he swears revenge on SAMCRO if they are found guilty . Gemma is forced to ask for Clay 's help after Carla ends her relationship with Nero in a bloody manner . Jax learns the identity of the County Jail officer who led Opie to his death . Unser comes to a realization about his relationship with Gemma . Tara tries to convince Otto to reverse his testimony against the club . Clay endures another setback . 60 7 `` Toad 's Wild Ride '' Peter Weller Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 5WAB07 4.30 As Jax and the club begin to connect the dots on the series of home invasions , the Nomads scramble to get out of Charming before they are found out . Meanwhile , Jax is forced to clean up one of his mother 's messes . Clay uses Juice and Unser to tie up some loose ends . Jax 's trust in Pope is further strained when two black gang members attack him and Chibs . Tara gives Gemma one more chance to be in her children 's lives , which ends in tragedy when Gemma has a car accident while driving with the children . 61 8 `` Ablation '' Karen Gaviola Mike Daniels October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 5WAB08 4.58 In the aftermath of Gemma 's car accident , Clay and Nero have different approaches to helping her out of trouble with Jax and Tara : Clay lies to Jax about the accident , while Nero advises Gemma to tell the truth . The Sons try to find out who was behind the attack on Jax and Chibs . They find Frankie , who confesses Clay was behind it , but he escapes at gunpoint with Nero 's money . Nero gets Jax 's permission to get back together with Gemma . Clay pressures Juice , who finally fills him in on all the secrets he 's been hiding from the club . In return , Clay tells him about his involvement with the Nomad 's attacks . Jax discovers Gemma was under the influence of pot while driving , and Tara banishes her after striking her . Meanwhile , Roosevelt promises to tell Jax the name of the rat who has been informing on them for the RICO case , in exchange for Frankie Diamonds . Jax devises a plan to trap Clay , which includes manipulating Gemma , who 's Clay 's weakness , and Jax tells Gemma if she wants back in the family 's good graces , she has to get close to Clay and learn his dirty secrets . 62 9 `` Andare Pescare '' Billy Gierhart Liz Sagal & Kurt Sutter November 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) 5WAB09 3.96 Jax and the club go on the hunt for Frankie Diamonds , while Clay and Juice follow up on their own lead in a race to get to him first . Clay and Juice discover Frankie has sought the protection of his old Mafia allies . The club votes on Frankie 's expulsion and execution , but Jax tells Bobby they ca n't kill Frankie and explains the deal with Roosevelt . During the trip to find Frankie , Clay manipulates Juice into going after Frankie on their own . Nero takes Gemma to meet his disabled son . Clay and Juice find Frankie first , but Jax arrives before Clay can kill him . However , the Mafia kills Frankie when they see he killed the Mafioso assigned to guard him . Gemma and Nero share a tender moment as he buries his half - sister Carla . Tara gets more than she bargained for when she makes a second attempt to get Otto to recant his RICO statement . After obtaining Tara 's reassurances about Jax 's offer , Gemma takes the first step toward getting close to Clay . Jax shows Roosevelt Frankie 's corpse , and in exchange he gets confirmation about the Son who talked to the police . The episode ends with Jax following Juice . 63 10 `` Crucifixed '' Guy Ferland Kem Nunn November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 5WAB10 4.58 After confronting Juice about his betrayal of the club , Jax offers him a path to redemption . Avenging Opie 's death proves difficult when one of the perpetrators turns up under the protection of the Grim Bastards , leading to a disagreement between Jax and Bobby . As Gemma attempts to get closer to Clay , Tara performs one last favour for Otto -- with bloody results . 64 11 `` To Thine Own Self '' Paris Barclay Mike Daniels & John Barcheski & Kurt Sutter November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 5WAB11 4.23 Jax scrambles to put his affairs in order , while Nero handles business with his old crew . 65 12 `` Darthy '' Peter Weller Chris Collins & Kurt Sutter November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 5WAB12 4.25 Jax makes arrangements to take the club in a different direction . The Irish kidnap Wendy , and Nero gives Jax the $450,000 required to get her back . Jax shoots up Wendy with a speedball , in an attempt to stop her from pursuing custody of Abel . 66 13 `` J'ai Obtenu Cette '' Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 5WAB13 4.66 Clay and Juice are packing Clay 's house , preparatory to Clay 's move to Ireland . Jax strikes a new deal while ridding himself of old problems . Jax and Tig kill Pope and frame Clay for the murder with the help of Juice and Gemma . After killing Pope , Jax keeps his dealings going with Pope 's second in command , August Marks . Bobby figures out what Jax has done and confronts him , then later on leaves his V.P. patch on the table . Tara is arrested for conspiracy to commit murder . Gemma arrives at Jax 's house to console Jax . Reception ( edit ) Season five received favourable reviews and has a rating of 72 on the review aggregator site Metacritic . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the series by calling it a `` richly detailed portrait of self - righteous villainy '' . Home media release ( edit ) The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 27 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2012 : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Panel Announces Premiere Date , Talks Prequel '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. 2012 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Season 5 Premiere Hits Series High , To Become FX 's No. 1 Telecast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Creator Kurt Sutter Talks Season 5 , Says Chuck Zito Will Appear on FX Drama '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Neuenschwander , Andy ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy Season 5 casts Dexter alum Jimmy Smits '' . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Blake Dew ( 2012 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Harold Perrineau o Join ' ' Sons lf Anarchy ' ' '' . Wegotthiscovered.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Rides to First Place & Series High , + ' Teen Mom ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Time Machine ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Counting Cars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Rides to Victory + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Brickleberry ' , ' Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Brickleberry ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Shipping Wars ' , ' Teen Mom Farewell ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night + ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' , ' Keyshia & Daniel ' , MLB , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Soul Man ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' & Presidential Debate Win Night , Baseball , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' & Basketball Win Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : CNN Election Coverage Dominates Night + ' Sons of Anarchy ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' The Colbert Report ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Tattoo Nightmares ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Doomsday Preppers ' & More & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarachy ' Rides Highest Again + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Finale and ' Ink Master ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Brickleberry ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , + ' Storage Wars ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Ink Masters ' , ' 25 Days of Christmas ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy ( Season 5 ) '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy - Date and Cost Confirmed for Season 5 DVDs , Blu - rays ; Extras Revealed '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy at FXNetworks.com Sons of Anarchy on IMDb Sons of Anarchy at TV.com ( hide ) Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes `` Pilot '' Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Opie Winston Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Anarchy_(season_5)&oldid=843195489 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 15 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	guest stars on sons of anarchy season 5	[ "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n", "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n", "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n", "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n", "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n", "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n", "\nRachel Miner as Dawn Trager (2 episodes)\nAshley Tisdale as Emma Jean (2 episodes)\nJoel McHale as Warren (2 episodes)\nDave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona (2 episodes)\nMo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes + 1 as co-star)\nMarshall Allman as Devin Price (\"Orca Shrugged\")\nOlivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (\"J'ai Obtenu Cette\")\n" ]	[ "Rachel Miner", "Ashley Tisdale", "Joel McHale", "Dave Navarro", "Mo McRae", "Marshall Allman", "Olivia Burnette" ]
176217055056135533	Hannah Montana	Hannah Montana - wikipedia Hannah Montana Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Disney Channel series . For its title character , see Miley Stewart . For other uses , see Hannah Montana ( disambiguation ) . Hannah Montana Genre Teen sitcom Musical comedy Created by Michael Poryes Rich Correll Barry O'Brien Starring Miley Cyrus Emily Osment Mitchel Musso Jason Earles Billy Ray Cyrus Moisés Arias Opening theme `` The Best of Both Worlds '' by Miley Cyrus Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 98 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven Peterman Michael Poryes Camera setup Videotape ( multi-camera ) Filmlook ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Filmized ( season 4 ) Running time 23 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Michael Poryes Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format SDTV NTSC ( 480i ) PAL ( 576i ) ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) HDTV ( 720p ) ( U.S. ) 1080i ( international ) ( season 4 ) Original release March 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 24 ) -- January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) External links Official website disneychannel.disney.com/hannah-montana Hannah Montana , also known as Hannah Montana Forever in its fourth and final season , is an American musical comedy television series created by Michael Poryes , Rich Correll , and Barry O'Brien . It focuses on Miley Stewart ( portrayed by Miley Cyrus ) , who is a teenager living a double life as an average schoolgirl by day and as the famous recording artist Hannah Montana by night . The story follows the daily life of Stewart , her brother , and her friends while also starring Cyrus 's country singer father Billy Ray Cyrus as her dad . The series , produced by It 's a Laugh Productions and Michael Poryes Productions , premiered on Disney Channel on March 24 , 2006 and concluded on January 16 , 2011 after having aired four seasons and ninety - eight episodes . The soundtrack albums Hannah Montana ( 2006 ) , Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , Hannah Montana 3 ( 2009 ) , and Hannah Montana Forever ( 2010 ) were released to coincide with their respective seasons . In 2007 , the success of the series led to the Best of Both Worlds Tour , which visited North America . The following year , it was adapted into the 3D film Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert and its accompanying soundtrack . In 2009 , the first feature film of the series , titled Hannah Montana : The Movie was released to commercial success , and was additionally promoted through its accompanying soundtrack . All seasons of the show have been distributed on DVD . The series received generally favorable reviews from critics , and has been recognized as a `` guilty pleasure '' by several media outlets . The show 's instant success is widely credited with the launch of Cyrus 's career and her establishment as a teen idol . However , as she continued to develop an increasingly provocative image as the series progressed , the series has received criticism for appearing to be a negative influence on its younger audience . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 4 Production 4.1 Opening sequence 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 6 Criticism 6.1 Cyrus 's public image 6.2 Lawsuits 7 Broadcast 8 Distribution 9 Films 9.1 Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert 9.2 Hannah Montana : The Movie 10 Discography 11 Awards and accolades 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Storylines Lilly Truscott ( Emily Osment , left ) and Oliver Oken ( Mitchel Musso , right ) portrayed Stewart 's best friends throughout the series . In its series premiere , Hannah Montana who is first introduced as Miley Stewart , lives a double life as an average schoolgirl by day and a famous recording artist Hannah Montana by night . Her father Robby Stewart is a successful country music singer under the stage name Robbie Ray , and raises Miley and her brother Jackson Stewart as a single father in Malibu , California after their mother Susan died . Miley 's best friend Lilly Truscott discovered her secret while attending a Hannah Montana concert . Later in the first season , Miley herself revealed her secret to their close friend Oliver Oken with the intention of ending his romantic interest in Hannah Montana . Lilly and Oliver assumed the aliases Lola Luftnagle and Mike Standley III when appearing with Hannah in order to protect Miley 's secret . Meanwhile , Jackson is employed at Rico 's Surf Shop , where his child - aged boss Rico Suave often assigns him to complete embarrassing tasks . Miley , Lilly , and Oliver begin high school in the second season . Rico , who begins high school after skipping several grades , nearly discovers Miley 's secret on several occasions . Later in the season , Miley admits to Jake Ryan , whom she initially disliked and later dated in the second season season , that she is Hannah Montana . However , their briefly rekindled relationship ends after he struggles to adopt a normal , non-celebrity lifestyle , which Miley is concerned she will lose as a result of dating the actor . While Miley is off shooting a movie ( a parody of Indiana Jones ) , Lilly and Oliver begin dating in the third season . Though Miley initially feels uncomfortable with the changed dynamic of their friendship , she often helps the pair reconcile after arguing with one another . Miley herself begins dating Jake again , but develops feelings for her bandmate Jesse . Jackson moves into his own apartment while attending college , while Lilly moves in with the Stewart family after her mother finds work in Atlanta , Georgia . In the two - part season finale , Robby buys a ranch in Malibu to bring Miley 's horse Blue Jeans from Tennessee , while Jackson leaves his apartment and returns home . Oliver also embarks on a tour with the band that lived above Jackson 's former apartment . In the fourth season , the Stewart family moves into their new ranch , and Miley finds out that Jake was cheating on her , from Oliver who has a photo of Jake nibbling another girl 's ear . She breaks up with him and soon starts to date Jesse . He admits that he discovered her secret by paying attention to her actions , and it begins to inconvenience her friends and family . After much deliberation , Miley reveals to Jay Leno 's television audience that she is Hannah Montana . Afterwards , Miley and Lilly graduate high school , with arrangements to attend college . In the series finale , Miley and Lilly prepare to go to college , yet another movie offer comes up . Miley tries to make Lilly reject her , only to fail multiple times . She convinces Lilly to come with her to Paris ( where the movie is shooting ) , however at the airport , Lilly decides not to go , but to return to college ( this is due to Oliver convincing Lilly that Miley will get another movie role next year ) . Miley continues to Paris , only to come back , joining Lilly in Stanford . Jesse and Oliver guest star in that episode and a Montage of pictures play at the end of the episode . Episodes Main article : List of Hannah Montana episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 March 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 24 ) March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) 29 April 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 23 ) October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) 30 November 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ) March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 13 July 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 11 ) January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) Films February 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) ( theatrical ) April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) ( theatrical ) Note Jump up ^ A 30th episode , titled `` No Sugar , Sugar '' , was produced , but never aired in the United States . The first season of Hannah Montana commenced airing on March 24 , 2006 and concluded on March 30 , 2007 after broadcasting 26 episodes . An additional episode , titled `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' , served as a crossover episode with That 's So Raven and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , and was broadcast on July 28 , 2006 . The second season had 29 episodes , and aired from April 23 , 2007 until October 12 , 2008 . An additional episode , titled `` No Sugar , Sugar '' , was filmed but was not broadcast in the United States after parental complaints alleged that the episode provided inaccurate information regarding diabetes . The third season of Hannah Montana premiered on November 2 , 2008 and concluded on March 14 , 2010 after broadcasting 30 episodes . Its twentieth episode aired on July 17 , 2009 and served as the third and final installment of the `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' crossover episode ; the first was considered an episode of the second season of Wizards of Waverly Place , while the second was produced as an installment of the first season of The Suite Life on Deck . Furthermore , the season was interrupted with the premiere of Hannah Montana : The Movie , which was released on April 10 , 2009 . The fourth and final season of Hannah Montana was renamed Hannah Montana Forever , and premiered on July 11 , 2010 . After broadcasting 13 episodes that season , and 98 episodes across all four , the series finale aired on January 16 , 2011 . Cast and characters See also : List of Hannah Montana characters and List of Hannah Montana main characters Miley Cyrus ( pictured ) served as the series ' central focus during its four - season run . Throughout its run , the series was led by five ( seasons 1 and 4 ) and six ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) primary characters . Its original main characters are Miley Stewart ( portrayed by Miley Cyrus ) , Lilly Truscott ( Emily Osment ) , Oliver Oken ( Mitchel Musso ) , Jackson Stewart ( Jason Earles ) , and Robby Stewart ( Billy Ray Cyrus ) . In the second season , Rico Suave ( Moisés Arias ) , who originally appeared in a supporting capacity during the first season , was integrated into the primary cast . During the fourth and final season , Oken became a supporting character due to Musso 's involvement on the television series Pair of Kings , which aired on the sister station Disney XD . The aforementioned character 's storylines were largely developed by supporting cast members . Susan Stewart ( Brooke Shields ) is shown as Miley and Jackson 's deceased mother in flashback scenes , while Aunt Dolly ( Dolly Parton ) is portrayed as Miley 's godmother ( Parton is Cyrus 's real - life godmother ) . Jake Ryan ( Cody Linley ) was depicted as an actor for the popular television series Zombie High . He briefly attended Seaview Middle School with Stewart , Truscott , and Oken , and engaged in an on - again / off - again relationship with Stewart in several points during Hannah Montana . Roxy Roker ( Frances Callier ) was close friends with the Stewart family , and additionally served as their bodyguard during public appearances . Amber Addison ( Shanica Knowles ) and Ashley Dewitt ( Anna Maria Perez de Tagle ) are shown as stereotypical school divas , and are notably the rivals of Stewart and Truscott . Jesse ( Drew Roy ) is introduced as one of Miley 's later love interests . Production Michael Poryes , who is credited as co-creator , also co-created the hit Disney Channel Original Series That 's So Raven . The show is produced by It 's a Laugh Productions , Inc. and Michael Poryes Productions , in association with Disney Channel Original Productions . It is filmed at Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood , California . The original idea for this show was based on the That 's So Raven episode `` Goin ' Hollywood '' , which served as the backdoor pilot for a sitcom tentatively called Better Days to star Alyson Stoner , in which a child star of a popular TV show of the same name was to try her hand at going to a normal school . The episode `` New Kid in School '' has the basic premise as that aforementioned episode . As the show 's concept was further developed , among those considered for the lead role of ' Chloe Stewart ' were former American Juniors finalist Jordan McCoy , future Gossip Girl actress Taylor Momsen and pop and R&B singer JoJo ( who rejected the role ) . Miley Cyrus originally auditioned for the role of the `` best friend '' Lilly Truscott , but they thought she would be better for the main character , so she tried out for Chloe Stewart / Hannah Montana . Chloe Stewart was later changed to Miley Stewart when Cyrus got the part . The names of Hannah Montana were changed a few times . One of the previous names was Alexis Texas . In December 2006 , Disney announced plans to release Hannah Montana products , including clothing , jewelry , apparel , and dolls , at selected stores . Play Along Toys released the Hannah Montana fashion dolls , singing dolls , Miley Stewart doll , and other merchandise in August 2007 . More Hannah dolls were released in November , along with Oliver , Lilly , and later Jake Ryan dolls . They became one of the most popular Christmas toys in 2007 . According to the Daily Dispatch , the TV series held a global audience of 200 million viewers in 2008 . `` If Miley 's viewers were a country , they would be the fifth largest population in the world -- just ahead of Brazil . '' By February 2008 , the Hannah Montana franchise had become so important that Disney convened an `` 80 - person , all - platform international meeting to discuss Hannah Montana 's future '' . All Disney business segments were represented at the meeting . Opening sequence The theme song for Hannah Montana is `` The Best of Both Worlds '' written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil , produced by Gerrard and performed by Miley Cyrus ( as Hannah Montana ) . John Carta , who also composed the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks for the first season , composed the music for the song . The song 's lyrics describe the basic premise of the television series . The full - length version of the song , which is 2 minutes , 54 seconds in length , was included on the show 's soundtrack , released in October 2006 . For the TV version of the theme , which lasts only 50 seconds , only the first two stanzas and the last two were used . `` Just Like You '' and `` The Other Side of Me '' were originally tested for the opening theme song , before `` Best of Both Worlds '' was chosen as the theme . The opening sequence for the first two seasons features episode clips of each cast member when their name appears . Each cast member 's name is `` wiped '' on the screen in a marquee - light - style . The sequence then switches to full - screen episode clips ( most of the clips used in the Season One version of the sequence were of the early produced episodes ) with the creator 's names appearing in the second - to - last clip . The show 's title logo design appears at the beginning and end of the sequence ( the latter portion on the `` concert stage '' features Cyrus as her character Hannah Montana ) . The only change to the sequence for season two were the replacement of episode clips and the addition of the Disney logo above the show 's title logo . For season three , a new version of the opening credits was used . It features Miley as herself and Hannah Montana in a Times Square - like setting . The names of the actors and actresses and clips from the show appear in a sort - of marquee board and it features Hannah Montana with her new wig and clothes style . The song playing is a remixed version of `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , that was originally recorded for ( and heard in ) Hannah Montana : The Movie . This marked the first time that a Disney Channel series has completely revamped its opening title sequence . The sequence was reformatted for high definition and slightly altered for season four , with the credit typing changed , the addition of the `` Forever '' wording in the main title logo , the removal of Mitchel Musso from the credit sequence and the inclusion of clips from season four episodes . Reception US television ratings The series premiere of Hannah Montana garnered 5.4 million views , giving the Disney Channel the highest ratings in its history . The series ' most - viewed episode , `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' aired on August 17 , 2007 , to an audience of 10.7 million . In doing so , it also became the most - viewed episode on basic cable . Ratings table Season Network Timeslot Season premiere Season finale Episode # Viewers ( in millions ) Most watched episode Premiere date Viewers ( million ) Finale date Viewers ( million ) Title Viewers ( millions ) Season 1 Disney Channel Fridays , 8 / 7c March 24 , 2006 5.4 March 30 , 2007 4.8 26 4.04 `` On the Road Again ? '' 7.1 Season 2 Saturdays , 8 / 7c Fridays , 8 / 7c ( episodes 17 -- 20 ) Sundays , 8 / 7c ( episodes 21 -- 29 ) April 23 , 2007 3.5 October 12 , 2008 4.4 29 4.74 `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' 10.7 Season 3 Sundays , 8 / 7c Sunday , 7 : 30 / 6 : 30c ( season finale both parts ) November 2 , 2008 5.5 March 14 , 2010 7.6 30 4.75 `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' 9.3 Season 4 Sundays , 8 / 7c July 11 , 2010 5.7 January 16 , 2011 6.2 13 5.05 `` I 'll Always Remember You '' 7.1 Criticism Cyrus 's public image `` When Walt Disney was running the company , it would have been unthinkable that a former Disney star would go this route . I ca n't imagine any parent , knowing what Miley 's current stage persona is , letting their child get too attached to the Hannah Montana character . So for that reason , Disney may find themselves forced to retire the character all together . '' Melissa Henson of the Parents Television Council discussing the connection between the series and Cyrus 's continued career . As Cyrus continued to develop an increasingly provocative image as Hannah Montana progressed , the series has received criticism for appearing to be a negative influence on its younger audience . In 2010 and 2011 , she was recognized as the worst celebrity influence by JSYK , an AOL - owned service , presumably considering a series of sexually - inappropriate pictures and leaked footage of Cyrus smoking Salvia divinorum . In contrast , Cyrus 's friend Kelly Osbourne described that such reports `` could not be farther from the truth '' , adding that `` she has learned her lesson '' after her Salvia divinorum incident . In 2012 , Joe Paul Wilson from the Culture and Media Institute criticized her for `` ( becoming ) the epitome of the anti-role model for young girls '' after establishing a following through her `` wholesome '' persona as Hannah Montana . Writing for the New York Post , Naomi Schaefer Riley noted that Cyrus `` duped '' the series ' audience after assuming an increasingly provocative public image , posing as an `` inherent danger '' for younger children . After a controversial performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , Hollie McKay of Fox News felt that parents would no longer feel comfortable allowing their children to watch Hannah Montana `` knowing what Miley 's current stage persona is '' , and further suggested that Disney would be forced to discontinue the franchise in light of the criticism . Cyrus herself had previously stated her displeasure in not being able to `` erase that stuff ( Hannah Montana ) and start over '' , and acknowledged her attempts to `` start as a new artist '' with her fourth studio album and first record unaffiliated with Disney , Bangerz ( 2013 ) . Lawsuits Buddy Sheffield alleged that he pitched the concept for a television series titled Rock and Roland to the Disney Channel in 2001 . The program would have focused on a junior high school student who led a secret double life as a rock star , though the network passed on the proposal . However , after Hannah Montana became a successful franchise , Sheffield filed a lawsuit against the Disney Channel in August 2007 , commenting that he was owed `` millions of dollars '' in damages . In April 2010 , series co-creators Rich Correll and Barry O'Brien filed a lawsuit against the Disney Channel for $5 million over profits from the program . They claimed that they were denied their share of profits and pre-negotiated percentage - based bonuses based on their backend deals and Writers Guild of America , West requirements for writers who receive `` created by '' credits . Correll , who also directed a number of episodes , further alleged that he was unfairly terminated and blackballed by Disney after testifying in connection with a WGA arbitration . A third producer , Michael Poryes , has previously filed a similar lawsuit in October 2008 . Broadcast This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The series is broadcast worldwide on Disney Channel . It premiered on May 6 , 2006 in Ireland and it also airs on TRTÉ . In the United Kingdom it premiered on the same date and also airs on Channel 5 . In Australia it premiered on August 7 , 2006 and on Seven Network on April 7 , 2007 . It premiered on the same date in New Zealand and airs also on FOUR . It first aired on Family in Canada on August 4 , 2006 . It premiered in Hong Kong , the Philippines , Malaysia , India , Bangladesh , and Singapore on September 23 , 2006 . It premiered on the same date in Pakistan and also airs on GEO Kids from November 2008 and on WikKid Plus starting January 12 , 2009 . In South Africa it first aired on September 29 , 2006 . It premiered in Trinidad and Tobago in November 2008 on CNC3 Television . Distribution See also : List of Hannah Montana DVDs Films Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds concert Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert is a concert film from Walt Disney Pictures presented in Disney Digital 3 - D . The limited release was intended to be for one week , February 1 -- 7 , 2008 in the US and Canada with release in other countries later on , but was extended for viewing as long as theaters wanted . Disney announced the concert was filmed in several cities to be theatrically released in the US in February and internationally that month . The film uses 3 - D glasses . The opening weekend , February 1 -- 3 , 2008 , the movie had gross revenue of $31.1 million . It was the number one movie of the weekend . Opening in only 638 theaters , it set a record of over $42,000 per theater . It set a record for the highest revenue for a 3 - D movie for one weekend . Hannah Montana : the movie Hannah Montana : The Movie is the musical film adaptation of the American teen sitcom Hannah Montana . Filming began in April 2008 , much of it occurring in Columbia , Tennessee , and Los Angeles , California , and was completed in July 2008 . The film was released on April 10 , 2009 in the United States and Canada . Discography Main articles : List of Hannah Montana songs and Hannah Montana discography Soundtracks Hannah Montana ( 2006 ) Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Hannah Montana 3 ( 2009 ) Hannah Montana Forever ( 2010 ) Other albums Hannah Montana 2 : Non-Stop Dance Party ( 2008 ) Best of Both Worlds Concert ( 2008 ) Hits Remixed ( 2008 ) Best of Hannah Montana ( 2011 ) Awards and accolades Year Award Category Recipient Result 2006 Teen Choice Awards TV -- Choice Breakout Star Miley Cyrus Nominated Golden Icon Awards Best New Television Comedy Hannah Montana Nominated Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's TV Programming Carol Goldwasser and Howard Meltzer Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Miley Cyrus Won Choice TV Show : Comedy Hannah Montana Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Emily Osment Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actor Cody Linley Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actress Morgan York Nominated 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Miley Cyrus Won 2007 UK Kids ' Choice Awards Best TV Show Hannah Montana Nominated Best TV Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Hannah Montana Nominated Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's TV Programming Carol Goldwasser and Howard Meltzer Won 2008 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Miley Cyrus Won Choice TV Show : Comedy Hannah Montana Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actress Miley Cyrus Won Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actress Ryan Newman Nominated Best Young Ensemble Performance in a TV Series Miley Cyrus , Emily Osment , Mitchel Musso , Moises Arias and Cody Linley Nominated Best Family Television Series Hannah Montana Won 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Hannah Montana Nominated Favorite TV Actress Miley Cyrus Won 2008 UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Kids ' TV Show Hannah Montana Nominated Favorite Female TV Star Miley Cyrus Won 2008 Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Fave Comedy Show Hannah Montana Nominated Fave International TV Star Miley Cyrus Won Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming Hannah Montana Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead -- Comedy Series ( Children / Adolescent ) Miley Cyrus Won BAFTA Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote : TV Hannah Montana Won Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Hannah Montana Nominated Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Children 's Series Programming Carol Goldwasser and Howard Meltzer Won 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Miley Cyrus Won Choice TV : Sidekick Emily Osment Won Choice TV : Parental Unit Billy Ray Cyrus Won Choice TV Show : Comedy Hannah Montana Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actor Moises Arias Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Emily Osment Nominated 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Hannah Montana Nominated Favorite TV Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated 2009 Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Fave International TV Star Miley Cyrus Nominated Meus Prêmios Nick Brazil Favorite TV Program Hannah Montana Nominados Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead -- Comedy Series ( Children / Adolescent ) Miley Cyrus Won BAFTA Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote : TV Hannah Montana Won Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Hannah Montana Nominated Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Children 's Series Programming Carol Goldwasser and Howard Meltzer Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 14 and Over Nate Hartley Won 2010 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Female Personality Miley Cyrus Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Hannah Montana Nominated Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Children 's Series Programming Carol Goldwasser and Howard Meltzer Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 11 -- 13 David Burrus Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actress Ten and Under Mary - Charles Jones Nominated 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Hannah Montana Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Miley Cyrus Nominated Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Children 's Series Programming Carol Goldwasser and Howard Meltzer Nominated See also Disney portal Television portal Hannah Banana References ^ Jump up to : `` Hannah Montana Episode Guide 2006 Season 1 - Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? , Episode 1 '' . TV Guide Network . March 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana Forever Finale '' . MileyCyrus.com . January 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hannah Montana - All Seasons - TV.com '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Castina ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` '' Hannah Montana '' Diabetes Episode Pulled ( `` No Sugar , Sugar '' ) `` . PopCrush . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards of Waverly Place - Season 2 - TV.com '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life on Deck - Season 1 - TV.com '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana : The Movie - MovieTickets.com '' . MovieTickets.com . AMC Theaters . Hollywood.com. April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - TV Shows - Hannah Montana , Vol. 7 '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 1 . March 24 , 2006 . Disney Channel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` It 's My Party and I 'll Lie if I Want To '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 5 . April 21 , 2006 . Disney Channel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Me and Rico Down by the Schoolyard '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 1 . April 23 , 2007 . Disney Channel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sarah Peel ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Mitchel Musso To Appear On Hannah Montana Forever '' . BSC Kids . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo Feature Story '' . Santa Monica Report . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hannah Montana '' Livin ' the rock star life ! DVD Review `` . October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cyrus , Miley ; Hilary Liftin ( 2008 ) . `` Chloe Stewart '' . Miles To Go . Bath , UK : Parragon . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4075 - 6261 - 2 . My character 's name was Chloe Stewart . Her alter ego 's name was Hannah Montana . It was just way too many names . So they dropped the one that was easiest to let go . My character 's name changed to Miley Stewart . Jump up ^ Summers , Kimberly ( 2009 ) . `` Hannah Montana '' . Miley Cyrus : A Biography . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37848 - 5 . The writers originally wrote the show to be about a young girl named Chloe , Zoey , or Alexis , and it was initially penned as Alexis Texas . Jump up ^ Disney Launches Hannah Montana Products ' . ' Retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bite me , Barbie ! Disney 's Hannah Montana takes over as most wanted toy BY NICOLE LYN PESCE ( November 19 , 2007 ) Daily News Jump up ^ Teen queen is global brand by Stephen Armstrong 2009 / 05 / 21 ( accessed June 24 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Karl Taro Greenfeld ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` How Mickey Got His Groove Back '' . Condé Nast Portfolio . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` Miley Cyrus fulfills her destiny '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nellie Andreeva ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School ' upstages TV records '' . The Hollywood Reporter . AOL . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana - Zap2it Forums : Talk About TV , Movies and More '' . Tvbb.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Is Cable 's Most - Watched Scripted Telecast This Year In Total Viewers `` . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` '' Shake it Up '' Averages 6.2 Million Viewers ; Disney Channel 's # 2 Highest Rated Series Premiere Of All Time `` . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hollie McKay ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Did Miley Cyrus ' VMAs performance hurt the Disney brand ? '' . Fox News . 21st Century Fox . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Two - Time Worst Influence Award Winner '' . Daily Fill . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Osbourne Angrily Defends Pal Miley Cyrus '' . Us Weekly . Northern & Shell . December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joe Paul Wilson ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Hollywood Promoting Women Behaving Badly '' . Culture and Media Institute . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Naomi Schaefer Riley ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Why parents are terrified of Miley '' . New York Post . News Corp . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jason Chester ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' I Want To Erase My Past ' : Miley Cyrus Admits She 's ' Embarrassed ' By Hannah Montana '' . Entertainmentwise . Gigwise . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joel Ryan ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` A Roundhouse Blow to Hannah Montana '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hannah Montana ' Creators Sue Disney For Profits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . April 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anna Dimond ( February 5 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus and Disney to make Hannah Montana movie -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Filming For Hannah Montana Movie Starts In Columbia '' . News Channel 5 . May 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Production On ' Hannah Montana : The Movie ' Is Underway '' . News4Jax . May 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NewsChannel 5.com -- Nashville , Tennessee -- ' Hannah Montana ' Film Scenes Shot In Cool Springs Mall '' . NewsChannel 5 . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana Film Scenes Shot In Cool Springs Mall '' . News Channel 5 . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Mania -- TFK Kid Reporter Yunhee Hyun talks with Miley Cyrus about her new CD , Breakout '' . Time for Kids . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 24 , 2008 ) . `` Disney unveils 2009 schedule -- Entertainment News , Film News , Media -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2006 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 2007 Golden Icon Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Golden Icon Awards Announced by Travolta Family Entertainment '' . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 2006 -- Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards 2007 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` 2007 KCA Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` In full : Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards UK winners '' . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 2007 -- Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Host & Nominees Release '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- 2008 Winners List -- Pictures and Video '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 UK Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Nominees '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 UK Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` WWE ® SUPERSTAR JOHN CENA ® TO CO-HOST AT NICKELODEON KIDS ' CHOICE AWARDS 2008 '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Australia 2008 Winners '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO LEADS TCA AWARDS WITH 10 NOMINATIONS '' . Television Critics Association . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners of the TCA Awards '' . Television Critics Association . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Gracie Awards Winners '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2008 '' . Bafta Children 's Awards . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 2008 -- Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Announcing the Winners of the 2009 Teen Choice Awards ! '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Nominees -- Young Artists Awards '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Nominees '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` Delta Announced As Host Of 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards ! '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meus Prêmios Nick 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` Conheça os vencedores do Meus Prêmios Nick 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Gracie Awards Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2009 '' . Bafta Children 's Awards . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 2009 -- Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 31st Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` Nominados a los Kids Choice Awards México 2010 '' . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards México 2010 -- Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2010 '' . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 2010 -- Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards México 2011 -- Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards México 2011 -- Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` Nominados a los Teen Choice Awards 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 winners '' . Los Angeles Times . August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 2011 -- Winners '' . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hannah Montana Official website Hannah Montana on IMDb Hannah Montana at TV.com Hannah Montana at TV Guide Links to related articles Hannah Montana Episodes Season 1 Characters Miley Stewart Robby Stewart Main characters Notable episodes `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` Achy Jakey Heart '' `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' `` I 'll Always Remember You '' `` Wherever I Go '' Discography ( songs ) Hannah Montana Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana : The Movie Hannah Montana 3 Hannah Montana Forever Feature films Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert Hannah Montana : The Movie Concerts and tours Hannah Montana : Live in London Best of Both Worlds Tour Merchandise Books Home video releases Video games Disney Channel All Star Party Category Hannah Montana songs Hannah Montana `` The Best of Both Worlds '' `` Who Said '' `` Pumpin ' Up the Party '' `` If We Were a Movie '' `` I Got Nerve '' Hannah Montana 2 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' `` Make Some Noise '' `` Life 's What You Make It '' `` One in a Million '' Hannah Montana : The Movie `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' `` Let 's Do This '' `` Let 's Get Crazy '' Hannah Montana 3 `` I Wanna Know You '' `` Ice Cream Freeze ( Let 's Chill ) '' `` He Could Be the One '' `` Supergirl '' Hannah Montana Forever `` Gonna Get This '' `` Ordinary Girl '' It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series Friends ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) awarded as Choice TV Comedy / Musical Show Hannah Montana ( 2007 -- 09 ) Glee ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2014 -- 15 ) Fuller House ( 2016 -- 17 ) BNF : cb161337891 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Montana&oldid=815730611 '' Categories : Hannah Montana 2000s American comedy television series 2006 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series 2011 American television series endings ABC Kids American children 's television sitcoms American teen sitcoms American musical television series Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows Works involved in plagiarism controversies Television shows set in Malibu , California Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was hannah montana's name on the show	[ "The aforementioned character's storylines were largely developed by supporting cast members. Susan Stewart (Brooke Shields) is shown as Miley and Jackson's deceased mother in flashback scenes, while Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton) is portrayed as Miley's godmother (Parton is Cyrus's real-life godmother). Jake Ryan (Cody Linley) was depicted as an actor for the popular television series Zombie High. He briefly attended Seaview Middle School with Stewart, Truscott, and Oken, and engaged in an on-again/off-again relationship with Stewart in several points during Hannah Montana. Roxy Roker (Frances Callier) was close friends with the Stewart family, and additionally served as their bodyguard during public appearances. Amber Addison (Shanica Knowles) and Ashley Dewitt (Anna Maria Perez de Tagle) are shown as stereotypical school divas, and are notably the rivals of Stewart and Truscott. Jesse (Drew Roy) is introduced as one of Miley's later love interests." ]	[ "Susan Stewart" ]
9183900193463905601	Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa	Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa - Wikipedia Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Jump to : navigation , search Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeff Tremaine Produced by Johnny Knoxville Jeff Tremaine Derek Freda Spike Jonze Screenplay by Jeff Tremaine Johnny Knoxville Spike Jonze Story by Fax Bahr Spike Jonze Johnny Knoxville Adam Small Jeff Tremaine Starring Johnny Knoxville Jackson Nicoll Music by Sam Spiegel Koool G Murder Cinematography Lance Bangs Dimitry Elyashkevich Edited by Seth Casriel Matt Kosinski Matthew Probst Production company MTV Films Dickhouse Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $151.8 million Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa is a 2013 American hidden camera comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine and written by Tremaine , Spike Jonze and Johnny Knoxville . It is the fourth installment in the Jackass film series . The film stars Johnny Knoxville and Jackson Nicoll . It was produced by MTV Films and Dickhouse Productions and distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film was released on October 25 , 2013 . Bad Grandpa has a loose narrative that connects the stunts and pranks together ( in a manner reminiscent of Borat ) , as opposed to the three original Jackass films which did not have a story . Head makeup artist Stephen Prouty was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling at the 86th Academy Awards , making this film the only installment in the Jackass film series to be nominated for an Oscar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billy is sitting in the waiting room of a law office . His mom comes out to grab him and tell him they 're going to see his grandpa . Irving Zisman is sitting in the waiting room of a hospital , checking out a magazine and looking at the sexual images . A nurse comes in to inform Irving that his wife has died . After a brief moment of silence , Irving starts laughing , overjoyed that his wife is deceased . Irving leaves the hospital to get himself off , but unfortunately for him , the massage parlor and strip club are closed . Desperate , he sticks his penis in the slot of a vending machine . That 's when he gets himself stuck and starts asking onlookers for help . Irving attends his wife Ellie 's funeral with a group of strangers . As he starts giving a speech , Billy and his mom Kimmie barge in and Kimmie pulls Irving out to talk to him . She says she is going back to jail for violating her parole , and she asks Irving to make sure Billy stays with his father . Irving reluctantly agrees and they reenter the church . Kimmie starts to steal a pearl necklace from Ellie 's casket , but Irving goes to stop her . Their struggle ends up pushing Irving into the casket , spilling Ellie 's corpse onto the floor . Irving takes Billy to meet with a counselor while they contact Billy 's dad . Chuck turns out to be a deadbeat who refuses to take Billy in as he is unable to afford doing so . When his girlfriend comes in to remind him that he can get child support for Billy , he instructs Irving to take Billy down to Raleigh , North Carolina to drop him off with him by Sunday . Irving starts selling Ellie 's belongings , and tries to sell her bed to a potential customer . Later , Irving calls a couple of unwitting guys to come help remove the bed , though he really asks them to help him and Billy carry Ellie 's body to the trunk of his car , since he felt that she needs to be taken south to be buried properly . Irving and Billy hit the road , and Billy says he 's hungry , so Irving pulls over to a nearby market where a woman is selling food . He tries to hit on her while Billy goes on a ride outside the shop . He tells Irving that it is not working , forcing Irving to test it out , only to end up getting blasted through the window when the ride springs off its base . Frustrated , Irving tries to ship Billy off to North Carolina in a box . He takes him to the post office , but since Billy keeps moving and speaking , both women in the post office open it and are shocked to find him in there . Before he can get in anymore trouble , he says he will just take Billy back on the road . Irving leaves Billy in the car as he goes to a rec center to play Bingo . Meanwhile , Billy leaves the car to walk around and stop an older gentlemen to get him to tie his shoe . The duo goes to a supermarket when Billy gets hungry again , Irving steals food from the store and makes himself and Billy sandwiches , which is observed by the employees . A woman comes out to chastise Irving for eating without paying . The two pull into a motel for the day . They pull Ellie 's corpse out of the trunk since Irving thinks it would be disrespectful to leave it in the car . Irving then asks a man if he knows where a strip club is . The man points him out to one and he leaves Billy in the room . Irving goes to a club featuring male performers , and tells one of the dancers that he plans on waiting until the women are so aroused by the dancers for him to swoop in and make his move . When the men start to dance , Irving jumps on the dance floor and pulls down his pants . At the same time , Billy leaves the motel room to find Irving . He goes to another strip club and then to an adult book store . Irving eventually comes back home before they have to hit the road again . As they near North Carolina , Irving tries to use Billy to find a woman to hook up with , but they all turn him down . They drive to a diner where Irving crashes into a large penguin statue , arguing with one of the employees about fixing it . In the diner , Billy asks why he has to stay with his dad when he does not like him very much . Irving insists that Billy must do so anyway , then defecates onto the wall behind him . Embarrassed , they leave and later play some basketball while Billy asks Irving if he can take him fishing . Billy gets hungry yet again and Irving takes him to a church where a wedding reception is taking place . During a group photo , Irving swipes a glass of champagne , causing the whole tower of glasses to collapse , and he ends up falling on top of the table and into the wedding cake , crashing onto the floor . Irving drives Billy to a bar where they are meeting Chuck . Chuck is talking to a member of a biker organization called Guardians of the Children , which assists abused children . Chuck explains that Billy will allow for him to get child support just as Irving and Billy walk in the door . Irving asks him to make sure that Billy is taken care of , though he rudely responds to Irving that he 'll get the job done . Irving bids Billy farewell . As Irving leaves tearfully , one GOC member comes out to assure him that they will keep their eyes on Billy . Irving drives away , but immediately starts to miss Billy . He turns the car around and drives back to the bar to get Billy back , just as Chuck is showing off his bad parenting by refusing Billy any food . Irving calls Billy to him , but Chuck prepares to fight him . The GOC members pull them away from each other and allow Irving to leave with Billy while they hold Chuck off and warn him there will be trouble if he acts threateningly . To celebrate , Irving and Billy crash a beauty pageant after spotting a flyer for it on their road trip . Billy gets dressed up as a girl and charms most of the judges , even though one reigning child champion and her mother note the unusual event of a girl being there with a grandpa . Billy dresses up as a sailor girl to put on a show . It appears cute until he rips off the outfit to reveal him wearing women 's underwear and then put on a risque dance to `` Cherry Pie '' , then for Irving to throw money at him . Everyone , including the judges , are completely speechless . His wig falls off and the duo runs out . Irving drives up to a bridge where he and Billy finally get rid of Ellie 's body by throwing it into a river before proceeding to fish , fulfilling Billy 's desires . Cast ( edit ) Jeff Tremaine , Johnny Knoxville , and Jackson Nicoll at a screening for the film Johnny Knoxville as Irving Zisman Jackson Nicoll as Billy Zisman - Muskie Greg Harris as Chuck Georgina Cates as Kimmie Zisman Kamber Hejlik as Doctor Jill Kill as Pageant Reporter Madison Davis as Juggalo Girl George Faughnan as Juggalo Guy Grasie Mercedes as Hostess Marilynn Allain as Receptionist Jack Polick as Funeral Worker Spike Jonze as Gloria Catherine Keener as Ellie Production ( edit ) In March 2012 , Knoxville discussed the possibility of a fourth Jackass movie , saying `` we 're keeping our mind open '' and `` I 've got 50 -- 60 ideas on top of all the stuff we did n't get to shoot . '' Then in June 2012 , it was reported Paramount `` registered several domains for a film that would be called Jackass 4 : Bad Grandpa . '' During Margera 's September 18 , 2012 interview on The Howard Stern Show about Jackass he said : `` There 's going to be a whole movie about Knoxville 's grandpa character . '' The film was officially announced on July 17 , 2013 , and was released on October 25 , 2013 . Knoxville revealed he and director Jeff Tremaine had been approached about making a film featuring the Irving Zisman character , but held off as they did not feel a plot consisting of pranking the public would be able to carry an entire film . Eventually , Tremaine and Knoxville came up with a story to structure the pranks around . The film was dedicated to Ryan Dunn one of the cast members of Jackass who died in 2011 . Much of Bad Grandpa was filmed in Cleveland and Columbus , Ohio , as well as North Carolina . The first scene shot featured Irving enraging golfers on a Columbus course , where he was working as a groundskeeper . `` At that point all of my hesitancy just washed away , '' Knoxville said . `` We got so much funny stuff that we knew we had something special . '' Alterian , Inc. 's prosthetic Irving Zisman makeup took three and a half hours to apply to Knoxville every morning . Five hours were needed for scenes requiring Knoxville to remove his shirt . Jackson Nicoll was cast as Billy , Irving Zisman 's grandson . Knoxville cast Nicoll after working with him on the 2012 film Fun Size. `` Jackson would just follow me on the set and verbally assault me while hitting me in the zipper , '' Knoxville said . `` I was just shaking my head thinking that this kid is a piece of work . He 's unbelievable . I think he was sent from heaven . '' Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 60 % based on 106 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Never quite as funny as it wants to be , Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa still offers viewers the timeless pleasures of seeing an old man get his privates stuck in a vending machine . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 54 based on 29 reviews . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling at the 86th Academy Awards , but lost to the biographical drama Dallas Buyers Club . Ashley Clark of Time Out gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` In Bad Grandpa , there 's no shock value : the physical comedy is down to a minimum , replaced by a creaking humour almost as dated as Zisman himself . '' Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa shows there 's still comic life in this decade - old franchise - provided , of course , the sight of a senior citizen getting his penis caught in a vending machine is the kind of thing that brings a smile to your face . '' Amy Nicholson of LA Weekly gave the film a C , saying `` The joke is really on Knoxville , who , despite flinging himself through a glass wall and rigging up a fake poo - sprayer in his pants , gets fewer laughs than his boy sidekick . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave the film a negative review , saying `` Knoxville and the perfectly cast Nicoll have great chemistry throughout . But longtime `` Jackass '' director Jeff Tremaine consistently cuts away too quickly , undermining each joke in order to rush on to the next . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` Although we 're allowed the perverse pleasure of watching Irving commit one inappropriate act after another , our sense of horror / delight dissipates after each one . '' Peter Keough of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Though at times it grows predictable and more inane than outrageous , Bad Grandpa gets more than its share of cheap laughs . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Bad Grandpa has the thrill of a dirty joke , brilliantly told . This film is emphatically not for everyone , but if it 's not for you , too bad . '' Scott Bowles of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa not only stands as the best installment ( by bounds ) of Johnny Knoxville 's hidden - camera franchise ; it 's one of the sharpest comedies of the year . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review , saying `` When the three - act structure gets shoved to the side for fun and games , Bad Grandpa delivers some of the heartiest laughs I 've had all year . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B -- , saying `` You 'll occasionally laugh out loud , but the heart of the movie is safe enough to chuckle at . '' R. Kurt Osenlund of Slant Magazine gave the film a half a star out of four , saying `` A choppy , feature - length progression of crude , predictable gags , Bad Grandpa plays like a variety show , and yet its main attraction is barely funny enough to warrant his own brief sketch . '' Sam Adams of Time Out New York gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Apart from a handful of physical stunts and the penultimate biker - bar setup , Knoxville never puts himself at risk , and the imbalance of power curdles the imperative to laugh at the rubes . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` It 's not really a movie . It 's Johnny Knoxville and his Jackass crew faking out real people into believing he 's 86 - year - old Irving Zisman , an old fart bag traveling cross-country . '' Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` Some of the pranks are masterfully executed ; the beauty pageant and a disastrous funeral near the beginning stand out . But on the whole , Bad Grandpa ca n't locate a consistent groove . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying `` The film has a story complete with a beginning , middle and end . It has some acting and emotion . And most shocking of all - it has empathy . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying `` It 's hard to score big laughs with hidden - camera material these days because there has been so much of it since the `` Jackass '' TV show , but Mr. Knoxville and his young sidekick still land a few jaw - droppers . '' Amy Nicholson of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review , saying `` By Jackass standards , Bad Grandpa is benign -- it 's neither as fun nor as thrilling as watching Knoxville play tetherball with a beehive . '' Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` Fans of the MTV series and related flicks will be quite entertained by this latest extrusion from the Jackass factory . But like the lime - green bingo dabber contents Irving drinks down to the horror of his seatmates , it 's an acquired taste . '' Kyle Ryan of The A.V. Club gave the film a B -- , saying `` No one will ever mistake the Jackass franchise for good cinema , but it never aspired to that . It was always about allowing the gleeful anarchy of the TV series to escape the constraints of television -- to be more outrageous , gross , and profane than the FCC would ever allow . '' Steve Rose of The Guardian gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` Sacha Baron Cohen 's Borat set the bar very high for this type of narrative - driven prankery , and in comparison , Bad Grandpa comes across as disjointed and aimless . '' Box Office ( edit ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa grossed $102,003,019 in North America , and $48,900,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $150,903,019 . In North America , the film opened to # 1 in its first weekend , with $32,055,177 . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number two , grossing an additional $20,010,303 . In its third weekend , the film stayed at number two , grossing $11,326,977 . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number five , grossing $7,421,536 . Home media ( edit ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa was released on DVD and Blu - ray on January 28 , 2014 , in its theatrical version and an unrated version . A version of the film with unused footage , titled Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa . 5 , includes over 40 minutes of additional outtakes and interviews , and premiered June 15 , 2014 on MTV , and was released on DVD and Blu - ray on July 8 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JACKASS PRESENTS BAD GRANDPA ( 15 ) '' . Paramount Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` JACKASS PRESENTS : BAD GRANDPA Images and Details . BAD GRANDPA Stars Johnny Knoxville '' . Collider. 2010 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander , USA TODAY ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Johnny Knoxville : Sidekicked in ' Bad Grandpa ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) ' Jackass Presents Bad Grandpa ' Starring Johnny Knoxville '' . Deadline.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Jackass Presents Bad Grandpa '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Trailer - Johnny Knoxville Meets Borat '' . Screencrush . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebiri , Bilge ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Ebiri : Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Is the Anti-Borat '' . Vulture magazine . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa - Makeup and Hairstyling - Oscars 2014 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trailer for Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa is Here ! '' . ComingSoon.net . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` SXSW Interview : Johnny Knoxville : On Arnold Schwarzenegger 's comeback film The Last Stand , Nature Calls and more Jackass '' . craveonline.com . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Registers Domains For ' Jackass 4 : Bad Grandpa ' '' . SlashFilm.com . June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Show -- Bam Margera 's Stalker & Other Tales , Part 1 of 3 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` JACKASS : BAD GRANDPA Set for October 25th ; PARANORMAL ACTIVITY 5 Moves to January 3 , 2014 '' . Collider. 2013 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Johnny Knoxville : Sidekicked in ' Bad Grandpa ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ JimmyO ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive 1 : 1 Interview : Bad Grandpa Director Jeff Tremaine ! '' . JoBlo.com . Joblo Media Inc . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . We shot in Ohio quite a bit , in Columbus and Cleveland and North Carolina a lot Jump up ^ `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa '' . Flixster Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Reviews '' . CBS Interactive Metacritic . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ashley Clark . `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa review , synopsis , book tickets , showtimes , movie release date Time Out London '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas . `` ' Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ' Review : Irving Zisman Gets His Closeup '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles : Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa '' . Laweekly.com. 2013 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bad Grandpa , ' movie review '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Jackass Presents Bad Grandpa ' movie review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Keough , Peter ( 2013 - 10 - 18 ) . `` That ' Jackass ' crew strikes again - Movies '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bad Grandpa ' is a terrible , hilarious influence '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles , USA TODAY 6 : 01 p.m. EDT October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . `` ' Bad Grandpa ' matures to score candid camera laughs '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso . `` ' Bad Grandpa ' Review : ' Jackass ' in Old - Man Drag Is Slightly Tamer but Still Outrageously Hilarious ( Video ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman . `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Movie Review '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Grandpa '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sam Adams . `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa : movie review '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers . `` ' Bad Grandpa ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) . `` ' Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ' review '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Review : Johnny Knoxville 's ' Bad Grandpa ' is higher - brow lowbrow '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) . `` ' Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa , ' With More Pranks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Amy Nicholson . `` Bad Grandpa 's Kid Actor Outshines Johnny Knoxville '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Grandpa packs a plot . But he 's still a Jackass : review '' . Toronto : Thestar.com. 2013 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle . `` Jackass Presents Bad Grandpa '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Steve Rose . `` Jackass Presents Bad Grandpa -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 25 - 27 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 1 - 3 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 8 - 10 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 15 - 17 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bad Grandpa : ' The Secret Of Johnny Knoxville 's Accent '' . MTV . 2014 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa . 5 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa on IMDb Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa at Rotten Tomatoes Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa at Box Office Mojo Jackass Jackass films Jackass : The Movie Jackass Number Two Jackass 3D Jackass Presents Mat Hoffman 's Tribute to Evel Knievel Bad Grandpa Related shows Wildboyz episodes Viva La Bam episodes Homewrecker Bam 's Unholy Union Dr. Steve - O Miscellaneous Jackass episodes Big Brother `` Corona '' Jackass : The Game CKY Crew CKY Videos Haggard : The Movie Do n't Try This at Home : The Steve - O Video 24 Hour Takeover Full cast list MTV Films Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackass_Presents:_Bad_Grandpa&oldid=798345628 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American comedy films American films Films based on television series Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in North Carolina MTV Films films Paramount Pictures films 2010s road movies American road movies Jackass ( TV series ) Films directed by Jeff Tremaine Screenplays by Spike Jonze Beauty pageant films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 10 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did bad grandpa come out in theaters	[ "Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa is a 2013 American hidden camera comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine and written by Tremaine, Spike Jonze and Johnny Knoxville. It is the fourth installment in the Jackass film series.[3] The film stars Johnny Knoxville and Jackson Nicoll.[4] It was produced by MTV Films and Dickhouse Productions and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film was released on October 25, 2013.[5] Bad Grandpa has a loose narrative that connects the stunts and pranks together (in a manner reminiscent of Borat),[6][7][8] as opposed to the three original Jackass films which did not have a story." ]	[ "October 25, 2013" ]
3696032649039383626	Railway nationalization	Railway nationalization - wikipedia Railway nationalization This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Railway nationalization is the act of taking rail transport assets into public ownership . Several countries have at different times nationalized part or all of their railway system . More recently , the international trend has been towards privatization . In some areas , notably Great Britain , resultant problems with track maintenance have led back to a more mixed solution , with a nationalised infrastructure operator but privately run train operating companies . National characteristics influenced the structures under which countries ' rail networks developed . Some national railways were always under direct State management , some were State - planned but privately operated ( as in France ) , others were wholly private enterprises lightly regulated ( as in Great Britain , Ireland and Spain ) . Nationalization was therefore a bolder step to take in some countries than in others . While ideology has played a role , so too has the need for systematic reconstruction of vital infrastructure devastated by war , often following a period of State control over private companies initiated during the conflict . Contents ( hide ) 1 Russia 2 Argentina 3 Canada 4 France 5 Germany 6 India 7 Ireland 8 Italy 9 Japan 10 Spain 11 United Kingdom 11.1 Privatization 11.2 Northern Ireland 12 United States 13 See also 14 References Russia ( edit ) Railroads in the Russian Empire were build by both the state and capitalists . After communist takeover the whole railway system was brought under the state control and remained being so after fall of the communist rule . Nowadays the Russian Railways state - owned company holds monopoly on this sphere of transportation . Argentina ( edit ) Main article : Railway nationalization in Argentina The Argentine railways developed with private British , Argentine and French capital and were nationalised by the state in 1948 during President Juan Perón 's first term of office and merged into the existing state - owned railways . In the 1990s , following Carlos Menem 's neoliberal reforms , services were privatised through concession with infrastructure still belonging to the state . After a series of high - profile accidents and serious deterioration of services under privatisation , most rail lines have returned to state control by 2015 , in effect re-nationalising them . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the government took control of several railways that fell into bankruptcy following World War I , including the Canadian Northern Railway , the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway , and the Grand Trunk Railway . On December 20 , 1918 , the federal government created the Canadian National Railways ( CNR ) , and placed the companies that it took control of under the CNR . Canadian National Railway was privatized in 1995 . France ( edit ) In 1878 , the French government took over ten small failing railway companies and established the Chemin de fer de l'État . The company absorbed the Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest in 1908 . In 1938 , the French state took 51 % ownership of the newly formed SNCF merging of France 's five main railways ( 100 % in 1982 ) . Germany ( edit ) The earliest railways in the German states were often run by private entrepreneurs . Beginning in 1879 , the Prussian government nationalized the major railways . After World War I , the German Reich took over control of the state railways of Prussia , Bavaria , Saxony , Württemberg , Baden , Mecklenburg - Schwerin , Hesse and Oldenburg . The individual railways were merged into the Deutsche Reichsbahn - Gesellschaft in February 1924 . Due to impending war reparations , the DRG was a private company , but shares were bought by the Reich in 1937 , effectively nationalizing the corporation . In World War II the DR assimilated a great number of railway companies in the German - occupied territories as well as several smaller , previously privately owned lines in Germany . Post-World War II , after being under Allied administration between 1945 and 1949 , the DR was split up into the Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn of the GDR , both state - owned . Private railways continued to exist in the West German realm of the DB , but DB and DR accounted for most of the rail traffic in post-war Germany . After German reunification , DB and DR became Deutsche Bahn AG in 1994 . Whilst DB AG is a public limited company , all its shares are presently owned by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany . DB AG is now facing stiff competition in the freight and short - distance passenger sector ( the latter of which is subject to franchising ) , although they still hold a quasi-monopoly in the long - distance passenger sector ( which does not receive subsidies ) , which was starting to crack until the opening of the long distance bus market destroyed the business case of any open access competition . The IPO , originally planned for 2008 , has been postponed indefinitely and is currently not on the agenda of any major political party . India ( edit ) Indian Railways has been state owned since 1951 . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland Córas Iompair Éireann was formed from the merger of the Great Southern Railways with the Dublin United Transport Company on 1 January 1945 . Initially a private company limited by shares , CIÉ was nationalized in 1950 . The final privately owned mainline railway company on the island , the Great Northern Railway , was nationalized under joint control of the Irish and Northern Irish governments in 1953 . It was wound up in 1958 and its assets split between CIÉ and the UTA . Italy ( edit ) See also : History of railways in Italy Following unification , the Italian Government entrusted the railways to five regional concessionaires . The arrangement did not work well and , long before it was due to expire , the railways were nationalized in 1905 . The nationalized operator is known as Ferrovie dello Stato . Italy has an open access high - speed rail operator competing against the national railway ; Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori which is part owned by SNCF and private investors . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the Railway Nationalization Act of 1906 brought most of the country 's private railway lines under public control . Between 1906 and 1907 , 2,812 miles ( 4,525 km ) of track were purchased from seventeen private railway companies . The national railway network grew to about 4,400 miles ( 7,100 km ) of track , and private railways were relegated to providing local and regional services . In the 1980s the process of privatizing Japanese National Railways begun that is not entirely finished as of 2016 with both entirely state and private members of the JR Group . Spain ( edit ) After years of declining profitability , the national rail network was devastated by the Spanish Civil War . In 1941 , the broad gauge railways were nationalized , as RENFE . The narrow gauge railways were also later nationalized ; some of these have since been transferred to the autonomous regional governments where contained within a single region . The standard gauge high - speed lines were built as a state owned venture from the start . United Kingdom ( edit ) Rail Passengers in Great Britain from 1829 -- 2016 In 1914 , the railways were taken into Government control due to World War I , but were returned to the original owners in 1921 , three years after the war had ended . However , in that same year , the government introduced the Railways Act 1921 . This forced the 120 railway companies then operating to merge into just four . This grouping officially took place on 1 January 1923 . The four railway companies formed from the grouping were : The Great Western Railway , the Southern Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , and the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . In Britain during World War II , the railways were taken into State control . They were heavily damaged by enemy attacks and were run down aiding the war effort . After the war , the Transport Act 1947 provided for nationalizing the four major railways . On January 1 , 1948 , the railways were nationalized and British Railways was created , under the overall management of the British Transport Commission , later the British Railways Board . Privatization ( edit ) Main article : Impact of the privatisation of British Rail British Rail was privatised between 1994 and 1997 , involving the transfer to a series of private - sector operators of responsibility for the provision of services under contract . In all , more than 100 companies took over from British Rail . In 2001 the track operator Railtrack plc went bankrupt ; it was reconstituted and renamed as Network Rail , a private company with no legal owner but effectively government - controlled via its constitution and financing . The United Kingdom government continues to invest in the railways , financing , for example , the acquisition of some InterCity rolling stock . The positive impact of privatization is disputed , with passengers numbers more than doubling ( see graph ) and increasing customer satisfaction balanced with worries about the level of rail subsidies and criticism of the fact that much of the system is now contracted out to subsidiaries owned by the state owned railways of France , Germany and the Netherlands . Only 20 % of Southern trains arrived on time in the year from April 2015 to March 2016 , and there was an ongoing industrial dispute over driver - only operated trains . In June 2016 , amongst criticism of the performance of its services , Go - Ahead warned of lower than anticipated profits on its Govia Thameslink Railway franchises , leading to 18 % drop in the Go - Ahead share price . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Railways in Northern Ireland were nationalized in the 1940s under the Ulster Transport Authority ( UTA ) . The former LMS lines managed by the Northern Counties Committee , nationalized by the Westminster government , were sold to the UTA by the British Transport Commission in 1949 . Unlike British Rail , the Northern Ireland Railways remain state owned . United States ( edit ) After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , the country 's railways proved inadequate to the task of supplying the nation 's war effort . On December 26 , 1917 , U.S. President Woodrow Wilson nationalized most American railways under the Federal Possession and Control Act , creating the United States Railroad Administration ( USRA ) , which took control of the railways on December 28 , 1917 . The USRA introduced several reforms to increase efficiency and reduce costs , including standardizing rolling stock and steam locomotive designs . The war ended in 1918 , and on March 1 , 1920 , the railways were handed back to their original owners . Freight operations and most of the track remain private enterprises but passenger operations were transferred to the de facto federally owned Amtrak under President Nixon . Amtrak subsequently bought some tracks from bankrupt railways as well as Conrail . See also ( edit ) Rail subsidies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ing . M. Alberty , Der Übergang zum Staatsbahnsystem in Preussen ( Jena : Verlag von Gustav Fischer , 1911 ) Jump up ^ Verordnung über die Schaffung eines Unternehmens `` Deutsche Reichsbahn '' vom 12 . Februar 1924 , RGBl . I Nr. 10 , February 14 , 1924 , p. 57 Jump up ^ `` GB rail : Dataset on financial and operational performance 1997 -- 98 -- 2012 - 13 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Revealed : How the world gets rich - from privatising British public services '' . The Independent . 20 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Joseph Watts ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` Govia Thameslink Railway boss refuses to defend CEO £ 2m pay '' . Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Craig Richard ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` Boss of Epsom 's main train operator Govia Thameslink Railway takes home £ 2.1 m paycheck despite `` appalling service '' `` . Your Local Guardian . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thameslink woes hit Go - Ahead shares '' . BBC News . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_nationalization&oldid=835418666 '' Categories : Rail transport Nationalization Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from September 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the national ization of indian railway done	[ "Indian Railways has been state owned since 1951." ]	[ "1951" ]
1918108142777710215	This Is America (song)	This Is America ( song ) - wikipedia This Is America ( song ) 2018 Childish Gambino song `` This Is America '' Single by Childish Gambino Released May 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) Format Digital download Genre Trap Afrobeat Length 3 : 45 Label mcDJ RCA Composer ( s ) Donald Glover Ludwig Göransson Lyricist ( s ) Donald Glover Producer ( s ) Donald Glover Ludwig Göransson Childish Gambino singles chronology `` Terrified '' ( 2017 ) `` This Is America '' ( 2018 ) `` Summertime Magic '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` This Is America '' on YouTube `` This Is America '' is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino . Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson , it was released on May 5 , 2018 , at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day 's episode of Saturday Night Live . The song features background vocals by American rappers Young Thug , Slim Jxmmi , BlocBoy JB , 21 Savage and Quavo . The song addresses the wider issue of gun violence in the United States , the high rate of mass shootings in the United States , along with longstanding racism and discrimination against African Americans . The song 's music video was directed by Japanese - American filmmaker Hiro Murai , a frequent Gambino collaborator . According to RCA Records , the song is not the first single from Gambino 's upcoming studio album . `` This Is America '' became the 31st song to debut at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming both Gambino 's first number one and top ten single in the country . It has also topped the charts in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand . Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 2.1 Critical reception 3 Cover versions and media appearances 4 Chart performance 5 Credits and personnel 6 Awards and nominations 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) The song features a gospel - style choir and background contributions from various American rappers . Young Thug , Slim Jxmmi , BlocBoy JB , 21 Savage and Quavo each deliver an ad - lib . Young Thug returns to supply the song 's outro . The lyrics primarily address being black in the United States and gun violence in the country . It also touches on police brutality . Pitchfork 's Stephen Kearse described the song as a representation of the `` tightrope of being black '' , with the song `` built on the sharp contrast between jolly , syncretic melodies and menacing trap cadences '' . Media outlets reported that a number of listeners accused Gambino of plagiarism over `` This Is America '' , pointing out the similarities between the song and `` American Pharaoh '' by Jase Harley . CBS News stated , `` The tracks have a similar sound , and share similar themes in the lyrics . '' Harley stated that he felt `` This Is America '' was influenced by his song , but that he does not have an issue with it . Glover 's manager , Fam Rothstein , denied any plagiarism . Music video ( edit ) In the video , Gambino assumes a stance similar to the Jim Crow caricature . Directed by Hiro Murai , the music video for the song was released on YouTube simultaneously with Gambino 's performance of the song on Saturday Night Live . The video follows Gambino dancing through a warehouse , interacting with a series of chaotic scenes . According to Murai , the video was inspired by the films Mother ! and City of God . Choreographed by Sherrie Silver , Gambino and his entourage of young dancers perform several viral dance moves including the South African Gwara Gwara and `` Shoot '' popularized by BlocBoy JB , who is one of the ad - lib contributors on the song . Gambino 's dancing is contrasted against moments of violence . Only 53 seconds into the video , Gambino shoots a man in the back of the head with a handgun , while assuming a comical stance similar to a Jim Crow caricature . At a later point , he uses an automatic weapon to gun down a church choir , which viewers have interpreted as a reference to the 2015 Charleston church shooting . In both instances , a child appears from offscreen holding a red cloth , on which Gambino gently lays the weapon used , while the bodies are simply dragged away , which viewers have interpreted `` as a reference to Americans ' willingness to protect gun rights over people '' . The first shooting also marks a transition in the music , from an African `` folk - inspired melody '' to `` dark , pulsing trap '' . Throughout the video , numerous vehicles from several decades ago are featured , many of them with their hazard lights flashing and the driver 's side door ajar , which critics interpreted as representing fatal police shootings during traffic stops , particularly the shooting of Philando Castile , who was shot while in a 1997 Oldsmobile ; others have interpreted that the older model cars represent the relative lack of upward mobility of African - Americans . American singer SZA makes a cameo appearance towards the end of the video , seated atop one of these vehicles . The video ends with Gambino in a darkened portion of the warehouse , fearfully running towards the camera while being chased by several white people . Viewers have said this resembles scenes from the film Get Out . The video received 12.9 million views in 24 hours and has over 360 million views as of August 2018 . The first person depicted as being shot in the video , a guitarist who had been accompanying Gambino 's singing up to that point , was musician Calvin the Second , but was initially mistaken by many viewers to be the father of teenager Trayvon Martin . Critical reception ( edit ) Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic described the initial reaction on Twitter as `` a gushing river of well - deserved praise '' and the video as `` the most talked - about music video of recent memory . '' Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone commented that the video `` is a surreal , visceral statement about gun violence in America '' . Pitchfork awarded the song the distinction of `` Best New Track '' . Billboard critics ranked it 10th among the `` greatest music videos of the 21st century . '' Mahita Gajanan of Time quoted music history professor Guthrie Ramsey at the University of Pennsylvania , He 's talking about the contradictions of trying to get money , the idea of being a black man in America . It comes out of two different sound worlds . Part of the brilliance of the presentation is that you go from this happy major mode of choral singing that we associate with South African choral singing , and then after the first gunshot it moves right into the trap sound . Cover versions and media appearances ( edit ) Glover hosted the May 5 episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live , and performed two new songs as Childish Gambino on the same episode , the second of which was `` This Is America '' . Daniel Kaluuya , best known as the star of the film Get Out which the music video reportedly references , introduced the song 's performance . Several artists attracted attention and millions of views for creating covers of the song and music video with altered lyrics and themes , retaining the song 's instrumental and the general structure of its music video . On May 12 , Canadian Internet personality Nicole Arbour released `` This Is America : Women 's Edit '' . Arbour intended for the cover to promote women 's empowerment , but was accused of belittling the racial issues addressed by the original video . Nigerian rapper Falz released `` This Is Nigeria '' on May 25 , highlighting the nation 's issues with corruption and organized crime among others . The music video also spawned popular Internet memes , particularly those in which the audio was replaced so that Childish Gambino appeared to be dancing in time to another song . Versions using Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe '' and Earth , Wind & Fire 's `` September '' were some of the most viewed . The UK comedian Lenny Henry parodied the song and music video as `` This is the TV '' ( under the name Wildish Bambino ) for The Lenny Henry Birthday Show on August 22 , 2018 to celebrate Henry 's 60th birthday . Chart performance ( edit ) `` This Is America '' debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart 's history . It debuted with 78,000 downloads sold and 65.3 million US streams in the first week . Its music video accounted for 68 % of the song 's streaming total . `` This Is America '' is also Gambino 's first top 10 ; he previously reached number 12 in August 2017 with `` Redbone '' . `` This Is America '' overtook Drake 's `` Nice for What '' from the top position for two weeks . Gambino is also the second Emmy Award - winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100 , the first being Justin Timberlake , who topped the chart with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 . It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks , and left the top ten after five weeks . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from Tidal . Donald Glover -- lead vocals ( as Childish Gambino ) , production , composition Ludwig Göransson -- production , composition , record engineering Derek `` MixedByAli '' Ali -- mix engineering Mike Bozzi -- master engineering Quavo -- background vocals Young Thug -- background vocals 21 Savage -- background vocals Slim Jxmmi -- background vocals BlocBoy JB -- background vocals Alex Tumay -- record engineering Riley Mackin -- record engineering Kesha `` K. Lee '' Lee -- record engineering Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Award Result 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Song : Male Artist Nominated Choice Song : R&B / Hip - Hop Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Video of the Year Nominated Best Video with a Social Message Won Best Direction Won Best Choreography Won Best Art Direction Nominated Best Editing Nominated Best Cinematography Nominated iHeartRadio MMVAs Video of the Year Nominated Best Director Nominated Fan Fave Video Nominated Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 39 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 9 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 45 Italy ( FIMI ) 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various May 5 , 2018 Digital download mcDJ RCA United States May 15 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornish , Audie ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Glover 's ' This Is America ' Holds Ugly Truths To Be Self - Evident '' . NPR . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Craig ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Internet Has Already Devoured ' This Is America ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . The same night he dropped off the video for `` This Is America , '' a combination trap and afrobeat banger with a beguiling message about race and gun violence . Jump up ^ `` This Is America / Childish Gambino '' . Tidal . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 ... Jump up ^ Arcand , Rob ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Debuts Politically - Charged New Song `` This is America '' on SNL : Watch `` . Spin . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Frank ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` What It Means When Childish Gambino Says ' This Is America ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peters ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino ' This Is America ' Reactions : The Good , The Bad & The Kanye Bashing '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Lefevre , Jules ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Hello , Childish Gambino Just Dropped The Music Video Of The Year '' . Junkee . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kornhaber , Spencer ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Glover Is Watching You Watch Him '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Childish Gambino Releases New Song And Video `` This Is America '' - RCA Records `` . RCA Records . May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Scott ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Makes His Triumphant Return with `` This Is America , '' `` Saturday '' `` . Paste Magazine . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Espinoza , Joshua ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are the Rappers Who Contributed to Childish Gambino 's `` This Is America '' `` . Complex . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tesema , Martha ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Glover tackles gun violence in powerful video for ' This Is America , ' his new single '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holland , Jesse J. ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' seals Glover 's rep as protest artist '' . AP News . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : France , Lisa Respers ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' : The Childish Gambino video explained '' . CNN . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' This Is America '' by Childish Gambino Review Pitchfork `` . pitchfork.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Collaborator Denies `` This Is America '' Plagiarism Allegations `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kai ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Accused of Ripping Song for `` This Is America '' `` . XXL . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Park , Andrea ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's manager denies accusation of plagiarism over `` This is America '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Skelton , Eric ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Returns With Video For New Song `` This Is America '' `` . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Félix , Doreen St ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Carnage and Chaos of Childish Gambino 's `` This Is America '' `` . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Saturday Night Live ( May 7 , 2018 ) , Childish Gambino : This Is America ( Live ) - SNL , retrieved May 10 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino releases surprise track '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' Director Hiro Murai Shares Video Influences : ' City Of God ' Meets the Last 20 Minutes of ' mother ! ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Desire ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino ' This Is America ' Video : 9 Cultural References Explained '' . Vibe . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amoako , Aida ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Dancing Makes ' This Is America ' So Uncomfortable to Watch '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` '' This Is America '' Is What Happens When Childish Gambino and Atlanta Become One `` . Slate Magazine . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' : Breaking down Childish Gambino 's powerful new music video '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Hayley ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Video , Explained '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Ilana ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino ' This Is America ' : All of the hidden references in hit music video '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penrose , Nerisha ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's Record - Breaking ' This Is America ' Video Hits 50 Million Views in Mere Days '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glover , Donald ( May 5 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino - This Is America ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` That 's not Trayvon Martin 's dad in ' This Is America ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Childish Gambino 's Caustic Video for New Song ' This Is America ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . July 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gajanan , Mahita ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` An Expert 's Take on the Symbolism in Childish Gambino 's Viral ' This Is America ' Video '' . Time . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Scott ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' SNL ' : Childish Gambino Delivers ' This Is America ' With Intro By ' Get Out 's Daniel Kaluuya '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This Is America : Breaking down Childish Gambino 's powerful new music video '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . May 9 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` YouTuber defends Gambino ' women 's edit ' '' . BBC . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Nicole Arbour 's feminist makeover of Childish Gambino 's ' This is America ' sparks backlash '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The hit `` This is Nigeria '' video tackles the country 's worst problems one reference at a time `` . QZ . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Rapper Goes Viral With His Take On ' This Is America ' '' . NPR . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam . `` You ca n't shut down ' This Is America ' memes . That 's what ' This Is America ' is about '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino 's `` This is America '' x `` Call Me Maybe '' Mashup `` . Highsnobiety . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Is No. 1 On The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This Is America / Childish Gambino '' . Tidal . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Cardi B , Beyonce , Jay - Z Lead 2018 MTV VMA Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201820 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 20 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Top Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 20 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 20 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201820 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 20 : del 11.05. 2018 al 17.05. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Has Already Been Certified Platinum '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rhythmic '' . All Access Music Group . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Childish Gambino Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Camp Because the Internet `` Awaken , My Love ! '' EPs EP Kauai Summer Pack Mixtapes Culdesac ROYALTY STN MTN Singles `` Heartbeat '' `` Bonfire '' `` 3005 '' `` Crawl '' `` Sweatpants '' `` Sober '' `` Me and Your Mama '' `` Redbone '' `` Terrified '' `` This Is America '' `` Summertime Magic '' Featured singles `` Trouble '' `` Bed Peace '' Other songs `` Feels Like Summer '' Related articles Clapping for the Wrong Reasons Derrick Comedy Ludwig Göransson MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message 2011 ~ present 2011 Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' 2012 Demi Lovato -- `` Skyscraper '' 2013 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( featuring Mary Lambert ) -- `` Same Love '' 2014 Beyoncé -- `` Pretty Hurts '' 2015 Big Sean ( featuring Kanye West and John Legend ) -- `` One Man Can Change the World '' 2016 N / A 2017 Alessia Cara - `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' / Big Sean ( featuring Jeremih ) - `` Light '' / John Legend - `` Surefire '' / K'naan , Snow Tha Product , Riz Ahmed and Residente - `` Immigrants ( We Get the Job Done ) '' / Logic ( featuring Damian Lemar Hudson ) - `` Black Spiderman '' / Taboo ( featuring Shailene Woodley ) - `` Stand Up / Stand N Rock # NoDAPL '' 2018 Childish Gambino - `` This Is America '' Complete list ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_America_(song)&oldid=856851329 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles RCA Records singles Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Songs written by Donald Glover Songs written by Ludwig Göransson Donald Glover songs Songs about the United States Trap music ( hip hop ) songs Music memes MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 22 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the video this is america about	[ "\"This Is America\" is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino. Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson, it was released on May 5, 2018, at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day's episode of Saturday Night Live. The song features background vocals by American rappers Young Thug, Slim Jxmmi, BlocBoy JB, 21 Savage and Quavo.[4][5] The song addresses the wider issue of gun violence in the United States, the high rate of mass shootings in the United States, along with longstanding racism and discrimination against African Americans.\n" ]	[ "the wider issue of gun violence in the United States, the high rate of mass shootings in the United States, along with longstanding racism and discrimination against African Americans" ]
9212749221313748103	Album cover	Album cover - wikipedia Album cover Jump to : navigation , search An album cover is the front of the packaging of a commercially released audio recording product , or album . The term can refer to either the printed cardboard covers typically used to package sets of 10 in ( 25 cm ) and 12 in ( 30 cm ) 78 - rpm records , single and sets of 12 in ( 30 cm ) LPs , sets of 45 rpm records ( either in several connected sleeves or a box ) , or the front - facing panel of a CD package , and , increasingly , the primary image accompanying a digital download of the album , or of its individual tracks . In the case of all types of tangible records , it also serves as part of the protective sleeve . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Formats 3 Design 4 Packaging 5 Album covers in the age of downloads 6 Banned covers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early History ( edit ) Around 1910 , 78 - rpm records replaced the phonograph cylinder as the medium for recorded sound . The 78 - rpm records were issued in both 10 - and 12 - inch diameter sizes and were usually sold separately , in brown paper or cardboard sleeves that were sometimes plain and sometimes printed to show the producer or the retailer 's name . These were invariably made out of acid paper , limiting conservability . Generally the sleeves had a circular cutout allowing the record label to be seen . Records could be laid on a shelf horizontally or stood upright on an edge , but because of their fragility , many broke in storage . German record company Odeon pioneered the `` album '' in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on four double - sided discs in a specially designed package . ( It is not indicated what the specially designed package was . ) The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been taken up by other record companies for many years . Beginning in the 1920s , bound collections of empty sleeves with a plain paperboard or leather cover were sold as `` record albums '' ( similar to a photograph album ) that customers could use to store their records . ( The name `` record album '' was printed on some covers . ) These empty albums were sold in both 10 - and 12 - inch sizes . The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside , allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright , like a book , and suspending the fragile records above the shelf , protecting them . Starting in the 1930s , record companies began issuing collections of 78 - rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled collections . These albums of several 78 - rpm records could include a collection of popular songs related by either performer or style , or extended - length classical music , including complete symphonies . In 1938 , Columbia Records hired Alex Steinweiss as its first art director . He is credited with inventing the concept of album covers and cover art , replacing the plain covers used before . After his initial efforts at Columbia , other record companies followed his lead . By the late 1940s , record albums for all the major companies featured their own colorful paper covers in both 10 - and 12 - inch sizes . Some featured reproductions of classic art while others utilized original designs . When the 10 - and 12 - inch long - playing records ( LPs ) came along in 1948 , and box sets of 45 - rpm records soon followed ( see gramophone record ) , the name `` album '' was used for the new format of collections , and the creation of artistic original album covers continued . Formats ( edit ) From the 1950s through to the 1980s , the 12 '' LP record and the 45 rpm record became the major formats for the distribution of popular music . The LP format remains in use for occasional new releases , though other formats have largely supplanted it . The size of the typical cardboard LP sleeve cover is 12.375 in ( 31.43 cm ) square . Since the mid-1990s , the compact disc ( CD ) has become the most common form of physically - distributed music products . Packaging formats vary , including the very common plastic jewel - case , and the cardboard and plastic combination commonly known as a Digipak . Typically the album cover component of these packages is approximately 4.75 in ( 12.1 cm ) square . Design ( edit ) See also : Cover art § Album cover art The cover became an important part of the culture of music . Under the influence of designers like Bob Cato , who at various stages in his long music career was vice president of creative services at both Columbia Records and United Artists , album covers became renowned for being a marketing tool and an expression of artistic intent . Album art has also been discussed as an important postwar cultural expression . During the early 1960s , the Beatles With the Beatles , Bob Dylan 's The Times They Are a-Changin ' and the Rolling Stones ' self - titled debut album each contained a cover photograph designed to further the musical artist 's public image . Author Peter Doggett also highlights the cover of Otis Redding 's Otis Blue , containing a photo of a young white woman , as a design that `` played a dual role : she represented the transcendent power of the music , and obscured the race of its creator . '' The standard portrait - based LP cover was further challenged over 1965 -- 66 by Dylan 's Bringing It All Back Home , through the inclusion of symbolic artefacts around the singer ; the artificially stretched faces of the Beatles shown on their Rubber Soul album ; and the darkened hues applied to the Rolling Stones on Aftermath . Gatefold covers ( a folded double cover ) and inserts , often with lyric sheets , made the album cover a desirable work in its own right . Notable examples are the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which had cut - out inserts , printed lyrics , and a gatefold sleeve , even though it was a single album ; the Rolling Stones ' Exile on Main Street , which had a gatefold and a series of 12 perforated postcards as inserts ( taken by photographer Norman Seeff ) ; and Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon , which had a gatefold , lyrics , no title on the sleeve , and poster and sticker inserts . The Band 's 1970 release Stage Fright , which included a photograph by Seeff as a poster insert , is an early example of LP artwork quickly becoming a collector 's item . The move to the small ( less than 1 / 4 the size of a record ) CD format lost that impact , although attempts have been made to create a more desirable packaging for the CD format , for example the reissue of Sgt . Pepper , which had a cardboard box and booklet , or the use of oversized packaging . The importance of design was such that some cover artists specialised or gained fame through their work . Such people include the design team Hipgnosis , through their work on Pink Floyd albums , amongst others ; Roger Dean , famous for his Yes and Greenslade covers ; Cal Schenkel , for Captain Beefheart 's Trout Mask Replica and Frank Zappa 's We 're Only in It for the Money . The talents of many photographers and illustrators from both inside and outside of the music industry have been used to produce a vast array of memorable LP / CD covers . Photographer Mick Rock produced some of the most iconographic album covers of the 1970s , including Queen 's Queen II ( recreated for their classic music video Bohemian Rhapsody ) , Syd Barrett 's The Madcap Laughs , and Lou Reed 's Transformer . From 1972 to 1975 , photographer Norman Seeff was Creative Director at United Artists and in addition to his many cover photographs ( The Band , Kiss 's Hotter than Hell , Joni Mitchell 's Hejira etc . ) , he art directed dozens of album covers including Exile on Main Street , many of which received Grammy nominations . In addition to the examples mentioned previously , a number of world - renowned graphic artists and illustrators such as Ed Repka ( Megadeth ) , Andy Warhol ( The Velvet Underground , The Rolling Stones ) , Mati Klarwein ( Santana , Miles Davis ) , H.R. Giger ( Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Debbie Harry ) , Frank Frazetta ( Molly Hatchet ) , Derek Riggs ( Iron Maiden ) , Jamie Reid ( The Sex Pistols ) , Howard Finster ( R.E.M. , Talking Heads ) , Al Hirschfeld ( Aerosmith ) , Ken Kelly ( Kiss , Manowar ) , Gottfried Helnwein ( Marilyn Manson ) , Rex Ray ( David Bowie ) , Robert Crumb ( Big Brother & the Holding Company ) , John Van Hamersveld ( The Rolling Stones ) , and Shepard Fairey ( Johnny Cash ) have all applied their talents to memorable music packages . A number of record covers have also used images licensed ( or borrowed from the public domain ) from artists of bygone eras . Well - known examples of this include the cover of Derek and the Dominos Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs ( from the painting `` La Fille au Bouquet '' by French painter and sculptor Émile Théodore Frandsen de Schomberg ) , ' The Downfall of Icarus ' by Genisson on the cover of the first album by Renaissance ; Bosch on the cover of Deep Purple ; Breugel on the cover of Fleet Foxes ; the cover of Kansas 's debut album , adapted from a mural by painter John Steuart Curry , Norman Rockwell 's cowboy ( Pure Prairie League ) , and , more recently , Coldplay 's Viva La Vida , which features Eugène Delacroix 's painting Liberty Leading the People ( a favorite in The Louvre ) with the words `` VIVA LA VIDA '' brushed on top in white paint . Legends from photography and video / film who have also produced record cover images include Drew Struzan ( Black Sabbath , Alice Cooper , Iron Butterfly , The Beach Boys and others ) , Annie Leibovitz ( John Lennon , Bruce Springsteen , Patti Smith ) , Richard Avedon ( Whitney Houston , Teddy Pendergrass ) , David LaChappelle ( No Doubt , Elton John ) , Anton Corbijn ( U2 , The Killers , Depeche Mode ) , Karl Ferris ( Jimi Hendrix , Donovan , The Hollies ) , Robert Mapplethorpe ( Patti Smith , Peter Gabriel ) and Francesco Scavullo ( Diana Ross , Edgar Winter ) , David Michael Kennedy others . A number of artists and bands feature members who are , in their own right , accomplished illustrators , designers and photographers and whose talents are exhibited in the artwork they produced for their own recordings . Examples include Jimmy Page ( Led Zeppelin IV ) , Chris Mars ( Replacements ' Pleased to Meet Me and others ) , Marilyn Manson ( Lest We Forget ... ) , Michael Stipe ( REM 's Accelerator ) , Thom Yorke ( credited as `` Tchocky '' on misc . Radiohead records ) , Michael Brecker ( Ringorama ) , Freddie Mercury ( Queen I ) , Lynsey De Paul ( Surprise ) , John Entwistle ( Who By Numbers ) , Graham Coxon ( 13 and most solo albums ) , Mike Shinoda ( various Linkin Park albums ) , Joni Mitchell ( Miles of Aisles and several others ) as well for Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young ( So Far ) , and M.I.A. ( credited variously on Elastica 's The Menace , her records ) , and Captain Beefheart , ' Mona Bone Jakon ' , ' Tea for the Tillerman ' and ' Teaser and the Firecat ' by Cat Stevens , Mika ( all albums released to date ) , Music from Big Pink ( for The Band ) , Self Portrait and Planet Waves by Bob Dylan , Walls and Bridges by John Lennon . Album cover art was the subject of a 2013 documentary film , The Cover Story : Album Art , by Eric Christensen , a San Francisco Bay Area record collector . The physical design of album covers has been the subject of creative innovation . Ogden 's Nut Gone Flake by the Small Faces was originally in a circular metal tin , and Happy to Meet -- Sorry to Part by Horslips was in an octagonal package . Anyway by Family was originally issued in an opaque plastic package through which a design ( a Leonardo sketch ) could be seen . Magical Mystery Tour by the Beatles was first released as a double EP with a booklet between the records . Sgt . Pepper contained a cardboard sheet of images , and The Beatles ( often referred to as the White Album ) contained four large glossy photos of the individual Beatles along with a poster - sized collage . Live at Leeds by The Who also contained a generous supply of posters and printed material . Led Zeppelin III had a front cover that contained a revolving disc which brought different images into view through small cut - outs in the outer sleeve . A similar effect was used for the band 's later album Physical Graffiti with cut - outs of the windows of a brownstone building . The original issue of Sticky Fingers by the Rolling Stones had an actual zipper incorporated into the picture of the crotch area of a pair of jeans . The Velvet Underground and Nico album had a Warhol - designed cardboard banana on the cover that could be peeled back . The record company Vertigo had a black - and - white design on the centre label that produced a hypnotic optical effect when the disc revolved on the turntable . Packaging ( edit ) The album cover is a component of the overall packaging of an album . Especially in the case of vinyl records with cardboard sleeves , these packages are prone to wear and tear , although wear and tear does often take place to some degree on covers contained within plastic cases . A variety of treatments could be applied to improve both their appearance and durability , such as clear plastic wrap . Many products have been available for the storage of vinyl albums , often clear plastic sleeves . The surface of a vinyl record is readily damaged , so aside from the outer cardboard sleeve , there is usually an inner protective cover to protect against dust and handling . This is normally shaped to allow it to readily slide within the outer cover . The inner sleeve is either thin white paper , either plain or printed with information on other recordings available from the same company , or a paper sleeve supporting a thin plastic bag . These quite often have a circular cut out so that the record label can be read without directly handling the record , though when the inner sleeve is printed with lyrics , which became quite common , then there is usually no hole . Decca Records used a system of colour - coding on these sleeves where a blue color denoted a stereophonic recording while red denoted a monophonic recording ( the mono record players of the time were not always compatible with stereo records ) . This system was begun in the 1960s to reduce packaging costs . Packaging formats for compact discs widened the variety of presentations as well , even as the size of the CD meant that album covers were no longer so large . Besides the practicalities of identifying specific records , album covers serve the purpose of advertising the musical contents on the LP , through the use of graphic design , photography , and / or illustration . An album cover normally has the artist 's name , sometimes in logo form ; and the album title . Occasionally , though more common on historical vinyl records , the cover may include a reference number ; a branding ( the label ) , and possibly a track listing . Other information is seldom included on the cover , and is usually contained on the rear or interior of the packaging , such as a track listing together with a more detailed list of those involved in making the record , band members , guest performers , engineers and producer . On the spine of the package , the artist , title , and reference number are usually repeated so that albums can be identified while tightly packed on a shelf . Album covers in the age of downloads ( edit ) With the increasing popularity of digital music downloading services and the inflating cost of conducting business , the purpose and prevalence of the album cover is evolving . While the music industry tries to keep up with technological and cultural shifts , the role that packaging ( and thus the `` album cover '' ) will play in consumer music sales in the near future is uncertain , although its role is certainly changing , and digital forms of packaging will continue to surface , which , to some degree ( and to some consumers ) take the place of physical packaging . Both MP3 and WMA music files are able to contain embedded digital album artworks ( called cover images or simply covers ) in jpeg format . As of 2008 , physical music products , with a physical `` album cover '' , continue to outsell digital downloads . In August 2008 , album cover designer Peter Saville , responsible for cover art on albums by New Order and Roxy Music , suggested that the album cover was dead . Alternately , some artists have used Internet technology to generate even more cover art . For instance , Nine Inch Nails initially released its album The Slip as a free download on the band 's website , attaching separate but thematically connected images to each individual track . One digital solution is the iTunes LP format for interactive album artwork introduced by Apple on 9 September 2009 . Album art is still considered a vital part of the listening experience to many , and despite the less - tangible nature of digital images , there are still many collectors trading cover art and music . Banned covers ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) See also : List of controversial album art Some album covers have been banned due to violence , nudity and other banned pictures . Guns N ' Roses 's 1987 album Appetite for Destruction 's cover depicted a robot rapist about to be punished by a metal avenger . Kanye West 's 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy depicted West naked being straddled by a phoenix with her bare breasts and bare buttocks showing . See also ( edit ) Book cover List of controversial album art Record sleeve Cover art References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steve ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Recording Technology History '' . University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Example in personal collection . ^ Jump up to : Doggett , Peter ( 2015 ) . Electric Shock : From the Gramophone to the iPhone : 125 Years of Pop Music . London : The Bodley Head . p. 393 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 847922182 . Jump up ^ Borgerson , Janet ( 2017 ) . Designed for hi - fi living : the vinyl LP in midcentury America . Schroeder , Jonathan E. , 1962 - . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262036238 . OCLC 958205262 . Jump up ^ Photographer lives the Rock dream BBC News . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Walker , John . ( 1987 ) `` Andy Warhol & the Velvet Underground '' . In Cross-Overs : Art into Pop , Pop into Art ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Total records : photography and the art of the album cover . Beaupré , Antoine de , , Vincendet , Serge , , Stourdzé , Sam , , Denis , Jacques , , Mondino , Jean - Baptiste , 1949 - ( First Aperture edition ed . ) . New York , N.Y. ISBN 9781597113847 . OCLC 948670847 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ 1978 - , Spampinato , Francesco , . Art record covers . Wiedemann , Julius , . ( Koln , Germany ) . ISBN 9783836540292 . OCLC 952207403 . Jump up ^ Sam Whiting ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Film puts lively spin on album cover art '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Antony ( 31 December 2007 ) . `` Digital album packaging should improve in 2008 '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Jason Gregory . `` Peter Saville Says Album Cover is Dead '' . Gigwise . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Albumartexchange.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Covers of music albums . Celant , Germano , et al . The Record as Artwork : from Futurism to Conceptual Art , ( exemplified by LP discs in ) the Collection of Germano Celant . Fort Worth , Tex. : Fort Worth Art Museum , 1977 . N.B. : This is the llustrated catalogue of an exhibition which first showed from 4 Dec. to 15 Jan. 1977 in Fort Worth and then in art galleries at Philadelphia , Montréal , and Chicago . Walker , John . `` Rock Art / Rock Design / Rock Fashion '' . Glossary of Art , Architecture & Design since 1945 , 3rd . ed . All iTunes Album Covers search engine ; Album Art Is NOT Dead ; an interview with artist Ioannis Borgerson , Janet and Jonathan Schroeder . Designed for Hi - Fi Living : The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2017 Music industry Companies Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Imagem Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Retailers Amazon.com Fnac HMV Online music stores ( iTunes Store ) Trans World Entertainment Virgin Megastores Live performance CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - garde Blues Contemporary R&B Country Crossover Dance Disco Drum and bass Easy listening Electronica Experimental Folk Funk Gospel Hip hop Instrumental Jazz Latin Metal Motown New Age Operatic pop Pop Punk Reggae Rock Soul Soundtrack World Sectors and roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire ( A&R ) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Composer Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Recording artist Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Singer Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Songwriter Ghostwriter Sound engineer Release formats Album Extended play ( EP ) / Mini album Maxi single Single Gramophone record Eight - track Compact cassette CD DVD Streaming media Broadcasting Awards World World Music Awards Africa South African Music Awards ( RSA ) Channel O Music Video Awards ( RSA ) Nigeria Entertainment Awards ( NGR ) The Headies ( NGR ) Americas Grammy Awards ( US ) Billboard Music Awards ( US ) Billboard Latin Music Awards ( US ) American Music Awards ( US ) iHeartRadio Music Awards ( US ) Juno Awards ( Canada ) Latin Grammy Awards ( US ) Lo Nuestro Awards ( US ) MTV Video Music Awards ( US ) BET Awards ( US ) Soul Train Music Awards ( US ) TEC Awards ( US ) iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards ( CAN ) Juno Awards ( CAN ) MTV Video Music Brazil ( BRA ) Asia and Oceania ABU Song Festivals ( AS ) ARIA Music Awards ( AUS ) Awit Awards ( PHL ) Eurovision Asia Song Contest ( AS ) Golden Disc Awards ( S. KOR ) Golden Melody Awards ( TW ) Japan Record Awards Japan Gold Disc Awards New Zealand Music Awards ( NZ ) Anugerah Juara Lagu ( MAS ) Anugerah Industri Muzik ( MAS ) Anugerah Musik Indonesia ( INA ) Dahsyatnya Awards ( INA ) SCTV Awards ( INA ) Anugerah Planet Muzik ( SIN , MAS , BRU , INA ) Europe Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Europe Music Awards ( EU ) Junior Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Brit Awards ( UK ) Mercury Prize ( UK ) MOBO Awards ( UK ) Kerrang ! Awards ( UK ) Classic Brit Awards ( UK ) Gramophone Award ( UK ) Echo Awards ( GER ) Victoires de la Musique ( FRA ) Grand Prix du Disque ( FRA ) NRJ Music Awards ( FRA ) Diapason d'Or ( FRA ) Sanremo Music Festival Awards ( ITA ) Wind Music Awards ( ITA ) MTV Italian Music Awards Edison Awards ( NLD ) Grammis Awards ( SWE ) Melodifestivalen ( SWE ) Premio Nacional de Música ( SPA ) Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( DNK ) Melodi Grand Prix ( NOR ) Meteor Music Awards ( IRL ) Choice Music Prize ( IRL ) Russian Music Awards ( RUS ) ZAI Awards / Aurel Awards ( SK ) Anděl Awards ( CZ ) BBC Music Awards ( UK ) A Dal ( HU ) Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Sales certifications ARIA BPI Music Canada FIMI PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang ! Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Other Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Grammy Museum Music video White label Women in music Commons GND : 4327751 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&oldid=798390236 '' Categories : Albums Packaging Illustration Art genres Advertising publications by format Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Limburgs Nederlands Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the size of a record cover	[ "An album cover is the front of the packaging of a commercially released audio recording product, or album. The term can refer to either the printed cardboard covers typically used to package sets of 10 in (25 cm) and 12 in (30 cm) 78-rpm records, single and sets of 12 in (30 cm) LPs, sets of 45 rpm records (either in several connected sleeves or a box), or the front-facing panel of a CD package, and, increasingly, the primary image accompanying a digital download of the album, or of its individual tracks." ]	[ "12 in (30 cm)" ]
8781040814630497721	First Bank of the United States	First bank of the United States - wikipedia First bank of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bank of America , the modern corporation . First Bank of the United States U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark 3rd Street facade ( 2009 ) Location 120 South Third Street Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 39 ° 56 ′ 53 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 47 '' W / 39.9481 ° N 75.1464 ° W / 39.9481 ; - 75.1464 Coordinates : 39 ° 56 ′ 53 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 47 '' W / 39.9481 ° N 75.1464 ° W / 39.9481 ; - 75.1464 Built 1795 Architect Samuel Blodgett , possibly with James Hoban Architectural style Greek Revival , other NRHP reference # 87001292 Added to NRHP May 4 , 1987 The President , Directors and Company , of the Bank of the United States , commonly known as the First Bank of the United States , was a national bank , chartered for a term of twenty years , by the United States Congress on February 25 , 1791 . It followed the Bank of North America , the nation 's first de facto central bank . Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three - part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power , along with a federal mint and excise taxes , championed by Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation 's credit , and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution . The First Bank building , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , within Independence National Historical Park , was completed in 1797 , and is a National Historic Landmark for its historic and architectural significance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Proposal 3 Opposition 4 Presidential approval 5 Expiration of charter 6 Purchase by Girard 7 Bank building 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1791 , the First Bank of the United States was one of the three major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . In addition to the national bank , the other measures were assumption of the state war debts by the U.S. government , establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax . The goals of Hamilton 's three measures were to : Establish financial order , clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States . Establish credit -- both in country and overseas -- for the new nation . Resolve the issue of the fiat currency , issued by the Continental Congress immediately prior to and during the American Revolutionary War -- the `` Continental '' . In simpler words , Hamilton 's four goals were to : Have the Federal Government assume the Revolutionary War debts of the several states Pay off the war debts Raise money for the new government Establish a national bank and create a common currency `` The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit . The former gives power to the state for the protection of its rights and interests , and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of commerce amongst individuals . '' Alexander Hamilton , December , 1790 report to George Washington Proposal ( edit ) According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790 , Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares . Hamilton , foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million , proposed that the government make the stock purchase using money lent to it by the bank ; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments . The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public , both in the United States and overseas . The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one - quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver ; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds , acceptable scrip , etc . Unlike the Bank of England , the primary function of the bank would be credit issued to government and private interests , for internal improvements and other economic development , per Hamilton 's system of Public Credit . The business it would be involved in on behalf of the federal government -- a depository for collected taxes , making short term loans to the government to cover real or potential temporary income gaps , serving as a holding site for both incoming and outgoing monies -- was considered highly important but still secondary in nature . There were other , nonnegotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States . Among these were : That the bank would have a twenty - year charter running from 1791 to 1811 , after which time it would be up to the Congress to approve or deny renewal of the bank and its charter ; however , during that time no other federal bank would be authorized ; states , for their part , would be free to charter however many intrastate banks they wished . That the bank , to avoid any appearance of impropriety , would : be forbidden to buy government bonds . have a mandatory rotation of directors . neither issue notes nor incur debts beyond its actual capitalization . That foreigners , whether overseas or residing in the United States , would be allowed to be First Bank of the United States stockholders , but would not be allowed to vote . That the Secretary of the Treasury would be free to remove government deposits , inspect the books , and require statements regarding the bank 's condition as frequently as once a week . To ensure that the government could meet both the current and future demands of its governmental accounts , an additional source of funding was required , `` for interest payments on the assumed state debts would begin to fall due at the end of 1791 ... those payments would require $788,333 annually , and ... an additional $38,291 was needed to cover deficiencies in the funds that had been appropriated for existing commitments . '' To achieve this , Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had made nearly a year before -- increase the duty on imported spirits , plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey and other liquors . Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion . Opposition ( edit ) `` Hamilton 's financial system had then passed . It had two objects ; 1st , as a puzzle , to exclude popular understanding and inquiry ; 2nd , as a machine for the corruption of the legislature ; for he avowed the opinion , that man could be governed by one of two motives only , force or interest ; force , he observed , in this country was out of the question , and the interests , therefore , of the members must be laid hold of , to keep the legislative in unison with the executive . And with grief and shame it must be acknowledged that his machine was not without effect ; that even in this , the birth of our government , some members were found sordid enough to bend their duty to their interests , and to look after personal rather than public good . `` It is well known that during the war the greatest difficulty we encountered was the want of money or means to pay our soldiers who fought , or our farmers , manufacturers and merchants , who furnished the necessary supplies of food and clothing for them . After the expedient of paper money had exhausted itself , certificates of debt were given to the individual creditors , with assurance of payment so soon as the United States should be able . But the distresses of ( p. 272 ) these people often obliged them to part with these for the half , the fifth , and even a tenth of their value ; and speculators had made a trade of cozening them from the holders by the most fraudulent practices , and persuasions that they would never be paid . In the bill for funding and paying these , Hamilton made no difference between the original holders and the fraudulent purchasers of this paper . '' Thomas Jefferson , February 4 entry in The Anas Hamilton 's bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the opposition , which claimed that the bank was unconstitutional , and that it benefited merchants and investors at the expense of the majority of the population . Like most of the Southern members of Congress , Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton : establishing an official government Mint . They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north , not southern agricultural interests , arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals . Furthermore , they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution , which specifically stated that congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money ( rather than mint and bills of credit ) . Bank of the United States check signed by John Jacob Astor in 1792 The first part of the bill , the concept and establishment of a national mint , met with no real objection , and sailed through ; it was assumed the second and third part ( the bank and an excise tax to finance it ) would likewise glide through , and in their own way they did : The House version of the bill , despite some heated objections , easily passed . The Senate version of the bill did likewise , with considerably fewer , and milder , objections . It was when `` the two bills changed houses , complications set in . In the Senate , Hamilton 's supporters objected to the House 's alteration of the plans for the excise tax . '' The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government . Hamilton , then Secretary of the Treasury , argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws and that its relevance to constitutionally authorized powers was weak . Another argument came from James Madison , who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank , or any other governmental agency . His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment : that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States ( or the people ) . Additionally , his belief was that if the Constitution 's writers had wanted Congress to have such power , they would have made it explicit . The decision would ultimately fall on President George Washington , following his deliberate investigation of the cabinet members ' opinions . Presidential approval ( edit ) George Washington initially declared that he was hesitant to sign the `` bank bill '' into law . Washington asked for the written advice and supporting reasons from all his cabinet members -- most particularly from Hamilton . Attorney General Edmund Randolph from Virginia felt that the bill was unconstitutional . Jefferson , also from Virginia , agreed that Hamilton 's proposal was against both the spirit and letter of the Constitution . Hamilton , who , unlike his fellow cabinet members , came from New York , quickly responded to those who claimed incorporation of the bank unconstitutional . While Hamilton 's rebuttals were many and varied , chief among them were these two : What the government could do for a person ( incorporate ) , it could not refuse to do for an `` artificial person '' , a business . And the First Bank of the United States , being privately owned and not a government agency , was a business . `` Thus ... unquestionably incident to sovereign power to erect corporations to that of the United States , in relation to the objects entrusted to the management of the government . '' Any government by its very nature was sovereign `` and includes by force of the term a right to attainment of the ends ... which are not precluded by restrictions & exceptions specified in the constitution ... On February 25 , 1791 , convinced that the constitution authorized the measure , Washington signed the `` bank bill '' into law . On March 19 , 1791 Washington appointed three Commissioners for the taking of subscriptions for this new bank : Thomas Willing , David Rittenhouse , and Samuel Howell . Expiration of charter ( edit ) After Hamilton left office in 1795 , the new Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott , Jr. informed Congress that , due to the existing state of government finances , more money was needed . This could be achieved either by selling the government 's shares of stock in the bank , or by raising taxes . Wolcott advised the first choice . Congress quickly agreed . Hamilton objected , believing that the dividends on that stock had been inviolably pledged for the support of the sinking fund to retire the debt . Hamilton tried to organize opposition to the measure , but was unsuccessful . In 1811 , the U.S. Senate tied on a vote to renew the bank 's charter . Vice President George Clinton broke the tie and voted against renewal . The bank 's charter thus expired in 1811 . In 1816 , the bank was succeeded by the Second Bank of the United States . Purchase by Girard ( edit ) After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 , Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank , later known as Girard Bank . Girard hired George Simpson , the cashier of the First Bank of the United States , as cashier of the new bank , and with seven other employees , opened for business on May 18 , 1812 . He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent . Over its early history the bank was known as `` Girard 's Bank , '' or as `` Girard Bank '' or also as `` Stephen Girard 's Bank '' or even the `` Bank of Stephen Girard . '' Girard was the sole proprietor of his bank , and thus avoided the Pennsylvania state law which prohibited an unincorporated association of persons from establishing a bank , and which required a charter from the legislature for a banking corporation . Bank building ( edit ) Measured drawing of the First Bank from the Historic American Buildings Survey . The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the city served as the national capital , from 1790 to 1800 . In the eighteenth century , Philadelphia was one of the largest cities in the English - speaking world . The bank began operations in Carpenters ' Hall in 1791 , some 200 feet from its permanent home . Design of the bank building is credited to Samuel Blodgett , Superintendent of Buildings for the new capital in Washington , DC. , although it has also been attributed to James Hoban . It was completed in 1795 . The First Bank of the United States has received various designations as a historic building . It was included in Independence National Historical Park when the park was formed in 1956 . The building 's architecture was studied by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1958 . With the rest of Independence National Historical Park , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 , and the bank was then declared a National Historic Landmark on May 4 , 1987 . It is described in the landmark designation as an early masterpiece of monumental Classical Revival design . Until about 2000 , the building housed offices for Independence National Historical Park . A proposal to have it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming . Future plans are for it to house the National Park Service archaeology lab , currently across the street in the old Visitor Center . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Bank Bill of 1791 Federal Reserve Act History of central banking in the United States United States Department of the Treasury Stephen Simpson ( writer ) Outspoken journalist and fierce critic of the 1st Natl Bank and its practices . List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City , Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Bailey , David M. Kennedy , Lizabeth Cohen , Thomas A. ( 2006 ) . The American pageant : a history of the Republic ( 13th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 193 -- 95 . ISBN 0618479279 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Fiscal Program 1791 -- 1793 '' . Blinn College . Blinn.edu . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Financial Program '' . Digital History . Digital History . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ See ( ed . ) The papers of Alexander Hamilton , Columbia University Press , 1963 p. 256 ) Jump up ^ The First Bank of the United States : A Chapter in the History of Central Banking Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. pp. 194 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Report on the Bank , in Syrett , ed. , Papers , 7 : 326 -- 28 Jump up ^ Further Report on Public Credit , 7 : 226 Jump up ^ See The Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson , 1903 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Coblenz , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` The Fight Goes on Forever : ' Limited Government ' and the First Bank of the United States '' . Southern Illinois University Law Journal . 39 : 408 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westley , Christopher ( Fall 2010 ) . `` The Debate Over Money Manipulations : A Short History '' ( PDF ) . Intercollegiate Review . 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 3 -- 11 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : John Marshall , The Life of George Washington , ( 1838 ) Chapter 28 : Defense , Finance , Foreign Affairs -- and the First `` Systematic Opposition '' ( 1790 to 1791 ) Jump up ^ Washington to Hamilton , February 16 , 1791 , in Syrett , ed . Papers 8 : 98 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander ( 1961 ) . Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Vol VIII 1781 -- July 1791 . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Girard 's Bank '' . LOC Authorities . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva ( 1937 ) . Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . PA - 1417 , `` First Bank of the United States '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 18 measured drawings , 3 photo caption pages Jump up ^ 1984 National Register Nomination ^ Jump up to : Baigell , Matthew ( 1969 ) . `` James Hoban and the First Bank of the United States '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 28 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 36 . JSTOR 988511 . Jump up ^ Whiffen , Marcus ; Koeper , Frederick ( 1981 ) . American architecture 1607 -- 1976 . Cambridge : MIT Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0262231050 . Jump up ^ NPS historical marker at building Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for First Bank of the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Civil War Museum Further reading ( edit ) Danzer , Gerald A. ; J. Jorge Klor de Alva ; Larry S. Krieger ; Louis E Wilson ; Nancy Woloch . The Americans . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37716 - 6 . Markham , Jerry ( 2001 ) . A Financial History of the United States . Armonk : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 . Perkins , Edwin J. American public finance and financial services , 1700 -- 1815 ( 1994 ) pp. 324 -- 48 . Complete text line free Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Rothbard , Murray ( 2002 ) . A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Von Mises Inst . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 33 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Bank of the United States . Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States ( 1791 ) Documents produced by the First Bank of the United States on FRASER Hamilton 's opinion Jefferson 's opinion Record of the Debate Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges ( covered ) National Historic Landmarks ( Philadelphia ) NRHP portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Bank_of_the_United_States&oldid=826269468 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Independence National Historical Park Bank buildings in Philadelphia Historic bank buildings in the United States Defunct banks of the United States Commercial buildings completed in 1797 Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania 1st United States Congress Presidency of George Washington Economic history of the United States History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Banks established in 1791 Companies disestablished in 1811 1791 establishments in Pennsylvania 1810s in Pennsylvania 1791 establishments in the United States 1810s disestablishments in the United States Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Historic American Buildings Survey in Pennsylvania Unused buildings in Pennsylvania 18th - century architecture in the United States Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who created the bank of the united states	[ "The President, Directors and Company, of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto central bank." ]	[ "the United States Congress" ]
-5504232827965902977	All Eyez on Me (film)	All Eyez on Me ( film ) - Wikipedia All Eyez on Me ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search All Eyez on Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Benny Boom Produced by David Robinson L.T. Hutton James G. Robinson Written by Jeremy Haft Eddie Gonzalez Steven Bagatourian Starring Demetrius Shipp Jr . Kat Graham Lauren Cohan Hill Harper Danai Gurira Music by John Paesano Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Joel Cox Production companies Morgan Creek Productions Program Pictures Codeblack Films Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( Fox Bruin Theater ) June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $54.9 million All Eyez on Me is a 2017 American biographical drama film about hip - hop artist Tupac Shakur , directed by Benny Boom and written by Jeremy Haft , Eddie Gonzalez and Steven Bagatourian . Titled after Shakur 's 1996 fourth studio album of the same name , the film stars Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Shakur with Kat Graham , Lauren Cohan , Hill Harper and Danai Gurira in supporting roles . Principal photography began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . All Eyez on Me premiered on June 14 , 2017 , in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on June 16 , 2017 , on what would have been Shakur 's 46th birthday . The film received negative reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences , and grossed $54 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Historical accuracy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995 , a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur . In 1971 , Tupac 's mother , Afeni Shakur , is released from prison along with her fellow Black Panther Party following her acquittal of several charges . She is pregnant with Tupac and voices her complaints to a reporter over the unfair treatment of black individuals in the country from not only society , but the system sworn to protect its citizens . From an early age , Tupac is taught about black pride , and is witness to multiple injustices in his neighborhood . His stepfather , Mutulu , is a revolutionary who has influenced Afeni , who in turn influences her son and Tupac 's sister Set . Mutulu is wanted by the FBI for a robbery of an armored truck , and the murder of two officers and a guard . FBI agents follow Afeni and her children . Mutulu is eventually caught during a raid when cops burst into the Shakurs ' apartment , with cops violently pinning Tupac and his sister to the ground . As Tupac gets older , he distances himself more and more from his mother 's ideals and behavior . He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts , where he becomes close friends with Jada Pinkett . Tupac 's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit `` Same Song '' . Under his manager , Leila Steinberg , he begins to have hip - hop albums produced . Although his music becomes popular , he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' , which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin , has a baby on the bathroom floor , turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money , and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets . Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song . Tupac also begins acting in movies such as Juice , as well as collaborating with other artists like Biggie Smalls , both performing to excited crowds at venues . He generates as much praise as he does controversy in what he does outside of music , such as donating money to poor black citizens . Outside of his performances , Tupac has run - ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking , and is beaten by two officers . On another occasion , he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man . When they try to intervene , one man pulls a gun on Tupac . He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun . It soon reveals that the two men were off - duty cops , and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them . Tupac becomes involved with a dealer named Nigel , and they do business together in music . When things go awry , Tupac and Nigel have a quarrel . Nigel 's guys want to retaliate against Tupac , but Nigel says that nobody touches Tupac unless he says so . The other guys appear to go against Nigel 's orders . In 1993 , Tupac meets a young woman named Briana , and she is with Tupac along with other men in a hotel room one night . Briana barges into his room hours later crying and screaming , indicating that the other men raped her . Tupac is later on trial for rape and harassment charges . On November 30 , 1994 , Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios . Tupac is shot five times before the men flee . Biggie and other guys in Tupac 's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital . When Biggie tries to visit Tupac , he is turned down for not being a family member . Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors ' orders . The following day , Tupac 's sentence is declared in his trial . He is found not guilty of rape , but is found guilty of illegal touching , and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison . While in prison , Tupac hears Biggie 's song `` Who Shot Ya ? '' , and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie 's alleged involvement in his shooting . Tupac encounters Mutulu in there , who encourages him to work after he gets out . Mutulu later murders another inmate by stabbing him to death . Tupac is also assaulted by two guards while in prison . Following his release , Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight , who also collaborates with other artists , like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg . Tupac and Dre work on the hit song `` California Love '' . He releases the track `` Hit Em Up '' as a response to `` Who Shot Ya ? '' in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie 's wife Faith Evans . In Tupac 's final months , he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music , movies , and TV shows . Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings . Later , however , Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners , with Suge taking over the West Coast part of Death Row , and Tupac taking over the East Coast . Tupac agrees to it . On September 7 , 1996 , Tupac , Suge , and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand . One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain . Tupac and company confront the gang member , and Tupac attacks him , knocking him to the ground . Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him . Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes . He tells Kidada about the situation . She tries to go with him , but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour . Tupac and Suge drive from the hotel with the rest of his guys following them . At the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane , a Cadillac pulls alongside Tupac 's BMW and Tupac is shot multiple times before the Cadillac flees the scene . The ending text states that six days later , Tupac was pronounced dead . To this day , his murder remains unsolved . By the age of 25 , he released 15 albums , seven posthumous albums , 713 songs , and seven movies . Cast Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur , Tupac 's mother , a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party . Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg , Tupac 's mentor . Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival . Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight , a record producer . Grace Gibson as Faith Evans , Biggie Smalls 's wife and singer . Lian Amado as Angie Martinez , radio personality , rapper , and actress . Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy Chris Clarke as Shock G the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground . Money - B as himself , member of Digital Underground . Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility . Johnell Young as Ray Luv , Tupac 's friend . Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder . Rayan Lawrence as Treach James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal E.D.I. Mean as himself Young Noble as himself DeRay Davis as Legs Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre Hill Harper as Journalist Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack Phil Armijo as Johnny `` J '' Production Development On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur 's biopic titled Tupac , which would follow his life from growing up to his death . Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film , and the script was from Steven Bagatourian , Stephen J. Rivele , and Christopher Wilkinson . James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures ' L.T. Hutton , and Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer , with production scheduled to begin that summer . On September 19 , 2013 , Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek . Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film . On February 12 , 2014 , John Singleton again signed on to rewrite , direct and produce the film . On April 16 , 2014 , Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film . Gonzalez , Haft , and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film , about Tupac 's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip - hop artist , to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25 . On April 7 , 2015 , it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences , while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties . On October 28 , 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett / Furla / Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013 . In the agreement , terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million , mutual approval for the lead actor 's selection , filming schedule , and distribution and sales agreements . Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road , which Morgan Creek rejected , and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval . Casting On November 30 , 2015 , it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin . Early - December 2015 , the film 's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me On December 24 , 2015 , newcomer Demetrius Shipp , Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac . Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival , reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious . On January 11 , 2016 , Danai Gurira was added to the film 's cast to play Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur , a political activist and member of the Black Panthers . Following Gurira 's casting , Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight . On January 13 , Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . On January 15 , Lauren Cohan joined the film 's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg , a key figure in Tupac 's life as his mentor . Money B would appear in the film as himself , Tupac 's coworker at Digital Underground , Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility , and Johnell Young as a Tupac 's close friend , Ray Luv . On January 19 , TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls ' wife , Faith Evans , who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur . On January 22 , 2016 , Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist . Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Filming Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming wrapped on April 12 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , Nevada . Marketing On June 16 , 2016 , on what would have been Shakur 's 45th birthday , a teaser trailer for the film was released . On September 13 , 2016 , the 20th anniversary of Shakur 's death , a second teaser trailer was released . It was announced that the film will be released on June 16 , 2017 . On February 10 , 2017 , a third teaser trailer was released , confirming Summit , Morgan Creek , Program Pictures , and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors . On April 6 , 2017 , a fourth trailer was released . No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie 's release . Reception Box office All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million , against a production budget of $40 million . In North America , All Eyez on Me was released on June 16 , 2017 , alongside Rough Night , 47 Meters Down and Cars 3 , and was originally projected to gross $17 -- 20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $12.8 million on Friday ( including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews ) , increasing weekend estimates to $31 million . It ended up debuting to $26.4 million , finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ( $53.7 million ) and Wonder Woman ( $41.3 million ) . Deadline.com attributed the film 's success to the release corresponding with Tupac 's birthday , as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015 . Despite its surprising opening weekend success , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend , dropping 78 % to $5.8 million , the 16th largest such decline in history . In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6 % to $1.8 million , finishing 11th at the box office . Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr. 's fine lead performance , All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface - skimming , by - the - numbers biopic of a larger - than - life icon . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 38 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying : `` Almost all the dialogue is that flat - footed . It 's a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur 's own words , which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote : `` Comprehensive but sketchy , richly atmospheric but often under - dramatized , it is not , in the end , a very good movie ( there are a few scenes , like Tupac 's initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records , that are embarrassingly bad ) . Yet it 's highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger , and the desperation of its violence , it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived : a place that wanted to be all about pride and power , but was really about flying over the abyss . '' Historical accuracy On her Twitter account , Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles . Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book . She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac 's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument . She did , however , praise the performances of Shipp and Graham . Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film , praising their respective portrayals . See also Notorious ( 2009 film ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 film ) References Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac 's Highly - Anticipated Biopic Receives Official Release Date '' . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Casts Lead Roles for Shakur , Biggie Smalls '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Newcomer Demetrius Shipp Jr . Cast As Tupac As Biopic Begins Filming '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's Danai Gurira Set To Play Tupac 's Mom Afeni Shakur In ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lauren Cohan Steps Into Key Role In Tupac Shakur Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Jamie Hector Joins Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A. Obenson , Tambay ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Annie Ilonzeh Cast to Play Kidada Jones in Morgan Creek 's Tupac Shakur Biopic '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Kat Graham Joins Tupac Movie , Portraying Jada Pinkett Smith ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dominic L. Santana is Suge Knight in Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . EURweb . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Verhoeven , Beatrice ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Grace Gibson Is Faith Evans in 2Pac Biopic ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez On Me Chris Clarke as Shock G '' . blackfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` Minister EnQi interviews Chris Clarke as Shock G aka Humpty Hump in All Eyes On Me Tupac Movie '' . wn.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Guess Which Digital Underground Member Will Be Appearing As Himself In The Upcoming Tupac Biopic ? '' . Bossip . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hernández , Victoria ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tupac `` All Eyez On Me '' Biopic Casts Two More Roles `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's A Rundown Of Everyone Casted In the 2Pac Biopic '' . revolt.tv . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Trevor Donovan Joins JL Ranch ; Keith Robinson Is All Bout ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the COMPLETE cast of the Tew - Pack `` All Eyez on Me '' biopic movie `` . thecoli.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1666185/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Retrieved December 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez on Me ' Casts Villain Haitian Jack '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Cina , Mark ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Morgan Creek 's ' Tupac ' Biopic to Begin Shooting This Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tupac Shakur Biopic Gets New Momentum As Emmett / Furla / Oasis To Co-Finance '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` John Singleton Back as Director for Tupac Shakur Biopic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Open Road Acquires U.S. On ' Tupac ' , John Singleton - Directed Pic On Hip - Hop Icon '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Carl Franklin to Replace Director John Singleton on Tupac Biopic '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Producer Brings $10 M Lawsuit Over Secret Star Casting '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Set To Begin On Tupac Shakur Biopic ' All Eyez On Me , ' Benny Boom Confirmed To Direct '' . Bossip . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Biopic Begins Filming '' . Boom 92 Houston . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' All Eyez on Me ' Tupac Shakur Movie Wrapped Filming in Vegas : Buzz '' . Music Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ * Please enter your name . `` Tupac Shakur Movie ' All Eyez on Me ' Completes Filming in Las Vegas ( VIDEO ) '' . Theboombox.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez On Me '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Biopic : New ' All Eyez On Me ' Trailer Released On ' Dear Mama ' Rapper 's 20 - Year Death Anniversary '' . 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tupac All Eyez on Me Pushed Back , Releases Latest Trailer '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Cars 3 ' should unseat ' Wonder Woman ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Driver ' Speeds to $27 M+ ; Ferrell & Poehler 's ' House ' Burns Down as ' Despicable Me 3 ' Dominates '' . Deadline.com . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' All Eyez on Me ' Is Uninspired . Tupac Shakur Was Anything But . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jada Pinkett Smith shares her truth about Tupac , disputes ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy and Suge Knight Approve of Tupac Shakur Movie ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . XXLMag.com . June 8 , 2017 . External links Official website All Eyez on Me on IMDb All Eyez on Me at Box Office Mojo Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Films directed by Benny Boom Next Day Air ( 2009 ) S.W.A.T. : Firefight ( 2011 ) All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Eyez_on_Me_(film)&oldid=802654372 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films African - American films American biographical films American drama films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films Biographical films about musicians Drama films based on actual events Films shot in Atlanta Morgan Creek Productions films Summit Entertainment films Films set in New York City Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films directed by Benny Boom Works about Tupac Shakur Hood films Hip hop films Films set in Baltimore Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did all eyez on me movie come out	[ "Principal photography began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia. All Eyez on Me premiered on June 14, 2017, in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on June 16, 2017, on what would have been Shakur's 46th birthday.[4] The film received negative reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences, and grossed $54 million worldwide.[2]" ]	[ "June 16, 2017" ]
-3675337516064980765	List of Better Call Saul episodes	List of Better Call Saul episodes - wikipedia List of Better Call Saul episodes Jump to : navigation , search Better Call Saul is an American television drama series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould , a prequel spin - off of Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) . The series premiered on AMC on February 8 , 2015 . As of June 19 , 2017 , 30 episodes of Better Call Saul have aired , concluding the third season . The series was renewed by AMC for a 10 - episode fourth season to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 10 February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 10 April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Uno '' Vince Gilligan Vince Gilligan & Peter Gould February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 6.88 Following the events of Breaking Bad , Saul Goodman is living under the assumed name Gene in Omaha , Nebraska and managing a Cinnabon . One night , after work , he watches a tape of television ads made when he worked as an attorney . Back in 2002 , Jimmy McGill ( Saul 's birth name ) is a struggling public defender in Albuquerque , New Mexico . At Loyola 's Diner , Jimmy exhorts Craig and Betsy Kettleman , the county treasurer accused of embezzling $1.6 million , to hire him . Jimmy lives and works out of a cramped storage room in the back of a Vietnamese nail salon while caring for his brother , Chuck . Chuck has become semi-reclusive and believes he suffers from electromagnetic hypersensitivity . On his brother 's behalf , Jimmy passionately and theatrically confronts Chuck 's law firm partner , Howard Hamlin , of Hamlin , Hamlin & McGill ( HHM ) , demanding HHM cash out his brother 's US $ 17 million share in the firm . The Kettlemans decide to hire HHM instead . Frustrated , Jimmy sets up a skateboarding accident scam with con artist twins Lars and Cal , to secure the Kettlemans as clients . The twins accidentally target the wrong car , and Jimmy ends up a hostage at gunpoint by gangster Tuco Salamanca . `` Mijo '' Michelle MacLaren Peter Gould February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 3.42 Tuco drags Jimmy at gunpoint into the house where the skateboarding twins are being held . Jimmy explains that the twins were part of his scam operation , but they picked the wrong car . Tuco leads Jimmy to the garage , where the twins are tied up . After Jimmy frees them , Lars reveals that this was all Jimmy 's idea , which infuriates Tuco . Later , Jimmy is tied up and gagged with duct tape , and on his knees in the desert . Tuco demands to know who Jimmy is and why he is coming after him . Out of options , Jimmy lies about being an FBI agent . Tuco 's subordinate Nacho does n't believe this , and Jimmy confirms that he is actually a lawyer . Jimmy is released . He talks Tuco out of killing the twins , suggesting Tuco break their legs instead . Jimmy drives the twins to an emergency room , with the twins calling him `` the worst lawyer in the world '' . Nacho visits Jimmy at his nail salon office , reveals a scheme to steal the money the Kettlemans embezzled , and offers Jimmy a 10 % finder 's fee . Jimmy declines to participate , telling Nacho that he is a lawyer , not a criminal . Surprised , Nacho leaves his phone number with Jimmy , encouraging him to call when Jimmy decides he 's `` in the game '' . `` Nacho '' Terry McDonough Thomas Schnauz February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 3.23 During a flashback , Jimmy , who faces multiple charges and the prospect of being branded a sex offender , is visited by Chuck in jail . Chuck promises Jimmy that he will extend his legal help , in exchange for a solid promise to quit `` everything Jimmy is involved with '' . In 2002 , Jimmy is still working on the Kettleman case and anonymously warns them they are at risk of getting robbed . As Jimmy returns to the Kettleman house , he 's informed they have been kidnapped . Nacho , whom a neighbor spotted casing the Kettleman house , is arrested ; he accuses Jimmy of tipping off the Kettlemans and threatens to kill Jimmy unless he proves Nacho 's innocence . Jimmy comes up with a theory that the Kettlemans have kidnapped themselves and strives to prove it . The police do not believe Jimmy 's theory , but Mike , a retired cop who works as a parking lot attendant for the Albuquerque courthouse , does . Later , following Mike 's advice , Jimmy locates the Kettlemans in a tent near their home , along with the embezzled $1.6 million . `` Hero '' Colin Bucksey Gennifer Hutchison February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 2.87 In a flashback , Jimmy and his friend use a fake Rolex watch to con a bar patron . In 2002 , Jimmy offers his legal services to the Kettlemans ; they reject his offer and counter with a $30,000 bribe . Jimmy represents Nacho and successfully gets him freed , but Nacho deduces that Jimmy tipped off the Kettlemans and warns him about `` consequences '' . Jimmy uses the bribe money to purchase clothing and a billboard that exactly imitates Hamlin and HHM 's logo . Hamlin obtains a cease and desist order and forces Jimmy to take the billboard down . Jimmy uses this as a way to try to make Hamlin look bad through college media , and in the meantime stages the rescue of a billboard worker who pretends to have fallen off the billboard . The next day , Jimmy 's actions make it onto the news , much to Hamlin 's disgust . Jimmy then makes his daily drop off at Chuck 's house but removes the local paper from Chuck 's supplies . With great distress , Chuck runs outside to take the neighbor 's newspaper and reads about Jimmy 's act . 5 5 `` Alpine Shepherd Boy '' Nicole Kassell Bradley Paul March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 2.71 After Chuck 's neighbor reports him for stealing her newspaper , he is arrested and hospitalized . A doctor tries to have Jimmy commit Chuck to a mental institution , but Jimmy manages to convince her that he is fully capable of containing Chuck in his own home ; the doctor proves to Jimmy that Chuck 's `` disease '' is entirely psychosomatic . Jimmy 's newfound fame seems to attract mostly unpropitious clients , but he eventually comes across an elderly lady in need of a will , which prompts Jimmy 's lawyer friend Kim to propose that Jimmy specialize in elder law . Jimmy takes her advice and begins promoting himself at a nursing home . Meanwhile , parking lot attendant Mike is visited at home by several police officers from Philadelphia . 6 6 `` Five - O '' Adam Bernstein Gordon Smith March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 2.57 In a flashback , Mike arrives in Albuquerque on a train and is met by his daughter - in - law , Stacey ( Kerry Condon ) . Their conversation reveals that Mike 's son , Matty , was a recently murdered cop . Mike finds a crooked veterinarian , Dr. Caldera , to treat his bullet wound . In 2002 , Mike is taken to the police station and demands Jimmy as his lawyer . Asking Jimmy to spill coffee on one of the detectives , he steals his notebook and realizes that Stacey had called the detectives . He confronts her and reveals that Matty was the only clean cop in the precinct . In another flashback , Mike breaks into a police car outside a bar before entering it and drinking heavily . When he leaves , two detectives pick him up , and Mike explains that he knows they killed Matty . The detectives plan to murder Mike with his own gun , but Mike , having feigned his drunken state and hidden a second gun in the car , kills them both . In 2002 , Mike explains to Stacey that he was the one who convinced Matty to take the bribe , but his partners killed him anyway . 7 7 `` Bingo '' Larysa Kondracki Gennifer Hutchison March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 2.67 Mike and Jimmy are called down to the station , and the younger detective accuses them of stealing his notebook . Jimmy returns the notebook and assures him they found it in the parking lot outside . Mike and Jimmy are allowed to go , and Mike tells Jimmy to go home . The next day , Jimmy takes Kim to his new office and offers her a partnership , but she refuses . Back at HHM , Kim presents the Kettlemans with their best deal , which would send Craig to jail for 16 months instead of 30 years . Betsy refuses , fires Kim , and leaves HHM with Craig . Meanwhile , Jimmy is hosting a bingo game at a nursing home and is contacted by the Kettlemans . They all meet at Loyola 's again , and the Kettlemans demand that he represent him and insist they want no jail time . Jimmy turns them down and strongly encourages them to go back to Kim . They inform him that in order for them to take the deal , they would need all the money , including the $30,000 bribe Jimmy took . Later that night , Jimmy hires Mike to steal the Kettlemans ' million dollars from their home and returns the bribe in full . The next day , Jimmy visits the Kettlemans , tells them he took their money , and forces them to take Kim 's deal . Jimmy returns the Kettlemans to HHM and visits the office he had to give up in order for the deal to go through . Jimmy angrily kicks an office door shut and sobs on the floor , only to pull himself together to answer a phone call . 8 8 `` RICO '' Colin Bucksey Gordon Smith March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 2.87 In a flashback , Jimmy is working in the mailroom at HHM . Jimmy asks Kim to open his bar exam results ; he has passed , and she kisses him on the lips . Jimmy then shows Chuck his results and explains that he studied law via distance learning from the `` University of American Samoa '' . Chuck tells him that he is proud of him . Later there is a small mailroom party to celebrate , but Howard tells Jimmy that HHM refuses to hire him as an attorney . In 2002 , Hamlin holds a press conference to announce Craig Kettleman 's plea deal , as Jimmy visits clients at a senior care home called Sandpiper Crossing . At one client 's residence , Jimmy discovers that Sandpiper is overcharging her . Jimmy returns to Chuck 's house and points out fraud by Sandpiper Crossing . Chuck tells Jimmy he needs more information ; Jimmy returns to Sandpiper but is forcibly thrown out . Meanwhile , Mike receives a call from Stacey , asking him to babysit Kaylee . Later that night , Jimmy searches Sandpiper 's dumpster for shredded documents . He brings bags of the shredded documents to Chuck 's house , but makes no progress and falls asleep . Chuck manages to put some of the documents together , and these prove Sandpiper 's guilt . Mike spends the day with Kaylee and is asked by Stacey what she should do with the money Matty accepted . Mike tells her to spend it and returns to the vet for a job . Jimmy sets up a meeting with Sandpiper 's lawyers at Chuck 's house , and Chuck demands $20 million from them . Chuck explains he sees a way to win , which makes Jimmy visibly ecstatic . The next day , Jimmy returns to Chuck 's house with new client files and naps on his sofa . Chuck absentmindedly walks outside to Jimmy 's car to grab some documents Jimmy forgot , and they stand outside , amazed that Chuck was n't hindered by his condition . 9 9 `` Pimento '' Thomas Schnauz Thomas Schnauz March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 2.38 Chuck and Jimmy are enjoying time outside on a park bench . It seems Chuck is able to spend more time outside than he originally thought , but after a while he insists they go back inside . Mike brings Stacey and Kaylee a dog ( seen last episode ) , and receives a call about a job . Jimmy goes to court to argue against a restraining order from Sandpiper Crossing and ultimately wins . Returning to Chuck 's house , Jimmy finds boxes of paperwork , and Chuck convinces Jimmy to bring the case to HHM because of its large scale . Later that night , Chuck sneaks outside to place a phone call . The next day , Mike , a loudmouth mercenary named Sobchak ( Steven Ogg ) , and a very large man wait for the job . Pryce , the client arrives , and Mike manages to subdue Sobchak and scare off the other man , then he accepts the job on his own . Meanwhile , Chuck and Jimmy prepare to visit HHM , sewing Chuck 's space blanket into the lining of his suit . The McGill brothers present their case to Howard , but Howard informs Jimmy that he wants the case , but not him . Frustrated , Jimmy refuses to give the case to Howard and tells him to go to hell . Kim confronts Howard on his decision , but Howard reveals something to her . On the job , Mike and his client wait for Nacho and a new gang of thugs to show up and buy the pills the client is selling . After the deal is concluded , Mike explains to Pryce , who insists he is not a `` bad man '' , that he is now a criminal , and that morality does n't enter into it . Back at the nail salon , Kim meets with Jimmy and urges him to take the deal , causing Jimmy to get angry at her . Jimmy enters his office and has a realization when he charges his phone . The next day , Jimmy goes to Chuck 's house and confronts him about the phone call he placed to Howard before their meeting . Jimmy has realized it was Chuck who told Howard not to hire him , and Chuck has been blocking him from being hired at HHM ever since his days in the mailroom . Jimmy demands to know why . Chuck reveals his opinion of Jimmy as not being worthy to be called a real lawyer and says he has not changed since his `` Slippin ' Jimmy '' days as a con artist . Jimmy tells Chuck he 's on his own and angrily drives off , with Chuck calling out to him as he goes . 10 10 `` Marco '' Peter Gould Peter Gould April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 2.53 In a flashback to Cicero , Illinois , Jimmy says goodbye to his friend and con artist partner Marco , telling him that he is moving to Albuquerque . In 2002 , Jimmy meets with Howard Hamlin to receive his $20,000 `` of counsel '' fee , and to discuss arrangements for delivering groceries and supplies to Chuck . After having a breakdown while calling bingo at the retirement home , Jimmy returns to Cicero , where he catches up with Marco at their old favorite bar . They run a rare coin scam , with a Kennedy half dollar , on an out - of - town businessman . Over the next week , they run several successful scams . One morning , Jimmy explains to Marco that he is now an elder law attorney and must return to Albuquerque . Marco insists on one last fake Rolex scam for kicks but succumbs to a heart attack during the con . A grieving Jimmy , now wearing Marco 's pinky ring , receives a phone call from Kim . A large Santa Fe firm , Davis & Main , is assisting with the class action suit and considering Jimmy for a partner track position . Jimmy returns to Albuquerque but backs out of the Davis & Main meeting . He asks Mike why they gave back the embezzled $1.6 million , then proclaims that whatever stopped him from taking it `` is never stopping ( him ) again '' . Jimmy drives away , smiling and humming `` Smoke on the Water '' , the same song Marco hummed whenever they pulled off the Rolex scam . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Switch '' Thomas Schnauz Thomas Schnauz February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.57 In the present , Jimmy under his Gene persona in Omaha , Nebraska , accidentally locks himself in the mall 's dumpster room , but because of the need to conceal his past he is unable to force himself to use the emergency exit , which will summon the authorities . When he 's finally let out , he leaves behind the words `` SG WAS HERE '' carved in the wall . Back in 2002 , Jimmy decides to decline Davis & Main 's employment offer and closes down his practice . Kim confronts Jimmy about his odd behavior , but Jimmy is adamant about leaving the practice of law . Instead , Jimmy ropes Kim into conning a stock trader into buying them expensive drinks and food , and then paying their tab . Thrilled by the experience , Kim spends the night with Jimmy . Meanwhile , Pryce fires Mike , since he believes he no longer needs a bodyguard . Nacho takes advantage of Mike 's absence to steal Pryce 's personal information . Some time later , Pryce 's house is burglarized and he calls the police . The responding officers are suspicious about the nature of the burglary and investigate further , finding a hidden compartment behind Pryce 's couch . After some thought on the matter , Jimmy changes his mind and decides to take the job with Davis & Main . 12 `` Cobbler '' Terry McDonough Gennifer Hutchison February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 2.23 Howard visits Chuck , expressing concern about Jimmy 's employment at Davis & Main . Meanwhile , Mike encounters Pryce when he arrives at the police station for a police interview to recover his stolen baseball cards . Mike warns Pryce that the police must suspect that he 's a drug dealer and offers to find the cards himself , to keep Pryce from talking to the police . Mike tracks down Nacho and threatens to inform Tuco about Nacho 's secret drug deals , if Nacho does n't return the baseball cards . Intimidated , Nacho agrees to return the cards in return for Pryce 's Hummer , which he intends to sell as parts , and $10,000 . Chuck decides to pay a visit to the HHM office , where he sits in on a firm meeting between HHM and DM , and unnerves Jimmy . Jimmy then receives a call from Mike requesting he remove police suspicion from Pryce , which Jimmy achieves by telling the police the secret compartment in Pryce 's living room was used to hold fetish videos of Pryce sitting on pies and crying . When Jimmy tells Kim the story about how he staged a video with Pryce to convince the police , Kim voices disapproval , since Jimmy had effectively fabricated evidence and jeopardized his position at DM . 13 `` Amarillo '' Scott Winant Jonathan Glatzer February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 2.20 Jimmy bribes a Sandpiper bus driver to allow him to solicit a bus full of Sandpiper residents on their way to lunch . At an HHM meeting , Jimmy presents his client outreach report . Chuck announces his suspicions about the legality of Jimmy 's methods . Jimmy manages to deflect the issue . Kim warns Jimmy to keep his methods legitimate , since she recommended him to Davis & Main , and his actions will reflect on her judgment . When direct mailing potential clients does n't work , Jimmy films a television ad , which impresses Kim . Jimmy decides to run the ad without prior approval from Cliff Main or the partners , and it is a massive success . Main is furious at Jimmy 's conduct and demands an explanation from him . Meanwhile , Stacey voices her concerns to Mike about gunshots she has heard over the past two nights . Mike does overnight surveillance without Stacey 's knowledge and does not hear or see anything out of the ordinary . At work the following morning , Stacey calls Mike . He rushes to her house , where she says there were three more gunshots the night before and points out a hole in her siding that she tearfully insists is from a bullet . Despite knowing that there were no gunshots , Mike tells Stacey what she wants to hear : that he will help her get out of the neighborhood . Mike later receives a job offer from Nacho , asking him to `` take care '' of a certain `` guy '' . 14 `` Gloves Off '' Adam Bernstein Gordon Smith March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 2.20 Jimmy is brought in front of the Davis & Main partners , who are angry at him for running the commercial without their consent . Cliff decides to give Jimmy a second chance to redeem himself . At HHM , Kim is brought in front of Howard and Chuck , and Howard chews out Kim over her failure to inform them about Jimmy 's commercial . As a result , Kim is demoted to document review , and Jimmy goes to confront Chuck . The two get into an argument over HHM 's treatment of Kim , and Jimmy dares Chuck to reinstate Kim in return for Jimmy 's quitting the law . Chuck does n't take the bait , as he is confident Jimmy will inevitably disgrace himself . Meanwhile , Mike and Nacho go over plans to assassinate Tuco , due to Nacho 's fear of Tuco 's finding out about his secret deals . Mike ultimately decides against doing the hit , as he realizes that Tuco 's death would draw the attention of the cartels . Instead , Mike sets up Tuco by calling the police in advance , crashing his car into Tuco 's , and goading Tuco to beat him just as the police arrive . As a result , Tuco is arrested and will likely be imprisoned for assault and robbery , putting him out of the picture for 5 -- 10 years . Nacho asks Mike why he went through all the trouble to avoid killing Tuco , for half the payoff , but Mike refuses to answer . 15 5 `` Rebecca '' John Shiban Ann Cherkis March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1.99 In the past , Jimmy visits Chuck 's house shortly after moving to Albuquerque , where he also meets Chuck 's wife , Rebecca ( Ann Cusack ) . Jimmy manages to charm Rebecca with his charisma , which makes Chuck uncomfortable . In the present , Jimmy meets Kim in the HHM document room and proposes that she sue HHM . Kim rejects the plan , pointing out how that is career suicide and tells Jimmy to worry about his own job while she worries about hers . Throughout his day , Jimmy is accompanied by fellow associate Erin ( Jessie Ennis ) , who claims to want to help Jimmy fit into D&M better , though Jimmy suspects she has been ordered by Cliff to keep an eye on him . Meanwhile , Kim tries securing a new client to impress HHM enough to reinstate her old position . When she does find a new client , Howard decides to keep her on document review . Chuck then talks to Kim , and tells her a story about how years ago , Jimmy had secretly embezzled money from their father 's business , which led to its eventual collapse . Chuck then promises to try to get Kim reinstated . Meanwhile , Mike is approached by Tuco 's uncle , Hector Salamanca , who asks Mike to claim Tuco 's gun was his in order to reduce Tuco 's jail sentence , and offers him $5,000 . 16 6 `` Bali Ha'i '' Michael Slovis Gennifer Hutchison March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 2.11 Jimmy finds it difficult adjusting to his new job at D&M , and is unable to sleep in his apartment , only finding comfort when he returns to his old boiler room office . Kim , with Chuck 's help , is reinstated to her old position , but she is treated coldly by Howard who gives her the most humiliating and menial assignments , such as sending her to try and argue unwinnable motions at court . Kim is then approached by Rich Schweikart of Schweikart & Cokely , who tells her that he was impressed with Kim 's performance and offers to hire her into S&C with better benefits . Unsure of what to do , Kim relieves her stress by running another con with Jimmy , fooling an investor into giving them $10,000 . Kim tells Jimmy about her doubts over whether to move to S&C or not , and expresses jealousy at how Jimmy always seems to know what he wants . Jimmy lies to Kim about how working at D&M is everything he had always wanted in order to keep her from quitting the law . Meanwhile , Mike refuses Hector 's deal , but is constantly harassed by Hector 's goons , including Leonel and Marco Salamanca . After Stacey and Kaylee are implicitly and explicitly threatened , Mike finally agrees to Hector 's deal , but manages to raise his price to $50,000 . He then returns half of the money to Nacho , having failed to uphold his part of their earlier deal . 17 7 `` Inflatable '' Colin Bucksey Gordon Smith March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 2.03 In the early 1970s , a young Jimmy is working in his father 's store when a grifter enters and attempts to pull a con on Jimmy 's father by claiming to be a needy father in a fix . Jimmy disbelieves him and tries to warn his father , but his father is more concerned that suspicion could lead him to not help someone who might truly be in need . When Jimmy 's father is distracted , the grifter admits the con and tells Jimmy that there are only wolves and sheep in the world , and he will have to choose which one to be . Disillusioned by his father 's gullibility , Jimmy steals money from the register . In the present , Jimmy helps represent Mike when he claims to the DA that Tuco 's gun did n't belong to Tuco . Afterwards , Jimmy decides to quit D&M , but learns that if he quits , he will have to repay the firm 's signing bonus . Jimmy finds a loophole in his contract where he can receive the bonus if he is fired without cause . He does everything in his power to be irritating at D&M , from dressing in unprofessional colorful suits to playing bagpipes in his office to poor hygiene . Cliff finally relents and fires Jimmy with the bonus . Jimmy approaches Kim and attempts to convince her to become a partner in their own law firm . Kim agrees only on the condition that Jimmy play it `` straight and narrow '' . Jimmy admits that he can only be himself , so Kim politely refuses his offer . Jimmy moves back to his old office at the nail salon . Meanwhile , Mike promises to buy Stacey a new house and begins scouting out Hector 's restaurant . Kim approaches Jimmy and proposes a compromise , suggesting both she and Jimmy start separate solo firms , but share an office space so that they can share expenses and lend each other support , if needed . She asks Jimmy if he is willing . Jimmy pauses . 18 8 `` Fifi '' Larysa Kondracki Thomas Schnauz April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) 1.93 Jimmy accepts Kim 's offer , and Kim goes to announce her resignation from HHM to Howard . Howard accepts Kim 's resignation , and they both race to secure Mesa Verde . Kim succeeds in securing Mesa Verde as her first solo client , and she agrees with Jimmy to set up their practices in a re-purposed dentists ' office . Howard reports Kim 's resignation , the loss of Mesa Verde , and her teaming with Jimmy to Chuck . Alarmed , Chuck decides to personally try to convince Mesa Verde to stay with HHM without turning off the building 's power beforehand . Chuck convinces Mesa Verde to stay with HHM , but collapses under the strain of the electromagnetic exposure . Meanwhile , Jimmy uses two of his clients , along with a registered sex offender , to perpetrate a ruse at a U.S. Air Force base in order to gain access to the B - 29 Fifi for a promotional footage . Kim begins to have doubts about their future , but Jimmy reassures her that there will be other opportunities like Mesa Verde . Jimmy hears that Chuck 's condition has worsened , and visits him . While Chuck is asleep , Jimmy secretly falsifies address information in the Mesa Verde files being kept at Chuck 's house . Meanwhile , Mike continues to watch Hector 's restaurant and quietly tracks Hector 's movements to a remote garage . He then returns home and begins assembling a homemade spike strip . 19 9 `` Nailed '' Peter Gould Peter Gould April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 2.06 Mike uses his spike strip to ambush one of Hector 's trucks , and extracts $250,000 hidden in one of the tires . Mike meets with Nacho , who suspects that Mike is responsible for the heist . Mike admits his role , explaining he wanted to attract police attention to Hector with the heist . Mike is dismayed to learn that Hector shot in the face the `` good Samaritan '' who had reported the hijacking . At a hearing before the New Mexico Banking Board , Chuck discovers that the addresses in the documents he submitted ( based on those Jimmy falsified ) do not match those initially filed , creating a six - week delay in Mesa Verde 's plans to build a new branch . A humiliated Chuck immediately suspects that Jimmy is responsible for the sabotage . Dissatisfied with HHM 's performance , Mesa Verde decides to sign on with Kim . Jimmy and Kim arrive at Chuck 's house to pick up the Mesa Verde files , where Chuck accuses Jimmy of sabotaging his case . Kim sides with Jimmy and claims Chuck simply made a mistake , and she points out that Chuck has no concrete evidence , and his actions have shaped Jimmy into who he is today . Once alone in the car with Jimmy , however , Kim angrily punches him . Later that night , in bed , Kim tells Jimmy she never wants to discuss the matter , and she warns Jimmy to make sure all of his tracks are covered . Jimmy returns to the copy store where he altered the files and buys the clerk 's silence . Chuck then arrives to interrogate the clerk , but faints in reaction to the electricity there and hits his head on the counter . Jimmy secretly watches from across the street , anxious to save Chuck but reluctant to come out of hiding . 20 10 `` Klick '' Vince Gilligan Heather Marion & Vince Gilligan April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 2.26 In a flashback , Chuck and Jimmy are at their mother 's bedside in a hospital . Jimmy leaves to buy sandwiches for himself and for Chuck , who has not eaten for days . While Chuck is alone with his mother she wakes and calls Jimmy 's name twice before dying . Jimmy returns to find his mother 's room empty , and asks Chuck if their mother awakened or had any last words . Chuck says she did not . In the present , Jimmy rushes into the copy store and orders the clerk to call an ambulance . In the hospital , Chuck , now stable , wonders how it was possible for Jimmy to come to his aid in the copy store when Chuck had only been unconscious for less than a minute , correctly deducing that Jimmy had bribed the clerk and then stayed to watch . However , Ernesto speaks up and lies that he called Jimmy before going to the copy store . Elsewhere , Mike purchases a sniper rifle and ammunition , intending to kill Hector Salamanca . He positions himself on a ridge overlooking a spot in the desert where Hector and his crew are preparing to execute the driver whose truck Mike robbed in the previous episode , but Mike is unable to get a clear shot at his target because Nacho is standing directly in front of Hector . Behind him , Mike hears his car horn blaring . He finds a branch wedged against the horn and a note on the windshield with a single word : `` Do n't . '' Back in the hospital , Chuck has been ordered to undergo an MRI and a CAT scan against his will . The doctor tells Jimmy that Chuck is otherwise healthy , but has entered a stress - induced coma as a result of the scan . Jimmy refuses to commit Chuck but takes temporary guardianship of him . When Chuck finally wakes , Jimmy takes him home . Later , Howard calls Jimmy to inform him that Chuck has quit HHM . Jimmy rushes to Chuck 's house , where he finds his brother plastering the walls , floor , and ceiling of his living room with reflective foil sheets . Chuck explains that the walls of his home were doing nothing to deflect electromagnetic rays , and this has led to the deterioration of his mind over time , hence his elementary mistake with the Mesa Verde documents . Desperate for his brother to keep practicing law , Jimmy confesses to tampering with the documents and bribing the copy store clerk , assuring Chuck that Chuck 's mind is not deteriorating . When Jimmy leaves , Chuck unveils a tape recorder he had hidden and activated prior to Jimmy 's arrival . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Mabel '' Vince Gilligan Vince Gilligan & Peter Gould April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 1.81 In the present , Gene has a sandwich during his lunch break and reads as he watches a shoplifter hide inside of a photo booth . He points him out to the mall security looking for him , but then instinctively snaps and yells for the shoplifter to hire himself a lawyer as he 's being walked away . Gene later collapses when back at work . In 2003 , Jimmy helps Chuck remove the foil from his wall and reminiscences over a book they read together during their youth ; Chuck is quick to sever the nostalgia and remind him that his actions wo n't be forgotten nor forgiven . Chuck plays Jimmy 's confession to Hamlin , who warns him that the tape has no legal or public value . Chuck assures him that it has a use . Bauer , the US Air Force Captain previously seen in `` Fifi '' , meets with Jimmy and is angered that he lied about Fudge being a war veteran and threatens him if he does not remove the commercial . Jimmy momentarily cracks , but is unmoved by Bauer 's threats and forces the latter to storm out . Meanwhile , Kim begins to experience anxiety at running her own law firm , as well as keeping the knowledge of Jimmy 's fraud secret . Chuck later arranges for a key part of the tape to be played by Ernesto in a way that appears to Ernesto to be accidental . Chuck quickly turns the player off and makes Ernesto promise not to tell anything that he heard to anyone on the premise of confidentiality . Mike , determined to find out how the saboteur prevented him from killing Hector , dismantles his car at a local mechanic but fails to find a tracker until he has an epiphany and discovers the tracker inside of the car 's gas cap . Upon obtaining an identical tracking device from Caldera , he then replaces the tracker in his gas cap with the new one , drains the battery of the one tracking him and waits . Eventually , someone arrives and takes the tracker ; Mike dresses up , arms himself and begins his pursuit . 22 `` Witness '' Vince Gilligan Thomas Schnauz April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 1.46 Chuck converses with a private investigator . Meanwhile , Mike follows the courier to Los Pollos Hermanos as the tracker is dropped off at the restaurant . While Jimmy and Kim work on hiring a new paralegal , Mike calls Jimmy and has him watch the man Mike tailed as he has breakfast in the restaurant . Jimmy notices nothing unusual and reports back to Mike as Gus Fring watches the two from a distance . The trail picks back up as Mike notices Victor , one of Gus ' henchmen , drive towards the back of the restaurant and leave nearly as quickly . Eventually , the trail drops off again and Mike finds a cell phone with the gas cap under it in the middle of the road and answers it as it rings . Ernesto approaches Wexler - McGill but decides against entering and speaks to Kim in the parking lot about the tape . Kim relays this to Jimmy and the former takes the latter on as her legal client , advising him that the tape is no legal threat to him . Jimmy suppresses his feelings of anger and betrayal in front of Kim , but later drives to Chuck 's house , breaks in , berates him and destroys the tape . However , this more or less happens all according to Chuck 's plan , as he only used the tape as bait and Hamlin and the private investigator are present to witness Jimmy 's break - in . 23 `` Sunk Costs '' John Shiban Gennifer Hutchison April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 1.52 Gus and Mike come to agreement . Gus will stop tracking Mike and Mike will not kill Hector . Upon quick deliberation , however , Mike agrees to once again try to attract police attention to Hector and meets with Barry Goodman to pick up a package of cocaine as one part of this plan . Jimmy is arrested following a few harsh but hesitant words with Chuck and chooses to represent himself ( against Kim 's wishes ) , pleads not guilty and posts bail . Jimmy later explains what happened during his break - in and tells Kim to work on Mesa Verde while he works his own legal battle , to which she flatly agrees . The prosecutor in Jimmy 's case , Hay , meets with Chuck and tells him that she does n't plan to let Jimmy off easy . Chuck wishes to seek a `` better solution for everyone . '' Elsewhere , Mike stuffs the cocaine into a pair of shoes , hangs the shoes from a phone wire , and shoots them with a sniper rifle as a truck owned by Hector rolls by -- causing the cocaine to fly through the air and land on the moving truck . When the truck reaches the border , a drug - sniffing hound is alerted to it and two of Hector 's men are arrested by the DEA . Jimmy talks with Kim outside of Wexler - McGill and informs her that he can avoid jail time , but will have to confess to his felony break - in and submit his confession to the New Mexico Bar Association , which will likely result in disbarment . Kim convinces Jimmy to let her help him fight Chuck 's plot . 24 `` Sabrosito '' Thomas Schnauz Jonathan Glatzer May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 1.56 Hector delivers his tribute to Don Eladio , but is humiliated when Gus sends a significantly larger tribute via Juan Bolsa , earning Don Eladio 's favor and ridicule towards Hector . Hector confronts Gus at Los Pollos Hermanos and attempts to threaten him into using his trucks to move his drugs , now that the police have closed off his main smuggling route . Gus sends payment to Mike for his services , but Mike refuses to accept it . Meanwhile , Jimmy hires Mike to pose as a handyman and uses the repair of Chuck 's door as cover to photograph the interior of Chuck 's house in order to document the bizarre living conditions . Mike returns to his day job , where Gus arrives to meet him . Gus probes Mike as to why he did n't accept his money , lets Mike know that he 's interested in hiring him and reveals that he stopped Mike from killing Hector because `` a bullet to the head would have been far too humane . '' Jimmy , Kim , Hamlin , Chuck and ADA Hay meet in order to finalize Jimmy 's confession , with Jimmy agreeing to have his confession reviewed by the New Mexico Bar Association . After the meeting , Kim confronts Chuck , telling him that she suspects he has a copy of the tape . Chuck confirms her suspicions and states that he plans to submit the tape as evidence in Jimmy 's disciplinary hearing . Kim then relays the information to Jimmy , revealing that having Chuck admit the existence of the second tape was all according to their plan . 25 5 `` Chicanery '' Daniel Sackheim Gordon Smith May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1.76 In a flashback , Chuck invites Rebecca over for dinner and comes up with an elaborate lie about the power to his house being cut so he does n't have to reveal his EHS to her . However , Rebecca answers her cell phone , causing Chuck to knock it out of her hands in a panic . He refuses to explain his actions to her and forbids Jimmy from revealing the truth . In the present , both sides gear up for Jimmy 's hearing in front of the New Mexico Bar Association after Jimmy meets with Caldera to acquire the services of `` someone with a light touch . '' At the hearing , things do not seem to go well for Jimmy as the tape is played before the committee . Rebecca enters the courtroom , much to Chuck 's surprise , though he believes it 's some ploy by Jimmy to throw him off balance . Later , Jimmy cross-examines Chuck about the circumstances of the recording , Rebecca 's presence and his illness . Though Chuck remains calm throughout most of it , Jimmy reveals that Chuck had been carrying a fully charged cell phone battery planted by Huell for the entire hearing , contradicting the EHS symptoms Chuck claimed to have and suggesting he has a mental illness . This triggers a sudden and acidic tirade from Chuck as he vents all of his frustrations about Jimmy and how he never should have tried to help him . Chuck realizes , too late , that his outburst has shocked the entire courtroom , including the committee . 26 6 `` Off Brand '' Keith Gordon Ann Cherkis May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 1.72 After being forced by Hector to beat Domingo `` Krazy - 8 '' Molina , one of his dealers for coming up short , Nacho begins to grow disillusioned . Jimmy is given only a year 's suspension in the aftermath of his legal battle with Chuck . Afterwards , while he and Kim celebrate , Rebecca asks Jimmy to help with Chuck , who has shuttered himself in his home , but Jimmy refuses , no longer calling Chuck his brother . Chuck later admits Howard into his home . Howard suggests to Chuck that he forget about Jimmy and look to the future , which Chuck appears to agree to . However , Chuck is later seen walking through the streets of Albuquerque , dialing Dr. Cruz , the doctor who diagnosed his condition , over a payphone . Mike bonds further with Stacey . As part of Gus ' agreement with Hector , Gus ' men hand over a portion of his smuggled drugs to Nacho , who insists on taking one more package than was agreed to . Gus orders his henchmen to allow Nacho to take the extra portion , as he is scouting a commercial laundry with Lydia Rodarte - Quayle . Nacho returns to Hector with the drugs , though Hector wants a new smuggling route and decides to use Nacho 's father 's upholstery business as a front over Nacho 's objections . Hector then has a coughing attack after he receives news that Tuco was involved in a prison stabbing and placed in solitary confinement . Hector drops one of his medication capsules , which Nacho steals . After personally bidding a year 's farewell to his clients , Jimmy must figure out how to recoup money spent on his remaining television commercial slots . With the help of his college film crew , he uses a loophole in his contract to sell the slots via a new series of commercials , in which Jimmy poses as a character named Saul Goodman . 27 7 `` Expenses '' Thomas Schnauz Thomas Schnauz May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 1.65 Jimmy tries to fulfill his court - mandated community service while also trying to sell his commercials , but ca n't convince any of them to sign on for more than one or two spots , and more often , none at all . Cash in hand from the few spots Jimmy does secure rapidly nets deeper and deeper losses , but Jimmy papers over this careening towards poverty by bravely giving his film crew and Kim Wexler the very last of his money and insisting he is not maxing out his credit cards or emptying out his personal bank account . Finally , in a parking lot after yet another net - loss , Jimmy collapses on the ground and stays there , clearly exhausted , nearly penniless , and extremely depressed . Meanwhile , Nacho approaches Pryce with the pill stolen from Hector and offers to pay Pryce to obtain copies of the capsules with no medication . At a meeting with Mesa Verde , Kim reveals that she feels some regret for destroying Chuck 's reputation in the disciplinary hearing . While having dinner with Jimmy , she wonders whether they did the right thing and Jimmy replies what happened to Chuck was his own fault and that she should forget about him . Mike begins construction on the new playground and receives some help from the other members of Stacey 's support group , including a woman named Anita ( Tamara Tunie ) . Upon returning to work , he is approached by Pryce , who wants to hire him as a bodyguard again to keep an eye on Nacho , which Mike declines . At a meeting , Mike begins to befriend Anita as she recounts how her husband mysteriously disappeared on a hiking trip and the fact that she does n't know what happened to him constantly troubles her . Apparently touched by Anita 's story , Mike calls Pryce and agrees to be his bodyguard . At the meeting with Nacho , Mike learns the full story about Hector 's desire to force Nacho 's father into the drug trade and the plan to replace Hector 's medication with fake pills . Mike agrees not to interfere , but advises Nacho to switch the pills back after Hector dies so they can not be traced back to him . He then requests something from Nacho . Desperate for funds to keep up his end of office expenses , Jimmy meets with an insurance agent to try and get a refund on his malpractice insurance policy . However , the agent is unable to grant the refund and mentions that due to his suspension , Jimmy 's premium will rise by 150 % . Jimmy is visibly shaken by this news and starts to cry . When the agent reacts sympathetically to his emotional breakdown , Jimmy seizes the opportunity to `` accidentally '' mention Chuck 's mental illness before leaving , knowing that the insurance company will be forced to act on the information . 28 8 `` Slip '' Adam Bernstein Heather Marion June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 1.63 In a flashback , Jimmy and Marco recover some coins from the remnants of the McGill 's old general store to use in an upcoming con . Jimmy berates Marco for calling his father beloved , instead criticizing his `` soft touch '' for anyone who told him a sob story . In the present , Chuck consults with Dr. Cruz , and admits that the events of the disciplinary hearing demonstrated that his EHS may not be real . Dr. Cruz agrees to help Chuck , and he is able to walk to a store to buy groceries on his own . However , he is met by Howard , who informs him there is a problem with his malpractice insurance . Jimmy 's guitar store clients become suspicious of his motives and refuse to pay him . Jimmy stages a `` slip and fall '' con , intentionally slipping on a drum stick and injuring himself in the process . While at lunch , Kim is offered a new client from her Mesa Verde companions when she encounters Howard . She tries to pay back her law school loans to Howard , though he refuses and coldly accuses her of betraying the firm , to which Kim replies that he should not have tried to cover up Chuck 's condition . Kim returns to the office to find Jimmy lying on the floor , with his half of the rent , indicating he used the `` slip and fall '' to coerce the guitar shop into paying him off . Despite Jimmy 's assurances , Kim still expresses doubts about Jimmy 's ability to pay and considers taking on another client . Jimmy later is able to make $700 during his community service , helping a drug dealer `` see his sick child '' by threatening the supervisor . Nacho puts his plan to kill Hector in motion , successfully switching his heart medication pills with a carefully prepared substitute containing only ibuprofen . Mike , using information he gained from Nacho , tracks down the body of the Good Samaritan that Hector shot ( in `` Nailed '' ) and reports the discovery to the police . Later that night , Mike approaches Gus to seek help in laundering the remaining $200,000 he stole from Hector so that it can be left to his family . Gus agrees , warning Mike that the process will be difficult , and both men shake hands . 29 9 `` Fall '' Minkie Spiro Gordon Smith June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 1.47 Jimmy talks with the Sandpiper class action representative Irene to get an update on the Sandpiper case , and realizes that Sandpiper has already offered a settlement deal which if D&M and HHM accept , would give Jimmy over $1 million as his share of the settlement . Jimmy tries to convince Howard to accept the settlement , but Howard sees through Jimmy 's motivations and refuses . Meanwhile , Howard and Chuck meet with their malpractice insurance agency , who propose either raising HHM 's premium or having Chuck supervised at all times . Chuck refuses to negotiate and instead decides to fight the insurance company in court . This proves to be the last straw for Howard , who informs Chuck that he will be forced to retire since his judgment can no longer be trusted . Chuck responds by suing HHM for $8 million , the value of his share of the practice . Mike is hired on as a `` security consultant '' to Madrigal on Gus ' recommendation to launder his stolen money , and Kim takes on Gatwood Oil as a second client . Nacho admits to his father that he is working for Hector , and begs him to follow Hector 's orders . Furious , Nacho 's father tells Nacho to leave his house . In order to secure the Sandpiper settlement , Jimmy pulls a series of cons and social manipulation to trick Irene into thinking that holding out on the Sandpiper settlement is against the interests of her fellow elderly clients and she moves to accept it , giving Jimmy his much needed fee . He returns to the office to give the good news to Kim , but she is too busy preparing for an important meeting with Gatwood Oil and leaves in a rush . However , due to her fatigue from overwork , Kim falls asleep at the wheel and drives her car off the side of the road , crashing into a boulder . 30 10 `` Lantern '' Peter Gould Gennifer Hutchison June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 1.85 In a flashback , a young Chuck reads a story to a young Jimmy under the light of a lantern . In the present , Kim suffers a broken arm from the car accident , and decides to take the opportunity to take a leave of absence from law practice . Jimmy , feeling partly responsible for Kim 's situation , finally agrees to break their office lease and have Kim work out of her own home to save costs . Meanwhile , Chuck is forced out of HHM when Howard pays off his $9 million share out of his own pocket . Hector arrives at Nacho 's father 's shop and attempts to bribe him for his loyalty . Under Nacho 's urging , Nacho 's father reluctantly accepts the bribe , but Hector remains suspicious of him . With no other choice , Nacho attempts to assassinate Hector but is caught up in a meeting between Hector , Gus , and Bolsa . Bolsa reminds Hector that it is under Don Eladio 's orders that all smuggling operations will be handled by Gus , which enrages Hector and triggers a heart attack , forcing him to be hospitalized . In the chaos , Nacho is able to switch Hector 's fake medication back with his real pills , but Gus gives him a suspicious look . Jimmy meanwhile tries to make amends with Chuck , but Chuck coldly cuts ties with Jimmy . Jimmy then tries to mend relations between Irene and her friends , but is unable to since Irene 's friends remain suspicious of her . He finally inadvertently admits his fraud in front of his clients , which both vindicates Irene and cancels the Sandpiper settlement . After forcing Jimmy away , Chuck 's EHS symptoms begin to re-emerge , and he becomes obsessed with disabling all electronic devices in his home to the point of tearing walls open to remove the wiring . He eventually reaches a breaking point and intentionally knocks the gas lantern over , setting fire to his house , while he is still inside . Ratings ( edit ) Better Call Saul : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 6.88 3.42 3.23 2.87 2.71 2.57 2.67 2.87 2.38 2.53 2.57 2.23 2.20 2.20 1.99 2.11 2.03 1.93 2.06 2.26 1.81 1.46 1.52 1.56 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.63 1.47 1.85 Source : Nielsen Media Research See also ( edit ) List of Breaking Bad episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Better Call Saul Gets Two - Night February Premiere on AMC '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Comedy Central Roast Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Raw ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' reigns supreme , ' Better Call Saul ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads the night , `` Street Outlaws '' falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Bates Motel ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' reunion and ' WWE Raw ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : NCAA Championship dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Teen Mom ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' finale holds steady , NBA Playoffs soar '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' hits series low , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' takes a hit , ' Better Call Saul ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Better Call Saul ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' wins the night , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' season finale ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website List of Better Call Saul episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Better Call Saul Characters Saul Goodman Mike Ehrmantraut Gustavo Fring Episodes Season 1 `` Uno '' `` Mijo '' `` Nacho '' `` Hero '' `` Alpine Shepherd Boy '' `` Five - O '' `` Bingo '' `` RICO '' `` Pimento '' `` Marco '' Season 2 `` Switch '' `` Cobbler '' `` Amarillo '' `` Gloves Off '' `` Rebecca '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Inflatable '' `` Fifi '' `` Nailed '' `` Klick '' Season 3 `` Mabel '' `` Witness '' `` Sunk Costs '' `` Sabrosito '' `` Chicanery '' `` Off Brand '' `` Expenses '' `` Slip '' `` Fall '' `` Lantern '' Related shows Talking Saul Breaking Bad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Better_Call_Saul_episodes&oldid=799307540 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Better Call Saul episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in season 1 better call saul	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n10\nFebruary 8, 2015 (2015-02-08)\nApril 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)\n\n\n\n2\n10\nFebruary 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)\nApril 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)\n\n\n\n3\n10\nApril 10, 2017 (2017-04-10)\nJune 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)\n\n" ]	[ "10" ]
-8648344440080863032	Kalpana Chawla	Kalpana Chawla - wikipedia Kalpana Chawla Jump to : navigation , search Kalpana Chawla ( 1962 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1962 Karnal , Punjab , India ( now in Haryana , India ) February 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 01 ) ( aged 40 ) Aboard Space Shuttle Columbia over Texas , U.S. Alma mater Punjab Engineering College University of Texas at Arlington University of Colorado at Boulder Time in space 31d 14h 54min Selection 1994 NASA Group Missions STS - 87 , STS - 107 Mission insignia Awards Kalpana Chawla ( March 17 , 1962 -- February 1 , 2003 ) was an American astronaut and the first woman of Indian origin in space . She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator . In 2003 , Chawla was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when the craft disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth 's atmosphere . Chawla is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 First space mission 2.2 Second space mission 3 Death 4 Honors and recognition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early Life Chawla was born on 17 March 1962 , but her official date of birth was altered to 1 July 1961 to allow her to become eligible for the matriculation exam . As a child , Kalpana liked to draw pictures of airplanes. After getting a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College , Chandigarh , she moved to the United States in 1982 where she obtained a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984 . Chawla went on to earn a second Masters in 1986 and a PhD in aerospace engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado Boulder . Career In 1988 , she began working at NASA , where she did computational fluid dynamics ( CFD ) research on vertical and / or short take - off and landing ( V / STOL ) concepts . In 1993 , she joined Overset Methods , Inc. as Vice President and Research Scientist specializing in simulation of moving multiple body problems . Chawla held a Certificated Flight Instructor rating for airplanes , gliders and Commercial Pilot licenses for single and multi-engine airplanes , seaplanes and gliders . After becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in April 1991 , Chawla applied for the NASA Astronaut Corps . She joined the corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first flight in 1996 . First Space mission Her first space mission began on November 19 , 1997 , as part of the six - astronaut crew that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS - 87 . Chawla was the first Indian - born woman and the second Indian person to fly in space , following astronaut Rakesh Sharma who flew in 1984 on the Soyuz T - 11 . She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space , `` You are just your intelligence '' . On her first mission , Chawla traveled over 10.4 million miles ( 16737177.6 KM ) in 252 orbits of the earth , logging more than 372 hours ( 15 Days and 12 Hours ) in space . During STS - 87 , she was responsible for deploying the Spartan satellite which malfunctioned , necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Takao Doi to capture the satellite . A five - month NASA investigation fully exonerated Chawla by identifying errors in software interfaces and the defined procedures of flight crew and ground control . After the completion of STS - 87 post-flight activities , Chawla was assigned to technical positions in the astronaut office to work on the space station . Second Space mission In 2000 , Chawla was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS - 107 . This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners . On January 16 , 2003 , Chawla finally returned to space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on the ill - fated STS - 107 mission . The crew performed nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science , advanced technology development , and astronaut health and safety . During the launch of STS - 107 , Columbia 's 28th mission , a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter . Previous shuttle launches had seen minor damage from foam shedding , but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious . NASA managers limited the investigation , reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed . When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth , the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure , which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and break apart . After the disaster , Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years , similar to the aftermath of the Challenger disaster . Construction of the International Space Station ( ISS ) was put on hold ; the station relied entirely on the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with STS - 114 and 41 months for crew rotation . Death Main article : Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Chawla died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which occurred on February 1 , 2003 when the Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth 's atmosphere , with the death of all of seven crew members , shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission , STS - 107 . Chawla 's remains were identified along with the rest of the crew members and were cremated and scattered at National Park in Utah in accordance with her wishes . The crew of STS - 107 in October 2001 . From left to right : Brown , Husband , Clark , Kalpana Chawla , Anderson , McCool , Ramon Honors and recognition Asteroid 51826 Kalpana chawla , one of seven named after the Columbia 's crew . On February 5 , 2003 , the Prime Minister of India announced that the meteorological series of satellites , MetSat , was to be renamed `` Kalpana '' . The first satellite of the series , `` MetSat - 1 '' , launched by India on September 12 , 2002 was renamed `` Kalpana - 1 '' . 74th Street in Jackson Heights , Queens , New York City has been renamed Kalpana Chawla Way in her honor . The Kalpana Chawla Award was instituted by the Government of Karnataka in 2004 to recognize young women scientists . NASA has dedicated a supercomputer to Chawla . One of Florida Institute of Technology 's student apartment complexes , Columbia Village Suites , has halls named after each of the astronauts , including Chawla . The NASA Mars Exploration Rover mission has named seven peaks in a chain of hills , named the Columbia Hills , after each of the seven astronauts lost in the Columbia shuttle disaster . One of them is Chawla Hill , named after Chawla . VIT University has named one of its girl 's hostel as Kalpana Chawla block . Steve Morse from the band Deep Purple created the song `` Contact Lost '' in memory of the Columbia tragedy along with her interest in the band . The song can be found on the album Bananas . Novelist Peter David named a shuttlecraft , the Chawla , after the astronaut in his 2007 Star Trek novel , Star Trek : The Next Generation : Before Dishonor . The Kalpana Chawla ISU Scholarship fund was founded by alumni of the International Space University ( ISU ) in 2010 to support Indian student participation in international space education programs . The Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship program was instituted by the Indian Students Association ( ISA ) at the University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) in 2005 for meritorious graduate students . The Kalpana Chawla Outstanding Recent Alumni Award at the University of Colorado , given since 1983 , was renamed after Chawla . The University of Texas at Arlington , where Chawla obtained a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering in 1984 , opened a dormitory named Kalpana Chawla Hall in 2004 . Kalpana Chawla Hall , University of Texas Arlington In addition , the university dedicated the Kalpana Chawla Memorial on May 3 , 2010 , in Nedderman Hall , one of the primary buildings in the College of Engineering . The girls ' hostel at Punjab Engineering College is named after Chawla . In addition , an award of INR twenty - five thousand , a medal , and a certificate is instituted for the best student in the Aeronautical Engineering department . The Government of Haryana established the Kalpana Chawla Planetarium in Jyotisar , Kurukshetra . The Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur , named the Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell in her honor . Delhi Technological University named a girls ' hostel block after Chawla . A military housing development at Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland , has been named Columbia Colony , and includes a street named Chawla Way . Hostel blocks in Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology , Sagar Institute of Research & Technology , VIT University and Pondicherry University have been named after Chawla . Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College ( KCGMC ) is a Medical College formed for women located in Karnal , Haryana , India named for Indian - born astronaut Kalpana Chawla . See also Chandigarh portal Biography portal Asian Americans portal Space portal List of Asian American astronauts List of female astronauts References Jump up ^ `` Life facts '' . NASA . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Salim Rizvi ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` Indo - US astronaut follows Kalpana 's footsteps '' . New York : BBC . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Almost four years after the death of the first American astronaut Kalpana Chawla in the Columbia space shuttle disaster , Nasa has sent another woman of Indian origin into space . Jump up ^ Nola Taylor Redd . `` Kalpana Chawla : Biography & Columbia Disaster '' . Space.com . Tech Media Network . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Salwi , Dilip M ( February 20 , 2004 ) . `` Did you know Kalpana was called Monto ? '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://harrisonpublishing.net/pdf/book/kalpana_book.1.1.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chawla.html Jump up ^ Chawla , Kalpana ( 1984 ) , MS Thesis Optimization of cross flow fan housing for airplane wing installation , University of Texas at Arlington , p. 97 Jump up ^ Chawla , Kalpana ( 1988 ) , PhD Thesis Computation of dynamics and control of unsteady vortical flows. , University of Colorado at Boulder , p. 147 ^ Jump up to : `` Kalpana Chawla ( PH. D ) '' . Biographical Data . NASA . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla '' . I Love India . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Basu , Biman ( May 2012 ) . `` Book Review : Biography of Kalpana Chawla '' ( PDF ) . Science Reporter . pp. 40 -- 41 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Born on 17 March 1962 in Karnal , Haryana Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( August 2003 ) . `` 6.1 A History of Foam Anomalies ( page 121 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcia Dunn ( February 2 , 2003 ) . `` Columbia 's problems began on left wing '' . Associated Press via staugustine.com . Jump up ^ `` Molten Aluminum found on Columbia 's thermal tiles '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 4 , 2003 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , A. `` Space Shuttle Explodes , Kalpana Chawla dead '' . Rediff . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to the Crew of Columbia '' . NASA JPL . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ISRO METSAT Satellite Series Named After Columbia Astronaut Kalpana Chawla '' . Spaceref.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rajghatta , Chidanand ( Jul 12 , 2004 ) . `` NY has Kalpana Chawla Way '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla Award instituted '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2004 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Names Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Space Music -- Rock / Pop '' . HobbySpace. 2005 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Star Trek : Next Generation : Before Dishonor ; Page 24 . Jump up ^ Kalpana Chawla International Space University Scholarship Archived March 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship '' . UTEP . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla Award '' . University of Colorado . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla Hall '' . University of Texas at Arlington . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kalpana Chawla Display Dedicated at Nedderman Hall '' . The University of Texas at Arlington . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Punjab Engineering College remembers Kalpana '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IBN News '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Saxena , Ambuj . `` Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell Flickr -- Photo Sharing ! '' . Flickr . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Space Technology Cell '' . Kcstc.iitkgp.ernet.in . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi University '' . Jump up ^ `` SIRT '' . Jump up ^ `` Pondicherry University '' . Further reading Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kalpana Chawla among The girl stars - Life and Dreams of Kalpana Chawla by Gurdeep Pandher India 's 50 Most Illustrious Women ( ISBN 81 - 88086 - 19 - 3 ) by Indra Gupta Kalpana Chawla , a life ( ISBN 0 - 14 - 333586 - 3 ) by Anil Padmanabhan The Edge of Time : The Authoritative Biography of Kalpana Chawla ( ISBN 978 - 0976827917 ) by Jean - Pierre Harrison External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalpana Chawla . Kalpana Chawla Excellence Awards 2012 Kalpana Chawla profile in India Currents 1998 Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor Michael P. Anderson Neil Armstrong Frank Borman David M. Brown Roger Chaffee Kalpana Chawla Laurel B. Clark Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Jr . Robert Crippen John Glenn Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom Rick Husband Greg Jarvis James Lovell Shannon Lucid Christa McAuliffe Willie McCool Ronald McNair Ellison Onizuka Ilan Ramon Judith Resnik Dick Scobee Alan Shepard William Shepherd Michael Smith Thomas P. Stafford Edward White John W. Young Italics indicate the award was bestowed posthumously STS - 107 Main articles Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Space Shuttle external tank Space Shuttle thermal protection system Crew Husband ( Cmdr ) McCool Brown Chawla Anderson Clark Ramon See also Columbia Accident Investigation Board SpaceHab FREESTAR Hitchhiker Extended Duration Orbiter ( hide ) NASA Astronaut Group 15 , `` The Flying Escargot '' , 1994 NASA Astronaut Group 14 ← NASA Astronaut Group 15 → NASA Astronaut Group 16 Pilots and Commanders Scott Altman Jeffrey Ashby Michael Bloomfield Joe Edwards Dominic Pudwill Gorie Rick Husband Steven Lindsey Pamela Melroy Susan Still - Kilrain Frederick Sturckow Mission Specialists Michael Anderson Kalpana Chawla Robert Curbeam Kathryn Hire Janet Kavandi Edward Tsang Lu Carlos Noriega James Reilly Stephen Robinson International Mission Specialists Jean - Loup Chrétien ( France ) Takao Doi ( Japan ) Michel Tognini ( France ) Dafydd Williams ( Canada ) NASA Astronaut Groups NASA Astronaut Corps 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 List of astronauts by year of selection VIAF : 43988257 LCCN : no2003063790 SUDOC : 095637745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalpana_Chawla&oldid=813828094 '' Categories : Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor 1962 births 2003 deaths Space Shuttle Columbia disaster American aerospace engineers American astronauts American people of Indian Punjabi descent Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States Women astronauts Indian emigrants to the United States Indian women engineers People from Karnal University of Colorado alumni University of Texas at Arlington alumni Punjab Engineering College alumni Panjab University , Chandigarh alumni Indian amateur radio operators Amateur radio women Amateur radio people Indian astronauts NASA civilian astronauts 20th - century American women 20th - century Indian women scientists 20th - century Indian scientists Age controversies American women scientists of Indian descent 20th - century American scientists Kalpana Chawla Scientists from Haryana 20th - century Indian engineers Indian aerospace engineers 21st - century Indian engineers 21st - century Indian women scientists 21st - century Indian scientists 21st - century American women Women scientists from Punjab , India Engineers from Punjab , India Commercial aviators Female commercial aviators Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 12 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first indian woman to go to space	[ "Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut[2] and the first woman of Indian origin in space.[3] She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster [4] when the craft disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Chawla is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor." ]	[ "Kalpana Chawla" ]
-5479278465106136797	Millie Bobby Brown	Millie Bobby Brown - wikipedia Millie Bobby Brown British actress Millie Bobby Brown Brown at the 2018 San Diego Comic - Con ( 2004 - 02 - 19 ) 19 February 2004 ( age 14 ) Marbella , Andalusia , Spain Nationality British Occupation Actress model Years active 2013 -- present Millie Bobby Brown ( born 19 February 2004 ) is an English actress and model . She rose to prominence for her role as Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things , for which she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at age 13 . She is also the youngest person ever to feature on TIME 100 list of the 100 most influential people . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life Brown was born at HC International Hospital in Marbella , Andalusia , Spain , the third of four children of English parents Kelly and Robert Brown . The family moved to Bournemouth , Dorset , when she was around four years old , and then to Orlando , Florida , four years later . She was born with partial hearing in one ear , gradually losing all hearing in that ear over several years . Brown resides in London and Atlanta , Georgia . Career In 2013 , Brown made her acting debut as a guest star in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , a spin - off of Once Upon a Time , portraying the role of Young Alice . In 2014 , she had a starring role in the BBC America paranormal drama - thriller series Intruders as Madison O'Donnell . She then made guest appearances in the CBS police procedural drama NCIS , the ABC sitcom Modern Family , and the ABC medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy . In 2016 , Brown played Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things . Her portrayal received critical acclaim and she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series with her co-stars , and won the 43rd Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series . In November 2016 , Brown starred in the music video for Sigma and Birdy 's single `` Find Me '' . Since November 2016 , she has appeared in commercial advertisements for Citigroup . In January 2017 , she made her modelling debut in Calvin Klein 's By Appointment campaign . The following month , she was signed to the agency IMG Models . Brown will make her feature film debut in the Godzilla sequel , Godzilla : King of the Monsters . She will reprise her role in Godzilla vs. Kong . In January 2018 , Brown was cast to star and produce the film adaptation of Enola Holmes Mysteries . On 20 April 2018 , she became the youngest person ever to be included in TIME magazine 's list of the 100 most influential people in the world . Filmography Brown at the 2016 Phoenix Comic Fest Films Year Title Role Notes 2019 Godzilla : King of the Monsters Madison Russell Post-production 2020 Godzilla vs. Kong Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2013 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Young Alice 2 episodes 2014 Intruders Madison O'Donnell Main role ; 8 episodes 2014 NCIS Rachel Barnes Episode : `` Parental Guidance Suggested '' 2015 Modern Family Lizzie Episode : `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' 2015 Grey 's Anatomy Ruby Episode : `` I Feel the Earth Move '' 2016 -- present Stranger Things Eleven / Jane Main role Music videos Year Title Artist Ref . 2016 `` Find Me '' Sigma featuring Birdy 2017 `` I Dare You '' The xx 2018 `` Girls Like You '' Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B `` Girls Like You '' ( Volume 2 ) `` In My Feelings '' Drake Awards and nominations Year Nominated work Award Result Ref . 2017 Stranger Things Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Actress Won Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Won MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Won Best Hero Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Supporting Actress Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Dramatic TV Performance Won Herself NME Awards Hero of the Year Nominated 2018 Stranger Things Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress in a TV Series Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Won Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Performance in a Show Won Best Kiss ( with Finn Wolfhard ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Where is Millie Bobby Brown from and where did she grow up ? '' . Metro. 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Millie Bobby Brown - Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Millie Bobby Brown '' . The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . ( Brown ) rose to prominence in her Primetime Emmy Award - nominated role ( for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ) as Jane `` Eleven '' Ives in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things . Nolfi , Joey ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Millie Bobby Brown mocks her MTV Movie & TV Awards breakdown in adorable video '' . EW.com . Retrieved 12 September 2018 ... ( Brown ) rose to prominence on the first season of the Netflix sci - fi thriller , ( Stranger Things ) , as Eleven ... Ziss , Sophy ( 19 April 2018 ) . `` Millie Bobby Brown Is 2018 's Youngest ' TIME ' 100 Honoree & She More Than Earned Her Spot '' . Bustle . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Brown rose to prominence in 2016 with her leading role in Stranger Things , but she 'd been working in the industry long before that . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Meet ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown , aka Lucky Number Eleven '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sedano , Jon ; de los Ríos , Ángel ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Los orígenes marbellíes de Millie Bobby Brown , la joven estrella de ' Stranger Things ' '' . Diario Sur . Vocento . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Belloni , Matthew ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star 's Father Demands Cash From Agents to Represent Her ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` At 13 , ' Stranger Things ' star Millie Bobby Brown is an icon in the making '' . New York Post . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` How ' Stranger Things ' Star Millie Bobby Brown Made Eleven ' Iconic ' and Catapulted Into Pop Culture '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Simm and Mira Sorvino Start Filming BBC AMERICA 's Intruders as James Frain , Tory Kittles , and Millie Brown Join Cast '' . BBC Worldwide . 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Latchem , John ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Star Wars among top winners 43rd Saturn Awards '' . Homemedia magazine . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Launches Digital Campaign To Spark a Nationwide Conversation About Money '' . Business Wire. 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Overdeep , Meghan ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Star Millie Bobby Brown Is Officially a Calvin Klein Model '' . InStyle . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Emily ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Millie Bobby Brown Officially Signs with a Major Modeling Agency '' . People . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown Set to Star in ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caron , Nathalie ( 2 June 2018 ) . `` GODZILLA VS . KONG CASTS DEADPOOL 2 STAR JULIAN DENNISON '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown In Legendary Film Deal To Produce & Star In Enola Holmes Mysteries '' . Deadline Hollywood . 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Millie Bobby Brown becomes youngest person ever on Time 100 list '' . The independent . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Watch Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown Star in Birdy and Sigma 's New Music Video ' Find Me ' '' . People . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Leigh ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Paris Jackson , Millie Bobby Brown Wear Calvin Klein for The xx New Music Video '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Idika , Nicky ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` Maroon 5 ' Girls Like You ' : A Complete List Of All The Women That Star In The Video '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . `` These are all the women in Maroon 5 's Girls Like You video in order of appearance . '' ( ... ) Millie Bobby Brown ( actress ) ( ... ) Jump up ^ Glicksman , Josh . `` Maroon 5 Releases New Version of ' Girls Like You ' Music Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Park , Andrea ( 3 August 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Music Video Features Cameos from Millie Bobby Brown and BTS '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 38th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joely ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria. 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations for Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Daniel Montgomery , Chris Beachum , Marcus James ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards winners : ' Big Little Lies ' and ' SNL ' sweep , while ' Stranger Things ' takes Best Drama '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Here 's the full list of VO5 NME Awards winners 2017 '' . NME . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . `` SAG Awards nominations 2018 : The complete list '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Empire . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 26 February 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` 2018 Teen Choice Awards Nominees '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys Nominations List 2018 -- Variety '' . Variety . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Millie Bobby Brown . Millie Bobby Brown on IMDb Millie Bobby Brown at Rotten Tomatoes Awards for Millie Bobby Brown Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Chandler Riggs ( 2013 ) Maisie Williams ( 2014 ) Chandler Riggs ( 2015 ) Millie Bobby Brown ( 2016 ) Chandler Riggs ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2017143450 VIAF : 53151050090433412004 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millie_Bobby_Brown&oldid=864441836 '' Categories : 2004 births 21st - century English actresses Living people English child actresses English female models English television actresses English emigrants to the United States People from Bournemouth People from Marbella IMG Models models Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from September 2018 Use British English from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 06 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does millie bobby brown play in stranger things	[ "Millie Bobby Brown (born 19 February 2004)[2] is an English actress and model. She rose to prominence for her role as Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things,[3] for which she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at age 13.[4] She is also the youngest person ever to feature on TIME 100 list of the 100 most influential people.\n" ]	[ "Eleven" ]
4378554021157562011	You've Got Time	You 've Got Time - wikipedia You 've Got Time `` You 've Got Time '' Single by Regina Spektor from the album Music from Orange Is the New Black Released July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) Length 3 : 08 ( full version ) 1 : 11 ( credits ) Label Sire Records Songwriter ( s ) Regina Spektor Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Regina Spektor singles chronology `` How '' ( 2012 ) `` You 've Got Time '' ( 2013 ) `` Bleeding Heart '' ( 2016 ) `` How '' ( 2012 ) `` You 've Got Time '' ( 2013 ) `` Bleeding Heart '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` You 've Got Time '' on YouTube `` You 've Got Time '' is the main title theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange Is the New Black , written , composed and performed by Regina Spektor . The song was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents 1 Composition 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Composition ( edit ) The song was written specifically for Orange Is the New Black by Regina Spektor , who was approached by the show 's creator , Jenji Kohan . Kohan said , `` I listened to Regina 's albums obsessively while writing the series , so I immediately thought of her for our theme song . '' Additionally Spektor had previously performed a cover of `` Little Boxes , '' the theme song used on Kohan 's series Weeds . Kohan gave Spektor access to rough edits of the episodes while the first season was in production . Spektor said she composed the song while `` thinking about the idea of what it must be like to be in prison and the different states of mind . '' After recording the song with producer Rob Cavallo , she brought the demo to Kohan , initially apprehensive that Kohan would not like it . `` We took out the rough mix and listened to it with headphones and sort of held our breath , like , ' Is she going to like it ? ' And then she said , ' This is fucking awesome , I love it ! It 's going to fit really well ! ' '' Reception ( edit ) The song has been well received . Casey Cipriani of Indiewire wrote that the song 's lyrics suggesting animals trapped in a cage was ideal for Orange Is the New Black . Garin Pirnia of Rolling Stone noted that after the song begins with Spektor 's `` aggressive '' guitar playing , `` ' You 've Got Time ' softens during the bridge , though , generating an aura of hope . When Spektor sings the title refrain , it works literally for the prison motif but also alludes to the show 's themes of redemption and forgiveness . '' `` You 've Got Time '' was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . It was Spektor 's first Grammy nomination . The song was covered by The Wind and The Wave for its 2015 album , Covers One . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Single ! `` You 've Got Time '' `` . ReginaSpektor.com . July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor 's original theme song for the Netflix dramedy Orange Is the New Black -- hear it here and see the credits sequence '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pirnia , Garin ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Regina Spektor : My ' Orange Is the New Black ' Theme ' Really Fits '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Amy Rose ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` How Regina Spektor Wrote The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Theme Song `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Casey ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` How the Closing Credit Songs in ' Orange is the New Black ' Suit Each Episode '' . Indiewire . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Scored Grammy Nomination For Theme Song ' You 've Got Time ' By Regina Spektor '' . Huffington Post . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wind And The Wave Set To Release Covers One Ep On February 17th - RCA Records '' . RCA Records . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` You 've Got Time '' on YouTube ( full length ) Regina Spektor Studio albums 11 : 11 ( 2001 ) Songs ( 2002 ) Soviet Kitsch ( 2004 ) Begin to Hope ( 2006 ) Far ( 2009 ) What We Saw from the Cheap Seats ( 2012 ) Remember Us to Life ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Bull Moose Live in California 2006 EP iTunes Live from SoHo Live in London Live on Soundstage Compilation albums Mary Ann Meets the Gravediggers and Other Short Stories Songs `` Carbon Monoxide '' `` Your Honor / The Flowers '' `` Us '' `` On the Radio '' `` Fidelity '' `` Samson '' `` Better '' `` Summer in the City '' `` Edit '' `` Laughing With '' `` Eet '' `` No Surprises '' `` All the Rowboats '' `` Do n't Leave Me ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' `` How '' `` You 've Got Time '' Related articles List of songs recorded by Regina Spektor Discography Jack Dishel / Only Son Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_Time&oldid=852765508 '' Categories : Regina Spektor songs Television theme songs 2013 songs Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Sire Records singles Songs written by Regina Spektor Songs about prison Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 06 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings the intro song for orange is the new black	[ "\"You've Got Time\" is the main title theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange Is the New Black, written, composed and performed by Regina Spektor. The song was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.\n" ]	[ "Regina Spektor" ]
-424707762600672834	Wizard (Middle-earth)	Wizard ( Middle - earth ) - wikipedia Wizard ( Middle - earth ) Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Races of Middle - earth Ainur Valar Maiar Other races Elves Men Hobbits Dwarves Ents Eagles Orcs Trolls Dragons In the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien , the Wizards of Middle - earth are a group of beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical and mental power . They are also called the Istari ( Quenya for `` Wise Ones '' ) by the Elves . The Sindarin word is Ithryn ( sing . Ithron ) . They were sent by the Valar to assist the people of Middle - earth to contest Sauron . The wizards of Middle - earth were Maiar : spirits of the same order as the Valar , but lesser in power . The first three of these five wizards were known in the Mannish tongues of the Lord of the Rings series as Saruman `` man of skill '' ( Rohirric ) , Gandalf `` elf of the staff '' ( northern Men ) , and Radagast `` tender of beasts '' ( possibly Westron ) . Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two ; one tradition gives their names in Valinor as Alatar and Pallando , and another as Morinehtar and Rómestámo in Middle - earth . Each wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour : white for Saruman ( the chief and the most powerful of the five ) , grey for Gandalf , brown for Radagast , and sea - blue for Alatar and Pallando ( known consequently as the Blue Wizards ) . Gandalf and Saruman both play important roles in The Lord of the Rings , while Radagast appears only briefly . Alatar and Pallando do not feature in the story , as they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle - earth . Tolkien gives multiple names for all of them . In Quenya , Saruman was Curumo ( `` skillful one '' ) ; Gandalf was Olórin ( `` dreaming '' or `` dreamer '' ) ; and Radagast was Aiwendil ( `` friend of birds '' ) . The Quenya names Morinehtar ( `` darkness - slayer '' ) and Rómestámo ( `` east - helper '' ) are given for Alatar and Pallando , though it is not clear which name goes with which wizard . Other names are noted in individual articles . As the Istari were Maiar , each one served a Vala in some way . Saruman was the servant and helper of Aulë , and so learned much in the art of craftsmanship , mechanics , and metal - working , as was seen in the later Third Age . Gandalf was the servant of Manwë or Varda , but was a lover of the Gardens of Lórien , and so knew much of the hopes and dreams of Men and Elves . Radagast , servant of Yavanna , loved the things of nature , both Kelvar and Olvar . As each of these Istari learned from their Vala , so they acted in Middle - earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Internal history 1.1 Arrival 1.2 Purpose 1.3 Later events 2 Adaptations 2.1 Film 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Internal history ( edit ) Arrival ( edit ) They came to Middle - earth around the year 1000 of the Third Age , when the forest of ' Greenwood the Great ' fell under shadow and became known as Mirkwood . The wizards already appeared old when they entered Middle - earth . They were `` clothed '' in the bodies of old Men , as the Valar wished them to guide the inhabitants of Middle - earth by persuasion and encouragement , not by force or fear . They were forbidden to dominate the free peoples of Middle - earth or to match Sauron 's power with power . However , they aged very slowly and were in fact immortal . Physically they were `` real '' Men , and felt all the urges , pleasures and fears of flesh and blood . Therefore , in spite of their specific and unambiguous goal , the Wizards were capable of human feelings ; Gandalf , for example , felt great affection for the Hobbits . They could also feel negative human emotions such as greed , jealousy , and lust for power . It is hinted in the essay in Unfinished Tales that the Blue Wizards may have fallen prey to these temptations , though information published in The Peoples of Middle - earth seems to contradict this version of their history . Although immortal , their physical bodies could be destroyed by violence -- thus Gandalf truly died in the fight with Durin 's Bane , beyond the power of the Valar to resurrect him ; Eru Ilúvatar intervened to send Gandalf back . Similarly , Saruman was killed when his throat was cut by his servant in The Return of the King . The Istari also carried staves , which seem to aid their magic . When Saruman is defeated at Isengard , Gandalf casts him from the White Council and breaks his staff . Even after his staff is broken , however , Saruman retains persuasive power over the heart and will of men . Similarly , when Gandalf 's staff is broken at the Bridge of Khazad - dûm he is still able to slay the Balrog , showing that a wizard 's strength was not entirely dependent on his staff . Purpose ( edit ) Though the Valar intervened only rarely in Middle - earth , they sent the wizards as emissaries from Valinor because they had not forsaken the Men and Elves of Middle - earth . In imposing the prohibition against using force to compel the Children of Eru , the Valar sought with the wizards to avoid repeating an ancient error . They had tried direct intervention in the destiny of the Elves in the Years of the Trees by leading the Eldar into the West , but this resulted in many bloody wars and confrontations . In the struggle against the Dark Lord , they hoped instead to help Men achieve their own destiny . Thus Gandalf and the other wizards were meant to use their great wisdom to persuade Men to courses of action which would achieve Men 's own goals , rather than trying to dominate them , hence their power was ultimately restricted . Saruman failed in this when he tried to set himself up as a commander in opposition to Sauron , but Gandalf remained faithful to his charge . The wizards landed at the Grey Havens in the North - west of Middle - earth , for the Valar felt that Arnor and Gondor , remnants of Elendil 's old kingdom , had the greatest hope of mounting resistance against Sauron . Few of Middle - earth 's inhabitants knew who the wizards really were ; the wizards did not share their identities and purposes widely . Most thought they were Elves or wise Men ; the name Gandalf , meaning `` Wand - elf '' , reflects the belief that he was an Elf . Saruman originally was the most powerful of the five and was head of the White Council . In T.A. 2759 he took over the defence of Isengard with the consent of the Steward of Gondor , who gave him the key to Orthanc . Saruman was learned in the lore of the Rings of Power , and gradually became corrupted by desire for the Rings and by Sauron 's direct influence through the palantír of Orthanc . Eventually he took the title `` Saruman of Many Colours '' and took robes to match . He assisted Sauron in the War of the Ring , biding time to secure the One Ring for himself , in order to supplant Sauron , but his plans and forces were thwarted by the power of the Ents . Gandalf broke his staff and cast him from the White Council . However , Saruman later invaded the hobbit lands of the Shire , ruling as a petty lord , but was eventually overthrown again by the hobbits . He was finally murdered by his servant Gríma Wormtongue . Later events ( edit ) During the War of the Ring , it was Gandalf who led the Free Peoples to victory over Sauron . He also became `` Gandalf the White '' , and defeated the traitorous Saruman . After the destruction of Sauron 's forces in front of the Black Gate at the mountainous borders of Mordor , Gandalf left Middle - earth and went over the Sea to Aman , along with the Ring - bearers and many of the Elves . In the course of The Lord of the Rings , it is never made clear what exactly Gandalf and Saruman are . Treebeard tells Merry and Pippin that the wizards appeared after the Great Ships came over the Sea ( ca . T.A. 1000 , according to Appendix B , some 2,000 years before the time of The Lord of the Rings ) , but little else is revealed in the narrative . Riding with Pippin to Minas Tirith at the end of Book III , Gandalf ponders the ability of the palantíri to see into the past , and recalls events in Valinor from the Years of the Trees -- though whether from his own memory is not clear . Later in Minas Tirith , Pippin wonders what Gandalf really is , and realizes that this is the first time in his life that he has done so . The essay given in Unfinished Tales was originally begun in order to be included in the appendices of The Lord of the Rings , but was not completed in time . A more explanatory passage on the nature of the wizards is found at the end of The Silmarillion . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies , three of the Istari are featured as characters : Saruman ( portrayed by Christopher Lee ) , Gandalf ( played by Ian McKellen ) , and Radagast ( portrayed by Sylvester McCoy ) . Gandalf mentions the two Blue Wizards in The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , but comments that he can not recall their names ; this is a reference to the fact that they went unnamed in both The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings . In The Hobbit films , it is Radagast who first discovers the presence of the Necromancer at Dol Guldur , and alerts Gandalf who in turn informs the White Council , including Saruman . Gandalf is quick to deduce the Necromancer 's true identity , but Saruman is reluctant to accept that Sauron could have returned . At the behest of Galadriel , Gandalf and Radagast meet at the tomb of the Nine Kings of Men , and then travel to Dol Guldur . Radagast is then sent to take word to the White Council while Gandalf enters Dol Guldur alone , where he confronts and is captured by Sauron . The White Council arrived in force to rescue him , with Saruman , Elrond , and Galadriel confronting the evil there while Radagast took Gandalf to safety . Saruman later forbade pursuit of Sauron , feeling that their foe would never be able to rise again , while Gandalf and Radagast later took part in The Battle of the Five Armies . As in the novels , Saruman later joined forces with Sauron , though he retained his white robes and was not shown to be seeking the One Ring for his own use . He and Gandalf are the only wizards featured or mentioned in the Lord of the Rings films , and for the most part go through the same experiences as in the novels . However , as seen in the extended edition of The Return of the King , Saruman is killed by Wormtongue atop Orthanc rather than in The Shire . The films place a greater emphasis on the connection between the Wizards ' powers being manifested through their staffs : Gandalf and Saruman are visibly seen employing their staffs in their battle inside Orthanc , and Gandalf is rendered helpless when Saruman takes his staff from him . In a departure from the books , Gandalf 's staff is shattered during his confrontation with the Witch - king . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Vala Maia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Essay on `` The Istari '' in Unfinished Tales . Jump up ^ Index entries in Unfinished Tales . Jump up ^ The History of Middle - earth , Vol . XII ( The Peoples of Middle - earth ) , p. 384 -- 385 . Jump up ^ In Letters , # 156 , pp 202 -- 3 , Tolkien clearly implies that the ' Authority ' who sent Gandalf back was above the Valar ( who are bound by Arda 's space and time , while Gandalf went beyond time ) . Tolkien clearly intends this as an example of Eru intervening to change the course of the world . Jump up ^ The Two Towers , Book III , `` The Palantír '' , p. 204 . External links ( edit ) `` Wizards '' . Tolkien Gateway . ( hide ) Ainur from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Ainulindalë ( Music of the Ainur ) Valaquenta ( Tale of the Valar ) Lords of the Valar Manwë Ulmo Aulë Oromë Mandos ( Námo ) Lórien ( Irmo ) Tulkas Queens of the Valar Varda Yavanna Nienna Estë Vairë Vána Nessa The Enemy Morgoth ( Melkor ) Maiar Eönwë Ilmarë Ossë Uinen Salmar Sauron Melian Arien Tilion Wizards Saruman ( Curunír ) Gandalf ( Olórin ) Radagast ( Aiwendil ) Blue Wizards Balrogs Gothmog Durin 's Bane Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizard_(Middle-earth)&oldid=811927896 '' Categories : Middle - earth wizards Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many wizards are there in the lord of the rings	[ "The wizards of Middle-earth were Maiar: spirits of the same order as the Valar, but lesser in power.[1]:389 The first three of these five wizards were known in the Mannish tongues of the Lord of the Rings series as Saruman \"man of skill\" (Rohirric), Gandalf \"elf of the staff\" (northern Men), and Radagast \"tender of beasts\" (possibly Westron).[1]:390–391 Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two; one tradition gives their names in Valinor as Alatar and Pallando,[1]:393 and another as Morinehtar and Rómestámo in Middle-earth.[3] Each wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour: white for Saruman (the chief and the most powerful of the five), grey for Gandalf, brown for Radagast, and sea-blue for Alatar and Pallando (known consequently as the Blue Wizards). Gandalf and Saruman both play important roles in The Lord of the Rings, while Radagast appears only briefly. Alatar and Pallando do not feature in the story, as they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle-earth.[1]:390" ]	[ "five" ]
4671538311842137061	Assassin's Creed Origins	Assassin 's Creed Origins - Wikipedia Assassin 's Creed Origins Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed Origins Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Jean Guesdon Ashraf Ismail Producer ( s ) Martin Schelling Designer ( s ) Eric Baptizat Artist ( s ) Raphael Lacoste Writer ( s ) Alain Mercieca Composer ( s ) Sarah Schachner Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext 2.0 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : October 27 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player Assassin 's Creed Origins is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the tenth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series and the successor to 2015 's Assassin 's Creed Syndicate . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 27 , 2017 . The game is set in Egypt near the end of the Ptolemaic period ( 49 -- 47 BC ) and recounts the secret fictional history of real - world events . The story explores the origins of the centuries - long conflict between the Brotherhood of Assassins , who fight for peace by promoting liberty , and The Order of the Ancients -- forerunners to the Templar Order -- who desire peace through the forced imposition of order . Origins received positive reviews from critics , who praised the story , characters , voice acting , reworked gameplay - systems , immersive world of Egypt and the visuals , while criticizing some of the pacing and technical issues . The game has been lauded as either the best or one of the best installments in the series by multiple critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 2.3 The Hidden Ones 3 Downloadable contents 3.1 The Hidden Ones 3.2 Discovery Tour 3.3 The Curse of the Pharaohs 4 Development 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Controversy 5.2 Sales 5.3 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Players may travel around the game 's open world of Egypt on horseback . Assassin 's Creed Origins is an action - adventure stealth game played from a third - person perspective . Players complete quests -- linear scenarios with set objectives -- to progress through the story , earn experience points , and acquire new skills . Outside of quests , the player can freely roam the open world environment on foot , horseback , camel - back or boat to explore locations , complete optional side - quests and unlock weapons and equipment . The `` eagle vision '' mode , which was used by the franchise to give the player the ability to scout an area by highlighting enemies and objects , has been replaced by a Bonelli 's eagle named Senu as a companion . The player is able to take control of Senu and scout an area in advance , highlighting enemies which will then be visible when they return to controlling Bayek , the game 's main character . The player can also tame various predators which will serve as a companion for the player and assist them against enemies . Naval combat , underwater exploration and tomb raiding return to the series . The game also features revised combat mechanics . Previous titles in the Assassin 's Creed series used a `` paired animation system '' whereby the player character would engage with an enemy and combat would be dictated by a series of predeterminted animations based on player inputs and scripted AI movements . Origins moves to a `` hit - box system '' . When the player wields a weapon , they will strike at whatever is in range , allowing them to hit enemies directly , injure individual body parts , and creating the possibility of missing an enemy entirely . Complementing this is the way weapons fall into different categories and are rated on their damage dealt , speed and range . Enemies will be drawn from several basic archetypes that use a variety of tactics in combat which , combined with the hit - box system , will require the player to learn the attributes of individual weapons and tailor their playing style to succeed in combat . As enemy combat is also dictated by the hit - box system , the player has been equipped with a shield and will need to balance their offensive and defensive capabilities . Locations within the game world are designed to enable the player to choose their playing style by offering stealth and open combat as equally - viable choices for completing objectives . Origins introduces an arena - based combat system where the player fights waves of increasingly difficult combinations of enemies culminating in a boss fight . While the introduction to the arena is incorporated into the main story , the arena mode stands alone from the wider narrative . The game world features several arenas , with a variety of enemy combinations and unique bosses not found in the game world . The player is able to unlock additional weapons and equipment by completing arena fights . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The player takes on the role of a Medjay named Bayek and his wife Aya , as they work to protect the people of the Ptolemaic Kingdom during a time of widespread upheaval : the Pharaoh , Ptolemy XIII , struggles to maintain his rule while harbouring ambitions of expanding his kingdom ; his sister , the recently deposed Cleopatra , begins marshalling loyalist forces to launch a counter-coup against Ptolemy ; and frequent incursions into the Kingdom by the Roman Republic under the command of Julius Caesar lead to fears of an imminent invasion . Bayek 's role as a Medjay brings him and Aya into contact with the secretive forces manipulating these events and into becoming the first Assassins . Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the present day , Layla Hassan , a researcher at Abstergo 's Historical Research Division , is tasked along with her friend and co-worker Deanna Geary with finding and retrieving an artifact in Egypt . However , she instead finds a tomb containing the mummies of ancient Assassins Bayek and Aya . Hoping to find any relevant information that would secure her a position in the company 's Animus Project , Layla decides to relive both Bayek and Aya 's memories using her modified Animus without telling her superiors , despite Deanna 's protest . In 49 BCE , Bayek , a respected Medjay in charge of protecting the Siwa Oasis , is abducted along with his son Khemu by a group of five masked men to an underground vault in the Temple of Amun . The masked men give Bayek a golden orb and demand that he use it to open a secret Vault . Khemu helps Bayek escape , but during the struggle to kill one of the masked men , Bayek inadvertently stabs Khemu in the chest , killing him . One year later in 48 BCE , Bayek had exiled himself from Siwa in order to track down the five masked men to take his revenge . He finds the first one , Rudjek `` The Heron '' , and kills him . Bayek then returns to Siwa to kill the local priest Medunamun , `` The Ibis '' , who has been torturing Siwans for information to open the same vault . After killing Medunamun , Bayek then heads for Alexandria , where Aya has been tracking another of the masked men . Upon meeting Aya , she reveals that she has already killed Actaeon `` The Vulture '' and Ktesos `` The Ram '' , leaving only one target left , `` The Snake '' . Aya also reveals that she has been working with Apollodorus the Sicilian and Cleopatra to uncover The Snake 's identity . She gives Bayek the first Hidden Blade , which he uses to track down and kill Eudoros , whom he believes to be the `` Snake '' in a bathhouse . Killing Eudoros costs Bayek his left ring finger , cut off from the same hidden blade to kill his target . Bayek remembers Eudoros ' words and begins to have doubts . He decides to meet with Apollodorus and Cleopatra for answers . Cleopatra tells Bayek that she was ousted from the throne by the masked men , who call themselves the Order of Ancients and seek to control all of Egypt by using Ptolemy as their puppet . In addition , there are more members of Order than the five Bayek and Aya had already killed : `` The Scarab '' , `` The Hyena '' , `` The Lizard '' and `` The Crocodile '' . In fact , Eudoros was actually `` The Hippo '' , and the name of the Snake is used to refer to the Order as a whole . Confronted with this new information , Bayek agrees to become Cleopatra 's Medjay and assassinate the remaining members of the Order . Bayek tracks down and kills all of them while Aya convinces Pompey the Great to ally with Cleopatra . In the present , Layla and Deanna are attacked by Abstergo soldiers for failing to check in with the company . Layla kills her attackers , but Deanna is captured and executed . Swearing revenge , Layla returns to the Animus , determined to complete her mission . Bayek receives a letter from Aya explaining that there are two more members of the Order , `` The Scorpion '' and `` The Jackal '' , who are members of Ptolemy 's royal guard and the likely culprits responsible for Khemu 's death . He finds out that Lucius Septimius is the Jackal and tracks him , but is too late to stop him from assassinating Pompey . With no other options , Cleopatra has Bayek and Aya help sneak her into the palace to meet Julius Caesar . Cleopatra impresses Caesar and secures his support . Bayek kills Pothinus , `` The Scorpion '' , but is stopped from killing Septimius by Caesar . Aya watches Ptolemy get eaten by crocodiles when he tries to flee across the Nile . After the end of the civil war , Cleopatra takes the throne as Pharaoh . Septimius becomes an advisor for Caesar and Cleopatra cuts ties with Bayek and Aya . This causes Bayek and his supporters to realize that Cleopatra and Caesar have now allied themselves with the Order . Realizing his mistake in supporting Cleopatra , Bayek gathers his allies to form a brotherhood to counter the Order and defend the free will of the common people . Bayek and Aya realize the Order showed a strong interest in the tomb of Alexander the Great , which they investigate . There , they find a mortally wounded Apollodorus who warns them that Caesar 's lieutenant , Flavius , is `` The Lion '' and the true leader of the Order . He and Septimius had taken the Orb and a Staff from the tomb and are heading back to Siwa for the Vault . Upon returning to Siwa , they find the Vault already opened . Bayek tracks down and confronts Flavius , who bears the activated Apple of Eden , but kills him , avenging Khemu 's death . Bayek returns to Aya , who has recruited Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger and Gaius Cassius Longinus to their cause . She plans to head to Rome with Brutus and Cassius to assassinate Caesar and Septimius . Bayek and Aya part ways but form the foundation of the Assassin Brotherhood when they both swear to protect the world from the shadows . Upon their separation , Bayek drops his eagle 's skull charm , a necklace of Khemu 's , into the sand which leaves an impression , becoming the icon of their new Brotherhood . After this , Layla wakes up from the Animus to find William Miles , present day Mentor of the Assassin Brotherhood watching over her . She accepts William 's offer to work with the Assassins , but stops short of actually joining them . The two depart for modern - day Alexandria . In Rome , Aya confronts Septimius , who wields the Staff of Eden , and she kills him . She then infiltrates the Roman Senate and assassinates Caesar . Later , she meets with Cleopatra and warns her to be a fair ruler or she will return to assassinate her . Afterward , Bayek and Aya ( now calling herself Amunet ) begin recruiting and training other Assassins as they build the Assassin Brotherhood in Egypt and Rome respectively . The Hidden Ones ( edit ) Bayek learns of a Roman camp to the north of Siwa from a Roman scholar named Otis . While there he learns that a Roman General is planning to bribe various Greek and Egyptian officials to set up a communication network . Bayek stops the bribes , but when he goes to seek out Otis he finds that he has been killed . Bayek finds a final note from Otis , explaining that the plot was coordinated by General Rufio and that Otis was working for Amunet . Four years later Bayek receives a letter from Tahira saying that the region of Sinai is at war with Rome , and that two members of The Hidden Ones have been killed in a massacre . Traveling to the region , there Bayek meets with Tahira , who introduces him to the Gamilat , the leader of the rebels . The three plan to draw out General Rufio , the leader of the Romans in the area , by killing his three lieutenants . While the three are successful in doing so , their hideout is discovered by the Romans . An attack causes Bayek and Tahira to be captured . Before Bayek can be killed Amunet saves him . The two go back to rescue Tahira , but she succumbs to her injuries afterwards . Amunet tells Bayek that the Sinai branch of The Hidden Ones has been too loud , to the point where she was aware of their existence in Rome , and that there may be a traitor among them . The two discover Rufio 's men burning down a village and stop them before assassinating Rufio . Amunet then informs Bayek that Gamilat has been provoking Roman soldiers into combat , then hiding his rebels among villages to cause massacres . This creates new rebels , thus bolstering the size of his army . Horrified by this , Bayek confronts Gamilat , who believes he was in the right to do so . Bayek kills Gamilat , who comes to regret his actions while dying . Afterwards , Amunet and Bayek decide to form a creed with the other Hidden Ones , to swear they would not become like Gamilat and exploit innocents for their own cause . Amunet decides to return to Rome , while Bayek remains in Egypt . Downloadable contents ( edit ) The Hidden Ones ( edit ) The Hidden Ones is a story - driven expansion that sheds more light on the rise of the Assassin Brotherhood . It is set four years after the events of the main game and takes the player to the new Sinai Peninsula region , where they 'll have to `` investigate a clash between a rebel faction and occupying Roman forces . '' In addition to the new story chapter , The Hidden Ones introduces a variety of new items for the player to acquire , including an outfit , two Legendary weapon sets , a pair of mounts , and other weapons . The expansion also raises the game 's level cap to 45 . Discovery Tour ( edit ) The new educational mode lets the player choose between free roaming the world of Ancient Egypt to learn more about its history and daily life , or embarking on guided tours curated by historians and Egyptologists . However , this disables the storyline , side - quests , conflicts with enemies , time limits , and gameplay constraints . Discovery Tour was released on February 20 , 2018 . The Curse of the Pharaohs ( edit ) The second expansion offers gamers a completely new quest to delve into as they travel to Thebes to investigate an ancient curse that is plaguing the land . The Curse of the Pharaohs focuses on Egyptian mythology , pitting players against famous pharaohs and Egyptian beasts , as they uncover the cause of the curse that has brought certain dead rulers back to life . Each expansion increases the level cap and this one is no different . The Hidden Ones first raises the cap to 45 while The Curse of the Pharaohs increases it to 55 . Like The Hidden Ones , the expansion will also add new outfits , gear and weapons , these themed around ancient Egyptian mythology . The Curse of the Pharaohs was released on March 13 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) Development of Assassin 's Creed Origins started in early 2014 , after the completion of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . The series had been following a yearly release cycle , but after the launch of Assassin 's Creed Syndicate in 2015 , Ubisoft chose to delay the release of Origins until 2017 . Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot cited a desire to focus on the quality of the individual titles , the opportunity to develop future games with new engines , and the disappointing sales of Syndicate as the reasons behind the decision . The team enlisted Ubisoft Kiev to develop the PC version in parallel with the console versions . Information on Origins , then titled Assassin 's Creed Empire , first leaked in January 2017 , showing several screenshots of a character on a boat and in front of a cave . The game was officially revealed on June 11 , 2017 . It was developed using the latest iteration of the AnvilNext engine . During production of Assassin 's Creed III in November 2011 Ubisoft conducted a fan survey exploring potential settings for future titles . Ancient Egypt was one of the most popular choices , but Alex Hutchinson , the creative director of Assassin 's Creed III , dismissed the results as he considered Ancient Egypt -- as with the other two chosen settings , feudal Japan and World War II -- as being `` the worst choices '' for a setting . The development team hired Egyptologists to assist in making the open world more accurate to the time period . The original score for the game was composed by Sarah Schachner , who previously worked on the series with Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and Assassin 's Creed Unity . Marketing ( edit ) In August 2017 , Square Enix announced a promotional crossover between the Assassin 's Creed franchise and Final Fantasy XV . Taking the form of an in - game event , it introduced Assassin 's Creed - themed content to the game . Assassin 's Creed - themed content was also made available in other Ubisoft games such as Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands and South Park : The Fractured but Whole . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 85 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8 / 10 Edge 6 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 8.5 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 84 / 100 Polygon 8.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8.0 / 10 Assassin 's Creed Origins received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . GameSpot gave the game a 7 / 10 , saying : `` While Assassin 's Creed Origins reaches great heights in this new setting , it routinely runs into issues that bog down the overall experience . Technical issues make for an inconsistent experience and its new gameplay pillars wobble under the weight of its systems . But despite this , the world of Origins remains fresh and exciting to explore , which is a testament to the remarkable setting and compelling story . '' Louise Blain from GamesRadar+ gave the game a score of 5 out of 5 stars and called it the best of the franchise , saying that `` As beautiful as it is deadly , Origins ' Egyptian playground is finally everything you wanted the Creed to be . '' Ray Carsillo 's score of 9 / 10 on EGMNow said that `` Assassin 's Creed Origins delivers a robust experience that mixes up the traditional Assassin 's Creed formula in a way that 's fresh and fun to play -- but which also harkens back to the series ' roots in some welcome ways , too . It marks an evolution fans might not have even known they were waiting for , delivering one of the best overall experiences we 've seen yet from the series . '' Alanah Pearce 's 9 / 10 review on IGN stated that `` Assassin 's Creed Origins is a deep - dive into a truly stunning realization of ancient Egypt , with a rich series of cultures , genuine characters , and more mission variety than any other game in the series . The combat is challenging and thoughtful , and while the loot system does n't match up to games like Destiny 2 , there are enough different weapon types and enough enemy variety to keep you swapping between weapons , catered to the situation . The RPG elements encourage challenges of their own , and even despite a handful of bugs , I desperately wanted to keep playing . '' Colin Campbell of Polygon gave the game a score of 8.5 / 10 , writing , `` In essence , Assassin 's Creed Origins is much the same game as the original Assassin 's Creed , which came out a decade ago . It 's a formula that people like to play , and it 's certainly been honed and improved over the years . Origins is , then , undoubtedly the best iteration of this formula yet . But I yearn for a fresh approach and new ideas , something that astounds the senses as much as the wondrous world this game inhabits . '' Eurogamer ranked the game 23rd on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' , GamesRadar+ ranked it third on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , and EGMNow ranked it sixth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , while Polygon ranked it 15th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017 . The game won the award for `` Best Open World Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Best Setting '' and `` Game of the Year '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Xbox One Game '' in both Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 and IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , the latter of which also nominated it for `` Best Action - Adventure Game '' and `` Best Graphics '' . In Giant Bomb 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , the game won the award for `` Best New Character '' ( Bayek ) , and was a runner - up for `` Best World '' . It also won the award for `` Best Setting '' in Game Informer 's 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Controversy ( edit ) A controversy arose when several online video game journalists discovered that many of the game 's user reviews on review aggregator , Metacritic , were artificially improved through the use of an online bot . Sales ( edit ) In November 2017 , Ubisoft announced sales of Assassin 's Creed Origins during its first 10 days were double that of Assassin 's Creed Syndicate , while player engagement also saw an increase . 35 % of the sales were digital download , compared to just 12 % for Syndicate . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2017 E3 2017 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Console Game ( PlayStation 4 ) Won Best Console Game ( Xbox One ) Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best RPG Nominated 35th Annual Golden Joystick Awards Ultimate Game of the Year Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated 2018 New York Game Awards 2018 Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Nominated 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Character ( Bayek ) Nominated Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Control Design , 3D Nominated Costume Design Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Lighting / Texturing Nominated Original Dramatic Score , Franchise Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Visual Achievement Nominated Excellence in Animation Nominated Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Pending Game Design Pending Performer ( Abubakar Salim ) Pending Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Singapore , Ubisoft Sofia , Ubisoft Bucharest , Ubisoft Chengdu , Ubisoft Kiev , Ubisoft Montpellier , Ubisoft Quebec , Ubisoft Philippines , and Ubisoft Shanghai . Jump up ^ In Assassin 's Creed II , Amunet is described as having assassinated Cleopatra in 30 BC . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Assassin 's Creed Origin 's new hero -- and his eagle '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blain , Louise ; Roberts , David ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins to get `` tons '' of challenging boss fights `` . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Assassin 's Creed Origins Is A True Open - World RPG '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Five Things You Need To Know About Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed : Origins is going to Egypt and revamping the series '' . GamesBeat . ^ Jump up to : Gurwin , Gabe ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Everything we know about Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Digital Trends . ^ Jump up to : Blain , Louise ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` I 've played Assassin 's Creed Origins and OMG EVERYTHING has changed . Here are 8 reasons you 'll be going to Ancient Egypt '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Tatiana ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ( Watch ) Assassin 's Creed Origins dev details weapon types , combat changes , and more '' . GameZone . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Matt ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gladiator Arenas in Assassin 's Creed Origins are bloody fun , but I 'm worried about the stupid enemies '' . VG 247 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Rochefort , Simone ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 2 may have given us a hint about Origins '' . Polygon . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Knezevic , Kevin ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` DLC The Hidden Ones is out '' . Gamespot . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Combat - free mode makes Assassin 's Creed : Origins incredibly easy to explore '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins is getting an educational mode early next year '' . The Verge . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Madan , Asher ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals release dates for future Assassin 's Creed Origins story expansions '' . Windows Central . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gach , Ethan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins finally announced for real , set in Egypt '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ `` A message from the Assassin 's Creed team '' . Ubisoft . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ubisoft confirms no Assassin 's Creed this year '' . IGN . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins PC release date and hardware '' . Gamespot . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` AC :3 Possible Locations Named In Survey '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Ubisoft : WW2 , Japan and Egypt would make dismal Assassin 's Creed locations '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hester , Blake ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins will have the series ' largest map '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily . `` First glimpse of Sarah Schachner 's Assassin 's Creed Origins on Billboard '' . Video Game Music Online . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy 15 is getting free Assassin 's Creed crossover DLC '' . Eurogamer . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( August 31 , 2017 ) . Final Fantasy XV . PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Lestallum Assassin 's Festival . Ignis : Ah , the Leap of Faith ... one of the Assassins ' finest acrobatic feats . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Edge . No. 313 . Future . November 9 , 2017 . pp. 100 -- 102 . ISSN 1350 - 1593 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Suriel ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Keeping The Faith By Questioning It -- Assassin 's Creed Origins -- Xbox One '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leri , Michael ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Review -- Egyptian Addiction '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fillari , Alessandro ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blain , Louise ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Alanah ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Christopher ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . Videogamer.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 30 - 21 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 : Page 3 '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ EGM staff ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Four : # 10 ~ # 6 '' . EGMNow . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Polygon staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The 50 best games of 2017 '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Best Open World Game 2017 : Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Nominees for Destructoid 's Best Xbox One Game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Graphics '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Three : World , Wolfenstein , Moments , and PLEASE STOP '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Four : Debut , New Characters , Story , and Styyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyle '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game Of The Year Awards '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-origins-metacritic-flooded-with-fake-po-1820039309 Jump up ^ Crescente , Brian ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Sells Twice as Fast as Previous Game '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Mario + Rabbids , Wolfenstein 2 , Shadow of War lead E3 critics ' nominations '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zubi ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gamescom 2017 Award Nominees '' . CGM . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Odyssey sweeps Best Of Gamescom awards '' . Metro . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaito , Eri ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards - The Game Awards '' . The Game Awards . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Kayla ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Haithman , Diane ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` VES Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gamasutra staff ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees ! '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Ancient Egypt portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal ( hide ) Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Arno Dorian Related Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_Origins&oldid=833152548 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action - adventure games Ancient Egypt in fiction Assassin 's Creed Cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Cultural depictions of Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger Open world video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Stealth video games Ubisoft games Video games developed in Canada Video games set in ancient Rome Video games set in Egypt Video games set in Libya Video games set in the 1st century BC Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year was assassin's creed origins set in	[ "The game is set in Egypt near the end of the Ptolemaic period (49–47 BC) and recounts the secret fictional history of real-world events. The story explores the origins of the centuries-long conflict between the Brotherhood of Assassins, who fight for peace by promoting liberty, and The Order of the Ancients—forerunners to the Templar Order—who desire peace through the forced imposition of order." ]	[ "Egypt near the end of the Ptolemaic period (49–47 BC)" ]
-6841772021528248235	Don't Forget to Remember	Do n't Forget to Remember - wikipedia Do n't Forget to Remember This article is about the song by the Bee Gees . For the song by Carrie Underwood , see Do n't Forget to Remember Me . For the album by Puressence , see Do n't Forget to Remember ( album ) . `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' Single by Bee Gees from the album Cucumber Castle B - side `` The Lord '' Released August 1969 Format 7 `` , 45 rpm Recorded 7 May 1969 IBC Studios , London Genre Country , folk , easy listening Length 3 : 28 Label Polydor ( United Kingdom ) Atco ( United States ) Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb Producer ( s ) Robert Stigwood , Bee Gees Bee Gees singles chronology `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' ( 1969 ) `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' ( 1970 ) `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' ( 1969 ) `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' ( 1970 ) Audio sample `` Do n't Forget To Remember '' file help `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' also called `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' is a country ballad recorded by the Bee Gees , from the album Cucumber Castle . The song was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb . It was produced by the band with Robert Stigwood . Contents 1 Recording 2 Structure 3 Release 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 External links Recording ( edit ) The song 's genre is country like much of what Maurice and Barry wrote together without input from their brother , Robin , but all three brothers have written in the medium at other times , most notably the Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton hit `` Islands in the Stream '' , and its parent album Eyes That See in the Dark . The song was recorded at 7 May 1969 same day as the unreleased track `` Who Knows What a Room Is '' . Barry Gibb 's lead vocal was in a lower register than usual . Peter Mason , Robin 's intended replacement in the group originally sang harmony vocals on the song , as Mason explains , `` I did some harmonies , I remember doing three songs , there was ' Do n't Forget to Remember ' and I put the harmony down on that and two other songs . ( I do n't know ) whether it 's a tryout , although he 'd said before that he wanted me , because we sat and sang together . '' Mason also explained : `` When I sit and listen to ' Do n't Forget to Remember ' I ca n't really tell whether it 's me or not . He ran the tracks and said , ' Can you put a harmony to that ? ' '' . The song also sticks out in Mason 's memory . Structure ( edit ) The song features a low voice by Barry Gibb especially on the first verse of the song : Oh my heart , wo n't believe that you have left me I keep telling myself that it 's true I can get over anything , you want my love But i ca n't get myself over you . On the song 's chorus , it features on the background vocals that Maurice sing harmony with Barry : Do n't forget to remember me And the love that used to be I still remember you , i love you In my heart lies a memory , to tell the stars above Do n't forget , to remember me my love . The song 's lyrics follow the country - song tradition of romantic laments with its tearful first - person lyrics about a man haunted by a failed love affair he ca n't put out of his mind . Its melody matches the yearning quality of the lyrics , especially on the chorus , which underpins the forlorn wish Do n't forget to remember me / And the love that used to be with glorious runs of ascending notes . On paper , the song seems applicable to the group 's usual pop style but their recording uses country - music elements to carry it into that genre , a prominent acoustic guitar cuts through the background orchestration and Barry Gibb adds a Nashville - inspired twang to his vocal . Release ( edit ) Maurice 's reaction when the song was released was `` The thing is that it is Jim Reeves - ish it 's rather like ' Oh Lonesome Me ' and that sort of song and you 'll never forget the melody . It was n't a deliberate dedication to Jim Reeves - it 's just worked out that way '' . Maurice also explains , `` We know we do n't want to split up , maybe Colin will want to leave sometime in the future , but we all have different things we 've involved in '' . The single covers of the song , ( in all countries ) features the three remaining Bee Gees after the departure of Robin Gibb . The song was re-released in CD by RSO Records as a part in the EP of the same name ( 1987 ) . Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- lead vocals , acoustic guitar Maurice Gibb -- harmony vocals , bass guitar , acoustic guitar , piano , mellotron Colin Petersen -- drums Peter Mason -- harmony vocals ( erased from the final recording ) Uncredited -- orchestral and strings arrangement Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 39 Denmark Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 42 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 27 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 73 US Cash Box 63 US Record World 46 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 10 Chart ( 1970 ) Position Norway Singles Chart ( VG - lista ) 10 Cover versions ( edit ) The version of this song by Elton John was released on `` 12 Top Hits '' ( Avenue - AVE034 ) Swedish dansband Flamingokvintetten covered the song in 1972 , with lyrics in Swedish , as `` Jag vill leva mitt liv med dig '' ( `` I want to live my life with you '' ) . Country singer Skeeter Davis covered the song and reached # 44 on the country charts with it in 1974 . Swedish dansband , pop Another country singer Kikki Danielsson covered the song with the original lyrics in English on her 1993 album Jag ska aldrig lämna dig . Anna McGoldrick covered this song in 1998 . Brian Letton covered this song in 1997 . Daniel O'Donnell ( 1987 ) , Donna Fargo covered this song in 1978 John & Anne Ryder covered the song in 1969 . South African singer Ray Dylan covered the song on his album Goeie Ou Country vol 2 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Guarisco , Donald A. `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget to Remember '' . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph Brennan . `` Gibb Songs : 1969 '' . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Andrew . The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat - The Bee Gees - Do n't Forget to Remember '' . 45cat . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . brothersgibb.org . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget To Remember '' . austriancharts.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget To Remember '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget To Remember '' . officialcharts.de . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget To Remember '' . dutchcharts.com . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget To Remember '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - Do n't Forget To Remember '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Top 100 Singles '' . Cashbox Magazine . September 13 , 1969 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John as a Session Musician '' . Eltonography.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jag ska aldrig lämna dig Svensk mediedatabas '' . SMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ray Dylan ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Ray Dylan , Goeie Ou Country - Vol. 2 , CDs , Musica A World awaits - 6005298030511 '' . Musica.co.za . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Bee Gees singles discography 1960s 1963 `` The Battle of the Blue and the Grey '' / `` The Three Kisses of Love '' `` Timber ! '' / `` Take Hold of That Star '' 1964 `` Peace of Mind '' / `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Claustrophobia '' / `` Could It Be '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' / `` ( Theme From ) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters '' 1965 `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' / `` You Would n't Know '' `` Wine and Women '' / `` Follow the Wind '' `` I Was A Lover , A Leader of Men '' / `` And the Children Laughing '' 1966 `` I Want Home '' / `` Cherry Red '' `` Monday 's Rain '' / `` All of My Life '' `` Spicks and Specks '' / `` I Am the World '' 1967 `` Born a Man '' / `` Big Chance '' `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' / `` I Ca n't See Nobody '' `` To Love Somebody '' / `` Close Another Door '' `` Holiday '' / `` Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You '' `` Massachusetts '' / `` Barker of the UFO '' `` World '' / `` Sir Geoffrey Saved the World '' 1968 `` Words '' / `` Sinking Ships '' `` Jumbo '' / `` The Singer Sang His Song '' `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' / `` Kitty Can '' `` I Started a Joke '' / `` Kilburn Towers '' 1969 `` First of May '' / `` Lamplight '' `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' / `` Sun in My Morning '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' / `` The Lord '' 1970s 1970 `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' / `` Sweetheart '' ( US ) `` I.O.I.O. '' / `` Sweetheart '' `` Lonely Days '' / `` Man for All Seasons '' 1971 `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' / `` Country Woman '' `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' / `` Walking Back to Waterloo '' 1972 `` My World '' / `` On Time '' `` Run to Me '' / `` Road to Alaska '' `` Alive '' / Paper Mache , Cabbages and Kings '' 1973 `` Saw a New Morning '' / `` My Life Has Been a Song '' `` Would n't I Be Someone '' / `` Elisa '' `` Mr. Natural '' / `` It Does n't Matter Much to Me '' `` Throw a Penny '' / `` I Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Charade '' / `` Heavy Breathing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' / `` Wind of Change '' `` Nights on Broadway '' / `` Edge of the Universe '' 1976 `` Fanny ( Be Tender with My Love ) '' / `` Country Lanes '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' / `` Subway '' `` Love So Right '' / `` You Stepped Into My Life '' 1977 `` Boogie Child '' / `` Lovers '' `` Edge of the Universe ( live ) '' / `` Words ( live ) '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' / `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' / `` If I Ca n't Have You '' 1978 `` Night Fever '' / `` Down the Road ( live ) '' `` Too Much Heaven '' / `` Rest Your Love on Me '' 1979 `` Tragedy '' / `` Until '' `` Love You Inside Out '' / `` I 'm Satisfied '' 1980s 1981 `` He 's a Liar '' `` Living Eyes '' / `` I Still Love You '' `` The Woman in You '' / `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Someone Belonging to Someone '' / `` I Love You Too Much '' ( instrumental ) `` You Win Again '' / `` Backtafunk '' `` E.S.P. '' / `` Overnight '' `` Ordinary Lives '' / `` Wing and a Prayer '' `` One '' / `` Flesh and Blood '' 1990s `` Bodyguard '' / `` Will You Ever Let Me '' 1991 `` Secret Love '' / `` Party with No Name '' `` When He 's Gone '' / `` True Confessions '' `` The Only Love '' / `` You Win Again '' ( live ) `` Happy Ever After '' / `` Evolution '' `` Paying the Price of Love '' / `` My Destiny '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' / `` Decadance '' `` How to Fall in Love , Part 1 '' / `` Fallen Angel '' `` Kiss of Life '' / `` 855 - 7019 '' `` Alone '' / `` Rings Around the Moon '' `` I Could Not Love You More '' / `` Love Never Dies '' ( EUR ) `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' / `` Love Never Dies '' 2000s `` This Is Where I Came In '' / `` Just in Case '' Other countries 1968 `` And the Sun Will Shine '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( France ) 1970 `` Let There Be Love '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( Netherlands ) 1971 `` When the Swallows Fly '' / `` Give Your Best '' ( Netherlands ) `` Morning of my Life '' / `` To Love Somebody '' 1972 `` Israel '' / `` Dearest '' ( Netherlands ) `` Sea of Smiling Faces '' / `` Please Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' 1977 `` Children of the World '' / `` Boogie Child '' ( Australia ) `` Crazy for Your Love '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' `` Angela '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' ( Germany , Netherlands ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Forget_to_Remember&oldid=847141973 '' Categories : 1969 singles Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robert Stigwood Country ballads Pop ballads Elton John songs Flamingokvintetten songs Kikki Danielsson songs 1969 songs Atco Records singles Polydor Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 06 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang don't forget to remember me	[ "\"Don't Forget to Remember\" also called \"Don't Forget to Remember Me\" is a country ballad recorded by the Bee Gees, from the album Cucumber Castle. The song was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb. It was produced by the band with Robert Stigwood.\n" ]	[ "the Bee Gees" ]
-3894558251308447609	Rebecca Mader	Rebecca Mader - wikipedia Rebecca Mader Jump to : navigation , search Rebecca Mader Rebecca Mader , May 2017 Rebecca Leigh Mader ( 1977 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1977 ( age 40 ) Cambridge , England Occupation Actress , producer Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Marcus Kayne ( m . 2016 ) Rebecca Leigh Mader ( born 24 April 1977 ) is an English actress , best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series Lost , and as Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , on ABC 's Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge , England . She worked as a model in New York City for a year , appearing in adverts for L'Oréal , Colgate and Wella Hair . She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas All My Children as Morgan Gordon , and One Life to Live as Margaret Cochran . She also appeared on the soap opera Guiding Light in 2003 . Mader has made number of guest appearances on television shows . In 2006 , she had a series regular role of the short - lived Fox legal drama , Justice . In 2008 , Mader began starring as anthropologist Charlotte Lewis on ABC series Lost . She appeared in the show from 2008 to 2009 and in two episodes in 2010 . In 2011 she had a recurring role on No Ordinary Family , and in 2012 she made a guest starring appearance on the FOX science - fiction series Fringe , as Jessica Holt . Also in 2012 , Mader starred in the short - lived ABC comedy series Work It . In June 2013 , Mader made her stage debut in the role of Barrie in the one - act comedy The Third Date at the Hollywood Fringe Festival . In December 2013 , Mader was cast as Wicked Witch of the West , a new antagonist for the second half of the third season of Once Upon a Time ( where her fellow Lost star Emilie De Ravin also stars in the series ) . She also made guest appearances during the second half of season four and was later promoted to a series regular for seasons five and six . In May 2017 , Mader announced that she would not be returning for the seventh season of the show , due to a creative decision by the showrunners . However , in September 2017 , it was announced that Mader would be reprising her role as Zelena in a recurring capacity for the second half of the seventh season . Personal Life ( edit ) She announced her engagement to Marcus Kayne on 29 December 2014 via her Twitter account . The two were married on 23 November 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Mader in January 2015 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mimic 3 : Sentinel Carmen Direct - to - video Replay Belinda Brown 2005 Hitch Uncredited Cameo 2006 Devil Wears Prada , The The Devil Wears Prada Jocelyn 2007 Great World of Sound Pam 2008 Rainbow Tribe , The The Rainbow Tribe Mrs. Murray 2009 Men Who Stare at Goats , The The Men Who Stare at Goats Debora Wilton Ceremony Esme Ball Big Bang , The The Big Bang Zooey Wigner 2011 Cougars , Inc . Mary 2013 Iron Man 3 Sweat shop agent 2014 It 's Gawd ! Holly Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Madigan Men Kim Episode : `` Bachelors '' Third Watch Mandy Episode : `` Exposing Faith '' 2003 All My Children Morgan Gordon Series regular , 17 episodes Fastlane Nicole Martin Episode : `` Monster '' Guiding Light Tony 's Mystery Woman 2 episodes American Girl Holiday , An An American Girl Holiday Aunt Cornelia TV film One Life to Live Margaret Cochran Series regular 2005 Law & Order : Trial by Jury Melanie Ferris Episode : `` The Abominable Showman '' Stella Pretty Girl Episode : `` Meeting Girls '' Starved Puma Girl / Heather Episodes : `` Pilot '' , `` 3D '' 2006 Conviction Hannah Episode : `` Breakup '' Love Monkey Grace 3 episodes 2006 -- 07 Justice Alden Tuller Series regular , 13 episodes 2007 Mr. and Mrs. Smith Jordan TV pilot Private Practice Leslie Episodes : `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl from Somewhere Else '' 2008 -- 09 ; 2010 Lost Charlotte Lewis Series regular , 17 episodes 2009 Ring of Deceit Madison Byrne TV film Law & Order : LA Rebecca Townley Episode : `` Pasadena '' 2011 Second City This Week Celebrity Guest Episode : `` Pilot '' No Ordinary Family Victoria Morrow 5 episodes Covert Affairs Franka Episode : `` Half a World Away '' Friends with Benefits Ariel Episode : `` The Benefit of Avoiding the Mindbanger '' Alphas Griffin Episode : `` Blind Spot '' 2012 Work It Grace Hudson Series regular , 13 episodes Fringe Jessica Holt Episodes : `` Brave New World : Part 1 '' , `` Brave New World : Part 2 '' White Collar Abigail Kincaid Episode : `` Honour Among Thieves '' 30 Rock Super Hot Lady Episode : `` My Whole Life Is Thunder '' 2013 Drop Dead Diva Mistress Robin Episode : `` Jane 's Secret Revealed '' 2014 Warehouse 13 Lisa Da Vinci Episode : `` Endless Terror '' Blue Bloods Tori Parsons Episode : `` Most Wanted '' 2014 -- present Once Upon a Time Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West Recurring Role ( Seasons 3 - 4 , 7 ) Series Regular ( Seasons 5 - 6 ) 53 Episodes 2015 Hawaii Five - 0 Nicole Booth Episode : `` Ua'aihue '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Aim High Miss Walker 4 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` England & Wales Births 1837 -- 2006 '' . FindMyPast.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Birth year : 1977 Jump up ^ Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` IT 'S MY BIRTHDAY ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Rebecca Mader '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Rebecca Mader joins ' Goats ' herd '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Fringe Nabs Rebecca Mader , Jersey Housewives Season 4 Premiere Date and More '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Work It canceled canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Date '' . Hollywood Fringe Festival . Archived from the original on 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' reveals Wicked Witch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time promotes Sean Maguire , Rebecca Mader to series regulars '' . Entertainment Weekly . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-wont-return-season-7-1202091645/ Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official '' . Rebecca Mader . Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` We are thrilled to announce that on the 23rd of Nov , Marc and I became Husband and Wife ! We 're Married ! @ marcuskayne '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebecca Mader . Rebecca Mader on IMDb VIAF : 78926312 LCCN : no2009017580 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Mader&oldid=805819875 '' Categories : English female models English film actresses English television actresses English soap opera actresses Living people English expatriates in the United States People from Cambridge Actresses from Cambridgeshire 1977 births Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays wicked witch on once upon a time	[ "Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977)[1][2] is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series Lost, and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's Once Upon a Time." ]	[ "Rebecca Leigh Mader" ]
7670751771284551318	Agriculture in the United Kingdom	Agriculture in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Agriculture in the United Kingdom A combine harvester in Scotland Agriculture in the United Kingdom uses 69 % of the country 's land area , employs 1.5 % of its workforce ( 476,000 people ) and contributes 0.62 % of its gross value added ( £ 9.9 billion ) . The UK produces less than 60 % of the food it eats . Although agricultural activity occurs in most rural locations , it is concentrated in East Anglia ( crops ) and the South West ( livestock ) . Of the 212,000 farm holdings , there is a wide variation in size from under 20 to over 100 hectares . Despite skilled farmers , high technology , fertile soil and subsidies , farm earnings are relatively low , mainly due to low prices at the farm gate . Low earnings , high land prices and a shortage of let farmland discourage young people from joining the industry . The average age of the British farm holder is now 59 . Recently there have been moves towards organic farming in an attempt to sustain profits , and many farmers supplement their income by diversifying activities away from pure agriculture . Biofuels present new opportunities for farmers against a background of rising fears about fossil fuel prices , energy security , and climate change . There is increasing awareness that farmers have an important role to play as custodians of the British countryside and wildlife . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Regional variations 2 History 2.1 Before 1500 2.2 1500 to 1750 2.3 1750 to 1850 2.4 1850 to 1939 2.5 1939 to 1945 2.6 1945 to present 3 Politics and education 3.1 The National Farmers Union 3.2 Agricultural colleges 4 Economics 5 Land 5.1 Manure , nitrogen and Nitrate Vulnerable Zones ( NVZ ) 5.2 Phosphates and potash 6 Arable farming 6.1 Cereal production statistics 6.2 Consumption 6.3 Methods 6.4 Diseases 6.5 Weeds 6.6 Pests 7 Pastoral farming 7.1 Cattle farming 7.2 Sheep farming 7.3 Pig farming 7.4 Other livestock and poultry 7.5 Livestock movement and record - keeping 7.6 Disease 7.7 Animal welfare 8 Current issues in British agriculture 8.1 Organic farming 8.2 Biofuel 8.3 Diversification 8.4 Custodianship 8.5 Barriers to entry 8.6 County farms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Wheat is a major crop in the UK . The total area of agricultural holdings is about 171,000 km ( 43 million acres ) , or 183,000 km including rough grazing land , of which about a third , 64,000 km ( 15.3 million acres ) are arable and most of the rest is given over to grassland . During the growing season about half the arable area is devoted to cereal crops , and of the cereal crop area , more than 65 % is wheat . There are about 31 million sheep , 10 million cattle , 9.6 million poultry and 4.5 million pigs . These are arranged on about 212,000 holdings , whose average cultivable area is around 54 hectares ( 130 acres ) . About 70 % of farms are owner - occupied or mostly so ( perhaps with individual barns or fields let out ) , and the remainder are rented to tenant farmers . Farmers represent an ageing population , partly due to low earnings and barriers to entry , and it is increasingly hard to recruit young people into farming . The average farm holder is 59 years old . British farming is , on the whole intensive and highly mechanised , an approach which is suited to the current distribution infrastructure , but is not as productive by area as smaller scale , diversified farming . The UK produces only 59 % of the food it consumes . In 2010 , it exported £ 14 billion worth of food , feed and drink , and imported £ 32.5 billion . The vast majority of imports and exports are with other Western European countries . Farming is subsidised , with subsidies to farmers totalling £ 3.19 billion ( after deduction of levies ) paid in 2010 . These subsidies are mostly channelled through the EU Common Agricultural Policy from member states ' contributions . UK farmers receive the fifth largest agricultural subsidy in the EU , with 7 % of the subsidy , after France ( 17 % ) , Spain ( 13 % ) , Germany ( 12 % ) , and Italy ( 10 % ) . There is downward pressure on the subsidies and on 19 November 2010 , the EU announced a reform starting in 2013 . Output volume rose by 1.9 % in 2010 compared to 2009 , productivity increased by 1.6 % , and direct subsidies fell by 12 % . Between 1979 and 2010 , productivity grew by 49 % , output volumes by 25 % and input volumes fell by 16 % . Regional variations ( edit ) See also : Agriculture in Scotland and Agriculture in Wales While there is little difference between farming practices in England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland in places where the terrain is similar , the geography and the quality of the farmland does have an impact . In Wales , 80 % of the farmland is designated as a `` Less Favoured Area '' , and in Scotland the figure is 84 % . `` Less Favoured Area '' means land that produces a lower agricultural yield , typically upland moors and hill farms , which explains the tendency to focus on sheep and sometimes dairy farming . In England , the eastern and southern areas where the fields are flatter , larger and more open tend to concentrate on cereal crops , while the hillier northern and western areas with smaller , more enclosed fields tend to concentrate on livestock farming . History ( edit ) See also : British Agricultural Revolution , Corn Laws , and Enclosure Before 1500 ( edit ) Further information : Economics of English agriculture in the Middle Ages and Economy of England in the Middle Ages § English agriculture Farming was introduced in the British Isles between about 5000 BC and 4500 BC from Syria after a large influx of Mesolithic people and following the end of the Pleistocene epoch . It took 2,000 years for the practice to extend across all of the isles . Wheat and barley were grown in small plots near the family home . Sheep , goats and cattle came in from mainland Europe and pigs were domesticated from wild boar already living in forests . There is evidence of agricultural and hunter - gatherer groups meeting and trading with one another in the early part of the Neolithic . Archaeologists disagree about how quickly the transition from hunter - gatherer to agricultural society took place . The Saxons and the Vikings had open field farming systems . Under the Normans and Plantagenets fens were drained , woods cleared and farmland expanded to feed a rising population , until the Black Death reached Britain in 1349 . This and subsequent epidemics caused the population to fall ; one - third of the population in England died of the plague between 1349 - 50 . In consequence , areas of farmland were abandoned . The feudal system began to break down as labourers , who were in short supply following the plague , demanded wages ( instead of subsistence ) and better conditions . Also , there were a series of poor harvests after about 1315 , coinciding with some evidence ( from tree rings ) of poor weather across the whole of northern Europe , which continued on and off until about 1375 . The population did not recover to 1300 levels for two or three hundred years . 1500 to 1750 ( edit ) When King Henry VIII named himself Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1531 , he set about the dissolution of the Monasteries , which was largely complete by 1540 . The monasteries had been among the principal landowners in the Kingdom and the Crown took over their land , amounting to about 2,000,000 acres ( 810,000 ha ) . This land was largely sold off to fund Henry 's military ambitions in France and Scotland , and the main buyers were the aristocracy and landed gentry . Agriculture boomed as grain prices increased sixfold by 1650 . Improvements in transport , particularly along rivers and coasts , brought beef and dairy products from the north of England to London . Charles Viscount Townshend The Kingdom of Great Britain was created on 1 May 1707 , as a result of the Acts of Union putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union . At this time , Jethro Tull , a Berkshire farmer , had recently invented his famous rotating - cylinder seed drill . His 1731 book , The New Horse Hoeing Husbandry , explained the systems and devices he espoused to improve agriculture . The book had such an impact that its influence can still be seen in some aspects of modern farming . Charles Townsend , a viscount known as `` Turnip Townsend '' , retired from Parliament in 1730 and in the years between then and his death in 1738 , introduced turnip farming on a large scale . This created four - crop rotation ( wheat , turnips , barley and clover ) which allowed fertility to be maintained with much less fallow land . Clover increases mineral nitrogen in the soil and clover and turnips are good fodder crops for livestock , which in turn improve the soil by their manure . 1750 to 1850 ( edit ) Main article : British Agricultural Revolution Between 1750 and 1850 , the English population nearly tripled , with an estimated increase from 5.7 million to 16.6 million , and all these people had to be fed from the domestic food supply . This was achieved through intensified agriculture and land reclamation from the Fens , woodlands , and upland pastures . The crop mix changed too , with wheat and rye replacing barley . Nitrogen fixing plants such as legumes led to sustainable increased yields . These increased yields , combined with improved farming machinery and then - new capitalist ways of organising labour , meant that increased crop production did not need much more manpower , which freed labour for non-agricultural work . Indeed , by 1850 Britain had the smallest proportion of its population engaged in farming of any country in the world , at 22 % . A haywain . This period included a twenty - year depression in agriculture that started with the end of the Napoleonic Wars and lasted until 1836 . This depression was so severe that landlords as well as tenants suffered financial ruin , and large areas of farmland were entirely abandoned . This showed the problems of the ancient landlord and tenant system in running new - style , capital - intensive farms , and it caused concern in Parliament . The system began to improve , for example by distinguishing between farm improvements that the tenant should fund , and those the landlord should fund . From the end of the depression in 1836 until Parliament repealed the Corn Laws in 1846 , agriculture flourished . The repeal of the Corn Laws steadied prices , though agriculture remained prosperous . At that time , Parliament was concerned with the issue of tenant right , i.e. the sum payable to an outgoing tenant for farm improvements that the tenant had funded and , if crops were in the ground when the tenant left , compensation for their value . This was down to local custom which might vary from place to place . In 1848 a parliamentary committee examined the possibility of a standardised system , but a Bill on the matter was not passed until 1875 . 1850 to 1939 ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression of British Agriculture The American Civil War ended in 1865 , and by 1875 , with new steam - powered railways and ships , the United States was exporting a substantial excess of cereals . At the same time , Britain suffered a series of poor harvests . By 1891 reliable refrigeration technology brought cheap frozen meat from Australia , New Zealand and South America to the British market , and Parliament felt it had to intervene to support British farming . The Agricultural Holdings ( England ) Act 1875 revamped the law on tenant right such that tenants received consistent levels of compensation for the value of their improvements to the holding and any crops in the ground . It also gave tenants the right to remove fixtures they had provided , increased the period of a Notice to Quit from six months to twelve , and brought in an agricultural dispute resolution procedure . Ivel Tractor in Ploughing Demonstration , England , 1905 Some Landlords reacted to the 1875 Act by refusing to let land on a tenancy , instead contracting out the labour to contract farmers . Parliament responded with the Agricultural Holdings ( England ) Act 1883 , which prevented contracting out on terms less favourable than a normal tenancy . Subsequent Agricultural Holdings Acts in 1900 and 1906 further refined the dispute resolution procedure ; required landlords to compensate tenants for their damaged crops if the damage was caused by game that the landlord did not allow tenants to kill ; allowed tenants to choose for themselves what crops to grow , except in the last year of the tenancy ; and prevented penal rents being charged except in special circumstances . The mass of legislation was consolidated in another Act of 1908 . Further Agricultural Holdings Acts came into force in 1914 , two in 1920 , and a further consolidating Act in 1923 . Invented in around 1885 , the digging plough is a plough with a wider share , which cuts a wider shallower furrow , after which the slice of soil is inverted by a short concave mould - board with a sharp turn . This has the effect of breaking up and pulverising the soil , leaving no visible furrow and facilitating the use of a seed drill for planting . Earlier ploughs were simply large hoes for stirring the soil , drawn by animals , that left furrows suitable for distribution of seed by hand . The Board of Agriculture was established by Act of Parliament in 1889 . Although rationing during the First World War was limited to the end of 1917 and 1918 , a change of mood arose about food security , and the Ministry of Food was created in 1916 . There was a national feeling that a man who had fought for his country should be entitled to retire to a smallholding on British land that would provide him with a livelihood . This led to various initiatives , collectively called Homes for Heroes . By 1926 agricultural law had become openly redistributive in favour of ex-servicemen . County Councils had compulsory purchase powers to requisition land they could let as smallholdings . Ex-servicemen were the preferred tenants . The tenant could then buy the land and could ask the Council to lend them money to fund the purchase as a mortgage . The Council could not refuse without the Minister of Agriculture 's permission . In 1919 the Board of Agriculture and the Ministry of Food were merged to form the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries , which later became the Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( MAFF ) . MAFF was in turn the predecessor of DEFRA . 1939 to 1945 ( edit ) British tanks in a Yorkshire cornfield in 1942 . See also : Rationing in the United Kingdom Before the Second World War started , Britain imported 55 million tons of food a year . By the end of 1939 , this had dropped to 12 million , and food rationing was introduced at the start of 1940 . It did not completely end until July 1954 . The government tried to encourage people to grow their own food in victory gardens , and householders were encouraged to keep rabbits and chickens for the table . Because so many men had been conscripted into the army , women were drafted in to work the land ; they were called the Women 's Land Army , or less formally , `` land girls '' . Famously , the Government responded to a temporary wartime oversupply of carrots by suggesting that the RAF 's exceptional night - flying was due to eating carotene . The ruse worked : consumption of carrots increased sharply because people thought carrots might help them see in the blackout , thus taking the pressure off other food supplies . But with so much of the agricultural labour force fighting , pressure on food supplies worldwide increased throughout the war . The government estimated that in 1945 world meat consumption would exceed supply by 1.8 million tons and that only wheat would be `` available in abundance '' . The Prime Minister suggested that if necessary , food supplies could take priority over supplies for the military , and considered the possibility of famine in the occupied territories after the war . 1945 to present ( edit ) The Agriculture Act 1947 broadly revamped agricultural law . It was a reaction to the privations of the Second World War , and was aimed at food security , so as to reduce the risk of a hostile foreign power being able to starve the UK into submission . The Act guaranteed prices , markets and tenure , so that a farmer could be assured that his land would not be taken away and whatever he grew would be sold at a known price . Yet another consolidating Agricultural Holdings Act followed it in 1948 . These Acts made it harder to evict tenant farmers . With the new security tenants enjoyed , a system of rent reviews was necessary to take account of land price inflation . There were many other changes in the law , and each of these Acts needed negotiations between the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Farmers Union ( NFU ) to fix the support price to be paid for each agricultural product . They were enacted in a series of Agriculture ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Acts in 1949 , 1954 , 1963 , 1968 and 1972 . The Agriculture ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1976 was another far - reaching revamp of the law . At the time it was passed , the Lib - Lab Pact of 1976 needed Plaid Cymru 's support in Parliament , and the provisions of this Act were part of Plaid Cymru 's price for their vote . This Act allowed for succession of agricultural tenancies , so on a farmer 's death , a relative with relevant skills or experience and no holding of his own could inherit the tenancy . This was limited to two generations of tenant . On government instructions , the Northfield Committee began to review the country 's agricultural system in 1977 . It did not report until July 1979 , by which time Margaret Thatcher 's administration held power . The report influenced ongoing discussions between the NFU and the Country Landowners Association ( CLA ) , who were trying to reach an agreement on new Agricultural Holdings legislation that could be presented to Parliament as having industry - wide support . This was agreed in 1984 , but the two sides had not been able to agree a fundamental change to the security of tenure legislation . It did change the succession rules for existing tenancies such that a farmer might pass on his tenancy on retirement as well as on death -- but no new tenancies from 1984 were to include succession rights . By this time the then European Economic Community ( now the European Community ) 's Common Agricultural Policy and the value of the green pound was having a direct impact on farming . The Agriculture Act 1986 was concerned with the value of the milk quota attached to land , and particularly how it ought to be shared between landlord and tenant . Nowadays , milk quotas no longer exist , but other subsidies ( largely rolled up into Single Payments ) still need to be divided between the parties . Politics and education ( edit ) The National farmers Union ( edit ) The National Farmers Union ( NFU ) was begun by a group of nine Lincolnshire farmers and , as the `` Lincolnshire Farmers Union '' , held its first meeting in 1904 . By 1908 they were called the National Farmers Union and were meeting in London . During the Second World War , the NFU worked hand in glove with the Ministry of Agriculture to ensure food security . Rationing continued after the war and it is a measure of the NFU 's influence at that time that , when the Agriculture Act 1947 committed the government to undertake a national review of the industry every year in consultation with the NFU . The close relationship between the NFU and the MAFF continued until New Labour reformed the MAFF into Defra in 2001 , and indeed the MAFF was sometimes ( if unfairly ) called the `` NFU 's political wing '' . Defra is seen as more independent , although the NFU does remain a powerful and effective lobbying body that wields considerable influence in proportion to the industry 's economic value . Agricultural colleges ( edit ) By the latter half of the nineteenth century , as farming grew more complex and methodical and as productivity increased , there was a dawning recognition that farmers needed agricultural education . The Royal Agricultural University , which was the first agricultural college in the English - speaking world , opened as the Royal Agricultural College in 1845 . It was granted its royal charter shortly after its founding . Thanks to government financial support for agricultural education in the 1890s , the Royal Agricultural College was followed by Writtle College in 1893 and Harper Adams University College in 1901 . Meanwhile , the West of Scotland Agricultural College formed in 1899 , the East of Scotland Agricultural College in 1901 , and the North of Scotland Agricultural College in 1904 ; these colleges amalgamated to form the Scottish Agricultural College in 1990 . Economics ( edit ) Total income from farming in the United Kingdom was £ 5.38 billion in 2014 , representing about 0.7 % of the British national value added in that year . This is a fall of 4.4 % in real terms since 2014 . Earnings were £ 30,900 per full - time person in 2011 , which represented an increase of 24 % from 2010 values in real terms . This was the best performance in UK agriculture since the 1990s . Agriculture employs 476,000 people , representing 1.5 % of the workforce , down more than 32 % since 1996 . In terms of gross value added in 2009 , 83 % of the UK 's agricultural income originated from England , 9 % from Scotland , 4 % from Northern Ireland and 3 % from Wales . The top twenty agricultural products of the United Kingdom by value as reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization in 2012 ( volume in metric tons ) : 1 . Milk ( cow ) 13,884,000 2 . Cattle meat 882,000 3 . Chicken meat 1,396,830 4 . Pig meat 770,150 5 . Wheat 13,261,000 6 . Sheep meat 285,000 7 . Potatoes 4,553,000 8 . Rapeseed 2,557,000 9 . Hen eggs 630,000 10 . Sugar beet 7,291,000 11 . Turkey meat 201,348 12 . Barley 5,522,000 13 . Carrots and turnips 663,700 14 . Mushrooms and truffles 73,100 15 . Wool , grease 68,000 16 . Strawberries 95,700 17 , Apples 202,900 18 . Onions 373,610 19 . Lettuce and chicory 122,000 20 . Duck meat 32,101 Most farmers of beef cattle or sheep made another net loss in the year to April 2010 . Production , veterinary , bedding , property , power and machinery costs all underwent double - digit rises in percentage terms , meaning that the losses in the year to April 2010 increased over last year 's losses by over £ 30 / animal . However , wheat exports were much stronger than the previous year . The UK 's egg - laying flock is in decline . It fell by 5.5 % in one year from June 1999 to May 2000 . In 1971 , there were 125,258 farms with egg - laying hens and by 1999 this was down to 26,500 . Land ( edit ) Main article : Soil The agricultural area used is 17.2 million hectares , about 70 % of the land area of the United Kingdom . 36 % of the agricultural land is croppable ( arable ) , or 25 % of the total land area . Most of the rest is grassland , rough grazing , or woodland . However , historic Government figures for the area of agricultural land may be wrong and the true figure may be 9.34 million hectares . Soil is a complex mix of mineral and organic components , produced when rock is weathered and acted on by living organisms . Most British soils are 2 % to 5 % organic and 95 % to 98 % mineral , but soils such as peat may contain up to 50 % organic matter . In the British Isles as far south as the Thames Valley , the soil has been heavily glaciated , which not only ground down the rock but redistributed the resulting matter . As a result , most British soils date from the last Ice Age and are comparatively young , but in level areas and particularly south of the Thames Valley , there are much older soils . Many British soils are quite acidic , and a large proportion of British farm land needs repeated applications of alkalines ( traditionally lime ) to remain fertile . Nitrites are soluble , so rain rapidly carries them away . Acid rain increases soil acidity , but even normal rain tends to be slightly acid , increasing the natural acidity of British soil . Rainfall in Britain exceeds the rate of evaporation . This means that in freely drained areas , soil base material is washed away , which leads to a higher concentration of organic acids in the ground . This relatively high soil acidity is one of the factors that lead to liming . Lime tends to counteract soil acidity , and with fine particulate soils such as clays , also encourages the formation of a better soil crumb structure that will aerate and help with drainage . Its benefits have been known , if not scientifically understood , since Roman times . Soffe ( 2003 ) summarises the acidity of British soils as follows : - Land type pH Sandy heath land 3.5 - 5.0 Calcareous ( chalky ) brown soil 6.5 - 8.0 Upland peat 3.5 - 4.5 Cultivated soil , non-calcareous 5.0 - 7.0 Cultivated soil , calcareous 7.0 - 8.0 Permanent pasture , lowland 5.0 - 6.0 Permanent pasture , upland 4.5 - 5.5 Lowland peat 4.0 - 7.0 Owing to high rainfall in the UK , less freely drained areas tend to become waterlogged . Wet land may be unable to bear a tractor 's weight , and drainage makes soil lighter and more easily worked , improves crops ' ability to absorb food because there is more root surface area , stimulates helpful micro-organisms and allows accumulated poisons to be carried away . In Britain field drains are traditionally open ditches , but increasingly , covered pipes have been used in more modern times . Earthworms are important for creating small drainage channels in the soil and helping to move soil particles . No appreciable plant growth takes place at temperatures below 4 ° C. The growth rate increases as temperature rises , up to a maximum limit which is of no relevance to the British Isles . Dark soils tend to absorb more heat , and are therefore preferred . As crops grow , they absorb nutrients from the soil , so land fertility degrades over time . However , if organic matter poor in nitrogen but rich in carbohydrate is added to the soil , nitrogen is assimilated and fixed . Fertility increases while land is under grass , which helps to accumulate organic matter in the soil . These factors mean that soil is traditionally improved by means of liming , draining , and allowing to lie fallow . It is traditionally fertilised with manure , nitrogen , phosphates , and potash . Manure , nitrogen and nitrate vulnerable Zones ( NVZ ) ( edit ) A slurry pit in Wales . 170 million tonnes of animal excreta ( `` slurry '' ) is produced annually in the UK . This slurry can pollute watercourses , draining them of oxygen , can contain pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella , and creates an odour that causes complaints if stored near people . Pigs and poultry in particular , which tend to be produced intensively on large holdings with a relatively small land area per animal , create manure that tends to be processed . This is done either by removing the liquid component and transporting it away , or by composting it , or more recently , by anaerobic digestion to produce methane which is later converted to electricity . In 2011 , an increase in the feed - in tariff for small - scale biogas production from anaerobic digestion made this last option more economic . Farmyard manure is among the best all - round soil fertilisers . Urine contains about half the nitrogen and most of the potash that an animal voids , but tends to drain away , making it both the richest and the most easily lost element of manure . Dung contains the other half of the nitrogen and most of the phosphoric acid and lime . With dung , much of the nitrogen is lost in storage or locked up in slowly released forms , so greater quantities are necessary compared to artificial fertilisers . Manure is most effective when ploughed into the fields while it is still fresh , but this is not practical while crops are growing and in practice , most manure is stored and then applied in winter , or else added in ridges for root crops . Leguminous plants such as peas , beans or lucerne live in a symbiotic relationship with certain bacteria that produce nodules on their roots . The bacteria extract nitrogen from the air and convert it to nitrogenating compounds that benefit the legume . When the legume dies or is harvested , its rotting roots nitrogenate the soil . Nitrogen stimulates plant growth , but overapplication softens the plant tissues , makes them more vulnerable to pests and disease , and reduces resistance to frost . It may be added by nitrogen - fixing crops , but many farmers prefer artificial fertilisers , which are quicker . The negative side - effects of adding nitrogen are mitigated by phosphates . Nitrogen from soil gets into the water , and can be hazardous to human health . EC Directive 80 / 778 / EEC and 91 / 676 / EEC both mention a ceiling acceptable level of nitrates of 50 mg / litre , which is also the level recommended by the World Health Organisation . In several places in Britain , particularly in the midlands and the south - east , nitrate concentrations occasionally exceed this level and the government has brought in regulations to control nitrate levels in the water . The regulations governing designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones ( NVZ ) aim to protect ground and surface water from contamination with nitrates and manure . The Nitrates Directive was reviewed and expanded in 2008 , and with the 2008 expansion , from 1 January 2009 around 68 % of English farmland , 14 % of Scottish farmland and 4 % of Welsh farmland is within a NVZ . The NVZ rules control at what time of year farmers may apply nitrogen or manure to the land and oblige them to keep strict records of nitrogen - containing substances used . They also regulate slurry and manure storage . Phosphates and potash ( edit ) Phosphates are substances that contain phosphorus , which stimulates root development in young plants and is therefore particularly valuable for root crops . It also increases yields and speeds up plant growth generally . Phosphates are not easily lost from soil , but they mostly occur in very stable forms that are not liberated quickly enough by natural processes , so fertilisation is necessary . Traditionally , phosphate - bearing materials added to soil include bonemeal , powdered slag , and seaweed . Potashes are substances that contain potassium which promotes disease resistance and helps to build starches and sugars . Plants tend to absorb potash during early stages of growth , and potash tends to reduce the problems caused by applying nitrogen . It also increases the weight of an individual cereal grain . Traditional potash sources included applying ash to the land and ploughing in crop residues after the harvest . Artificial potash fertilisers were not used until deposits of potash salts were discovered in Germany in 1861 . Arable farming ( edit ) Main articles : Agronomy and Vegetable farming A wheat field in Essex . Arable farming is the production of crops . Crop growth is affected by light , soil , nutrients , water , air , and climate . Crops commonly grown in the United Kingdom include cereals , chiefly wheat , oats and barley ; root vegetables , chiefly potatoes and sugar beet ; pulse crops such as beans or peas ; forage crops such as cabbages , vetches , rape and kale ; fruit , particularly apples and pears ; and hay for animal feed . From 1992 until 2004 , or 2006 for organic farms , there were subsidies for not growing any crops at all . This was called set - aside and resulted from EEC farming policies . From 2007 onwards , set aside subsidies in the UK were withdrawn . Seeds may be sown in spring , summer or autumn . Spring - sown crops are vulnerable to drought in May or June . Autumn sowing is usually restricted to frost - hardy types of bean , vetch , or cereal such as winter wheat . Traditional sowing techniques include broadcasting , dibbling , drilling , and ploughing in . Drilling is normally the most economical technique where conditions are dry enough . Climate change will have positive impacts on crop production . The combined effects of higher CO2 concentration , warmer spring / summer temperatures and lengthened growing season will all be beneficial to crop production . Cereal production statistics ( edit ) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 tonnes ( millions ) 23.988 18.959 22.965 21.511 22.005 21.012 20.816 19.130 24.283 21.168 20.946 In 2009 , 3,133,000 hectares ( 7,740,000 acres ) of cereal crops were sown in the UK . There were 581,000 hectares ( 1,440,000 acres ) of oil seed rape , 233,000 hectares ( 580,000 acres ) of peas and beans , 149,000 hectares ( 370,000 acres ) of potatoes , and 116,000 hectares ( 290,000 acres ) of sugar beet . Winter crops tend to be planted around mid-September , and spring crops as soon as the soil is ready . Each year the country produces about 6.5 million tonnes of barley , of which 1.5 million are exported , 2 million used in brewing and distilling activities and the remainder fed to livestock . The country also produces 14 to 15 million tons of wheat each year , of which farmers kept 3.9 million tonnes as stock in February 2012 . In 2008 , 750,000 tonnes of oats were produced , in 2011 - 2012 613,000 . During 1999 - 2003 production of barley ranged from 6,128,000 - 7,456,000 , wheat from 11,580,000 to 16,704,000 and oats from 491,000 to 753,000 . Consumption ( edit ) Consumption of oats by the human population compared with livestock is proportionally higher in the UK than in European countries , 455,000 tonnes as forecast by farm officials during 2012 ; with 163,000 tonnes fed to livestock during 2011 - 2012 . From 2002 - 2003 , of the cereals grown , 31 % of barley , 36 % of oats and 34 % of wheat were used for human consumption . Methods ( edit ) Haymaking near Greenham . Ploughing is not always regarded as essential nowadays , but the plough can improve soil by inverting it to improve soil aeration and drainage , release nutrients through weathering , and expose harmful pests to predators . It is also an effective method of weed control . Ploughing depth in Britain varies between 5 -- 6 inches in some limestone regions to up to 18 inches in deep stoneless silt land . Most British ploughs are designed to turn a furrow of up to about a foot deep , which is relatively shallow compared to some other countries , where furrows of up to 16 inches are common . Other machines used to prepare land include cultivators ( to break up land too heavy for a normal plough ) , harrows ( to level the surface of ploughed land ) , rolls or rollers ( used for firming the soil ) , sprayers and dusters ( used to spread herbicides , fungicides , insecticides and fertilisers ) . Reaping is the process of harvesting a crop . Traditionally reaping was done with the scythe and reaping hook , but in Britain these have been entirely superseded by machinery . Combine harvesters , so called because they both harvest and thresh the crop , are common . Other machines used include mowers , reapers , binders , harvesters , pea cutters and flax pullers . Once reaped , some crops are brought directly to market . Others need to be threshed to separate the cash crop from the straw and chaff . Wheat , oats , barley , beans and some kinds of small seed ( e.g. clover ) typically need to be threshed . Since the Second World War , scientific and technical progress and the removal of tenancy - based restrictions on choice of crop have given British arable farmers a great deal more freedom to plan cropping sequences . Strict crop rotation is no longer technically necessary or even financially desirable . Factors that influence crop sequences include the soil type , weather , the price and availability of labour and power , market outlets , and technical considerations about maintaining soil fertility and crop health . For example , some vigorous crops such as kale or arable silage will , when liberally fertilised , tend to outgrow and smother weeds . Many pests and diseases are crop - specific and the more often a particular crop is taken , the greater the buildup of pests and diseases that attack it . The farmer will therefore try to design a sequence to sustain high yields , permit adequate weed control , service market needs , and keep the soil free from diseases and pests . As a direct result of climate change , harvesting is coming earlier in the year . The increased temperatures and CO2 levels allow this to happen . This means crops can be harvested well in advance of the heavy rain season . Diseases ( edit ) Most diseases of crop plants result from fungus spores that may live in the soil and enter through roots , be airborne and enter the plant through damaged areas or landing on leaf surfaces , or are spread by pests . These spores tend to affect photosynthesis and reduce chlorophyll . They often make plants look yellow and affect growth and marketability of the crop . They are most commonly treated with fungicides , and may be called mildews , rusts , blotches , scabs , wilts , rots or blights . European Union regulations on pesticides are changing , and several important pesticides currently in use will no longer be available . This has potentially quite serious implications for British agriculture . Climate change is bringing with it the earlier onset of winter rain . These very wet soils during spring time will also lead to unwanted pest and disease problems during the plating season . Two of the most serious diseases currently affecting crop plants are colony collapse disorder ( CCD ) , a somewhat mysterious effect that is wiping out honeybee colonies worldwide , and varroa destructor , a parasitic mite that also affects honeybees and may be a contributor to CCD . Honeybees pollinate 80 % of plants worldwide . In 2007 , up to 80 % of the bee colonies in some areas were wiped out . Honeybees pollinate crops worth about £ 200 million a year , and their total contribution to the economy may be as high as £ 1 billion . Weeds ( edit ) Common ragwort growing in Scotland . Ragwort is a problem weed throughout the UK Main article : Crop weed See also : Weeds Act 1959 Historically weed control was by hand - pulling of weeds , often during `` fallowing '' ( which means leaving the land to carry no crop for a season , during which time the weeds can be found and removed ) . In 1896 it was found that a copper sulphate solution would kill broad - leaved weeds without seriously damaging young cereal plants . Other chemical weedkillers were soon discovered and now common chemical weedkiller ingredients include sodium chlorate , copper chloride , sulphuric acid , dinitroorthocresol and dinitrobutylphenol . Hormone - based weedkillers are used to kill weeds more selectively . Although most weeds are vulnerable to at least one of these substances , eradicating all the weeds from a particular area will usually need several different weedkillers . The use of pesticides has declined , and British farmers now use about a third less pesticides than they did in 1983 . The crop needing most pesticides is wheat . Table of important crop weeds Key Perennial weeds Annual grass weeds Annual broad - leaved weeds Common name Latin name Crops affected Barren brome Anisantha sterilis Cereals Black bindweed Polygonum persicaria Broad - leaved crops Blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides Winter cereals Bracken Pteridium aquilinum Upland and hill grassland Buttercups Ranunculus spp . Grassland Charlock Sinapis arvensis Broad - leaved crops Chickweed Stellaria media Broad - leaved crops Cleavers Galium aparine Broad - leaved crops Corn marigold Chrysanthemum segetum Cereals Couch Elytrigia repens spp . Grassland Docks Rumex spp . Grassland Dove 's - foot cranesbill Geranium molle Broad - leaved crops Fat hen Chenopodium album Broad - leaved crops Hemp nettle Galeopsis spp . Broad - leaved crops Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica Grassland Knotgrass Polygonum aviculare Broad - leaved crops Mayweeds Matricaria spp. ; Anthemis spp . Broad - leaved crops ; cereals Mouse - eared chickweed Cerastium fontanum Grassland Redshank Polygonum persicaria Broad - leaved crops Rushes Juncus spp . Wet grassland Speedwell Veronica persica Broad - leaved crops Spurrey Spergula arvensis Broad - leaved crops Thistles Cirsium spp . Grassland Wild oats Avena fatua Spring cereals Winter wild oats Avena ludoviciana Winter cereals Pests ( edit ) A pest is an animal that eats or spoils food meant for humans . Pests damage crops by removing leaf area , severing roots , or simply gross damage . In the UK , they comprise invertebrates ( chiefly nematodes , slugs and insects or insect larvae ) , mammals ( particularly rabbits ) and birds ( mainly members of the pigeon family ) . The damage caused by crop pests is considerable . For example , potato cyst nematodes cause over £ 50 million damage a year in the UK . Table of important crop pests Common name Latin name Crops affected Frit fly Oscinella frit Cereals , forage grasses Wheat bulb fly Delia coarctata Cereals Aphids Sitobion avenae ; Rhopalosiphum padi Cereals Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae Cereals Peach - potato aphid Myzus persicae Potatoes , sugar beet Potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida Potatoes Slug Deroceras reticulatum Brassicas Pigeon Columba palumbus Brassicas Flea beetle Phyllotreta spp . Brassicas Cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala Brassicas Pollen beetle Meligethes spp . Brassicas Cabbage caterpillar Various spp . Brassicas Millipede Various spp . Sugar beet Springtail Onychiurus spp . Sugar beet Symphylid Scutigerella immaculata Sugar beet Beet flea beetle Chaetocnema concinna Sugar beet Black bean aphid Aphis fabae Sugar beet , peas and beans Beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Sugar beet Pea cyst nematode Heterodera goettingiana Peas and beans Pea and bean weevil Sitona lineatus Peas and beans Pea aphid Acyrthosiphum pisum Peas and beans Pea moth Cydia nigricana Peas and beans Pea midge Contarinia pisi Peas and beans Bean seed fly Delia platura Peas and beans Carrot fly Psila rosea Carrots Willow - carrot aphid Cavariella aegopodii Carrots Onion fly Delia antiqua Onions Stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Onions Weevils Sitona spp . Forage grasses Ryegrass mosaic virus Spread by the mite Abacarus hystrix Forage grasses Clover stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Clover plants Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Any plant Pastoral farming ( edit ) Main article : Pastoral farming Pastoral farming is the breeding of livestock for meat , wool , eggs and milk , and historically ( in the UK ) for labour . Livestock products are the main element of the UK 's agricultural output . The most common meat animals in the United Kingdom are cattle , pigs , sheep and poultry . Overwhelmingly , British wool comes from sheep , with only a few goats or alpacas bred for exotic wools such as cashmere or angora . The vast majority of milk comes from cattle , and eggs from chickens . Most British farm animals are bred for a particular purpose , so for example , there is a sharp division between cattle bred for the beef trade -- early - maturing cattle are best to increase yield , and those that store fat marbled within the muscle rather than as layers outside are preferred for the flavour -- and those bred for dairy , where animals with a high milk yield are strongly preferred . Nevertheless , because dairy cattle must calve to produce milk , much of the British beef output is from surplus dairy herd calves . Cattle farming ( edit ) There are about 17,000 dairy farms in the UK , largely in the west . Average herd size is 86 cows in England , 75 in Wales and 102 in Scotland . Most cows are milked twice a day , and an average dairy cow yields 6,300 litres a year . The most important dairy cattle breed is the ubiquitous British Friesian , which has largely replaced the Dairy Shorthorn in British dairy herds thanks both to its high milk yield and the relatively high quality of the beef it produces . Jersey cattle The UK once produced roughly as much beef as it ate , but this changed in 1996 because of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) . The BSE crisis led to regulations preventing animals more than 30 months old from entering the food chain , which meant cull cows could no longer be sold for beef . Just under 6 million cattle over this age were destroyed . A Calf Purchase Aid Scheme , under which a further nearly 2 million calves were slaughtered , ended in 1999 . In 2002 , the UK produced 72 % of the beef it ate . Important beef cattle breeds include the Hereford , which is the most popular British beef breed , and the Aberdeen Angus . The once - widespread Beef Shorthorn is now a relatively uncommon sight . Cows require significant areas of grassland to raise . Dairy cows need 0.4 to 0.5 hectares per cow , including the area needed for winter silage ; suckler beef cows can need up to a whole hectare each . The UK produces very little veal , and UK law requires that animals are kept in daylight in groups with bedding and access to hay , silage or straw . This produces `` pink '' veal which grows more slowly and is less desirable to the continental customer . Sheep farming ( edit ) Over 41,000 farms in the UK produce sheep , but more than half of breeding ewes are on hill or upland farms suitable for little else . National Parks and heather moors such as the Lake District , the Pennines and Snowdonia in Wales are dominated by sheep farms , as are the Scottish Highlands . In the lowlands , pockets of sheep farms remain . Romney Marsh ( which gave its name to the Romney sheep ) and The Downs in Kent are famous for their sheep . Sheep farming in Wales encompasses both upland and lowland areas . The number of sheep farmed in the UK peaked in 1998 at 20.3 million , as a result of the Sheepmeat Regime , a relatively generous EU support initiative first begun in 1980 . Numbers declined following the 2001 outbreak of foot and mouth , and the UK temporarily lost its place as Europe 's largest producer of lamb , although this was recovered later . ( Although it is Europe 's largest producer , the UK is nevertheless a net importer of lamb , often from New Zealand . ) Nowadays many ewes are housed indoors for lambing , which costs more but facilitates earlier lambing with lower mortality and replacement rates . It also rests and protects the grassland , leading to better early growth and higher stocking rates . Sheep are also important in helping to manage the landscape . Their trampling hinders bracken spread and prevents heather moor from reverting to scrub woodland . Wool production is no longer important in the UK , and nowadays , sheared fleeces are often treated as a waste product . Pig farming ( edit ) Large Black pigs Pig farming is concentrated in Yorkshire and East Anglia . About 4,600 farms produce pigs , and the UK is 90 % self - sufficient in pork , but only about 40 % self - sufficient in bacon and ham , which reflects a traditional British preference for these cuts . Nowadays many pig farms in the UK breed intensively - farmed hybrids of types like the Large White , British Landrace , Welsh or British Saddleback , and formerly - popular breeds like the Cumberland and Small White are extinct . Wild boar are sometimes farmed . They are currently covered under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 and farmers need permission from their local authority to keep them . The UK pig herd is declining , and there are now some individual pig farms in the US that have more sows than there are in the UK as a whole . Pigs often used to be kept indoors throughout their lives , but welfare concerns and increased costs have led to more outdoor units , and by 2002 30 % of sows were outdoors . In many countries sows are kept tethered in individual stalls , but this system was banned in the UK in 1999 on animal welfare grounds . Indoor sows are housed in groups . Each sow produces an average of 24 piglets a year and will be pregnant or lactating for 340 days a year . This intensive production wears the sows out and about 40 % of them need to be replaced each year . A major byproduct of pig production is slurry . One sow and her piglets can produce ten tonnes of slurry a year . Because regulations limit how much slurry can be loaded onto a given area of land , this means that each sow with her progeny will manure at least 0.8 hectares . This is a problem because pig manure is mildly toxic , owing to the use of copper as a growth enhancer . Other livestock and poultry ( edit ) The UK has about 73,000 goats , mostly as milk producers ; this number is relatively small by EU standards . Venison production in the UK is mainly from red deer , with a few fallow deer as well , but there are only about 300 venison - producing farms . As noted above , there are about 26,500 farms with chickens . However , more than half the UK 's eggs come from fewer than 400 flocks , mostly with more than 50,000 birds each . Other livestock and poultry farmed on a smaller scale include game birds , ducks , geese , turkeys , ostriches and rabbits . In this way , the UK produce annually 22 millions turkeys . Livestock movement and record - keeping ( edit ) Farmers wanting to move their livestock outside their own farms must obey the Disease Control ( England ) Order 2003 , the Disease Control ( Wales ) Order 2003 or the Disease Control ( Interim Measures ) ( Scotland ) Order 2002 , as applicable . This means a farmer needs a licence from the Local Authority to move livestock . There are also minimum `` standstill '' periods once livestock has been moved , so for example , a farmer buying new cattle and moving them onto his farm must then wait six days before taking other cattle to market . Most livestock must be identified . Each individual cow must have a `` passport '' issued by the British Cattle Movement Service . Other farm animals such as sheep , goats or pigs must have a herd mark . Disease ( edit ) Designated notifiable diseases under the Diseases of Animals Act include anthrax , foot - and - mouth disease , fowl pest , bovine tuberculosis , BSE , scrapie , swine vesicular disease , Aujeszky 's disease , bovine leukemia virus , rabies and warble fly . Under the Zoonoses Order conditions that can be transmitted to humans , such as brucellosis or salmonella , must also be notified . Aftermath of a foot and mouth outbreak in Scotland The United Kingdom suffered outbreaks of foot - and - mouth disease in 1967 and 2001 , with a less serious outbreak in 2007 . There was also an outbreak of bluetongue in 2007 . The most serious disease to affect British agriculture was BSE , a cattle brain disease that causes a similar disease in some humans who eat infected meat . It has killed 166 people in Britain since 1994 . A current issue is the control of bovine tuberculosis , which can also be carried by badgers . It is alleged that the badgers are infecting the cows . A scientific report for the government recommended a selective cull of badgers , which immediately met with opposition from other scientists . The government is currently consulting on this issue . As of 16 September 2011 , a total of 27 online petitions had attracted 65,000 signatures opposing the plan . Animal welfare ( edit ) Battery hens . Main article : Animal welfare Animal welfare legislation affecting UK agriculture includes the Animal Welfare Act 2006 , the Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations 2007 and the Welfare of Animals ( Transport ) Order 1997 . The UK has a good reputation for animal welfare , and there are several codes of practice . Animal welfare as an issue is increasingly important to the European Union . Although welfare - conscious husbandry can have economic benefits to the farmer , because a happy animal puts on weight more rapidly and will reproduce more easily , the mere fact that an animal is gaining weight or reproducing does not necessarily indicate a high level of animal welfare . Generally there is a tension between the minimum acceptable level of animal welfare for the consumer , the price of the product , and an acceptable margin for the farmer . This tension is resolved by food labelling that enables the consumer to select the price they are prepared to pay for a given level of animal welfare . So for example , many consumers prefer to buy free range eggs even where these are more expensive than eggs from battery hens . Nowadays , there are various welfare assurance schemes in response to consumer pressure . The use of battery cages in now illegal in the European Union , due to the severe impacts the cages can have on the well - being of hens . Current issues in British Agriculture ( edit ) Organic farming ( edit ) Main article : Organic farming Organic farming is farming without chemical fertilisers , most pesticides , genetic modification , or the routine use of drugs , antibiotics or wormers . In the United Kingdom it is supported and encouraged by the Soil Association . The Food Standards Agency says that organic food offers no additional nutritional benefits over the non-organic kind , though the Soil Association disputes this . However , there are definite benefits in terms of on - farm conservation and wildlife . In the UK as in most of northern Europe , organic crop yields can be 40 % -- 50 % lower than conventional , more intensive farming and labour use can be 10 % -- 25 % higher . The Organic Aid Scheme came into effect in 1994 , providing grants to fund farmers wishing to convert to organic farming . By the end of 1997 about 30,000 hectares ( 74,000 acres ) had been converted under the scheme , at a cost of £ 750,000 . In 2000 it increased to 525,000 hectares ( 1,300,000 acres ) , and between 1996 and 2000 , the number of organic farms increased from 865 to 3500 . The global market for organic food is worth £ 1.2 billion a year and is increasing . The UK 's share of the European organic farming market is about 10 % . Biofuel ( edit ) Main article : Biofuel Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass . They can be used in their pure form to power vehicles , but most commonly they are blended with traditional fuels such as diesel . In 2003 , the European Union saw biofuels as an answer to several problems : climate change , energy security and stimulating the rural economy , and agreed the Biofuels Directive to see that production was kickstarted . In 2008 , the Gallagher Review expressed concern about the effects of the biofuels initiative and identified the conversion of agricultural land to biofuels production as a factor in rising food prices . The current recommended option is that farmers should use marginal or waste land to produce biofuels and maintain production of food on prime agricultural land . Oilseed rape growing in Cornwall . The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation ( `` RTFO '' ) obliges fuel suppliers to see that a certain proportion of the fuel they sell comes from renewable sources . The target for 2009 / 10 is 3.25 % by volume . This presents a potentially useful source of revenue for some farmers . Biofuel crops grown in the UK include oilseed rape ( which is also grown for other purposes ) , short - rotation coppices such as poplar or willow , and miscanthus . Unfortunately biofuels are quite bulky for their energy yield , which means processing into fuel needs to happen near where the crop is grown ; otherwise , most or all of the benefit of biofuels can be lost in transporting the biofuel to the processing area . Such local processing units are not generally available in the UK , and further expansion of this market will depend on politics and industrial finance . Diversification ( edit ) About half of all farmers in the United Kingdom supplement their income through diversification . On average diversification adds £ 10,400 to a farm 's revenue . Since time immemorial , sporting rights over farmland for hunting or trapping game , have had commercial value ; nowadays , game shooting , deer stalking and fishing are important features within the UK economy . Fox hunting previously went on , but has been banned in the United Kingdom since February 2005 . There are a huge number of ways of diversifying . Farmland may , for example , be converted to equestrian facilities , amenity parkland , country clubs , hotels , golf courses , camping and caravan sites . Farmers open shops , restaurants and even pubs to sell their products . The Farm Diversification Benchmarking Study , which was commissioned by DEFRA and carried out by Exeter University in conjunction with the University of Plymouth , found that 65 % of full - time farming businesses had diversified , but in the June census of the preceding year ( 2003 ) , the estimate was 19 % of full - time farming businesses . The large discrepancy is probably because the census data excluded the letting or subletting of buildings . The most common kinds of diversification are probably letting of barns as warehouses and storage , letting of former farm labourers ' cottages ( whether as holiday cottages or on longer leases ) , and farm shops . The number of farm shops in the UK increased by more than 50 % between 1999 and 2003 . There is grant funding available for diversification schemes , as well as other initiatives to improve competitiveness in the farming sector , through the Rural Development Programme for England . The scheme runs until 2013 , is managed through Defra and has been delivered to date through Regional Development Agencies . Expenditure on the Rural Development Programme for England will remain around £ 3.7 billion for the 2007 -- 13 programme period , compared with the original planned budget of about £ 3.9 billion . Custodianship ( edit ) Long Riston in Yorkshire , an old farming community It was first suggested that farmers could be paid for `` producing countryside '' in 1969 , but the real beginning of positive agri - environmental policy came with the Agriculture Act 1986 . The Countryside Stewardship Scheme and local equivalents were run by the Countryside Commission and the Countryside Council for Wales from 1991 until 1996 , when they came under ministry control . Nowadays schemes to encourage farmers to think about wildlife conservation and to farm in an environmentally friendly way abound , though actual payments to farmers to support this are comparatively modest . When EU subsidy regime changes in 2013 , farmers will receive a greater proportion of their payments from `` management of natural resources and climate action . '' This forms one of the three `` principal objectives '' of the reformed Common Agricultural Policy which is under consultation until March 2012 . Barriers to entry ( edit ) In the 1930s land with vacant possession cost an average of £ 60 per hectare . In 1996 it cost £ 8,795 per hectare . In the same period retail prices rose by a factor of 35 , but agricultural land prices rose by a factor of well over 100 . The most extreme change was in 1972 , during which year the price per acre more than doubled . Today farming land remains scarce and much in demand , and the market is still rising even in the current recession . Thus the only option for someone who lacks capital for land purchase but wants to farm is to rent land as a tenant farmer . Rents increased by 24 % in the year to 25 March 2011 . The average across all farms in England , Wales and Scotland is now £ 70 / acre , up from £ 57 / acre ; dairy farms cost £ 80 per acre on average , and arable farms now cost £ 99 per acre . Historically tenant farmers , as peasants or villeins , had been exploited and starting in 1875 , successive governments enacted legislation to protect them . This trend culminated in the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 , which consolidated and built on a century - long trend in the law . This Act was so onerous towards landlords that they were reluctant to let land . It became so hard to obtain a tenancy that the farming industry supported reform , which was enacted in the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 . Nowadays most new tenancies in England and Wales are Farm Business Tenancies under the 1995 Act , but the 1986 Act tenancies that are still in force may allow for succession , and can sometimes be passed down through up to two generations of tenant . The most common route of entry into farming is to succeed to a holding , whether as owner or tenant , so a person 's ability to farm is often determined by their family background rather than their skills or qualifications . County farms ( edit ) Local government authorities have powers under the Smallholdings and Allotments Act to buy and rent land to people who want to become farmers . Fifty County Councils and Unitary Authorities in England and Wales offer tenancies on smallholdings ( called `` County Farms '' ) as an entry route into agriculture , but this provision is shrinking . Between 1984 and 2006 , the amount of land available as County Farms shrank from 137,664 hectares ( 340,180 acres ) to 96,206 hectares ( 237,730 acres ) , a reduction of 30 % . The number of tenants on these smallholdings shrank by 58 % in the same period to about 2,900 . County Farms yielded an operational surplus of £ 10.6 million to local authorities in the financial year 2008 -- 9 . Some local authorities dispose of County Farms to obtain capital receipts . Somerset County Council proposes to sell 35 of its 62 County Farms . As of March 2009 , 39 % of County Farms were of 50 acres ( 20 ha ) or smaller , 31 % of 50 acres ( 20 ha ) to 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , and 30 % of 100 acres ( 40 ha ) or more . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal United Kingdom portal Agriculture in Scotland Agriculture in Wales Beekeeping in the United Kingdom Forestry in the United Kingdom English land law List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greece has 5.3 million goats , and Spain , Italy and France well over a million each . Jump up ^ Animal welfare is hard to measure in any scientific sense and largely relies on the knowledge , expertise and instincts of concerned individuals . Jump up ^ The European Egg Marketing Regulations say that `` free range '' hens are those with continuous daytime access to runs with a certain proportion of vegetation , and that have a maximum stocking density of 1,000 birds per hectare ( 395 per acre ) . Jump up ^ In England and Wales -- Scots law is different . References ( edit ) Bibliography Curry , Sir Donald . The Importance of County Council Farms to the Rural Economy . DEFRA , November 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Curry , Sir Donald and others : The Curry Report . Originally published by DEFRA , 2002 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 ; subsequently taken down , but also hosted on The Guardian website . ( Link updated 19 November 2010 ) . DEFRA : Agriculture in the United Kingdom , 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 , Agriculture in the United Kingdom , 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2011 , and Agriculture in the United Kingdom , 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . DEFRA : Diversification in Agriculture 2004 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Nix , Hill , Williams and Bough : Land and Estate Management . Chichester : Packard Publishing Ltd . Third edition 1999 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85341 - 111 - 3 Soffe , Richard J : The Agricultural Notebook , 20th Edition . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing , 2003 ( reprinted 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05829 - 7 Soffe , Richard J : The Countryside Notebook . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1231 - 4 Spencer , Aubrey John : Spencer 's Smallholdings and Allotments Acts 1908 -- 1926 . Third edition . London : Stevens and Sons , 1927 . Watson , James and More , James : Agriculture : The Science and Practice of British Farming . Edinburgh and London : Oliver and Boyd , Ninth Edition 1949 . Williams , Cardwell and Williams : Scammell and Densham 's Law of Agricultural Holdings . London : LexisNexis Butterworths , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4057 - 1797 - 7 History Allen , Robert C. `` English and Welsh agriculture , 1300 - 1850 : outputs , inputs , and income . '' ( 2006 ) . online Allen , Robert C. ( 1994 ) . `` Agriculture During the Industrial Revolution , '' in The Economic History of Britain since 1700 , Vol . I : 1700 - 1860 , ed. by Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey , pp. 96 -- 122 . also in Roderick Floud , Jane Humphries , and Paul Johnson , eds . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain ( 2014 ) ; vol 1 pp 96 -- 116 . Campbell , Bruce M.S. and Overton , Mark . ( 1991 ) . `` A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture : Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming c. 1250 - 1850 , '' Past & Present # 141 , pp. 38 -- 105 . Ernle , Lord . English Farming : Past and Present ( Heinemann , 1961 ) Hoyle , Richard W. , ed . The Farmer in England , 1650 -- 1980 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2013 ) Hopcroft , Rosemary L. `` The social origins of agrarian change in late medieval England . '' American journal of sociology ( 1994 ) : 1559 - 1595 . in JSTOR Kussmaul , Ann . Servants in husbandry in early modern England ( Cambridge University Press , 1981 ) Langdon , John ( 1982 ) . `` The Economics of Horses and Oxen in Medieval England , '' Agricultural History Review , Vol. 30 , pp. 31 -- 40 . Langdon , John . Horses , oxen and technological innovation : the use of draught animals in English farming from 1066 - 1500 ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) Martins , Susanna Wade . Farmers , landlords and landscapes : rural Britain , 1720 to 1870 ( Windgather Pr , 2004 ) Orwin , C.S. A History of English Farming ( 1949 ) , 153pp online Overton , Mark . The Agricultural Revolution : The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy : 1500 - 1850 ( Cambridge University Press . 1996 ) Overton , Mark : Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 -- 1850 , BBC , last updated 5 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Thirsk , Joan , ed . The agrarian history of England and Wales ( 8 vol 1978 ) to 1939 ; the standard scholarly history ; highly detailed Thomas , Richard , Matilda Holmes , and James Morris . `` '' So bigge as bigge may be `` : tracking size and shape change in domestic livestock in London ( AD 1220 -- 1900 ) . '' Journal of Archaeological Science 40.8 ( 2013 ) : 3309 - 3325 . online Woolgar , C.M. , Serjeantson , D. , Waldron , T. ( Eds . ) , Food in Medieval England ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) Periodicals King , Jane ( ed . ) : Farmers Weekly . Sutton , Surrey : Reed Business Information . ISSN 0034 - 6659 . King , Richard ( ed ) : Agricultural Budgeting and Costing Book ( `` ABC '' ) . Melton Mowbray : Agro Business Consultants . ISSN 0952 - 7605 . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology : Postnote , June 2009 , No. 336 : `` Crop Protection '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2014 - Publications - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in the English regions - Publications - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Department for Environment , Food & Rural Affairs . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : DEFRA 2009 , p. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : DEFRA 2009 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Curry , Sir Donald ( 7 Jan 2003 ) . `` Farming crisis as young desert industry '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ; Correspondent , Environment ( 2 February 1999 ) . `` Subsidies plan for farmers who help to restore wildlife '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Laughton , Rebecca . La Via Campasina . Coventry University https://viacampesina.org/en/survey-shows-small-scale-agroecological-farms-produce-high-yields/ . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 61 Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 67 Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 99 Jump up ^ BBC : Q&A : Agricultural Reform , published 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC : EU plans big changes in farm spending , published 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Key points from the question time session , retrieved from the DEFRA website 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ DEFRA 2010 , ch. 12 Jump up ^ Why farming matters : Wales , RSPB . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Why farming matters : Scotland , RSPB . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Why farming matters : Northern Ireland , RSPB . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Why farming matters : England , RSPB . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Prior , Dr Francis ( 28 Feb 2011 ) . `` BBC - History - Ancient History in depth : Overview : From Neolithic to Bronze Age , 8000 - 800 BC '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Michael Parker ( 2005 ) . Bronze Age Britain . B.T. Batsford . pp. 17 -- 19 . ISBN 9780713488494 . Jump up ^ Rowley - Conwy , Peter ( 24 October 2011 ) . `` Westward Ho ! The Spread of Agriculture from Central Europe to the Atlantic '' . Current Anthropology : S442 -- S443 . doi : 10.1086 / 658368 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 658368 . Jump up ^ Clark , Gregory : The Price History of English Agriculture , 1209 -- 1914 . University of California , published 9 October 2003 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tull , Jethro : The New Horse Hoeing Husbandry . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Overton 2009 , `` Crop yields '' Jump up ^ BBC : Jethro Tull . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Overton 2009 , `` More food for more people '' Jump up ^ Overton 2009 , `` Farming systems '' Jump up ^ Overton 2009 , `` More food per worker '' Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Spencer 1927 , p. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Rationing , from the National Archives . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ CONCLUSIONS of a Meeting of the War Cabinet held in the Cabinet War Room on 14 March 1945 at 12 noon . Pages 186 -- 189 . National archives . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 9 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Williams et al. 2007 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Beyond the National Farmers Union , Open I , published 16 March 2002 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The National Farmers Union , Corporatewatch , published July 2003 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ The Independent : Scottish Agricultural College , published 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 1 Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 3 Jump up ^ DEFRA 2009 , p. 6 Jump up ^ DEFRA 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` FAOSTAT '' . faostat.fao.org . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` FAOSTAT '' . faostat3.fao.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Farmers Weekly , 29 October 2010 : Vol. 153 No. 17 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 558 . Jump up ^ Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2012 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . UK government . 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ DEFRA does n't know area of England 's farmland Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Nix et al. 1999 , pp. 162 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Farmers Weekly , 16 September 2011 : Vol. 156 , No. 12 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Implementation of the Nitrates Directive , EC Environment Commission . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Nitrate Vulnerable Zones , Environment Agency website . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ ABC No. 71 , November 2010 , p. 394 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Set - aside , an introduction Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , ukagriculture.com . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Holden , N.M ; Brereton , A.J ; Fealy , R ; Sweeney , J ( 2003 ) . `` Possible change in Irish climate and its impact on barley and potato yields '' . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 116 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 181 -- 96 . Bibcode : 2003AgFM ... 116 ... 181H . doi : 10.1016 / S0168 - 1923 ( 03 ) 00002 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Grain storage '' . UK Agriculture . Living Countryside . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ AgriStats Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , uk.agriculture.com . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ AgriStats Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , uk.agriculture.com . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Living Countryside Plc ( a registered charity ) Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ namib ( 1 ) Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ ( N Denby → ( 2 ) ) → ( 3 ) Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ agrimoney.com ^ Jump up to : Dr P Berry et al November 2006 . Pesticide Residue Minimization Crop Guide . Food Standards Agency . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 132 ( cultivator ) , 136 ( harrow ) , 140 ( roller ) and 142 ( sprayer and duster ) Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 197 Jump up ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/166D3D2D3989B05DB311F785A3414AF3/S0021859614000331a.pdf/irish_farms_under_climate_change_is_there_a_regional_variation_on_farm_responses.pdf Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , pp. 224 -- 226 . Jump up ^ POST 2009 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : POST 2009 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph : Flowers and fruit crops facing disaster as disease kills off bees , published 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ About pesticides , Health and Safety Executive . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ These tables are adapted from Soffe 2003 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , pp. 225 -- 228 . Jump up ^ This table is adapted from Soffe 2003 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Watson and More 1949 , p. 553 Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 120 -- 122 . Jump up ^ The Cattle Site , Friesian . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Soffe 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board ( AHDB ) https://pork.ahdb.org.uk/prices-stats/industry-structure/uk-regional-breakdown-of-breeding-herd/ Jump up ^ Britishwildboar.co.uk : Farming . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6333073.stm Jump up ^ https://www.statista.com/statistics/298511/annual-turkey-meat-production-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ Jump up ^ Cattle movement reporting , DEFRA website . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Livestock movements , DEFRA website . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 576 . Jump up ^ BBC : CJD victim `` had different gene '' . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph , Bluetongue spreads from cattle to sheep , published 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sir David King : Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , report of the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Secretary of State , originally submitted 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ DEFRA , Response to the Report of the Chief Scientific Advisor . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ DEFRA : TB Control Measures Consultation . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Farmers Weekly , 16 September 2011 : Vol. 156 No. 12 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Animal Welfare in the UK , an introduction Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , ukagriculture.com . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Soffe 2003 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Andrews , James . `` European Union Bans Battery Cages for Egg - Laying Hens '' . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Food Standards Agency : Organic Review Published , published 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Soil Association : What is Organic ? . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Soil Association : Soil Association response to the Food Standards Agency Organic Review , published 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC : Organic Farms `` Best for Wildlife '' , last updated 3 August 2005 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , pp. 289 and 294 . Jump up ^ Nix et al. 1999 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ DEFRA : Organic Farming , last updated 23 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Soffe 2005 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Renewable Fuels Agency : Executive Summary of the Gallagher Review , last modified 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Archived 4 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Renewable Fuels Agency : About the RTFO , last modified 23 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Soffe 2003 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ DEFRA ( 21 January 2014 ) . `` Diversifying farming businesses '' . GOV.UK . Jump up ^ Public and Corporate Economic Consultants ( PACEC ) ( 2014 ) . `` The Value of Shooting '' ( PDF ) . The British Shooting Sports Council . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Times Appeal '' . BASC . Jump up ^ Nix et al. 1999 , p. 108 Jump up ^ BBC : Hunt ban forced through Commons , last updated 19 November 2004 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ DEFRA 2004 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Farmers Weekly , 18 June 2010 : Vol. 152 No. 24 , p. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ DEFRA Archived 16 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; businesslink.gov.uk Jump up ^ Nix et al. 1999 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Commission outlines blueprint for forward - looking agricultural policy , European Commission website , published 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Agriculture Committee 's first thoughts on Commission plans , European Commission website , published 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ CAP reform consultation , retrieved from the DEFRA website 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Nix et al. 1999 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Nix et al. 1999 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Farmers Weekly , 30 October 2009 : Vol. 151 No. 18 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Farmers Weekly , 10 June 2011 : Vol. 155 No. 24 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Williams , Fiona : Barriers Facing New Entrants to Farming -- An Emphasis on Policy . Aberdeen : Land Economy Research , SAC . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Small Holdings and Allotments Act 1926 '' . United Kingdom Legislation . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Curry 2008 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Curry 2008 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Farmers ' Weekly , Vol. 153 No. 19 , 12 November 2010 , p. 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in the United Kingdom . Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) UK government website on food and agricultural production , official website National Statistics , Agriculture in the UK , official website Agriculture in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom Agriculture Companies ADAS ( company ) Arla Foods UK Bernard Matthews Farms Dairy Crest Faccenda Group Farmcare Frontier Agriculture Genus Müller Wiseman Dairies NFU Mutual Norbrook Group Openfield Vestey Group Conservation Grazing marsh Hedgerow removal Rare Breeds Survival Trust Government and regulation Agricultural Land Classification Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Potato Council Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency British Cattle Movement Service The Country Code Crown Estate Department of Agriculture and Rural Development ( Northern Ireland ) Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Institute for Animal Health Legislation Meat and Livestock Commission Natural England Rights of way in Scotland Rural Development Council Rural Payments Agency Scottish Government Enterprise and Environment Directorate Single Payment Scheme History Agricultural Revolution British timber trade Celtic field Common land Corn Laws Diggers Dutch barn Enclosure Haughley Experiment Highland Clearances Highland Potato Famine Lowland Clearances Napier Commission Rationing Run rig Rural Reconstruction Association Scottish Agricultural Revolution Swing Riots Victory garden Women 's Land Army Foot - and - mouth 1967 2001 2007 Nations and regions England Agriculture in London Cuisine Cornwall Devon Fishing Scotland Animal breeds Shetland Crofting Scottish Crofting Foundation Cuisine Factor Fishing Royal Highland Show Wales Cuisine Royal Welsh Show Tŷ unnos Non-governmental organisations Unions Farmers ' Union of Wales National Farmers ' Union of England and Wales National Farmers ' Union of Scotland Ulster Farmers ' Union Young Farmers ' Clubs of Ulster British Egg Industry Council British Poultry Council Country Land and Business Association Fresh Start Initiative Institute of Biological , Environmental and Rural Sciences James Hutton Institute Museums Museum of English Rural Life National Museum of Rural Life National Non-Food Crops Centre Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre Rothamsted Research Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland Soil Association Tenant Farmers Association Universities and colleges CAFRE Royal Agricultural University Scotland 's Rural College Sectors Beekeeping June Gap Fell farming Forestry Other Countryfile Eglu Farmers Weekly Farming Today Hurdles Category Agriculture in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Economy of the United Kingdom Companies Co-operatives Employee - owned companies FTSE 100 Index FTSE 250 Index FTSE Fledgling Index FTSE SmallCap Index Government - owned companies Currency , governance , regulation Bank of England Governor of the Bank of England Budget Company law Competition and Markets Authority Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Financial Conduct Authority Gilts HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Debt Management Office Monetary Policy Committee Office for Budget Responsibility Pound sterling Banknotes Coinage Taxation UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment History Chronological 1659 -- 1849 Navigation Acts Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Financial Revolution Panic of 1796 -- 97 1815 -- 46 Corn Laws New Imperialism 1830s -- 1945 Second Industrial Revolution 1860s -- 1914 1873 -- 79 Long Depression 1926 general strike 1929 -- 39 Great Depression 1948 -- 52 Marshall Plan 1974 Three - Day Week 1979 Winter of Discontent 1986 Big Bang 1992 Black Wednesday Late - 2000s recession 2008 bank rescue package 2009 bank rescue package Recurrent Economic geography Free trade Gold standard Recessions and recoveries National champions policy Economic liberalism Privatisation Nationalisation Nations , regions , cities England Atlantic Gateway Birmingham Big City Plan Bristol Cornwall Croydon Croydon Vision 2020 Devon Expansion plans for Milton Keynes Fishing Leeds List of counties by GVA Liverpool London East London Tech City London Plan M4 corridor M11 Corridor Manchester Reading Sheffield Silicon Fen Thames Gateway Tourism Transport N. Ireland Belfast Transport Scotland Aberdeen Agriculture Edinburgh Industrialisation Fishing Oil and gas Renewable energy Silicon Glen Tourism Transport Whisky Wales Cardiff ( Cardiff Bay ) Swansea Tourism Transport People and labour Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Equal opportunities Minimum wage Working Time Directive Pensions Trades unions Trades Union Congress Unemployment Sectors Resource and production Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Fracking Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Cider Wine Beer Fishing English Scottish Materials Forestry Mining Financial services Baltic Exchange Banking List of banks List of UK building societies Canary Wharf The City Royal Albert Dock ( future ) Euronext. liffe Glasgow International Financial Services District Insurance Lloyd 's of London LCH London Interbank Offered Rate London Metal Exchange London Platinum and Palladium Market London Stock Exchange Alternative Investment Market Other Education Entertainment & Media Cinema Gambling Newspapers Radio Television Theatre Healthcare Legal services Manufacturing Aerospace Automotive Pharmaceuticals Exports Property Architecture Construction Housing Real estate Science and technology Internet Telecommunications Supermarkets Tourism Transport Aviation Rail Inter-city High - speed Trade and business organisations Business organisations British Bankers ' Association British Chambers of Commerce Confederation of British Industry Co-operatives UK EEF Federation of Small Businesses Industry trade groups Institute of Directors UK Payments Administration Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=846720832 '' Categories : Agriculture in the United Kingdom Food industry Industry in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 13 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many farms are there in the uk	[ "Agriculture in the United Kingdom uses 69% of the country's land area, employs 1.5% of its workforce (476,000 people) and contributes 0.62% of its gross value added (£9.9 billion).[1] The UK produces less than 60% of the food it eats. Although agricultural activity occurs in most rural locations, it is concentrated in East Anglia (crops) and the South West (livestock).[2] Of the 212,000 farm holdings, there is a wide variation in size from under 20 to over 100 hectares.[1]\n" ]	[ "212,000" ]
6000797654865277941	The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)	The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year 1490s ( Julian ) Medium Tempera , Gesso 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) Location Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Website legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ ( edit on Wikidata ) The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him . Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . Contents 1 Painting 1.1 Important copies 2 Medium 3 Damage and restorations 3.1 Major restoration 4 The Last Supper in culture 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography 4.2 Modern art 4.3 Literature 4.4 Film and television 5 Other speculation 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Painting ( edit ) Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , Oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum . The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar . This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . Jesus Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle . The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . Important copies ( edit ) Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( c. 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . Medium ( edit ) For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . Damage and restorations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A protective structure was built in front of the da Vinci wall fresco . This photo shows the bombing damage in 1943 , suggesting the magnitude of the greater damage that was averted . Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall , the effects of humidity were felt more keenly , and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall . Because of the method used , soon after the painting was completed on February 9 , 1498 it began to deteriorate . As early as 1517 , the painting was starting to flake , and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as `` blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy '' . By 1556 -- fewer than sixty years after it was finished -- Leonardo 's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already `` ruined '' and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable . By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that `` the painting is all ruined '' . In 1652 , a doorway was cut through the ( then unrecognisable ) painting , and later bricked up ; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting . It is believed , through early copies , that Jesus ' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion . In 1768 , a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection ; it instead trapped moisture on the surface , and whenever the curtain was pulled back , it scratched the flaking paint . A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti , who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural . This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza . Mazza stripped off Bellotti 's work then largely repainted the painting ; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage . In 1796 , French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory ; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles ' eyes . The refectory was then later used as a prison ; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting . In 1821 , Stefano Barezzi , an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact , was called in to remove the painting to a safer location ; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo 's work was not a fresco . Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue . From 1901 to 1908 , Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting , then began cleaning it . In 1924 , Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning , and stabilised some parts with stucco . During World War II , on August 15 , 1943 , the refectory was struck by Allied bombing ; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters , but it may have been damaged further by the vibration . From 1951 to 1954 , another clean - and - stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli . Major restoration ( edit ) The painting as it looked in the 1970s The painting 's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated . From 1978 to 1999 , Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting , and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution . The 18th - and 19th - century restoration attempts were also reverted . Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment , the refectory was instead converted to a sealed , climate - controlled environment , which meant bricking up the windows . Then , detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting 's original form , using scientific tests ( especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core - samples ) , and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle . Some areas were deemed unrestorable . These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work , while not being too distracting . This restoration took 21 years and , on 28 May 1999 , the painting was returned to display . Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes . When it was unveiled , considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors , tones , and even some facial shapes . James Beck , professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International , had been a particularly strong critic . Michael Daley , director of ArtWatch UK , has also complained about the restored version of the painting . He has been critical of Christ 's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls `` muff - like drapery '' . The Last Supper in culture ( edit ) The Last Supper made in salt in Wieliczka Salt Mine ( Poland ) The Last Supper has frequently been referenced , reproduced , or parodied in Western culture . Some of the more notable examples are : Painting , mosaic , and photography ( edit ) A 16th - century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo , Antwerp , Belgium . It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original . The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life - sized copy ( 1809 -- 1814 ) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche . Modern art ( edit ) In 1955 , Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper , with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven , pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified . It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. In 1986 , Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan . This was his last series of paintings before his death . Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life - sized , three - dimensional , sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood , plywood , brownstone , plaster , and aluminum . This work , Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper , ( 1982 -- 84 ) is in New York 's Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 1988 , Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world , with the woman in the position of Leonardo 's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal . In 2001 , Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper , showing 13 mask - wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments . The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby 's auction on October 7 , 2013 , setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork . In 1998 , modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper , made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup . Literature ( edit ) Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844 : First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci . How vain are copies ! not in one , nor in any print , did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior 's face , such as it is in the original . Majesty and love -- these are the words that would describe it -- joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture . -- Mary Shelley , Travel Writing ( 1996 ) , Pages 131 -- 132 Film and television ( edit ) In Luis Buñuel 's Spanish film Viridiana , a tableau vivant of Leonardo 's painting is staged with beggars . Another beggar ' photographs ' the scene by flashing them . This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it `` blasphemous . '' In Norman Jewison 's 1973 film version of `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' , in the Last Supper sequence , Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci 's painting The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World , Part I , making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus . It is also parodied in the original movie MASH , in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a `` last supper '' for Walt ( Painless ) Waldowski before his planned suicide . The various doctors , all in surgical scrubs , pose in imitation of the painting . Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen , including The Simpsons ' Season 16 episode `` Thank God , It 's Doomsday , '' with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples ; That ' 70s Show 's first - season episode `` Streaking , '' with Eric flanked by his friends ( and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table ) ; and South Park 's Season 13 episode `` Margaritaville , '' with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor . In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies , the suspects recreate the poses of Peter , Judas and Thomas in their victims . Other speculation ( edit ) Detail of the `` beloved disciple '' to Jesus 's right , identified by art historians as the apostle John , but speculated in The Da Vinci Code and similar works to actually be Mary Magdalene in disguise . The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike , usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting , especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003 . Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus ' right ( left of Jesus from the viewer 's perspective ) is actually Mary Magdalene disguised as the Apostle John , being mirror images of one another . It also states that there was a letter ' glaring in the center of the painting ' ( M ) standing for Matrimonio or Mary Magdalene . This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation ( 1997 ) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent , Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh ( 1982 ) . Art historians hold that the figure is the Apostle John , who only appears feminine due to Leonardo 's characteristic fascination with blurring the lines between the sexes , a quality which is found in his other paintings , such as St. John the Baptist ( painted c. 1513 -- 1516 ) . Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon comment `` If he ( John ) looks effeminate and needs a haircut , so does James , the second figure on the left . '' . Furthermore , according to Ross King , an expert on Italian art , Mary Magdalene 's appearance at the last supper would not have been controversial and Leonardo would have had no motive to disguise her as one of the other disciples , since she was widely venerated in her role as the `` Apostle to the Apostles '' and was the patron of the Dominican Order , for whom The Last Supper was painted . There would have even been precedent for it , since the earlier Italian Renaissance painter Fra Angelico had included her in his painting of the Last Supper . Giovanni Maria Pala , an Italian musician , has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and , if read from right to left , as was characteristic of Leonardo 's writing , form a musical composition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Da Vinci 's ' The Last Supper ' reveals more secrets '' . sciencedaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci -- . `` Santa Maria delle Grazie -- Milan '' . Inexhibit . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting '' . Oxford Times . 14 September 2017 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Itinerary : Early maturity in Milan ( 1482 - 1499 ) '' . Museo Galileo . 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark. Leonardo da Vinci , Penguin Books 1939 , 1993 , p144 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . lairweb.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DaVinci '' . The Mark Steel Lectures . Series 2 . Episode 2 . The Open University . 7 October 2003 . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci -- Complete by Leonardo da Vinci '' . Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cfr . Matthew 26 : 15 ; John 12 : 6 and 13 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : White , Susan D. ( 2006 ) . Draw Like Da Vinci . London : Cassell Illustrated , p. 132 . ISBN 9781844034444 . Jump up ^ `` Last Supper ( copy after Leonardo ) '' . University of the Arts , London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smart history presented by the Khan Academy . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . The Last Supper . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wykes , Alan ( 1969 ) . Doctor Cardano , physician extraordinary . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Phillip William ( 24 May 1999 ) . `` The Last Supper or a dog 's dinner ? '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Have art restorers ruined Leonardo 's masterpiece ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haden - Guest , Anthony ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' . Artnet . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk , Kunstbeeld ( Amsterdam ) Oct. 1990 , vol. 14 ( 10 ) p. 62 ( translation ) Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher . ' Ludicrous Leonardo ' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1988 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Zeng 's ' Last Supper ' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby 's Auction '' . WSJ.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Vicki ( 25 September 1998 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; It 's a Leonardo ? It 's a Corot ? Well , No , It 's Chocolate Syrup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary ( 1996 ) . Travel Writing . London : Pickering . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 85196 - 084 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : King , Ross ( 2012 ) . Leonardo and the Last Supper . New York City , New York and London , England : Bloomsbury . pp. 187 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9947 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Hodapp , Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , page 257 ( Wiley Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12765 - 0 ) . Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Leonardo 's ' Last Supper ' Hides True Da Vinci Code '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's `` Last Supper '' has hidden music ( includes link to recording ) `` . Extra.beloblog.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition , hosted.ap.org Further reading ( edit ) Steinberg , Leo . Leonardo 's Incessant ' Last Supper ' `` . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . Detailed review of Steinberg 's ' Incessant Last Supper ' at 3 Pipe Problem Bertelli , Carlo ( November 1983 ) . `` Restoration Reveals The Last Supper '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 5 . pp. 664 -- 684 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci . Official website External video Leonardo 's Last Supper , video , Smarthistory Leonardo 's Last Supper and the three layers John the Apostle in Art Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle , exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Last Supper ( see index ) Zoomable version Tourist Information Tickets Last Supper in art Paintings ( by artist ) Barocci Bouts del Castagno Cranach Crespi Dali El Greco Fernandes Ghirlandaio Perugino Rosselli Rubens Tintoretto Veronese da Vinci conservation - restoration Vouet White Visual arts portal Christianity portal Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi Saint Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Head of Christ The Martyrdom of St Sebastian Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Museums Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci ( Milan ) Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci ( Vinci ) Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Octant projection Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Related Cultural references Conservation - restoration of The Last Supper Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after Leonardo Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. Eustorgio Portinari Chapel S. Lorenzo S. Marco S. Maria delle Grazie The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) S. Maria della Passione S. Nazaro in Brolo S. Simpliciano S. Stefano Maggiore S. Vincenzo in Prato S. Vittore al Corpo Churches Sant'Angelo S. Antonio Abate S. Barnaba S. Bernardino alle Ossa S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio S. Fedele S. Giorgio al Palazzo S. Giovanni in Conca S. Gottardo S. Maria del Carmine S. Maria della Pace S Maria Incoronata S. Maria presso San Celso S. Maria presso San Satiro S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore S. Pietro in Gessate S. Sebastiano S. Sepolcro Oratorio di San Protaso Rotonda della Besana Other Chiaravalle Abbey Garegnano Charterhouse Mirasole Abbey Museums and galleries Alfa Romeo Museum Armani / Silos Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Civic Aquarium Galleria d'Arte Moderna Gallerie di Piazza Scala Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo Palazzo Anguissola Palazzo Brentani Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Museo del Novecento Museo del Risorgimento Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia `` Leonardo da Vinci '' Museo Diocesano Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museo Teatrale alla Scala Contemporary Art Pavilion Pinacoteca di Brera Sforza Castle Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum Applied Arts Collection Archaeological Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Musical Instruments Museo d'Arte Antica Pinacoteca Villas and palaces Casa Campanini Casa degli Omenoni Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Casa Manzoni Casa Panigarola Castello Cova Palazzo dell'Arengario Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana Palazzo Belgioioso Palazzo Borromeo Palazzo Carminati Palazzo Castiglioni Palazzo dei Giureconsulti Palazzo Mezzanotte Palazzo della Ragione Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine Palazzo del Senato Royal Palace of Milan Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte Libraries Biblioteca Ambrosiana Biblioteca di Brera Theatres La Scala Piccolo Teatro Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Piazza Cordusio Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Scala Piazza Mercanti Piazza Gae Aulenti Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires Navigli Quadrilatero della moda Via della Spiga Via Monte Napoleone Gardens and parks Basilicas Park Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli Orto Botanico di Brera Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa Parco Sempione Villa Litta Modignani Events and traditions EICMA Expo 2015 Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair Milan International ( 1906 ) Oh bej ! Oh bej ! Triennale Districts of Milan Trams in Milan WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12032553h ( data ) GND : 4195043 - 4 SUDOC : 02850223X VIAF : 175915680 Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)&oldid=862718089 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Milan 1498 paintings Last Supper in art Fresco paintings Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Catholic paintings Paintings depicting Saint Peter Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox artwork / wikidata using locally defined parameters Articles containing Italian - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano IsiZulu Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who painted the original picture of the last supper	[ "The Last Supper (Italian: Il Cenacolo [il tʃeˈnaːkolo] or L'Ultima Cena [ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna]) is a late 15th-century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. It is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.[1]\n" ]	[ "Leonardo da Vinci" ]
-7577287958721473583	My Ding-a-Ling	My Ding - a-ling - wikipedia My Ding - a-ling Jump to : navigation , search `` My Ding - a-Ling '' Single by Chuck Berry from the album The London Chuck Berry Sessions B - side `` Let 's Boogie '' ( UK / Germany ) `` Johnny B. Goode ( Live ) '' ( most countries ) Released July 1972 ( 1972 - 07 ) Format 7 '' 45 rpm Recorded February 3 , 1972 at the Lanchester Arts Festival in Coventry , England Genre Pop rock novelty Length 4 : 18 Label Chess 2131 Songwriter ( s ) Dave Bartholomew Producer ( s ) Esmond Edwards Chuck Berry singles chronology `` Tulane '' ( 1970 ) `` My Ding - a-Ling '' ( 1972 ) `` Reelin ' and Rockin ' '' ( 1973 ) `` Tulane '' ( 1970 ) `` My Ding - a-Ling '' ( 1972 ) `` Reelin ' and Rockin ' '' ( 1973 ) `` My Ding - a-Ling '' is a novelty song written and recorded by Dave Bartholomew . It was covered by Chuck Berry in 1972 and became his only number - one single in the United States . Later that year , in a longer unedited form , it was included on the album The London Chuck Berry Sessions . Guitarist Onnie McIntyre and drummer Robbie McIntosh who later that year went on to form the Average White Band , played on the single along with Nic Potter of Van der Graaf Generator on bass . `` My Ding - a-Ling '' was originally recorded by Dave Bartholomew in 1952 for King Records . When Bartholomew moved to Imperial Records , he re-recorded the song under the new title , `` Little Girl Sing Ting - a-Ling '' . In 1954 , the Bees on Imperial released a version entitled `` Toy Bell '' . Berry recorded a version called `` My Tambourine '' in 1968 , but the version which topped the charts was recorded live during the Lanchester Arts Festival at the Locarno ballroom in Coventry , England , on 3 February 1972 , where Berry -- backed by the Roy Young Band -- topped a bill that also included Slade , George Carlin and Billy Preston . Boston radio station WMEX disc jockey Jim Connors was credited with a gold record for discovering the song and pushing it to # 1 over the airwaves and amongst his peers in the United States . Billboard ranked it as the No. 15 song for 1972 . The song is based on the melody of the 19th century folk song `` Little Brown Jug '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Censorship 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Content ( edit ) The song tells of how the singer received a toy consisting of `` silver bells hanging on a string '' from his grandmother , who calls them his `` ding - a-ling '' . According to the song , he plays with it in school , and holds on to it in dangerous situations like falling after climbing the garden wall , and swimming across a creek infested with snapping turtles . From the second verse onward , the lyrics consistently exercise the double entendre in that a penis could just as easily be substituted for the toy bells and the song would still make sense . In the live Berry version , Berry makes the chorus a call - and - response , in which the women in the audience sing `` my '' and the men respond by shouting `` ding - a-ling ! '' At one point , Berry notes that a few of the men are singing the women 's parts and that some women are adding ( audible in the recording ) a harmony line ; Berry allows and openly encourages it , exclaiming `` it 's a free country ! Live like you wan na live ! '' In the final verse , he admonishes `` those of you who will not sing '' by suggesting that they `` must be playing with ( their ) own ding - a-ling '' . Critical reception ( edit ) The lyrics with their sly tone and innuendo ( and the enthusiasm of Berry and the audience ) caused many radio stations to refuse to play it . British morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse tried unsuccessfully to get the song banned . `` One teacher , '' Whitehouse wrote to the BBC 's Director General , `` told us of how she found a class of small boys with their trousers undone , singing the song and giving it the indecent interpretation which -- in spite of all the hullabaloo -- is so obvious ... We trust you will agree with us that it is no part of the function of the BBC to be the vehicle of songs which stimulate this kind of behaviour -- indeed quite the reverse . '' In Icons of Rock , Scott Schinder calls the song `` a sophomoric , double - entendre - laden ode to masturbation '' . Robert Christgau remarked that the song `` permitted a lot of twelve - year - olds new insight into the moribund concept of ' dirty ' '' . Berry refers to the song on the recording as `` our alma mater '' . Censorship ( edit ) For a re-run of American Top 40 , some stations , such as WOGL in Philadelphia , replaced the song with an optional extra when it aired a rerun of a November 18 , 1972 broadcast of AT40 ( where it ranked at # 14 ) on December 6 , 2008 . Among other stations , most Clear Channel - owned radio stations to whom the AT40 ' 70s rebroadcasts were contracted did not air the rebroadcast that same weekend , although it was because they were playing Christmas music and not because of the controversy . Even back in 1972 , some stations would refuse to play the song on AT40 , even when it reached number one . The controversy was lampooned in The Simpsons episode `` Lisa 's Pony '' , in which a Springfield Elementary School student attempts to sing the song during the school 's talent show . He barely finishes the first line of the refrain before an irate Principal Skinner pushes him off the stage , angrily proclaiming `` This act is over ! '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia 47 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 40 Irish Singles Chart Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 42 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank UK 18 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Cash Box 40 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burke , Lucy ; Crowley , Tony ; Girvin , Alan ( 2000 ) . The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader . Psychology Press . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Sarah ( February 2002 ) . `` Morals Campaigner Mary Whitehouse '' . World Press Review . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Thompson ( ed . ) Ban This Filth ! : Letters from the Mary Whitehouse Archive `` , London : Faber , 2012 cited by `` Ban This Filth ! : Letters from the Mary Whitehouse Archive by Ben Thompson -- review '' , The Guardian , 26 October 2012 Jump up ^ Schinder , Scott ( 2008 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever . Greenwood Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0313338450 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1988 ) . `` Chuck Berry '' . In Anthony Decurtis ; James Henke . The RollingStone : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music . New York : Random House . pp. 60 -- 66 . ISBN 0679737286 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode `` Lisa 's Pony '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode `` Lisa 's Pony '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` 100 Singles '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 18 ( 12 ) : 15 . November 4 , 1972 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Berry , Chuck Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Chuck Berry -- My Ding - A-Ling '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Chuck Berry -- My Ding - A-Ling '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Berry : Charts & Awards -- Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . United States : Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , October 28 , 1972 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 30 , 1972 Bibliography ( edit ) The Billboard Book of Number One Hits ( 5th edition ) , Billboard Books , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0823076772 Guterman , Jimmy and O'Donnell , Owen . The Worst Rock - and - Roll Records of All Time , New York : Citadel , 1991 , ISBN 978 - 0806512310 External links ( edit ) Lyrics Preceded by `` Ben '' by Michael Jackson Billboard Hot 100 number one single October 21 , 1972 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Can See Clearly Now '' by Johnny Nash Preceded by `` Black and White '' by Three Dog Night RPM number one single ( Canada ) October 21 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single November 25 , 1972 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Long Haired Lover from Liverpool '' by Little Jimmy Osmond Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Ding-a-Ling&oldid=811648942 '' Categories : 1972 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Chess Records singles Chuck Berry songs Hokum blues songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Novelty songs Obscenity controversies in music Songs about sexuality Songs with double entendres Songs written by Dave Bartholomew UK Singles Chart number - one singles 1952 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Singlechart usages for German Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 00 : 36 . About Wikipedia	who did the song my ding a ling	[ "\n\n\"My Ding-a-Ling\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Chuck Berry\n\n\nfrom the album The London Chuck Berry Sessions\n\n\nB-side\n\"Let's Boogie\" (UK/Germany)\n\"Johnny B. Goode (Live)\" (most countries)\n\n\nReleased\nJuly 1972 (1972-07)\n\n\nFormat\n7\" 45 rpm\n\n\nRecorded\nFebruary 3, 1972 at the Lanchester Arts Festival in Coventry, England\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop rock\nnovelty\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:18\n\n\nLabel\nChess 2131\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nDave Bartholomew\n\n\nProducer(s)\nEsmond Edwards\n\n\nChuck Berry singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Tulane\"\n(1970)\n\"My Ding-a-Ling\"\n(1972)\n\"Reelin' and Rockin'\"\n(1973)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Tulane\"\n(1970)\n\"My Ding-a-Ling\"\n(1972)\n\"Reelin' and Rockin'\"\n(1973)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Chuck Berry" ]
8140195094045846254	Let It Be Me (The Everly Brothers song)	Let it Be Me ( the Everly Brothers song ) - wikipedia Let it Be Me ( the Everly Brothers song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Je t'appartiens '' Single by Gilbert Bécaud Released 1955 Genre Pop Songwriter ( s ) Pierre Delanoë ( lyrics ) Gilbert Bécaud ( music ) `` Let It Be Me '' Single by The Everly Brothers B - side `` Since You Broke My Heart '' Released 1960 Format 7 '' single Recorded December 15 , 1959 , New York Genre Pop Length 2 : 33 Label Cadence Songwriter ( s ) Gilbert Bécaud , Manny Curtis , Pierre Delanoë Producer ( s ) Archie Bleyer h The Everly Brothers singles chronology `` ( Till ) I Kissed You '' ( 1959 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1960 ) `` Cathy 's Clown '' ( 1960 ) `` ( Till ) I Kissed You '' ( 1959 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1960 ) `` Cathy 's Clown '' ( 1960 ) `` Let It Be Me '' Single by Betty Everett and Jerry Butler B - side `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' Released 1964 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1964 Genre R&B Length 2 : 44 Label Vee - Jay Songwriter ( s ) Gilbert Bécaud , Manny Curtis , Pierre Delanoë Betty Everett and Jerry Butler singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1964 ) `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) Everett : I Ca n't Hear You ( 1964 ) -- -- Butler : I Stand Accused ( 1964 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1964 ) Everett : Getting Mighty Crowded ( 1964 ) -- -- Butler : Smile ( with Betty Everett ) ( 1964 ) `` Let It Be Me '' is a popular song originally published in French in 1955 as `` Je t'appartiens '' . It became popular worldwide with an English version by The Everly Brothers and later with the duet by Betty Everett and Jerry Butler . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` Je t'appartiens '' 2 First English version by Jill Corey 3 The Everly Brothers version 4 Betty Everett and Jerry Butler version 5 Chronology 5.1 1950s 5.2 1960s 5.3 1970s 5.4 1980s 5.5 1990s 5.6 2000s 5.7 2010s 6 Chart positions 6.1 Glen Campbell and Bobbie Gentry 6.2 Willie Nelson 7 References 8 External links `` Je t'appartiens '' ( edit ) `` Je t'appartiens '' was a French hit in 1955 . The score was written and first recorded by Gilbert Bécaud . The lyrics were penned in French by Pierre Delanoë . First English version by Jill Corey ( edit ) The English language version used lyrics by Manny Curtis and was performed in 1957 by Jill Corey in the television series Climax ! . Corey 's version , with orchestration by Jimmy Carroll , was released as a single and was moderately successful . The Everly Brothers version ( edit ) The Everly Brothers helped to further popularize the song with their 1960 rendition of `` Let It Be Me '' which reached 7th position on the Billboard Hot 100 . The harmony arrangement of this version was often emulated in subsequent remakes . This was the first Everly Brothers single to be recorded in New York , and not in Nashville . The musicians that backed up the brothers on the record included Howard Collins , Barry Galbraith and Mundell Lowe on guitar , Lloyd Trotman on bass , Jerry Allison on drums and Hank Rowland on piano . Betty Everett and Jerry Butler version ( edit ) The song enjoyed its most success in 1964 when Betty Everett and Jerry Butler released their wistful version of the popular song . Their soulful duet was a bona fide hit which peaked at # 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as topped the Cashbox Soul / R&B charts for 3 weeks ( the Billboard R&B chart was n't tabulated at all in 1964 so could not be used for reference ) . Chronology ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) 1957 -- Jill Corey with Jimmy Carroll 1960s ( edit ) 1960 -- The Everly Brothers . 1960 -- Andy Williams . 1961 -- Chet Atkins . 1962 -- The Lettermen . 1962 -- Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass recorded the song and released it on the album The Lonely Bull . 1964 -- Skeeter Davis and Bobby Bare . 1964 -- Betty Everett and Jerry Butler released their version as a single , which became a # 5 Hot 100 hit as well as a # 1 hit on Cashbox 's R&B chart . ( Billboard did not print comprehensive rhythm and blues charts during 1964 -- 65 ) . 1965 -- Carla Thomas on her album Comfort Me . 1965 -- Brenda Lee on her album Brenda Lee Sings Top Teen Hits . 1965 -- Sonny & Cher on their debut album Look at Us . 1965 -- The Shadows . January 1966 . A cover released by Merseyside group The Escorts . Can be heard on YouTube . 1966 -- Australian pop star Johnny Young , with his backing band Kompany , released this song on an EP . It was a top 10 hit record in Australia . 1966 -- Peter and Gordon . 1966 -- Nancy Sinatra released a version of the song on her second Lee Hazlewood produced album How Does That Grab You ? 1967 -- The Sweet Inspirations released their version as a single . The song performed very well on Billboard 's R&B chart and also became a minor Hot 100 hit . This version of the song incorporates some gospel - style vocals . 1967 -- Sam & Dave on their Soul Men album ( track 4 ) . Produced and arranged by Isaac Hayes ( with David Porter ) at Stax Records . 1968 -- Claudine Longet released a version on her album Colours ( A&M SP 4163 ) . 1968 -- Françoise Hardy on her album En anglais . 1969 -- Glen Campbell and Bobbie Gentry had a Top Forty Hot 100 hit duet with their version of the song . It met with even greater success on Billboard 's country chart . 1969 -- Connie Smith and Nat Stuckey recorded their version on their RCA Victor album Young Love . 1969 -- The 5th Dimension recorded the song and released it on their album The Age of Aquarius . 1969 -- Tom Jones . 1969 -- Petula Clark . 1970s ( edit ) 1970 -- Leonard Nimoy recorded a cover of this song for his The New World of Leonard Nimoy album . 1970 -- Bob Dylan recorded a cover of the song for his Self Portrait album . 1970 -- Jay and the Americans recorded a cover of the song for their album Wax Museum , Vol. 1 . 1970 -- Elvis Presley included the song in his setlist , on his second Las Vegas engagement , in February 1970 . The song ( from one of these shows ) appeared on his album On Stage . 1970 -- Roberta Flack recorded a version of the song for her album Chapter Two . 1971 -- Franck Pourcel recorded an instrumental of the song on the album Et son Grande Orchestre . 1972 -- Bobby Darin recorded a cover for his self - titled Motown album . 1973 -- The Buffoons recorded a cover of this song . 1973 -- The Sylvers recorded a cover of for their second album The Sylvers II . 1973 -- Mary McCaslin included a cover on Way Out West . 1974 -- Donny and Marie Osmond recorded a cover for their album I 'm Leaving It All Up to You . 1974 -- Nina Simone recorded a cover for her album It Is Finished . It was a studio recording made to sound like a live recording with audience applause added to the beginning and end of the song , so it would fit in with the other live tracks on the album . Simone frequently performed the song in concert . 1974 -- Demis Roussos recorded a cover for his album My Only Fascination . 1975 -- Dave Edmunds recorded a cover for his album Subtle as a Flying Mallet . 1976 -- New Trolls , Italian popular band of rock - progressive music , recorded a version for the album Concerto grosso no. 2 . 1978 -- Melanie recorded a cover of the song for her album Phonogenic -- Not Just Another Pretty Face . 1978 -- Spirit of Atlanta Drum and Bugle Corps performed the incomparable Jim Ott arrangement of this song , which has since become a staple song in their repertoire . 1979 -- Kenny Rogers and Dottie West recorded a cover for their second duets album Classics . 1980s ( edit ) 1980 -- Greek singer Aleka Kanellidoy recorded a version of the song in Greek titled `` Panta Konta sou '' , on her album Empisteftika . 1980 − Japanese singer Goro Noguchi recorded this song on his 10th anniversary album Uta Soshite Ai . 1982 -- Willie Nelson had success with a rendition that went to # 2 on the Billboard Country charts . It was also # 1 on Adult Contemporary and Country charts in Canada . 1982 -- Orleans covered this song on their album One of a Kind . 1985 -- David Hasselhoff covered the song on his debut album Night Rocker . 1985 -- Idoli recorded a Serbian language version of the song `` Samo Me Gledaj I Budi Tu '' for their soundtrack album Šest Dana Juna . 1985 -- Martin Simpson covered this song on the album Sad or High Kicking . 1988 -- Bruce Springsteen covered the song during soundchecks on his Tunnel of Love Express Tour . 1990s ( edit ) 1990 -- Singer - songwriter Laura Nyro recorded the song , in an unusual medley with `` The Christmas Song '' . This track appears on the 1990 various artists CD Acoustic Christmas . 1991 -- Country singer Mickey Gilley recorded the song on The Very Best of Mickey Gilley for Warner Bros. Records . 1992 -- Country musician Collin Raye covered the song on his second album In This Life . 1995 -- Jackson Browne and Timothy B. Schmit covered this song on the soundtrack to the film Bye Bye Love . 1995 -- Blue - eyed soul singer Bobby Caldwell covered this song on his album Soul Survivor . 1995 -- Dúo Dinámico . 1998 -- Scottish folk singer Dick Gaughan recorded the song on the album Redwood Cathedral . 1999 -- Country superstar Kenny Rogers covered the song for his album She Rides Wild Horses . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 -- Scottish pop singer Justin Osuji 's version reached number 15 in the UK Singles Charts , and was included on his album Finally . 2000 -- Robyn Hitchcock released a version of the song on his album Live and Direct . 2002 -- Recorded by Olivia Newton - John & Cliff Richard for Olivia 's ( 2 ) album . This recording is included as a bonus track for the Japanese edition of ( 2 ) . 2002 -- Willy DeVille . 2004 -- Kate Ceberano covered the song for her album 19 Days in New York . 2004 -- Alternative rock musician Paul Weller released a version of the song on his album Studio 150 ( US / JPN Edition ) . 2005 -- Rosie Thomas released a version of the song on her album If Songs Could Be Held . 2006 -- Alternative rock musician David Pajo released a version of the song on his album 1968 . 2007 -- Frankie Valli from the album Romancing the ' 60s . 2008 -- Jason Kouchak from the album Midnight Classics . 2008 -- Kenny Vance and Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge performed the song in concert and it appeared on the 2010 CD Music Maestro Please . 2008 -- Canadian singer Roch Voisine covered it in two tracks on his album Americana , once as an all - English version and a second in a bilingual English / French version titled `` Let It Be Me / Je t'appartiens '' . 2009 -- Rod Stewart performs the song as a duet with R&B Soul singer Jennifer Hudson on his Soulbook album , an album solely of cover songs originally performed by his own R&B heroes . 2009 -- The Walkers recorded a version of the song which was released on their compilation album 40 Års Jubilæumsbox . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 -- Canadian singer - songwriter Reid Jamieson covered the song on CBC Radio 's The Vinyl Cafe . 2010 -- American singer - songwriter Neil Diamond covered the song on his album Dreams . 2011 -- A version of the song recorded by George Harrison ( before his death in 2001 though exact date is unknown ) appears on bonus CD of the George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( Deluxe DVD / Blu - ray edition ) , and Early Takes : Volume 1 . 2011 -- Anggun recorded a version of the song , which appears on a compilation CD BECAUD : Et Maintenant . 2011 -- Emma Hamilton recorded a jazz version of this song on her album La Musique with both French and English lyrics . 2012 -- Christopher Owens ( former Girl 's lead vocalist and guitarist ) covered this song on his Lysandre Tour and it was included on his 2013 album Lysandre . 2014 -- Megan Washington and Kate Miller - Heidke performed a duet of the song for ( Australian ) ABC TV 's show , The Truth About Us . 2014 -- Herb Alpert re-recorded an instrumental version of the song and released it on the album In the Mood . 2014 -- Joey + Rory recorded a country / bluegrass version of the song and released it on the album Country Classics : A Tapestry of Our Musical Heritage . 2014 -- Michael Ball and The Overtones covered the song on the album If Everyone Was Listening . 2015 -- Angelo Seretti recorded a disco version of this song which featured George Aaron . 2015 -- Joel Alme and Jill Johnson made a live version of the song in the Swedish television show Jills Veranda . Chart positions ( edit ) Glen Campbell and Bobbie Gentry ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 85 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 15 Willie Nelson ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 40 U.S. Cashbox Top 100 47 Preceded by `` Galveston '' by Glen Campbell RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Glen Campbell and Bobbie Gentry ) May 26 , 1969 Succeeded by `` It 's a Sin '' by Marty Robbins Preceded by `` I Will Always Love You '' by Dolly Parton RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Willie Nelson ) November 6 - November 13 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Close Enough to Perfect '' by Alabama Preceded by `` Heartlight '' by Neil Diamond RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single ( Willie Nelson ) November 20 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Break It to Me Gently '' by Juice Newton -- on 2015 the version of Angelo Seretti & George Aaron stay 5 weeks on Italian Radio Chart ( M.E.I ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trager , Oliver ( 1997 ) . The American Book of the Dead : The Definitive Grateful Dead Encyclopedia . New York : Fireside Books . pp. ( unknown / unpaginated ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81402 - 5 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 95 . Jump up ^ The Escorts discography Jump up ^ `` The Walkers - 40 Års Jubilæumsbox '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kate and Megan on The Truth About Us '' . Angela Pulvirenti . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Campbell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Glen Campbell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Glen Campbell Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Everly Brothers Studio albums The Everly Brothers Songs Our Daddy Taught Us It 's Everly Time A Date with the Everly Brothers Both Sides of an Evening Instant Party ! Christmas with the Everly Brothers and the Boystown Choir The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits Gone Gone Gone Rock'n Soul Beat & Soul In Our Image Two Yanks in England The Hit Sound of the Everly Brothers The Everly Brothers Sing Roots Stories We Could Tell Pass the Chicken & Listen EB 84 Born Yesterday Some Hearts Live albums Everly Brothers Show Compilation albums The Everly Brothers ' Best Greatest Hits Vol . III The New Album All They Had to Do Was Dream Heartaches and Harmonies Stories We Could Tell : The RCA Years Too Good to Be True Give Me a Future Singles `` Bye Bye Love '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' `` This Little Girl of Mine '' `` Should We Tell Him '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Bird Dog '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Problems '' `` Take a Message to Mary '' `` Poor Jenny '' `` ( Till ) I Kissed You '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Cathy 's Clown '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` So Sad ( To Watch Good Love Go Bad ) '' `` Like Strangers '' `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' `` Lucille '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` Ebony Eyes '' `` Temptation '' `` Do n't Blame Me '' `` Crying in the Rain '' `` That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) '' `` Do n't Ask Me to Be Friends '' `` Love Her '' `` Ai n't That Lovin ' You , Baby '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` The Price of Love '' `` Love Is Strange '' `` ( You Got ) The Power of Love '' `` Somebody Help Me '' `` Bowling Green '' `` Love of the Common People '' `` Carolina in My Mind '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( Phil Everly solo ) `` Brother Jukebox '' ( Don Everly solo ) `` Dare to Dream Again '' ( Phil Everly solo ) `` On the Wings of a Nightingale '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' Related topics Discography List of songs Gibson Everly Brothers Flattop Everly Music Company Venetia Stevenson Edan Everly James Best Book Glen Campbell Studio albums Big Bluegrass Special Too Late to Worry - Too Blue to Cry The Astounding 12 - String Guitar of Glen Campbell The Big Bad Rock Guitar of Glen Campbell Burning Bridges Gentle on My Mind By the Time I Get to Phoenix Hey Little One A New Place in the Sun Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell That Christmas Feeling Wichita Lineman Galveston True Grit Try a Little Kindness Oh Happy Day Norwood The Glen Campbell Goodtime Album The Last Time I Saw Her Anne Murray / Glen Campbell The Artistry of Glen Campbell Glen Travis Campbell I Knew Jesus ( Before He Was a Star ) I Remember Hank Williams Houston ( I 'm Comin ' to See You ) Reunion : The Songs of Jimmy Webb Ernie Sings & Glen Picks Rhinestone Cowboy Bloodline Southern Nights Basic Highwayman Somethin ' ' Bout You Baby I Like It 's the World Gone Crazy Old Home Town Letter to Home No More Night It 's Just a Matter of Time Still Within the Sound of My Voice Light Years Favorite Hymns Walkin ' in the Sun Unconditional Love Show Me Your Way Rock - A-Doodle Wings of Victory Somebody Like That Home for the Holidays The Boy in Me Christmas with Glen Campbell A Glen Campbell Christmas My Hits and Love Songs Love Is the Answer : 24 Songs of Faith , Hope and Love Meet Glen Campbell Ghost on the Canvas See You There I 'll Be Me soundtrack Adiós Live albums Glen Campbell Live Live in Japan Live at the Royal Festival Hall Glen Campbell Live Glen Campbell Live ! His Greatest Hits Glen Campbell in Concert with the South Dakota Symphony Through the Years Live - Ultimate Collection Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb : In Session Compilations Country Shindig The 12 String Guitar of Glen Campbell Glen Campbell Plays 12 String Guitar Portrait Country Soul Country Music Star No. 1 The Glen Campbell Album Limited Collector 's Edition A Satisfied Mind Glen Campbell 's Greatest Hits Gentle on My Mind The Good Time Songs of Glen Campbell I 'll Paint You a Song Arkansas The Best of Glen Campbell Glen Campbell 's Twenty Golden Greats The Great Hits of Glen Campbell The Glen Campbell Collection All I Have to Do Is Dream The Very Best of Glen Campbell Presents His Hits in Concert Classics Collection Greatest Country Hits Best of the Early Years Merry Christmas All - Time Greatest Hits The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Two The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Three Jesus and Me : The Collection Home at Last The Glen Campbell Collection ( 1962 -- 1989 ) Gentle on My Mind The Capitol Years 65 / 77 Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974 -- 1988 Love Songs Glen Campbell Christmas Super Hits 20 Greatest Hits Rhinestone Cowboy / Bloodline The Lambert & Potter Sessions 1975 -- 1976 Southern Nights / Basic All the Best The Legacy ( 1961 -- 2002 ) Rhinestone Cowboy ( New Studio Recordings ) Glen Campbell Collection Rhinestone Cowboy Live , on the Air & in the Studio Sings the Best of Jimmy Webb 1967 -- 1992 The Platinum Collection Classic Campbell Words and Music Greatest Hits Singles `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Too Late to Worry - Too Blue to Cry '' `` Long Black Limousine '' `` Guess I 'm Dumb '' `` Universal Soldier '' `` Gentle on My Mind '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Hey Little One '' `` I Wanna Live '' `` Dreams of the Everyday Housewife '' `` Wichita Lineman '' `` Let It Be Me '' ( with Bobbie Gentry ) `` Galveston '' `` Where 's the Playground Susie '' `` True Grit '' `` Try a Little Kindness '' `` Honey Come Back '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( with Bobbie Gentry ) `` Oh Happy Day '' `` Everything a Man Could Ever Need '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Dream Baby ( How Long Must I Dream ) '' `` The Last Time I Saw Her '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` Oklahoma Sunday Morning '' `` Manhattan , Kansas '' `` Bonaparte 's Retreat '' `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' `` Country Boy ( You Got Your Feet in L.A. ) '' `` Do n't Pull Your Love / Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye '' `` Southern Nights '' `` Sunflower '' `` I Love How You Love Me '' `` Faithless Love '' `` A Lady Like You '' `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Cradle '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Still Within the Sound of My Voice '' `` I Remember You '' `` I Have You '' `` She 's Gone , Gone , Gone '' `` I 'm Not Gonna Miss You '' Related articles Discography Collaborative discography Videos The Beach Boys Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour Ashley Campbell Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_It_Be_Me_(The_Everly_Brothers_song)&oldid=807987608 '' Categories : 1955 songs 1957 singles 1960 singles 1964 singles 1969 singles 1982 singles Songs with lyrics by Manny Curtis Songs with music by Gilbert Bécaud Songs written by Pierre Delanoë The Everly Brothers songs Betty Everett songs Jerry Butler songs Nancy Sinatra songs Glen Campbell songs Bobbie Gentry songs The 5th Dimension songs Bob Dylan songs Jay and the Americans songs Roberta Flack songs Elvis Presley songs Willie Nelson songs Rod Stewart songs Neil Diamond songs Andy Williams songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Vocal duets Columbia Records singles Cadence Records singles Vee - Jay Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song let it be me	[ "\"Let It Be Me\" is a popular song originally published in French in 1955 as \"Je t'appartiens\". It became popular worldwide with an English version by The Everly Brothers and later with the duet by Betty Everett and Jerry Butler.", "\"Let It Be Me\" is a popular song originally published in French in 1955 as \"Je t'appartiens\". It became popular worldwide with an English version by The Everly Brothers and later with the duet by Betty Everett and Jerry Butler." ]	[ "The Everly Brothers", "Betty Everett and Jerry Butler" ]
-6739388928198744972	The Smurfs (film)	The Smurfs ( film ) - wikipedia The Smurfs ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 film . For the 1965 Smurf film , see Les Aventures des Schtroumpfs . For the 1976 film , see The Smurfs and the Magic Flute . The Smurfs Theatrical release poster Directed by Raja Gosnell Produced by Jordan Kerner Screenplay by J. David Stem David N. Weiss Jay Scherick David Ronn Story by J. David Stem David N. Weiss Based on The Smurfs by Peyo Starring Hank Azaria Neil Patrick Harris Jayma Mays Sofia Vergara Tim Gunn Jonathan Winters Katy Perry Fred Armisen Alan Cumming Anton Yelchin George Lopez Narrated by Tom Kane Music by Heitor Pereira Cinematography Phil Méheux Edited by Sabrina Plisco Production company Sony Pictures Animation Kerner Entertainment Company Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 16 ) ( Júzcar ) July 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $563.7 million The Smurfs is a 2011 American 3D live - action / computer - animated comedy film loosely based on the comic book series of the same name created by the Belgian comics artist Peyo . It was directed by Raja Gosnell and stars Hank Azaria , Neil Patrick Harris , Jayma Mays and Sofía Vergara , with Jonathan Winters and Katy Perry as the voices of Papa Smurf and Smurfette . It is the first CGI / live - action hybrid film produced by Sony Pictures Animation , and the first in The Smurfs duology . The film tells the story of the Smurfs as they get lost in New York , and try to find a way to get back home before Gargamel catches them . After five years of negotiations , Jordan Kerner bought the rights in 2002 , and the film entered development with Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies , until Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation obtained the film rights in 2008 . Filming began in March 2010 in New York City . After having the release date changed three times , Columbia Pictures released The Smurfs on July 29 , 2011 . Box office analysts initially predicted the film would tie with Cowboys & Aliens , but The Smurfs ultimately came in second , grossing $35.6 million against Cowboys & Aliens ' $36.4 million gross . The Smurfs reached the $500 million milestone in the weekend of September 23 -- 25 , 2011 . A sequel , titled The Smurfs 2 , was released on July 31 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Live action actors 2.2 Voice actors 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming and animation 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reviews 5.3 Accolades 6 Video games 7 Sequels 7.1 The Smurfs 2 7.2 Cancelled third film and a reboot 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) As the Smurfs get ready for the Blue Moon Festival , Papa Smurf sees in his cauldron a vision of Clumsy Smurf reaching for a dragon wand and the Smurfs in cages while Gargamel laughs . Not wanting this vision to come true , Papa Smurf disallows Clumsy to pick Smurf Roots . Clumsy disobeys Papa and ends up unintentionally leading Gargamel and Azrael to the village . The Smurfs all flee for their lives while Clumsy unknowingly runs towards the Forbidden Falls , with Papa Smurf , Smurfette , Grouchy , Brainy and Gutsy running after him . They find him at the edge of a cliff , and while trying to help him up , they are sucked into a gigantic vortex that spirits them to present day New York City . To make matters worse , Gargamel and Azrael follow and the Smurfs end up in the apartment of Patrick and Grace Winslow , a married and expectant couple and their Basset Hound Elway . After clarifying things , the Winslows befriend them and allow them to stay in their apartment . The next day , needing to find a `` star gazer '' ( a telescope ) , the Smurfs follow Patrick to his workplace at Anjelou Cosmetics , misunderstanding the previous explanation of his job as fortune - telling . He calls Grace to pick them up . However , having extracted `` Smurf essence '' from a lock of Smurfette 's hair , Gargamel also arrives and ends up being treated by Patrick 's boss Odile upon using most of his acquired magic on her elderly mother by restoring her youth and attractiveness . But Gargamel resumes his search upon recognizing Patrick and following him to FAO Schwarz , but gets arrested after stealing a leaf blower and for causing chaos in the store with some customers while trying to catch the Smurfs . Gargamel manages to bust out of jail with the aid of flies . By that time , Papa Smurf manages to calculate the night he and the others can get home . But first , he must figure out the spell to do so . Patrick tells them that there is an old bookstore in the city near Anjelou Cosmetics as he bonds with the Smurfs after sending what he believed to be his finished advertisement to be published . However , the next day , Patrick learns that Clumsy accidentally attached a blue - moon themed side project and he loses his temper before walking out on both the Smurfs and Grace to save his job . Forced to search on their own , the Smurfs find the store and find the book L'Histoire des Schtroumpfs by researcher Peyo , containing the spell to turn the moon blue . But learning of their location , Gargamel sneaks into the bookstore and finds a dragon wand , transferring his magic into it as he uses it to capture Papa Smurf as he sends the others to safety . Though the Smurfs promised Papa Smurf that they wo n't try to save him and return home , Clumsy and Patrick , having seen the error of his actions after Grace gave him a sonogram picture of their baby , convince them to plan a rescue . At Belvedere Castle , after increasing the dragon wand 's power with bits of Papa Smurf 's beard , Gargamel finds himself facing all the Smurfs , summoned to New York by Brainy conjuring the blue moon . As the Smurf army battles Gargamel , Smurfette defeats Azrael and saves Papa Smurf before they join the fray . Though Gargamel attempts to break the Smurfs by killing Papa , Patrick saves him while Gutsy knocks the dragon wand out of the wizard 's hand but he drops it . Clumsy tries to catch it , and to Papa Smurf 's surprise , manages to catch it and sends Gargamel flying into a trash can and being hit by a bus with the advertisement `` Blue Moon '' on it before Papa Smurf breaks it . Soon after , the Smurfs take their leave as Patrick receives a call from Odile that he still has his job because he finally gave her what she wants after she noticed the blue moon that Brainy created . Later , Patrick and Grace have a baby boy , whom they name Blue to honor the Smurfs , who rebuild their village in the style of New York . In the aftermath , Gargamel wakes up and learns that he is still in the present and he looks at the audience before breaking the fourth wall and asking them `` What are you looking at ? '' and blasts them with his wand . Cast ( edit ) Live action actors ( edit ) Hank Azaria as Gargamel , the nemesis of the Smurfs who plots to use the Smurfs as part of a spell which would turn lead into gold . As opposed to the television show where Gargamel 's goal is to use the Smurfs as the key ingredient in an alchemical formula to create gold or eat them or destroy them , in the film he wants to capture them to serve as charms , `` whose mystical essence will make his inept magic more powerful -- and dangerous '' . To look the part of Gargamel , Azaria wore a prosthetic nose , ears , buck teeth , eyebrows , and a wig ( to make the process easier , he shaved his head ) . The initial make - up test took three hours , but by mid-production , the process took 90 minutes to complete . Azaria was transformed over 50 times and spent approximately 130 hours in the make - up chair . Neil Patrick Harris as Patrick `` Pat '' Winslow , the new VP of marketing at Anjelou Cosmetics Jayma Mays as Grace Winslow , Patrick 's pregnant wife Sofía Vergara as Odile Anjelou , an executive at Anjelou Cosmetics who is Patrick 's boss . Tim Gunn as Henri , Odile 's executive assistant at Anjelou Cosmetics . Paula Pizzi as Odile 's Mother Joan Rivers , Liz Smith , Tom Colicchio , Olivia Palermo and Michael Musto make cameos in the film at a fictional Anjelou cosmetics product launch . Voice actors ( edit ) Further information : List of The Smurfs characters Jonathan Winters as Papa Smurf , the leader of the Smurfs . Winters previously provided the voice of Grandpa Smurf in the 1980s cartoon series . He and Frank Welker are the only original cast members from the TV series who returned for the film . Katy Perry as Smurfette , the female of the Smurfs . About gaining the voice role , Perry said : `` They had done a blind test where they took certain voices from previous interviews and matched them with the character . They liked my voice without even knowing who it was , and when they found out it was me , they thought that would work out . My personality was just a plus ! '' Anton Yelchin as Clumsy Smurf . Yelchin commented on his character 's personality change from the cartoons series saying , `` I was familiar with Clumsy from the TV series , where he had that Southern twang . I went back and watched that , and then Raja , Jordan and I talked about it . We decided to make Clumsy a little simpler , a little sweeter . His voice is pitched higher than my normal speaking voice -- it 's full of joy , optimism , and enthusiasm for life . Clumsy is n't trying to mess anything up for anybody -- he 's just clumsy , and actually , he 's tired of being clumsy '' . Fred Armisen as Brainy Smurf , the smartest Smurf , below Papa Smurf . Quentin Tarantino was up to voice him , but he turned it down . Alan Cumming as Gutsy Smurf , one of three Smurfs created specifically for the film and who is Scottish , wears a kilt and has sideburns . The character is also described as the `` action hero '' of the film . George Lopez as Grouchy Smurf . To prepare for his role of being `` grouchy '' , Lopez did not drink coffee , made sure he had bad breath and picked the busiest time to get to the studio . Jeff Foxworthy as Handy Smurf Paul Reubens as Jokey Smurf Gary Basaraba as Hefty Smurf John Oliver as Vanity Smurf Kenan Thompson as Greedy Smurf B.J. Novak as Baker Smurf Joel McCrary as Farmer Smurf Wolfgang Puck as Chef Smurf John Kassir as Crazy Smurf , the second Smurf created specifically for the film Tom Kane as Narrator Smurf , the third Smurf created specifically for the film . Frank Welker as Azrael , Gargamel 's cat . Welker provided the voice of Hefty Smurf and other characters in the 1980s cartoon series . Four Orange tabby cats played the role of Azrael with some scenes being created with CGI by Tippett Studio . Animal trainer Larry Madrid had a `` rare Burma cat '' that was used to educe snarls from the other cats since they did not like him . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1997 , producer Jordan Kerner sent the first `` of a series of letters '' to The Smurfs ' licensing agent Lafig Belgium expressing interest in making a feature film . It was not until 2002 after a draft of Kerner 's film adaptation of Charlotte 's Web was read by Peyo 's heirs , that they accepted Kerner 's offer . Peyo 's daughter Véronique Culliford and family had wanted to make a Smurfs film for years and said that Kerner was the first person to pitch a film that shared their `` vision and enthusiasm '' . Kerner soon began developing the 3 - D CGI feature film with Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies . In 2006 , Kerner said the film was planned to be a trilogy and would explain more of Gargamel 's backstory . He stated , `` We 'll learn ( more ) about Gargamel and Smurf Soup and how all that began and what really goes on in that castle . What his backstory really was . There 's an all - powerful wizard ... there 's all sorts of things that get revealed as we go along '' . Early animation footage was leaked on the internet in early 2008 . The filmmakers were allowed to create three new Smurfs for the film -- Narrator , Crazy , and Gutsy . In June 2008 , it was announced that Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation obtained the film rights from Lafig Belgium . Kerner said the current project started with Sony during a conversation with the chairman - CEO Michael Lynton , who grew up watching The Smurfs in the Netherlands . Kerner explained , `` He relished them as I do and suggested that it should be a live - action / CG film . Amy Pascal felt equally that there was potentially a series of films in the making '' . Shrek 2 writers , J. David Stem and David N. Weiss wrote the screenplay along with Zookeeper writers Jay Scherick and David Ronn ; Stem and Weiss also wrote the story . Raja Gosnell directed . Quentin Tarantino was in talks to play Brainy Smurf , however , these did not pan out . Filming and Animation ( edit ) On a budget of $110 million , principal photography began in New York City on March 26 , 2010 . In May , scenes were filmed in Manhattan 's SoHo neighborhood . That month , scenes were shot all night for five nights in a row at F.A.O. Schwartz toy store . Production was temporarily halted after a worker fell 30 feet from a set at the toy store on Fifth Avenue and 58th Street ; he later recovered in a hospital . Other locations used for filming were Belvedere Castle , the Russian Tea Room , Rockefeller Center , and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park . A two - thirds - scale replica of the Belvedere Castle was built with wooden grates as floors ( to create additional contrast ) . Gargamel 's dungeon under the Belvedere Castle , which included the `` Smurfalator '' , was built on a soundstage . It took three months to build because some parts were hard to come by . Production eventually found the rare parts at garage sales , flea markets , on eBay and Craigslist . In order to help the Smurfs ' animators during post-production , cinematographer Phil Meheux and his team would light up a scene where the Smurfs would be digitally added using 7 and one half - inch tall models to stand in during set - up and rehearsals . He explained , `` We can then position the light so that it falls right . The actors know where the Smurf will be when it is animated later , so their eyelines will match . Then we can take out the model and shoot the scene , and they look quite real , fitting the real backing that we 're giving them . It looks like they 're part of the surroundings '' . Also during the process the Imageworks visual effects team used a new camera system to precisely record the on - set lighting , so it could be applied later in the computer . When time came to film a scene that would include actors and Smurfs , each Smurf was represented by a different colored dot and the actors had to remember which dot was which Smurf . The Smurfs characters were created during post-production by 268 Sony Pictures Imageworks employees who spent around 358,000 hours animating . Character designer Allen Battino , a long time Kerner collaborator , was brought in to redesign the characters for CGI . Release ( edit ) For the world premiere of The Smurfs , Júzcar residents painted their entire village in blue The film had its worldwide premiere on June 16 , 2011 , in Júzcar , a small village in Spain . To celebrate the release , the residents painted entire village , including church and other historical buildings in blue . Twelve local painters used 4,000 litres of blue to transform traditionally white Júzcar into the world 's first Smurf Village . Although Sony vowed to restore the village to its former look , six months after the premiere , the residents voted to keep the colour , which had brought more than 80,000 tourists to Júzcar . In the USA , the film was meant to be released on December 17 , 2010 , but it was pushed to July 29 , 2011 to avoid competition with Yogi Bear and Tron : Legacy . It was temporarily pushed further back to August 3 , 2011 , before being reverted to July 29 , 2011 . Sony teamed up with marketing partners in the United States and Canada to promote the film through McDonald 's Happy Meals and Post Foods brand cereal . Home Media ( edit ) The Smurfs was released on DVD , Blu - ray Disc , and Blu - ray 3D on December 2 , 2011 , accompanied with an all new 22 - minute animated short film The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol . The Smurfs and Friends with Benefits are the first Sony films compatible with the UltraViolet system , which enables users to access films on any web - connected device . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Smurfs opened on approximately 5,300 screens at 3,395 locations , with 2,042 locations being 3D - enabled theaters . On July 28 , 2011 , Exhibitor Relations predicted The Smurfs would rank third its opening weekend with $24 million , but analyst Jeff Bock added that the film `` could be a dark horse and do better than expected '' . That same day , John Young of Entertainment Weekly predicted a $32 million opening and a second - place ranking behind Cowboys & Aliens . He also stated that the ticket service Fandango reported that the film was leading in ticket sales . The Smurfs came in number one on Friday making an $13.2 million , ahead of Cowboys & Aliens ' $13 million . According to Sony 's research , 65 % of The Smurfs ' audience was parents ( 40 % ) and their children under 12 years old ( 25 % ) . Overall the audience breakdown was reported as 64 % female and 55 % age 25 years and older . Estimates later showed that Cowboys & Aliens and The Smurfs were tied at the number one spot for the weekend with $36.2 million each . However , actual figures showed Cowboys & Aliens won the weekend with $36.4 million just beating The Smurfs ' $35.6 million . The Smurfs ' opening was still stronger than anticipated since some box office analysts predicted that it would open below $30 million . For its second weekend the film remained at number two with Rise of the Planet of the Apes taking Cowboys & Aliens ' spot . It made $20.7 million ( 41 % being from 3D showings ) , a 42 % decrease from it opening weekend . The Smurfs opened to $4.4 million from seven territories with Spain taking in $4 million of that total . On its second weekend it expanded to 42 territories , taking first place in most of its markets and grossing $45.2 million . Among the markets the film opened in first place were Brazil ( $6.65 million ) , France ( $5.93 million ) , Mexico ( $5.53 million ) Germany ( $5.43 million ) . The film grossed $142.6 million in the United States and Canada , along with $421.1 million in foreign markets , for a worldwide total of $563.7 million . Release date ( United States ) Budget Box office revenue United States / Canada Other markets Worldwide July 29 , 2011 $110,000,000 $142,614,158 $421,135,165 $563,749,323 Critical reviews ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 22 % of 116 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 4 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` The Smurfs assembles an undeniably talented cast of voice actors and live - action stars -- then crushes them beneath a blue mound of lowest - common - denominator kiddie fare . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gave the film an average score of 30 based on 22 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Actor Neil Patrick Harris was praised for his performance in the film . Keith Staskiewicz of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D+ saying , `` The Smurfs may be blue , but their movie is decidedly green , recycling discarded bits from other celluloid Happy Meals like Alvin and the Chipmunks , Garfield , and Hop into something half animated , half live action , and all careful studio calculation '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review saying , `` This numbingly generic Smurf - out - of - water - tale is strictly for those who stand closer to three apples tall . '' Ending the review he said , `` Having previously helmed two Scooby - Doos and a Beverly Hills Chihuahua , director Raja Gosnell could probably have done this one in his sleep , which is likely where all but the most attentive of caregivers will helplessly find themselves drifting . '' Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave it two out of four stars saying , `` The good news about the big - screen 3D version of The Smurfs that 's opening at your neighborhood multiplex is that it 's not the insipid and some say `` socialist '' Smurfs you remember from 1980s TV `` . He called the slapstick `` very small - kid friendly '' and considered the adult - friendly jokes `` pretty mild stuff '' . He closed his review saying , `` Yeah , the Smurfs are still sickeningly sweet and upbeat . But if you 've got kids , it 's not nearly as torturous to sit through as you might have feared '' . Justin Chang of Variety described the film as `` adorable and annoying , patently unnecessary yet kinda sweet '' and calling it `` a calculated commercial enterprise with little soul but an appreciable amount of heart '' . He said , `` The script does wink knowingly in the direction of attentive adults '' . San Francisco Chronicle 's Peter Hartlaub gave the film a mixed review . He said The Smurfs is a `` rare movie where the worst parts are in the promos '' . He called Harris ' performance an `` honest effort in a thankless role '' but said that Azaria as Gargamel `` Hidden under prosthetics , ( Hank Azaria ) compensates for his lack of good lines and repulsive makeup by overacting '' . He closed his review saying , `` Harris , mostly acting against Marshmallow Peep - sized animated creations , is convincing and likable throughout . No doubt he will poke fun at his participation in this film the next time he 's hosting an awards show , but do n't be fooled . It takes a good actor to save a bad movie '' . Ty Burr of The Boston Globe criticized the CGI used on the cat , the use of 3D by calling it `` needless '' and Lopez 's voice as Grouchy . He called the Smurf rap the worst part of the film . However , Burr echoed Harlaub 's praise for Harris ' performance by saying , `` Harris manages to class up whatever he touches , even if the sight of him repeatedly hitting himself with an umbrella probably wo n't go on the career highlight reel '' . About Azaria , he said , `` ( Azaria ) gets to put on a baldy wig and fake buck - teeth and overact as broadly as he can . A little of this goes a long way unless you 're 6 years old , which is the point '' . He also added that Sofia Vergara `` shares the screenplay 's confusion as to what , exactly , she 's doing here '' . USA Today 's Scott Bowles enjoyed Azaria 's performance calling him `` the human standout '' and saying `` He and his distrusting cat , Azrael , steal scenes '' . He also called Jonathan Winters `` wonderful '' as Papa Smurf . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said Azaria was `` quite funny '' . About the film 's content , he said `` Those grown - up winks , along with an array of New York locations , make The Smurfs a surprisingly tolerable film for adults . As for their children , well , who knows with kids ? But at least the writers have cleverly built in enough Smurfology that today 's youngsters will be able to get the basics of the blue universe '' . Betsy Sharkey from the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review saying , `` Director Raja Gosnell starts with the innocence but then loses his way in trying to pull off the hipster spin the script by J. David Stern , David N. Weiss , Jay Scherick and David Ronn is shooting for . '' and `` There are many good actors wasted as voices -- Alan Cumming , Fred Armisen and Winters among them -- and in the flesh , though the greatest disservice is to Azaria '' . Accolades ( edit ) NewNowNext Awards Next Must See Movie ( Nominated ) 38th People 's Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Voice : Katy Perry ( Nominated ) 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie ( Nominated ) Favorite Movie Actress : Sofia Vergara ( Nominated ) Favorite Voice in an Animated Film : Katy Perry ( Won ) Video games ( edit ) The Smurfs , a Nintendo DS video game was released on July 19 , 2011 . The Smurfs Dance Party , a Nintendo Wii video game was released on July 19 , 2011 . Sequels ( edit ) The Smurfs 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Smurfs 2 A sequel , titled The Smurfs 2 , was released on July 31 , 2013 . Director Raja Gosnell and producer Jordan Kerner returned , along with all the main cast . New cast includes Christina Ricci , J.B. Smoove and Brendan Gleeson . In the sequel , Gargamel creates a couple of evil Smurf - like creatures called the Naughties to harness the magical Smurf - essence . When he discovers that only a real Smurf can give him what he wants and that only Smurfette can turn the Naughties into the real Smurfs , Gargamel kidnaps Smurfette and takes her to Paris . Papa , Clumsy , Grouchy , and Vanity return to the human world and seek the help of their friends Patrick and Grace Winslow to rescue Smurfette . Like its predecessor , The Smurfs 2 was met with critically negative reviews , and it earned $347 million . Cancelled third film and a reboot ( edit ) On May 10 , 2012 , two weeks after Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation announced production of The Smurfs 2 , Variety reported that writers Karey Kirkpatrick and Chris Poche were developing a script for The Smurfs 3 , which was set for release on July 24 , 2015 , and later rescheduled for August 14 , 2015 . In March 2014 , Sony announced that it will reboot the series with a completely computer - animated film . Directed by Kelly Asbury , the reboot , titled Smurfs : The Lost Village , was released on April 7 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Cowboys & Aliens ' will trample ' Smurfs ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Smurfs ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPH Set for The Smurfs ? '' . Fused Film . March 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` First look : Big Apple will be Smurf turf , in 3 - D '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Smurf 's Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Clint ( November 27 , 2006 ) . `` The latest on Smurfs movie and Mighty Ducks 4 '' . Moviehole.net . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` Col , SPA send ' Smurfs ' to bigscreen '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at the Big Screen Smurfs '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . February 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia , SPA Bringing Smurfs to the Big Screen '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . June 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo Director Takes on Smurfs '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . July 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino as Brainy Smurf ? Think again '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Mark ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` THE SMURFS Begins Production in New York '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs take Manhattan '' . New York Post . News Corporation . May 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schram , Jamie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Film - set fall : Ouch , that ' Smurfs ! ! ' '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why a small Spanish village is feeling blue '' . My Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ H.B. ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Júzcar votes to stay blue '' . Typically Spanish . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs Movie Release Pushed Back '' . ReelzChannel . September 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Bumps Up ' The Smurfs ' To July 29 '' . Deadline.com . PMC . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Smurfs Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Director Raja Gosnell & Producer Jordan Kerner Talk SMURFS ; Reveal They 're Already Writing the Sequel & the DVD Has a 22 Minute Original Christmas Movie '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's ' Smurfs , ' ' Friends ' to be UltraViolet - ready '' . Forbes . Associated Press . September 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Smurfs ' & ' Cowboys ' Neck - and - Neck '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Box office preview : ' Cowboys & Aliens ' takes aim at ' The Smurfs ' invasion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Smurfs Try to Make it Big '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Upset : ' Smurfs ' Beats ' Cowboys & Aliens ' on Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : It 's a Draw Between ' Cowboys ' & ' Smurfs ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : It 's a tie ! ' Cowboys & Aliens ' and ' The Smurfs ' both open to $36.2 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Box office update : ' Cowboys & Aliens ' edges past ' The Smurfs ' to win weekend with $36.4 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for August 5 -- 7 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Potter ' Beats ' Transformers ' to $1 Billion '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Potter ' Passes ' Rings ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Smurfs Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Smurfs : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : The Smurfs '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Smurfs '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Smurfs are back with antics , lots of animated adventure '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Ty Burr Says Cast Members Inject Fun Into The Smurfs '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fans of old ' Smurfs ' may feel a little blue '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Smurfs ( 2011 ) Review '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Movie review : ' The Smurfs ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Tim Tebow , Johnny Depp Land Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Kids Choice Awards ' : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` New Release Dates for THE SMURFS 2 , THE SAMARITAN and the Farrelly / Wessler Star - Packed Comedy Anthology '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on The Smurfs 2 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sony already smurfing ' Smurfs 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Smurfs 3 ' pushed back to August 2015 '' . The Indian Express . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Alexandra ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Analysts : Sony Needs More Bigscreen Franchises '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Animation Sets Slate : ' Smurfs ' , ' Transylvania 2 , ' More ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Pictures Teases The Dark Tower , MIB 23 , Passengers and More at CinemaCon '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Cendrowicz , Leo ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` The Smurfs Are Off to Conquer the World -- Again '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Lichfield , John ( 2008 ) . Happy Smurfday to the elves you love or hate . 6872 . Independent News & Media Limited . p. 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Smurfs ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Smurfs ( film ) . Official website The Smurfs on IMDb The Smurfs at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Smurfs at AllMovie The Smurfs at Rotten Tomatoes The Smurfs at Metacritic The Smurfs at Box Office Mojo The Smurfs Authors Pierre `` Peyo '' Culliford Yvan Delporte Comics The Black Smurfs King Smurf The Smurfette The Egg and the Smurfs The Smurfs and the Howlibird The Astrosmurf The Smurf Apprentice Smurf Versus Smurf Smurf Soup The Olympic Smurfs Baby Smurf The Smurflings The Aerosmurf The Strange Awakening of Lazy Smurf Finance Smurf Doctor Smurf Les Schtroumpfs Joueurs The Smurfs and the Book that Tells Everything Characters Papa Smurf Smurfette Gargamel Johan and Peewit Television The Smurfs ( 1981 -- 90 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Films Animated Les Aventures des Schtroumpfs ( 1965 ) The Smurfs and the Magic Flute ( 1976 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Specials A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Video games Smurf : Rescue in Gargamel 's Castle ( 1982 ) The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs Dance Party ( 2011 ) Other Júzcar , Spain Music Merchandising `` Dances with Smurfs '' Pixels Films directed by Raja Gosnell Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Never Been Kissed ( 1999 ) Big Momma 's House ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua ( 2008 ) The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Show Dogs ( 2018 ) Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films The Star ( 2017 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horrorland ( 2018 ) Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2009 ) Open Season 3 ( 2011 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2016 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( 2018 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Katy Perry Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Katy Hudson One of the Boys Teenage Dream Prism Witness Other releases MTV Unplugged Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection Concert tours Hello Katy Tour California Dreams Tour Prismatic World Tour Witness : The Tour Fragrances Purr Meow ! Killer Queen Mad Potion Documentary Katy Perry : Part of Me Related articles Unsub Records Russell Brand ( ex-husband ) Frank Perry ( uncle ) The Matrix Super Bowl XLIX halftime show Katy Perry Live : Witness World Wide Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Smurfs_(film)&oldid=797585925 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 3D films 2011 computer - animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films American films American children 's animated films American children 's comedy films American fantasy - comedy films Animated films based on comics Children 's fantasy films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Sony Pictures Animation films Film scores by Heitor Pereira Films based on animated television series Films based on Belgian comics Films directed by Raja Gosnell Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the Middle Ages Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation The Smurfs in film Films set in 2011 Parallel universes in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played gargamel in the first smurfs movie	[ "Hank Azaria as Gargamel, the nemesis of the Smurfs who plots to use the Smurfs as part of a spell which would turn lead into gold. As opposed to the television show where Gargamel's goal is to use the Smurfs as the key ingredient in an alchemical formula to create gold or eat them or destroy them, in the film he wants to capture them to serve as charms, \"whose mystical essence will make his inept magic more powerful — and dangerous\".[4] To look the part of Gargamel, Azaria wore a prosthetic nose, ears, buck teeth, eyebrows, and a wig (to make the process easier, he shaved his head). The initial make-up test took three hours, but by mid-production, the process took 90 minutes to complete. Azaria was transformed over 50 times and spent approximately 130 hours in the make-up chair.[5]" ]	[ "Hank Azaria" ]
-4074009589934650190	Eternal sin	Eternal sin - wikipedia Eternal sin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Original sin . The Holy Spirit represented as a dove , Mitteleschenbach , Germany . In Christian hamartiology , eternal sins , unforgivable sins , or unpardonable sins are sins which will not be forgiven by God . One eternal or unforgivable sin is specified in several passages of the Synoptic Gospels . Mark 3 : 28 - 29 , Matthew 12 : 31 - 32 , and Luke 12 : 10 state that there is one sin considered eternal and that is `` blasphemy against the Holy Spirit '' . In Roman Catholic teaching there are six sins that blaspheme against the Holy Spirit . They are : 1 . Despair ( believing that one 's evil is beyond God 's forgiveness ) ; 2 . Presumption ( glory without merit , that is , hope of salvation without keeping the Commandments , or expectation of pardon for sin without repentance ) ; 3 . Envying the goodness of another ( sadness or repining at another 's growth in virtue and perfection ) ; 4 . Obstinacy in sin ( willful persisting in wickedness , and running on from sin to sin , after sufficient instructions and admonition ) ; 5 . Final impenitence ( to die without either confession or contrition for our sins ) , and 6 . Impugning the known truth ( to argue against known points of faith , and this includes misrepresenting parts or all of the Christian faith to make it seem undesirable ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical passages 2 Christian doctrine 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.2 Protestantism 2.3 Mormonism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Biblical passages ( edit ) Several passages in the Bible are frequently interpreted as referring to the unforgivable sin : Matthew 12 : 30 - 32 : `` Whoever is not with me is against me , and whoever does not gather with me scatters . And so I tell you , people will be forgiven every sin and blasphemy . But the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven . Anyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven , but anyone who speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven , either in this age or in the age to come . '' Mark 3 : 28 - 30 : `` Truly I tell you , all sins and blasphemes will be forgiven for the sons of men . But whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven , but is guilty of an eternal sin . He said this because they ( the Pharisees ) were saying , ' He has an evil spirit ' . '' Luke 12 : 8 - 10 : `` I tell you , whoever acknowledges me before men , the Son of Man will also acknowledge him before the angels of God . But he who disowns me before men will be disowned before the angels of God . And everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven , but anyone who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven . '' Christian doctrine ( edit ) Roman catholicism ( edit ) See also : Venial sin and Mortal sin According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church § 1864 , there are no limits to the mercy of God , but anyone who deliberately refuses to accept his mercy by repenting , rejects the forgiveness of his sins and the salvation offered by the Holy Spirit . Such hardness of heart can lead to final impenitence and eternal loss . The Catholic Encyclopedia cites Matthew 12 : 22 - 32 ; Mark 3 : 22 - 30 ; Luke 12 : 10 ( cf. 11 : 14 - 23 ) and defines `` the unforgivable sin '' - or sin against the Holy Ghost -- as : '' ... to sin against the Holy Ghost is to confound Him with the spirit of evil , it is to deny , from pure malice , the Divine character of works manifestly Divine . '' The article further states that `` sin against the Son of Man '' may be forgiven because it is committed against the human person of Christ , which veils the Divine with a `` humble and lowly appearance , '' and therefore such sin is excusable because it is committed through `` man 's ignorance and misunderstanding . '' The Church Fathers considered additional interpretations , Augustine of Hippo calling it one of the more difficult passages of Scripture . Thomas Aquinas summarized the Church Fathers ' treatments and proposed three possible explanations : 1 . That an insult directed against any of the Three Divine Persons may be considered a sin against the Holy Spirit ; and / or 2 . That persisting in mortal sin till death , with final impenitence , as Augustine proposed , frustrates the work of the Holy Spirit , to whom is appropriated the remission of sins ; and / or 3 . That sins against the quality of the Third Divine Person , being charity and goodness , are conducted in malice , in that they resist the inspirations of the Holy Spirit to turn away from or be delivered from evil . Such sin may be considered graver than those committed against the Father through frailty ( the quality of the Father being power ) , and those committed against the Son through ignorance ( the quality of the Son being wisdom ) . Thomas Aquinas lists , or has responded to , six sins that supposedly go against the Holy Spirit : despair : which consists in thinking that one 's own malice is greater than Divine Goodness , as the Master of the Sentences teaches , presumption : if a man wants to obtain glory without merits or pardon without repentance resistance to the known truth , envy of a brother 's spiritual good , i.e. , of the increase of Divine grace in the world , impenitence , i.e. , the specific purpose of not repenting a sin , obstinacy , whereby a man , clinging to his sin , becomes immune to the thought that the good searched in it is a very little one . Thomas Aquinas explains that the unforgivability of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit means that it removes the entrance to these means of salvation ; however , it can not hinder God in taking away this obstacle by way of a miracle . However , the Church further believes there is no offence , however serious , that can not be taken away by Baptism , or absolved from in the Confessional -- that no one , however wicked and guilty , may not confidently hope for forgiveness . The Catechism says that Christ desires `` the gates of forgiveness should always be open to anyone who turns away from sin . '' As did St Augustine , the Catholic Church today teaches that only dying unrepentant for one 's sins is the only unforgivable sin . Indeed , in Dominum et vivificantem Pope John Paul II writes `` According to such an exegesis , ' blasphemy ' does not properly consist in offending against the Holy Spirit in words ; it consists rather in the refusal to accept the salvation which God offers to man through the Holy Spirit , working through the power of the Cross '' , and `` If Jesus says that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit can not be forgiven either in this life or in the next , it is because this ' non-forgiveness ' is linked , as to its cause , to ' non-repentance , ' in other words to the radical refusal to be converted . This means the refusal to come to the sources of Redemption , which nevertheless remain ' always ' open in the economy of salvation in which the mission of the Holy Spirit is accomplished . '' Protestantism ( edit ) See also : Conditional preservation of the saints Protestant denominations and theologians have taken various approaches in defining the sin against the Holy Spirit . John Calvin wrote : I say , therefore , that he sins against the Holy Spirit who , while so constrained by the power of divine truth that he can not plead ignorance , yet deliberately resists , and that merely for the sake of resisting . Similarly , Jacob Arminius defined it as `` the rejection and refusing of Jesus Christ through determined malice and hatred against Christ '' . However , Arminius differed with Calvin in believing that the sin could be committed by believers , a conclusion he reached through his interpretation of Hebrews 6 : 4 - 6 . Some modern Protestant interpretations of the sin include the deliberate labeling of good as evil , as rejecting the conviction of the Holy Spirit , of publicly attributing the work of the Holy Spirit to Satan , and attributing the work of Jesus to Satan ( under this interpretation , the sin could only have been committed in the first century AD ) . For example , The United Methodist Church , which was founded by John Wesley , upholds : that the penalty of eternal separation from God with no hope of return applies in scripture only in two cases -- either , as in Hebrews 6 and 10 , to persons who willfully , publically ( sic ) and explicitly reject Jesus as Savior after having confessed him , or , as in the gospels , to those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit by declaring that the works of Jesus were the works of the Evil one . According to Billy Graham , refusing to turn to God and accept his forgiveness is the eternal sin . Regardless of their interpretation , Protestant interpreters generally agree that one who has committed the sin is no longer able to repent , so one who is fearful that they have committed it has not done so . Mormonism ( edit ) Main article : Son of perdition ( Mormonism ) Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , or Mormons , have a similar understanding of eternal sin . Joseph Smith , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , said in the King Follett discourse : All sins shall be forgiven , except the sin against the Holy Ghost ; for Jesus will save all except the sons of perdition . What must a man do to commit the unpardonable sin ? He must receive the Holy Ghost , have the heavens opened unto him , and know God , and then sin against him . After a man has sinned against the Holy Ghost , there is no repentance for him . He has got to say that the sun does not shine while he sees it ; he has got to deny Jesus Christ when the heavens have been opened unto him , and to deny the plan of salvation with his eyes open to the truth of it ; and from that time he begins to be an enemy . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Anantarika - karma Shirk ( Islam ) Lincoln 's House Divided Speech Which also references the episode in Matthew Chapter 12 and Mark Chapter 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-the-sin-of-presumption Jump up ^ https://forums.catholic.com/t/the-six-sins-against-the-holy-spirit/217844/2 Jump up ^ `` What are sins that cry to heaven for vengeance and sins against the Holy Spirit ? Catholic Answers '' . Catholic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , para. 1864 Jump up ^ Forget , Jacques . `` Holy Ghost . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 7 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 28 Sept. 2017 < http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07409a.htm > Jump up ^ Forget , Jacques . `` Holy Ghost . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 7 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 28 Sept. 2017 < http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07409a.htm > Jump up ^ `` What are sins that cry to heaven for vengeance and sins against the Holy Spirit ? Catholic Answers '' . Catholic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Summa Theologiae. II / II 14 II Jump up ^ Peter Lombard , Sent . ii . D43 / 2 Jump up ^ It must be mentioned in this place that the death - bed prayer of repentance is a meritorious act . Jump up ^ Repentance itself need not be perfect repentance , i.e. as long as there is sorrow for the sin from love , or in the Sacrament of Penance fear , of God , and some will however weak to avoid grave sin and its nearest opportunities furtheron , there can be repentance : and it is better to repent from a sin and do it again , waiting maybe for a better time for another completer repentance , than not to repent from it at all until a perfect time in order to certainly never sin afterwards . Jump up ^ S. th. II / II 14 III Jump up ^ ( This is also the Lutheran doctrine . See `` The Defense of the Augsburg Confession , '' Article XI , Of Confession , paragraph 59 , and Article XIII , Of the Number and Use of the Sacraments , paragraphs 4 & 5 . ) Roman Catechism I , 11 , 5 . Jump up ^ Cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , § 982 ; cf . Mt 18 : 21 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` James Akin '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What about Matthew 12 : 31 - 32 , which says that anyone who speaks against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven ? Catholic Answers '' . Catholic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Library : The Unforgiven Sin '' . Catholic Culture . 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dominum et vivificantem ( 18 May 1986 ) John Paul II '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion Book III Chapter III Section 22 ( Translated by Henry Beveridge . ) ^ Jump up to : Combs , William W ( 2004 ) . The Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal 9 ( Fall 2004 ) Jump up ^ Burton - Edwards , Taylor ( 2012 ) . `` Do United Methodists believe `` once saved , always saved '' or can we `` lose our salvation '' ? `` . The United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Wesley notes that the penalty of eternal separation from God with no hope of return applies in scripture only in two cases -- either , as in Hebrews 6 and 10 , to persons who willfully , publically ( sic ) and explicitly reject Jesus as Savior after having confessed him , or , as in the gospels , to those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit by declaring that the works of Jesus were the works of the Evil one . Jump up ^ `` Is there any sin that God ca n't forgive ? '' . Billygraham.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Unpardonable Sin '' . Cbn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The King Follett Sermon '' , Ensign , May 1971 External links ( edit ) CCEF Counseling article What is the Unforgivable Sin ? by Jeremy Myers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_sin&oldid=826571185 '' Categories : Biblical phrases Bible - related controversies Christian hamartiology Christian terminology Holy Spirit Blasphemy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Hrvatski Lietuvių Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in the bible what is the unforgivable sin	[ "In Christian hamartiology, eternal sins, unforgivable sins, or unpardonable sins are sins which will not be forgiven by God. One eternal or unforgivable sin is specified in several passages of the Synoptic Gospels. Mark 3:28-29, Matthew 12:31-32, and Luke 12:10 state that there is one sin considered eternal and that is \"blasphemy against the Holy Spirit\"." ]	[ "blasphemy against the Holy Spirit" ]
725208646165117130	Era of Good Feelings	Era of good Feelings - wikipedia Era of good Feelings Jump to : navigation , search Era of Good Feelings 1816 -- 1825 Independence Day Celebration in Centre Square by John Lewis Krimmel , 1819 Preceded by Jeffersonian era Followed by Jacksonian era The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812 . The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic - Republican Party during the First Party System . President James Monroe strove to downplay partisan affiliation in making his nominations , with the ultimate goal of national unity and eliminating parties altogether from national politics . The period is so closely associated with Monroe 's presidency ( 1817 -- 1825 ) and his administrative goals that his name and the era are virtually synonymous . The designation of the period by historians as one of good feelings is often conveyed with irony or skepticism , as the history of the era was one in which the political atmosphere was strained and divisive , especially among factions within the Monroe administration and the Republican Party . The phrase Era of Good Feelings was coined by Benjamin Russell , in the Boston Federalist newspaper , Columbian Centinel , on July 12 , 1817 , following Monroe 's visit to Boston , Massachusetts , as part of his good - will tour of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Post-war nationalism 2 Monroe and political parties 3 The Great Goodwill Tour and national embrace of republicanism 4 Failure of amalgamation and rise of the Old Republicans 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Cited in footnotes 6.2 Further reading 6.3 Primary sources Post-war Nationalism ( edit ) ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS During the late Presidential Jubilee many persons Have met at festive boards , in pleasant conversation , Centinel , July 12 , 1817 , introducing the term `` Era of Good Feelings '' The Era of Good Feelings started in 1815 in the mood of victory that swept the nation at the end of the War of 1812 . Exultation replaced the bitter political divisions between Federalists and Republicans , the North and South , and the East Coast cities and settlers on the American frontier . The political hostilities declined because the Federalist Party had largely dissolved after the fiasco of the Hartford Convention in 1814 -- 15 . As a party , Federalists `` had collapsed as a national political force '' . The Democratic - Republican Party was nominally dominant , but in practice it was inactive at the national level and in most states . The era saw a trend toward nationalization that envisioned `` a permanent federal role in the crucial arena of national development and national prosperity '' . Monroe 's predecessor , President James Madison , and the Republican Party , had come to appreciate -- through the crucible of war -- the expediency of Federalist institutions and projects , and prepared to legislate them under the auspices of John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay 's American System . Madison announced this shift in policy with his Seventh Annual Message to Congress in December 1815 , subsequently authorizing measures for a national bank and a protective tariff on manufactures . Vetoing the Bonus Bill on strict constructionist grounds , Madison nevertheless was determined , as had been his predecessor , Thomas Jefferson , to see internal improvements implemented with an amendment to the US Constitution . Writing to Monroe , in 1817 , Madison declared that `` there has never been a moment when such a proposition to the states was so likely to be approved '' . The emergence of `` new Republicans '' -- undismayed by mild nationalist policies -- anticipated Monroe 's `` era of good feelings '' and a general mood of optimism emerged with hopes for political reconciliation . Monroe 's landslide victory against Federalist Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election was so widely predicted that voter turnout was low . A spirit of reconciliation between Republicans and Federalists was well underway when Monroe assumed office in March 1817 . Monroe and political parties ( edit ) President James Monroe , portrait by John Vanderlyn , 1816 As president , James Monroe was widely expected to facilitate a rapprochement of the political parties in order to harmonize the country in a common national outlook , rather than party interests . Both parties exhorted him to include a Federalist in his cabinet to symbolize the new era of `` oneness '' that pervaded the nation . Monroe approached these developments with great caution and deliberation . As president - elect , he carefully crafted the stance he would assume towards the declining Federalists in a letter to General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee in December 1816 . First , Monroe reaffirmed his conviction -- an `` anti-Federalist '' article of faith -- that the Federalist Party was committed to installing a monarch and overthrowing republican forms of government at the first opportunity . To appoint a member of such a party to a top executive position , Monroe reasoned , would only serve to prolong the inevitable decline and fall of the opposition . Monroe made absolutely clear in this document that his administration would never allow itself to become tainted with Federalist ideology . Secondly , he was loath to arouse jealousies within his own party by appearing to accommodate any Federalist , at the expense of a Republican . This would only serve to create factions and a revival of party identity . And third , Monroe sought to merge former Federalists with Republicans as a prelude to eliminating party associations altogether from national politics , including his own Republican party . All political parties , wrote Monroe , were by their very nature , incompatible with free government . Ideally , the business of governing was best conducted by disinterested statesmen , acting exclusively in the national interest -- not on behalf of sectional interests or personal ambition . This was `` amalgamation '' -- the supposed end of party warfare and the beginning of the `` politics of consensus '' . His policy echoed the arguments put forth by President George Washington in his farewell address in 1796 and his warnings against political `` factions '' . The method Monroe employed to deflate the Federalist Party was through neglect : they were denied all political patronage , administrative appointments and federal support of any kind . Monroe pursued this policy dispassionately and without any desire to persecute the Federalists : his purpose was simply to extirpate them from positions of political power , both Federal and State , especially in its New England strongholds . He understood that any expression of official approval would only encourage hope for a Federalist revival , and this he could not abide . In his public pronouncements , Monroe was careful to avoid any comments that could be interpreted as politically partisan . Not only did he never attack the Federalist party , he made no direct reference to them in his speeches whatsoever : officially , they ceased to exist . In his private encounters with Federalists , he made favorable impressions , committing himself to nothing , yet eliciting good feelings , and reassuring them that his policies would be generous , as he proceeded quietly with a program of `` de-Federalization '' . So thoroughly had Monroe reduced party politics that he essentially ran unopposed in the 1820 presidential election . The Federalists ran no candidate to oppose him , running only a vice-presidential candidate , Richard Stockton . Monroe and his vice president Daniel D. Tompkins would have won reelection unanimously through the electoral college , had there not been a handful of faithless electors ; one presidential elector cast his vote for John Quincy Adams , while a handful of electors ( mostly former Federalists ) cast votes for a number of Federalist candidates for Vice President . It would be the last presidential election in which a candidate would run essentially unopposed . The great goodwill tour and national embrace of republicanism ( edit ) The most perfect expression of the Era of Good Feelings was Monroe 's country - wide good - will tour in 1817 and 1819 . His visits to New England and to the Federalist stronghold of Boston , Massachusetts , in particular , were the most significant of the tour . Here , the descriptive phrase `` Era of Good Feelings '' was bestowed by a local Federalist journal . The President 's physical appearance , wardrobe and personal attributes were decisive in arousing good feelings on the tour . He donned a Revolutionary War officer 's uniform and tied his long powdered hair in a queue according to the old - fashioned style of the 18th century . `` Tall , rawboned , venerable '' , he made an `` agreeable '' impression and had a good deal of charm and `` most men immediately liked him ... ( in ) manner he was rather formal , having an innate sense of dignity , which allowed no one to take liberties . Yet in spite of his formality , he had the unusual ability to put men at their ease by his courtesy , lack of condescension , his frankness , and what his contemporaries looked upon as the essential goodness and kindness of heart which he always radiated . '' Monroe 's visit to Boston elicited a huge outpouring of nationalist pride and expressions of reconciliation . New England Federalists were especially eager to demonstrate their loyalty after the debacle of the Hartford Convention . Amidst the festivities -- banquets , parades , receptions -- many took the opportunity to make the most `` explicit and solemn declarations '' to remove , as Monroe wrote afterwards , `` impressions of that kind , which they knew existed , and to get back into the great family of the union '' . Abigail Adams dubbed the catharsis an `` expiation . '' Here , in the heart of Federalist territory , Monroe gained the primary goal of his tour ; in effect , permitting `` the Federalists by solemn public demonstrations to reaffirm their loyalty to the government and their acceptance of Republican control '' . Even in this atmosphere of contrition , Monroe was assiduous in avoiding any remarks or expressions that might chasten or humiliate his hosts . He presented himself strictly as the head of state , and not as the leader of a triumphant political party . In the ensuing years the New England states capitulated , and all but Massachusetts was in Republican Party hands . De-Federalization was virtually complete by 1820 and the appointment of former Federalist Party members seemed in order ; however , Monroe feared a backlash even at this advanced stage in the process of amalgamation . Most anti-Federalist sentiments were political posturing , but Monroe was not so secure of support for his domestic and foreign programs and was concerned at the mounting hostilities over the upcoming presidential contest in 1824 , a purely intraparty affair . Monroe 's final reconciling with the Federalists was never consummated . Failure of amalgamation and rise of the old Republicans ( edit ) Monroe 's success in mitigating party rancor produced an appearance of political unity , with almost all Americans identifying themselves as Republicans . His nearly unanimous electoral victory for reelection in 1820 seemed to confirm this . Recognizing the danger of intraparty rivalries , Monroe attempted to include prospective presidential candidates and top political leaders in his administration . His cabinet comprised three of the political rivals who would vie for the presidency in 1824 : John Quincy Adams , John C. Calhoun and William H. Crawford . A fourth , Andrew Jackson , held high military appointments . Here , Monroe felt he could manage the factional disputes and arrange compromise on national politics within administration guidelines . His great disadvantage was that amalgamation deprived him of appealing to Republican `` solidarity '' that would have cleared the way for passage of his programs in Congress . `` From the moment that Monroe adopted as his guiding principle the maxim that he was head of a nation , not the leader of a party , he repudiated for all practical purposes the party unity '' that would have served to establish his policies . The result was a loss of party discipline . Absent was the universal adherence to the precepts of Jeffersonianism : state sovereignty , strict construction and stability of Southern institutions . Old Republican critics of the new nationalism , among them John Randolph of Roanoke , Virginia , had warned that the abandonment of the Jeffersonian scheme of Southern preeminence would provoke a sectional conflict , North and South , that would threaten the union . Former president James Madison had cautioned Monroe that in any free government , it was natural that party identity would take shape . The disastrous Panic of 1819 and the Supreme Court 's McCulloch v. Maryland reanimated the disputes over the supremacy of state sovereignty and federal power , between strict construction of the US Constitution and loose construction . The Missouri Crisis in 1820 made the explosive political conflict between slave and free soil open and explicit . Only through the adroit handling of the legislation by Speaker of the House Henry Clay was a settlement reached and disunion avoided . With the decline in political consensus , it became imperative to revive Jeffersonian principles on the basis of Southern exceptionalism . The agrarian alliance , North and South , would be revived to form Jacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the modern Democratic Party . The interlude of the Era of Good Feelings was at an end . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1971 , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2008 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , 1966 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 35 , Dangerfield , 1952 . Jump up ^ Remini , 2002 , p. 77 , Dangerfield , 1965 , pp. 32 , 35 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 35 , Unger , 2009 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Patricia L. Dooley , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Early Republic : Primary Documents on Events from 1799 to 1820 . Greenwood . pp. 298ff . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p . whom party politics had long severed . We recur with pleasure to all the circumstances which at - attended the demonstration of good feelings . The original passage from the Boston Columbia 95 . Jump up ^ James M. Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the origins of party politics in Massachusetts , 1789 - 1815 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2005 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Richard P. McCormick , The Second American Party System : Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era ( 1966 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Bursten and Esenberg , 2010 , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Remimi , 1981 , p. 27 , Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 5 , Reynolds , p. 9 , Wilentz , 2008 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , pp. 5 -- 6 , 20 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 19 , Ammon , 1971 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ McCormick , 1960 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Burns , 1981 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1971 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1965 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Unger , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ammon , 1958 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1971 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 217 , 219 . Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 22 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cited in footnotes ( edit ) Ammon , Harry . James Monroe : The Quest for National Identity . New York : McGraw - Hill , New York , 1971 . -- -- . `` James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , LXVI , No. 4 ( October 1958 ) , pp. 387 -- 398 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Brown , Richard H. `` The Missouri Crisis , Slavery , and the Politics of Jacksonianism . '' South Atlantic Quarterly , pp. 55 -- 72 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Burns , James M. The Vineyard of Liberty . New York : Knopf , 1982 . Burstein , Andrew and Isenberg , Nancy . Madison and Jefferson . New York : Random House , 2010 . Dangerfield , George . The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 - 1828 . New York : Harper & Row , 1965 . McCormick , Richard P. `` New Perspectives on Jacksonian Politics . '' American Historical Review , LXV ( January 1960 ) , pp. 288 -- 301 . Remini , Robert V ... John Quincy Adams . New York : Holt , 2002 . Reynolds , David S. Waking Giant : America in the Age of Jackson . New York : Harper Collins , 2008 . Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . The Age of Jackson . New York : Little , Brown , 1953 . Unger , Harlow G . The last founding father : James Monroe and a nation 's call to greatness . Cambridge ( Mass . ) : Da Capo Press , 2009 . Varon , Elizabeth R. Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 - 1859 . Chapel Hill ( N.C. ) : University of North Carolina Press , 2008 . Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . New York : Horton , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) George Dangerfield . The Era of Good Feelings ( 1952 ) . George Dangerfield . The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 -- 1828 ( 1965 ) . Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 ( 2008 ) . Unger , Harlow G . The last founding father : James Monroe and a nation 's call to greatness ( 2009 ) . Primary sources ( edit ) Patricia L. Dooley , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Early Republic : Primary Documents on Events from 1799 to 1820 . Greenwood . p. 298ff . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) text of Benjamin Russell editorial President Madison 's Veto Message , March 3 , 1817 President Monroe 's Veto Message , May 4 , 1822 President Monroe 's Views of the President of the United States on the Subject of Internal Improvements , May 4 , 1822 . History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal ( hide ) James Monroe 5th President of the United States ( 1817 -- 1825 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) United States Secretary of War ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Governor of Virginia ( 1799 -- 1802 , 1811 ) United States Minister to the United Kingdom ( 1803 -- 1808 ) United States Minister to France ( 1794 -- 1796 ) United States Senator from Virginia ( 1790 -- 1794 ) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia ( 1783 -- 1786 ) Founding events Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address , 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Life Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office , Museum , and Memorial Library Ash Lawn -- Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Elections U.S. Senate election , 1790 1792 Governor of Virginia election , 1799 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1816 1820 Legacy and popular culture Monrovia , capital of Liberia List of places named for James Monroe Monroe , Michigan Monroe , Georgia Monroe County , Kentucky Monroe County , New York Monroe Township , New Jersey Monroe Hill ( 2015 film ) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Related Virginia Dynasty Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society Family Elizabeth Kortright ( wife ) George Hay ( son - in - law ) Samuel L. Gouverneur ( son - in - law ) Spence Monroe ( father ) Elizabeth Jones ( mother ) ← James Madison John Quincy Adams → Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts US Presidency Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Era_of_Good_Feelings&oldid=812659506 '' Categories : Eras of United States history History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Presidency of James Monroe Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català 한국어 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 03 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the era of good feelings end	[ "\nEra of Good Feelings\n\n1816–1825\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndependence Day Celebration in Centre Square by John Lewis Krimmel, 1819\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nJeffersonian era\n\n\nFollowed by\nJacksonian era\n\n" ]	[ "1825" ]
-2032368598006206685	Bible translations into Latin	Bible translations into Latin - wikipedia Bible translations into Latin The Bible translations into Latin are the versions used in the Western part of the former Roman Empire until the Reformation and still used , along with translations from Latin into the vernacular , in the Roman Catholic Church . Part of a page of a 9th - century Biblia Vulgata , British Library Add . Ms. 37777 Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Christian Latin translations 2 The Vetus Latina , `` Old Latin '' 3 The Biblia Vulgata , `` Common Bible '' 4 Metrical translations of the Psalms 1500 -- 1620 5 Modern Latin versions 6 Neo-Vulgate 7 Comparison of John 3 : 16 in different Latin versions 8 References 9 Bibliography Pre-Christian Latin translations ( edit ) The large Jewish diaspora in the Second Temple period made use of vernacular translations of the Hebrew Bible ; including the Aramaic Targum and Greek Septuagint . Though there is no certain evidence of a pre-Christian Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible , some scholars have suggested that Jewish congregations in Rome and the Western part of the Roman Empire may have used Latin translations of fragments of the Hebrew Bible . The Vetus Latina , `` Old Latin '' ( edit ) Main article : Vetus Latina The earliest known translations into Latin consist of a number of piecework translations during the early Church period . Collectively , these versions are known as the Vetus Latina and closely follow the Greek Septuagint . The Septuagint was the usual source for these anonymous translators , and they reproduce its variations from the Hebrew Masoretic Text . They were never rendered independently from the Hebrew or Greek ; they vary widely in readability and quality , and contain many solecisms in idiom , some by the translators themselves , others from literally translating Greek language idioms into Latin . The Biblia Vulgata , `` common Bible '' ( edit ) Main article : Vulgate Earlier translations were made mainly obsolete by St. Jerome 's Vulgate version of the Bible . Jerome knew Hebrew , and revised and unified the Latin Bibles of the time to bring them into conformity with the Hebrew as he understood it . The liturgical Psalms , however , are often taken from the older Latin bibles . As discussed in the Vulgate article , there are several different editions of the Vulgate , including the Clementine Vulgate ( 1592 ) , and two major modern revisions ; the Stuttgart Vulgate ( 1969 ) , and the Nova Vulgata ( NT 1971 , OT 1979 ) . These represent various attempts to either revise or modernise the Vulgate , or to recover Jerome 's original text . Apart from full Old Testaments , there are more versions of the Psalms only , three of them by Jerome , one from the Greek Vulgate , one from the Hexapla , and one from the Hebrew : These are the Versio Romana `` Roman version '' , Versio Gallicana `` Gallican version '' ( the standard ) , Versio juxta Hebraicum Jerome 's Hebrew - based psalter , respectively . Other versions include the Versio ambrosiana `` version of Saint Ambrose , '' Versio Piana `` version of Pius XII , '' and so on . See the main Vulgate article for a comparison of Psalm 94 . Metrical translations of the psalms 1500 -- 1620 ( edit ) Metrical Latin Bible translations are primarily Psalm paraphrases , or paraphrases of Song of Songs , Lamentations , in Latin verse which appeared in the 16th century , then abruptly disappeared . Modern Latin versions ( edit ) In 1527 , Xanthus Pagninus produced his Veteris et Novi Testamenti nova translatio , notable for its literal rendering of the Hebrew . This version was also the first to introduce verse numbers in the New Testament , although the system used here did not become widely adopted ; the system used in Robertus Stephanus 's Vulgate would later become the standard for dividing the New Testament . In the Protestant Reformation , several new Latin translations were produced : Sebastian Münster produced a new Latin version of the Old Testament , and gave an impetus to Old Testament study at the time . Theodore Beza prepared a Latin translation for his new edition of the Greek New Testament . Sebastian Castellio produced an unusual version in elegant Ciceronian Latin . Immanuel Tremellius , together with Franciscus Junius ( the elder ) , published a Latin version of the Old Testament ( complete with the deuterocanonical books ) , which became famous among Protestants . Later editions of their version were accompanied by the Latin version of the Greek New Testament by Beza , and influenced the KJV translators . Sebastian Schmidt ( 1617 -- 1696 ) a Lutheran theologian and Bible translator . Published the Biblia Sacra sive Testamentum Vetus et Novum ex linguis originalibus in linguam Latinam translatum , in Strasbourg ( Argentina ) in 1696 . Neo-vulgate ( edit ) Main article : Vulgate § Nova Vulgata In 1907 Pope Pius X proposed that the Latin text of Saint Jerome be recovered using the principles of Textual criticism as a basis for a new official translation of the Bible into Latin . This revision ultimately led to the Nova Vulgata issued by Pope John Paul II in 1978 . This final revision was intended to be a correction to the Vulgate based on the critical Greek and Hebrew edition , while retaining as much as possible of the Vulgate 's language . Comparison of John 3 : 16 in different Latin versions ( edit ) Translation John 3 : 16 Vulgate Sic enim dilexit Deus mundum , ut Filium suum unigenitum daret , ut omnis qui credit in eum non pereat , sed habeat vitam æternam . Theodore Beza Ita enim Deus dilexit mundum , ut Filium suum unigenitum illum dederit , ut quisquis credit in eum , non pereat , sed habeat vitam æternam . Sebastian Castellio Sic enim amavit Deus mundum , ut filium suum unicum dederit , ut quisquis ei fidem habeat , non pereat , sed vitam obtineat sempiternam . Neo-Vulgate Sic enim dilexit Deus mundum , ut Filium suum unigenitum daret , ut omnis , qui credit in eum , non pereat , sed habeat vitam aeternam . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael E. Stone The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud : ( 2006 ) chapter 9 ( `` The Latin Translations '' ) by Benjamin Kedar `` Traces of Jewish Traditions - Since all indications point to the fact that the OL is not the product of a single effort , the question arises whether strands of pristine translations , or at least early interpretative traditions can be detected in it ... A priori one may feel entitled to presume that Jewish Bible translations into Latin existed in relatively early times . It had been the custom of the Jews before the period under review to translate biblical books into their vernacular ; such translations , sometimes made orally but frequently also written down , were needed for public reading in the synagogue and for the instruction of the young . Indeed , a number of scholars are inclined to believe that the OL has at its base pre-Christian translations made from the Hebrew . The proofs they adduce are , however , far from conclusive . Isolated linguistic or exegetic points of contact with Jewish idioms or targumic renderings do not necessarily prove a direct connection between the ol , or its early sections , and Jewish traditions . '' Jump up ^ Helmut Köster Introduction to the New Testament 2 2000 p34 `` An early witness for the African text of the Vetus Latina is Codex Palatinus 1 1 85 ( siglum `` e '' ) from the 5th century , a gospel codex with readings closely related to the quotations in Cyprian and Augustine . '' Jump up ^ Gaertner , JA ( 1956 ) , `` Latin verse translations of the psalms 1500 -- 1620 '' , Harvard Theological Review , 49 . Includes list : Latin metrical translations of books of the Bible other than the psalms by author and year of f1rst edition ( 1494 -- 1621 ) ; Jump up ^ Gaertner , J. A Latin verse translations of the psalms 1500 - 1620 . Harvard Theological Review 49 1956 . `` A good example of such a buried and forgotten literary genre is offered by the multitude of metrical Bible translations into Latin that appeared during the : 6th century and after a hundred years ceased to exist as abruptly as it had ... '' Jump up ^ Grant , WL Neo-Latin verse translations of the Bible . Harvard Theological Review 52 1959 Jump up ^ Hugues Vaganay , Les Traductions du psautier en vers latins au XVie siecle , Freiburg , 1898 Jump up ^ Ed . S.L. Greenslade The Cambridge History of the Bible , Volume 3 : The West from the Reformation to the Present Day 1975 p. 70 `` The hebraist Sebastian Münster of Basle departed from the extreme literalism of Pagnini in his own Latin version of the Old Testament : he left aside the New Testament . While it ' did not depart by a nail 's breadth from the Hebrew verity ' , this version was written in better Latin : it accompanied the Hebrew text of Münster referred to above . It appeared in 1535 in two folio volumes and was reprinted in quarto size in 1539 accompanied by the Complutensian version of the Apocrypha and by Erasmus 's Latin New Testament , and then again in its original form in 1546 . This version gave an impetus to Old Testament study similar to that which Erasmus had given to the study of the New Testament ... '' Jump up ^ Ed . S.L. Greenslade The Cambridge History of the Bible , Volume 3 : The West from the Reformation to the Present Day 1975 p. 62 `` Calvin 's successor at Geneva , Théodore de Bèze ( Beza ) , was the editor of the next important edition of the Greek New Testament , which appeared in 1565 ( his own Latin version had been printed in 1557 ) and went through many editions in folio and octavo , accompanied in the larger size by his own Latin version ; the Vulgate and full annotations are included . '' Jump up ^ Ed . S.L. Greenslade The Cambridge History of the Bible , Volume 3 : The West from the Reformation to the Present Day 1975 p. 71 - 72 Jump up ^ Ed . S.L. Greenslade The Cambridge History of the Bible , Volume 3 : The West from the Reformation to the Present Day 1975 p. 72 Jump up ^ Ed . S.L. Greenslade The Cambridge History of the Bible , Volume 3 : The West from the Reformation to the Present Day 1975 p. 167 `` The latter , to which they probably resorted more than to any other single book , contained ( in the later editions which they used ) Tremellius 's Latin version of the Hebrew Old Testament with a commentary , Junius 's Latin of the Apocrypha , Tremellius 's Latin of the Syriac New Testament and Beza 's Latin of the Greek New Testament . '' Jump up ^ Vulgate , Revision of , Catholic Encyclopedia article . Jump up ^ Novum Testamentum Latine , 1984 , `` Praefatio in editionem primam '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_Latin&oldid=839436315 '' Categories : Bible translations by language Latin - language literature Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 12 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the bible first written in latin	[ "The earliest known translations into Latin consist of a number of piecework translations during the early Church period. Collectively, these versions are known as the Vetus Latina and closely follow the Greek Septuagint. The Septuagint was the usual source for these anonymous translators, and they reproduce its variations from the Hebrew Masoretic Text. They were never rendered independently from the Hebrew or Greek; they vary widely in readability and quality, and contain many solecisms in idiom, some by the translators themselves, others from literally translating Greek language idioms into Latin.[2]\n" ]	[ "during the early Church period" ]
-263880102590887847	Premier League Player of the Month	Premier League Player of the Month - wikipedia Premier League Player of the Month Jump to : navigation , search The Player of the Month is an association football award that recognises the best Premier League player each month of the season . The recipient is chosen by a panel assembled by the League 's sponsor , and announced alongside the Manager of the Month on the first or second Friday of the following month . It has been called the Carling Premiership Player of the Month ( 1994 -- 2001 ) , the Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month ( 2001 -- 2004 ) , Barclays Player of the Month ( 2004 -- 2016 ) , and presently it is the EA SPORTS Player of the Month . The Premier League was formed in 1992 , when the members of the First Division resigned from The Football League . These clubs then set up a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The inaugural season had no sponsor until Carling agreed to a four - year deal for £ 12 million that started the following season . Carling introduced new Manager of the Month and Manager of the Season awards for the 1993 -- 94 season , supplementing the existing Football Writers ' Association and Professional Footballers ' Association Player of the Year awards . For the 1994 -- 95 season they introduced the Player of the Month award , which was first awarded to Jürgen Klinsmann for his performances in his team in August 1994 . Steven Gerrard and Harry Kane have been Player of the Month the most with six awards . Five players have won the award in consecutive months ; Robbie Fowler ( 1995 -- 96 ) , Dennis Bergkamp ( 1997 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2006 ) , ( 2015 ) and Jamie Vardy ( 2015 ) . 12 individuals have won two awards in a season : Harry Kane , Ryan Giggs , Ruud van Nistelrooy , Thierry Henry , Wayne Rooney , Peter Odemwingie , Robin van Persie , Daniel Sturridge , Luis Suárez , Jamie Vardy , Sergio Agüero , Son Heung - min and Ashley Young . Young and Kane are the only players to win the award three times in a calendar year . Robbie Keane has won the award while playing for three different clubs ( Coventry City , Leeds United and Tottenham Hotspur ) . Nine other players have won the award playing for two different clubs . The award has been shared on six occasions : by Blackburn Rovers 's Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton in November 1994 , Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler and Stan Collymore in January 1996 , Southampton 's Kevin Davies and Manchester United 's Andy Cole in November 1997 , Arsenal 's Dennis Bergkamp and Edu in February 2004 , Tottenham Hotspur strikers Dimitar Berbatov and Robbie Keane in April 2007 and Liverpool duo Steven Gerrard and Luis Suárez in April 2014 . Almost half of the Player of the Month awards have gone to English players , and the majority of foreign winners have been French or Dutch . Manchester United have had more Player of the Month awards than any other club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Multiple winners 3 Awards won by position 4 Awards won by nationality 5 Awards won by club 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Winners ( edit ) As of 16 February 2018 Contents 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Key Award was shared with another player GK Goalkeeper DF Defender MF Midfielder FW Forward Harry Kane holds the joint - record for the most Player of the Month Awards , at six . Steven Gerrard holds the joint - record for the most Player of the Month Awards , at six . Wayne Rooney and Robin van Persie have received five Player of the Month awards . Jürgen Klinsmann , who won the first Player of the Month award in August 1994 Month Year Nationality Player Team Position Ref 5 ! August 1994.5 1994 Germany Klinsmann , Jürgen Jürgen Klinsmann Tottenham Hotspur FW 6 ! September 1994.6 1994 England Lee , Rob Rob Lee Newcastle United E ! MF 7 ! October 1994.7 1994 England Ince , Paul Paul Ince Manchester United E ! MF 8 ! November 1994.8 1994 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer † Blackburn Rovers FW 8 ! November 1994.8 1994 England Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton † Blackburn Rovers FW 9 ! December 1994.9 1994 England Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton E ! MF 1 ! January 1995.1 1995 England Waddle , Chris Chris Waddle Sheffield Wednesday E ! MF 2 ! February 1995.2 1995 Scotland Ferguson , Duncan Duncan Ferguson Everton FW 3 ! March 1995.3 1995 Ghana Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Leeds United FW 4 ! April 1995.4 1995 England Seaman , David David Seaman Arsenal A ! GK 5 ! August 1995.5 1995 France Ginola , David David Ginola Newcastle United E ! MF 6 ! September 1995.6 1995 Ghana Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Leeds United FW 7 ! October 1995.7 1995 England Sinclair , Trevor Trevor Sinclair Queens Park Rangers E ! MF 8 ! November 1995.8 1995 England Lee , Rob Rob Lee Newcastle United E ! MF 9 ! December 1995.9 1995 England Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool FW 1 ! January 1996.1 1996 England Collymore , Stan Stan Collymore † Liverpool FW 1 ! January 1996.1 1996 England Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler † Liverpool FW 2 ! February 1996.2 1996 Trinidad and Tobago Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa FW 3 ! March 1996.3 1996 France Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona Manchester United FW 4 ! April 1996.4 1996 Russia Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis Everton E ! MF 5 ! August 1996.5 1996 England Beckham , David David Beckham Manchester United E ! MF 6 ! September 1996.6 1996 Czech Republic Berger , Patrik Patrik Berger Liverpool E ! MF 7 ! October 1996.7 1996 England Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton E ! MF 8 ! November 1996.8 1996 England Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal FW 9 ! December 1996.9 1996 Italy Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola Chelsea FW 1 ! January 1997.1 1997 England Flowers , Tim Tim Flowers Blackburn Rovers A ! GK 2 ! February 1997.2 1997 Jamaica Earle , Robbie Robbie Earle Wimbledon E ! MF 3 ! March 1997.3 1997 Brazil Juninho Paulista , Juninho Paulista Middlesbrough E ! MF 4 ! April 1997.4 1997 Ireland Evans , Mickey Mickey Evans Southampton FW 5 ! August 1997.5 1997 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FW 5 ! September 1997.6 1997 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FW 7 ! October 1997.7 1997 Costa Rica Wanchope , Paulo Paulo Wanchope Derby County FW 8 ! November 1997.8 1997 England Cole , Andy Andy Cole † Manchester United FW 8 ! November 1997.8 1997 England Davies , Kevin Kevin Davies † Southampton FW 9 ! December 1997.9 1997 England McManaman , Steve Steve McManaman Liverpool E ! MF 1 ! January 1998.1 1998 England Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Coventry City FW 2 ! February 1998.2 1998 England Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton Blackburn Rovers FW 3 ! March 1998.3 1998 Austria Manninger , Alex Alex Manninger Arsenal A ! GK 4 ! April 1998.4 1998 France Petit , Emmanuel Emmanuel Petit Arsenal E ! MF 5 ! August 1998.5 1998 England Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool FW 6 ! September 1998.6 1998 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United FW 7 ! October 1998.7 1998 Ireland Keane , Roy Roy Keane Manchester United E ! MF 8 ! November 1998.8 1998 England Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Aston Villa FW 9 ! December 1998.9 1998 France Ginola , David David Ginola Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 1 ! January 1999.1 1999 Trinidad and Tobago Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Manchester United FW 2 ! February 1999.2 1999 France Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal FW 3 ! March 1999.3 1999 England Parlour , Ray Ray Parlour Arsenal E ! MF 4 ! April 1999.4 1999 England Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell Everton FW 5 ! August 1999.5 1999 Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City FW 6 ! September 1999.6 1999 Turkey Izzet , Muzzy Muzzy Izzet Leicester City E ! MF 7 ! October 1999.7 1999 England Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips Sunderland FW 8 ! November 1999.8 1999 Finland Hyypiä , Sami Sami Hyypiä Liverpool DF 9 ! December 1999.9 1999 Ireland Keane , Roy Roy Keane Manchester United E ! MF 1 ! January 2000.1 2000 England Southgate , Gareth Gareth Southgate Aston Villa DF 2 ! February 2000.2 2000 England Merson , Paul Paul Merson Aston Villa E ! MF 3 ! March 2000.3 2000 Trinidad and Tobago Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Manchester United FW 4 ! April 2000.4 2000 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 5 ! August 2000.5 2000 England Smith , Alan Alan Smith Leeds United FW 6 ! September 2000.6 2000 England Flowers , Tim Tim Flowers Leicester City A ! GK 7 ! October 2000.7 2000 England Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Manchester United FW 8 ! November 2000.8 2000 England Robinson , Paul Paul Robinson Leeds United A ! GK 9 ! December 2000.9 2000 England Beattie , James James Beattie Southampton FW 1 ! January 2001.1 2001 Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Leeds United FW 2 ! February 2001.2 2001 England Pearce , Stuart Stuart Pearce West Ham United DF 3 ! March 2001.3 2001 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 4 ! April 2001.4 2001 Scotland McAllister , Gary Gary McAllister Liverpool E ! MF 5 ! August 2001.5 2001 France Saha , Louis Louis Saha Fulham FW 6 ! September 2001.6 2001 Argentina Verón , Juan Sebastián Juan Sebastián Verón Manchester United E ! MF 7 ! October 2001.7 2001 England Ferdinand , Rio Rio Ferdinand Leeds United DF 8 ! November 2001.8 2001 England Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy Liverpool E ! MF 9 ! December 2001.9 2001 Netherlands van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FW 1 ! January 2002.1 2002 England Bent , Marcus Marcus Bent Ipswich Town FW 2 ! February 2002.2 2002 Netherlands van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FW 3 ! March 2002.3 2002 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FW 4 ! April 2002.4 2002 Sweden Ljungberg , Fredrik Fredrik Ljungberg Arsenal E ! MF 5 ! August 2002.5 2002 France Wiltord , Sylvain Sylvain Wiltord Arsenal FW 6 ! September 2002.6 2002 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 7 ! October 2002.7 2002 Italy Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola Chelsea FW 8 ! November 2002.8 2002 England Beattie , James James Beattie Southampton FW 9 ! December 2002.9 2002 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United FW 1 ! January 2003.1 2003 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 2 ! February 2003.2 2003 France Pirès , Robert Robert Pirès Arsenal E ! MF 3 ! March 2003.3 2003 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 4 ! April 2003.4 2003 Netherlands van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FW 5 ! August 2003.5 2003 England Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Portsmouth FW 6 ! September 2003.6 2003 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 7 ! October 2003.7 2003 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United FW 8 ! November 2003.8 2003 Nigeria Okocha , Jay - Jay Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers E ! MF 9 ! December 2003.9 2003 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 1 ! January 2004.1 2004 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 2 ! February 2004.2 2004 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp † Arsenal FW 2 ! February 2004.2 2004 Brazil Edu , Edu † Arsenal E ! MF 3 ! March 2004.3 2004 Finland Forssell , Mikael Mikael Forssell Birmingham City FW 4 ! April 2004.4 2004 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 5 ! August 2004.5 2004 Spain Reyes , José Antonio José Antonio Reyes Arsenal FW 6 ! September 2004.6 2004 England King , Ledley Ledley King Tottenham Hotspur DF 7 ! October 2004.7 2004 England Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson Crystal Palace FW 8 ! November 2004.8 2004 Netherlands Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Chelsea E ! MF 9 ! December 2004.9 2004 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 1 ! January 2005.1 2005 England Terry , John John Terry Chelsea DF 2 ! February 2005.2 2005 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 3 ! March 2005.3 2005 England Cole , Joe Joe Cole Chelsea E ! MF 4 ! April 2005.4 2005 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 5 ! August 2005.5 2005 England Bent , Darren Darren Bent Charlton Athletic FW 6 ! September 2005.6 2005 England Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy Charlton Athletic E ! MF 7 ! October 2005.7 2005 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 8 ! November 2005.8 2005 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FW 9 ! December 2005.9 2005 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 1 ! January 2006.1 2006 England Ferdinand , Anton Anton Ferdinand West Ham United DF 2 ! February 2006.2 2006 England Nolan , Kevin Kevin Nolan Bolton Wanderers E ! MF 3 ! March 2006.3 2006 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 4 ! April 2006.4 2006 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 5 ! August 2006.5 2006 Wales Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United E ! MF 6 ! September 2006.6 2006 England Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson Everton FW 7 ! October 2006.7 2006 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 8 ! November 2006.8 2006 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 9 ! December 2006.9 2006 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 1 ! January 2007.1 2007 Spain Fabregas , Cesc Cesc Fàbregas Arsenal E ! MF 2 ! February 2007.2 2007 Wales Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United E ! MF 3 ! March 2007.3 2007 Czech Republic Cech , Petr Petr Čech Chelsea A ! GK 4 ! April 2007.4 2007 Bulgaria Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov † Tottenham Hotspur FW 4 ! April 2007.4 2007 Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane † Tottenham Hotspur FW 5 ! August 2007.5 2007 England Richards , Micah Micah Richards Manchester City DF 6 ! September 2007.6 2007 Spain Fabregas , Cesc Cesc Fàbregas Arsenal E ! MF 7 ! October 2007.7 2007 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 8 ! November 2007.8 2007 England Agbonlahor , Gabriel Gabriel Agbonlahor Aston Villa FW 9 ! December 2007.9 2007 Paraguay Santa Cruz , Roque Roque Santa Cruz Blackburn Rovers FW 1 ! January 2008.1 2008 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 2 ! February 2008.2 2008 Spain Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Liverpool FW 3 ! March 2008.3 2008 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 4 ! April 2008.4 2008 England Young , Ashley Ashley Young Aston Villa E ! MF 5 ! August 2008.5 2008 Portugal Deco , Deco Chelsea E ! MF 6 ! September 2008.6 2008 England Young , Ashley Ashley Young Aston Villa E ! MF 7 ! October 2008.7 2008 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 8 ! November 2008.8 2008 France Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Chelsea FW 9 ! December 2008.9 2008 England Young , Ashley Ashley Young Aston Villa E ! MF 1 ! January 2009.1 2009 Serbia Vidić , Nemanja Nemanja Vidić Manchester United DF 2 ! February 2009.2 2009 England Jagielka , Phil Phil Jagielka Everton DF 3 ! March 2009.3 2009 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 4 ! April 2009.4 2009 Russia Arshavin , Andrei Andrei Arshavin Arsenal E ! MF 5 ! August 2009.5 2009 England Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe Tottenham Hotspur FW 6 ! September 2009.6 2009 Spain Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Liverpool FW 7 ! October 2009.7 2009 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FW 8 ! November 2009.8 2009 England Bullard , Jimmy Jimmy Bullard Hull City E ! MF 9 ! December 2009.9 2009 Argentina Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Manchester City FW 1 ! January 2010.1 2010 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 2 ! February 2010.2 2010 Australia Schwarzer , Mark Mark Schwarzer Fulham A ! GK 3 ! March 2010.3 2010 France Malouda , Florent Florent Malouda Chelsea E ! MF 4 ! April 2010.4 2010 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur MF 5 ! August 2010.5 2010 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 6 ! September 2010.6 2010 Nigeria Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion FW 7 ! October 2010.7 2010 Netherlands van der Vaart , Rafael Rafael van der Vaart Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 8 ! November 2010.8 2010 Sweden Elmander , Johan Johan Elmander Bolton Wanderers FW 9 ! December 2010.9 2010 France Nasri , Samir Samir Nasri Arsenal E ! MF 1 ! January 2011.1 2011 Bulgaria Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Manchester United FW 2 ! February 2011.2 2011 England Parker , Scott Scott Parker West Ham United E ! MF 3 ! March 2011.3 2011 Brazil Luiz , David David Luiz Chelsea DF 4 ! April 2011.4 2011 Nigeria Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion FW 5 ! August 2011.5 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Manchester City FW 6 ! September 2011.6 2011 Spain Silva , David David Silva Manchester City E ! MF 7 ! October 2011.7 2011 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FW 8 ! November 2011.8 2011 England Parker , Scott Scott Parker Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 9 ! December 2011.9 2011 Senegal Ba , Demba Demba Ba Newcastle United FW 1 ! January 2012.1 2012 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 2 ! February 2012.2 2012 Nigeria Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion FW 3 ! March 2012.3 2012 Iceland Sigurðsson , Gylfi Gylfi Sigurðsson Swansea City E ! MF 4 ! April 2012.4 2012 Croatia Jelavić , Nikica Nikica Jelavić Everton FW 6 ! September 2012.6 2012 Scotland Fletcher , Steven Steven Fletcher Sunderland FW 6 ! October 2012.6 2012 Spain Mata , Juan Juan Mata Chelsea MF 8 ! November 2012.8 2012 Belgium Fellaini , Marouane Marouane Fellaini Everton MF 9 ! December 2012.9 2012 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Manchester United FW 1 ! January 2013.1 2013 England Fondre , Adam le Adam le Fondre Reading FW 2 ! February 2013.2 2013 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur MF 3 ! March 2013.3 2013 Belgium Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Tottenham Hotspur DF 4 ! April 2013.4 2013 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Manchester United FW 5 ! August 2013.5 2013 England Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge Liverpool FW 6 ! September 2013.6 2013 Wales Ramsey , Aaron Aaron Ramsey Arsenal MF 7 ! October 2013.7 2013 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW 8 ! November 2013.8 2013 Netherlands Krul , Tim Tim Krul Newcastle United GK 9 ! December 2013.9 2013 Uruguay Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Liverpool FW 1 ! January 2014.1 2014 England Johnson , Adam Adam Johnson Sunderland FW 2 ! February 2014.2 2014 England Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge Liverpool FW 3 ! March 2014.3 2014 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool MF 3 ! March 2014.3 2014 Uruguay Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Liverpool FW 4 ! April 2014.1 2014 England Wickham , Connor Connor Wickham Sunderland FW 8 ! August 2014.1 2014 Spain Costa , Diego Diego Costa Chelsea FW 9 ! September 2014.1 2014 Italy Pellè , Graziano Graziano Pellè Southampton FW 10 ! October 2014.1 2014 Senegal Sakho , Diafra Diafra Sakho West Ham United FW 11 ! November 2014.1 2014 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW 12 ! December 2014.2 2014 England Austin , Charlie Charlie Austin Queens Park Rangers FW 1 ! January 2014.2 2015 England Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW 2 ! February 2014.2 2015 England Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW 3 ! March 2014.2 2015 France Giroud , Olivier Olivier Giroud Arsenal FW 4 ! April 2014.2 2015 Belgium Benteke , Christian Christian Benteke Aston Villa FW 4 ! August 2014.2 2015 Ghana Ayew , André André Ayew Swansea City FW September 2015 France Anthony Martial Manchester United FW October 2015 England Jamie Vardy Leicester City FW November 2015 England Jamie Vardy Leicester City FW December 2015 Nigeria Odion Ighalo Watford FW January 2016 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW February 2016 England Fraser Forster Southampton GK March 2016 England Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW April 2016 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW August 2014.2 2016 England Raheem Sterling Manchester City MF September 2014.2 2016 South Korea Son Heung - min Tottenham Hotspur FW October 2014.2 2016 Belgium Eden Hazard Chelsea MF November 2014.2 2016 Spain Diego Costa Chelsea FW December 2014.2 2016 Sweden Zlatan Ibrahimović Manchester United FW January 2014.2 2017 England Dele Alli Tottenham Hotspur MF February 2014.2 2017 England Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW March 2014.3 2017 Belgium Romelu Lukaku Everton FW April 2014.2 2017 South Korea Son Heung - min Tottenham Hotspur FW August 2017 Senegal Sadio Mané Liverpool FW September 2017 England Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW October 2017 Germany Leroy Sané Manchester City MF November 2017 Egypt Mohamed Salah Liverpool FW December 2017 England Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW January 2018 Argentina Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW Multiple winners ( edit ) The below table lists those who have won on more than one occasion . As of 16 February 2018 Indicates current Premier League player Italics Indicates players still playing professional football Rank Player Wins Steven Gerrard 6 1st Harry Kane 3rd Wayne Rooney 5 Robin van Persie Sergio Agüero 6th Dennis Bergkamp Thierry Henry Frank Lampard Cristiano Ronaldo Alan Shearer Paul Scholes 12th Robbie Keane Peter Odemwingie Ruud van Nistelrooy Gareth Bale Dwight Yorke Ashley Young 18th Nicolas Anelka James Beattie Dimitar Berbatov Dion Dublin Cesc Fàbregas Diego Costa Tim Flowers Robbie Fowler Ryan Giggs David Ginola Andrew Johnson Roy Keane Matthew Le Tissier Rob Lee Danny Murphy Scott Parker Teddy Sheringham Daniel Sturridge Son Heung - min Luis Suárez Chris Sutton Fernando Torres Jamie Vardy Tony Yeboah Gianfranco Zola Awards won by position ( edit ) As of 16 February 2018 Position Wins Forward 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 Midfielder 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Defender 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Goalkeeper 9 Awards won by nationality ( edit ) As of 16 February 2018 French players have won the award on 17 occasions , the most of any foreign country . Thierry Henry won it four times Country Wins England 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 France 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Netherlands 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Spain 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Argentina 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ireland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Wales 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Belgium 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Nigeria 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Portugal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Brazil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Italy 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Scotland 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Sweden 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Trinidad and Tobago 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ghana 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Senegal 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bulgaria 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Czech Republic 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Russia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 South Korea 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Uruguay 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Australia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Austria 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Costa Rica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Croatia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Egypt 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Germany 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Iceland 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jamaica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Paraguay 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Serbia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Turkey 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Awards won by club ( edit ) As of 16 February 2018 On a record 34 occasions , the award has been given to Manchester United players , the first of whom was Paul Ince in October 1994 . Club Wins Manchester United 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Arsenal 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Liverpool 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Tottenham Hotspur 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Chelsea 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Manchester City 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Aston Villa 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Newcastle United 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Southampton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Everton 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Leeds United 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Blackburn Rovers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Sunderland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Leicester City 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 West Ham United 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Bolton Wanderers 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West Bromwich Albion 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Charlton Athletic 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Coventry City 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fulham 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Queens Park Rangers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Swansea City 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Birmingham City 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Crystal Palace 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Derby County 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Hull City 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ipswich Town 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Middlesbrough 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Portsmouth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Reading 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Sheffield Wednesday 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Wimbledon 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 See also ( edit ) Premier League Manager of the Month Football League Championship Player of the Month Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 87 English wins , 191 awards : ⁄ = 45.5 % Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article on the particular season associated with the month of that year . Jump up ^ Gerrard shared his March 2014 award with teammate Luis Suárez . Jump up ^ Bergkamp shared his February 2004 award with teammate Edu . Jump up ^ Shearer shared his November 1994 award with teammate Chris Sutton . Jump up ^ Keane shared his April 2007 award with teammate Dimitar Berbatov . Jump up ^ Fowler shared his January 1996 award with teammate Stan Collymore . Jump up ^ Suarez shared his March 2014 award with teammate Steven Gerrard . Jump up ^ Sutton shared his November 1994 award with teammate Alan Shearer . Jump up ^ Of the forwards ' 108 awards of which 10 have been shared . Jump up ^ Of the midfielders ' 76 awards of which 2 has been shared . Jump up ^ Of the English players ' 93 awards , 7 have been shared ; Chris Sutton and Alan Shearer in November 1994 , Stan Collymore and Robbie Fowler in January 1996 , Andy Cole and Kevin Phillips in November 1997 , and Steven Gerrard ( With Uruguay striker Luis Suárez ) in March 2014 . Jump up ^ Netherlands ' Dennis Bergkamp shared his February 2004 award with teammate Edu . Jump up ^ Ireland 's Robbie Keane shared his April 2007 award with teammate Dimitar Berbatov . Jump up ^ Brazil 's Edu shared his February 2004 award with teammate Dennis Bergkamp . Jump up ^ Bulgaria 's Dimitar Berbatov shared his April 2007 award with teammate Robbie Keane . Jump up ^ In November 1997 , Andy Cole shared his award with Southampton 's Kevin Davies . Jump up ^ Two awards for Arsenal were shared by Dennis Bergkamp and Edu in February 2004 . Jump up ^ Two awards for Liverpool were shared by Stan Collymore and Robbie Fowler in January 1996 . Jump up ^ Two awards for Liverpool were shared by Steven Gerrard and Luis Suárez in April 2014 . Jump up ^ Two awards for Tottenham Hotspur were shared by Robbie Keane and Dimitar Berbatov in April 2007 . Jump up ^ In November 1997 , Andy Cole shared his award with Southampton 's Kevin Davies . Jump up ^ Two awards for Blackburn were shared by Chris Sutton and Alan Shearer in November 1994 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ferguson and Arshavin take Barclays honours '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 8 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League official news , stats , results & videos '' . www.premierleague.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Premier League '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter ( 19 January 2001 ) . `` Why Carling called time on Premiership '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1994 / 95 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young handed third monthly award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool : Suarez , Gerrard & Rodgers win awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1995 / 96 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1996 / 97 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1997 / 98 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1998 / 99 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1999 / 2000 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 2000 / 01 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month 2001 / 02 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool duo scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 3 December 2001 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool duo bag award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 5 April 2002 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month 2002 / 03 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Houllier , Zola bag awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month 2003 / 04 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclays Player of the Month 2004 / 05 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the month '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclays Player of the Month 2005 / 06 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney wins monthly player award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Redknapp & Liverpool pair hailed '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson & Giggs win August prize '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclays Player of the Month 2006 / 07 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benitez and Fabregas scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd pair win February awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Laura ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Time for a reality Cech : Chelsea No 1 Petr needs to rediscover his golden gloves '' . Mail Online . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keane & Berbatov win April award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 7 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 's Richards claims award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gunners Duo Celebrate Awards Double '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 19 October 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney and Hughes handed awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Villa Claim Maiden Barclays Awards Double '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger and Santa Cruz scoop awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 11 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd pair land monthly award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes & Torres win monthly awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson and Ronaldo win awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grant and Young win April awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate and Deco clinch awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Young earns monthly player award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benitez and Lampard scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Megson and Anelka pick up awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson and Vidic secure awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes and Jagielka scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool duo claim Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 3 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Defoe and Redknapp scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Torres and Ferguson scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Van Persie claims player of month award '' . Premier League . Premier League . 6 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bullard claims monthly honour '' . Premier League . Premier League . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tevez crowned Premier League Player of the Month '' . Premier League . Premier League . 8 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney named Barclays Player of the Month '' . Premier League . Premier League . 5 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham pair Roy Hodgson and Mark Schwarzer win awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport. 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malouda claims Player of the Month award '' . Premier League . Premier League . 9 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bale scoops player award '' . Premier League . Premier League . 30 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scholes is Barclays Player of the Month '' . Premier League . Premier League . 10 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baggies scoop historic Barclays awards double '' . Premier League . Premier League . 1 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes & Van der Vaart win Premier League awards '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton duo scoop Barclays awards '' . Premier League . 3 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nasri and Mancini scoop Barclays awards '' . Premier League . 15 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United duo scoop Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com. 4 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham talisman Parker scoops player of the month award as Wenger is named top boss for February '' . Daily Mail . London . 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top prizes for Blues pair '' . Sky Sports . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Odemwingie scoops Barclays award '' . The Premier League . 6 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dzeko named Barclays Player of the Month '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 2 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Silva picks up prestigious award '' . mcfc.co.uk . Manchester City F.C. 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie and Roberto Mancini win October awards '' . BBC Sport. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parker : We can win title '' . Sky Sports . 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ba and O'Neill win Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 6 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth wins Barclays Player of the Month '' . tottenhamhotspur.com . Tottenham Hotspur. 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger and Odemwingie win Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com. 2 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gylfi Sigurdsson wins Premier League player award '' . bbc.co.uk/sport. 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martinez and Jelavic earn Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 4 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes named Barclays Manager of the Month '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 9 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Mata and Sir Alex Ferguson win October awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 6 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marouane Fellaini and Steve Clarke win November awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 11 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Van Persie and Villas - Boas win December awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 11 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading pride as Le Fondre and McDermott claim January awards '' . Premier League . 6 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs double up with Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertonghen and Moyes win Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 5 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie is April 's Premier League Player of the Month '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool double up with Barclays monthly award '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 13 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LArsenal secure Barclays monthly awards double '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 8 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aguero and Pochettino claim Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com. 8 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United 's Alan Pardew And Tim Krul Win November Manager And Player Of The Month '' . tyneandwear.sky.com. 6 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez and Pellegrini claim Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 10 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pellegrini and Johnson secure Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 7 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Sturridge & Sam Allardyce win player and manager of month '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace 's Tony Pulis scoops Manager of the Month as Connor Wickham takes player gong '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Costa accepts August accolade '' . Chelsea F.C. 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 's Ronald Koeman is named manager of the month '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` West Ham exceed Allardyce 's expectations '' . premierleague.com. 7 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Aguero named Barclays Premier League Player of the Month for November '' . Mirror Football UK . 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austin and Pellegrini claim Barclays ' monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 16 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kane and Koeman claim Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 13 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kane and Pulis claim Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 13 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Arsene Wenger and Olivier Giroud win awards '' . BBC Sport. 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benteke and Pearson win Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 8 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Ayew & Manuel Pellegrini win Premier League awards '' . BBC Sport. 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Martial : Man Utd forward wins player of the month '' . BBC Sport. 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsene Wenger wins manager of the month award while Jamie Vardy picks up player gong '' . Mirror Sport. 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vardy and Ranieri win Barclays monthly awards '' . Premier League . 10 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watford duo Quique Florez and Odion Ighalo named Premier League manager and player of the month '' . Premier League . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Aguero wins Barclays player of the month award for January while Ronald Koeman lands manager gong '' . mirror.co.uk. 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Aaron . `` Mauricio Pochettino and Fraser Forster claim Manager and Player of the Month '' . mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Daniel . `` Tottenham ace Harry Kane named Barclays Premier League Player of the Month after netting his side five goals in four matches '' . mail . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart . `` Manchester City 's Sergio Aguero is Barclay 's Player of the Month '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sterling voted EA SPORTS Player of the Month '' . Premier League . 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Son claims EA SPORTS Player of the Month prize '' . Premier League . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.premierleague.com/news/139292 Jump up ^ http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/12/chelsea-hat-trick-in-monthly-awards.html Jump up ^ `` Manchester United striker Zlatan Ibrahimovic wins December player of the month '' . Sky Sports . 13 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.premierleague.com/news/327706 ^ Jump up to : https://www.premierleague.com/stats/awards Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Dan . `` Tottenham 's Harry Kane wins Premier League Player of the Month '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pep and Leroy land October Premier League Awards '' . Manchester City . 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Zinny ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Liverpool 's Mohamed Salah wins November Premier League Player of the Month award '' . Sky Sport . SkySport . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kane matches Gerrard with EA SPORTS player award '' . Premier League . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aguero named EA SPORTS Player of the Month '' . Premier League . 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Awards in English football All time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Winner 's Medal Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Football League Football League Awards Championship Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Player of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Young Player of the Month Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Players ' Player of the Year Women 's Players ' Player of the Year Fans ' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women 's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year Merit Award Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year League Managers Association ( LMA ) Manager of the Year Football Writers ' Association ( FWA ) Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education ( LFE ) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day ( BBC Television ) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_Player_of_the_Month&oldid=828286819 '' Categories : Association football Player of the Month awards Premier League trophies and awards Lists of Premier League players Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who got player of the month december 2017	[ "\n\nMonth\nYear[nb 2]\nNationality\nPlayer\nTeam\nPosition\nRef\n\n\n5 !August\n1994.51994\n Germany\nKlinsmann, JürgenJürgen Klinsmann\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[7]\n\n\n6 !September\n1994.61994\n England\nLee, RobRob Lee\nNewcastle United\nE !MF\n[7]\n\n\n7 !October\n1994.71994\n England\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[7]\n\n\n8 !November\n1994.81994\n England\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer†\nBlackburn Rovers\nFW\n[7]\n\n\n8 !November\n1994.81994\n England\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton†\nBlackburn Rovers\nFW\n[7]\n\n\n9 !December\n1994.91994\n England\nLe Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier\nSouthampton\nE !MF\n[7]\n\n\n1 !January\n1995.11995\n England\nWaddle, ChrisChris Waddle\nSheffield Wednesday\nE !MF\n[7]\n\n\n2 !February\n1995.21995\n Scotland\nFerguson, DuncanDuncan Ferguson\nEverton\nFW\n[7]\n\n\n3 !March\n1995.31995\n Ghana\nYeboah, TonyTony Yeboah\nLeeds United\nFW\n[7]\n\n\n4 !April\n1995.41995\n England\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\nArsenal\nA !GK\n[7]\n\n\n5 !August\n1995.51995\n France\nGinola, DavidDavid Ginola\nNewcastle United\nE !MF\n[11]\n\n\n6 !September\n1995.61995\n Ghana\nYeboah, TonyTony Yeboah\nLeeds United\nFW\n[11]\n\n\n7 !October\n1995.71995\n England\nSinclair, TrevorTrevor Sinclair\nQueens Park Rangers\nE !MF\n[11]\n\n\n8 !November\n1995.81995\n England\nLee, RobRob Lee\nNewcastle United\nE !MF\n[11]\n\n\n9 !December\n1995.91995\n England\nFowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler\nLiverpool\nFW\n[11]\n\n\n1 !January\n1996.11996\n England\nCollymore, StanStan Collymore†\nLiverpool\nFW\n[11]\n\n\n1 !January\n1996.11996\n England\nFowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler†\nLiverpool\nFW\n[11]\n\n\n2 !February\n1996.21996\n Trinidad and Tobago\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\nAston Villa\nFW\n[11]\n\n\n3 !March\n1996.31996\n France\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\nManchester United\nFW\n[11]\n\n\n4 !April\n1996.41996\n Russia\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\nEverton\nE !MF\n[11]\n\n\n5 !August\n1996.51996\n England\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[12]\n\n\n6 !September\n1996.61996\n Czech Republic\nBerger, PatrikPatrik Berger\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[12]\n\n\n7 !October\n1996.71996\n England\nLe Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier\nSouthampton\nE !MF\n[12]\n\n\n8 !November\n1996.81996\n England\nWright, IanIan Wright\nArsenal\nFW\n[12]\n\n\n9 !December\n1996.91996\n Italy\nZola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola\nChelsea\nFW\n[12]\n\n\n1 !January\n1997.11997\n England\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\nBlackburn Rovers\nA !GK\n[12]\n\n\n2 !February\n1997.21997\n Jamaica\nEarle, RobbieRobbie Earle\nWimbledon\nE !MF\n[12]\n\n\n3 !March\n1997.31997\n Brazil\nJuninho Paulista, Juninho Paulista\nMiddlesbrough\nE !MF\n[12]\n\n\n4 !April\n1997.41997\n Ireland\nEvans, MickeyMickey Evans\nSouthampton\nFW\n[12]\n\n\n5 !August\n1997.51997\n Netherlands\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\nArsenal\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n5 !September\n1997.61997\n Netherlands\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\nArsenal\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n7 !October\n1997.71997\n Costa Rica\nWanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope\nDerby County\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n8 !November\n1997.81997\n England\nCole, AndyAndy Cole†\nManchester United\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n8 !November\n1997.81997\n England\nDavies, KevinKevin Davies†\nSouthampton\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n9 !December\n1997.91997\n England\nMcManaman, SteveSteve McManaman\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[13]\n\n\n1 !January\n1998.11998\n England\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\nCoventry City\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n2 !February\n1998.21998\n England\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\nBlackburn Rovers\nFW\n[13]\n\n\n3 !March\n1998.31998\n Austria\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\nArsenal\nA !GK\n[13]\n\n\n4 !April\n1998.41998\n France\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[13]\n\n\n5 !August\n1998.51998\n England\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\nLiverpool\nFW\n[14]\n\n\n6 !September\n1998.61998\n England\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\nNewcastle United\nFW\n[14]\n\n\n7 !October\n1998.71998\n Ireland\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[14]\n\n\n8 !November\n1998.81998\n England\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\nAston Villa\nFW\n[14]\n\n\n9 !December\n1998.91998\n France\nGinola, DavidDavid Ginola\nTottenham Hotspur\nE !MF\n[14]\n\n\n1 !January\n1999.11999\n Trinidad and Tobago\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\nManchester United\nFW\n[14]\n\n\n2 !February\n1999.21999\n France\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\nArsenal\nFW\n[14]\n\n\n3 !March\n1999.31999\n England\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[14]\n\n\n4 !April\n1999.41999\n England\nCampbell, KevinKevin Campbell\nEverton\nFW\n[14]\n\n\n5 !August\n1999.51999\n Ireland\nKeane, RobbieRobbie Keane\nCoventry City\nFW\n[15]\n\n\n6 !September\n1999.61999\n Turkey\nIzzet, MuzzyMuzzy Izzet\nLeicester City\nE !MF\n[15]\n\n\n7 !October\n1999.71999\n England\nPhillips, KevinKevin Phillips\nSunderland\nFW\n[15]\n\n\n8 !November\n1999.81999\n Finland\nHyypiä, SamiSami Hyypiä\nLiverpool\nDF\n[15]\n\n\n9 !December\n1999.91999\n Ireland\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[15]\n\n\n1 !January\n2000.12000\n England\nSouthgate, GarethGareth Southgate\nAston Villa\nDF\n[15]\n\n\n2 !February\n2000.22000\n England\nMerson, PaulPaul Merson\nAston Villa\nE !MF\n[15]\n\n\n3 !March\n2000.32000\n Trinidad and Tobago\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\nManchester United\nFW\n[15]\n\n\n4 !April\n2000.42000\n France\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\nArsenal\nFW\n[15]\n\n\n5 !August\n2000.52000\n England\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\nLeeds United\nFW\n[16]\n\n\n6 !September\n2000.62000\n England\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\nLeicester City\nA !GK\n[16]\n\n\n7 !October\n2000.72000\n England\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\nManchester United\nFW\n[16]\n\n\n8 !November\n2000.82000\n England\nRobinson, PaulPaul Robinson\nLeeds United\nA !GK\n[16]\n\n\n9 !December\n2000.92000\n England\nBeattie, JamesJames Beattie\nSouthampton\nFW\n[16]\n\n\n1 !January\n2001.12001\n Ireland\nKeane, RobbieRobbie Keane\nLeeds United\nFW\n[16]\n\n\n2 !February\n2001.22001\n England\nPearce, StuartStuart Pearce\nWest Ham United\nDF\n[16]\n\n\n3 !March\n2001.32001\n England\nGerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[16]\n\n\n4 !April\n2001.42001\n Scotland\nMcAllister, GaryGary McAllister\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[16]\n\n\n5 !August\n2001.52001\n France\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\nFulham\nFW\n[17]\n\n\n6 !September\n2001.62001\n Argentina\nVerón, Juan SebastiánJuan Sebastián Verón\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[17]\n\n\n7 !October\n2001.72001\n England\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\nLeeds United\nDF\n[17]\n\n\n8 !November\n2001.82001\n England\nMurphy, DannyDanny Murphy\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[18]\n\n\n9 !December\n2001.92001\n Netherlands\nvan Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy\nManchester United\nFW\n[17]\n\n\n1 !January\n2002.12002\n England\nBent, MarcusMarcus Bent\nIpswich Town\nFW\n[17]\n\n\n2 !February\n2002.22002\n Netherlands\nvan Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy\nManchester United\nFW\n[17]\n\n\n3 !March\n2002.32002\n Netherlands\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\nArsenal\nFW\n[19]\n\n\n4 !April\n2002.42002\n Sweden\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[17]\n\n\n5 !August\n2002.52002\n France\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\nArsenal\nFW\n[20]\n\n\n6 !September\n2002.62002\n France\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\nArsenal\nFW\n[20]\n\n\n7 !October\n2002.72002\n Italy\nZola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola\nChelsea\nFW\n[21]\n\n\n8 !November\n2002.82002\n England\nBeattie, JamesJames Beattie\nSouthampton\nFW\n[20]\n\n\n9 !December\n2002.92002\n England\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\nNewcastle United\nFW\n[20]\n\n\n1 !January\n2003.12003\n England\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[20]\n\n\n2 !February\n2003.22003\n France\nPirès, RobertRobert Pirès\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[20]\n\n\n3 !March\n2003.32003\n England\nGerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[20]\n\n\n4 !April\n2003.42003\n Netherlands\nvan Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy\nManchester United\nFW\n[20]\n\n\n5 !August\n2003.52003\n England\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\nPortsmouth\nFW\n[22]\n\n\n6 !September\n2003.62003\n England\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[22]\n\n\n7 !October\n2003.72003\n England\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\nNewcastle United\nFW\n[22]\n\n\n8 !November\n2003.82003\n Nigeria\nOkocha, Jay-JayJay-Jay Okocha\nBolton Wanderers\nE !MF\n[22]\n\n\n9 !December\n2003.92003\n England\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[22]\n\n\n1 !January\n2004.12004\n France\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\nArsenal\nFW\n[22]\n\n\n2 !February\n2004.22004\n Netherlands\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp†\nArsenal\nFW\n[22]\n\n\n2 !February\n2004.22004\n Brazil\nEdu, Edu†\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[22]\n\n\n3 !March\n2004.32004\n Finland\nForssell, MikaelMikael Forssell\nBirmingham City\nFW\n[22]\n\n\n4 !April\n2004.42004\n France\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\nArsenal\nFW\n[22]\n\n\n5 !August\n2004.52004\n Spain\nReyes, José AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\nArsenal\nFW\n[23]\n\n\n6 !September\n2004.62004\n England\nKing, LedleyLedley King\nTottenham Hotspur\nDF\n[23]\n\n\n7 !October\n2004.72004\n England\nJohnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson\nCrystal Palace\nFW\n[23]\n\n\n8 !November\n2004.82004\n Netherlands\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[23]\n\n\n9 !December\n2004.92004\n England\nGerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[24]\n\n\n1 !January\n2005.12005\n England\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\nChelsea\nDF\n[23]\n\n\n2 !February\n2005.22005\n England\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nFW\n[23]\n\n\n3 !March\n2005.32005\n England\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[23]\n\n\n4 !April\n2005.42005\n England\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[23]\n\n\n5 !August\n2005.52005\n England\nBent, DarrenDarren Bent\nCharlton Athletic\nFW\n[25]\n\n\n6 !September\n2005.62005\n England\nMurphy, DannyDanny Murphy\nCharlton Athletic\nE !MF\n[25]\n\n\n7 !October\n2005.72005\n England\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[25]\n\n\n8 !November\n2005.82005\n Netherlands\nvan Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nArsenal\nFW\n[25]\n\n\n9 !December\n2005.92005\n England\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nFW\n[26]\n\n\n1 !January\n2006.12006\n England\nFerdinand, AntonAnton Ferdinand\nWest Ham United\nDF\n[25]\n\n\n2 !February\n2006.22006\n England\nNolan, KevinKevin Nolan\nBolton Wanderers\nE !MF\n[25]\n\n\n3 !March\n2006.32006\n England\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nFW\n[25]\n\n\n4 !April\n2006.42006\n England\nGerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[27]\n\n\n5 !August\n2006.52006\n Wales\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[28]\n\n\n6 !September\n2006.62006\n England\nJohnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson\nEverton\nFW\n[29]\n\n\n7 !October\n2006.72006\n England\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[29]\n\n\n8 !November\n2006.82006\n Portugal\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[29]\n\n\n9 !December\n2006.92006\n Portugal\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[8]\n\n\n1 !January\n2007.12007\n Spain\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[30]\n\n\n2 !February\n2007.22007\n Wales\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[31]\n\n\n3 !March\n2007.32007\n Czech Republic\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\nChelsea\nA !GK\n[32]\n\n\n4 !April\n2007.42007\n Bulgaria\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov†\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[33]\n\n\n4 !April\n2007.42007\n Ireland\nKeane, RobbieRobbie Keane†\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[33]\n\n\n5 !August\n2007.52007\n England\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\nManchester City\nDF\n[34]\n\n\n6 !September\n2007.62007\n Spain\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[35]\n\n\n7 !October\n2007.72007\n England\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nFW\n[36]\n\n\n8 !November\n2007.82007\n England\nAgbonlahor, GabrielGabriel Agbonlahor\nAston Villa\nFW\n[37]\n\n\n9 !December\n2007.92007\n Paraguay\nSanta Cruz, RoqueRoque Santa Cruz\nBlackburn Rovers\nFW\n[38]\n\n\n1 !January\n2008.12008\n Portugal\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[39]\n\n\n2 !February\n2008.22008\n Spain\nTorres, FernandoFernando Torres\nLiverpool\nFW\n[40]\n\n\n3 !March\n2008.32008\n Portugal\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[41]\n\n\n4 !April\n2008.42008\n England\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\nAston Villa\nE !MF\n[42]\n\n\n5 !August\n2008.52008\n Portugal\nDeco, Deco\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[43]\n\n\n6 !September\n2008.62008\n England\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\nAston Villa\nE !MF\n[44]\n\n\n7 !October\n2008.72008\n England\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[45]\n\n\n8 !November\n2008.82008\n France\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\nChelsea\nFW\n[46]\n\n\n9 !December\n2008.92008\n England\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\nAston Villa\nE !MF\n[9]\n\n\n1 !January\n2009.12009\n Serbia\nVidić, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\nManchester United\nDF\n[47]\n\n\n2 !February\n2009.22009\n England\nJagielka, PhilPhil Jagielka\nEverton\nDF\n[48]\n\n\n3 !March\n2009.32009\n England\nGerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\nE !MF\n[49]\n\n\n4 !April\n2009.42009\n Russia\nArshavin, AndreiAndrei Arshavin\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[1]\n\n\n5 !August\n2009.52009\n England\nDefoe, JermainJermain Defoe\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[50]\n\n\n6 !September\n2009.62009\n Spain\nTorres, FernandoFernando Torres\nLiverpool\nFW\n[51]\n\n\n7 !October\n2009.72009\n Netherlands\nvan Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nArsenal\nFW\n[52]\n\n\n8 !November\n2009.82009\n England\nBullard, JimmyJimmy Bullard\nHull City\nE !MF\n[53]\n\n\n9 !December\n2009.92009\n Argentina\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\nManchester City\nFW\n[54]\n\n\n1 !January\n2010.12010\n England\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nFW\n[55]\n\n\n2 !February\n2010.22010\n Australia\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\nFulham\nA !GK\n[56]\n\n\n3 !March\n2010.32010\n France\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\nChelsea\nE !MF\n[57]\n\n\n4 !April\n2010.42010\n Wales\nBale, GarethGareth Bale\nTottenham Hotspur\nMF\n[58]\n\n\n5 !August\n2010.52010\n England\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\nManchester United\nE !MF\n[59]\n\n\n6 !September\n2010.62010\n Nigeria\nOdemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie\nWest Bromwich Albion\nFW\n[60]\n\n\n7 !October\n2010.72010\n Netherlands\nvan der Vaart, RafaelRafael van der Vaart\nTottenham Hotspur\nE !MF\n[61]\n\n\n8 !November\n2010.82010\n Sweden\nElmander, JohanJohan Elmander\nBolton Wanderers\nFW\n[62]\n\n\n9 !December\n2010.92010\n France\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\nArsenal\nE !MF\n[63]\n\n\n1 !January\n2011.12011\n Bulgaria\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\nManchester United\nFW\n[64]\n\n\n2 !February\n2011.22011\n England\nParker, ScottScott Parker\nWest Ham United\nE !MF\n[65]\n\n\n3 !March\n2011.32011\n Brazil\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\nChelsea\nDF\n[66]\n\n\n4 !April\n2011.42011\n Nigeria\nOdemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie\nWest Bromwich Albion\nFW\n[67]\n\n\n5 !August\n2011.52011\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\nManchester City\nFW\n[68]\n\n\n6 !September\n2011.62011\n Spain\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\nManchester City\nE !MF\n[69]\n\n\n7 !October\n2011.72011\n Netherlands\nvan Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nArsenal\nFW\n[70]\n\n\n8 !November\n2011.82011\n England\nParker, ScottScott Parker\nTottenham Hotspur\nE !MF\n[71]\n\n\n9 !December\n2011.92011\n Senegal\nBa, DembaDemba Ba\nNewcastle United\nFW\n[72]\n\n\n1 !January\n2012.12012\n Wales\nBale, GarethGareth Bale\nTottenham Hotspur\nE !MF\n[73]\n\n\n2 !February\n2012.22012\n Nigeria\nOdemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie\nWest Bromwich Albion\nFW\n[74]\n\n\n3 !March\n2012.32012\n Iceland\nSigurðsson, GylfiGylfi Sigurðsson\nSwansea City\nE !MF\n[75]\n\n\n4 !April\n2012.42012\n Croatia\nJelavić, NikicaNikica Jelavić\nEverton\nFW\n[76]\n\n\n6 !September\n2012.62012\n Scotland\nFletcher, StevenSteven Fletcher\nSunderland\nFW\n[77]\n\n\n6 !October\n2012.62012\n Spain\nMata, JuanJuan Mata\nChelsea\nMF\n[78]\n\n\n8 !November\n2012.82012\n Belgium\nFellaini, MarouaneMarouane Fellaini\nEverton\nMF\n[79]\n\n\n9 !December\n2012.92012\n Netherlands\nvan Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nManchester United\nFW\n[80]\n\n\n1 !January\n2013.12013\n England\nFondre, Adam leAdam le Fondre\nReading\nFW\n[81]\n\n\n2 !February\n2013.22013\n Wales\nBale, GarethGareth Bale\nTottenham Hotspur\nMF\n[82]\n\n\n3 !March\n2013.32013\n Belgium\nVertonghen, JanJan Vertonghen\nTottenham Hotspur\nDF\n[83]\n\n\n4 !April\n2013.42013\n Netherlands\nvan Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nManchester United\nFW\n[84]\n\n\n5 !August\n2013.52013\n England\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\nLiverpool\nFW\n[85]\n\n\n6 !September\n2013.62013\n Wales\nRamsey, AaronAaron Ramsey\nArsenal\nMF\n[86]\n\n\n7 !October\n2013.72013\n Argentina\nAgüero, SergioSergio Agüero\nManchester City\nFW\n[87]\n\n\n8 !November\n2013.82013\n Netherlands\nKrul, TimTim Krul\nNewcastle United\nGK\n[88]\n\n\n9 !December\n2013.92013\n Uruguay\nSuárez, LuisLuis Suárez\nLiverpool\nFW\n[89]\n\n\n1 !January\n2014.12014\n England\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\nSunderland\nFW\n[90]\n\n\n2 !February\n2014.22014\n England\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\nLiverpool\nFW\n[91]\n\n\n3 !March\n2014.32014\n England\nGerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\nMF\n[10]\n\n\n3 !March\n2014.32014\n Uruguay\nSuárez, LuisLuis Suárez\nLiverpool\nFW\n[10]\n\n\n4 !April\n2014.12014\n England\nWickham, ConnorConnor Wickham\nSunderland\nFW\n[92]\n\n\n8 !August\n2014.12014\n Spain\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\nChelsea\nFW\n[93]\n\n\n9 !September\n2014.12014\n Italy\nPellè, GrazianoGraziano Pellè\nSouthampton\nFW\n[94]\n\n\n10 !October\n2014.12014\n Senegal\nSakho, DiafraDiafra Sakho\nWest Ham United\nFW\n[95]\n\n\n11 !November\n2014.12014\n Argentina\nAgüero, SergioSergio Agüero\nManchester City\nFW\n[96]\n\n\n12 !December\n2014.22014\n England\nAustin, CharlieCharlie Austin\nQueens Park Rangers\nFW\n[97]\n\n\n1 !January\n2014.22015\n England\nKane, HarryHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[98]\n\n\n2 !February\n2014.22015\n England\nKane, HarryHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[99]\n\n\n3 !March\n2014.22015\n France\nGiroud, OlivierOlivier Giroud\nArsenal\nFW\n[100]\n\n\n4 !April\n2014.22015\n Belgium\nBenteke, ChristianChristian Benteke\nAston Villa\nFW\n[101]\n\n\n4 !August\n2014.22015\n Ghana\nAyew, AndréAndré Ayew\nSwansea City\nFW\n[102]\n\n\nSeptember\n2015\n France\nAnthony Martial\nManchester United\nFW\n[103]\n\n\nOctober\n2015\n England\nJamie Vardy\nLeicester City\nFW\n[104]\n\n\nNovember\n2015\n England\nJamie Vardy\nLeicester City\nFW\n[105]\n\n\nDecember\n2015\n Nigeria\nOdion Ighalo\nWatford\nFW\n[106]\n\n\nJanuary\n2016\n Argentina\nAgüero, SergioSergio Agüero\nManchester City\nFW\n[107]\n\n\nFebruary\n2016\n England\nFraser Forster\nSouthampton\nGK\n[108]\n\n\nMarch\n2016\n England\nHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[109]\n\n\nApril\n2016\n Argentina\nAgüero, SergioSergio Agüero\nManchester City\nFW\n[110]\n\n\nAugust\n2014.22016\n England\nRaheem Sterling\nManchester City\nMF\n[111]\n\n\nSeptember\n2014.22016\n South Korea\nSon Heung-min\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[112]\n\n\nOctober\n2014.22016\n Belgium\nEden Hazard\nChelsea\nMF\n[113]\n\n\nNovember\n2014.22016\n Spain\nDiego Costa\nChelsea\nFW\n[114]\n\n\nDecember\n2014.22016\n Sweden\nZlatan Ibrahimović\nManchester United\nFW\n[115]\n\n\nJanuary\n2014.22017\n England\nDele Alli\nTottenham Hotspur\nMF\n[116]\n\n\nFebruary\n2014.22017\n England\nHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[117]\n\n\nMarch\n2014.32017\n Belgium\nRomelu Lukaku\nEverton\nFW\n[117]\n\n\nApril\n2014.22017\n South Korea\nSon Heung-min\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[117]\n\n\nAugust\n2017\n Senegal\nSadio Mané\nLiverpool\nFW\n[117]\n\n\nSeptember\n2017\n England\nHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[118]\n\n\nOctober\n2017\n Germany\nLeroy Sané\nManchester City\nMF\n[119]\n\n\nNovember\n2017\n Egypt\nMohamed Salah\nLiverpool\nFW\n[120]\n\n\nDecember\n2017\n England\nHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\nFW\n[121]\n\n\nJanuary\n2018\n Argentina\nSergio Agüero\nManchester City\nFW\n[122]\n\n" ]	[ "Harry Kane" ]
2392991961944513991	The Dalles, Oregon	The Dalles , Oregon - wikipedia The Dalles , Oregon This article is about the city in Oregon . For the nearby geological formation , see Celilo Falls . For other uses , see Dalles ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the town of Dallas , Oregon . City in Wasco County The Dalles City The Dalles and the Columbia River in November 2008 Flag Seal Motto ( s ) : `` Cognito timor Vincit '' ( Latin ) , `` Knowledge Conquers Fear '' ( English ) Location in Oregon Coordinates : 45 ° 36 ′ 4 '' N 121 ° 10 ′ 58 '' W / 45.60111 ° N 121.18278 ° W / 45.60111 ; - 121.18278 Coordinates : 45 ° 36 ′ 4 '' N 121 ° 10 ′ 58 '' W / 45.60111 ° N 121.18278 ° W / 45.60111 ; - 121.18278 County Wasco County Incorporated 1857 Government Mayor Stephen Elliott Lawrence ( D ) Area Total 6.61 sq mi ( 17.12 km ) Land 6.35 sq mi ( 16.45 km ) Water 0.26 sq mi ( 0.67 km ) Elevation 109 ft ( 33 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 13,620 Estimate ( 2013 ) 15,158 Density 2,144.9 / sq mi ( 828.2 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP code 97058 Area code ( s ) 458 and 541 Website City of The Dalles The Dalles / ˈdælz / is the county seat and largest city of Wasco County , Oregon , United States . The population was 13,620 at the 2010 census , and is the largest city on the Oregon side along the Columbia River outside the Portland Metropolitan area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Fur trade 1.3 Wascopam Mission 1.4 American settlement 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Economy 3.1 Top employers 4 Education 5 Demographics 5.1 2010 census 5.2 2000 census 6 Arts and culture 6.1 Annual cultural events 6.2 Museums and other points of interest 7 Media 7.1 Radio 7.2 Television 8 Rajneeshee Movement 9 Notable people 10 Sister cities 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The site of what is now the city of The Dalles was a major Indian trading center for at least 10,000 years . The general area is one of the continent 's most significant archaeological regions . Lewis and Clark camped near Mill Creek on October 25 -- 27 , 1805 , and recorded the Indian name for the creek as Quenett . Etymology ( edit ) The name of the city comes from the French word dalle ( meaning either `` sluice '' , akin to English `` dale '' and German T ( h ) al , `` valley '' , or `` flagstone '' , referring to the columnar basalt rocks carved by the river , in voyageur French used to refer to rapids ) , which was used by the French - Canadian employees of the North West Company to refer to the rapids of the Columbia River between the present - day city and Celilo Falls . Also in the same area was the Petite Dalles or Little Dalles , or Short Narrows . Fur trade ( edit ) The first use of the name Dalles , according to Oregon Geographic Names , appears in fur trader Gabriel Franchère 's Narrative , on April 12 , 1814 , referring to the long series of major rapids in the river . Starting in the 1810s , Americans and Europeans passed by what became The Dalles , active in the North American fur trade as employees of either the American Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) or the Canadian North West Company ( NWC ) . Men like NWC officer David Thompson voyaged both down and up the Columbia , traveling through Celilo Falls . The War of 1812 led to the 1813 liquidation of the PFC , its properties like Fort Astoria sold to the North West Company . Early illustration of The Dalles , attributed to Joseph Drayton In 1821 the North West Company was absorbed by the giant London - based Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) . Fort Vancouver , built in 1824 , replaced Fort Astoria as the regional fur trade headquarters . The HBC 's trading network made extensive use of the Columbia River . The rapids of the Columbia River at The Dalles was the largest and longest of the four `` great portages '' , where fur trading boats had to unload and transship their cargoes . Sometimes , during high water , boats traveling downriver would `` shoot the rapids '' instead of portaging , although the practice was dangerous and many people died as a result over the years . The Dalles in the 1880s Second Street circa 1880 The Umatilla House hotel circa 1880 E.B. McFarland House circa 1881 Wascopam Mission ( edit ) Main article : Wascopam Mission In 1838 a branch of Jason Lee 's Methodist Mission was established at Celilo Falls , named the Wascopam Mission , after the native Wasco Indians . In 1850 the U.S. Army founded a small post at the site of the old mission , being eventually named Fort Dalles . Fort Dalles became the nucleus of the town of The Dalles , which began to develop along the waterfront . In 1855 , at the end of the Cayuse War , the Indians living near The Dalles were forcibly relocated by the U.S. Army to the Warm Springs Indian Reservation . American settlement ( edit ) In the early 1840s American settlers began to arrive in significant numbers , traveling overland via the Oregon Trail . The trail ended at The Dalles . It was not possible to take wagons farther west due to steep cliffs that fell straight into the Columbia River . Until the construction of the Barlow Road in 1846 , the only way to reach Fort Vancouver and the Willamette Valley was by rafting down the river from The Dalles . A post office was established within the boundaries of the current city in 1851 , and The Dalles was incorporated as a city in 1857 . It has been the major commercial center between Portland and Pendleton since . The city was originally named just `` Dalles '' . In 1853 it was changed to `` Wascopum , '' then , in 1860 , to `` The Dalles '' . In 1864 , the U.S. Congress appropriated money to build a U.S. mint in The Dalles that was to use gold from Canyon City for coinage . The supply of gold from Canyon City began to dwindle , however , and other problems , such as cost overruns , workers leaving to work the gold fields , and flooding from the Columbia River , also contributed to the project running two years behind schedule and led eventually to its demise . In 1870 , the State of Oregon received the property from the U.S. Government and the building was put to other uses . The mint is now home to Freebridge Brewing . The Dalles City Hall In 1924 , Bobbie the Wonder Dog stopped briefly in The Dalles while on his 2,600 mile ( 4,200 km ) journey home by foot from Indiana to Silverton , Oregon . Emaciated and tired , he was aided by members of the community before moving westward through the Columbia Gorge . Construction of The Dalles Dam in 1957 submerged the Long Narrows and Celilo Falls . In 1963 , Ken Kesey 's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest was published featuring the narrator , Chief , who is from The Dalles . In 1970 , the Bonneville Power Administration opened the Celilo Converter Station near the northern terminus of the Pacific DC Intertie which sends 3,100 megawatts of electricity to Los Angeles . In 1982 a curly - coated kitten was born on a farm in The Dalles owned by Linda and Dick Koehl . The Koehls used this kitten and her offspring to develop a new breed of cat called the LaPerm , which went on to become a popular , established , championship pedigree cat breed around the world . In 1984 The Dalles was the site of the first and single largest bioterrorism attack in United States history . In 1986 , Penalty Phase , a film starring Peter Strauss and Melissa Gilbert , was filmed in and around The Dalles . In 2018 , Terry A. Davis , creator of the TempleOS operating system , walked from Portland OR to The Dalles in three days via the Columbia River Gorge . Geography ( edit ) The Dalles and the Columbia River showing surrounding landscape Highways I - 84 , U.S. 30 , and U.S. 197 meet in the city . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.61 square miles ( 17.12 km ) , of which , 6.35 square miles ( 16.45 km ) is land and 0.26 square miles ( 0.67 km ) is water . Climate ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Dalles is usually classified as a cool semiarid ( Köppen BSk ) climate region . However it has some characteristics of the midlatitude oceanic climate that dominates west of the Cascade Mountains , combined with seasonal precipitation patterns very similar to those found in Mediterranean climates . The city 's location in the eastern Columbia Gorge results in there being numerous microclimates within a few miles of town . Winters are significantly wetter , and summers significantly cooler , to the immediate west while upland locations to the south are significantly cooler in all seasons . The generally warm and dry summers near town make it the ideal climate for the many Bing cherry orchards in the area . The summer season runs from mid-June through early September and is quite warm by Pacific Northwest standards ; however , summer weather often oscillates between intense heat waves and much cooler and windier periods . Except for the occasional sporadic thunderstorm , there is almost no summer rainfall . From late September through early November , the area experiences an abrupt autumn during which normal temperatures drop very rapidly and cloudy , wet weather quickly picks up . Prior to the sudden onset of the rainy season in mid - to late fall , there are often days with a very wide disparity between daytime and nighttime temperatures , sometimes exceeding 36 ° F or 20 ° C. There is far less wind in the fall than in spring and early summer , though passing frontal systems can still bring quick bouts of strong wind . Winter is the wet season in The Dalles . Despite the rain shadow effect created by the Cascades , there is still enough precipitation most years to support relatively high soil moisture levels for most of the winter . This is a very similar pattern to what happens in classic Mediterranean climates -- except that the temperatures are significantly colder . The area receives measured snowfall virtually every year , but the snow totals fluctuate dramatically from one year to the next ; some seasons see only one or two brief light snow events while others get major snowstorms and cumulative totals of 20 inches ( 0.51 m ) or more . The most snowfall in a season has been 85.5 inches ( 2.17 m ) between July 1949 and June 1950 . Average winter temperatures are only about 3 to 5 ° F ( 1.7 to 2.8 ° C ) colder than in cities such as Portland and Seattle , and temperatures below 0 ° F or − 17.8 ° C are very rare , but not unheard of -- historically occurring on three mornings out of every five winters , but only once since February 1996 . As in the summer , winter temperatures can vary tremendously from one day to the next . During arctic air events the daytime high temperatures will generally be well below 32 ° F or 0 ° C , while a strong subtropical push can raise temperatures into the 50s and low 60s F , even in January . It is quite common for relatively cold air to become trapped at low elevations due to an inversion above ; depending on the temperature of the surface airmass , depth of the inversion layer , and temperatures above the inversion layer , this can result in snow , sleet , freezing rain or a very cold liquid rain . Springtime conditions generally run from late February through early June , during which time the overall trend gradually becomes warmer and drier and the landscape briefly turns lush and green . This is the windiest season of all , with a powerful west wind on most afternoons . During stormy periods in spring it is usually cloudy and cool while most sunny and calm days become intensely warm , especially from April onward . Spring temperatures often vary more from one week to the next than they do from one month to the next . The growing season is roughly 200 days in a typical year , generally running from early April through most of October . However spring frost dates can range from mid-March to early May , and fall frost dates from late September to mid-November . hide Climate data for The Dalles Muni Airport ( 1981 -- 2010 ) ( extremes 1948 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 68 ( 20 ) 69 ( 21 ) 80 ( 27 ) 95 ( 35 ) 107 ( 42 ) 108 ( 42 ) 111 ( 44 ) 110 ( 43 ) 105 ( 41 ) 90 ( 32 ) 72 ( 22 ) 66 ( 19 ) 111 ( 44 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 42.2 ( 5.7 ) 48.0 ( 8.9 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 79.1 ( 26.2 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 87.3 ( 30.7 ) 80.1 ( 26.7 ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 31.0 ( − 0.6 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 36.6 ( 2.6 ) 41.5 ( 5.3 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 43.6 ( 6.5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 37 ( 3 ) 40 ( 4 ) 42 ( 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 15 ( − 9 ) − 1 ( − 18 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.50 ( 63.5 ) 1.77 ( 45 ) 1.16 ( 29.5 ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 0.52 ( 13.2 ) 0.16 ( 4.1 ) 0.23 ( 5.8 ) 0.47 ( 11.9 ) 0.99 ( 25.1 ) 2.14 ( 54.4 ) 2.73 ( 69.3 ) 14.15 ( 359.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) trace 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) Source : NOAA Economy ( edit ) In 2006 , the Internet company Google began building a major data center , known locally as Project 02 , along the Columbia River in The Dalles , using the area 's reliable hydroelectric power and the underutilized fiber optic capacity of the area . The new complex includes two buildings , each approximately the size of a football field , and two cooling plants , each four stories high . The project promised hundreds of jobs in the area , mainly in construction , with an additional 200 permanent positions expected later in 2006 although as of 2013 Google employed only 150 combined company employees and contractors in The Dalles . Top employers ( edit ) As of 2012 , the top 15 employers in The Dalles according to the Mid-Columbia Economic Development District report on `` Largest Employers in Wasco County '' are : # Employer # of employees Mid-Columbia Medical Center 915 North Wasco County School District 360 Oregon Cherry Growers 275 State of Oregon 243 5 Fred Meyer 230 6 Oregon Veteran 's Home 208 7 Columbia Gorge Community College 200 8 Wasco County 181 9 Google 150 10 Safeway 142 11 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 125 12 City of The Dalles 100 13 Home Depot 100 14 Cousin 's Country Inn 100 15 Orchard View Farms 90 Education ( edit ) Main article : Columbia Gorge Community College The Dalles is home to the main campus of Columbia Gorge Community College which began in 1977 as Wasco Area Education Service District . It is a leading institution in renewable energy technology education and training . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 802 -- 1870 942 17.5 % 1880 2,232 136.9 % 1890 3,239 45.1 % 1900 3,542 9.4 % 1910 4,880 37.8 % 1920 5,807 19.0 % 1930 5,833 0.4 % 1940 6,266 7.4 % 1950 7,676 22.5 % 1960 10,493 36.7 % 1970 10,423 − 0.7 % 1980 10,820 3.8 % 11,060 2.2 % 2000 12,156 9.9 % 13,620 12.0 % Est. 2016 15,572 14.3 % source : U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 13,620 people , 5,472 households , and 3,441 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,144.9 inhabitants per square mile ( 828.2 / km ) . There were 5,903 housing units at an average density of 929.6 per square mile ( 358.9 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 87.9 % White , 0.5 % African American , 1.5 % Native American , 1.0 % Asian , 0.8 % Pacific Islander , 5.7 % from other races , and 2.7 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 17.0 % of the population . There were 5,472 households of which 30.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 46.1 % were married couples living together , 12.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.4 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 37.1 % were non-families. 31.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 14.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.99 . The median age in the city was 39.7 years . 23.8 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 8.3 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 24.1 % were from 25 to 44 ; 25.8 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 17.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.4 % male and 51.6 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 12,156 people , 4,896 households , and 3,226 families residing in the city . The population density was 892.3 / km . There were 5,227 housing units at an average density of 383.7 / km . The racial makeup of the city was 87.83 % White , 0.39 % African American , 1.20 % Native American , 0.96 % Asian , 0.77 % Pacific Islander , 6.23 % from other races , and 2.62 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 10.50 % of the population . There were 4,896 households out of which 30.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 51.1 % were married couples living together , 10.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.1 % were non-families. 29.2 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 13.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.40 , and the average family size was 2.94 . In the city , the population was spread out , with 24.8 % under the age of 18 , 7.9 % from 18 to 24 , 25.7 % from 25 to 44 , 23.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 18.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 39 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.5 males . The median income for a household in the city was $35,430 , and the median income for a family was $43,041 . Males had a median income of $36,387 versus $22,583 for females . The per capita income for the city was $17,511 . About 9.0 % of families and 12.4 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.6 % of those under age 18 and 8.6 % of those age 65 or over . Arts and Culture ( edit ) Former Carnegie library , currently The Dalles Art Center Annual Cultural events ( edit ) The Northwest Cherry Festival is held in The Dalles in April . Museums and other points of interest ( edit ) Columbia Gorge Discovery Center & Museum , the official interpretive center for the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Fort Dalles Museum , Oregon 's oldest history museum located in the Surgeon 's Quarters built in 1856 at Fort Dalles Pulpit Rock , used by Methodist missionaries to preach to the Indians Media ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) KACI 1300 / 103.9 FM KODL 1440AM / 99.1 FM KMSW 92.7 / 102.9 FM KACI - FM 93.5 FM KCGB - FM 105.5 / 96.9 FM Television ( edit ) K34KE - D translator for KGW Portland , NBC affiliate K38KV - D translator for KOIN Portland , CBS affiliate Rajneeshee movement ( edit ) Main article : 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack In 1984 , The Dalles was the scene of a bioterrorist incident launched by members of the Rajneesh Movement in an attempt to gain control of the local government of Wasco County . Salmonella placed in ten restaurants resulted in 751 cases of Salmonellosis . It was the first known bioterrorism attack of the 20th century in the United States . The circumstances of the attack are documented in an American Medical Association article ( JAMA Vol 278 , No 5 , page 389 , 6Aug1997 ) . Notable people ( edit ) Homer D. Angell , Republican U.S. congressman , 1939 -- 1955 Lefty Bertrand , Major League Baseball player John Callahan , cartoonist , grew up in The Dalles H.L. Davis , Oregon 's only Pulitzer Prize winner in literature with Honey in the Horn ( 1936 ) Ken Dayley , Major League Baseball player Alan Embree , Major League Baseball player Jennifer Lyon , Survivor : Palau contestant Todd Nelson , retired touring professional tennis player Wilma Roberts , local photographer who lived and worked at the Elite Studio , later called `` Mel O 's '' in The Dalles Philip Whalen , a poet associated with the Beat Generation , grew up in The Dalles Sister cities ( edit ) The Dalles has one sister city : Miyoshi City , Japan ( formerly Ikeda ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Lawrence '' . Democratic Party of Oregon . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City of The Dalles '' . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic The Dalles '' . Wasco County Historical Society . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , James R. ( 1997 ) . The Lifeline of the Oregon Country : The Fraser - Columbia Brigade System , 1811 -- 47 . University of British Columbia ( UBC ) Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0643 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McArthur , Lewis A. ; McArthur , Lewis L. ( 1992 ) ( 1928 ) . Oregon Geographic Names ( 6th ed . ) . Portland , Oregon : Oregon Historical Society Press . p. 826 . ISBN 978 - 0875952369 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Astoria , 1813 '' . Oregon Historical Society . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , James R. ( 1998 ) . The Lifeline of the Oregon Country : The Fraser - Columbia Brigade System , 1811 -- 47 . UBC Press . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0643 - 5 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fort Dalles History '' . Fort Dalles Museum and the Anderson Homestead . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wasco History . Wasco-history.r9esd.k12.or.us . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Dalles U.S. Branch Mint / Erin Glenn Winery ( 1870 ) Jump up ^ Mint that Never Was Makes Interesting Tale Jump up ^ One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Summary and Analysis : There 's a Monopoly Game . CliffsNotes . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Breed '' . The LaPerm Society . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . In the midst of these hunting grounds , near The Dalles , Oregon and under the watchful eye of Tsagaglalal , the LaPerm came into existence in the spring of 1982 . Jump up ^ Tarlton Law Library -- Law in Popular Culture Collection -- Law and Lawyers in Popular Culture . Tarlton.law.utexas.edu . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Terry Davis ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) , Terry Davis : Portland Exodus , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 Jump up ^ `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogoway , Mike . `` Google plans much bigger data center if it expands in The Dalles '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ; Saul Hansell ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Hiding in Plain Sight , Google Seeks More Power '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The Dalles Google Data Centers . Google.com . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Gorge Community College Leads Nation in Wind Training '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Riley . Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 -- 1990 . Lanham : Scarecrow , 1996 , 216 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ 30th Annual Northwest Cherry Festival Archived January 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Authorized by the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act ( PL99 - 663 ) Jump up ^ Fort Dalles Museum . Historicthedalles.org . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horner , John B. ( 1919 ) . Oregon : Her History , Her Great Men , Her Literature . Portland. : The J.K. Gill Co. pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` Bioterrorism in History -- 1984 : Rajneesh Cult Attacks Local Salad Bar '' . Special Coverage . WBUR.org . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission . Ochcom.org ( 2004 - 06 - 30 ) . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tukwila Sister City Affiliation . Ci.tukwila.wa.us ( 1979 - 11 - 19 ) . Retrieved on June 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Oregon portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dalles , Oregon . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Town That Was Poisoned City website Entry for The Dalles from the Oregon Blue Book `` Dalles , The '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Municipalities and communities of Wasco County , Oregon , United States County seat : The Dalles Cities Antelope Dufur Maupin Mosier Shaniko The Dalles CDPs Chenoweth Pine Grove Pine Hollow Rowena Tygh Valley Wamic Unincorporated communities Bakeoven Celilo Village Clarno Criterion Dant Endersby Fairbanks Friend Kingsley Nansene Rice Shaniko Junction Simnasho South Junction Wapinitia Whiskey Dick Ghost towns Boyd Ortley Indian reservation Warm Springs Indian Reservation ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Oregon Salem ( capital ) Topics History Geography Fauna Climate Pioneers People Governors Government Delegations Constitution Congress Ballot measures Elections Parks Fair Symbols Oregon Trail Beaches Lakes Rivers Misc . Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Western Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany -- Corvallis Bend -- Redmond Eugene -- Springfield Medford -- Ashland Portland Salem -- Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill Rajneesh movement People Rajneesh Ma Anand Sheela Pratiksha Apurv Ma Prem Hasya David Berry Knapp George Meredith Jane Stork Philip Toelkes Locations Antelope , Oregon Pune Rajneeshpuram The Dalles , Oregon Wasco County , Oregon Incidents 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot Legal cases Byron v. Rajneesh Foundation International ( 1985 ) In media and culture My Life in Orange ( 2004 ) Breaking the Spell : My Life as a Rajneeshee and the Long Journey Back to Freedom ( 2009 ) Wild Wild Country ( 2018 ) Wikiquote Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dalles,_Oregon&oldid=846548344 '' Categories : The Dalles , Oregon Columbia River Gorge County seats in Oregon Historic Columbia River Highway Oregon Trail Port cities in Oregon Populated places established in 1849 Populated places on the Columbia River Cities in Wasco County , Oregon Rajneesh movement 1849 establishments in Oregon Territory Cities in Oregon Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the population of the dalles oregon	[ "The Dalles /ˈdælz/ is the county seat and largest city of Wasco County, Oregon, United States. The population was 13,620 at the 2010 census, and is the largest city on the Oregon side along the Columbia River outside the Portland Metropolitan area." ]	[ "13,620" ]
516825841602475347	The Bridges of Madison County (film)	The Bridges of Madison County ( film ) - wikipedia The Bridges of Madison County ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the book , see The Bridges of Madison County . For the musical , see The Bridges of Madison County ( musical ) . For the bridges , see List of Madison County Covered Bridges . The Bridges of Madison County Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Kathleen Kennedy Screenplay by Richard LaGravenese Based on The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller Starring Clint Eastwood Meryl Streep Music by Lennie Niehaus Cinematography Jack N. Green Edited by Joel Cox Production companies Amblin Entertainment Malpaso Productions Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 02 ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $182 million The Bridges of Madison County is a 1995 American romantic drama film based on the best - selling novel of the same name by Robert James Waller . It was produced by Amblin Entertainment and Malpaso Productions , and distributed by Warner Bros. Entertainment . The film was produced and directed by Clint Eastwood with Kathleen Kennedy as co-producer and the screenplay was adapted by Richard LaGravenese . The film is about an Italian war bride , Francesca ( Meryl Streep ) , who lives with her husband and two children on a farm in Iowa . In 1965 , she meets a National Geographic photographer named Robert ( Eastwood ) and has a four - day extramarital affair with him that changes both their lives forever . The film earned $182 million worldwide and was well received by critics . Streep received an Academy Award for Best Actress nomination in 1996 for her performance in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Accolades 4.3. 1 Others 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the present day , adult siblings Michael and Carolyn arrive at the Iowa farmhouse of Francesca Johnson , their recently deceased , elderly mother , to see about the settlement of their mother 's estate . As they go through the contents of her safe deposit box and the will , they are baffled to discover that their mother left very specific instructions that her body be cremated and her ashes thrown off the nearby Roseman Covered Bridge , which is not in accordance with the burial arrangements their parents had made : side - by - side plots in the local cemetery . Michael initially refuses to comply with the cremation , while Carolyn discovers a set of photos of her mother and a letter . She manages to convince Michael to set aside his initial reaction so they can read the documents she has discovered . Once alone , they go through a series of letters from a man named Robert Kincaid to their mother . The siblings find their way to a chest where their mother left a letter , a series of diaries , photographs , old cameras and other mementos . They discovered that in 1965 , their mother , an Italian war bride , had a four - day affair with Robert Kincaid , a travelling professional photographer who had come to Madison County , Iowa , to shoot a photographic essay for National Geographic on the covered bridges in the area . The affair took place while her husband and children were at the state fair in Illinois . The story in the diaries also reveals the impact the affair had on the lives of Francesca and Robert , since they almost ran away together , so she could travel the world with him . However , after a wrenching period of decision - making , she decided to stay at the last minute after considering the bigger picture that includes the consequences leaving would have on the lives of her teenage children and husband , who was a good , loving man . Kincaid is very moved by meeting her . He finds meaning and his true calling as an artist . The story also has deep consequences on the lives of Michael and Carolyn , who are both experiencing marital problems . Their mother 's story helped them to find a sense of direction in their lives . At the end , the Johnson siblings comply with their mother 's request and scatter their mother 's ashes at the covered bridge . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as Robert Kincaid Meryl Streep as Francesca Johnson Annie Corley as Carolyn Johnson Sarah Kathryn Schmitt as young Carolyn Victor Slezak as Michael Johnson Christopher Kroon as young Michael Jim Haynie as Richard Johnson Phyllis Lyons as Betty Debra Monk as Madge Richard Lage as Lawyer Peterson Michelle Benes as Lucy Redfield Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I 've been that guy a little bit , going off by myself years ago in a pickup truck into Nevada , scouting locations for High Plains Drifter . But I did n't stop off with any housewives while doing that . '' -- Clint Eastwood on Robert Kincaid Amblin Entertainment , a production company founded by Steven Spielberg , bought the film rights to Waller 's novel for $25,000 in late 1991 , before its publication -- by the time of the film 's release , the novel sold 9.5 million copies worldwide . Spielberg first asked Sydney Pollack to direct , who got Kurt Luedtke to draft the first version of the adaptation but then bowed out ; Ronald Bass was brought in by Kathleen Kennedy and Spielberg to work on the script , but they were unsatisfied with the results . But a third draft by Richard LaGravenese was liked by Eastwood , who quite early had been cast for the male lead , and by Spielberg , who liked LaGravenese 's version enough to consider making Bridges his next film after Schindler 's List , which was in post-production at the time . Both men liked that LaGravenese 's script presented the story from Francesca 's point of view ; Spielberg then had LaGravenese introduce the framing device of having Francesca 's adult children discover and read her diaries . When Spielberg decided not to direct , he then brought in Bruce Beresford , who got Alfred Uhry to draft another version of the script ; when Warner Bros. , Spielberg , and Eastwood all preferred LaGravenese 's draft , Beresford dropped out . Waller championed Isabella Rossellini to play Francesca ; she was a `` strong contender '' in a list that also included Anjelica Huston , Jessica Lange , Mary McDonnell , Cher , and Susan Sarandon . But despite Spielberg 's initial reluctance , Eastwood had advocated Meryl Streep for the role from the beginning . Filming ( edit ) Roseman Bridge in Winterset , Iowa . Principal photography took 42 days , ending on November 1 , 1994 , ten days ahead of Eastwood 's 52 - day schedule ; Eastwood filmed it chronologically from Francesca 's point of view , `` because it was important to work that way . We were two people getting to know each other , in real time , as actors and as the characters . '' It was filmed on location in Madison County , Iowa , including the town of Winterset , and in the Dallas County town of Adel . The Bell 's Mills Bridge , in Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania , was also a filming location . Post-production ( edit ) The MPAA ratings board initially gave the film an `` R '' rating , for the line `` Or should we just fuck on the linoleum one last time ? '' , a line of dialogue spoken sarcastically by Francesca ; Eastwood appealed , and the rating was reduced to a PG - 13 . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Bridges of Madison County opened theatrically on June 2 , 1995 in 1,805 venues . It earned $10,519,257 in its opening weekend , ranking number two in the North American box office , behind Casper ( which was in its second weekend ) . At the end of its run , the film grossed $71,516,617 domestically and $110,500,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $182,016,617 . Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reports a score of 89 % based on 57 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Sentimental , slow , schmaltzy , and very satisfying , The Bridges of Madison County finds Clint Eastwood adapting a bestseller with heft , wit , and grace . '' On Metacritic , the film has a 66 out of 100 rating , based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to Janet Maslin , `` Clint Eastwood , director and alchemist , has transformed The Bridges of Madison County into something bearable -- no , something even better . Limited by the vapidity of this material while he trims its excesses with the requisite machete , Mr. Eastwood locates a moving , elegiac love story at the heart of Mr. Waller 's self - congratulatory overkill . The movie has leanness and surprising decency , and Meryl Streep has her best role in years . Looking sturdy and voluptuous in her plain housedress ( the year is 1965 ) , Ms. Streep rises straight out of `` Christina 's World '' to embody all the loneliness and fierce yearning Andrew Wyeth captured on canvas . And yet , despite the Iowa setting and the emphasis on down - home Americana , Mr. Eastwood 's Bridges of Madison County has a European flavor . Its pace is unhurried , which is not the same as slow . It respects long silences and pays attention to small details . It sustains an austere tone and staves off weepiness until the last reel . It voices musings that would definitely sound better in French . '' Richard Corliss said Eastwood is the `` most reticent of directors -- where the book ogles , the film discreetly observes -- and , here , the courtliest of stars ... As scripted by Richard LaGravenese ( The Fisher King ) , the Madison County movie has a slightly riper theme than the book 's . It is about the anticipation and consequences of passion -- the slow dance of appraisal , of waiting to make a move that wo n't be rejected , of debating what to do when the erotic heat matures into love light . What is the effect of an affair on a woman who has been faithful to her husband , and on a rootless man who only now realizes he needs the one woman he can have but not hold ? '' Corliss concludes `` Madison County is Eastwood 's gift to women : to Francesca , to all the girls he 's loved before -- and to Streep , who alchemizes literary mawkishness into intelligent movie passion . '' Accolades ( edit ) Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : Top Box Office Films Blue Ribbon Awards ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film BMI Film & Television Awards : BMI Film Music Award ( Lennie Niehaus ) Kinema Junpo Awards ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film Director ( Clint Eastwood ) Mainichi Film Concours ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 68th Academy Awards : Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Meryl Streep ) American Society of Cinematographers : Outstanding Achievement in Theatrical Releases ( Jack N. Green ) Awards of the Japanese Academy ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Film César Awards ( France ) : Best Foreign Film 53rd Golden Globe Awards : Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Meryl Streep ) Best Motion Picture -- Drama 2nd Screen Actors Guild Awards : Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role ( Meryl Streep ) Others ( edit ) The film tied with Goodbye South , Goodbye and Carlito 's Way as the best film of the 1990s in a poll by Cahiers du cinéma . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 90 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` I See Your Face Before Me '' -- Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 3 , 1995 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( June 16 , 1995 ) . `` Bridge on the River Cry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Variety film review ; May 22 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Bridges of Madison County '' . Madison County Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 2 - 4 , 1995 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . June 5 , 1995 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bridges of Madison County Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 2 , 1995 ) . `` Love Comes Driving Up the Road , and in Middle Age , Too '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( June 5 , 1995 ) . `` When Erotic Heat Turns Into Love Light '' . Time . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Eric . `` Cahiers du cinéma '' . Critics Lists ( Mist Driven Enterprises ) . Caltech Alumni Association . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart : the Films of Clint Eastwood . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . External links ( edit ) The Bridges of Madison County on IMDb The Bridges of Madison County at Box Office Mojo The Bridges of Madison County at Rotten Tomatoes The Bridges of Madison County at Metacritic Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Films by Richard LaGravenese Films written Rude Awakening ( 1989 ) The Fisher King ( 1991 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) A Little Princess ( 1995 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Unstrung Heroes ( 1995 ) The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) Beloved ( 1998 ) Conviction ( 2010 ) Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Films directed Living Out Loud ( 1998 ) A Decade Under the Influence ( 2003 ) Paris , je t'aime ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) The Last Five Years ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bridges_of_Madison_County_(film)&oldid=812328987 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s romantic drama films Adultery in films Amblin Entertainment films American films American romantic drama films Films about photographers Films based on American novels Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films set in 1965 Films set in Iowa Films shot in Iowa Films shot in Pennsylvania Malpaso Productions films Warner Bros. films Films scored by Lennie Niehaus Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the bridges of madison county located	[ "They discovered that in 1965, their mother, an Italian war bride, had a four-day affair with Robert Kincaid, a travelling professional photographer who had come to Madison County, Iowa, to shoot a photographic essay for National Geographic on the covered bridges in the area.[6] The affair took place while her husband and children were at the state fair in Illinois." ]	[ "Madison County, Iowa" ]
-2331795070600548409	Fault (geology)	Fault ( Geology ) - wikipedia Fault ( Geology ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fault line '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fault line ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine Supershear Tsunami Earthquake swarm Causes Fault movement Volcanism Induced seismicity Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter Shadow zone Seismic waves P - wave S - wave Measurement Seismometer Seismic magnitude scales Seismic intensity scales Prediction Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Forecasting Other topics Shear wave splitting Adams -- Williamson equation Flinn -- Engdahl regions Earthquake engineering Seismite Seismology Earth Sciences Portal Related topics This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In geology , a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock , across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock - mass movement . Large faults within the Earth 's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces , with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates , such as subduction zones or transform faults . Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes . A fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault . A fault trace or fault line is a place where the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface . A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on geologic maps to represent a fault . Since faults do not usually consist of a single , clean fracture , geologists use the term fault zone when referring to the zone of complex deformation associated with the fault plane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanisms of faulting 2 Slip , heave , throw 3 Hanging wall and foot wall 4 Fault types 4.1 Strike - slip faults 4.2 Dip - slip faults 4.3 Oblique - slip faults 4.4 Listric fault 4.5 Ring fault 4.6 Synthetic and antithetic faults 5 Fault rock 6 Impacts on structures and people 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Mechanisms of faulting ( edit ) Normal fault in La Herradura Formation , Morro Solar , Peru . The light layer of rock shows the displacement . A second normal fault is at the right . See also : Fault mechanics Because of friction and the rigidity of the constituent rocks , the planes can not glide or flow past each other easily , and so occasionally all movement stops . Thus , stress builds up , and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strain threshold , the accumulated potential energy is released into the fault . Strain occurs accumulatively or instantaneously , depending on the liquid state of the rock ; the ductile lower crust and mantle accumulate deformation gradually via shearing , whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture -- instantaneous stress release -- resulting in motion along the fault . A fault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously when the strain rate is too great . The energy released by instantaneous strain - release causes earthquakes . Slip , heave , throw ( edit ) A fault in Morocco. The fault plane is the steeply leftward - dipping line in the centre of the photo , which is the plane along which the rock layers to the left have slipped downwards , relative to the layers to the right of the fault . Slip is defined as the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane . A fault 's sense of slip is defined as the relative motion of the rock on each side of the fault with respect to the other side . In measuring the horizontal or vertical separation , the throw of the fault is the vertical component of the separation and the heave of the fault is the horizontal component , as in `` Throw up and heave out '' . Microfault showing a piercing point ( the coin 's diameter is 18 mm ) The vector of slip can be qualitatively assessed by studying any drag folding of strata , which may be visible on either side of the fault ; the direction and magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only by finding common intersection points on either side of the fault ( called a piercing point ) . In practice , it is usually only possible to find the slip direction of faults , and an approximation of the heave and throw vector . Hanging wall and foot wall ( edit ) The two sides of a non-vertical fault are known as the hanging wall and footwall . The hanging wall occurs above the fault plane and the footwall occurs below it . This terminology comes from mining : when working a tabular ore body , the miner stood with the footwall under his feet and with the hanging wall above him . Fault types ( edit ) Based on direction of slip , faults can be categorized as : strike - slip , where the offset is predominantly horizontal , parallel to the fault trace . dip - slip , offset is predominantly vertical and / or perpendicular to the fault trace . oblique - slip , combining strike and dip slip . Strike - slip faults ( edit ) Satellite image of the Piqiang Fault , a northwest trending left - lateral strike - slip fault in the Taklamakan Desert south of the Tien Shan Mountains , China ( 40.3 ° N , 77.7 ° E ) Schematic illustration of the two strike - slip fault types . In a strike - slip fault ( also known as a wrench fault , tear fault or transcurrent fault ) , the fault surface ( plane ) is usually near vertical and the footwall moves laterally either left or right with very little vertical motion . Strike - slip faults with left - lateral motion are also known as sinistral faults . Those with right - lateral motion are also known as dextral faults . Each is defined by the direction of movement of the ground as would be seen by an observer on the opposite side of the fault . A special class of strike - slip fault is the transform fault , when it forms a plate boundary . This class is related to an offset in a spreading center , such as a mid-ocean ridge , or , less common , within continental lithosphere , such as the Dead Sea Transform in the Middle East or the Alpine Fault in New Zealand . Transform faults are also referred to as `` conservative '' plate boundaries , inasmuch as lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed . Dip - slip faults ( edit ) Normal faults in Spain , between which rock layers have slipped downwards ( at photo 's centre ) Dip - slip faults can be either `` normal '' ( `` extensional '' ) or `` reverse '' . In a normal fault , the hanging wall moves downward , relative to the footwall . A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a graben . An upthrown block between two normal faults dipping away from each other is a horst . Low - angle normal faults with regional tectonic significance may be designated detachment faults . Cross-sectional illustration of normal and reverse dip - slip faults A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault -- the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall . Reverse faults indicate compressive shortening of the crust . The dip of a reverse fault is relatively steep , greater than 45 ° . A thrust fault has the same sense of motion as a reverse fault , but with the dip of the fault plane at less than 45 ° . Thrust faults typically form ramps , flats and fault - bend ( hanging wall and foot wall ) folds . Flat segments of thrust fault planes are known as flats , and inclined sections of the thrust are known as ramps . Typically , thrust faults move within formations by forming flats and climb up sections with ramps . Fault - bend folds are formed by movement of the hanging wall over a non-planar fault surface and are found associated with both extensional and thrust faults . Faults may be reactivated at a later time with the movement in the opposite direction to the original movement ( fault inversion ) . A normal fault may therefore become a reverse fault and vice versa . Thrust faults form nappes and klippen in the large thrust belts . Subduction zones are a special class of thrusts that form the largest faults on Earth and give rise to the largest earthquakes . Oblique - slip faults ( edit ) Oblique - slip fault A fault which has a component of dip - slip and a component of strike - slip is termed an oblique - slip fault . Nearly all faults have some component of both dip - slip and strike - slip , so defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and strike components to be measurable and significant . Some oblique faults occur within transtensional and transpressional regimes , and others occur where the direction of extension or shortening changes during the deformation but the earlier formed faults remain active . The hade angle is defined as the complement of the dip angle ; it is the angle between the fault plane and a vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault . Listric fault ( edit ) Listric fault ( red line ) Listric faults are similar to normal faults but the fault plane curves , the dip being steeper near the surface , then shallower with increased depth . The dip may flatten into a sub-horizontal décollement , resulting in horizontal slip on a horizontal plane . The illustration shows slumping of the hanging wall along a listric fault . Where the hanging wall is absent ( such as on a cliff ) the footwall may slump in a manner that creates multiple listric faults . Ring fault ( edit ) Ring faults , also known as caldera faults , are faults that occur within collapsed volcanic calderas and the sites of bolide strikes , such as the Chesapeake Bay impact crater . Ring faults are result of a series of overlapping normal faults , forming a circular outline . Fractures created by ring faults may be filled by ring dikes . Synthetic and antithetic faults ( edit ) Synthetic and antithetic faults are terms used to describe minor faults associated with a major fault . Synthetic faults dip in the same direction as the major fault while the antithetic faults dip in the opposite direction . These faults may be accompanied by rollover anticlines ( e.g. the Niger Delta Structural Style ) . Fault rock ( edit ) Salmon - colored fault gouge and associated fault separates two different rock types on the left ( dark gray ) and right ( light gray ) . From the Gobi of Mongolia . Inactive fault from Sudbury to Sault Ste . Marie , Northern Ontario , Canada All faults have a measurable thickness , made up of deformed rock characteristic of the level in the crust where the faulting happened , of the rock types affected by the fault and of the presence and nature of any mineralising fluids . Fault rocks are classified by their textures and the implied mechanism of deformation . A fault that passes through different levels of the lithosphere will have many different types of fault rock developed along its surface . Continued dip - slip displacement tends to juxtapose fault rocks characteristic of different crustal levels , with varying degrees of overprinting . This effect is particularly clear in the case of detachment faults and major thrust faults . The main types of fault rock include : Cataclasite -- a fault rock which is cohesive with a poorly developed or absent planar fabric , or which is incohesive , characterised by generally angular clasts and rock fragments in a finer - grained matrix of similar composition . Tectonic or Fault breccia -- a medium - to coarse - grained cataclasite containing > 30 % visible fragments . Fault gouge -- an incohesive , clay - rich fine - to ultrafine - grained cataclasite , which may possess a planar fabric and containing < 30 % visible fragments . Rock clasts may be present Clay smear - clay - rich fault gouge formed in sedimentary sequences containing clay - rich layers which are strongly deformed and sheared into the fault gouge . Mylonite - a fault rock which is cohesive and characterized by a well - developed planar fabric resulting from tectonic reduction of grain size , and commonly containing rounded porphyroclasts and rock fragments of similar composition to minerals in the matrix Pseudotachylite -- ultrafine - grained glassy - looking material , usually black and flinty in appearance , occurring as thin planar veins , injection veins or as a matrix to pseudoconglomerates or breccias , which infills dilation fractures in the host rock . Impacts on structures and people ( edit ) In geotechnical engineering a fault often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior ( strength , deformation , etc . ) of soil and rock masses in , for example , tunnel , foundation , or slope construction . The level of a fault 's activity can be critical for ( 1 ) locating buildings , tanks , and pipelines and ( 2 ) assessing the seismic shaking and tsunami hazard to infrastructure and people in the vicinity . In California , for example , new building construction has been prohibited directly on or near faults that have moved within the Holocene Epoch ( the last 11,700 years ) of the Earth 's geological history . Also , faults that have shown movement during the Holocene plus Pleistocene Epochs ( the last 2.6 million years ) may receive consideration , especially for critical structures such as power plants , dams , hospitals , and schools . Geologists assess a fault 's age by studying soil features seen in shallow excavations and geomorphology seen in aerial photographs . Subsurface clues include shears and their relationships to carbonate nodules , eroded clay , and iron oxide mineralization , in the case of older soil , and lack of such signs in the case of younger soil . Radiocarbon dating of organic material buried next to or over a fault shear is often critical in distinguishing active from inactive faults . From such relationships , paleoseismologists can estimate the sizes of past earthquakes over the past several hundred years , and develop rough projections of future fault activity . See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Fault scarp Fault block Mitigation of seismic motion Mountain formation Orogeny Seismic hazard Striation ( geology ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ USGS & Fault Traces Jump up ^ USGS & Fault Lines . Jump up ^ SCEC & Education Module , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Faults : Introduction '' . University of California , Santa Cruz . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ USGS & Hanging Wall . Jump up ^ Tingley & Pizarro 2000 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Allaby 2015 . Jump up ^ Park 2004 . Jump up ^ `` dip slip '' . Earthquake Glossary . USGS . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How are reverse faults different than thrust faults ? In what way are they similar ? '' . UCSB Science Line . University of California , Santa Barbara . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structural Geology Notebook - Caldera Faults '' . maps.unomaha.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brodie et al. 2007 References ( edit ) Allaby , Michael , ed. ( 2015 ) . `` Strike - Slip Fault '' . A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Brodie , Kate ; Fettes , Douglas ; Harte , Ben ; Schmid , Rolf ( 29 January 2007 ) , Structural terms including fault rock terms , International Union of Geological Sciences Davis , George H. ; Reynolds , Stephen J. ( 1996 ) . `` Folds '' . Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 372 -- 424 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 52621 - 5 . Fichter , Lynn S. ; Baedke , Steve J. ( 13 September 2000 ) . `` A Primer on Appalachian Structural Geology '' . James Madison University . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Hart , E.W. ; Bryant , W.A. , ( 1997 ) . Fault rupture hazard in California : Alquist - Priolo earthquake fault zoning act with index to earthquake fault zone maps ( Report ) . Special Publication 42 . California Division of Mines and Geology . Marquis , John ; Hafner , Katrin ; Hauksson , Egill , `` The Properties of Fault Slip '' , Investigating Earthquakes through Regional Seismicity , Southern California Earthquake Center , retrieved 19 March 2010 McKnight , Tom L. ; Hess , Darrel ( 2000 ) . `` The Internal Processes : Types of Faults '' . Physical Geography : A Landscape Appreciation . Prentice Hall . pp. 416 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 020263 - 0 . Park , R.G. ( 2004 ) , Foundation of Structural Geology ( 3 ed . ) , Routledge , p. 11 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7487 - 5802 - 9 Tingley , J.V. ; Pizarro , K.A. ( 2000 ) , Traveling America 's loneliest road : a geologic and natural history tour , Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication , 26 , Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology , p. 132 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 888035 - 05 - 6 , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 USGS , Hanging wall Foot wall , retrieved 2 April 2010 USGS , Earthquake Glossary -- fault trace , retrieved 10 April 2015 USGS ( 30 April 2003 ) , Where are the Fault Lines in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains ? , archived from the original on 18 November 2009 , retrieved 6 March 2010 External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Faults Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faults . Fault Motion Animations at IRIS Consortium Aerial view of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain , Central California , from `` How Earthquakes Happen '' at USGS LANDSAT image of the San Andreas Fault in southern California , from `` What is a Fault ? '' at USGS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&oldid=837008714 '' Categories : Structural geology Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 04 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dip slip faults in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall are called	[ "In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall. A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a graben. An upthrown block between two normal faults dipping away from each other is a horst. Low-angle normal faults with regional tectonic significance may be designated detachment faults." ]	[ "normal" ]
2974523030043888584	I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)	I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent series , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television , Survival , Game show Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios as ITV Granada ) Developed by LWT James Allen , Natalka Znak , Brent Baker and Stewart Morris . Directed by Ian Hamilton ( 2002 ) Chris Power ( 2003 -- ) Presented by Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 No. of episodes 182 Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Cowles Chris Brogden Becca Walker Location ( s ) Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 60 -- 120 mins ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT / Granada Television ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2002 -- 05 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 08 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( 2002 -- 09 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2010 -- ) Audio format Stereo Original release 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp External links Website www.itv.com/celebrity I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! ( often shortened to I 'm a Celebrity or I 'm a Celeb ) is a British survival reality television game show , first aired on 25 August 2002 , in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name . It is filmed in Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom . In the Republic of Ireland , TV3 began simulcasts at the beginning of series 3 in 2004 . The series moved to their sister channel 3e for series 12 , 13 and 14 . The series moved to UTV Ireland in 2015 for series 15 . The show has been contracted to air until at least 2019 , taking it to at least 19 series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Bushtucker trial 1.2 Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes 2 Filming location 3 Popularity and criticism 3.1 Controversies 4 Series details 5 Main series results 5.1 Series 1 ( 2002 ) 5.2 Series 2 ( 2003 ) 5.3 Series 3 ( 2004 ) 5.4 Series 4 ( 2004 ) 5.5 Series 5 ( 2005 ) 5.6 Series 6 ( 2006 ) 5.7 Series 7 ( 2007 ) 5.8 Series 8 ( 2008 ) 5.9 Series 9 ( 2009 ) 5.10 Series 10 ( 2010 ) 5.11 Series 11 ( 2011 ) 5.12 Series 12 ( 2012 ) 5.13 Series 13 ( 2013 ) 5.14 Series 14 ( 2014 ) 5.15 Series 15 ( 2015 ) 5.16 Series 16 ( 2016 ) 5.17 Series 17 ( 2017 ) 5.18 Series records and statistics 6 Series ratings 7 I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp 7.1 History 7.2 Presenters 8 References 9 External links Format This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In return for their appearance on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers , ITV Studios , make donations . The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle . The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities ' contracts private , prompting much speculation from the media . The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone , text message , or the `` red button '' ( a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services ) for the celebrity they would like to complete a `` Bushtucker Trial '' -- a physical task usually involving snakes , spiders or other creepy - crawlies found in the jungle -- and , later in each series , to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show . The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show , and is branded `` King / Queen of the Jungle '' . Bushtucker trial Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp . Bushtucker Trials take two formats : eating trials , or physical / mental tasks . In the eating trials , contestants are required to eat a variety of different `` jungle '' foods . Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star , which equals one meal for camp ( although the number of meals per star can vary ) . These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website . The foods that are required to be eaten can include : crickets ( in a variety of forms , such as cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead ) , green ants , mealworms , witchetty grub , roasted spider or tarantulas , kangaroo testicles , kangaroo penis , kangaroo vaginal parts , crocodile penis , cockroach ( prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks , eaten alive or dead ) . Other past foods include beach worms , bull 's tongues , the anus of various animals , vomit fruits , cooked pigs ' brains , various animal testicles , raw fish eyes , sheep eyes , blended rats or mice tails . The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars . These can include searching through dung , going through tunnels , negotiating obstacles on high wires , or performing other tasks . Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general . Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek . Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series . Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the `` Dingo Dollar Challenge '' . This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars . Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved , it is taken to a small woodshack shop , with shopkeeper ' Kiosk Keith ' . They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies . Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia . The `` Celebrity Chest '' was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series , in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge , which involves the celebrities collecting ' dingo dollars ' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp , if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong , Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop , leaving nothing for the camp . Formerly , ' The Celebrity Chest ' had a question with a choice of answers , similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge , the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members . If correct , they would win a treat , if incorrect , they would be told what the treat was . In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats . Filming location On location in the `` Jungle '' in Dungay , north - eastern New South Wales The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns , in Queensland , Australia . Since the second series , the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park , near Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia . Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on - site medical facilities , containers for the storage of props , and other back - stage facilities . Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions . From this area , a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios . The road then heads down into a valley via four - wheel drive access to the set of the show . Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth , although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open - air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from . While the roof of the main building is bright red , when filming is out of season , this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view . The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges . As they are so close to the celebrities , the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down . Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here ; in fact , some are performed well away from the area . Once out of the jungle , the contestants stay at the five - star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia . The health and well - being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS . McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges . Popularity and criticism The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively -- in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time . The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements , but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras . In one episode , a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles . Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked . In actuality , the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south . In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants , which sparked some criticism . It was also reported that , as a result , cash - strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series , and that the quality of the trials had gone down . Controversies ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red - button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run - off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney . The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints , on 23 November 2006 episode , the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed . 30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy . Due to late running , seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted , although this did not affect the result . Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7 . Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was . Former Sex Pistols manager , Malcolm McLaren , who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute , alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed , and the trials posed no real danger . He alleged that the show doctor told him that `` ' Things are so safe , I would send my own kids in to do the show ' . There is nothing bad in there . They 're hoodwinking the public '' . ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty . Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show . In 2012 , the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism , which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell , resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards . The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial . Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of ' animal cruelty for entertainment ' . ITV also received a further 500 complaints . In January 2016 , it was revealed no further action would be taken . Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew , which saw Ant joke that they get `` paid in ... '' following a word that was construed by many viewers as `` abos '' an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians . A spokesperson later responded , stating that Ant had actually said `` Avo 's which is short for avocados '' . Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series , and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health . There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador , due to her alleged role in the ' bullying ' . On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction , she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp , the ITV2 spin - off series stating that she was she `` under pressure '' , and that they were taken out of context . After his eviction from the camp , Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms , and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show . He latter accused of show of ' editing him ' to look like a bully . Following his third place eviction , Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of ' picking on him ' , stating that he has `` loves them '' and that there 's `` no beef between ( them ) '' . He also addressed claims that he had a `` game plan '' , stating that he was just being himself . Series details Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year . To date , there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Series Start date End date Sponsors Days in camp Campmates Honour places Viewers ( millions ) Winner Second place Third place 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) N / A 15 8 Tony Blackburn Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Christine Hamilton 7.58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) V 10 Phil Tufnell John Fashanu Linda Barker 8.55 23 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) First Choice 16 Kerry Katona Jennie Bond Peter Andre 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 1 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 01 ) 18 11 Joe Pasquale Paul Burrell Fran Cosgrave 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12 Carol Thatcher Sheree Murphy Sid Owen 9.32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Iceland 19 Matt Willis Myleene Klass Jason Donovan 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 20 11 Christopher Biggins Janice Dickinson Jason `` J '' Brown 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 21 12 Joe Swash Martina Navratilova George Takei 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 13 Gino D'Acampo Kim Woodburn Jimmy White 9.37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) Stacey Solomon Shaun Ryder Jenny Eclair 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) Dougie Poynter Mark Wright Fatima Whitbread 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 12 Charlie Brooks Ashley Roberts David Haye 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 22 Kian Egan David Emanuel Lucy Pargeter 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 23 Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Jake Quickenden Melanie Sykes 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Aunt Bessie 's 22 13 Vicky Pattison George Shelley Ferne McCann 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12 Scarlett Moffatt Joel Dommett Adam Thomas 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) Tombola Arcade Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Jamie Lomas Iain Lee 9.96 Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com , online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company , Kia . Main series results The first three series of I 'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast . From series 4 onwards , the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November / early December . Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Walked or withdrew Late arrival Series 1 ( 2002 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 1 ) 8 contestants , 25 August -- 8 September 2002 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Tony Blackburn BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Day 1 Day 15 1st Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Socialite , model , columnist & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Christine Hamilton Author & public speaker Day 1 Day 14 3rd Nell McAndrew Glamour model & television presenter Day 1 Day 13 4th Rhona Cameron Comedian Day 1 Day 12 5th Darren Day Actor , singer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 6th Nigel Benn Former Middleweight champion boxer Day 1 Day 10 7th Uri Geller Magician , television personality & self - proclaimed psychic Day 1 Day 9 8th Series 2 ( 2003 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 2 ) 10 contestants , 28 April -- 12 May 2003 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Phil Tufnell Former England left - arm orthodox spin bowler Day 1 Day 15 1st John Fashanu Former England striker & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Linda Barker Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 15 3rd Wayne Sleep Royal Ballet dancer Day 1 Day 14 4th Antony Worrall Thompson Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 13 5th Toyah Willcox Singer - songwriter & actress Day 1 Day 12 6th Catalina Guirado Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 11 7th Chris Bisson Holby City & Prime Suspect actor Day 1 Day 10 8th Danniella Westbrook Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 9 9th Siân Lloyd Television weather reporter Day 1 Day 8 10th Series 3 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 3 ) 10 contestants , 26 January -- 9 February 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Kerry Katona Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 16 1st Jennie Bond BBC royal correspondent Day 1 Day 16 2nd Peter Andre Pop singer Day 1 Day 16 3rd Lord Brocket Television presenter Day 1 Day 15 4th Katie Price Glamour model Day 1 Day 14 5th Alex Best Glamour model Day 1 Day 13 6th John Lydon Sex Pistols band member & presenter Day 1 Day 11 7th Neil Ruddock Former England footballer Day 1 Day 11 8th Diane Modahl Olympic middle distance runner Day 1 Day 10 9th Mike Read Radio DJ & journalist Day 1 Day 9 10th Series 4 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 4 ) 11 contestants , 21 November -- 6 December 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Pasquale Comedian Day 1 Day 18 1st Paul Burrell Former Royal Household servant Day 1 Day 18 2nd Fran Cosgrave Nightclub manager , television personality & bodyguard Day 1 Day 18 3rd Janet Street - Porter Broadcaster & journalist Day 1 Day 17 4th Sophie Anderton Glamour model Day 1 Day 15 5th Antonio Fargas Starsky & Hutch actor Day 1 Day 14 6th Sheila Ferguson The Three Degrees singer Day 1 Day 13 7th Vic Reeves Vic and Bob comedian Day 5 Day 12 8th Nancy Sorrell Model & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 9th Natalie Appleton Former All Saints singer Day 1 Day 10 10th Brian Harvey East 17 singer Day 2 Day 7 11th Series 5 ( 2005 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 5 ) 12 contestants , 20 November -- 5 December 2005 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Carol Thatcher Journalist & author Day 1 Day 18 1st Sheree Murphy Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 18 2nd Sid Owen EastEnders actor & singer Day 1 Day 18 3rd Jimmy Osmond Singer , actor & businessman Day 1 Day 17 4th Bobby Ball Cannon and Ball comedian & actor Day 6 Day 16 5th Antony Costa Former Blue singer Day 1 Day 15 6th Jenny Frost Former Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 14 7th David Dickinson Former Bargain Hunt presenter Day 1 Day 12 8th Kimberley Davies Former Neighbours actress Day 1 Day 11 9th Jilly Goolden Wine critic & journalist Day 1 Day 11 10th Tommy Cannon Cannon and Ball comedian Day 6 Day 10 11th Elaine Lordan Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 1 12th Series 6 ( 2006 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 6 ) 12 contestants , 13 November -- 1 December 2006 : Team Base Camp Team Snake Rock Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Matt Willis Busted band member Day 1 Day 19 1st Myleene Klass Hear'Say singer Day 1 Day 19 2nd Jason Donovan Stage & screen performer Day 1 Day 19 3rd David Gest Music promoter & television producer Day 1 Day 18 4th Dean Gaffney Former EastEnders actor Day 5 Day 18 5th Jan Leeming Journalist & broadcaster Day 1 Day 17 6th Malandra Burrows Emmerdale actress Day 6 Day 16 7th Phina Oruche Footballer 's Wives actress Day 1 Day 15 8th Lauren Booth Broadcaster , journalist & activist Day 1 Day 14 9th Faith Brown Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 13 10th Scott Henshall Model & fashion designer Day 1 Day 12 11th Toby Anstis Global Radio presenter Day 1 Day 11 12th Series 7 ( 2007 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 7 ) 11 contestants , 12 -- 30 November 2007 : Team Croc Creek Team Snake Rock Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Christopher Biggins Film , television & stage actor Day 5 Day 20 1st Janice Dickinson Supermodel Day 1 Day 20 2nd Jason `` J '' Brown Former 5ive singer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Cerys Matthews Singer - songwriter Day 1 Day 19 4th Gemma Atkinson Hollyoaks actress & glamour model Day 1 Day 18 5th Anna Ryder Richardson Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 16 6th Rodney Marsh Retired England footballer Day 1 Day 15 7th John Burton Race Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 14 8th Lynne Franks Spokeswoman & writer Day 1 Day 13 9th Katie Hopkins The Apprentice contestant Day 2 Day 12 10th Marc Bannerman EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 11 11th Series 8 ( 2008 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 8 ) Series 8 : Sunday 16 November -- 5 December 2008 : Home Camp Away Camp Entered after contestants were brought together . Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Swash EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 21 1st Martina Navratilova Retired professional tennis player Day 1 Day 21 2nd George Takei Former Star Trek actor Day 1 Day 21 3rd David Van Day Former Dollar singer Day 5 Day 20 4th Simon Webbe Blue singer Day 1 Day 19 5th Nicola McLean Glamour model Day 1 Day 18 6th Brian Paddick Liberal Democrat & retired policeman Day 1 Day 17 7th Esther Rantzen Television presenter & charity campaigner Day 1 Day 16 8th Timmy Mallett Children 's television presenter Day 5 Day 15 9th Carly Zucker Personal trainer & model Day 1 Day 14 10th Dani Behr Television presenter , model & singer Day 1 Day 13 11th Robert Kilroy - Silk Former Labour Party politician & television presenter Day 1 Day 12 12th Series 9 ( 2009 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 9 ) Series 9 : 15 November -- 4 December 2009 Base Camp Camp Exile Left before camp was split Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Gino D'Acampo Chef & television presenter Day 1 Day 21 1st Kim Woodburn How Clean Is Your House ? presenter Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jimmy White Professional snooker player Day 1 Day 21 3rd Justin Ryan Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 20 4th Stuart Manning Former Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 19 5th Sabrina Washington Former Mis - Teeq singer Day 1 Day 18 6th George Hamilton Film actor Day 1 Day 17 7th Joe Bugner Heavyweight boxer Day 4 Day 16 8th Samantha Fox Former model & singer Day 1 Day 14 9th Colin McAllister Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 10th Lucy Benjamin Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 10 11th Katie Price Businesswoman & television personality Day 2 Day 9 12th Camilla Dallerup Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer Day 1 Day 4 13th Series 10 ( 2010 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 10 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me out of Here ! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series , as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the `` Coming Out '' show at the conclusion of series 9 . This is the first series in HD . Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials . Series 10 : 14 November -- 4 December 2010 Camp Sheila Camp Bruce Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Stacey Solomon The X Factor contestant Day 1 Day 21 1st Shaun Ryder Former Happy Mondays singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jenny Eclair Comedian & novelist Day 4 Day 20 3rd Dom Joly Comedian Day 4 Day 19 4th Kayla Collins Playboy model Day 1 Day 19 5th Aggro Santos Rapper Day 1 Day 18 6th Linford Christie Retired Olympic sprinter Day 1 Day 17 7th Gillian McKeith Nutritionist , author & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Britt Ekland Actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Alison Hammond This Morning presenter Day 6 Day 15 10th Lembit Öpik Former Liberal Democratic Party MP Day 1 Day 13 11th Sheryl Gascoigne Author Day 1 Day 12 12th Nigel Havers Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 9 13th Series 11 ( 2011 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 11 ) The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011 . The official line - up was confirmed on 9 November 2011 . Series 11 : 13 November -- 3 December 2011 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Dougie Poynter McFly bassist Day 1 Day 21 1st Mark Wright The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 21 2nd Fatima Whitbread Olympic javelin thrower Day 1 Day 20 3rd Antony Cotton Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 20 4th Willie Carson Former horse racing jockey Day 1 Day 19 5th Crissy Rock Benidorm actress Day 1 Day 18 6th Emily Scott Swimwear model Day 5 Day 17 7th Jessica - Jane Clement Glamour model , actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Lorraine Chase Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Pat Sharp Television & radio broadcaster Day 3 Day 14 10th Sinitta 80s pop singer Day 3 Day 13 11th Stefanie Powers Stage & screen actress Day 1 Day 12 12th Freddie Starr Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 3 13th Series 12 ( 2012 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 12 ) The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012 . The official line - up was revealed on 7 November 2012 . Series 12 : 11 November -- 1 December 2012 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Charlie Brooks EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 21 1st Ashley Roberts Former The Pussycat Dolls singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd David Haye Heavyweight boxer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Eric Bristow Professional darts player Day 1 Day 19 4th Hugo Taylor Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 18 5th Rosemary Shrager Celebrity chef Day 5 Day 17 6th Helen Flanagan Coronation Street actress & model Day 1 Day 16 7th Colin Baker Former Doctor Who actor Day 1 Day 15 8th Linda Robson Birds of a Feather actress Day 1 Day 13 9th Limahl Kajagoogoo band member Day 5 Day 12 10th Nadine Dorries Conservative Party politician Day 1 Day 11 11th Brian Conley Actor & comedian Day 1 Day 9 12th Series 13 ( 2013 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 13 ) The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013 . The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013 . The line - up was confirmed on 13 November 2013 . Series 13 : 17 November 2013 -- 8 December 2013 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Kian Egan Former Westlife singer Day 1 Day 22 1st David Emanuel Royal fashion designer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Lucy Pargeter Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 21 3rd Joey Essex The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 20 4th Amy Willerton Miss Universe Great Britain 2013 Day 1 Day 20 5th Rebecca Adlington Former Olympic swimmer Day 1 Day 19 6th Alfonso Ribeiro Sitcom actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Steve Davis Former professional snooker player Day 1 Day 18 8th Matthew Wright The Wright Stuff presenter Day 1 Day 17 9th Vincent Simone Strictly Come Dancing professional Day 5 Day 17 10th Laila Morse EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 16 11th Annabel Giles Television presenter & author Day 5 Day 15 12th Series 14 ( 2014 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 14 ) The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 . On 15 October 2014 , a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website . On 11 November , the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV . On 20 November , a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show . Series 14 : 16 November 2014 -- 7 December 2014 Team Croc Creek / Rescuer Team Celebrity Slammer Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Retired World Superbike racer Day 1 Day 23 1st Jake Quickenden The X Factor contestant Day 5 Day 23 2nd Melanie Sykes Television presenter & model Day 1 Day 23 3rd Edwina Currie Former Conservative Party politician & author Day 5 Day 22 4th Tinchy Stryder Rapper Day 1 Day 21 5th Kendra Wilkinson Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 21 6th Vicki Michelle Sitcom actress Day 1 Day 20 7th Michael Buerk Newsreader & war journalist Day 1 Day 19 8th Nadia Forde Model , television personality & singer Day 1 Day 18 9th Jimmy Bullard Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 17 10th Craig Charles Actor , comedian & presenter Day 1 Day 4 11th Gemma Collins The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 3 12th Series 15 ( 2015 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 15 ) The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014 . Series 15 : 15 November 2015 -- 6 December 2015 Red Team ( Leader : Tony Hadley ) Yellow Team ( Leader : Susannah Constantine ) Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Vicky Pattison Geordie Shore star Day 3 Day 22 1st George Shelley Union J singer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Ferne McCann The Only Way is Essex star Day 3 Day 22 3rd Kieron Dyer Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 21 4th Jorgie Porter Hollyoaks actress Day 1 Day 21 5th Tony Hadley Spandau Ballet singer Day 1 Day 20 6th Duncan Bannatyne Former Dragons ' Den panelist & entrepreneur Day 1 Day 19 7th Lady Colin Campbell Royal biographer & socialite Day 1 Day 17 8th Chris Eubank Retired professional boxer Day 1 Day 17 9th Yvette Fielding Actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 10th Brian Friedman Dancer & The X Factor choreographer Day 1 Day 15 11th Susannah Constantine Fashion journalist Day 1 Day 13 12th Spencer Matthews Made in Chelsea star Day 3 Day 5 13th Series 16 ( 2016 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 16 ) The show returned in 2016 , and is the second in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015 . It began airing on 13 November 2016 . Series 16 : 13 November 2016 -- 4 December 2016 Jungle Celebs City Celebs Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Scarlett Moffatt Gogglebox star Day 1 Day 22 1st Joel Dommett Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 22 2nd Adam Thomas Emmerdale actor Day 1 Day 22 3rd Sam Quek Olympic hockey player Day 1 Day 21 4th Wayne Bridge Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 20 5th Martin Roberts Homes Under the Hammer presenter Day 5 Day 20 6th Larry Lamb Actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Carol Vorderman TV presenter & former Countdown co-host Day 1 Day 18 8th Jordan Banjo Diversity Dance Troupe Member Day 1 Day 17 9th Ola Jordan Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer Day 1 Day 16 10th Lisa Snowdon Fashion model & presenter Day 1 Day 15 11th Danny Baker Radio presenter Day 5 Day 13 12th Series 17 ( 2017 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) The show returned in 2017 , and is the third in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016 . It began airing on 19 November 2017 . Series 17 : 19 November 2017 -- 10 December 2017 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Left before camp was split Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 22 1st Jamie Lomas Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 22 2nd Iain Lee Comedian Day 5 Day 22 3rd Jennie McAlpine Coronation Street actress Day 1 Day 21 4th Amir Khan Professional boxer Day 1 Day 20 5th Dennis Wise Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 19 6th Stanley Johnson Politician & author Day 1 Day 18 7th Vanessa White The Saturdays singer Day 1 Day 17 8th Rebekah `` Becky '' Vardy Wife of Jamie Vardy Day 1 Day 16 9th Kezia Dugdale Politician & former Scottish Labour leader Day 5 Day 15 10th Shappi Khorsandi Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 13 11th Jack Maynard DJ & YouTube personality Day 1 Day 3 12th Series records and statistics This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Biggest winning percentage : 83.42 % -- Gino D'Acampo ( Series 9 ) Closest winning percentage : 50.56 % -- Charlie Brooks ( Series 12 ) Longest stay in camp : 23 days -- Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty & Melanie Sykes ( Series 14 ) Shortest stay in camp : 1 day -- Elaine Lordan ( Series 5 ) Most appearances : 2 series -- Katie Price ( Series 3 and Series 9 ) Most bushtucker trials : 12 trials -- Adam Thomas ( Series 16 ) Most consecutive bushtucker trials : 7 trials -- Helen Flanagan ( Series 12 ) Most refused bushtucker trials : 2 trials -- Lady Colin Campbell ( Series 15 ) Series ratings Series Start date End date No. of shows Highest rating ( millions ) Lowest rating ( millions ) Average rating ( millions ) 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 15 10.95 6.14 7.58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) 12.73 5.15 8.55 26 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) 17 14.99 8.96 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 6 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) 16 11.43 7.04 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12.35 7.69 9.32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 17 10.05 6.97 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 19 8.84 5.00 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 20 10.19 7.91 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 19 10.86 7.86 9.37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) 13.48 6.68 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) 11.10 6.98 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 11.51 8.81 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 20 13.05 9.62 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 11.97 9.21 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 21 11.32 8.88 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12.66 9.21 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 22 12.69 8.88 9.96 Note for `` Average rating '' : Since 2010 incl . HD viewers and since 2011 incl . `` ITV + 1 '' consumers . I 'm a Celebrity : Extra camp I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp Also known as I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Presented by See presenters below Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 Production Location ( s ) Australia Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Release Original network ITV2 Picture format 576i : SDTV ( 2002 -- 2010 ) 1080p : HDTV ( 2011 -- present ) Original release 27 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 27 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! External links Website www.itv.com/celebrity I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp ( previously I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ) is a companion show , broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland . It features behind - the - scenes footage of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off . Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5 -- 8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK . Since series 9 , the show has been filmed completely live in Australia with occasional celebrity interviews based in London , shown through webcam . History Logo used from 2007 to 2015 In the first series , the show was presented by Irish TV presenter Louise Loughman . In series 2 -- 3 , the show was presented by Mark Durden - Smith and Tara Palmer - Tomkinson . In series 4 , Palmer - Tomkinson was absent and Durden - Smith was the only host . For the fifth series , Palmer - Tomkinson returned to present the show . Durden - Smith did not , as he decided to spend time with his children instead . He was replaced by Matt Brown . Palmer - Tomkinson did not return for series 6 . In series 6 , Brendon Burns initially presented the show , but left after three episodes . This led to Durden - Smith returning for the rest of the series , where he presented from the UK . He was joined by new presenters Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier ( briefly Steve Wilson before Brazier took over ) , who presented from the jungle in Australia . Also this series , a 5pm teatime programme , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Exclusive , ran each weekday on ITV . It was co-hosted by series 5 runner - up Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield in 2006 . It did not return for a second series . For series 7 -- 8 , Matt Willis and his wife Emma took over from the previous hosts , Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier , in Australia . Because they were having a child in early 2009 , they did not return to present series 9 . Durden - Smith also presented the show , from the UK , for the final time . Series 9 to 10 saw new presenter Caroline Flack take over with roving reporter Joe Swash , email / people reporter Russell Kane , and a panel of celebrity pundits , which changed approximately every three to five days . For series 11 , Flack left in order to present another ITV2 show , The Xtra Factor , and was replaced by Laura Whitmore . Swash and Kane both stayed on for the eleventh series . On 16 June 2012 , it was announced that Kane would not return to Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! . He was replaced by stand - up comic Rob Beckett . All three presenters returned to present the thirteenth and fourteenth series of the show . Due to tour commitments , Beckett did not return for Series 15 . He was replaced by comedian David Morgan . On 14 April 2016 , Laura Whitmore stated that she would not be returning to the Jungle . On 31 May 2016 during an interview on Up Late with Rylan , Morgan confirmed that he would not be returning to the series due to other work commitments . They were replaced by Vicky Pattison , Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey . On 13 April 2017 , Pattison and Ramsey both stated on social media that they would not be returning to the show in 2017 . It was confirmed that 2016 winner Scarlett Moffatt was announced as a new presenter in September 2017 and will join long - running presenter Joe Swash on the new series . It was also confirmed that Joel Dommett would join the presenting lineup . Presenters Various TV presenters and comedians have hosted the show since it began in 2002 , with Joe Swash having presented the most series , at nine . Series Year Presenter ( s ) Comedian 2002 Louise Loughman N / A 2003 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Mark Durden - Smith Mark Durden - Smith 5 2005 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Matt Brown 6 2006 Kelly Osbourne Steve Wilson Jeff Brazier Brendon Burns 7 2007 Emma Willis Matt Willis N / A 8 2008 9 2009 Caroline Flack Joe Swash Russell Kane 10 11 2011 Laura Whitmore Joe Swash 12 2012 Rob Beckett 13 2013 14 2014 15 2015 David Morgan 16 2016 Vicky Pattison Stacey Solomon Joe Swash Chris Ramsey 17 2017 Scarlett Moffatt Joe Swash Joel Dommett Notes : Jump up ^ Durden - Smith later returned for Series 6 , 7 and 8 as the UK co-presenter of the show . References ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Jungle Sums ! Ant & Dec sign for three more I 'm A Celeb series '' . 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes at the Jungle Camp '' . Official Ant and Dec. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` See inside stunning I 'm a Celebrity hotel where stars swap gruelling jungle life for jaw - dropping luxury '' . The Mirror. 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celeb ' bosses ' regret Price return ' '' . Digital Spy. 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Pete ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` I 'm a Celeb vote cock - up storm '' . London : The Sun . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 83 '' . Ofcom. 23 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin , Issue 108 '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom. 8 May 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bannerman 's ex hopes Cerys ' rots in hell ' '' . RTÉ. 5 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cerys and Marc criticise ' misleading ' footage '' . RTÉ. 28 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walkout jungle star blasts the show '' . RTÉ . n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ITV apologises for rat killing on I 'm A Celebrity ... '' BBC News . 7 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's D'Acampo and Manning face rat charges '' . BBC . 6 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` David Cameron defends decision to suspend Nadine Dorries '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom to probe ITV after Ferne McCann eats a huge LIVE spider '' . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity 's live spider eating cleared despite nearly 1,500 complaints '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity bosses forced to deny Ant McPartlin said ' racial slur ' during show '' . The Sun . 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity celebrities accused of ' bullying ' Iain Lee '' . TellyMix. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's ' Mean Girls ' do n't know the damage they can do to Iain '' . Metro. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibb , Jessica ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Rebekah Vardy 's call to be axed as mental health ambassador after ' bullying ' '' . mirror . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's Rebekah Vardy defends herself over bullying claims as she insists she did n't badmouth Iain Lee '' . The Sun . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise interview CUT OFF as he addresses Iain ' bullying ' claims '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Roxanne ( 9 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise SLAMS ITV editing ' I looked like a bully ' '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ' return date confirmed by ITV '' . Digital Spy. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Essex boy , a con - artist , a boy band bassist and a former Olympian ... meet this year 's I 'm A Celebrity contestants '' . Daily Mail . 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! Series 12 - Episode 1 '' . Radio Times . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And the countdown begins ... '' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . ITV. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! '' . ITV . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Emily Hewett for ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` The I 'm A Celeb promo is here and Dec 's got something he needs to get off his chest ... '' Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 2014 : Launch date revealed with Ant and Dec set to '' . 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity lineup confirmed : Michael Buerk , Kendra , Craig Charles '' . Digital Spy. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ITV News on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Timmy Ehegötz ( Hrsg . ) : `` Internationaler Lizenzhandel mit Fernsehformaten . '' Untertitel : Die programmpolitische Relevanz des TV - Formathandels für deutsche Fernsehsender -- analysiert an dem Formatimport `` Ich bin ein Star Holt mich hier raus ! '' . Tredition , Hamburg 2015 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7323 - 2627 - 3 , S. 80 . Jump up ^ I 'm a comic , get me out of here Chortle.co.uk Jump up ^ `` COMIC Russell Kane is leaving ITV2 's I 'm a Celebrity spin - off after three years '' . The Sun . 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ' series 12 start date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian . `` Comedian David Morgan replaces Rob Beckett on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here Now ! '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Solomon Insists There 's No Hard Feelings After Being Dropped From ' I 'm A Celeb ' Spin - Off Show '' . HuffPost. 3 October 2017 . External links I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! at itv.com I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! on IMDb Coordinates : 28 ° 15 ′ 42.75 '' S 153 ° 21 ′ 1.79 '' E / 28.2618750 ° S 153.3504972 ° E / - 28.2618750 ; 153.3504972 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK ) Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Winners Tony Blackburn Phil Tufnell Kerry Katona Joe Pasquale Carol Thatcher Matt Willis Christopher Biggins Joe Swash Gino D'Acampo Stacey Solomon Dougie Poynter Charlie Brooks Kian Egan Carl Fogarty Vicky Pattison Scarlett Moffatt Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=816191781 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2010s British reality television series 2002 British television programme debuts I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK ) ITV reality television programmes English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in New South Wales Television shows set in Queensland Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 21 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is im a celebrity set in australia	[ "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts. The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name. It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom." ]	[ "Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia" ]
-7394286512754765676	Hemoglobin	Hemoglobin - wikipedia Hemoglobin Jump to : navigation , search hemoglobin ( heterotetramer , ( αβ ) ) Protein type metalloprotein , globulin Function oxygen - transport Cofactor ( s ) heme ( 4 ) Subunit name Gene Chromosomal locus Hb - α1 HBA1 Chr. 16 p13. 3 Hb - α2 HBA2 Chr. 16 p13. 3 Hb - β HBB Chr. 11 p15. 5 Hemoglobin ( American ) or haemoglobin ( British ) ( / ˈhiːməˌɡloʊbɪn , ˈhɛ - , - moʊ - / ) ; abbreviated Hb or Hgb , is the iron - containing oxygen - transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates ( with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae ) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates . Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body ( i.e. the tissues ) . There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism . A healthy individual has `` 12 to 16 '' grams of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood . In mammals , the protein makes up about 96 % of the red blood cells ' dry content ( by weight ) , and around 35 % of the total content ( including water ) . Hemoglobin has an oxygen - binding capacity of 1.34 mL O per gram , which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood . The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind ( carry ) up to four oxygen molecules . Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases : It carries some of the body 's respiratory carbon dioxide ( about 20 -- 25 % of the total ) as carbaminohemoglobin , in which CO is bound to the globin protein . The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group , releasing it at the same time as oxygen . Hemoglobin is also found outside red blood cells and their progenitor lines . Other cells that contain hemoglobin include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra , macrophages , alveolar cells , and mesangial cells in the kidney . In these tissues , hemoglobin has a non-oxygen - carrying function as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism . Hemoglobin and hemoglobin - like molecules are also found in many invertebrates , fungi , and plants . In these organisms , hemoglobins may carry oxygen , or they may act to transport and regulate other small molecules and ions such as carbon dioxide , nitric oxide , hydrogen sulfide and sulfide . A variant of the molecule , called leghemoglobin , is used to scavenge oxygen away from anaerobic systems , such as the nitrogen - fixing nodules of leguminous plants , before the oxygen can poison ( deactivate ) the system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Research history 2 Genetics 3 Synthesis 4 Structure 4.1 Oxygen saturation 4.1. 1 Oxyhemoglobin 4.1. 2 Deoxygenated hemoglobin 5 Evolution of vertebrate hemoglobin 6 Iron 's oxidation state in oxyhemoglobin 7 Cooperativity 8 Binding for ligands other than oxygen 8.1 Competitive 8.2 Allosteric 9 Types in humans 10 Degradation in vertebrate animals 11 Role in disease 12 Diagnostic uses 13 Athletic tracking and self tracking uses 14 Analogues in non-vertebrate organisms 15 Other oxygen - binding proteins 16 Presence in nonerythroid cells 17 In history , art and music 18 See also 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links Research history ( edit ) Max Perutz , one of the founding fathers of molecular biology In 1825 J.F. Engelhard discovered that the ratio of iron to protein is identical in the hemoglobins of several species . From the known atomic mass of iron he calculated the molecular mass of hemoglobin to n × 16000 ( n = number of iron atoms per hemoglobin , now known to be 4 ) , the first determination of a protein 's molecular mass . This `` hasty conclusion '' drew a lot of ridicule at the time from scientists who could not believe that any molecule could be that big . Gilbert Smithson Adair confirmed Engelhard 's results in 1925 by measuring the osmotic pressure of hemoglobin solutions . The oxygen - carrying protein hemoglobin was discovered by Hünefeld in 1840 . In 1851 , German physiologist Otto Funke published a series of articles in which he described growing hemoglobin crystals by successively diluting red blood cells with a solvent such as pure water , alcohol or ether , followed by slow evaporation of the solvent from the resulting protein solution . Hemoglobin 's reversible oxygenation was described a few years later by Felix Hoppe - Seyler . In 1959 , Max Perutz determined the molecular structure of hemoglobin by X-ray crystallography . This work resulted in his sharing with John Kendrew the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their studies of the structures of globular proteins . The role of hemoglobin in the blood was elucidated by French physiologist Claude Bernard . The name hemoglobin is derived from the words heme and globin , reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme group . Each heme group contains one iron atom , that can bind one oxygen molecule through ion - induced dipole forces . The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits . Genetics ( edit ) Hemoglobin consists of protein subunits ( the `` globin '' molecules ) , and these proteins , in turn , are folded chains of a large number of different amino acids called polypeptides . The amino acid sequence of any polypeptide created by a cell is in turn determined by the stretches of DNA called genes . In all proteins , it is the amino acid sequence that determines the protein 's chemical properties and function . There is more than one hemoglobin gene : in humans , hemoglobin A ( the main form of hemoglobin present ) is coded for by the genes , HBA1 , HBA2 , and HBB . The amino acid sequences of the globin proteins in hemoglobins usually differ between species . These differences grow with evolutionary distance between species . For example , the most common hemoglobin sequences in humans and chimpanzees are nearly identical , differing by only one amino acid in both the alpha and the beta globin protein chains . These differences grow larger between less closely related species . Even within a species , different variants of hemoglobin always exist , although one sequence is usually a `` most common '' one in each species . Mutations in the genes for the hemoglobin protein in a species result in hemoglobin variants . Many of these mutant forms of hemoglobin cause no disease . Some of these mutant forms of hemoglobin , however , cause a group of hereditary diseases termed the hemoglobinopathies . The best known hemoglobinopathy is sickle - cell disease , which was the first human disease whose mechanism was understood at the molecular level . A ( mostly ) separate set of diseases called thalassemias involves underproduction of normal and sometimes abnormal hemoglobins , through problems and mutations in globin gene regulation . All these diseases produce anemia . Protein alignment of human hemoglobin proteins , alpha , beta , and delta subunits respectively . The alignments were created using Uniprot 's alignment tool available online . Variations in hemoglobin amino acid sequences , as with other proteins , may be adaptive . For example , hemoglobin has been found to adapt in different ways to high altitudes . Organisms living at high elevations experience lower partial pressures of oxygen compared to those at sea level . This presents a challenge to the organisms that inhabit such environments because hemoglobin , which normally binds oxygen at high partial pressures of oxygen , must be able to bind oxygen when it is present at a lower pressure . Different organisms have adapted to such a challenge . For example , recent studies have suggested genetic variants in deer mice that help explain how deer mice that live in the mountains are able to survive in the thin air that accompanies high altitudes . A researcher from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln found mutations in four different genes that can account for differences between deer mice that live in lowland prairies versus the mountains . After examining wild mice captured from both highlands and lowlands , it was found that : the genes of the two breeds are `` virtually identical -- except for those that govern the oxygen - carrying capacity of their hemoglobin '' . `` The genetic difference enables highland mice to make more efficient use of their oxygen '' , since less is available at higher altitudes , such as those in the mountains . Mammoth hemoglobin featured mutations that allowed for oxygen delivery at lower temperatures , thus enabling mammoths to migrate to higher latitudes during the Pleistocene . This was also found in hummingbirds that inhabit the Andes . Hummingbirds already expend a lot of energy and thus have high oxygen demands and yet Andean hummingbirds have been found to thrive in high altitudes . Non-synonymous mutations in the hemoglobin gene of multiple species living at high elevations ( Oreotrochilus , A. castelnaudii , C. violifer , P. gigas , and A. viridicuada ) have caused the protein to have less of an affinity for inositol hexaphosphate ( IHP ) , a molecule found in birds that has a similar role as 2 , 3 - BPG in humans ; this results in the ability to bind oxygen in lower partial pressures . Birds ' unique circulatory lungs also promote efficient use of oxygen at low partial pressures of O. These two adaptations reinforce each other and account for birds ' remarkable high - altitude performance . Hemoglobin adaptation extends to humans , as well . Studies have found that a small number of native Tibetan women have a genotype which codes for hemoglobin to be more highly saturated with oxygen . Natural selection seems to be the main force working on this gene because the mortality rate of offspring is significantly lower for women with higher hemoglobin - oxygen affinity when compared to the mortality rate of offspring from women with low hemoglobin - oxygen affinity . While the exact genotype and mechanism by which this occurs is not yet clear , selection is acting on these women 's ability to bind oxygen in low partial pressures , which overall allows them to better sustain crucial metabolic processes . Synthesis ( edit ) Hemoglobin ( Hb ) is synthesized in a complex series of steps . The heme part is synthesized in a series of steps in the mitochondria and the cytosol of immature red blood cells , while the globin protein parts are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytosol . Production of Hb continues in the cell throughout its early development from the proerythroblast to the reticulocyte in the bone marrow . At this point , the nucleus is lost in mammalian red blood cells , but not in birds and many other species . Even after the loss of the nucleus in mammals , residual ribosomal RNA allows further synthesis of Hb until the reticulocyte loses its RNA soon after entering the vasculature ( this hemoglobin - synthetic RNA in fact gives the reticulocyte its reticulated appearance and name ) . Structure ( edit ) Heme b group Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit globular proteins . Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices , and these helices are connected by short non-helical segments . Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein , causing attractions within the molecule , which then causes each polypeptide chain to fold into a specific shape . Hemoglobin 's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement . In most vertebrates , the hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits . Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein prosthetic heme group . Each protein chain arranges into a set of alpha - helix structural segments connected together in a globin fold arrangement . Such a name is given because this arrangement is the same folding motif used in other heme / globin proteins such as myoglobin . This folding pattern contains a pocket that strongly binds the heme group . A heme group consists of an iron ( Fe ) ion ( charged atom ) held in a heterocyclic ring , known as a porphyrin . This porphyrin ring consists of four pyrrole molecules cyclically linked together ( by methine bridges ) with the iron ion bound in the center . The iron ion , which is the site of oxygen binding , coordinates with the four nitrogen atoms in the center of the ring , which all lie in one plane . The iron is bound strongly ( covalently ) to the globular protein via the N atoms of the imidazole ring of F8 histidine residue ( also known as the proximal histidine ) below the porphyrin ring . A sixth position can reversibly bind oxygen by a coordinate covalent bond , completing the octahedral group of six ligands . Oxygen binds in an `` end - on bent '' geometry where one oxygen atom binds to Fe and the other protrudes at an angle . When oxygen is not bound , a very weakly bonded water molecule fills the site , forming a distorted octahedron . Even though carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin , it does not compete with oxygen for the iron - binding positions but is bound to the protein chains of the structure . The iron ion may be either in the Fe or in the Fe state , but ferrihemoglobin ( methemoglobin ) ( Fe ) can not bind oxygen . In binding , oxygen temporarily and reversibly oxidizes ( Fe ) to ( Fe ) while oxygen temporarily turns into the superoxide ion , thus iron must exist in the + 2 oxidation state to bind oxygen . If superoxide ion associated to Fe is protonated , the hemoglobin iron will remain oxidized and incapable of binding oxygen . In such cases , the enzyme methemoglobin reductase will be able to eventually reactivate methemoglobin by reducing the iron center . In adult humans , the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer ( which contains four subunit proteins ) called hemoglobin A , consisting of two α and two β subunits non-covalently bound , each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues , respectively . This is denoted as α β . The subunits are structurally similar and about the same size . Each subunit has a molecular weight of about 16,000 daltons , for a total molecular weight of the tetramer of about 64,000 daltons ( 64,458 g / mol ) . Thus , 1 g / dL = 0.1551 mmol / L. Hemoglobin A is the most intensively studied of the hemoglobin molecules . In human infants , the hemoglobin molecule is made up of 2 α chains and 2 γ chains . The gamma chains are gradually replaced by β chains as the infant grows . The four polypeptide chains are bound to each other by salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , and the hydrophobic effect . Oxygen saturation ( edit ) In general , hemoglobin can be saturated with oxygen molecules ( oxyhemoglobin ) , or desaturated with oxygen molecules ( deoxyhemoglobin ) . Oxyhemoglobin ( edit ) Oxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells . This process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs . The oxygen then travels through the blood stream to be dropped off at cells where it is utilized as a terminal electron acceptor in the production of ATP by the process of oxidative phosphorylation . It does not , however , help to counteract a decrease in blood pH . Ventilation , or breathing , may reverse this condition by removal of carbon dioxide , thus causing a shift up in pH . Hemoglobin exists in two forms , a taut ( tense ) form ( T ) and a relaxed form ( R ) . Various factors such as low pH , high CO and high 2 , 3 BPG at the level of the tissues favor the taut form , which has low oxygen affinity and releases oxygen in the tissues . Conversely , a high pH , low CO , or low 2 , 3 BPG favors the relaxed form , which can better bind oxygen . The partial pressure of the system also affects O affinity where , at high partial pressures of oxygen ( such as those present in the alveoli ) , the relaxed ( high affinity , R ) state is favoured . Inversely , at low partial pressures ( such as those present in respiring tissues ) , the ( low affinity , T ) tense state is favoured . Additionally , the binding of oxygen to the iron ( II ) heme pulls the iron into the plane of the porphyrin ring , causing a slight conformational shift . The shift encourages oxygen to bind to the three remaining heme units within hemoglobin ( thus , oxygen binding is cooperative ) . Deoxygenated hemoglobin ( edit ) Deoxygenated hemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin without the bound oxygen . The absorption spectra of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ . The oxyhemoglobin has significantly lower absorption of the 660 nm wavelength than deoxyhemoglobin , while at 940 nm its absorption is slightly higher . This difference is used for the measurement of the amount of oxygen in a patient 's blood by an instrument called a pulse oximeter . This difference also accounts for the presentation of cyanosis , the blue to purplish color that tissues develop during hypoxia . Deoxygenated hemoglobin is paramagnetic ; it is weakly attracted to magnetic fields . In contrast , oxygenated hemoglobin exhibits diamagnetism , a weak repulsion from a magnetic field . Evolution of vertebrate hemoglobin ( edit ) Scientists agree that the event that separated myoglobin from hemoglobin occurred after lampreys diverged from jawed vertebrates . This separation of myoglobin and hemoglobin allowed for the different functions of the two molecules to arise and develop : myoglobin has more to do with oxygen storage while hemoglobin is tasked with oxygen transport . The α - and β - like globin genes encode the individual subunits of the protein . The predecessors of these genes arose through another duplication event also after the gnathosome common ancestor derived from jawless fish , approximately 450 -- 500 million years ago . The development of α and β genes created the potential for hemoglobin to be composed of multiple subunits , a physical composition central to hemoglobin 's ability to transport oxygen . Having multiple subunits contributes to hemoglobin 's ability to bind oxygen cooperatively as well as be regulated allosterically . Subsequently , the α gene also underwent a duplication event to form the HBA1 and HBA2 genes . These further duplications and divergences have created a diverse range of α - and β - like globin genes that are regulated so that certain forms occur at different stages of development . Most ice fish of the family Channichthyidae have lost their hemoglobin genes as an adaptation to cold water . Iron 's oxidation state in oxyhemoglobin ( edit ) Assigning oxygenated hemoglobin 's oxidation state is difficult because oxyhemoglobin ( Hb - O ) , by experimental measurement , is diamagnetic ( no net unpaired electrons ) , yet the lowest - energy ( ground - state ) electron configurations in both oxygen and iron are paramagnetic ( suggesting at least one unpaired electron in the complex ) . The lowest - energy form of oxygen , and the lowest energy forms of the relevant oxidation states of iron , are these : Triplet oxygen , the lowest - energy molecular oxygen species , has two unpaired electrons in antibonding π * molecular orbitals . Iron ( II ) tends to exist in a high - spin 3d configuration with four unpaired electrons . Iron ( III ) ( 3d ) has an odd number of electrons , and thus must have one or more unpaired electrons , in any energy state . All of these structures are paramagnetic ( have unpaired electrons ) , not diamagnetic . Thus , a non-intuitive ( e.g. , a higher - energy for at least one species ) distribution of electrons in the combination of iron and oxygen must exist , in order to explain the observed diamagnetism and no unpaired electrons . The two logical possibilities to produce diamagnetic ( no net spin ) Hb - O are : Low - spin Fe binds to singlet oxygen . Both low - spin iron and singlet oxygen are diamagnetic . However , the singlet form of oxygen is the higher - energy form of the molecule . Low - spin Fe binds to O ( the superoxide ion ) and the two unpaired electrons couple antiferromagnetically , giving observed diamagnetic properties . Here , the iron has been oxidized ( has lost one electron ) , and the oxygen has been reduced ( has gained one electron ) . Another possible model in which low - spin Fe binds to peroxide , O , can be ruled out by itself , because the iron is paramagnetic ( although the peroxide ion is diamagnetic ) . Here , the iron has been oxidized by two electrons , and the oxygen reduced by two electrons . Direct experimental data : X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests iron has an oxidation state of approximately 3.2 . Infrared vibrational frequencies of the O-O bond suggests a bond length fitting with superoxide ( a bond order of about 1.6 , with superoxide being 1.5 ) . X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures at the iron K - edge . The energy shift of 5 eV between deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin , as for all the methemoglobin species , strongly suggests an actual local charge closer to Fe than Fe . Thus , the nearest formal oxidation state of iron in Hb - O is the + 3 state , with oxygen in the − 1 state ( as superoxide . O ) . The diamagnetism in this configuration arises from the single unpaired electron on superoxide aligning antiferromagnetically with the single unpaired electron on iron ( in a low - spin d state ) , to give no net spin to the entire configuration , in accordance with diamagnetic oxyhemoglobin from experiment . The second choice of the logical possibilities above for diamagnetic oxyhemoglobin being found correct by experiment , is not surprising : singlet oxygen ( possibility # 1 ) is an unrealistically high energy state . Model 3 leads to unfavorable separation of charge ( and does not agree with the magnetic data ) , although it could make a minor contribution as a resonance form . Iron 's shift to a higher oxidation state in Hb - O decreases the atom 's size , and allows it into the plane of the porphyrin ring , pulling on the coordinated histidine residue and initiating the allosteric changes seen in the globulins . Early postulates by bio-inorganic chemists claimed that possibility # 1 ( above ) was correct and that iron should exist in oxidation state II . This conclusion seemed likely , since the iron oxidation state III as methemoglobin , when not accompanied by superoxide . O to `` hold '' the oxidation electron , was known to render hemoglobin incapable of binding normal triplet O as it occurs in the air . It was thus assumed that iron remained as Fe ( II ) when oxygen gas was bound in the lungs . The iron chemistry in this previous classical model was elegant , but the required presence of the diamagnetic , high - energy , singlet oxygen molecule was never explained . It was classically argued that the binding of an oxygen molecule placed high - spin iron ( II ) in an octahedral field of strong - field ligands ; this change in field would increase the crystal field splitting energy , causing iron 's electrons to pair into the low - spin configuration , which would be diamagnetic in Fe ( II ) . This forced low - spin pairing is indeed thought to happen in iron when oxygen binds , but is not enough to explain iron 's change in size . Extraction of an additional electron from iron by oxygen is required to explain both iron 's smaller size and observed increased oxidation state , and oxygen 's weaker bond . The assignment of a whole - number oxidation state is a formalism , as the covalent bonds are not required to have perfect bond orders involving whole electron transfer . Thus , all three models for paramagnetic Hb - O may contribute to some small degree ( by resonance ) to the actual electronic configuration of Hb - O. However , the model of iron in Hb - O being Fe ( III ) is more correct than the classical idea that it remains Fe ( II ) . Cooperativity ( edit ) A schematic visual model of oxygen - binding process , showing all four monomers and hemes , and protein chains only as diagrammatic coils , to facilitate visualization into the molecule . Oxygen is not shown in this model , but , for each of the iron atoms , it binds to the iron ( red sphere ) in the flat heme . For example , in the upper - left of the four hemes shown , oxygen binds at the left of the iron atom shown in the upper - left of diagram . This causes the iron atom to move backward into the heme that holds it ( the iron moves upward as it binds oxygen , in this illustration ) , tugging the histidine residue ( modeled as a red pentagon on the right of the iron ) closer , as it does . This , in turn , pulls on the protein chain holding the histidine . When oxygen binds to the iron complex , it causes the iron atom to move back toward the center of the plane of the porphyrin ring ( see moving diagram ) . At the same time , the imidazole side - chain of the histidine residue interacting at the other pole of the iron is pulled toward the porphyrin ring . This interaction forces the plane of the ring sideways toward the outside of the tetramer , and also induces a strain in the protein helix containing the histidine as it moves nearer to the iron atom . This strain is transmitted to the remaining three monomers in the tetramer , where it induces a similar conformational change in the other heme sites such that binding of oxygen to these sites becomes easier . As oxygen binds to one monomer of hemoglobin , the tetramer 's conformation shifts from the T ( tense ) state to the R ( relaxed ) state . This shift promotes the binding of oxygen to the remaining three monomer 's heme groups , thus saturating the hemoglobin molecule with oxygen . In the tetrameric form of normal adult hemoglobin , the binding of oxygen is , thus , a cooperative process . The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by the oxygen saturation of the molecule , with the first molecules of oxygen bound influencing the shape of the binding sites for the next ones , in a way favorable for binding . This positive cooperative binding is achieved through steric conformational changes of the hemoglobin protein complex as discussed above ; i.e. , when one subunit protein in hemoglobin becomes oxygenated , a conformational or structural change in the whole complex is initiated , causing the other subunits to gain an increased affinity for oxygen . As a consequence , the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin is sigmoidal , or S - shaped , as opposed to the normal hyperbolic curve associated with noncooperative binding . The dynamic mechanism of the cooperativity in hemoglobin and its relation with the low - frequency resonance has been discussed . Binding for ligands other than oxygen ( edit ) Besides the oxygen ligand , which binds to hemoglobin in a cooperative manner , hemoglobin ligands also include competitive inhibitors such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) and allosteric ligands such as carbon dioxide ( CO ) and nitric oxide ( NO ) . The carbon dioxide is bound to amino groups of the globin proteins to form carbaminohemoglobin ; this mechanism is thought to account for about 10 % of carbon dioxide transport in mammals . Nitric oxide can also be transported by hemoglobin ; it is bound to specific thiol groups in the globin protein to form an S - nitrosothiol , which dissociates into free nitric oxide and thiol again , as the hemoglobin releases oxygen from its heme site . This nitric oxide transport to peripheral tissues is hypothesized to assist oxygen transport in tissues , by releasing vasodilatory nitric oxide to tissues in which oxygen levels are low . Competitive ( edit ) The binding of oxygen is affected by molecules such as carbon monoxide ( for example , from tobacco smoking , exhaust gas , and incomplete combustion in furnaces ) . CO competes with oxygen at the heme binding site . Hemoglobin 's binding affinity for CO is 250 times greater than its affinity for oxygen , meaning that small amounts of CO dramatically reduce hemoglobin 's ability to transport oxygen . Since carbon monoxide is a colorless , odorless and tasteless gas , and poses a potentially fatal threat , carbon monoxide detectors have become commercially available to warn of dangerous levels in residences . When hemoglobin combines with CO , it forms a very bright red compound called carboxyhemoglobin , which may cause the skin of CO poisoning victims to appear pink in death , instead of white or blue . When inspired air contains CO levels as low as 0.02 % , headache and nausea occur ; if the CO concentration is increased to 0.1 % , unconsciousness will follow . In heavy smokers , up to 20 % of the oxygen - active sites can be blocked by CO . In similar fashion , hemoglobin also has competitive binding affinity for cyanide ( CN ) , sulfur monoxide ( SO ) , and sulfide ( S ) , including hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) . All of these bind to iron in heme without changing its oxidation state , but they nevertheless inhibit oxygen - binding , causing grave toxicity . The iron atom in the heme group must initially be in the ferrous ( Fe ) oxidation state to support oxygen and other gases ' binding and transport ( it temporarily switches to ferric during the time oxygen is bound , as explained above ) . Initial oxidation to the ferric ( Fe ) state without oxygen converts hemoglobin into `` hemiglobin '' or methemoglobin , which can not bind oxygen . Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening . Nitric oxide is capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in red blood cells . The latter reaction is a remnant activity of the more ancient nitric oxide dioxygenase function of globins . Allosteric ( edit ) Further information : Oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin . Carbon dioxide is more readily dissolved in deoxygenated blood , facilitating its removal from the body after the oxygen has been released to tissues undergoing metabolism . This increased affinity for carbon dioxide by the venous blood is known as the Haldane effect . Through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase , carbon dioxide reacts with water to give carbonic acid , which decomposes into bicarbonate and protons : CO + H O → H CO → HCO + H The sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin 's oxygen - dissociation curve results from cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin . Hence , blood with high carbon dioxide levels is also lower in pH ( more acidic ) . Hemoglobin can bind protons and carbon dioxide , which causes a conformational change in the protein and facilitates the release of oxygen . Protons bind at various places on the protein , while carbon dioxide binds at the α - amino group . Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin and forms carbaminohemoglobin . This decrease in hemoglobin 's affinity for oxygen by the binding of carbon dioxide and acid is known as the Bohr effect . The Bohr effect favors the T state rather than the R state . ( shifts the O - saturation curve to the right ) . Conversely , when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease ( i.e. , in the lung capillaries ) , carbon dioxide and protons are released from hemoglobin , increasing the oxygen affinity of the protein . A reduction in the total binding capacity of hemoglobin to oxygen ( i.e. shifting the curve down , not just to the right ) due to reduced pH is called the root effect . This is seen in bony fish . It is necessary for hemoglobin to release the oxygen that it binds ; if not , there is no point in binding it . The sigmoidal curve of hemoglobin makes it efficient in binding ( taking up O in lungs ) , and efficient in unloading ( unloading O in tissues ) . In people acclimated to high altitudes , the concentration of 2 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 2 , 3 - BPG ) in the blood is increased , which allows these individuals to deliver a larger amount of oxygen to tissues under conditions of lower oxygen tension . This phenomenon , where molecule Y affects the binding of molecule X to a transport molecule Z , is called a heterotropic allosteric effect . Hemoglobin in organisms at high altitudes has also adapted such that it has less of an affinity for 2 , 3 - BPG and so the protein will be shifted more towards its R state . In its R state , hemoglobin will bind oxygen more readily , thus allowing organisms to perform the necessary metabolic processes when oxygen is present at low partial pressures . Animals other than humans use different molecules to bind to hemoglobin and change its O affinity under unfavorable conditions . Fish use both ATP and GTP . These bind to a phosphate `` pocket '' on the fish hemoglobin molecule , which stabilizes the tense state and therefore decreases oxygen affinity . GTP reduces hemoglobin oxygen affinity much more than ATP , which is thought to be due to an extra hydrogen bond formed that further stabilizes the tense state . Under hypoxic conditions , the concentration of both ATP and GTP is reduced in fish red blood cells to increase oxygen affinity . A variant hemoglobin , called fetal hemoglobin ( HbF , α γ ) , is found in the developing fetus , and binds oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin . This means that the oxygen binding curve for fetal hemoglobin is left - shifted ( i.e. , a higher percentage of hemoglobin has oxygen bound to it at lower oxygen tension ) , in comparison to that of adult hemoglobin . As a result , fetal blood in the placenta is able to take oxygen from maternal blood . Hemoglobin also carries nitric oxide ( NO ) in the globin part of the molecule . This improves oxygen delivery in the periphery and contributes to the control of respiration . NO binds reversibly to a specific cysteine residue in globin ; the binding depends on the state ( R or T ) of the hemoglobin . The resulting S - nitrosylated hemoglobin influences various NO - related activities such as the control of vascular resistance , blood pressure and respiration . NO is not released in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes but transported by an anion exchanger called AE1 out of them . Types in humans ( edit ) Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development . They may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population , caused by variations in genetics . Some well - known hemoglobin variants , such as sickle - cell anemia , are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies . Other variants cause no detectable pathology , and are thus considered non-pathological variants . In the embryo : Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) Gower 2 ( α ε ) ( PDB : 1A9W ) Hemoglobin Portland I ( ζ γ ) Hemoglobin Portland II ( ζ β ) . In the fetus : Hemoglobin F ( α γ ) ( PDB : 1FDH ) . After birth : Hemoglobin A ( α β ) ( PDB : 1BZ0 ) -- The most common with a normal amount over 95 % Hemoglobin A ( α δ ) -- δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and , in adults , it has a normal range of 1.5 -- 3.5 % Hemoglobin F ( α γ ) -- In adults Hemoglobin F is restricted to a limited population of red cells called F - cells . However , the level of Hb F can be elevated in persons with sickle - cell disease and beta - thalassemia . Gene expression of hemoglobin before and after birth . Also identifies the types of cells and organs in which the gene expression ( data on Wood W.G. , ( 1976 ) . Br . Med . Bull . 32 , 282 . ) Variant forms that cause disease : Hemoglobin D - Punjab -- ( α β ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin . Hemoglobin H ( β ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin , formed by a tetramer of β chains , which may be present in variants of α thalassemia . Hemoglobin Barts ( γ ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin , formed by a tetramer of γ chains , which may be present in variants of α thalassemia . Hemoglobin S ( α β ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin found in people with sickle cell disease . There is a variation in the β - chain gene , causing a change in the properties of hemoglobin , which results in sickling of red blood cells . Hemoglobin C ( α β ) -- Another variant due to a variation in the β - chain gene . This variant causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia . Hemoglobin E ( α β ) -- Another variant due to a variation in the β - chain gene . This variant causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia . Hemoglobin AS -- A heterozygous form causing sickle cell trait with one adult gene and one sickle cell disease gene Hemoglobin SC disease -- A compound heterozygous form with one sickle gene and another encoding Hemoglobin C . Hemoglobin Hopkins - 2 - A variant form of hemoglobin that is sometimes viewed in combination with Hemoglobin S to produce sickle cell disease . Degradation in vertebrate animals ( edit ) When red cells reach the end of their life due to aging or defects , they are removed from the circulation by the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the spleen or the liver or hemolyze within the circulation . Free hemoglobin is then cleared from the circulation via the hemoglobin transporter CD163 , which is exclusively expressed on monocytes or macrophages . Within these cells the hemoglobin molecule is broken up , and the iron gets recycled . This process also produces one molecule of carbon monoxide for every molecule of heme degraded . Heme degradation is one of the few natural sources of carbon monoxide in the human body , and is responsible for the normal blood levels of carbon monoxide even in people breathing pure air . The other major final product of heme degradation is bilirubin . Increased levels of this chemical are detected in the blood if red cells are being destroyed more rapidly than usual . Improperly degraded hemoglobin protein or hemoglobin that has been released from the blood cells too rapidly can clog small blood vessels , especially the delicate blood filtering vessels of the kidneys , causing kidney damage . Iron is removed from heme and salvaged for later use , it is stored as hemosiderin or ferritin in tissues and transported in plasma by beta globulins as transferrins . When the porphyrin ring is broken up , the fragments are normally secreted as a yellow pigment called bilirubin , which is secreted into the intestines as bile . Intestines metabolise bilirubin into urobilinogen . Urobilinogen leaves the body in faeces , in a pigment called stercobilin . Globulin is metabolised into amino acids that are then released into circulation . Role in disease ( edit ) Hemoglobin deficiency can be caused either by a decreased amount of hemoglobin molecules , as in anemia , or by decreased ability of each molecule to bind oxygen at the same partial pressure of oxygen . Hemoglobinopathies ( genetic defects resulting in abnormal structure of the hemoglobin molecule ) may cause both . In any case , hemoglobin deficiency decreases blood oxygen - carrying capacity . Hemoglobin deficiency is , in general , strictly distinguished from hypoxemia , defined as decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood , although both are causes of hypoxia ( insufficient oxygen supply to tissues ) . Other common causes of low hemoglobin include loss of blood , nutritional deficiency , bone marrow problems , chemotherapy , kidney failure , or abnormal hemoglobin ( such as that of sickle - cell disease ) . The ability of each hemoglobin molecule to carry oxygen is normally modified by altered blood pH or CO , causing an altered oxygen -- hemoglobin dissociation curve . However , it can also be pathologically altered in , e.g. , carbon monoxide poisoning . Decrease of hemoglobin , with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells , leads to symptoms of anemia . Anemia has many different causes , although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world . As absence of iron decreases heme synthesis , red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia are hypochromic ( lacking the red hemoglobin pigment ) and microcytic ( smaller than normal ) . Other anemias are rarer . In hemolysis ( accelerated breakdown of red blood cells ) , associated jaundice is caused by the hemoglobin metabolite bilirubin , and the circulating hemoglobin can cause renal failure . Some mutations in the globin chain are associated with the hemoglobinopathies , such as sickle - cell disease and thalassemia . Other mutations , as discussed at the beginning of the article , are benign and are referred to merely as hemoglobin variants . There is a group of genetic disorders , known as the porphyrias that are characterized by errors in metabolic pathways of heme synthesis . King George III of the United Kingdom was probably the most famous porphyria sufferer . To a small extent , hemoglobin A slowly combines with glucose at the terminal valine ( an alpha aminoacid ) of each β chain . The resulting molecule is often referred to as Hb A. As the concentration of glucose in the blood increases , the percentage of Hb A that turns into Hb A increases . In diabetics whose glucose usually runs high , the percent Hb A also runs high . Because of the slow rate of Hb A combination with glucose , the Hb A percentage is representative of glucose level in the blood averaged over a longer time ( the half - life of red blood cells , which is typically 50 -- 55 days ) . Glycosylated hemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound . The binding of glucose to amino acids in the hemoglobin takes place spontaneously ( without the help of an enzyme ) in many proteins , and is not known to serve a useful purpose . However , the binding to hemoglobin does serve as a record for average blood glucose levels over the lifetime of red cells , which is approximately 120 days . The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin are therefore measured in order to monitor the long - term control of the chronic disease of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Poor control of T2DM results in high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in the red blood cells . The normal reference range is approximately 4 -- 5.9 % . Though difficult to obtain , values less than 7 % are recommended for people with T2DM . Levels greater than 9 % are associated with poor control of the glycosylated hemoglobin , and levels greater than 12 % are associated with very poor control . Diabetics who keep their glycosylated hemoglobin levels close to 7 % have a much better chance of avoiding the complications that may accompany diabetes ( than those whose levels are 8 % or higher ) . In addition , increased glycosylation of hemoglobin increases its affinity for oxygen , therefore preventing its release at the tissue and inducing a level of hypoxia in extreme cases . Elevated levels of hemoglobin are associated with increased numbers or sizes of red blood cells , called polycythemia . This elevation may be caused by congenital heart disease , cor pulmonale , pulmonary fibrosis , too much erythropoietin , or polycythemia vera . High hemoglobin levels may also be caused by exposure to high altitudes , smoking , dehydration ( artificially by concentrating Hb ) , advanced lung disease and certain tumors . A recent study done in Pondicherry , India , shows its importance in coronary artery disease . Diagnostic uses ( edit ) Main article : Hemoglobinometer A hemoglobin concentration measurement being administered before a blood donation at the American Red Cross Boston Blood Donation Center . Hemoglobin concentration measurement is among the most commonly performed blood tests , usually as part of a complete blood count . For example , it is typically tested before or after blood donation . Results are reported in g / L , g / dL or mol / L. 1 g / dL equals about 0.6206 mmol / L , although the latter units are not used as often due to uncertainty regarding the polymeric state of the molecule . This conversion factor , using the single globin unit molecular weight of 16,000 Da , is more common for hemoglobin concentration in blood . For MCHC ( mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ) the conversion factor 0.155 , which uses the tetramer weight of 64,500 Da , is more common . Normal levels are : Men : 13.8 to 18.0 g / dL ( 138 to 180 g / L , or 8.56 to 11.17 mmol / L ) Women : 12.1 to 15.1 g / dL ( 121 to 151 g / L , or 7.51 to 9.37 mmol / L ) Children : 11 to 16 g / dL ( 111 to 160 g / L , or 6.83 to 9.93 mmol / L ) Pregnant women : 11 to 14 g / dL ( 110 to 140 g / L , or 6.83 to 8.69 mmol / L ) ( 9.5 to 15 usual value during pregnancy ) Normal values of hemoglobin in the 1st and 3rd trimesters of pregnant women must be at least 11 g / dL and at least 10.5 g / dL during the 2nd trimester . Dehydration or hyperhydration can greatly influence measured hemoglobin levels . Albumin can indicate hydration status . If the concentration is below normal , this is called anemia . Anemias are classified by the size of red blood cells , the cells that contain hemoglobin in vertebrates . The anemia is called `` microcytic '' if red cells are small , `` macrocytic '' if they are large , and `` normocytic '' otherwise . Hematocrit , the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells , is typically about three times the hemoglobin concentration measured in g / dL . For example , if the hemoglobin is measured at 17 g / dL , that compares with a hematocrit of 51 % . Laboratory hemoglobin test methods require a blood sample ( arterial , venous , or capillary ) and analysis on hematology analyzer and CO-oximeter . Additionally , a new noninvasive hemoglobin ( SpHb ) test method called Pulse CO-Oximetry is also available with comparable accuracy to invasive methods . Concentrations of oxy - and deoxyhemoglobin can be measured continuously , regionally and noninvasively using NIRS . NIRS can be used both on the head and on muscles . This technique is often used for research in e.g. elite sports training , ergonomics , rehabilitation , patient monitoring , neonatal research , functional brain monitoring , brain computer interface , urology ( bladder contraction ) , neurology ( Neurovascular coupling ) and more . Long - term control of blood sugar concentration can be measured by the concentration of Hb A. Measuring it directly would require many samples because blood sugar levels vary widely through the day . Hb A is the product of the irreversible reaction of hemoglobin A with glucose . A higher glucose concentration results in more Hb A. Because the reaction is slow , the Hb A proportion represents glucose level in blood averaged over the half - life of red blood cells , is typically 50 -- 55 days . An Hb A proportion of 6.0 % or less show good long - term glucose control , while values above 7.0 % are elevated . This test is especially useful for diabetics . The functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) machine uses the signal from deoxyhemoglobin , which is sensitive to magnetic fields since it is paramagnetic . Combined measurement with NIRS shows good correlation with both the oxy - and deoxyhemoglobin signal compared to the BOLD signal . Athletic tracking and self tracking uses ( edit ) Hemoglobin can be tracked noninvasively , to build an individual data set tracking the hemoconcentration and hemodilution effects of daily activities for better understanding of sports performance and training . Athletes are often concerned about endurance and intensity of exercise . The sensor uses light - emitting diodes that emit red and infrared light through the tissue to a light detector , which then sends a signal to a processor to calculate the absorption of light by the hemoglobin protein . This sensor is similar to a pulse oximeter , which consists of a small sensing device that clips to the finger . Analogues in non-vertebrate organisms ( edit ) A variety of oxygen - transport and - binding proteins exist in organisms throughout the animal and plant kingdoms . Organisms including bacteria , protozoans , and fungi all have hemoglobin - like proteins whose known and predicted roles include the reversible binding of gaseous ligands . Since many of these proteins contain globins and the heme moiety ( iron in a flat porphyrin support ) , they are often called hemoglobins , even if their overall tertiary structure is very different from that of vertebrate hemoglobin . In particular , the distinction of `` myoglobin '' and hemoglobin in lower animals is often impossible , because some of these organisms do not contain muscles . Or , they may have a recognizable separate circulatory system but not one that deals with oxygen transport ( for example , many insects and other arthropods ) . In all these groups , heme / globin - containing molecules ( even monomeric globin ones ) that deal with gas - binding are referred to as oxyhemoglobins . In addition to dealing with transport and sensing of oxygen , they may also deal with NO , CO , sulfide compounds , and even O scavenging in environments that must be anaerobic . They may even deal with detoxification of chlorinated materials in a way analogous to heme - containing P450 enzymes and peroxidases . The giant tube worm Riftia pachyptila showing red hemoglobin - containing plumes The structure of hemoglobins varies across species . Hemoglobin occurs in all kingdoms of organisms , but not in all organisms . Primitive species such as bacteria , protozoa , algae , and plants often have single - globin hemoglobins . Many nematode worms , molluscs , and crustaceans contain very large multisubunit molecules , much larger than those in vertebrates . In particular , chimeric hemoglobins found in fungi and giant annelids may contain both globin and other types of proteins . One of the most striking occurrences and uses of hemoglobin in organisms is in the giant tube worm ( Riftia pachyptila , also called Vestimentifera ) , which can reach 2.4 meters length and populates ocean volcanic vents . Instead of a digestive tract , these worms contain a population of bacteria constituting half the organism 's weight . The bacteria react with H S from the vent and O from the water to produce energy to make food from H O and CO . The worms end with a deep - red fan - like structure ( `` plume '' ) , which extends into the water and absorbs H S and O for the bacteria , and CO for use as synthetic raw material similar to photosynthetic plants . The structures are bright - red due to their containing several extraordinarily complex hemoglobins that have up to 144 globin chains , each including associated heme structures . These hemoglobins are remarkable for being able to carry oxygen in the presence of sulfide , and even to carry sulfide , without being completely `` poisoned '' or inhibited by it as hemoglobins in most other species are . Other oxygen - binding proteins ( edit ) Myoglobin Found in the muscle tissue of many vertebrates , including humans , it gives muscle tissue a distinct red or dark gray color . It is very similar to hemoglobin in structure and sequence , but is not a tetramer ; instead , it is a monomer that lacks cooperative binding . It is used to store oxygen rather than transport it . Hemocyanin The second most common oxygen - transporting protein found in nature , it is found in the blood of many arthropods and molluscs . Uses copper prosthetic groups instead of iron heme groups and is blue in color when oxygenated . Hemerythrin Some marine invertebrates and a few species of annelid use this iron - containing non-heme protein to carry oxygen in their blood . Appears pink / violet when oxygenated , clear when not . Chlorocruorin Found in many annelids , it is very similar to erythrocruorin , but the heme group is significantly different in structure . Appears green when deoxygenated and red when oxygenated . Vanabins Also known as vanadium chromagens , they are found in the blood of sea squirts . They were once hypothesized to use the rare metal vanadium as an oxygen binding prosthetic group . However , although they do contain vanadium by preference , they apparently bind little oxygen , and thus have some other function , which has not been elucidated ( sea squirts also contain some hemoglobin ) . They may act as toxins . Erythrocruorin Found in many annelids , including earthworms , it is a giant free - floating blood protein containing many dozens -- possibly hundreds -- of iron - and heme - bearing protein subunits bound together into a single protein complex with a molecular mass greater than 3.5 million daltons . Pinnaglobin Only seen in the mollusc Pinna nobilis . Brown manganese - based porphyrin protein . Leghemoglobin In leguminous plants , such as alfalfa or soybeans , the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots are protected from oxygen by this iron heme containing oxygen - binding protein . The specific enzyme protected is nitrogenase , which is unable to reduce nitrogen gas in the presence of free oxygen . Coboglobin A synthetic cobalt - based porphyrin . Coboprotein would appear colorless when oxygenated , but yellow when in veins . Presence in nonerythroid cells ( edit ) Some nonerythroid cells ( i.e. , cells other than the red blood cell line ) contain hemoglobin . In the brain , these include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra , astrocytes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus , and in all mature oligodendrocytes . It has been suggested that brain hemoglobin in these cells may enable the `` storage of oxygen to provide a homeostatic mechanism in anoxic conditions , which is especially important for A9 DA neurons that have an elevated metabolism with a high requirement for energy production '' . It has been noted further that `` A9 dopaminergic neurons may be at particular risk since in addition to their high mitochondrial activity they are under intense oxidative stress caused by the production of hydrogen peroxide via autoxidation and / or monoamine oxidase ( MAO ) - mediated deamination of dopamine and the subsequent reaction of accessible ferrous iron to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicals '' . This may explain the risk of these cells for degeneration in Parkinson 's disease . The hemoglobin - derived iron in these cells is not the cause of the post-mortem darkness of these cells ( origin of the Latin name , substantia nigra ) , but rather is due to neuromelanin . Outside the brain , hemoglobin has non-oxygen - carrying functions as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism in macrophages , alveolar cells , and mesangial cells in the kidney . In history , art and music ( edit ) Heart of Steel ( Hemoglobin ) ( 2005 ) by Julian Voss - Andreae . The images show the 5 - foot ( 1.60 m ) tall sculpture right after installation , after 10 days , and after several months of exposure to the elements . Historically , an association between the color of blood and rust occurs in the association of the planet Mars , with the Roman god of war , since the planet is an orange - red , which reminded the ancients of blood . Although the color of the planet is due to iron compounds in combination with oxygen in the Martian soil , it is a common misconception that the iron in hemoglobin and its oxides gives blood its red color . The color is actually due to the porphyrin moiety of hemoglobin to which the iron is bound , not the iron itself , although the ligation and redox state of the iron can influence the pi to pi * or n to pi * electronic transitions of the porphyrin and hence its optical characteristics . Artist Julian Voss - Andreae created a sculpture called `` Heart of Steel ( Hemoglobin ) '' in 2005 , based on the protein 's backbone . The sculpture was made from glass and weathering steel . The intentional rusting of the initially shiny work of art mirrors hemoglobin 's fundamental chemical reaction of oxygen binding to iron . Montreal artist Nicolas Baier created Lustre ( Hémoglobine ) , a sculpture in stainless steel that shows the structure of the hemoglobin molecule . It is displayed in the atrium of McGill University Health Centre 's research centre in Montreal . The sculpture measures about 10 metres × 10 metres × 10 metres . See also ( edit ) Hemoglobin variants : Hb A Hemoglobin A2 Hemoglobin C Hemoglobin F Hemoglobin protein subunits ( genes ) : Alpha globin 1 Beta globin Delta globin Hemoglobin compounds : Carbaminohemoglobin ( with carbon dioxide , colored dark red ) Carboxyhemoglobin ( with carbon monoxide , colored cherry - red ) Oxyhemoglobin ( with diatomic oxygen , colored blood - red ) Vaska 's complex -- iridium organometallic complex notable for its ability to bind to O reversibly . Chlorophyll Globin fold Hemocyanin Hemoprotein Sickle - cell disease Complete Blood Count Hemoglobinometer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , US : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sidell , Bruce ; Kristin O'Brien ( 2006 ) . `` When bad things happen to good fish : the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin expression in Antarctic icefishes '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 209 ( Pt 10 ) : 1791 -- 802 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 02091 . PMID 16651546 . Jump up ^ Weed , Robert I. ; Reed , Claude F. ; Berg , George ( 1963 ) . `` Is hemoglobin an essential structural component of human erythrocyte membranes ? '' . J Clin Invest . 42 ( 4 ) : 581 -- 88 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI104747 . PMC 289318 . PMID 13999462 . Jump up ^ Dominguez de Villota ED , Ruiz Carmona MT , Rubio JJ , de Andrés S ( 1981 ) . `` Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen - binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease '' . Br J Anaesth. 53 ( 12 ) : 1325 -- 28 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / 53.12. 1325 . PMID 7317251 . Jump up ^ Costanzo , Linda S. ( 2007 ) . Physiology . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7311 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patton , Kevin T. ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . Anatomy and Physiology . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 9780323316873 . Jump up ^ Epstein , F.H. ; Hsia , C.C.W. ( 1998 ) . `` Respiratory Function of Hemoglobin '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 338 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 47 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199801223380407 . PMID 9435331 . ^ Jump up to : Biagioli M , Pinto M , Cesselli D , et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Unexpected expression of alpha - and beta - globin in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and glial cells '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 ( 36 ) : 15454 -- 59 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 10615454B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0813216106 . PMC 2732704 . PMID 19717439 . ^ Jump up to : Weber RE , Vinogradov SN ( 2001 ) . `` Nonvertebrate hemoglobins : functions and molecular adaptations '' . Physiol. Rev. 81 ( 2 ) : 569 -- 628 . PMID 11274340 . Jump up ^ `` Max Perutz , Father of Molecular Biology , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 2002 Jump up ^ Engelhard , Johann Friedrich ( 1825 ) . Commentatio de vera materia sanguini purpureum colorem impertientis natura ( in Latin ) . Göttingen : Dietrich . Jump up ^ Adair , Gilbert Smithson ( 1925 ) . `` A critical study of the direct method of measuring the osmotic pressure of hǣmoglobin '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . A 108 ( 750 ) : 292 -- 300 . Bibcode : 1925RSPSA. 109 ... 292A . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1925.0126 . Jump up ^ Hünefeld F.L. ( 1840 ) . `` Die Chemismus in der thierischen Organization '' . Leipzig . Jump up ^ Funke O ( 1851 ) . `` Über das milzvenenblut '' . Z Rat Med. 1 : 172 -- 218 . Jump up ^ `` A NASA Recipe For Protein Crystallography '' ( PDF ) . Educational Brief . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hoppe - Seyler F ( 1866 ) . `` Über die oxydation in lebendem blute '' . Med - chem Untersuch Lab. 1 : 133 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Perutz , M.F. ; Rossmann , M.G. ; Cullis , A.F. ; Muirhead , H. ; Will , G. ; North , A.C.T. ( 1960 ) . `` Structure of haemoglobin : a three - dimensional Fourier synthesis at 5.5 - A. resolution , obtained by X-ray analysis '' . Nature . 185 ( 4711 ) : 416 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1960Natur. 185 ... 416P . doi : 10.1038 / 185416a0 . PMID 18990801 . Jump up ^ Perutz MF ( 1960 ) . `` Structure of haemoglobin '' . Brookhaven symposia in biology . 13 : 165 -- 83 . PMID 13734651 . ^ Jump up to : Hardison , Ross C. ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Evolution of hemoglobin and its genes '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine . 2 ( 12 ) : a011627 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a011627 . ISSN 2157 - 1422 . PMC 3543078 . PMID 23209182 . Jump up ^ A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants ( 1996 ) . Globin.cse.psu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hemoglobin Variants . Labtestsonline.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Uthman , MD , Ed . `` Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Reed , Leslie . `` Adaptation found in mouse genes . '' Omaha World - Herald 11 Aug. 2009 : EBSCO . Web . 30 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mammoths had ′ anti-freeze ′ blood '' . BBC . 2010 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Projecto - Garcia , Joana ; Natarajan , Chandrasekhar ; Moriyama , Hideaki ; Weber , Roy E. ; Fago , Angela ; Cheviron , Zachary A. ; Dudley , Robert ; McGuire , Jimmy A. ; Witt , Christopher C. ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Repeated elevational transitions in hemoglobin function during the evolution of Andean hummingbirds '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 ( 51 ) : 20669 -- 74 . Bibcode : 2013PNAS ... 11020669P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1315456110 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 3870697 . PMID 24297909 . Jump up ^ Beall , Cynthia M. ; Song , Kijoung ; Elston , Robert C. ; Goldstein , Melvyn C. ( 2004 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Higher offspring survival among Tibetan women with high oxygen saturation genotypes residing at 4,000 m '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 101 ( 39 ) : 14300 -- 04 . Bibcode : 2004PNAS ... 10114300B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0405949101 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 521103 . PMID 15353580 . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin Synthesis '' . April 14 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Burka , Edward ( 1969 ) . `` Characteristics of RNA degradation in the erythroid cell '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 48 ( 7 ) : 1266 -- 72 . doi : 10.1172 / jci106092 . PMC 322349 . PMID 5794250 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : van Kessel et al. ( 2003 ) `` 2.4 Proteins -- Natural Polyamides . '' Chemistry 12 . Toronto : Nelson , p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin Tutorial . '' University of Massachusetts Amherst . Web . 23 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , MH ( 2001 ) . Disorders of Hemoglobin : Genetics , Pathophysiology , and Clinical Management . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63266 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hardison , RC ( 1996 ) . `` A brief history of hemoglobins : plant , animal , protist , and bacteria '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 93 ( 12 ) : 5675 -- 79 . Bibcode : 1996PNAS ... 93.5675 H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.12. 5675 . PMC 39118 . PMID 8650150 . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin . '' School of Chemistry -- Bristol University -- UK . Web . 12 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ WikiPremed > Coordination Chemistry . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Linberg R , Conover CD , Shum KL , Shorr RG ( 1998 ) . `` Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers : how much methemoglobin is too much ? '' . Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 26 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 48 . doi : 10.3109 / 10731199809119772 . PMID 9564432 . Jump up ^ Hemoglobin . Worthington-biochem.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Van Beekvelt MC , Colier WN , Wevers RA , Van Engelen BG ( 2001 ) . `` Performance of near - infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle '' . J Appl Physiol. 90 ( 2 ) : 511 -- 19 . doi : 10.1152 / jappl. 2001.90. 2.511 . PMID 11160049 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hemoglobin . '' MedicineNet . Web . 12 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin Home . '' Biology @ Davidson . Web . 12 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin saturation graph '' . altitude.org . Jump up ^ King , Michael W . `` The Medical Biochemistry Page -- Hemoglobin '' . Jump up ^ Voet , D. ( 2008 ) Fundamentals of Biochemistry , 3rd . ed. , Fig . 07_06 , John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Ahrens ; Kimberley , Basham ( 1993 ) . Essentials of Oxygenation : Implication for Clinical Practice . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 194 . ISBN 0867203323 . Jump up ^ Ogawa , S ; Menon , R.S. ; Tank , D.W. ; Kim , S.G. ; Merkle , H ; Ellermann , J.M. ; Ugurbil , K ( 1993 ) . `` Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level - dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging . A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model '' . Biophysical Journal . 64 ( 3 ) : 803 -- 12 . Bibcode : 1993BpJ ... 64 ... 803O . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 93 ) 81441 - 3 . PMC 1262394 . PMID 8386018 . ^ Jump up to : Bren KL , Eisenberg R , Gray HB ( 2015 ) . `` Discovery of the magnetic behavior of hemoglobin : A beginning of bioinorganic chemistry '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 112 ( 43 ) : 13123 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 11213123B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1515704112 . PMC 4629386 . PMID 26508205 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Morris ; Moore , G. William ; Matsuda , Genji ( 1975 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Darwinian evolution in the genealogy of haemoglobin '' . Nature . 253 ( 5493 ) : 603 -- 08 . Bibcode : 1975Natur. 253 ... 603G . doi : 10.1038 / 253603a0 . PMID 1089897 . ^ Jump up to : Storz , Jay F. ; Opazo , Juan C. ; Hoffmann , Federico G. ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Gene duplication , genome duplication , and the functional diversification of vertebrate globins '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 ( 2 ) : 469 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.07. 013 . ISSN 1095 - 9513 . PMC 4306229 . PMID 22846683 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , E.A. ; Martin , S.L. ; Beverley , S.M. ; Kan , Y.W. ; Wilson , A.C. ( 1980 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Rapid duplication and loss of genes coding for the alpha chains of hemoglobin '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 77 ( 4 ) : 2158 -- 62 . Bibcode : 1980PNAS ... 77.2158 Z . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 77.4. 2158 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 348671 . PMID 6929543 . Jump up ^ Pin S , Alpert B , Michalowicz A ( 1982 ) . `` Oxygen bonding in human hemoglobin and its isolated subunits : A XANES study '' . FEBS Lett. 147 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 82 ) 81021 - 1 . PMID 7140986 . Jump up ^ Pin , S. ; Valat , P. ; Cortes , R. ; Michalowicz , A. ; Alpert , B. ( 1985 ) . `` Ligand binding processes in hemoglobin . Chemical reactivity of iron studied by XANES spectroscopy '' . Biophysical Journal . 48 ( 6 ) : 997 -- 1001 . Bibcode : 1985BpJ ... 48 ... 997P . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 85 ) 83862 - 5 . PMC 1329432 . PMID 4092074 . Jump up ^ Bianconi A , Congiu - Castellano A , Dell'Ariccia M , Giovannelli A , Burattini E , Durham PJ ( 1985 ) . `` Increase of the Fe effective charge in hemoproteins during oxygenation process '' . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 131 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 102 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 291X ( 85 ) 91775 - 9 . PMID 4038310 . Jump up ^ Childs PE ( 2001 ) . `` Haemoglobin -- a molecular lung : 2 '' . Chemistry in Action ( 65 ) . ISSN 0332 - 2637 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chen H , Ikeda - Saito M , Shaik S ( 2008 ) . `` Nature of the Fe - O2 bonding in oxy - myoglobin : effect of the protein '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 130 ( 44 ) : 14778 -- 90 . doi : 10.1021 / ja805434m . PMID 18847206 . Jump up ^ Mihailescu , Mihaela - Rita ; Russu , Irina M. ( 2001 - 03 - 27 ) . `` A signature of the T → R transition in human hemoglobin '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 ( 7 ) : 3773 -- 3777 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 98.3773 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 071493598 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 31128 . PMID 11259676 . Jump up ^ Chou KC ( 1989 ) . `` Low - frequency resonance and cooperativity of hemoglobin '' . Trends Biochem. Sci. 14 ( 6 ) : 212 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / 0968 - 0004 ( 89 ) 90026 - 1 . PMID 2763333 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Frank B ( 2009 ) . `` The dual roles of red blood cells in tissue oxygen delivery : oxygen carriers and regulators of local blood flow '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . The Company of Biologists. 212 ( Pt 21 ) : 3387 -- 93 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 023697 . PMID 19837879 . Jump up ^ Hall , John E. ( 2010 ) . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 1416045748 . Jump up ^ Nelson , D.L. ; Cox , M.M. ( 2000 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , 3rd ed . New York , NY : Worth Publishers . p. 217 , ISBN 1572599316 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ; John E. Hall ( 2006 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 11 ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 511 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lecture -- 12 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin on YouTube Jump up ^ Biochemistry ( Eighth ed . ) . New York , NY : W.H. Freeman . 2015 - 04 - 08 . ISBN 9781464126109 . Jump up ^ Rutjes , H.A. ; Nieveen , M.C. ; Weber , R.E. ; Witte , F. ; Van den Thillart , G.E.E.J.M. ( 20 June 2007 ) . `` Multiple strategies of Lake Victoria cichlids to cope with lifelong hypoxia include hemoglobin switching '' . AJP : Regulatory , Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 293 ( 3 ) : R1376 -- 83 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpregu. 00536.2006 . PMID 17626121 . Jump up ^ Gronenborn , Angela M. ; Clore , G. Marius ; Brunori , Maurizio ; Giardina , Bruno ; Falcioni , Giancarlo ; Perutz , Max F. ( 1984 ) . `` Stereochemistry of ATP and GTP bound to fish haemoglobins '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 178 ( 3 ) : 731 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 84 ) 90249 - 3 . PMID 6492161 . Jump up ^ Weber , Roy E. ; Frank B. Jensen ( 1988 ) . `` Functional adaptations in hemoglobins from ectothermic vertebrates '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 50 : 161 -- 79 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ph. 50.030188. 001113 . PMID 3288089 . Jump up ^ Rang , H.P. ; Dale M.M. ; Ritter J.M. ; Moore P.K. ( 2003 ) . Pharmacology , Fifth Edition . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07202 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin Variants '' . Lab Tests Online . American Association for Clinical Chemistry . 2007 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Huisman THJ ( 1996 ) . `` A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants '' . Globin Gene Server . Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kikuchi , G. ; Yoshida , T. ; Noguchi , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Heme oxygenase and heme degradation '' . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 338 ( 1 ) : 558 -- 67 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrc. 2005.08. 020 . PMID 16115609 . Jump up ^ `` hemoglobinopathy '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ hypoxemia . Encyclopædia Britannica , stating hypoxemia ( reduced oxygen tension in the blood ) . Jump up ^ Biology-Online.org -- > Dictionary '' H '' Hypoxemia last modified 29 December 2008 Jump up ^ William , C. Wilson ; Grande , Christopher M. ; Hoyt , David B. ( 2007 ) . `` Pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure '' . Trauma , Volume II : Critical Care . Taylor & Francis . p. 430 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 1684 - 0 . Jump up ^ McGaffigan , P.A. ( 1996 ) . `` Hazards of hypoxemia : How to protect your patient from low oxygen levels '' . Nursing. 26 ( 5 ) : 41 -- 46 ; quiz 46 . doi : 10.1097 / 00152193 - 199626050 - 00013 . PMID 8710285 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Glycosylated Hemoglobin . '' Medicine Net . Web . 12 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ Madsen , H ; Ditzel , J ( 1984 ) . `` Blood - oxygen transport in first trimester of diabetic pregnancy '' . Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 63 ( 4 ) : 317 -- 20 . doi : 10.3109 / 00016348409155523 . PMID 6741458 . Jump up ^ Hemoglobin at Medline Plus Jump up ^ Padmanaban , P. ; Toora , B. ( 2011 ) . `` Hemoglobin : Emerging marker in stable coronary artery disease '' . Chronicles of Young Scientists . 2 ( 2 ) : 109 . doi : 10.4103 / 2229 - 5186.82971 . Jump up ^ Society for Biomedical Diabetes Research . SI Unit Conversion Calculator . Jump up ^ Handin , Robert I. ; Lux , Samuel E. and StosselBlood , Thomas P. ( 2003 ) . Blood : Principles & Practice of Hematology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , ISBN 0781719933 Jump up ^ Hemoglobin Level Test . Ibdcrohns.about.com ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Although other sources can have slightly differing values , such as haemoglobin ( reference range ) . gpnotebook.co.uk Jump up ^ Murray S.S. & McKinney E.S. ( 2006 ) . Foundations of Maternal - Newborn Nursing . 4th ed. , p. 919 . Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 1416001417 . Jump up ^ `` Hematocrit ( HCT ) or Packed Cell Volume ( PCV ) '' . DoctorsLounge.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Frasca , D. ; Dahyot - Fizelier , C. ; Catherine , K. ; Levrat , Q. ; Debaene , B. ; Mimoz , O. ( 2011 ) . `` Accuracy of a continuous noninvasive hemoglobin monitor in intensive care unit patients * '' . Critical Care Medicine . 39 ( 10 ) : 2277 -- 2282 . doi : 10.1097 / CCM. 0b013e3182227e2d . PMID 21666449 . Jump up ^ Ferrari , M. ; Binzoni , T. ; Quaresima , V. ( 1997 ) . `` Oxidative metabolism in muscle '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 352 ( 1354 ) : 677 -- 683 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1997.0049 . PMC 1691965 . PMID 9232855 . Jump up ^ Madsen , P.L. ; Secher , N.H. ( 1999 ) . `` Near - infrared oximetry of the brain '' . Progress in neurobiology. 58 ( 6 ) : 541 -- 560 . doi : 10.1016 / S0301 - 0082 ( 98 ) 00093 - 8 . PMID 10408656 . Jump up ^ McCully , K.K. ; Hamaoka , T. ( 2000 ) . `` Near - infrared spectroscopy : What can it tell us about oxygen saturation in skeletal muscle ? '' . Exercise and sport sciences reviews . 28 ( 3 ) : 123 -- 127 . PMID 10916704 . Jump up ^ Perrey , S.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Non-invasive NIR spectroscopy of human brain function during exercise '' . Methods. 45 ( 4 ) : 289 -- 299 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ymeth. 2008.04. 005 . PMID 18539160 . Jump up ^ Rolfe , P. ( 2000 ) . `` Invivonear - Infraredspectroscopy '' . Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering . 2 : 715 -- 754 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bioeng. 2.1. 715 . PMID 11701529 . Jump up ^ This Hb A level is only useful in individuals who have red blood cells ( RBCs ) with normal survivals ( i.e. , normal half - life ) . In individuals with abnormal RBCs , whether due to abnormal hemoglobin molecules ( such as Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Anemia ) or RBC membrane defects -- or other problems , the RBC half - life is frequently shortened . In these individuals , an alternative test called `` fructosamine level '' can be used . It measures the degree of glycation ( glucose binding ) to albumin , the most common blood protein , and reflects average blood glucose levels over the previous 18 -- 21 days , which is the half - life of albumin molecules in the circulation . Jump up ^ Mehagnoul - Schipper DJ , van der Kallen BF , Colier WN , van der Sluijs MC , van Erning LJ , Thijssen HO , Oeseburg B , Hoefnagels WH , Jansen RW ( 2002 ) . `` Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygenation changes during brain activation by near - infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy young and elderly subjects '' . Hum Brain Mapp. 16 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 10026 . PMID 11870923 . Jump up ^ `` Cercacor - How Ember 's non-invasive hemoglobin technology works '' . Cercacor - How Ember 's non-invasive hemoglobin technology works . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ L. Int Panis ; B. Goddeeris ; R Verheyen ( 1995 ) . `` The hemoglobin concentration of Chironomus cf. Plumosus L. ( Diptera : Chironomidae ) larvae from two lentic habitats '' . Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology. 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02061785 . Jump up ^ Zal F , Lallier FH , Green BN , Vinogradov SN , Toulmond A ( 1996 ) . `` The multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila. II . Complete polypeptide chain composition investigated by maximum entropy analysis of mass spectra '' . J. Biol. Chem. 271 ( 15 ) : 8875 -- 81 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 271.15. 8875 . PMID 8621529 . Jump up ^ Minic Z , Hervé G ( 2004 ) . `` Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep - sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont '' . Eur. J. Biochem. 271 ( 15 ) : 3093 -- 102 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.2004. 04248. x . PMID 15265029 . Jump up ^ Liu L , Zeng M , Stamler JS ( 1999 ) . `` Hemoglobin induction in mouse macrophages '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 12 ) : 6643 -- 47 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.12. 6643 . PMC 21968 . PMID 10359765 . Jump up ^ Newton DA , Rao KM , Dluhy RA , Baatz JE ( 2006 ) . `` Hemoglobin Is Expressed by Alveolar Epithelial Cells '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 ( 9 ) : 5668 -- 76 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M509314200 . PMID 16407281 . Jump up ^ Nishi , H. ; Inagi , R. ; Kato , H. ; Tanemoto , M. ; Kojima , I. ; Son , D. ; Fujita , T. ; Nangaku , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Hemoglobin is Expressed by Mesangial Cells and Reduces Oxidant Stress '' . Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 19 ( 8 ) : 1500 -- 08 . doi : 10.1681 / ASN. 2007101085 . PMC 2488266 . PMID 18448584 . Jump up ^ Boh , Larry ( 2001 ) . Pharmacy Practice Manual : A Guide to the Clinical Experience . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 2541 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holden , Constance ( 2005 ) . `` Blood and Steel '' . Science . 309 ( 5744 ) : 2160 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5744. 2160d . Jump up ^ Moran L , Horton RA , Scrimgeour G , Perry M ( 2011 ) . Principles of Biochemistry . Boston , MA : Pearson . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 70733 - 8 . Jump up ^ Henry , Sean ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Take a sneak peek at the MUHC 's art collection '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lustre ( Hémoglobine ) 2014 '' . Art Public Montréal . Montréal . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Hemoglobin Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Campbell , MK ( 1999 ) . `` Biochemistry '' ( third ed . ) . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 03 - 024426 - 9 . Eshaghian , S ; Horwich , TB ; Fonarow , GC ( 2006 ) . `` An unexpected inverse relationship between HbA1c levels and mortality in patients with diabetes and advanced systolic heart failure '' . Am Heart J. 151 ( 1 ) : 91. e1 -- 91. e6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ahj. 2005.10. 008 . PMID 16368297 . Ganong , WF ( 2003 ) . `` Review of Medical Physiology '' ( 21st ed . ) . Lange . ISBN 0 - 07 - 140236 - 5 . Hager , T ( 1995 ) . `` Force of Nature : The Life of Linus Pauling '' . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80909 - 5 . Kneipp J , Balakrishnan G , Chen R , Shen TJ , Sahu SC , Ho NT , Giovannelli JL , Simplaceanu V , Ho C , Spiro T ( 2005 ) . `` Dynamics of allostery in hemoglobin : roles of the penultimate tyrosine H bonds '' . J Mol Biol. 356 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2005.11. 006 . PMID 16368110 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemoglobin . Proteopedia Hemoglobin National Anemia Action Council -- anemia.org New hemoglobin type causes mock diagnosis with pulse oxymeters Animation of hemoglobin : from deoxy to oxy form Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2 , 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia Proteins : hemeproteins Globins Hemoglobin Subunits Alpha locus on 16 : α HBA1 HBA2 ζ HBZ θ HBQ1 μ HBM Beta locus on 11 : β HBB δ HBD γ HBG1 HBG2 ε HBE1 Tetramers stages of development : Embryonic HbE Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) HbE Gower 2 ( α ε ) HbE Portland I ( ζ γ ) HbE Portland II ( ζ β ) Fetal HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) HbA ( α β ) Adult HbA ( α β ) HbA ( α δ ) HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) pathology : HbH ( β ) Barts ( γ ) HbS ( α β ) HbC ( α β ) HbE ( α β ) Compounds Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin / Deoxyhemoglobin Sulfhemoglobin Other human Glycated hemoglobin Methemoglobin Nonhuman Chlorocruorin Erythrocruorin Other human : Myoglobin Metmyoglobin Neuroglobin Cytoglobin plant : Leghemoglobin Other Cytochrome Cytochrome b Cytochrome P450 Hemocyanin Methemalbumin see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins `` The template below ( Myeloid blood tests ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Myeloid blood tests ( CPT 85002 -- 85999 ) Clotting CBC Platelet count Mean platelet volume vWF : Ristocetin - induced platelet aggregation clotting factors : Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Thrombin time Activated clotting time other / general : coagulation Bleeding time animal enzyme Reptilase time Ecarin clotting time Dilute Russell 's viper venom time Thromboelastography Thrombodynamics test fibrinolysis : Euglobulin lysis time D - dimer Red blood cell indices CBC RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin ratios : Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume Red blood cell distribution width Fetal hemoglobin : Apt -- Downey test Kleihauer -- Betke test Other Reticulocyte index Haptoglobin Mentzer index CFU - GM Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test Complete blood count Absolute neutrophil count Other Blood film Blood viscosity Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Biology portal Medicine portal GND : 4022814 - 9 NDL : 00563085 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=835992781 '' Categories : Hemoglobins Equilibrium chemistry Respiratory physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles prone to spam from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 01 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	portion of hemoglobin associated with the production of bilirubin	[ "When red cells reach the end of their life due to aging or defects, they are removed from the circulation by the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the spleen or the liver or hemolyze within the circulation. Free hemoglobin is then cleared from the circulation via the hemoglobin transporter CD163, which is exclusively expressed on monocytes or macrophages. Within these cells the hemoglobin molecule is broken up, and the iron gets recycled. This process also produces one molecule of carbon monoxide for every molecule of heme degraded.[71] Heme degradation is one of the few natural sources of carbon monoxide in the human body, and is responsible for the normal blood levels of carbon monoxide even in people breathing pure air. The other major final product of heme degradation is bilirubin. Increased levels of this chemical are detected in the blood if red cells are being destroyed more rapidly than usual. Improperly degraded hemoglobin protein or hemoglobin that has been released from the blood cells too rapidly can clog small blood vessels, especially the delicate blood filtering vessels of the kidneys, causing kidney damage. Iron is removed from heme and salvaged for later use, it is stored as hemosiderin or ferritin in tissues and transported in plasma by beta globulins as transferrins. When the porphyrin ring is broken up, the fragments are normally secreted as a yellow pigment called bilirubin, which is secreted into the intestines as bile. Intestines metabolise bilirubin into urobilinogen. Urobilinogen leaves the body in faeces, in a pigment called stercobilin. Globulin is metabolised into amino acids that are then released into circulation." ]	[ "heme" ]
-7608873994477930709	List of El Clásico matches	List of El Clásico matches - wikipedia List of El Clásico matches Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of all matches contested between the Spanish football clubs Real Madrid and Barcelona , a fixture known as El Clásico . The club name in bold indicates a win for that team . The score is given at full - time and half - time ( in brackets ) , and in the goals columns , the goalscorer and time when goal was scored is noted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Spanish League matches 1.1 Summary 2 Copa del Rey matches 2.1 Summary 3 League Cup matches 3.1 Summary 4 Spanish Super Cup matches 4.1 Summary 5 UEFA Champions League matches 5.1 Summary 6 Summary of all competitive matches 7 Friendlies and other matches 7.1 Summary 8 Summary of all matches 9 Reserve teams matches 9.1 Summary 10 Copa del Rey matches between first teams and reserve teams 11 References 12 External links Spanish League matches ( edit ) Barcelona and Real Madrid have faced each other in every La Liga season since its inception in 1929 , as inaugural members and two of the only three teams to have never been relegated from the Primera División . # Date R . Home team Away team Score ( T / H ) Goals ( Home ) Goals ( Away ) 17 February 1929 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Parera ( 70 ) Morera ( 10 , 55 ) 9 May 1929 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Sastre ( 83 ) 26 January 1930 9 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 4 ( 0 -- 3 ) Bestit ( 63 ) Rubio ( 10 , 37 ) , F. López ( 17 ) , Lazcano ( 71 ) 30 March 1930 18 Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 ) Rubio ( 5 , 23 ) , Lazcano ( 42 , 68 , 72 ) Goiburu ( 84 ) 5 1 February 1931 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 6 5 April 1931 18 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Ramón ( 12 , 35 , 73 ) Eugenio ( 38 ) 7 31 January 1932 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Olivares ( 26 , 40 ) 8 3 April 1932 18 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Samitier ( 20 ) , Arocha ( p. 87 ) Lazcano ( 43 ) , Regueiro ( 70 ) 9 1 January 1933 6 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Arocha ( 68 ) Regueiro ( p. 78 ) 10 5 March 1933 15 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Samitier ( 35 , 68 ) Goiburu ( 89 ) 11 26 November 1933 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 2 ) Morera ( 46 ) Olivares ( 9 ) , Regueiro ( 26 ) 12 28 January 1934 13 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 ) Valle ( 7 ) , Samitier ( 20 ) , Regueiro ( 30 ) , Eugenio ( 50 ) 13 3 February 1935 10 Real Madrid Barcelona 8 -- 2 ( 5 -- 1 ) Lazcano ( 15 , 42 , 73 ) , Sañudo ( 21 , 35 , 47 , 81 ) , Regueiro ( 29 ) Escolà ( 17 ) , Guzmán ( 68 ) 14 21 April 1935 21 Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Ventolrà ( 43 , 62 , 68 , 82 ) , Escolà ( 48 ) 15 22 December 1935 7 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 3 ( 0 -- 2 ) Regueiro ( 21 ) , Diz ( 40 ) , Lecue ( 47 ) 16 22 March 1936 18 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Lecue ( 10 , 47 ) , Emilin ( 43 ) 17 28 January 1940 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Alonso ( 1 ) , Lecue ( 75 ) Pascual ( 3 ) 18 14 April 1940 20 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 19 1 December 1940 10 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Sospedra ( 49 , 69 ) , Valle Mas ( 53 ) 20 23 February 1941 21 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Barinaga ( 49 ) Bravo ( 60 ) , Martín ( 63 ) 21 19 October 1941 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 1 ) Arbiza ( 17 , 70 ) , Benito ( o.g. 35 ) , Belmar ( 55 ) Calvet ( 25 ) , Raich ( p. 60 ) , Gracia ( 87 ) 22 25 January 1942 17 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Alday ( 63 , 78 ) 23 27 September 1942 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Arbiza ( 7 , 89 ) , Alsúa ( 52 ) 24 10 January 1943 14 Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 5 ( 4 -- 2 ) Martín ( 25 , 40 ) , Escolà ( 31 ) , Valle Mas ( 32 , 62 ) Alonso ( 10 ) , Alday ( 27 , 51 ) , Botella ( 74 ) , Mardones II ( 87 ) 25 2 January 1944 13 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Valle Mas ( 50 ) 26 9 April 1944 26 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 ) Escolà ( 13 ) Alsúa ( 62 ) , Rosalénch ( o.g. 71 ) 27 12 November 1944 8 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Moleiro ( 21 ) 28 25 March 1945 21 Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) César ( 41 , 46 ) , Bravo ( 52 ) , Escolà ( 77 ) , Gonzalvo III ( 86 ) 29 25 November 1945 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 ) Barinaga ( 23 ) , Pruden ( 63 ) , Belmar ( 67 ) Martín ( 51 ) , Gonzalvo III ( 85 ) 30 3 March 1946 22 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) César ( 17 ) 31 1 December 1946 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Corona ( p. 4 ) , Molowny ( 79 ) Seguer ( 23 ) 32 30 March 1947 24 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 ( 2 -- 0 ) Bravo ( 18 ) , Navarro ( 39 , 49 ) Arsuaga ( 48 , 60 ) 33 12 October 1947 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Barinaga ( 65 ) Clemente ( o.g. 31 ) 34 25 January 1948 17 Barcelona Real Madrid 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 ) Seguer ( 2 ) , Basora ( 28 , 58 ) , César ( 43 ) Gallardo ( 68 ) , Rafa Yunta ( 76 ) 35 19 September 1948 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Barinaga ( 60 ) Florencio ( 41 ) , Basora ( 48 ) 36 9 January 1949 15 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) César ( 28 , 61 ) , Basora ( 56 ) Pahiño ( 9 ) 37 18 September 1949 Real Madrid Barcelona 6 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 ) Olmedo ( 2 ) , Cabrera ( 4 ) , Pahiño ( 40 , 68 ) , Macala ( 62 , 69 ) Gonzalvo II ( 85 ) 38 15 January 1950 16 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 3 ( 1 -- 0 ) Basora ( 41 ) , César ( 53 ) Pahiño ( 58 ) , Rafael Verdú ( 66 ) , Cabrera ( 73 ) 39 24 September 1950 Barcelona Real Madrid 7 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 ) Nicolau ( 9 , 56 ) , César ( 14 ) , Aurelio ( 39 , 88 ) , Gonzalvo III ( 62 ) , Basora ( 82 ) Molowny ( 15 ) , García González ( 66 ) 40 14 January 1951 18 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 1 ( 4 -- 1 ) Narro ( 8 , 17 , 29 ) , Pahiño ( 13 ) Canal ( 31 ) 41 11 November 1951 10 Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 1 ( 3 -- 1 ) Molowny ( 3 ) , Cabrera ( 32 ) , Pahiño ( 35 , 87 ) , Roque Olsen ( 57 ) Basora ( 44 ) 42 2 March 1952 25 Barcelona Real Madrid 4 -- 2 ( 2 -- 2 ) Vila Soler ( 13 ) , César ( 36 , 56 , 74 ) Roque Olsen ( 33 ) , Arsuaga ( 39 ) 43 23 November 1952 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Arsuaga ( 76 , 80 ) Manchón ( 67 ) 44 5 April 1953 26 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Moreno ( 15 ) 45 25 October 1953 7 Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 0 ( 4 -- 0 ) di Stéfano ( 10 , 85 ) , Roque Olsen ( 34 , 35 ) , Molowny ( 39 ) 46 21 February 1954 22 Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Tejada ( 14 , 86 ) , César ( 50 ) , Moreno ( 74 ) , Manchón ( 89 ) di Stéfano ( 6 ) 47 21 November 1954 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) di Stéfano ( p. 44 ) , Héctor Rial ( 66 ) , Joseito ( 67 ) 48 6 March 1955 26 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Basora ( 31 ) , Dagoberto Moll ( 70 ) Gento ( 19 , 64 ) 49 13 November 1955 10 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Héctor Rial ( 35 ) , Marquitos ( 89 ) Areta ( 77 ) 50 18 March 1956 25 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Villaverde ( 18 , 29 ) 51 11 November 1956 10 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Luis Suárez ( 46 ) 52 3 March 1957 25 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Joseito ( 21 ) 53 13 October 1957 5 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Kopa ( 10 ) , Héctor Rial ( 43 ) , di Stéfano ( 73 ) 54 2 February 1958 20 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 2 ) Marsal ( 34 ) , Héctor Rial ( 37 ) 55 26 October 1958 7 Barcelona Real Madrid 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Evaristo ( 23 , 67 , 70 ) , Tejada ( 88 ) 56 15 February 1959 22 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Herrera ( 79 ) 57 29 November 1959 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Mateos ( 5 ) , di Stéfano ( 82 ) 58 20 March 1960 26 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Kocsis ( 50 ) , Martínez ( 60 ) , Villaverde ( 62 ) di Stéfano ( 58 ) 59 4 December 1960 12 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 5 ( 2 -- 3 ) Martínez ( 28 ) , Villaverde ( 34 ) , Kubala ( 89 ) di Stéfano ( 3 , 81 ) , del Sol ( 15 ) , Gento ( 43 , 79 ) 60 26 March 1961 27 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) del Sol ( 55 ) , di Stéfano ( 60 ) , Puskás ( 78 ) Luis Suárez ( 80 ) , Kubala ( 89 ) 61 30 September 1961 5 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Puskás ( 14 ) , del Sol ( 72 ) 62 21 January 1962 20 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 ) Evaristo ( 4 , 83 ) , Kocsis ( 40 ) Félix Ruiz ( 86 ) 63 30 September 1962 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) di Stéfano ( 20 , 70 ) 64 27 January 1963 18 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 5 ( 1 -- 2 ) Ré ( 34 ) Puskás ( p. 24 , 35 , 71 ) , di Stéfano ( 47 ) , Gento ( 67 ) 65 15 December 1963 12 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Puskás ( 37 , 68 , p. 84 ) , di Stéfano ( 77 ) 66 30 March 1964 27 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 1 -- 2 ) Zaldúa ( 27 ) Gento ( 18 ) , Puskás ( 43 ) 67 8 November 1964 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 ) Amancio ( 16 , 31 , 74 ) , Serena ( 76 ) Ré ( 68 ) 68 28 February 1965 24 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 ) Ré ( 40 ) Pirri ( 63 ) , Serena ( 70 ) 69 19 December 1965 14 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( 1 -- 3 ) Félix Ruiz ( 20 ) Fusté ( 7 , 8 ) , Zaldúa ( 34 ) 70 27 March 1966 29 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Rifé ( 59 ) , Zaballa ( 63 ) Gento ( 39 ) 71 20 November 1966 10 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Veloso ( 89 ) 72 19 March 1967 25 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Fusté ( 7 , 89 ) Amancio ( 42 ) 73 10 December 1967 12 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Gento ( p. 65 ) Zaldúa ( 78 ) 74 9 April 1968 27 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Zaldúa ( 12 ) Pirri ( 43 ) 75 16 November 1968 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Pirri ( 32 ) , José Luis ( 75 ) Zaldúa ( 19 ) 76 9 March 1969 24 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Zaldúa ( 26 ) Gento ( p. 87 ) 77 14 September 1969 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 ) Fleitas ( 18 , 38 ) , Gento ( 63 ) Bustillo ( 3 , 5 ) , Rexach ( 71 ) 78 28 December 1969 16 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Gallego ( 29 ) 79 25 October 1970 7 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Zabalza ( 28 ) 80 14 February 1971 22 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Grande ( 67 ) 81 28 November 1971 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Grosso ( 6 ) Asensi ( 68 ) 82 3 April 1972 28 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Asensi ( 11 ) 83 1 October 1972 5 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Barrios ( 52 ) 84 25 February 1973 22 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 85 7 October 1973 6 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 86 17 February 1974 22 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 ) Asensi ( 30 , 54 ) , Cruyff ( 39 ) , Juan Carlos ( 65 ) , Sotil ( 69 ) 87 5 January 1975 15 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Juan Roberto Martínez ( 43 ) 88 11 May 1975 32 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 89 28 December 1975 15 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Neeskens ( 3 ) , Rexach ( 89 ) Pirri ( 64 ) 90 30 April 1976 32 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Rexach ( 15 ) , Heredia ( 64 ) 91 19 September 1976 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Marcial ( 29 ) , Cruyff ( 53 ) , Heredia ( 86 ) Pirri ( 52 ) 92 30 January 1977 20 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Pirri ( p. 2 ) Cruyff ( 16 ) 93 4 December 1977 12 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 3 ( 1 -- 2 ) Rexach ( p. 30 , 67 ) Jensen ( 23 ) , Santillana ( 35 ) , Stielike ( 54 ) 94 5 April 1978 29 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Jensen ( 6 , 10 ) , Juanito ( 69 ) , Santillana ( 80 ) 95 23 September 1978 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Santillana ( 29 , 46 ) , Jensen ( 32 ) Neeskens ( 15 ) 96 17 February 1979 21 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Krankl ( 52 ) , Asensi ( 61 ) 97 23 September 1979 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 2 ( 3 -- 2 ) Santillana ( 6 ) , Juanito ( 8 ) , Cunningham ( 32 ) Landáburu ( 23 ) , Krankl ( 36 ) 98 10 February 1980 20 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) García Hernández ( 61 ) , Santillana ( 63 ) 99 30 November 1980 13 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Schuster ( 15 ) , Quini ( 64 ) Juanito ( 22 ) 100 29 March 1981 30 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Juanito ( p. 53 ) , Santillana ( 71 ) , Stielike ( 76 ) 101 20 December 1981 16 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Alexanko ( 7 ) , Quini ( 53 , p. 60 ) Juanito ( 49 ) 102 18 April 1982 33 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Rafael Cortés ( 6 ) , Stielike ( p. 45 ) , Isidro ( 82 ) Quini ( 42 ) 103 27 November 1982 13 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Esteban Vigo ( 14 ) , Quini ( 86 ) 104 26 March 1983 30 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Maradona ( 45 ) , Perico Alonso ( 77 ) Juanito ( 20 ) 105 22 October 1983 8 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 1 -- 2 ) Quini ( p. 17 ) Juanito ( p. 12 ) , Santillana ( 20 ) 106 25 February 1984 25 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Juanito ( 16 ) , Santillana ( 80 ) Maradona ( 56 ) 107 2 September 1984 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 ) Ángel ( o.g. 46 ) , Archibald ( 86 ) , Calderé ( 89 ) 108 30 December 1984 18 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Gerardo ( 25 ) , Migueli ( 53 ) , Esteban Vigo ( 79 ) Sanchís ( 30 ) , Butragueño ( 89 ) 109 9 November 1985 11 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Marcos ( 2 ) , Calderé ( 72 ) 110 8 March 1986 28 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Maceda ( 64 ) , Valdano ( 67 ) , Butragueño ( 83 ) Amarilla ( 51 ) 111 8 October 1986 8 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Hugo Sánchez ( p. 27 ) Pedraza ( 6 ) 112 31 January 1987 25 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 ( 2 -- 0 ) Lineker ( 2 , 5 , 47 ) Valdano ( 61 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( p. 80 ) 113 12 April 1987 35 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 114 23 May 1987 40 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Lineker ( 39 ) , Roberto ( p. 60 ) Hugo Sánchez ( 53 ) 115 2 January 1988 16 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Hugo Sánchez ( p. 22 , 41 ) Schuster ( p. 30 ) 116 30 April 1988 35 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Carrasco ( 1 ) , Lineker ( 70 ) 117 22 October 1988 8 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Hugo Sánchez ( 57 ) , Aldana ( 59 ) , Gordillo ( 81 ) Bakero ( 21 ) , Carrasco ( 70 ) 118 1 April 1989 27 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 119 7 October 1989 6 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Salinas ( 10 ) , Koeman ( p. 74 , p. 89 ) Hugo Sánchez ( p. 5 ) 120 15 February 1990 25 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 ) Míchel ( 24 ) , Butragueño ( 45 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( p. 46 ) Salinas ( 54 , 57 ) 121 19 January 1991 19 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Laudrup ( 18 ) , Spasić ( o.g. 62 ) Butragueño ( 28 ) 122 8 June 1991 38 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Aldana ( 47 ) 123 19 October 1991 6 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Prosinečki ( 19 ) Koeman ( p. 58 ) 124 7 March 1992 25 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Koeman ( 36 ) Hierro ( 66 ) 125 5 September 1992 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Bakero ( 4 ) , Stoichkov ( 87 ) Míchel ( p. 71 ) 126 30 January 1993 20 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Zamorano ( 9 ) , Míchel ( p. 41 ) Amor ( 15 ) 127 8 January 1994 18 Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Romário ( 24 , 56 , 81 ) , Koeman ( 47 ) , Iglesias ( 86 ) 128 7 May 1994 37 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Amor ( 77 ) 129 7 January 1995 16 Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 ) Zamorano ( 5 , 21 , 39 ) , Luis Enrique ( 68 ) , Amavisca ( 70 ) 130 27 May 1995 35 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Nadal ( 62 ) 131 30 September 1995 5 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Raúl ( 12 ) Roger ( 31 ) 132 10 February 1996 26 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Kodro ( 37 , 90 ) , Figo ( 71 ) 133 7 December 1996 16 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Šuker ( 24 ) , Mijatović ( 48 ) 134 10 May 1997 37 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Ronaldo ( 44 ) 135 1 November 1997 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 ( 0 -- 1 ) Raúl ( 48 ) , Šuker ( 61 ) Rivaldo ( 5 ) , Luis Enrique ( 50 ) , Giovanni ( 79 ) 136 7 March 1998 28 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 69 ) , Figo ( 80 ) , Giovanni ( 85 ) 137 19 September 1998 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 ) Raúl ( 7 , 25 ) Kluivert ( 12 ) , Anderson ( 82 ) 138 14 February 1999 22 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Luis Enrique ( 4 , 36 ) , Rivaldo ( 80 ) 139 13 October 1999 7 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Rivaldo ( 28 ) , Figo ( 49 ) Raúl ( 26 , 86 ) 140 26 February 2000 26 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Roberto Carlos ( 5 ) , Anelka ( 19 ) , Morientes ( 52 ) 141 21 October 2000 6 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Luis Enrique ( 26 ) , Simão ( 79 ) 142 3 March 2001 25 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 ) Raúl ( 6 , 36 ) Rivaldo ( 35 , 69 ) 143 4 November 2001 11 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Morientes ( 23 ) , Figo ( 89 ) 144 16 March 2002 30 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Xavi ( 58 ) Zidane ( 38 ) 145 23 November 2002 11 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 146 19 April 2003 30 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Ronaldo ( 16 ) Luis Enrique ( 32 ) 147 6 December 2003 15 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Kluivert ( 83 ) Roberto Carlos ( 37 ) , Ronaldo ( 73 ) 148 25 April 2004 34 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Solari ( 53 ) Kluivert ( 56 ) , Xavi ( 86 ) 149 20 November 2004 12 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Eto'o ( 23 ) , Van Bronckhorst ( 42 ) , Ronaldinho ( p. 75 ) 150 10 April 2005 31 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 ) Zidane ( 6 ) , Ronaldo ( 19 ) , Raúl ( 45 + 2 ) , Owen ( 65 ) Eto'o ( 28 ) , Ronaldinho ( 73 ) 151 19 November 2005 12 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 3 ( 0 -- 1 ) Eto'o ( 14 ) , Ronaldinho ( 59 , 77 ) 152 1 April 2006 31 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Ronaldinho ( p. 20 ) Ronaldo ( 36 ) 153 22 October 2006 7 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Raúl ( 3 ) , Van Nistelrooy ( 50 ) 154 10 March 2007 26 Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 ) Messi ( 10 , 27 , 88 ) Van Nistelrooy ( 4 , p. 12 ) , Ramos ( 72 ) 155 23 December 2007 17 Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Baptista ( 35 ) 156 7 May 2008 36 Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 ) Raúl ( 12 ) , Robben ( 20 ) , Higuaín ( 62 ) , Van Nistelrooy ( p. 77 ) Henry ( 86 ) 157 13 December 2008 15 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Eto'o ( 83 ) , Messi ( 89 ) 158 2 May 2009 34 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 6 ( 1 -- 3 ) Higuaín ( 14 ) , Ramos ( 56 ) Henry ( 18 , 58 ) , Puyol ( 20 ) , Messi ( 36 , 75 ) , Piqué ( 83 ) 159 29 November 2009 12 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Ibrahimović ( 56 ) 160 10 April 2010 31 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Messi ( 32 ) , Pedro ( 55 ) 161 29 November 2010 13 Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Xavi ( 9 ) , Pedro ( 17 ) , Villa ( 54 , 56 ) , Jeffrén ( 90 ) 162 16 April 2011 32 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) C. Ronaldo ( p. 81 ) Messi ( p. 53 ) 163 10 December 2011 16 Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 ) Benzema ( 1 ) Sánchez ( 29 ) , Xavi ( 53 ) , Fàbregas ( 66 ) 164 21 April 2012 34 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Sánchez ( 70 ) Khedira ( 16 ) , C. Ronaldo ( 73 ) 165 7 October 2012 7 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Messi ( 31 , 60 ) C. Ronaldo ( 22 , 66 ) 166 2 March 2013 26 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Benzema ( 6 ) , Ramos ( 81 ) Messi ( 18 ) 167 26 October 2013 10 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Neymar ( 18 ) , Sánchez ( 78 ) Jesé ( 90 ) 168 23 March 2014 29 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 4 ( 2 -- 2 ) Benzema ( 20 , 24 ) , C. Ronaldo ( p. 55 ) Iniesta ( 7 ) , Messi ( 42 , p. 65 , p. 84 ) 169 25 October 2014 9 Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) C. Ronaldo ( p. 35 ) , Pepe ( 50 ) , Benzema ( 61 ) Neymar ( 4 ) 170 22 March 2015 28 Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Mathieu ( 19 ) , Suárez ( 56 ) C. Ronaldo ( 31 ) 171 21 November 2015 12 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 4 ( 0 -- 2 ) Suárez ( 11 , 74 ) , Neymar ( 39 ) , Iniesta ( 53 ) 172 2 April 2016 31 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Piqué ( 56 ) Benzema ( 62 ) , C. Ronaldo ( 85 ) 173 3 December 2016 14 Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Suárez ( 53 ) Ramos ( 90 ) 174 23 April 2017 32 Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 ) Casemiro ( 28 ) , Rodríguez ( 85 ) Messi ( 33 , 90 + 2 ) , Rakitić ( 73 ) 175 23 December 2017 17 Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 ) Suárez ( 54 ) , Messi ( p. 64 ) , Vidal ( 90 + 3 ) Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid wins 72 Draws 33 Barcelona wins 70 Real Madrid goals 284 Barcelona goals 288 Total matches 178 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses GF GA Real Madrid 52 15 21 284 280 Barcelona 50 18 20 280 284 Copa del Rey matches ( edit ) Copa del Rey is the oldest competition in the history of Spanish football . Season Round Home team Away team Score ( T / H ) Goals ( Home ) Goals ( Away ) 1916 Semi final 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Alcántara ( 39 ) , Martínez ( 85 ) Bernabéu 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Bernabéu ( p. 15 , 31 , 62 ) , Petit ( 77 ) Martínez ( 22 ) 1st ( R ) Real Madrid Barcelona 6 -- 6 ( a.e.t ) Belaunde ( 2 , ? , 87 ) , Bernabéu ( ? , ? , p. 118 ) Alcántara ( 15 , 30 , 102 ) , Mallorquí ( 67 ) , Bau ( 70 ) , Martínez ( 112 ) 2nd ( R ) Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t ) Bernabéu , Zabala , Sotero 2 Martínez ( 11 , 38 ) 1926 Quarter final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 5 ( 0 -- 3 ) Monjardín ( 47 ) Samitier ( 19 , 26 , 43 , 64 ) , Piera ( 79 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Piera ( 8 ) , Samitier ( 18 , 51 ) 1936 Final Real Madrid * Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Eugenio ( 6 ) , Lécue ( 12 ) Escolà ( 29 ) 1943 Semi final 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Valle ( 34 ) , Escolá ( 43 ) , Sospedra ( 60 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 11 -- 1 ( 8 -- 0 ) Pruden ( 5 , 32 , 35 ) , Barinaga ( 30 , 42 , 44 , 87 ) , Alonso ( 37 , 74 ) , Curta ( 39 ) , Botella ( 85 ) Martín ( 89 ) 1954 Semi final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Mateos ( 86 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) César ( 9 , 12 ) , Biosca ( 87 ) Pérez Payá ( 24 ) 1957 Quarter final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 ) Di Stéfano ( p. 20 , 35 ) Kubala ( 14 ) , Basora ( 53 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 6 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 ) Martínez ( 4 , 48 , 50 , 63 ) , Kubala ( 35 ) , Villaverde ( 79 ) Olivella ( o.g. 75 ) 1958 -- 59 Quarter final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 4 ( 2 -- 0 ) Puskas ( 20 ) , Mateos ( 35 ) Kocsis ( 51 , 69 ) , Luis Suárez ( 67 , 71 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Luis Suárez ( p. 34 , 44 ) , Villaverde ( 63 ) Gento ( 36 ) 1961 -- 62 Quarter final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Martínez ( 62 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 ) Pereda ( 85 ) Del Sol ( 65 ) , Puskas ( 83 ) , Gento ( 90 ) 1967 -- 68 Final Real Madrid Barcelona * 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Zunzunegui ( o.g. 6 ) 1969 -- 70 Quarter final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Grosso ( 5 ) , Amancio ( 44 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Rexach ( 45 ) Amancio ( p. 60 ) 1973 -- 74 Final Real Madrid * Barcelona 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Santillana ( 6 ) , Rubiñán ( 47 ) , Aguilar ( 50 ) , Pirri ( 83 ) 1982 -- 83 Final Barcelona * Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Víctor ( 32 ) , Marcos ( 90 ) Santillana ( 50 ) 1989 -- 90 Final Barcelona * Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Amor ( 68 ) , Salinas ( 90 ) 1992 -- 93 Semi final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Zamorano ( 40 ) Bakero ( 30 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Laudrup ( 87 ) Míchel ( p. 24 ) , Zamorano ( 82 ) 1996 -- 97 Last 16 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Ronaldo ( 13 ) , Nadal ( 70 ) , Giovanni ( 79 ) Šuker ( 16 ) , Hierro ( 67 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Šuker ( p. 80 ) Roberto Carlos ( o.g. 69 ) 2010 -- 11 Final Barcelona Real Madrid * 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) C. Ronaldo ( 103 ) 2011 -- 12 Quarter final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 ) C. Ronaldo ( 10 ) Puyol ( 49 ) , Abidal ( 77 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 0 ) Pedro ( 43 ) , Alves ( 45 + 3 ) C. Ronaldo ( 68 ) , Benzema ( 72 ) 2012 -- 13 Semi final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Varane ( 82 ) Fàbregas ( 50 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( 0 -- 1 ) Alba ( 89 ) C. Ronaldo ( 13 , p. 57 ) , Varane ( 68 ) 2013 -- 14 Final Real Madrid * Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Di María ( 11 ) , Bale ( 85 ) Bartra ( 68 ) Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid wins 12 Draws 7 Barcelona wins 14 Real Madrid goals 64 Barcelona goals 63 Total matches 33 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses Other Venue Wins Real Madrid 5 5 5 Barcelona 7 League Cup matches ( edit ) The Copa de la Liga was a tournament created in 1982 , but low support from the participating clubs saw it disbanded four years later . Season Round Home team Away team Score ( T / H ) Goals ( Home ) Goals ( Away ) 1982 -- 83 Final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Del Bosque ( 63 ) , Juanito ( p. 69 ) Carrasco ( 50 ) , Maradona ( 57 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Maradona ( p. 19 ) , Alexanko ( 20 ) Santillana ( 84 ) 1984 -- 85 Quarter final 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 0 ) Clos ( 40 ) , Marcos ( 44 ) Valdano ( 67 ) , Juanito ( 75 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) ( p. 4 - 1 ) Valdano ( 83 ) Moratalla ( 57 ) 1985 -- 86 Last 16 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Clos ( 24 ) , Archibald ( 50 ) Pardeza ( 36 ) , Cholo ( 52 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 4 ( 0 -- 2 ) Amarilla ( 2 , 41 ) , Urbano ( 47 ) , Esteban ( 67 ) Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid wins 0 Draws Barcelona wins Real Madrid goals 8 Barcelona goals 13 Total matches 6 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 0 Spanish Super Cup matches ( edit ) The Supercopa de España is a Spanish football championship contested by the winners of the La Liga and the Copa del Rey . Established in 1982 , it is the Spanish equivalent to the English FA Community Shield , where the winners of the FA Premier League and FA Cup compete for the trophy . Season Round Home team Away team Score ( T / H ) Goals ( Home ) Goals ( Away ) 1988 -- 89 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Míchel ( 71 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 78 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Bakero ( 37 , 77 ) Butragueño ( 14 ) 1990 -- 91 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Míchel ( 54 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Butragueño ( 21 , 44 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 56 ) , Aragón ( 70 ) Goikoetxea ( 20 ) 1993 -- 94 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Alfonso ( 35 , 89 ) , Zamorano ( 55 ) Stoichkov ( 17 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Bakero ( 65 ) Zamorano ( 21 ) 1997 -- 98 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 ) Giovanni ( 1 ) , Miguel Nadal ( 85 ) Raúl ( 4 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 4 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Raúl ( 42 , 54 ) , Mijatović ( 58 ) , Seedorf ( 65 ) Giovanni ( 80 ) 2011 -- 12 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 2 ) Özil ( 13 ) , Alonso ( 54 ) Villa ( 36 ) , Messi ( 45 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 ) Iniesta ( 15 ) , Messi ( 45 , 88 ) C. Ronaldo ( 20 ) , Benzema ( 82 ) 2012 -- 13 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Pedro ( 57 ) , Messi ( p. 70 ) , Xavi ( 77 ) C. Ronaldo ( 55 ) , Di María ( 85 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Higuaín ( 11 ) , C. Ronaldo ( 19 ) Messi ( 45 ) 2017 -- 18 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 ) Messi ( p. 77 ) Piqué ( o.g. 50 ) , C. Ronaldo ( 80 ) , Asensio ( 90 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 ) Asensio ( 4 ) , Benzema ( 39 ) Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid wins 8 Draws Barcelona wins Real Madrid goals 30 Barcelona goals 18 Total matches 14 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses Real Madrid 6 0 Barcelona Uefa Champions League matches ( edit ) In the most prestigious tournament in Europe , Barcelona and Real Madrid have faced each other on several occasions in the Champions League , known as the European Cup prior to 1992 . Season Round Home team Away team Score ( T / H ) Goals ( Home ) Goals ( Away ) 1959 -- 60 Semi final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) Di Stéfano ( 17 , 84 ) , Puskás ( 28 ) Martínez ( 37 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 ) Kocsis ( 9 ) Puskás ( 25 , 75 ) , Gento ( 68 ) 1960 -- 61 First round 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 ) Mateos ( 1 ) , Gento ( 33 ) Luis Suárez ( 27 , p. 88 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Vergés ( 33 ) , Evaristo ( 81 ) Canário ( 87 ) 2001 -- 02 Semi final 1st leg Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Zidane ( 55 ) , McManaman ( 90 + 2 ) 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Raúl ( 43 ) Helguera ( o.g. 49 ) 2010 -- 11 Semi final 1st leg Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 ) Messi ( 76 , 87 ) 2nd leg Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Pedro ( 54 ) Marcelo ( 64 ) Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid wins Draws Barcelona wins Real Madrid goals 13 Barcelona goals 10 Total matches 8 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses Real Madrid Barcelona Summary of all competitive matches ( edit ) Real Madrid wins 95 Draws 49 Barcelona wins 92 Real Madrid goals 399 Barcelona goals 384 Total matches 236 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses Other Venue Wins Real Madrid 64 25 28 Barcelona 62 24 27 Friendlies and other matches ( edit ) Real Madrid and Barcelona have played 34 friendly matches , including the first ever Clásico on 13 May 1902 . Before the start of La Liga championship in 1929 , Real Madrid and Barcelona played several friendlies , but once La Liga started , friendlies fell in a few years . In sporadic cases they have faced each other in some friendly matches such as tributes or other tournaments of a friendly nature . The last friendly match was on 29 July 2017 . Date Tournament Round Stadium Home team Away team Score ( T / H ) Goals ( Home ) Goals ( Away ) 13 May 1902 Copa de la Coronación Semi-final Hipódromo Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3 Arthur Johnson ( ? ) Steinberg ( ? , ? ) , Joan Gamper ( ? ) 13 May 1906 Exhibition game Camp del calle Muntaner Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 2 C. Wallace ( ? , ? ) , Ponz ( ? , ? ) , Forns ( ? ) Meléndez ( ? ) , Revuelto ( ? ) 1 November 1913 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 7 -- 0 Carlier ( 5 , ? , ? ) , Alcántara ( ? ) , P. Wallace ( ? , ? ) , Greenwell ( ? ) 2 November 1913 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Alcántara ( 40 ) 6 January 1914 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Bernabéu ( ? , ? ) P. Wallace ( ? ) , Allack ( ? ) 10 January 1914 Exhibition game Campo de O'Donnell Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Alcántara ( ? ) , Allack ( ? ) 5 March 1916 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) Vinyals ( ? , ? ) , Martínez ( ? ) 7 March 1916 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 1 November 1917 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Vinyals ( 15 , ? , ? ) ? 4 November 1917 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 4 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) Vinyals ( ? ) , Hormeu ( ? ) , Sagi ( ? ) , Gumbau ( ? ) Machimbarrena ( ? ) 20 May 1918 Exhibition game Campo de O'Donnell Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Bernabéu ( ? ) Alcántara ( ? ) , Martínez ( ? ) 15 February 1920 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Alcántara ( ? ) , Sancho ( ? p . ) Coma ( ? o.g. ) , Mieg ( ? ) 18 February 1920 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 7 -- 1 Alcántara ( ? , ? , ? ) , Vinyals ( ? ) , Sancho ( ? ) , Plaza ( ? ) , Lakatos ( ? ) Mieg ( ? ) 11 January 1921 Exhibition game L'Escopidora ( Industria ) Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Gràcia ( ? , ? ) , Piera ( ? ) 15 March 1922 Exhibition game Campo de O'Donnell Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 Monjardin ( 40 , ? ) Martinez ( 5 ) , Gràcia ( 10 ) 2 February 1927 Exhibition game Les Corts Barcelona Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 ) 19 March 1927 Exhibition game Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 5 ( 1 -- 3 ) Quesada ( 12 ) Pedrol ( 14 , 73 ) , Sagi ( 16 ) , Samitier ( 35 , 58 ) 20 March 1927 Exhibition game Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 5 ( 0 -- 1 ) Félix Pérez ( 80 ) Sastre ( 43 , 75 ) , Pedrol ( 50 ) , Quesada ( 51 o.g. ) 27 May 1928 Torneo de Campeones 1st leg Les Corts Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Ramon ( 6 ) , Arocha ( 58 ) Benegas ( 23 ) , Esparza ( 80 ) 3 June 1928 2nd leg Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Rubio ( 32 ) Arocha ( 87 ) 3 July 1932 Exhibition game Les Corts Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 ) Samitier ( 39 , 67 ) Hilario ( 22 ) , Olivares ( 54 ) 25 November 1934 Exhibition game Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) Gurruchaga ( 15 ) , Lazcano ( 47 , 89 ) , Regueiro ( 51 , p. 57 ) Ramon ( 79 ) 15 September 1940 Exhibition game Les Corts Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 1 ) Va ( 4 , 49 ) , Vergara ( 9 ) , Valle ( 48 ) , Bravo ( 73 ) Barinaga ( 12 , 78 ) , Alday ( 46 ) , Dindurra ( 67 ) 8 June 1941 Exhibition game Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 ) Arbiza ( 32 ) , Alsúa ( 38 ) Bravo ( 7 ) , Raich ( 28 ) , Escolà ( 75 ) 31 October 1943 Juan Mojardín Tribute Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) J. Alonso ( 48 ) Betancourt ( 20 ) 26 December 1943 Antonio Franco Tribute Les Corts Barcelona Real Madrid 4 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 ) Martín ( 13 , 37 , 40 ) , Bravo ( 52 ) 23 May 1948 Torneo Históricos 1st leg Les Corts Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Amorós ( 37 ) 30 May 1948 2nd leg Nuevo Chamartín Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Amorós ( 49 ) 30 August 1959 Carranza Final Ramón de Carranza Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 4 ( 1 -- 1 ) Czibor ( 12 ) , Villaverde ( 71 ) , Evaristo ( 79 ) Puskás ( 39 , 78 ) , Gento ( 55 ) , Di Stéfano ( 58 ) 31 August 1968 Carranza Semi final Ramón de Carranza Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 ) Gento ( 59 ) Juanito ( 24 ) , Zaldúa ( 86 ) 30 May 1982 Venezuela Cup 3rd place Farid Richa Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 ) Del Bosque ( 10 ) 1 May 1991 Desafío Total Canal+ 1st leg Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( 3 -- 1 ) Butragueño ( 16 ) , Hierro ( 17 ) , Villarroya ( 18 ) Goikoetxea ( 38 ) 11 September 1991 2nd leg Camp Nou Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 ) Nadal ( 67 ) Aldana ( 72 ) 29 July 2017 International Champions Cup Hard Rock Stadium Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 ) Kovačić ( 14 ) , Asensio ( 36 ) Messi ( 3 ) , Rakitić ( 7 ) , Piqué ( 50 ) Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid wins Draws 10 Barcelona wins 20 Real Madrid goals 44 Barcelona goals 86 Total matches 34 Summary of all matches ( edit ) Real Madrid wins 99 Draws 59 Barcelona wins 112 Real Madrid goals 442 Barcelona goals 470 Total matches 270 Reserve teams matches ( edit ) Barcelona Atlètic was founded as the Barcelona 's reserve team in 1970 with the merge of Condal ( Barcelona 's previous reserve team ) and Atlètic Catalunya . Castilla was founded as Real Madrid 's reserve team in 1972 , after the folding of A.D. Plus Ultra ( Real Madrid 's previous reserve team ) . Both teams would meet for the first time during the third round of the 1974 -- 75 Copa del Generalísimo and then again during the 1982 -- 83 Segunda División season . The reserve teams normally meet only when both are competing in the second tier , as they are placed in different regional groups at lower levels , and they are not permitted to enter the Copa del Rey . Season Round Home team Away team Score 1974 -- 75 Copa del Generalísimo 3rd round -- 1st leg Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 2 -- 0 3rd round -- 2nd leg Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 3 -- 2 1982 -- 83 Segunda División 14th Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 1 -- 1 33rd Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 2 -- 0 1983 -- 84 Segunda División 9th Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 0 -- 1 28th Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 3 -- 0 1984 -- 85 Segunda División 2nd Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 0 -- 4 21st Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 2 -- 1 1985 -- 86 Segunda División 2nd Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 4 -- 0 21st Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 1 -- 0 1986 -- 87 Segunda División 17th Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 1 -- 0 34th Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 2 -- 2 1987 -- 88 Segunda División 6th Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 2 -- 3 25th Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 1 -- 2 1988 -- 89 Segunda División 17th Castilla CF Barcelona Atlètic 3 -- 2 36th Barcelona Atlètic Castilla CF 2 -- 2 1989 -- 1991 There were no matches between the teams as they each played at different divisions . For the 1989 -- 90 season , Barcelona B was relegated to 2aB , followed a year later by Real Madrid B for the 1990 -- 91 season . Both teams returned to 2a for the 1991 -- 92 season . 1991 -- 92 Segunda División 1st Real Madrid B Barcelona B 1 -- 0 20th Barcelona B Real Madrid B 3 -- 3 1992 -- 93 Segunda División 3rd Real Madrid B Barcelona B 2 -- 1 22nd Barcelona B Real Madrid B 2 -- 2 1993 -- 94 Segunda División 9th Real Madrid B Barcelona B 3 -- 1 28th Barcelona B Real Madrid B 1 -- 1 1994 -- 95 Segunda División 6th Barcelona B Real Madrid B 4 -- 1 25th Real Madrid B Barcelona B 1 -- 2 1995 -- 96 Segunda División 18th Real Madrid B Barcelona B 2 -- 0 37th Barcelona B Real Madrid B 1 -- 3 1996 -- 97 Segunda División 12th Barcelona B Real Madrid B 1 -- 2 31st Real Madrid B Barcelona B 1 -- 0 1997 -- 2012 After the 1996 -- 97 season , both teams were relegated to 2aB . During the following seasons , there were no matches between them as they each played at different divisions , each having returned to 2a at different moments in the past , but never together . Both teams met again for the first time during the 2nd round of the 2012 -- 13 season . 2012 -- 13 Segunda División 2nd Real Madrid Castilla Barcelona B 3 -- 2 23rd Barcelona B Real Madrid Castilla 3 -- 1 2013 -- 14 Segunda División 5th Barcelona B Real Madrid Castilla 2 -- 0 26th Real Madrid Castilla Barcelona B 3 -- 1 Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid B wins 15 Draws 6 Barcelona B wins 11 Real Madrid B goals 50 Barcelona B goals 52 Total matches 32 Team Home Wins Home Draws Home Losses Real Madrid Castilla 11 Barcelona B 8 Copa del Rey matches between first teams and reserve teams ( edit ) Season Round Home team Away team Score 1980 -- 81 G16 1st leg Castilla Barcelona 3 -- 5 2nd leg Barcelona Castilla 4 -- 1 1983 -- 84 G16 1st leg Barcelona Atlètic Real Madrid 0 -- 0 2nd leg Real Madrid Barcelona Atlètic 1 -- 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' . Sancadilla. netl . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head to Head '' . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid matches ( Filtered : vs FC Barcelona , League ) '' . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LFP : Temporada 1942 -- 43 - Jornada 14a '' . Lfp.es. 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : García , Javier ( 31 January 2000 ) . `` FC Barcelona vs Real Madrid CF since 1902 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resultados -- Real Federación Española de Fútbol '' . Rfef.es . Archived from the original on 1 September 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 2008 / 09 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spain -- List of League Cup Finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spain -- List of Super Cup Finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Match 61540 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 61541 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 61579 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 61580 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 1024727 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 1024728 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 2007742 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Match 2007745 report '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Century Matches '' . CenturyMatch.com . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Moment in El Clásico History : Copa del Rey '' . Barca Blaugranes . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingo Faulhaber . `` IFFHS '' . Iffhs.de . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ 3 de abril de 2009 0 : 00h . `` La FEF no reconocerá al Barça la Liga del año 37 Mas Futbol '' . AS.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=78&IDParam=2 Jump up ^ `` Fútbol Español : Copa del Rey , Campeones Año por Año '' . Sobrefutbol.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Escrito por Editor CenturyMatch el 13 de Mayo de 1906 ( 13 May 1906 ) . `` Temporada 1906 - 07 . Amistoso . Muntaner. 13 / 5 / 1906 '' . Centurymatch.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs Real Madrid CF since 1902 '' . Rsssf.com. 31 January 2000 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona B -- Record against Real Madrid Castilla '' . www.WorldFootball.net . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs Real Madrid Supercopa '' . Elclasico2017 . External links ( edit ) El Clásico matches Next El Clasico Match on 3rd April 2016 Real Madrid vs Barcelona 3 December live coverage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_El_Clásico_matches&oldid = 832335803 '' Categories : FC Barcelona - related lists Real Madrid C.F. - related lists Football rivalries in Spain Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the match between fc barcelona and real madrid	[ "\n\n#\nDate\nR.\nHome team\nAway team\nScore (T/H)\nGoals (Home)\nGoals (Away)\n\n\n1\n17 February 1929\n2\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (0–1)\nParera (70)\nMorera (10, 55)\n\n\n2\n9 May 1929\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–1 (0–0)\n\nSastre (83)\n\n\n3\n26 January 1930\n9\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–4 (0–3)\nBestit (63)\nRubio (10, 37), F. López (17), Lazcano (71)\n\n\n4\n30 March 1930\n18\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n5–1 (3–0)\nRubio (5, 23), Lazcano (42, 68, 72)\nGoiburu (84)\n\n\n5\n1 February 1931\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n6\n5 April 1931\n18\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (2–1)\nRamón (12, 35, 73)\nEugenio (38)\n\n\n7\n31 January 1932\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (2–0)\nOlivares (26, 40)\n\n\n\n8\n3 April 1932\n18\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–2 (1–1)\nSamitier (20), Arocha (p. 87)\nLazcano (43), Regueiro (70)\n\n\n9\n1 January 1933\n6\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (0–0)\nArocha (68)\nRegueiro (p. 78)\n\n\n10\n5 March 1933\n15\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–0)\nSamitier (35, 68)\nGoiburu (89)\n\n\n11\n26 November 1933\n4\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (0–2)\nMorera (46)\nOlivares (9), Regueiro (26)\n\n\n12\n28 January 1934\n13\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–0 (3–0)\nValle (7), Samitier (20), Regueiro (30), Eugenio (50)\n\n\n\n13\n3 February 1935\n10\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n8–2 (5–1)\nLazcano (15, 42, 73), Sañudo (21, 35, 47, 81), Regueiro (29)\nEscolà (17), Guzmán (68)\n\n\n14\n21 April 1935\n21\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n5–0 (1–0)\nVentolrà (43, 62, 68, 82), Escolà (48)\n\n\n\n15\n22 December 1935\n7\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–3 (0–2)\n\nRegueiro (21), Diz (40), Lecue (47)\n\n\n16\n22 March 1936\n18\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–0 (2–0)\nLecue (10, 47), Emilin (43)\n\n\n\n17\n28 January 1940\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–1)\nAlonso (1), Lecue (75)\nPascual (3)\n\n\n18\n14 April 1940\n20\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n19\n1 December 1940\n10\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–0 (0–0)\nSospedra (49, 69), Valle Mas (53)\n\n\n\n20\n23 February 1941\n21\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–2 (0–0)\nBarinaga (49)\nBravo (60), Martín (63)\n\n\n21\n19 October 1941\n4\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–3 (2–1)\nArbiza (17, 70), Benito (o.g. 35), Belmar (55)\nCalvet (25), Raich (p. 60), Gracia (87)\n\n\n22\n25 January 1942\n17\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–2 (0–0)\n\nAlday (63, 78)\n\n\n23\n27 September 1942\n1\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–0 (1–0)\nArbiza (7, 89), Alsúa (52)\n\n\n\n24\n10 January 1943\n14\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n5–5 (4–2)[4]\nMartín (25, 40), Escolà (31), Valle Mas (32, 62)\nAlonso (10), Alday (27, 51), Botella (74), Mardones II (87)\n\n\n25\n2 January 1944\n13\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–1 (0–0)\n\nValle Mas (50)\n\n\n26\n9 April 1944\n26\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (1–0)\nEscolà (13)\nAlsúa (62), Rosalénch (o.g. 71)\n\n\n27\n12 November 1944\n8\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–0 (1–0)\nMoleiro (21)\n\n\n\n28\n25 March 1945\n21\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n5–0 (1–0)\nCésar (41, 46), Bravo (52), Escolà (77), Gonzalvo III (86)\n\n\n\n29\n25 November 1945\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–2 (1–0)\nBarinaga (23), Pruden (63), Belmar (67)\nMartín (51), Gonzalvo III (85)\n\n\n30\n3 March 1946\n22\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (1–0)\nCésar (17)\n\n\n\n31\n1 December 1946\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–1)\nCorona (p. 4), Molowny (79)\nSeguer (23)\n\n\n32\n30 March 1947\n24\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–2 (2–0)\nBravo (18), Navarro (39, 49)\nArsuaga (48, 60)\n\n\n33\n12 October 1947\n4\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (0–1)\nBarinaga (65)\nClemente (o.g. 31)\n\n\n34\n25 January 1948\n17\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n4–2 (3–0)\nSeguer (2), Basora (28, 58), César (43)\nGallardo (68), Rafa Yunta (76)\n\n\n35\n19 September 1948\n2\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–2 (0–1)\nBarinaga (60)\nFlorencio (41), Basora (48)\n\n\n36\n9 January 1949\n15\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (1–1)\nCésar (28, 61), Basora (56)\nPahiño (9)\n\n\n37\n18 September 1949\n3\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n6–1 (3–0)\nOlmedo (2), Cabrera (4), Pahiño (40, 68), Macala (62, 69)\nGonzalvo II (85)\n\n\n38\n15 January 1950\n16\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–3 (1–0)\nBasora (41), César (53)\nPahiño (58), Rafael Verdú (66), Cabrera (73)\n\n\n39\n24 September 1950\n3\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n7–2 (3–1)\nNicolau (9, 56), César (14), Aurelio (39, 88), Gonzalvo III (62), Basora (82)\nMolowny (15), García González (66)\n\n\n40\n14 January 1951\n18\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–1 (4–1)\nNarro (8, 17, 29), Pahiño (13)\nCanal (31)\n\n\n41\n11 November 1951\n10\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n5–1 (3–1)\nMolowny (3), Cabrera (32), Pahiño (35, 87), Roque Olsen (57)\nBasora (44)\n\n\n42\n2 March 1952\n25\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n4–2 (2–2)\nVila Soler (13), César (36, 56, 74)\nRoque Olsen (33), Arsuaga (39)\n\n\n43\n23 November 1952\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (0–0)\nArsuaga (76, 80)\nManchón (67)\n\n\n44\n5 April 1953\n26\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (1–0)\nMoreno (15)\n\n\n\n45\n25 October 1953\n7\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n5–0 (4–0)\ndi Stéfano (10, 85), Roque Olsen (34, 35), Molowny (39)\n\n\n\n46\n21 February 1954\n22\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n5–1 (1–1)\nTejada (14, 86), César (50), Moreno (74), Manchón (89)\ndi Stéfano (6)\n\n\n47\n21 November 1954\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–0 (1–0)\ndi Stéfano (p. 44), Héctor Rial (66), Joseito (67)\n\n\n\n48\n6 March 1955\n26\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–2 (1–1)\nBasora (31), Dagoberto Moll (70)\nGento (19, 64)\n\n\n49\n13 November 1955\n10\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–0)\nHéctor Rial (35), Marquitos (89)\nAreta (77)\n\n\n50\n18 March 1956\n25\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–0 (2–0)\nVillaverde (18, 29)\n\n\n\n51\n11 November 1956\n10\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (0–0)\nLuis Suárez (46)\n\n\n\n52\n3 March 1957\n25\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–0 (1–0)\nJoseito (21)\n\n\n\n53\n13 October 1957\n5\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–0 (2–0)\nKopa (10), Héctor Rial (43), di Stéfano (73)\n\n\n\n54\n2 February 1958\n20\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–2 (0–2)\n\nMarsal (34), Héctor Rial (37)\n\n\n55\n26 October 1958\n7\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n4–0 (1–0)\nEvaristo (23, 67, 70), Tejada (88)\n\n\n\n56\n15 February 1959\n22\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–0 (0–0)\nHerrera (79)\n\n\n\n57\n29 November 1959\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (1–0)\nMateos (5), di Stéfano (82)\n\n\n\n58\n20 March 1960\n26\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (0–0)\nKocsis (50), Martínez (60), Villaverde (62)\ndi Stéfano (58)\n\n\n59\n4 December 1960\n12\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–5 (2–3)\nMartínez (28), Villaverde (34), Kubala (89)\ndi Stéfano (3, 81), del Sol (15), Gento (43, 79)\n\n\n60\n26 March 1961\n27\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–2 (0–0)\ndel Sol (55), di Stéfano (60), Puskás (78)\nLuis Suárez (80), Kubala (89)\n\n\n61\n30 September 1961\n5\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (1–0)\nPuskás (14), del Sol (72)\n\n\n\n62\n21 January 1962\n20\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (2–0)\nEvaristo (4, 83), Kocsis (40)\nFélix Ruiz (86)\n\n\n63\n30 September 1962\n3\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (1–0)\ndi Stéfano (20, 70)\n\n\n\n64\n27 January 1963\n18\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–5 (1–2)\nRé (34)\nPuskás (p. 24, 35, 71), di Stéfano (47), Gento (67)\n\n\n65\n15 December 1963\n12\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–0 (1–0)\nPuskás (37, 68, p. 84), di Stéfano (77)\n\n\n\n66\n30 March 1964\n27\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (1–2)\nZaldúa (27)\nGento (18), Puskás (43)\n\n\n67\n8 November 1964\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–1 (2–0)\nAmancio (16, 31, 74), Serena (76)\nRé (68)\n\n\n68\n28 February 1965\n24\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (1–0)\nRé (40)\nPirri (63), Serena (70)\n\n\n69\n19 December 1965\n14\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–3 (1–3)\nFélix Ruiz (20)\nFusté (7, 8), Zaldúa (34)\n\n\n70\n27 March 1966\n29\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (0–1)\nRifé (59), Zaballa (63)\nGento (39)\n\n\n71\n20 November 1966\n10\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–0 (0–0)\nVeloso (89)\n\n\n\n72\n19 March 1967\n25\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–1)\nFusté (7, 89)\nAmancio (42)\n\n\n73\n10 December 1967\n12\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (0–0)\nGento (p. 65)\nZaldúa (78)\n\n\n74\n9 April 1968\n27\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (1–1)\nZaldúa (12)\nPirri (43)\n\n\n75\n16 November 1968\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–1)\nPirri (32), José Luis (75)\nZaldúa (19)\n\n\n76\n9 March 1969\n24\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (1–0)\nZaldúa (26)\nGento (p. 87)\n\n\n77\n14 September 1969\n1\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–3 (2–2)\nFleitas (18, 38), Gento (63)\nBustillo (3, 5), Rexach (71)\n\n\n78\n28 December 1969\n16\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (1–0)\nGallego (29)\n\n\n\n79\n25 October 1970\n7\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–1 (0–1)\n\nZabalza (28)\n\n\n80\n14 February 1971\n22\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–1 (0–0)\n\nGrande (67)\n\n\n81\n28 November 1971\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (1–0)\nGrosso (6)\nAsensi (68)\n\n\n82\n3 April 1972\n28\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (1–0)\nAsensi (11)\n\n\n\n83\n1 October 1972\n5\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (0–0)\nBarrios (52)\n\n\n\n84\n25 February 1973\n22\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n85\n7 October 1973\n6\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n86\n17 February 1974\n22\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–5 (0–2)\n\nAsensi (30, 54), Cruyff (39), Juan Carlos (65), Sotil (69)\n\n\n87\n5 January 1975\n15\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–0 (1–0)\nJuan Roberto Martínez (43)\n\n\n\n88\n11 May 1975\n32\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n89\n28 December 1975\n15\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–0)\nNeeskens (3), Rexach (89)\nPirri (64)\n\n\n90\n30 April 1976\n32\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–2 (0–1)\n\nRexach (15), Heredia (64)\n\n\n91\n19 September 1976\n3\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (1–0)\nMarcial (29), Cruyff (53), Heredia (86)\nPirri (52)\n\n\n92\n30 January 1977\n20\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (1–1)\nPirri (p. 2)\nCruyff (16)\n\n\n93\n4 December 1977\n12\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–3 (1–2)\nRexach (p. 30, 67)\nJensen (23), Santillana (35), Stielike (54)\n\n\n94\n5 April 1978\n29\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–0 (2–0)\nJensen (6, 10), Juanito (69), Santillana (80)\n\n\n\n95\n23 September 1978\n4\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–1 (2–1)\nSantillana (29, 46), Jensen (32)\nNeeskens (15)\n\n\n96\n17 February 1979\n21\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–0 (0–0)\nKrankl (52), Asensi (61)\n\n\n\n97\n23 September 1979\n3\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–2 (3–2)\nSantillana (6), Juanito (8), Cunningham (32)\nLandáburu (23), Krankl (36)\n\n\n98\n10 February 1980\n20\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–2 (0–0)\n\nGarcía Hernández (61), Santillana (63)\n\n\n99\n30 November 1980\n13\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–1)\nSchuster (15), Quini (64)\nJuanito (22)\n\n\n100\n29 March 1981\n30\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–0 (0–0)\nJuanito (p. 53), Santillana (71), Stielike (76)\n\n\n\n101\n20 December 1981\n16\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (1–0)\nAlexanko (7), Quini (53, p. 60)\nJuanito (49)\n\n\n102\n18 April 1982\n33\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–1 (2–1)\nRafael Cortés (6), Stielike (p. 45), Isidro (82)\nQuini (42)\n\n\n103\n27 November 1982\n13\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–2 (0–1)\n\nEsteban Vigo (14), Quini (86)\n\n\n104\n26 March 1983\n30\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–1)\nMaradona (45), Perico Alonso (77)\nJuanito (20)\n\n\n105\n22 October 1983\n8\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (1–2)\nQuini (p. 17)\nJuanito (p. 12), Santillana (20)\n\n\n106\n25 February 1984\n25\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–0)\nJuanito (16), Santillana (80)\nMaradona (56)\n\n\n107\n2 September 1984\n1\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–3 (0–0)\n\nÁngel (o.g.46), Archibald (86), Calderé (89)\n\n\n108\n30 December 1984\n18\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–2 (1–1)\nGerardo (25), Migueli (53), Esteban Vigo (79)\nSanchís (30), Butragueño (89)\n\n\n109\n9 November 1985\n11\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–0 (1–0)\nMarcos (2), Calderé (72)\n\n\n\n110\n8 March 1986\n28\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–1 (0–0)\nMaceda (64), Valdano (67), Butragueño (83)\nAmarilla (51)\n\n\n111\n8 October 1986\n8\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (1–1)\nHugo Sánchez (p. 27)\nPedraza (6)\n\n\n112\n31 January 1987\n25\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–2 (2–0)\nLineker (2, 5, 47)\nValdano (61), Hugo Sánchez (p. 80)\n\n\n113\n12 April 1987\n35\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n114\n23 May 1987\n40\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–0)\nLineker (39), Roberto (p. 60)\nHugo Sánchez (53)\n\n\n115\n2 January 1988\n16\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (2–1)\nHugo Sánchez (p. 22, 41)\nSchuster (p. 30)\n\n\n116\n30 April 1988\n35\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–0 (1–0)\nCarrasco (1), Lineker (70)\n\n\n\n117\n22 October 1988\n8\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–2 (0–1)\nHugo Sánchez (57), Aldana (59), Gordillo (81)\nBakero (21), Carrasco (70)\n\n\n118\n1 April 1989\n27\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n119\n7 October 1989\n6\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–1 (1–1)\nSalinas (10), Koeman (p. 74, p. 89)\nHugo Sánchez (p. 5)\n\n\n120\n15 February 1990\n25\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–2 (2–1)\nMíchel (24), Butragueño (45), Hugo Sánchez (p. 46)\nSalinas (54, 57)\n\n\n121\n19 January 1991\n19\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–1)\nLaudrup (18), Spasić (o.g. 62)\nButragueño (28)\n\n\n122\n8 June 1991\n38\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–0 (0–0)\nAldana (47)\n\n\n\n123\n19 October 1991\n6\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (1–0)\nProsinečki (19)\nKoeman (p. 58)\n\n\n124\n7 March 1992\n25\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (1–0)\nKoeman (36)\nHierro (66)\n\n\n125\n5 September 1992\n1\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–0)\nBakero (4), Stoichkov (87)\nMíchel (p. 71)\n\n\n126\n30 January 1993\n20\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (2–1)\nZamorano (9), Míchel (p. 41)\nAmor (15)\n\n\n127\n8 January 1994\n18\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n5–0 (1–0)\nRomário (24, 56, 81), Koeman (47), Iglesias (86)\n\n\n\n128\n7 May 1994\n37\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–1 (0–0)\n\nAmor (77)\n\n\n129\n7 January 1995\n16\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n5–0 (3–0)\nZamorano (5, 21, 39), Luis Enrique (68), Amavisca (70)\n\n\n\n130\n27 May 1995\n35\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (0–0)\nNadal (62)\n\n\n\n131\n30 September 1995\n5\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (1–1)\nRaúl (12)\nRoger (31)\n\n\n132\n10 February 1996\n26\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–0 (1–0)\nKodro (37, 90), Figo (71)\n\n\n\n133\n7 December 1996\n16\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (1–0)\nŠuker (24), Mijatović (48)\n\n\n\n134\n10 May 1997\n37\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (1–0)\nRonaldo (44)\n\n\n\n135\n1 November 1997\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–3 (0–1)\nRaúl (48), Šuker (61)\nRivaldo (5), Luis Enrique (50), Giovanni (79)\n\n\n136\n7 March 1998\n28\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–0 (0–0)\nAnderson (69), Figo (80), Giovanni (85)\n\n\n\n137\n19 September 1998\n3\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–2 (2–1)\nRaúl (7, 25)\nKluivert (12), Anderson (82)\n\n\n138\n14 February 1999\n22\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–0 (2–0)\nLuis Enrique (4, 36), Rivaldo (80)\n\n\n\n139\n13 October 1999\n7\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–2 (1–1)\nRivaldo (28), Figo (49)\nRaúl (26, 86)\n\n\n140\n26 February 2000\n26\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–0 (2–0)\nRoberto Carlos (5), Anelka (19), Morientes (52)\n\n\n\n141\n21 October 2000\n6\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–0 (1–0)\nLuis Enrique (26), Simão (79)\n\n\n\n142\n3 March 2001\n25\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–2 (2–1)\nRaúl (6, 36)\nRivaldo (35, 69)\n\n\n143\n4 November 2001\n11\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (1–0)\nMorientes (23), Figo (89)\n\n\n\n144\n16 March 2002\n30\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (0–1)\nXavi (58)\nZidane (38)\n\n\n145\n23 November 2002\n11\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–0 (0–0)\n\n\n\n\n146\n19 April 2003\n30\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (1–1)\nRonaldo (16)\nLuis Enrique (32)\n\n\n147\n6 December 2003\n15\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (0–1)\nKluivert (83)\nRoberto Carlos (37), Ronaldo (73)\n\n\n148\n25 April 2004\n34\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–2 (0–0)\nSolari (53)\nKluivert (56), Xavi (86)\n\n\n149\n20 November 2004\n12\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–0 (2–0)\nEto'o (23), Van Bronckhorst (42), Ronaldinho (p. 75)\n\n\n\n150\n10 April 2005\n31\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–2 (3–1)\nZidane (6), Ronaldo (19), Raúl (45+2), Owen (65)\nEto'o (28), Ronaldinho (73)\n\n\n151\n19 November 2005\n12\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–3 (0–1)\n\nEto'o (14), Ronaldinho (59, 77)\n\n\n152\n1 April 2006\n31\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (1–1)\nRonaldinho (p. 20)\nRonaldo (36)\n\n\n153\n22 October 2006\n7\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–0 (1–0)\nRaúl (3), Van Nistelrooy (50)\n\n\n\n154\n10 March 2007\n26\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n3–3 (2–2)\nMessi (10, 27, 88)\nVan Nistelrooy (4, p. 12), Ramos (72)\n\n\n155\n23 December 2007\n17\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n0–1 (0–1)\n\nBaptista (35)\n\n\n156\n7 May 2008\n36\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n4–1 (2–0)\nRaúl (12), Robben (20), Higuaín (62), Van Nistelrooy (p. 77)\nHenry (86)\n\n\n157\n13 December 2008\n15\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–0 (0–0)\nEto'o (83), Messi (89)\n\n\n\n158\n2 May 2009\n34\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–6 (1–3)\nHiguaín (14), Ramos (56)\nHenry (18, 58), Puyol (20), Messi (36, 75), Piqué (83)\n\n\n159\n29 November 2009\n12\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–0 (0–0)\nIbrahimović (56)\n\n\n\n160\n10 April 2010\n31\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–2 (0–1)\n\nMessi (32), Pedro (55)\n\n\n161\n29 November 2010\n13\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n5–0 (2–0)\nXavi (9), Pedro (17), Villa (54, 56), Jeffrén (90)\n\n\n\n162\n16 April 2011\n32\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–1 (0–0)\nC. Ronaldo (p. 81)\nMessi (p. 53)\n\n\n163\n10 December 2011\n16\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n1–3 (1–1)\nBenzema (1)\nSánchez (29), Xavi (53), Fàbregas (66)\n\n\n164\n21 April 2012\n34\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (0–1)\nSánchez (70)\nKhedira (16), C. Ronaldo (73)\n\n\n165\n7 October 2012\n7\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–2 (1–1)\nMessi (31, 60)\nC. Ronaldo (22, 66)\n\n\n166\n2 March 2013\n26\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–1 (1–1)\nBenzema (6), Ramos (81)\nMessi (18)\n\n\n167\n26 October 2013\n10\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–0)\nNeymar (18), Sánchez (78)\nJesé (90)\n\n\n168\n23 March 2014\n29\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–4 (2–2)\nBenzema (20, 24), C. Ronaldo (p. 55)\nIniesta (7), Messi (42, p. 65, p. 84)\n\n\n169\n25 October 2014\n9\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n3–1 (1–1)\nC. Ronaldo (p. 35), Pepe (50), Benzema (61)\nNeymar (4)\n\n\n170\n22 March 2015\n28\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n2–1 (1–1)\nMathieu (19), Suárez (56)\nC. Ronaldo (31)\n\n\n171\n21 November 2015\n12\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–4 (0–2)\n\nSuárez (11, 74), Neymar (39), Iniesta (53)\n\n\n172\n2 April 2016\n31\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–2 (0–0)\nPiqué (56)\nBenzema (62), C. Ronaldo (85)\n\n\n173\n3 December 2016\n14\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\n1–1 (0–0)\nSuárez (53)\nRamos (90)\n\n\n174\n23 April 2017\n32\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n2–3 (1–1)\nCasemiro (28), Rodríguez (85)\nMessi (33, 90+2), Rakitić (73)\n\n\n175\n23 December 2017\n17\nReal Madrid\nBarcelona\n0–3 (0–0)\n\nSuárez (54), Messi (p. 64), Vidal (90+3)\n\n" ]	[ "Barcelona" ]
-2490081530505448844	Esther Anderson (Sanford and Son)	Esther Anderson ( Sanford and Son ) - wikipedia Esther Anderson ( Sanford and Son ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Esther Anderson Esther Winfield - Anderson First appearance `` The Big Party '' Last appearance `` Here Comes the Bride : Part Two '' Created by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin , based on Albert Steptoe created by Galton and Simpson Portrayed by LaWanda Page Information Gender Female Occupation Deaconess Family Elroy Winfield ( father ) Essie Winfield ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Woodrow `` Woody '' Anderson Children Clifford Daniel `` Cliff '' Anderson ( son ) ( adopted ) Relatives Elizabeth Winfield Sanford ( sister ; deceased ) Flossie Winfield ( sister ) Ethel Winfield ( sister ) Minnie Winfield ( sister ) Ellen Winfield ( sister ) Hazel Winfield ( sister ) Rosetta Winfield ( sister ) Elsie Winfield ( sister ) Fred Sanford ( brother - in - law ) Edgar ( brother - in - law ) Jake ( brother - in - law ) Paul ( brother - in - law ) Lamont Sanford ( nephew ) Elizabeth ( niece ) Esther Winfield Anderson , known and feared as Aunt Esther , is a fictional character from the television series , Sanford and Son . She was played by actress LaWanda Page , an acquaintance of the series ' star , Redd Foxx . Page was Foxx 's first and only choice to play Esther . Enemy for Foxx 's character ( edit ) At first , Fred 's main enemy on the show was in his sister - in - law and Lamont 's aunt , Ethel ( Beah Richards ) . Ethel 's involvement in the Sanfords ' family squabbles lasted only midway through the second season , whereupon she was replaced with her more tart - tongued sister , Esther . Fred and Esther 's relationship as in - laws went on to become a major part of the series ' legend , as each time Esther appeared , Fred would insult her and audiences were drawn to the show in greater numbers . Conversely , Esther 's disdain for Fred stemmed back to when he and Elizabeth were dating ; she had disapproved of Fred marrying her sister . He would often contort his face upon Esther 's entrance and make disparaging remarks to her , comparing her with King Kong and Godzilla . Esther would refer to Fred as an `` old heathen . '' Despite his stubbornness , Fred would sometimes redeem himself with acts of kindness toward Esther . Character history ( edit ) Esther Anderson is the Bible - toting sister - in - law of Fred Sanford . She is a staunchly religious Baptist who finds little use for humor and often criticizes Fred . Elizabeth , Esther 's younger sister , was married to Fred , and Esther and the rest of the Winfield family were against the marriage from the outset . However , Esther often expressed that if anything good came out of the marriage it was her nephew , Fred 's son , Lamont . Lamont adored his aunt Esther , and would , against Fred 's and Grady 's wishes , allow her to stay in their house and often defended her against their insults . Since Esther and her family were the only real connection he had to his late mother , Lamont welcomed her often . She , in turn , was there to counsel Lamont on his life , and did her best to help him to get out of living in his father 's junkyard house . She did so because she felt that Elizabeth would not have wanted Lamont , whom Esther felt was very intelligent , to remain in such a limited life . Fred responded to Esther 's entrances by making exaggerated grimaces . He would then proceed to insult her , likening her to animals and fictitious movie monsters . Fred often focused on Esther 's looks , once telling her , `` I could stick your face in some dough and make gorilla cookies ! '' He also often insulted her by calling her `` ugly '' and pronouncing it Ug - leee ! . Esther 's usual reactions to Fred 's antics were to scowl and say , `` Watch it , sucka ! '' Sometimes , cracking from the constant barrage of insults , she would swing her purse wildly in Fred 's direction while angrily calling him an `` old fish - eyed fool '' or `` heathen '' , among other names . Once , during a public prayer , Esther made reference to Fred , calling him a `` snaggle - toothed jackass . '' She also clashed with Fred 's friend Grady Wilson , whom she disliked because he was Fred 's friend . Despite their constant arguments , some episodes reveal that Esther and Fred were capable of kindness towards each other , such as when Fred helped her adopt a child . In one episode , Fred gave Esther $100 he won gambling to help her church , leaving him 35 cents . Esther 's long - suffering but loving alcoholic husband Woodrow ( played by Raymond Allen ) appeared infrequently later in the series . Woodrow was constantly drunk and somewhat henpecked . He eventually became sober so he and Esther could adopt a young orphan , Daniel ( Eric Laneuville ) in `` Aunt Esther Meets Her Son '' . In the final two seasons of Sanford and Son , as well as its failed spin - off Sanford , Esther lived next door to Fred at the Sanford Arms , the boarding house owned and run by Fred , which was located next to his junk shop . Esther also made a cameo appearance at the beginning of the movie Friday . Religious conflicts ( edit ) Esther was a devout churchgoer , always armed with the Bible , and whenever she went to do battle with Fred , which was often , she was usually aided by some women from her church , or by her drunken husband , Woodrow ; or would simply show up at Fred 's house quoting the Bible . Usually , at any random moment , even in mid-sentence , Esther would throw her hands up and exclaim , `` Oh , Glory ! '' ( though it came out as H'ah Glory ) , even during her most heated arguments with Fred . Her upright image was deflated when it was revealed that she had sex with a man called `` Big Money Grip '' in her youth . Grip had mistaken Esther for the beautiful Elizabeth in the dark , which led Grip to claim he was Lamont 's real father . Page 's convincing portrayal of the `` church lady '' image of Aunt Esther was in marked contrast to the `` blue '' material of her stand - up act and record albums . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther_Anderson_(Sanford_and_Son)&oldid=839974955 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1973 Sanford and Son characters Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2015 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played aunt ethel on sanford and son	[ "At first, Fred's main enemy on the show was in his sister-in-law and Lamont's aunt, Ethel (Beah Richards). Ethel's involvement in the Sanfords' family squabbles lasted only midway through the second season, whereupon she was replaced with her more tart-tongued sister, Esther." ]	[ "Beah Richards" ]
4828115629445138377	Atlantic hurricane season	Atlantic hurricane season - wikipedia Atlantic hurricane season For the currently active season , see 2018 Atlantic hurricane season . A whiteboard at a FEMA tactical relief operation center in Louisiana notes the number of named storms and hurricanes and counts down the days remaining in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season . Play media Hurricane tracks from 1980 through 2014 . Green tracks did not make landfall in US ; yellow tracks made landfall but were not major hurricanes at the time ; red tracks made landfall and were major hurricanes . The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year when hurricanes usually form in the Atlantic Ocean . Tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic are called hurricanes , tropical storms , or tropical depressions . In addition , there have been several storms over the years that have not been fully tropical and are categorized as subtropical depressions and subtropical storms . Even though subtropical storms and subtropical depressions are not technically as strong as tropical cyclones , the damages can still be devastating . Worldwide , tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer , when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest . However , each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns . On a worldwide scale , May is the least active month , while September is the most active . In the Northern Atlantic Ocean , a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 to November 30 , sharply peaking from late August through September ; the season 's climatological peak of activity occurs around September 10 each season . This is the norm , but in 1938 , the Atlantic hurricane season started as early as January 3 . Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list . On average , 10.1 named storms occur each season , with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes ( Category 3 or greater ) . The most active season was 2005 , during which 28 tropical cyclones formed , of which a record 15 became hurricanes . The least active season was 1914 , with only one known tropical cyclone developing during that year . The Atlantic hurricane season is a time when most tropical cyclones are expected to develop across the northern Atlantic Ocean . It is currently defined as the time frame from June 1 through November 30 , though in the past the season was defined as a shorter time frame . During the season , regular tropical weather outlooks are issued by the National Hurricane Center , and coordination between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center occurs for systems which have not formed yet , but could develop during the next three to seven days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Operations 3 HURDAT 3.1 Re-analysis project 4 1494 -- 1850 ( pre-HURDAT era ) 5 1850 -- 1899 ( 1851 -- present HURDAT era ) 5.1 1850s 5.2 1860s 5.3 1870s 5.4 1880s 5.5 1890s 6 1900s 6.1 1900s 6.2 1910s 6.3 1920s 6.4 1930s 6.5 1940s 6.6 1950s 6.7 1960s 6.8 1970s 6.9 1980s 6.10 1990s 7 2000s 7.1 2000s 7.2 2010s 8 Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season 9 See also 9.1 Parent topics 9.2 Atlantic hurricane topics 9.3 Other tropical cyclone basins 10 References Concept ( edit ) See also : History of Atlantic hurricane warnings The basic concept of a hurricane season began during 1935 , when dedicated wire circuits known as hurricane circuits began to be set up along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts , a process completed by 1955 . It was originally the time frame when the tropics were monitored routinely for tropical cyclone activity , and was originally defined as from June 15 through October 31 . Over the years , the beginning date was shifted back to June 1 , while the end date was shifted to November 15 , before settling at November 30 by 1965 . This was when hurricane reconnaissance planes were sent out to fly across the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico on a routine basis to look for potential tropical cyclones , in the years before the continuous weather satellite era . Since regular satellite surveillance began , hurricane hunter aircraft fly only into storm areas which are first spotted by satellite imagery . Operations ( edit ) See also : National Hurricane Center and Weather Prediction Center During the hurricane season , the National Hurricane Center routinely issues their Tropical Weather Outlook product , which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones . If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season , special Tropical Weather Outlooks will be issued . Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics , and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future . Possible tropical cyclones are depicted with a closed isobar , while systems with less certainty to develop are depicted as `` spot lows '' with no isobar surrounding them . HURDAT ( edit ) Main article : HURDAT The North Atlantic hurricane database , or HURDAT , is the database for all tropical storms and hurricanes for the Atlantic Ocean , Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea , including those that have made landfall in the United States . The original database of six - hourly positions and intensities were put together in the 1960s in support of the Apollo space program to help provide statistical track forecast guidance . In the intervening years , this database -- which is now freely and easily accessible on the Internet from the National Hurricane Center 's ( NHC ) webpage -- has been utilized for a wide variety of uses : climatic change studies , seasonal forecasting , risk assessment for county emergency managers , analysis of potential losses for insurance and business interests , intensity forecasting techniques and verification of official and various model predictions of track and intensity . HURDAT was not designed with all of these uses in mind when it was first put together and not all of them may be appropriate given its original motivation . HURDAT contains numerous systematic as well as some random errors in the database . Additionally , analysis techniques have changed over the years at NHC as their understanding of tropical cyclones has developed , leading to biases in the historical database . Another difficulty in applying the hurricane database to studies concerned with landfalling events is the lack of exact location , time and intensity at hurricane landfall . Re-analysis project ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic hurricane reanalysis HURDAT is regularly updated annually to reflect the previous season 's activity . The older portion of the database has been regularly revised since 2001 . The first time in 2001 led to the addition of tropical cyclone tracks for the years 1851 to 1885 . The second time was August 2002 when Hurricane Andrew was upgraded to a Category 5 . Recent efforts into uncovering undocumented historical hurricanes in the late 19th and 20th centuries by various researchers have greatly increased our knowledge of these past events . Possible changes for the years 1951 onward are not yet incorporated into the HURDAT database . Because of all of these issues , a re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database is being attempted that will be completed in three years . In addition to the groundbreaking work by Partagas , additional analyses , digitization and quality control of the data was carried out by researchers at the NOAA Hurricane Research Division funded by the NOAA Office of Global Programs . This re-analysis will continue to progress through the remainder of the 20th century . The National Hurricane Center 's Best Track Change Committee has approved changes for a few recent cyclones , such as Hurricane Andrew . Official changes to the Atlantic hurricane database are approved by the National Hurricane Center Best Track Change Committee . Thus research conducted by Chris Landsea and colleagues as part of the Atlantic hurricane database reanalysis project are submitted through this review process . Not all Landsea 's recommendations are accepted by the Committee . 1494 -- 1850 ( pre-HURDAT era ) ( edit ) Period Seasons Individual years Pre-19th century Pre-17th century ( pre 1600 ) , 17th century ( 1600s ) , 18th century ( 1700s ) 1780 1800 -- 1849 1800 -- 1809 , 1810 -- 1819 , 1820 -- 1829 , 1830 -- 1839 , 1840 -- 1849 1842 1850 -- 1899 ( 1851 -- present HURDAT era ) ( edit ) 1850s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1850 0 Not known One 1851 6 24 Four Great Middle Florida Hurricane of 1851 ( cat 3 ) 1852 5 5 100 + One Great Mobile Hurricane of 1852 ( cat 3 ) 1853 8 40 Three 1854 5 30 + Three Coastal Hurricane of 1854 ( cat 3 ) 1855 5 Not known Five Middle Gulf Shore Hurricane of 1855 ( cat 3 ) 1856 6 200 + One The Last Island Hurricane of 1856 ( cat 4 ) 1857 0 424 Two & Four 1858 6 6 0 None Three & Six 1859 8 7 Numerous Six 1860s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1860 7 6 60 + One 1861 6 0 22 + One and Three 1862 0 Two and Three 1863 5 0 90 One , Two , Three & Four 1864 0 None One , Three & Five 1865 0 326 Four & Seven 1866 7 6 383 Six Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1866 ( cat 4 ) 1867 6 811 ' San Narciso ' Hurricane San Narciso of 1867 ( cat 3 ) 1868 0 One , Two & Four 1869 6 38 Six New England Gale of 1869 ( cat 3 ) 1870s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1870 11 10 2,052 Four Hurricane of San Marcos of 1870 ( cat 3 ) 1871 8 6 30 Three and Four Central Florida Hurricane of 1871 ( cat 3 ) Hurricane Santa Juana of 1871 ( cat 3 ) 1872 5 0 Unknown Two 1873 5 626 Five Central Florida Hurricane of 1873 ( cat 3 ) 1874 7 0 Unknown Seven 1875 6 5 800 Three Great Indianola Hurricane of 1875 ( cat 3 ) 1876 5 19 `` San Felipe '' Hurricane San Felipe of 1876 ( cat 3 ) Cuba - South Florida Hurricane of 1876 ( cat 3 ) 1877 8 34 Four 1878 12 10 108 Seven 1879 8 6 47 Four Great Beaufort Carolina Hurricane of 1879 ( cat 3 ) Louisiana Hurricane of 1879 ( cat 3 ) 1880s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1880 11 9 133 Eight Brownsville Hurricane of 1880 ( cat 4 ) 1881 7 0 700 Five and Six Georgia Hurricane of 1881 ( cat 2 ) 700 + dead 1882 6 5 6 Six Pensacola Hurricane of 1882 ( cat 3 ) Cuba Hurricane of 1882 ( cat 4 ) 1883 236 Two and Three Bahamas - North Carolina Hurricane of 1883 ( cat 3 ) 1884 8 Two 1885 8 6 25 Two 1886 12 10 200 + `` Indianola '' Indianola Hurricane of 1886 ( cat 4 ) Cuba Hurricane of 1886 ( cat 3 ) Texas - Louisiana Hurricane of 1886 ( cat 3 ) Seven hurricanes struck the United States , the most during a single year . Indianola , Texas struck by two major hurricanes ( 1875 and 1886 ) which effectively closed down the town . 1887 19 11 Seven Tied for third most active season on record following very active 1886 season . Has the most storms forming outside the normal hurricane season One of only 4 seasons to have both a preseason and postseason storm 1888 9 6 924 Three and Four Louisiana Hurricane of 1888 ( cat 3 ) Hurricane San Gil of 1888 ( cat 3 ) 1889 9 6 0 40 Six 1890s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1890 9 Three 1891 10 7 700 + `` Martinique '' Martinique Hurricane of 1891 ( cat 3 ) 1892 9 5 0 16 Three , Five , and Seven 1893 12 10 5 4,028 `` Cheniere Caminada '' Hurricane San Roque of 1893 ( cat 3 ) New York Hurricane of 1893 ( cat 3 ) 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane ( cat 3 ) Great Charleston Hurricane ( cat 3 ) 1893 Cheniere Caminada hurricane ( cat 4 ) 5 major hurricanes made landfall this year . Two hurricanes caused more than 2,000 deaths in the United States . Four simultaneous hurricanes on August 22 , one of two times on record . 1894 7 5 200 + Six The Florida Pan Handle Hurricane of 1894 ( cat 3 ) 1895 6 0 56 Two 1896 7 6 130 Four Hurricane San Ramon of 1896 ( cat 3 ) Cedar Keys Hurricane of 1896 ( cat 3 ) 1897 6 0 None One 1898 11 5 562 `` Georgia '' Georgia Hurricane of 1898 ( cat 4 ) Major hurricane last struck Georgia in 1881 1899 9 5 3,439 `` San Ciriaco '' Hurricane San Ciriaco of 1899 ( cat 4 ) The San Ciriaco hurricane was the longest lasting Atlantic hurricane on record 1900s ( edit ) NOTE : In the following tables , all estimates of damage costs are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars ( USD ) . 1900s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1900 7 8,000 + $60 million `` Galveston '' Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 ( cat 4 ) The Galveston hurricane was the deadliest disaster in the United States . 1901 12 5 10 $1 million Seven 1902 5 0 None Unknown Four 1903 10 7 228 $1.15 million Two Jamaica Hurricane of 1903 ( cat 3 ) 1904 5 0 87 $1 million Two 1905 5 Unknown Four 1906 11 6 367 $2.48 million Four Mississippi Hurricane of 1906 ( cat 3 ) Florida Keys Hurricane of 1906 ( cat 3 ) 1907 5 0 0 None Unknown One One of two seasons with no recorded hurricanes 1908 10 6 None Unknown Six Includes the only known March tropical cyclone in the basin 1909 11 6 4,614 $75 million `` Grand Isle '' 1909 Velasco hurricane ( cat 3 ) 1909 Monterrey hurricane ( cat 3 ) 1909 Grand Isle hurricane ( cat 3 ) 3 major hurricanes made landfall this year 1910s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1910 5 100 $1.25 million `` Cuba '' The Great Cuba Hurricane of 1910 ( cat 4 ) 1911 6 0 27 $3 million Three 1912 7 116 $67,000 Seven The Jamaica Hurricane of 1912 ( cat 3 ) 1913 6 0 5 $4 million Four 1914 0 0 0 Unknown One Least active season on record . One of two seasons with no recorded hurricanes . 1915 6 5 675 $63 million `` New Orleans '' Great Galveston Hurricane of 1915 ( cat 4 ) New Orleans Hurricanes of 1915 ( cat 4 ) Two cat 4 hurricanes made landfall in US in same year . Galveston last struck with major hurricane in 1900 . 1916 15 10 5 31 $5.9 million `` Texas '' Gulf Coast Hurricane of 1916 ( cat 3 ) Charleston Hurricane of 1916 ( cat 3 ) Great Texas Hurricane of 1916 ( cat 4 ) 3 major hurricanes made landfall this year following a very active 1915 season . 1917 5 $170,000 `` Nueva Gerona '' Nueva Gerona Hurricane of 1917 ( cat 4 ) 1918 6 34 $5 + million One Louisiana Hurricane of 1918 ( cat 3 ) 1919 5 ~ 900 $22 million `` Florida Keys '' Great Florida Keys Hurricane of 1919 ( cat 4 ) 1920s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1920 5 0 $15.75 million One 1921 7 5 6 $36.5 million `` Tampa Bay '' Hurricane San Pedro of 1921 ( cat 3 ) Great Tampa Bay Hurricane of 1921 ( cat 4 ) 1922 5 Unknown Unknown Two 1923 9 0 Unknown Five 1924 11 5 150 + Unknown `` Cuba '' Great Cuba Hurricane of 1924 ( cat 5 ) The earliest officially classified Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson Scale 1925 0 59 + $19.9 million One 1926 11 8 6 1,315 + $1.4 + billion `` Miami '' The Nassau Hurricane of 1926 ( cat 4 ) Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1926 ( cat 3 ) Louisiana hurricane of 1926 ( cat 3 ) Great Miami Hurricane of 1926 ( cat 4 ) Great Havana - Bermuda Hurricane of 1926 ( cat 4 ) 6 major hurricanes this year , 5 major landfalls 1927 8 184 Unknown `` Nova Scotia '' Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1927 ( cat 3 ) 1928 6 4,000 + $952.5 + million `` Okeechobee '' Great Okeechobee Hurricane of 1928 ( cat 5 ) The Okeechobee hurricane is the only known hurricane to strike Puerto Rico at Category 5 strength . 1929 5 51 $9.0 million `` Florida '' Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1929 ( cat 4 ) 1930s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1930 8,000 $50 million `` Dominican Republic '' Dominican Republic Hurricane of 1930 ( cat 4 ) The fifth deadliest hurricane on record 1931 13 2,502 $7.5 million `` Belize '' Belize Hurricane of 1931 ( cat 4 ) 1932 15 6 3,315 $37 million `` Cuba '' Freeport Texas Hurricane of 1932 ( cat 4 ) Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1932 ( cat 5 ) Hurricane San Ciprián of 1932 ( cat 4 ) Great Cuba Hurricane of 1932 ( cat 5 ) Two Category 5 hurricanes ; one in November ( the latest such on record ) ; four major hurricanes made landfall 1933 20 11 6 651 $86.6 million `` Tampico '' Chesapeake -- Potomac Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 4 ) Great Cuba - Brownsville Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 5 ) Treasure Coast Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 4 ) Outer Banks Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 4 ) Tampico Yucatán Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 5 ) Second most active season on record following very active 1932 season . Two Category 5 hurricanes . Five major hurricanes made landfall 1934 13 7 2,017 $4.26 million Thirteen 1935 8 5 2,604 $12.5 million `` Labor Day '' Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 ( cat 5 ) Cuba Hurricane of 1935 ( cat 4 ) The Labor Day hurricane is most intense landfalling tropical cyclone in the Atlantic known to date 1936 17 7 5 $1.23 million Thirteen Very active season with no major landfalling hurricanes 1937 11 0 Unknown Six 1938 9 ~ 700 $290.3 million `` New England '' Long Island Express Hurricane ( cat 5 ) Earliest starting season on record ( January 3 ) . Long Island express made landfall as a fast moving category 3 . 1939 6 5 Unknown Five 1940s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1940 9 6 0 101 $4.7 million Four 1941 6 63 $10 million `` Florida '' Texas Hurricane of 1941 ( cat 3 ) Nicaraqua Hurricane of 1941 ( cat 4 ) Florida Hurricane of 1941 ( cat 3 ) 3 major hurricanes made landfall this year 1942 11 17 $30.6 million Three Matagorda Texas Hurricane of 1942 ( cat 3 ) 1943 10 5 19 $17.2 million Three First year of Hurricane Hunters 1944 14 8 1,153 $202 million `` Great Atlantic '' Great Atlantic Hurricane of 1944 ( cat 4 ) Cuba - Florida Hurricane of 1944 ( cat 4 ) Atlantic hurricane only category 2 at landfall 1945 11 5 80 $80 million `` Southeast Florida '' Texas Hurricane of 1945 ( cat 3 ) Homestead Florida Hurricane of 1945 ( cat 4 ) 1946 7 0 5 $5.2 million Four 1947 10 5 94 $145.3 million `` Fort Lauderdale '' Fort Lauderdale Hurricane of 1947 ( George ) ( cat 4 ) First year of Atlantic tropical cyclone naming . 1948 10 6 94 $30.9 million `` Florida '' Florida Hurricane of 1948 ( Easy ) ( cat 4 ) Miami Hurricane of 1948 ( Fox ) ( cat 3 ) 1949 16 7 $58.2 million `` Florida '' Florida Hurricane of 1949 ( cat 4 ) 1950s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1950 16 11 6 20 $37 million Dog None Record 8 tropical storms in October 1951 12 8 257 $80 million Easy None 1952 11 5 607 $3.75 million Fox None Includes the only known February tropical cyclone in the basin 1953 14 7 $6 million Carol None First year of female names for storms . One of only 4 seasons to have both a preseason and postseason storm . 1954 16 7 1,069 $752 million Hazel Carol , Edna , Hazel Includes Alice , one of only two storms in the basin to span two calendar years , tying for the latest storm in a season 1955 13 9 1,518 $1.2 billion Janet Connie , Diane , Ione , Janet 1956 12 76 $67.8 million Betsy None 1957 8 513 $152.5 million Carrie Audrey 1958 12 7 41 $12 million Helene None 1959 14 7 59 $23.3 million Gracie Gracie ? Status of Gracie 's retirement is unclear 1960s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1960 8 385 $410 million Donna Donna Current extent of the reanalysis project as of July 2016 1961 11 8 7 345 $392 million Hattie Carla , Hattie Two Category 5 Hurricanes Tied for most major hurricanes 1962 5 $10 million Ella None 1963 9 7 7,225 $589 million Flora Flora The sixth deadliest hurricane on record 1964 12 6 6 261 $605 million Hilda Cleo , Dora , Hilda 1965 6 76 $1.45 billion Betsy Betsy 1966 11 7 1,094 $410 million Inez Inez One named storm de-classified in post-analysis 1967 8 6 64 $217 million Beulah Beulah 1968 8 0 10 $10 million Gladys None The name `` Edna '' was retired due to the storm in 1954 , ; also includes one subtropical storm . No major hurricanes . 1969 18 12 5 364 $1.7 billion Camille Camille Fourth most active season on record . Tied for second most hurricanes in a season on record . Includes one subtropical storm . 1970s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1970 10 5 71 $454 million Celia Celia First season of a 24 - year period of decreased activity in the Atlantic ( - AMO ) 1971 13 6 45 $213 million Edith None Includes first documented Hurricane to cross Central America , Irene 1972 7 0 122 $2.1 billion Betty Agnes Includes three subtropical storms No major hurricanes 1973 8 15 $18 million Ellen None Includes one subtropical storm 11 8,260 + $1.97 billion Carmen Carmen , Fifi Includes four subtropical storms Fifi was the fourth deadliest hurricane on record 9 6 80 $100 million Gladys Eloise Includes one subtropical storm 1976 10 6 72 $100 million Belle None Includes two subtropical storms 1977 6 5 10 $10 million Anita Anita 1978 12 5 37 $45 million Greta Greta Includes the January subtropical storm in the Atlantic 1979 9 5 2,118 $4.3 billion David David , Frederic First year for alternating male / female names . Includes one subtropical storm . 1980s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1980 15 11 9 256 $1 billion Allen Allen Includes the storm with the highest sustained winds attained so far in the Atlantic 1981 18 12 7 10 $45 million Harvey None 1982 9 6 141 $100 million Debby None Includes one subtropical storm 7 22 $2.6 billion Alicia Alicia Least active hurricane season in the satellite era 1984 17 13 5 35 $66 million Diana None Includes one subtropical storm 1985 13 11 7 241 $4.5 billion Gloria Elena , Gloria Hurricane Kate struck Florida on November 21 , the latest United States hurricane landfall 1986 10 6 0 70 $57 million Earl None No major hurricanes 14 7 10 $90 million Emily None 19 12 5 550 $7 billion Gilbert Gilbert , Joan Included strongest hurricane on record until 2005 ; first hurricane since 1978 to cross Central America 15 11 7 112 $10.7 billion Hugo Hugo 1990s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 16 14 8 116 $150 million Gustav Diana , Klaus No tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall in the United States 1991 12 8 30 $2.5 billion Claudette Bob 9 7 66 $27 billion Andrew Andrew Hurricane Andrew was the costliest U.S. hurricane until 2005 . Includes one subtropical storm . 10 8 274 $271 million Emily None 12 7 0 1,184 $1.56 billion Florence None No major hurricanes 1995 21 19 11 5 115 $9.3 billion Opal Luis , Marilyn , Opal , Roxanne Tied for third most active season on record First season of an ongoing period of increased activity in the Atlantic ( + AMO ) 13 13 9 6 179 $3.8 billion Edouard Cesar , Fran , Hortense Cesar was renamed Douglas after it crossed Central America . Most amount of major hurricanes at the time 9 8 11 $110 million Erika None Includes one subtropical storm 1998 14 14 10 12,000 + $12.2 billion Mitch Georges , Mitch Four simultaneous hurricanes on September 26 , the first time since 1893 . Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest hurricane in over 200 years . 1999 16 12 8 5 465 $5.9 billion Floyd Floyd , Lenny Most Category 4 hurricanes on record 2000s ( edit ) NOTE : In the following tables , all estimates of damage costs are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars ( USD ) . 2000s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 2000 19 15 8 79 $1.2 billion Keith Keith Includes one subtropical storm 17 15 9 105 $7.1 billion Michelle Allison , Iris , Michelle 2002 14 12 53 $2.6 billion Isidore Isidore , Lili Record - tying 8 named storms formed in September 2003 21 16 7 92 $4.4 billion Isabel Fabian , Isabel , Juan 3 off - season storms 17 15 9 6 3,100 + $60.1 billion Ivan Charley , Frances , Ivan , Jeanne Includes one subtropical storm Record - tying 8 named storms forming in August 2005 31 28 15 7 2,280 + $180.4 billion Wilma Dennis , Katrina , Rita , Stan , Wilma Second costliest hurricane season on record Season holds most activity records , including cyclones , storms , hurricanes , major hurricanes and Category 5 's ( 4 ) Most retired names Only year to use the Greek alphabet Includes 1 subtropical storm and 1 subtropical depression 2006 10 10 5 14 $500 million Gordon and Helene None 2007 17 15 6 423 $3 billion Dean Dean , Felix , Noel Includes one subtropical storm Two Category 5 Hurricanes that made landfall 2008 17 16 8 5 1,047 $47.5 billion Ike Gustav , Ike , Paloma Tied for fifth most active season on record Only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November 2009 11 9 6 $77 million Bill None 2010s ( edit ) Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 21 19 12 5 314 $4.53 billion Igor Igor , Tomas Tied for third most active season on record Tied for second most hurricanes in a season on record Record tying 8 named storms forming in September 2011 20 19 7 114 $18.59 billion Ophelia Irene Tied for third most active season on record 2012 19 19 10 354 $77.97 billion Sandy Sandy Tied for third most active season Tied ( with 2016 ) for most active season before July Record tying 8 named storms forming in August 2013 15 14 0 47 $1.51 billion Humberto Ingrid Includes one subtropical storm No major hurricanes Tied ( with 1982 ) for fewest hurricanes since 1930 2014 9 8 6 21 $439.2 million Gonzalo None 2015 12 11 89 $731.8 million Joaquin Erika , Joaquin 2016 16 15 7 748 ≥ $16.1 billion Matthew Matthew , Otto Earliest start since 1938 Record for earliest formation of 3rd and 4th storm Tied ( with 2012 ) for most active season before July Includes southernmost Category 5 on record , and the first since 2007 First hurricane in 20 years to cross Central America into the Eastern Pacific basin 2017 18 17 10 6 ≥ 416 -- 5,064 ( with uncertainty ) ≥ $282.16 billion Maria Harvey , Irma , Maria , Nate Costliest hurricane season on record First April system since 2003 Earliest Main Development Region named storm on record First U.S. major hurricane landfall since Wilma in 2005 Highest rainfall produced by a tropical cyclone in the United States and its territories First - ever three Category 4 U.S. hurricane landfalls in a single season Second season to feature multiple Category 5 landfalls after 2007 Only one of four seasons to produce ten hurricanes in a row Only season on record with three hurricanes with an ACE value over 40 Most ACE produced in a single month in Atlantic basin 2018 0 0 12 Unknown Alberto TBD Includes one subtropical storm Fourth consecutive season for a storm to develop before the official start Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclones and climate change This bar chart shows the number of named storms and hurricanes per year from 1851 -- 2018 . A 2011 study analyzing one of the main sources of hurricanes - the African easterly wave ( AEW ) - found that the change in AEWs is closely linked to increased activity of intense hurricanes in the North Atlantic . The synoptic concurrence of AEWs in driving the dynamics of the Sahel greening also appears to increase tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Weather portal Parent topics ( edit ) Tropical cyclone List of environment topics List of tropical cyclones Lists of tropical cyclone names List of previous tropical cyclone names Atlantic hurricane topics ( edit ) Atlantic hurricane Accumulated cyclone energy List of Atlantic hurricane records Other tropical cyclone basins ( edit ) Pacific hurricane season Pacific typhoon season North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season South - West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season Australian region tropical cyclone season South Pacific tropical cyclone season South Atlantic tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical - like cyclone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division . `` Frequently Asked Questions : When is hurricane season ? '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McAdie , Colin ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology '' . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . National Hurricane Center . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 15 , 1941 ) . `` Hurricane Bureau Begins Season 's Vigil Tonight '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( June 15 , 1959 ) . `` 1959 Hurricane Season Opens Officially Today '' . Meridian Record . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 15 , 1955 ) . `` Hurricane Season Opens ; New England Joins Circuit '' . The Robesonian . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( June 15 , 1960 ) . `` 1960 Hurricane Season Open As Planes Prowl '' . The Evening Independent . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neal Dorst ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Subject : G1 ) When is hurricane season ? '' . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brownsville Herald ( June 1 , 1965 ) . Hurricane Season Officially Opened . Jump up ^ United Press International ( May 30 , 1966 ) . `` Hurricane Season Opens This Week '' . The News and Courier . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 2011 ) . `` Atlantic Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Commerce ( 2006 ) . Assessment : Hurricane Katrina , August 23 -- 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hurricane Research Division ( 2008 ) . `` Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States : 1851 - 2007 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Indianola , Texas Jump up ^ Dorst , Neal ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` They Called the Wind Mahina : The History of Naming Cyclones '' ( PPTX ) . Hurricane Research Division , Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p . Slides 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Wang and Gillies ( 2011 ) . `` Observed Change in Sahel Rainfall , Circulations , African Easterly Waves , and Atlantic Hurricanes Since 1979 '' . doi : 10.1155 / 2011 / 259529 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_hurricane_season&oldid=845921746 '' Categories : Atlantic hurricane seasons Seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing context from October 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles which contain graphical timelines Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 01 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does hurricane season begin in the united states	[ "Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms occur each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The most active season was 2005, during which 28 tropical cyclones formed, of which a record 15 became hurricanes. The least active season was 1914, with only one known tropical cyclone developing during that year.[3] The Atlantic hurricane season is a time when most tropical cyclones are expected to develop across the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is currently defined as the time frame from June 1 through November 30, though in the past the season was defined as a shorter time frame. During the season, regular tropical weather outlooks are issued by the National Hurricane Center, and coordination between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center occurs for systems which have not formed yet, but could develop during the next three to seven days." ]	[ "June 1" ]
-5776249008437789475	First Red Scare	First Red Scare - wikipedia First Red Scare Main article : Red Scare First Red Scare `` Step by Step '' by Sidney Greene ( 1919 ) Duration 1917 -- 1921 Location United States Type Mass hysteria Cause Russian Revolution of 1917 Participants Lee Slater Overman Josiah O. Wolcott Knute Nelson A. Mitchell Palmer J. Edgar Hoover Outcome Warren G. Harding became President in 1920 with a landslide victory Long - term constraint of labor and left - wing movements in the United States Deaths c. 165 ( 1919 ) Inquiries Overman Committee ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Palmer Trials ( 1920 ) Arrest ( s ) c. 3000 ( 1920 ) Accused Luigi Galleani Eugene V. Debs John Reed Convicted c. 500 people expelled Part of a series on Socialism in the United States History of the American Left ( show ) Utopian socialism New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Icarians Bishop Hill Commune Progressive Era St. Louis Commune 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike Labor unionisation Women 's suffrage Haymarket affair May Day Green Corn Rebellion Catholic Worker Movement Repression and persecution Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Seattle General Strike Communist Party USA and African Americans Communism in the Labor Movement 1919 -- 37 Communism in the Labor Movement 1937 -- 50 McCarthyism Smith Act / Smith Act trials John Birch Society Civil rights / anti-War movements COINTELPRO New Left Great Society War on Poverty Poor People 's Campaign Black Power movement Active parties ( show ) American Party of Labor Black Riders Liberation Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CDCS ) Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Industrial Workers of the World International Socialist Organization Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Students for a Democratic Society Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Communist Party Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Party Socialist Organizer Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League Workers World Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct parties ( show ) American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist Workers ' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Farmer -- Labor Party Maoist Internationalist Movement New American Movement Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Social Democrats , USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Youth International Party Literature ( show ) The Jungle Appeal to Reason International Socialist Review Looking Backward The Other America Daily Worker Monthly Review Voluntary Socialism Monopoly Capital Related topics ( show ) American Left Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Marxism Marxism -- Leninism Labor history Labor unions Libertarian socialism Labor laws Minimum wage Socialism portal United States portal The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th - century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism , due to real and imagined events ; real events included the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings . At its height in 1919 -- 1920 , concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the alleged spread of communism and anarchism in the American labor movement fueled a general sense of concern . The Scare had its origins in the hyper - nationalism of World War I as well as the Russian Revolution . At the war 's end , following the October Revolution , American authorities saw the threat of Communist revolution in the actions of organized labor , including such disparate cases as the Seattle General Strike and the Boston Police Strike and then in the bombing campaign directed by anarchist groups at political and business leaders . Fueled by labor unrest and the anarchist bombings , and then spurred on by United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer 's attempt to suppress radical organizations , it was characterized by exaggerated rhetoric , illegal search and seizures , unwarranted arrests and detentions , and the deportation of several hundred suspected radicals and anarchists . In addition , the growing anti-immigration nativism movement among Americans viewed increasing immigration from Southern Europe and Eastern Europe as a threat to American political and social stability . Bolshevism and the threat of a Communist - inspired revolution in the U.S. became the overriding explanation for challenges to the social order , even such largely unrelated events as incidents of interracial violence . Fear of radicalism was used to explain the suppression of freedom of expression in form of display of certain flags and banners . The First Red Scare effectively ended in mid-1920 , after Attorney General Palmer forecast a massive radical uprising on May Day and the day passed without incident . Contents 1 Origins 2 Progression of events 2.1 Seattle General Strike 2.2 Overman Committee 2.3 Anarchist bombings 2.3. 1 April 1919 mail bombs 2.3. 2 June 1919 bombs 2.4 May Day 1919 2.5 Race riots 2.6 Strikes 2.6. 1 Boston Police Strike 2.6. 2 Steel strike of 1919 2.6. 3 Coal strike of 1919 2.7 Reactions 2.7. 1 Palmer Raids 2.7. 2 Deportations 2.8 Expulsion of Socialists from the New York Assembly 3 Coverage 3.1 Newspaper coverage 3.2 Film 4 Legislation 5 Demise 5.1 May Day 1920 5.2 Collapse 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Notes 7.2 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Origins ( edit ) The First Red Scare 's immediate cause was the increase in subversive actions ( both real and imagined ) of foreign and leftist elements in the United States , especially militant followers of Luigi Galleani , and in the attempts of the U.S. government to quell protest and gain favorable public views of America 's entering World War I . At the end of the 19th century and prior to the rise of the Galleanist anarchist movement , the Haymarket affair of 1886 had already heightened the American public 's fear of foreign anarchist and radical socialist elements within the budding American workers ' movement . In 1917 , President Woodrow Wilson established the Committee on Public Information to circulate and distribute anti-German and pro-Allied propaganda and other news . To add to the effectiveness of the Committee , the Bureau of Investigation ( the name for the Federal Bureau of Investigation until 1935 ) disrupted the work of German - American , union , and leftist organizations through the use of raids , arrests , agents provocateurs , and legal prosecution . Revolutionary and pacifist groups , such as the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ; its members are known as Wobblies ) , strongly opposed the war . Many leaders of these groups , most notably Eugene V. Debs , were prosecuted for giving speeches urging resistance to the draft . Members of the Ghadar Party were also put on trial in the Hindu -- German Conspiracy Trial . The effort was also helped by the United States Congress , with the passing of the Espionage Act in 1917 , the Sedition Act of 1918 , and the Immigration Act of 1918 . The Espionage Act made it a crime to interfere with the operation or success of the military , and the Sedition Act forbade Americans to use `` disloyal , profane , scurrilous , or abusive language '' about the United States government , flag , or armed forces of the United States during war . The Immigration Act of 1918 targeted anarchists by name and was used to deport Emma Goldman and Luigi Galleani , among others . After the war officially ended , the government investigations abated for a few months but did not cease . They soon resumed in the context of the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War , and the Red Terror . To some Americans , this was a time of uncertainty and fear over the prospects of an anarchist , socialist or communist revolution in the United States . Progression of events ( edit ) Seattle General strike ( edit ) Main article : Seattle General Strike Headlines announcing the Seattle General Strike of 1919 , the nation 's first general strike On January 21 , 1919 , 35,000 shipyard workers in Seattle went on strike seeking wage increases . They appealed to the Seattle Central Labor Council for support from other unions and found widespread enthusiasm . Within two weeks , more than 100 local unions joined in a call on February 3 for general strike to begin on the morning of February 6 . The 60,000 total strikers paralyzed the city 's normal activities , like streetcar service , schools , and ordinary commerce , while their General Strike Committee maintained order and provided essential services , like trash collection and milk deliveries . Even before the strike began , the press begged the unions to reconsider . In part they were frightened by some of labor 's rhetoric , like the labor newspaper editorial that proclaimed : `` We are undertaking the most tremendous move ever made by labor in this country ... We are starting on a road that leads -- NO ONE KNOWS WHERE ! '' Daily newspapers saw the general strike as a foreign import : `` This is America -- not Russia , '' one said when denouncing the general strike . The non-striking part of Seattle 's population imagined the worst and stocked up on food . Hardware stores sold their stock of guns . Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson announced that he had 1500 police and 1500 federal troops on hand to put down any disturbances . He personally oversaw their deployment throughout the city . `` The time has come , '' he said , `` for the people in Seattle to show their Americanism ... The anarchists in this community shall not rule its affairs . '' He promised to use them to replace striking workers , but never carried out that threat . Meanwhile the national leadership of the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and international leaders of some of the Seattle locals recognized how inflammatory the general strike was proving in the eyes of the American public and Seattle 's middle class . Press and political reaction made the general strike untenable , and they feared Seattle labor would lose gains made during the war if it continued . The national press called the general strike `` Marxian '' and `` a revolutionary movement aimed at existing government . '' `` It is only a middling step , '' said the Chicago Tribune , `` from Petrograd to Seattle . '' As early as February 8 some unions began to return to work at the urging of their leaders . Some workers went back to work as individuals , perhaps fearful of losing their jobs if the Mayor acted on his threats or in reaction to the pressure of life under the general strike . The executive committee of the General Strike Committee first recommended ending the general strike on February 8 but lost that vote . Finally on February 10 , the General Strike Committee voted to end the strike the next day . The original strike in the shipyards continued . Though the general strike collapsed because labor leadership viewed it as a misguided tactic from the start , Mayor Hanson took credit for ending the five - day strike and was hailed by the press . He resigned a few months later and toured the country giving lectures on the dangers of `` domestic bolshevism . '' He earned $38,000 in seven months , five times his annual salary as mayor . He published a pamphlet called Americanism versus Bolshevism . Overman Committee ( edit ) Main article : Overman Committee The New York Times , June 15 , 1919 The Overman Committee was a special five - man subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary chaired by North Carolina Democrat Lee Slater Overman . First charged with investigating German subversion during World War I , its mandate was extended on February 4 , 1919 , just a day after the announcement of the Seattle General Strike , to study `` any efforts being made to propagate in this country the principles of any party exercising or claiming to exercise any authority in Russia '' and `` any effort to incite the overthrow of the Government of this country . The Committee 's hearings into Bolshevik propaganda , conducted from February 11 to March 10 , 1919 , developed an alarming image of Bolshevism as an imminent threat to the U.S. government and American values . The Committee 's final report appeared in June 1919 . Archibald E. Stevenson , a New York attorney with ties to the Justice Department , probably as a `` volunteer spy '' , testified on January 22 , 1919 , during the German phase of the subcommittee 's work . He established that anti-war and anti-draft activism during World War I , which he described as pro-German activity , had now transformed itself into propaganda `` developing sympathy for the Bolshevik movement '' . America 's wartime enemy , though defeated , had exported an ideology that now ruled Russia and threatened America anew . `` The Bolsheviki movement is a branch of the revolutionary socialism of Germany . It had its origin in the philosophy of Marx and its leaders were Germans . '' He cited the propaganda efforts of John Reed and gave many examples from the foreign press . He told the Senators that `` We have found money coming into this country from Russia . '' The Senators were particularly interested in how Bolshevism had united many disparate elements on the left , including anarchists and socialists of many types , `` providing a common platform for all these radical groups to stand on . '' Senator Knute Nelson , Republican of Minnesota , responded by enlarging Bolshevism 's embrace to include an even larger segment of political opinion : `` Then they have really rendered a service to the various classes of progressives and reformers that we have here in this country . '' Other witnesses described the horrors of the revolution in Russia and the consequences of a comparable revolution in the United States : the imposition of atheism , the seizure of newspapers , assaults on banks , and the abolition of the insurance industry . The Senators heard various views of women in Russia , including claims that women were made the property of the state . The press reveled in the investigation and the final report , referring to the Russians as `` assassins and madmen , '' `` human scum , '' `` crime mad , '' and `` beasts . '' The occasional testimony by some who viewed the Russian Revolution favorably lacked the punch of its critics . One extended headline in February read : Bolshevism Bared by R.E. Simmons Former Agent in Russia of Commerce Department Concludes his Story to Senators Women are ' Nationalized ' Official Decrees Reveal Depths of Degradation to Which They are Subjected by Reds Germans Profit by Chaos Factories and Mills are Closed and the Machinery Sold to Them for a Song On the release of the final report , newspapers printed sensational articles with headlines in capital letters : `` Red Peril Here '' , `` Plan Bloody Revolution '' , and `` Want Washington Government Overturned . '' Anarchist bombings ( edit ) Main article : 1919 United States anarchist bombings There were several anarchist bombings in 1919 . April 1919 Mail bombs ( edit ) Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer 's house with bomb damage In late April 1919 , approximately 36 booby trap bombs were mailed to prominent politicians , including the Attorney General of the United States , judges , businessmen ( including John D. Rockefeller ) , and a Bureau of Investigation field agent , R.W. Finch , who happened to be investigating the Galleanist organization . The bombs were mailed in identical packages and were timed to arrive on May Day , the day of celebration of organized labor and the working class . A few of the packages went undelivered because they lacked sufficient postage . One bomb intended for Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson , who had opposed the Seattle General Strike , arrived early and failed to explode as intended . Seattle police in turn notified the Post Office and other police agencies . On April 29 , a package sent to U.S. Senator Thomas W. Hardwick of Georgia , a sponsor of the Anarchist Exclusion Act , exploded injuring his wife and housekeeper . On April 30 , a post office employee in New York City recognized 16 packages by their wrapping and interrupted their delivery . Another twelve bombs were recovered before reaching their targets . June 1919 bombs ( edit ) In June 1919 , eight bombs , far larger than those mailed in April , exploded almost simultaneously in several U.S. cities . These new bombs were believed to contain up to twenty - five pounds of dynamite , and all were wrapped or packaged with heavy metal slugs designed to act as shrapnel . All of the intended targets had participated in some way with the investigation of or the opposition to anarchist radicals . Along with Attorney General Palmer , who was targeted a second time , the intended victims included a Massachusetts state representative and a New Jersey silk manufacturer . Fatalities included a New York City night watchman , William Boehner , and one of the bombers , Carlo Valdinoci , a Galleanist radical who died in spectacular fashion when the bomb he placed at the home of Attorney General Palmer exploded in his face . Though not seriously injured , Attorney General Palmer and his family were thoroughly shaken by the blast , and their home was largely demolished . All of the bombs were delivered with pink flyers bearing the title `` Plain Words '' that accused the intended victims of waging class war and promised : `` We will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions . '' Police and the Bureau of Investigation tracked the flyer to a print shop owned by an anarchist , Andrea Salcedo , but never obtained sufficient evidence for a prosecution . Evidence from Valdonoci 's death , bomb components , and accounts from participants later tied both bomb attacks to the Galleanists . Though some of the Galleanists were deported or left the country voluntarily , attacks by remaining members continued until 1932 . May day 1919 ( edit ) The American labor movement had been celebrating its May Day holiday since the 1890s and had seen none of the violence associated with the day 's events in Europe . On May 1 , 1919 , the left mounted especially large demonstrations , and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades in Boston , New York , and Cleveland . In Boston , police tried to stop a march that lacked a permit . In the ensuing melee both sides fought for possession of the Socialists ' red flags . One policeman was stabbed and killed . William Sidis was arrested . Later a mob attacked the Socialist headquarters . Police arrested 114 , all from the Socialist side . Each side 's newspapers provided uncritical support to their own the next day . In New York , soldiers in uniform burned printed materials at the Russian People 's House and forced immigrants to sing the Star - Spangled Banner . Cleveland , Ohio saw the worst violence . Leftists protesting the imprisonment of Eugene V. Debs and promoting the campaign of Charles Ruthenberg , the Socialist candidate for mayor , planned to march through the center of the city . A group of Victory Loan workers , a nationalist organization whose members sold war bonds and thought themselves still at war against all forms of anti-Americanism , tried to block some of the marchers and a melee ensued . A mob ransacked Ruthenberg 's headquarters . Mounted police , army trucks , and tanks restored order . Two people died , forty were injured , and 116 arrested . Local newspapers noted that only 8 of those arrested were born in the United States . The city government immediately passed laws to restrict parades and the display of red flags . With few dissents , newspapers blamed the May Day marchers for provoking the nationalists ' response . The Salt Lake City Tribune did not think anyone had a right to march . It said : `` Free speech has been carried to the point where it is an unrestrained menace . '' A few , however , thought the marches were harmless and that the marchers ' enthusiasm would die down on its own if they were left unmolested . Race riots ( edit ) Main article : Red Summer of 1919 More than two dozen American communities , mostly urban areas or industrial centers , saw racial violence in the summer and early fall of 1919 . Unlike earlier race riots in U.S. history , the 1919 riots were among the first in which blacks responded with resistance to the white attacks . Martial law was imposed in Charleston , South Carolina , where men of the U.S. Navy led a race riot on May 10 . Five white men and eighteen black men were injured in the riot . A Naval investigation found that four U.S. sailors and one civilian -- all white men -- were responsible for the outbreak of violence . On July 3 , the 10th U.S. Cavalry , a segregated African - American unit founded in 1866 , was attacked by local police in Bisbee , Arizona . A white gang looking for African Americans during the Chicago race riot of 1919 Two of the most violent episodes occurred in Washington , D.C. and Chicago . In Washington , D.C. , white men , many in military uniforms , responded to the rumored arrest of a black man for rape with four days of mob violence , rioting and beatings of random black people on the street . When police refused to intervene , the black population fought back . When the violence ended , ten whites were dead , including two police officers , and 5 blacks . Some 150 people had been the victims of attacks . The rioting in Chicago started on July 27 . Chicago 's beaches along Lake Michigan were segregated in practice , if not by law . A black youth who drifted into the area customarily reserved for whites was stoned and drowned . Blacks responded violently when the police refused to take action . Violence between mobs and gangs lasted 13 days . The resulting 38 fatalities included 23 blacks and 15 whites . Injuries numbered 537 injured , and 1,000 black families were left homeless . Some 50 people were reported dead . Unofficial numbers were much higher . Hundreds of mostly black homes and businesses on the South Side were destroyed by mobs , and a militia force of several thousand was called in to restore order . In mid-summer , in the middle of the Chicago riots , a `` federal official '' told the New York Times that the violence resulted from `` an agitation , which involves the I.W.W. , Bolshevism and the worst features of other extreme radical movements . '' He supported that claim with copies of negro publications that called for alliances with leftist groups , praised the Soviet regime , and contrasted the courage of jailed Socialist Eugene V. Debs with the `` school boy rhetoric '' of traditional black leaders . The Times characterized the publications as `` vicious and apparently well financed , '' mentioned `` certain factions of the radical Socialist elements , '' and reported it all under the headline : `` Reds Try to Stir Negroes to Revolt . '' In mid-October , government sources again provided the Times with evidence of Bolshevist propaganda targeting America 's black communities that was `` paralleling the agitation that is being carried on in industrial centres of the North and West , where there are many alien laborers . '' Vehicles for this propaganda about the `` doctrines of Lenin and Trotzky '' included newspapers , magazines , and `` so - called ' negro betterment ' organizations . '' Quotations from such publications contrasted the recent violence in Chicago and Washington , D.C. with `` Soviet Russia , a country in which dozens of racial and lingual types have settled their many differences and found a common meeting ground , a country which no longer oppresses colonies , a country from which the lynch rope is banished and in which racial tolerance and peace now exist . '' The Times cited one publication 's call for unionization : `` Negroes must form cotton workers ' unions . Southern white capitalists know that the negroes can bring the white bourbon South to its knees . So go to it . '' Strikes ( edit ) Boston police strike ( edit ) Main article : Boston Police Strike The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) began granting charters to police unions in June 1919 when pressed to do so by local groups , and in just 5 months had recognized affiliate police unions in 37 cities . The Boston police rank and file went out on strike on September 9 , 1919 in order to achieve recognition for their union and improvements in wages and working conditions . Police Commissioner Edwin Upton Curtis denied that police officers had any right to form a union , much less one affiliated with a larger organization like the AFL . During the strike , Boston experienced two nights of lawlessness until several thousand members of the State Guard supported by volunteers restored order , though not without causing several deaths . The public , fed by lurid press accounts and hyperbolic political observers , viewed the strike with a degree of alarm out of proportion to the events , which ultimately produced only about $35,000 of property damage . Bolshevism in the United States is no longer a specter . Boston in chaos reveals its sinister substance . - Philadelphia Public Ledger The strikers were called `` deserters '' and `` agents of Lenin . '' The Philadelphia Public Ledger viewed the Boston violence in the same light as many other of 1919 's events : `` Bolshevism in the United States is no longer a specter . Boston in chaos reveals its sinister substance . '' President Woodrow Wilson , speaking from Montana , branded the walkout `` a crime against civilization '' that left the city `` at the mercy of an army of thugs . '' The timing of the strike also happened to present the police union in the worst light . September 10 , the first full day of the strike , was also the day a huge New York City parade celebrated the return of Gen. John J. Pershing , the hero of the American Expeditionary Force . A report from Washington , D.C. included this headline : `` Senators Think Effort to Sovietize the Government Is Started . '' Senator Henry Cabot Lodge saw in the strike the dangers of the national labor movement : `` If the American Federation of Labor succeeds in getting hold of the police in Boston it will go all over the country , and we shall be in measurable distance of Soviet government by labor unions . '' The Ohio State Journal opposed any sympathetic treatment of the strikers : `` When a policeman strikes , he should be debarred not only from resuming his office , but from citizenship as well . He has committed the unpardonable sin ; he has forfeited all his rights . '' Samuel Gompers of the AFL recognized that the strike was damaging labor in the public mind and advised the strikers to return to work . The Police Commissioner , however , remained adamant and refused to re-hire the striking policemen . He was supported by Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge , whose rebuke of Gompers earned him a national reputation . Famous as a man of few words , he put the anti-union position simply : `` There is no right to strike against the public safety , anywhere , anytime . '' The strike proved another setback for labor and the AFL immediately withdrew its recognition of police unions . Coolidge won the Republican nomination for Vice-President in the 1920 presidential election in part due to his actions during the Boston Police Strike . Steel strike of 1919 ( edit ) Main article : Steel strike of 1919 `` Coming out of the Smoke '' , New York World , October 11 , 1919 Though the leadership of the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) opposed a strike in the steel industry , 98 % of their union members voted to strike beginning on September 22 , 1919 . It shut down half the steel industry , including almost all mills in Pueblo , Colorado ; Chicago , Illinois ; Wheeling , West Virginia ; Johnstown , Pennsylvania ; Cleveland , Ohio ; Lackawanna , New York ; and Youngstown , Ohio . The owners quickly turned public opinion against the AFL . As the strike began , they published information exposing AFL National Committee co-chairman William Z . Foster 's radical past as a Wobbly and syndicalist , and claimed this was evidence that the steelworker strike was being masterminded by radicals and revolutionaries . The steel companies played on nativist fears by noting that a large number of steelworkers were immigrants . Public opinion quickly turned against the striking workers . State and local authorities backed the steel companies . They prohibited mass meetings , had their police attack pickets and jailed thousands . After strikebreakers and police clashed with unionists in Gary , Indiana , the U.S. Army took over the city on October 6 , 1919 , and martial law was declared . National guardsmen , leaving Gary after federal troops had taken over , turned their anger on strikers in nearby Indiana Harbor , Indiana . Steel companies also turned toward strikebreaking and rumor - mongering to demoralize the picketers . They brought in between 30,000 and 40,000 African - American and Mexican - American workers to work in the mills . Company spies also spread rumors that the strike had collapsed elsewhere , and they pointed to the operating steel mills as proof that the strike had been defeated . Congress conducted its own investigation , focused on radical influence upon union activity . In that context , U.S. Senator Kenneth McKellar , a member of the Senate committee investigating the strike , proposed making one of the Philippine Islands a penal colony to which those convicted of an attempt to overthrow the government could be deported . The Chicago mills gave in at the end of October . By the end of November , workers were back at their jobs in Gary , Johnstown , Youngstown , and Wheeling . The strike collapsed on January 8 , 1920 , though it dragged on in isolated areas like Pueblo and Lackawanna . Coal strike of 1919 ( edit ) The United Mine Workers under John L. Lewis announced a strike for November 1 , 1919 . They had agreed to a wage agreement to run until the end of World War I and now sought to capture some of their industry 's wartime gains . Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer invoked the Lever Act , a wartime measure that made it a crime to interfere with the production or transportation of necessities . The law , meant to punish hoarding and profiteering , had never been used against a union . Certain of united political backing and almost universal public support , Palmer obtained an injunction on October 31 and 400,000 coal workers struck the next day . He claimed the President authorized the action , following a meeting with the severely ill President in the presence of his doctor . Palmer also asserted that the entire Cabinet had backed his request for an injunction . That infuriated Secretary of Labor Wilson who had opposed Palmer 's plan and supported Gompers ' view of the President 's promises when the Act was under consideration . The rift between the Attorney General and the Secretary of Labor was never healed , which had consequences the next year when Palmer 's attempts to deport radicals were frustrated by the Department of Labor . Samuel Gompers , President of the American Federation of Labor , protested that President Wilson and members of his Cabinet had provided assurances when the Act was passed that it would not be used to prevent strikes by labor unions . He provided detailed accounts of his negotiations with representatives of the administration , especially Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson . He also argued that the end of hostilities , even in the absence of a signed treaty , should have invalidated any attempts to enforce the Act 's provisions . Nevertheless , he attempted to mediate between Palmer and Lewis , but after several days called the injunction `` so autocratic as to stagger the human mind . '' The coal operators smeared the strikers with charges that Lenin and Trotsky had ordered the strike and were financing it , and some of the press echoed that language . Others used words like `` insurrection '' and `` Bolshevik revolution . '' Eventually Lewis , facing criminal charges and sensitive to the propaganda campaign , withdrew his strike call , though many strikers ignored his action . As the strike dragged on into its third week , coal supplies were running low and public sentiment was calling for ever stronger government action . Final agreement came on December 10 . Reactions ( edit ) Palmer raids ( edit ) Main article : Palmer Raids Men arrested in raids awaiting deportation hearings on Ellis Island , January 13 , 1920 Despite two attempts on his life in April and June 1919 , Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer moved slowly to find a way to attack the source of the violence . An initial raid in July 1919 against a small anarchist group in Buffalo failed when a federal judge tossed out his case . In August , he organized the General Intelligence Unit within the Department of Justice and recruited J. Edgar Hoover , a recent law school graduate , to head it . Hoover pored over arrest records , subscription records of radical newspapers , and party membership records to compile lists of resident aliens for deportation proceedings . On October 17 , 1919 , just a year after the Immigration Act of 1918 had expanded the definition of aliens that could be deported , the U.S. Senate demanded Palmer explain his failure to move against radicals . Palmer launched his campaign against radicalism with two sets of police actions known as the Palmer Raids in November 1919 and January 1920 . Federal agents supported by local police rounded up large groups of suspected radicals , often based on membership in a political group rather than any action taken . Undercover informants and warrantless wiretaps ( authorized under the Sedition Act ) helped to identify several thousand suspected leftists and radicals to be arrested . Only the dismissal of most of the cases by Acting United States Secretary of Labor Louis Freeland Post limited the number of deportations to 556 . Fearful of extremist violence and revolution , the American public supported the raids . Civil libertarians , the radical left , and legal scholars raised protests . Officials at the Department of Labor , especially Post , asserted the rule of law in opposition to Palmer 's anti-radical campaign . Post faced a Congressional threat to impeach or censure him . He successfully defended his actions in two days of testimony before the House Rules Committee in June 1919 and no action was ever taken against him . Palmer testified before the same committee , also for two days , and stood by the raids , arrests , and deportation program . Much of the press applauded Post 's work at Labor , while Palmer , rather than President Wilson , was largely blamed for the negative aspects of the raids . Deportations ( edit ) Text of original caption : `` THE SOVIET ARK , The United States army transport Buford , carrying 249 Russian `` Reds '' as America 's Christmas present to Lenine ( sic ) and Trotzky ( sic ) . '' On December 21 , the Buford , a ship the press nicknamed the `` Soviet Ark '' , left New York harbor with 249 deportees . Of those , 199 had been detained in the November Palmer Raids , with 184 of them deported because of their membership in the Union of Russian Workers , an anarchist group that was a primary target of the November raids . Others on board , including the well - known radical leaders Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman , had not been taken in the Palmer Raids . Goldman had been convicted in 1893 of `` inciting to riot '' and arrested on many other occasions . Berkman had served 14 years in prison for the attempted murder of industrialist Henry Clay Frick in 1892 . Both were convicted in 1917 of interfering with military recruitment . Some of the 249 were leftists or anarchists or at least fell within the legal definition of anarchist because they `` believed that no government would be better for human society than any kind of government . '' In beliefs they ranged from violent revolutionaries to pacifist advocates of non-resistance . Others belonged to radical organizations but disclaimed knowledge of the organization 's political aims and had joined to take advantage of educational programs and social opportunities . The U.S. War Department used the Buford as a transport ship in the Spanish -- American War and in World War I and loaned it to the Department of Labor in 1919 for the deportation mission . A `` strong detachment of marines '' numbering 58 enlisted men and four officers made the journey and pistols were distributed to the crew . Its final destination was unknown as it sailed under sealed orders . Even the captain only learned his final destination while in Kiel harbor for repairs , since the State Department found it difficult to make arrangements to land in Latvia . Finland , though chosen , was not an obvious choice , since Finland and Russia were at war . The notoriety of Goldman and Berkman as convicted anti-war agitators allowed the press and public to imagine that all the deportees had similar backgrounds . The New York Times called them all `` Russian Reds '' . Most of the press approved enthusiastically . The Cleveland Plain Dealer wrote : `` It is hoped and expected that other vessels , larger , more commodious , carrying similar cargoes , will follow in her wake . '' The New York Evening Mail said : `` Just as the sailing of the Ark that Noah built was a pledge for the preservation of the human race , so the sailing of the Ark of the Soviet is a pledge for the preservation of America . '' Goldman later wrote a book about her experiences after being deported to Russia , called My Disillusionment in Russia . Expulsion of Socialists from the New York Assembly ( edit ) The Five Socialist Assemblymen Suspended by the New York State Legislature On January 7 , 1920 , at the first session of the New York State Assembly , Assembly Speaker Thaddeus C. Sweet attacked the Assembly 's five Socialist members , declaring they had been `` elected on a platform that is absolutely inimical to the best interests of the state of New York and the United States . '' The Socialist Party , Sweet said , was `` not truly a political party , '' but was rather `` a membership organization admitting within its ranks aliens , enemy aliens , and minors . '' It had supported the revolutionaries in Germany , Austria , and Hungary , he continued , and consorted with international Socialist parties close to the Communist International . The Assembly suspended the five by a vote of 140 to 6 , with just one Democrat supporting the Socialists . A trial in the Assembly , lasting from January 20 to March 11 , resulted in a recommendation that the five be expelled and the Assembly voted overwhelmingly for expulsion on April 1 , 1920 . Opposition to the Assembly 's actions was widespread and crossed party lines . From the start of the process , former Republican Governor , Supreme Court Justice , and presidential candidate Charles Evans Hughes defended the Socialist members : `` Nothing ... is a more serious mistake at this critical time than to deprive Socialists or radicals of their opportunities for peaceful discussion and thus to convince them that the Reds are right and that violence and revolution are the only available means at their command . '' Democratic Governor Al Smith denounced the expulsions : `` To discard the method of representative government leads to the misdeeds of the very extremists we denounce and serves to increase the number of enemies of orderly free government . '' Hughes also led a group of leading New York attorneys in a protest that said : `` We have passed beyond the stage in political development when heresy - hunting is a permitted sport . '' Coverage ( edit ) Newspaper coverage ( edit ) Red `` Bible '' , a variation on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , published in the Public Ledger , Philadelphia , October 27 , 1919 , by Carl W. Ackerman America 's newspapers continually reinforced their readers ' pro-American views and presented a negative attitude toward the Soviet Union and communism . They presented a threat of imminent conflict with the Soviet Union that would be justified by the clash with American ideals and goals . In addition , when The New York Times reported positively about the Soviet Union , it received less attention from the public than when it reported antagonistically about it . This did not hold true when Soviet interests agreed with American ones . As a result of this , the Times had a tendency to use exaggerated headlines , weighted words , and questionable sources in order to create a negative slant against the Soviets and communism . The tendency was to be very pro-American and theatrical in their coverage . The Red Scare led to the Western popularization of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . The text was purportedly brought to the United States by a Russian army officer in 1917 ; it was translated into English by Natalie de Bogory ( personal assistant of Harris A. Houghton , an officer of the Department of War ) in June 1918 , and White Russian expatriate Boris Brasol soon circulated it in American government circles , specifically diplomatic and military , in typescript form , It also appeared in 1919 in the Public Ledger as a pair of serialized newspaper articles . But all references to `` Jews '' were replaced with references to Bolsheviki as an exposé by the journalist -- and subsequently highly respected Columbia University School of Journalism dean -- Carl W. Ackerman . Shortly thereafter it was adapted as `` The International Jew '' series in The Dearborn Independent , establishing the myth of Jewish Bolshevism . Film ( edit ) America 's film industry reflected and exploited every aspect of the public 's fascination with and fear of Bolshevism . The German Curse in Russia dramatized the German instigation of Russia 's October Revolution . The Soviet nationalization of women was central to the plot of The New Moon , in which women between the ages of 23 and 32 are the property of the state and the heroine , Norma Talmadge , is a Russian princess posing as a peasant during the Russian Revolution . Similarly , in The World and Its Woman starring Geraldine Farrar , the daughter of an American engineer working in Russia becomes an opera star and has to fend off attempts to `` nationalize '' her . Several films used labor troubles as their setting , with an idealistic American hero and heroine struggling to outwit manipulative left - wing agitators . Dangerous Hours tells the story of an attempted Russian infiltration of American industry . College graduate John King is sympathetic to the left in a general way . Then he is seduced , both romantically and politically , by Sophia Guerni , a female agitator . Her superior is the Bolshevik Boris Blotchi , who has a `` wild dream of planting the scarlet seed of terrorism in American soil . '' Sofia and Boris turn their attention to the Weston shipyards that are managed by John 's childhood sweetheart , May . The workers have valid grievances , but the Bolsheviks set out to manipulate the situation . They are `` the dangerous element following in the wake of labor as riffraff and ghouls follow an army . '' When they threaten May , John has an epiphany and renounces revolutionary doctrine . A reviewer in Picture Play protested the film 's stew of radical beliefs and strategies : `` Please , oh please , look up the meaning of the words ' bolshevik ' and ' soviet . ' Neither of them mean ( sic ) ' anarchist , ' ' scoundrel ' or ' murderer ' -- really they do n't ! '' Some films just used Bolsheviks for comic relief , where they are easily seduced ( The Perfect Woman ) or easily inebriated ( Help Yourself ) . In Bullin the Bullsehviks an American named Lotta Nerve outwits Trotsky . New York State Senator Clayton R. Lusk spoke at the film 's New York premiere in October 1919 . Other films used one feature or another of radical philosophy as the key plot point : anarchist violence ( The Burning Question ) , assassination and devotion to the red flag ( The Volcano ) , utopian vision ( Bolshevism on Trial ) . The advertising for Bolshevism on Trial called it `` the timeliest picture ever filmed '' and reviews were good . `` Powerful , well - knit with indubitably true and biting satire , '' said Photoplay . As a promotion device , the April 15 , 1919 , issue of Moving Picture World suggested staging a mock radical demonstration by hanging red flags around town and then have actors in military uniforms storm in to tear them down . The promoter was then to distribute handbills to the confused and curious crowds to reassure them that Bolshevism on Trial takes a stand against Bolshevism and `` you will not only clean up but will profit by future business . '' When this publicity technique came to the attention of U.S. Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson , he expressed his dismay to the press : `` This publication proposes by deceptive methods of advertising to stir every community in the United States into riotous demonstrations for the purpose of making profits for the moving picture business ... '' He hoped to ban movies treating Bolshevism and Socialism . Legislation ( edit ) In 1919 Kansas enacted a law titled `` An act relating to the flag , standard or banner of Bolshevism , anarchy or radical socialism '' in an attempt to punish the display of the most common symbol of radicalism , the red flag . Only Massachusetts ( 1913 ) and Rhode Island ( 1914 ) passed such `` red flag laws '' earlier . By 1920 they were joined by 24 more states . Some banned certain colors ( red or black ) , or certain expressions ( `` indicating disloyalty or belief in anarchy '' or `` antagonistic to the existing government of the United States '' ) , or certain contexts ( `` to overthrow the government by general strike '' ) , or insignia ( `` flag or emblem or sign '' ) . The Yale Law Journal mocked the Connecticut law against symbols `` calculated to ... incite people to disorder , '' anticipating its enforcement at the next Harvard - Yale football game . Ohio exempted college pennants and Wisconsin made an exception for historical museums . Minnesota allowed red flags for railroad and highway warnings . Setting patriotic standards , red flag laws regulated the proper display of the American flag : above all other flags , ahead of all other banners in any parade , or flown only in association with state flags or the flags of friendly nations . Punishment generally included fines from $1,000 to $5,000 and prison terms of 5 to 10 years , occasionally more . At the federal level , the Espionage Act of 1917 and the amendments to it in the Sedition Act of 1918 prohibited interference with the war effort , including many expressions of opinion . With that legislation rendered inoperative by the end of World War I , Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer , supported by President Wilson , waged a public campaign in favor of a peacetime version of the Sedition Act without success . He sent a circular outlining his rationale to newspaper editors in January 1919 , citing the dangerous foreign - language press and radical attempts to create unrest in African American communities . At one point Congress had more than 70 versions of proposed language and amendments for such a bill , but it took no action on the controversial proposal during the campaign year of 1920 . Palmer called for every state to enact its own version of the Sedition Act . Six states had laws of this sort before 1919 usually aimed at sabotage , but another 20 added them in 1919 and 1920 . Usually called `` anti-syndicalist laws , '' they varied in their language , but generally made it a crime to `` destroy organized government '' by one method or another , including `` by the general cessation of industry , '' that is , through a general strike . Many cities had their own versions of these laws , including 20 in the state of Washington alone . Demise ( edit ) May day 1920 ( edit ) A political cartoon from the Memphis Commercial Appeal depicting an anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty Within Attorney General Palmer 's Justice Department , the General Intelligence Division ( GID ) headed by J. Edgar Hoover had become a storehouse of information about radicals in America . It had infiltrated many organizations and , following the raids of November 1919 and January 1920 , it had interrogated thousands of those arrested and read through boxes of publications and records seized . Though agents in the GID knew there was a gap between what the radicals promised in their rhetoric and what they were capable of accomplishing , they nevertheless told Palmer they had evidence of plans for an attempted overthrow of the U.S. government on May Day 1920 . With Palmer 's backing , Hoover warned the nation to expect the worst : assassinations , bombings , and general strikes . Palmer issued his own warning on April 29 , 1920 , claiming to have a `` list of marked men '' and said domestic radicals were `` in direct connection and unison '' with European counterparts with disruptions planned for the same day there . Newspapers headlined his words : `` Terror Reign by Radicals , says Palmer '' and `` Nation - wide Uprising on Saturday . '' Localities prepared their police forces and some states mobilized their militias . New York City 's 11,000 - man police force worked for 32 hours straight . Boston police mounted machine guns on automobiles and positioned them around the city . The date came and went without incident . Newspaper reaction was almost uniform in its mockery of Palmer and his `` hallucinations . '' Clarence Darrow called it the `` May Day scare . '' The Rocky Mountain News asked the Attorney General to cease his alerts : `` We can never get to work if we keep jumping sideways in fear of the bewiskered Bolshevik . '' The Boston American assessed the Attorney General on May 4 : Everybody is laughing at A. Mitchell Palmer 's May Day `` revolution . '' The joke is certainly on A. Mitchell Palmer , but the matter is not wholly a joke . The spectacle of a Cabinet officer going around surrounded with armed guards because he is afraid of his own hand - made bogey is a sorry one , even though it appeals to the humor of Americans . Of course , the terrible `` revolution '' did not come off . Nobody with a grain of sense supposed that it would . Yet , in spite of universal laughter , the people are seriously disgusted with these official Red scares . They cost the taxpayers thousands of dollars spent in assembling soldiers and policemen and in paying wages and expenses to Mr. Palmer 's agents . They help to frighten capital and demoralize business , and to make timid men and women jumpy and nervous . Palmer 's embarrassment buttressed Louis Freeland Post 's position in opposition to the Palmer raids when he testified before a Congressional Committee on May 7 -- 8 . Collapse ( edit ) Once Palmer 's warnings of a May Day attempt to overthrow the government proved false , the anti-Bolshevik hysteria wound down quickly . In testimony before Congress on May 7 -- 8 , Louis Freeland Post defended his release of hundreds seized in Palmer 's raids so successfully that attempts to impeach or censure him ended . Later in the month , a dozen prominent lawyers including Felix Frankfurter and Roscoe Pound endorsed a report that condemned Palmer 's Justice Department for the `` utterly illegal acts committed by those charged with the highest duty of enforcing the laws '' including entrapment , police brutality , prolonged incommunicado detention , and violations of due process in court . In June , Massachusetts Federal District Court Judge George Anderson ordered the discharge of twenty more arrested aliens and effectively ended the possibility of additional raids . The conservative Christian Science Monitor found itself unable to support Palmer any longer , writing on June 25 , 1920 : `` What appeared to be an excess of radicalism ... was certainly met with ... an excess of suppression . '' Leaders of industry voiced similar sentiments , including Charles M. Schwab of Bethlehem Steel , who thought Palmer 's activities created more radicals than they suppressed , and T. Coleman du Pont who called the Justice Department 's work evidence of `` sheer Red hysteria . '' At the Democratic National Convention in July , Palmer never had a chance at winning the nomination . Coolidge , famous for his opposition to the right of police to strike , won a place on the Republican ticket , but the party 's nominee , and the eventual winner of the 1920 election , was the U.S. Senator from Ohio , Warren G. Harding . He sounded a very different note in mid-August . An interviewer wrote that `` his jaws fairly snapped '' when he said that `` too much has been said about Bolshevism in America . It is quite true that there are enemies of Government within our borders . However , I believe their number has been greatly magnified . The American workman is not a Bolshevik ; neither is the American employer an autocrat . '' When another anarchist bomb exploded on Wall Street in September 1920 , newspaper response was comparatively restrained . `` More bombs may be exploded , '' wrote the New York Times , `` Other lives may be taken . But these are only hazards of a war which ... must be faced calmly . '' If anarchists sought to make people fearful , `` By keeping cool and firm we begin their defeat . '' Nevertheless , the after - effects of the First Red Scare were a major factor in the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924 . See also ( edit ) Centralia massacre Comintern List of New York State Legislature members expelled or censured Lusk Committee McCarthyism Polar Bear Expedition - American Intervention in the Russian Civil War Sacco and Vanzetti - two suspected anarchists executed for an alleged armed robbery in 1920 Ten Days that Shook the World Anti-Italianism Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ... the effects on the labor movement were devastating ... ( Palmer ) had accomplished much of what employers had sought in the immediate post-war era ... Many labor officials had been jailed or deported ; and many industrial unions had been wiped out of existence . '' Encyclopedia of American Social Movements , edited by Immanuel Ness ( Routledge , 2015 ) , p. 559 . Jump up ^ Laws of the United States , Espionage Act of 1917 ( Act of June 15 , 1917 ) , ch. 30 , title I , § 3 , 40 Stat. 219 , amended by Act of May 16 , 1918 , ch. 75 , 40 Stat. 553 - 54 , reenacted by Act of Mar. 3 , 1921 , ch. 136 , 41 Stat. 1359 , ( codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2388 ) ; Laws of the United States , Sedition Act of 1918 , ( 1918 Amendments to § 3 of The Espionage Act of 1917 ) , Act of May 16 , 1918 , ch. 75 , 40 Stat. 553 - 54 , ( repealed by Act of Mar. 3 , 1921 , ch. 136 , 41 Stat. 1359 ) Jump up ^ Ann Hagedorn , Savage Peace : Hope and Fear in America , 1919 ( NY : Simon & Schuster , 2007 ) , 184 - 5 , 218 - 22 Jump up ^ Murray , 58 - 60 ; Brecher , 121 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 87 ; Brecher , 122 - 4 Jump up ^ Brecher , 124 - 5 Jump up ^ Murray , 60 - 1 Jump up ^ Murray , 60 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Murray , 63 Jump up ^ Brecher , 126 - 7 Jump up ^ Brecher , 127 - 8 ; Murray , 64 Jump up ^ Murray , 65 Jump up ^ Murray 65 Jump up ^ Foner , 75 Jump up ^ Foner , 75 - 6 Jump up ^ Brecher , 128 Jump up ^ Murray , 65 - 6 ; Hagedorn , 180 Jump up ^ Foner , 77n ; Noggle , 102 - 3 ; Ole Hanson , Americanism versus Bolshevism ( Garden City , NY , 1920 ) , Americanism versus Bolshevism , accessed April 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Senators Tell What Bolshevism in America Means , '' June 15 , 1919 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 6 ; Hagedorn , 55 ; Murray , 94 ; New York Times : `` Senate Orders Reds Here Investigated , '' February 5 , 1919 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 54 , 58 Jump up ^ United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 12 - 4 ; Powers , 20 Jump up ^ United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 14 ; Lowenthal , 49 Jump up ^ United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 19 , 29 Jump up ^ United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 14 - 8 ^ Jump up to : United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 34 Jump up ^ United States Congress , Bolshevik Propaganda , 475 Jump up ^ Murray , 97 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Bolshevism Bared by R.E. Simmons , '' February 18 , 1919 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , 98 Jump up ^ `` Send Death Bombs to 36 U.S. Leaders '' Chicago Tribune , May 1 , 1919 Jump up ^ The Galleanists were radical anarchists and devotees of Luigi Galleani who advocated ' direct action ' , i.e. bombing and assassination , against capitalists and representatives of the government . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul , Sacco and Vanzetti : The Anarchist Background , Princeton University Press ( 1991 ) , pp. 147 : The inclusion of R.W. Finch , a low - ranking BOI agent who had been assigned to question and investigate the Galleanist movement and had questioned other Galleanists about movements of its members , dispelled any doubt on the identity of the bombers . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul , Sacco and Vanzetti : The Anarchist Background , Princeton University Press ( 1991 ) , p. 142 Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul , Sacco and Vanzetti : The Anarchist Background , p. 141 ^ Jump up to : Plotter Here Hid Trail Skillfully ; His Victim Was A Night Watchman , The New York Times , 4 June 1919 ^ Jump up to : Wreck Judge Nott 's Home , The New York Times , 3 June 1919 Jump up ^ 20 Pounds of Dynamite In Bomb Used in New York , , The Washington Post , June 4 , 1919 Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul , Anarchist Voices : An Oral History of Anarchism in America ( AK Press , 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 904859 - 27 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 904859 - 27 - 7 , p. 496 Jump up ^ Avrich , p. 153 Jump up ^ Avrich , 149 Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul , Sacco and Vanzetti : The Anarchist Background , Princeton University Press ( 1991 ) , pp. 168 - 183 Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul , Anarchist Voices : An Oral History of Anarchism in America ( AK Press , 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 904859 - 27 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 904859 - 27 - 7 , pp. 132 , 501 ^ Jump up to : Murray , 74 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 185 - 6 ; Murray , 75 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 185 - 6 ; Murray 75 - 5 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 185 - 6 Jump up ^ Murray , 77 ^ Jump up to : New York Times : `` For Action on Race Riot Peril , '' October 5 , 1919 , accessed January 20 , 2010 . This newspaper article includes several paragraphs of editorial analysis followed by Dr. Haynes ' report , `` summarized at several points . '' Jump up ^ Walter C. Rucker , James N. Upton . Encyclopedia of American Race Riots . Volume 1 . 2007 , page 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Rucker , Walter C. and Upton , James N. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots ( 2007 ) , 554 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , 60 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : `` Chicago Race Riot of 1919 '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Reds Try to Stir Negroes to Revolt , '' July 28 , 1919 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Reds are Working among Negroes , '' October 19 , 1919 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foner , 93 ; Slater 243 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 351 - 3 Jump up ^ Foner , 96 Jump up ^ Murray , 126 Jump up ^ Murray , 129 ; Foner , 96 - 7 Jump up ^ Pietrusza , 99 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 351 - 2 Jump up ^ Murray , 130 Jump up ^ Foner , 97 Jump up ^ Murray , 132 Jump up ^ Pietrusza , 100 ; Foner , 100 . See also New York Times : `` Bay State Governor Firm , '' September 15 , 1919 . Retrieved February 5 , 1919 . Jump up ^ Brody , 233 - 44 Jump up ^ Rayback , 287 ; Brody , 244 - 253 ; Dubofsky and Dulles , 220 Jump up ^ Rayback , 287 ; Dubofsky and Dulles , 220 - 21 ; Brody , 254 - 55 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Bill Provides Penal Colony in Philippines for Anarchists , '' October 25 , 1919 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brody , 258 - 62 Jump up ^ Coben , 176 - 8 Jump up ^ Lever Food Control Act . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Palmer to Enforce Law , '' November 1 , 1919 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coben , 178 - 9 Jump up ^ Coben , 178 - 9 . On the President 's role , see also Kenneth D. Ackerman , Young J. Edgar : Hoover , the Red Scare , and the Assault on Civil Liberties ( NY : Carroll & Graf , 2007 ) , 100 Jump up ^ Josephus Daniels , The Wilson Era : Years of War and After , 1917 - 1923 ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1946 ) , 546 - 7 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Gompers Repeats Injunction Charge , '' November 23 , 1919 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coben , 179 - 80 ^ Jump up to : Murray , 155 Jump up ^ Coben , 181 Jump up ^ Coben , 181 - 3 ; New York Times : `` Miners Finally Agree , '' December 11 , 1919 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pietruszka , 146 - 7 Jump up ^ Pietruszka , 146 Jump up ^ Coben , 176 Jump up ^ Post , 12 -- 6 , 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Post , 14 -- 6 Jump up ^ McCormick , 158 -- 63 ; Jerome Davis , The Russian Immigrant ( NY : Macmillan , 1922 ) , 114ff. , 164ff. ; Kate Holladay Claghorn , The Immigrant 's Day in Court ( NY : Harper & Brothers , 1923 ) , 367 , 371 -- 3 . Louis Freeland Post details the case of Peter Bianky , who was fully aware of and committed to the revolutionary principles of the Union of Russian Workers , but as for most of that organization 's members among the deportees Post thought it `` a reasonable probability that they were totally ignorant of the objectionable clauses '' in the organization 's statements that provided the legal basis for deporting them . Post , 22 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Post , 3 Jump up ^ The New York Times : `` ' Ark ' with 300 Reds Sails Early Today for Unnamed Port '' , December 21 , 1919 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Post , 4 Jump up ^ Post , 3 , 10 -- 1 Jump up ^ The New York Times : `` Hundreds of Reds on Soviet ' Ark ' Sail Soon for Europe , '' December 13 , 1919 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , 208 -- 09 Jump up ^ Murray , 208 Jump up ^ George Matthew Adams Service , January 24 , 1920 Jump up ^ Waldman , 2 - 7 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Hughes Upholds Socialists ' Rights , '' January 10 , 2910 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Sweet Defends Assembly 's Action '' and `` Smith Assails Assembly , '' January 11 , 2910 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 329 - 30 . See also New York Times : `` Bar Association Upholds Socialists , '' January 13 , 2910 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kriesberg , Martin . `` Soviet News in the ' New York Times ' '' . The Public Opinion Quarterly , Vol. 10 . ( Winter , 1946 -- 1947 ) : 540 -- 564 . JSTOR. 23 Oct. 2014 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , N. Henry Ford and the Jews . The mass production of hate . PublicAffair ( 2001 ) , p. 82 . ISBN 1891620525 . Jump up ^ Wallace , M. The American axis : Henry Ford , Charles Lindbergh , and the rise of the Third Reich . St. Martin 's Press ( 2003 ) , p. 60 . ISBN 0312290225 . Jump up ^ Toczek , Nick ( 2015 ) . Haters , Baiters and Would - Be Dictators : Anti-Semitism and the UK Far Right . Routledge . ISBN 1317525876 . Jump up ^ Singerman 1980 , pp. 48 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Hanson , 317 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 179 ; Hanson , 657 Jump up ^ Hanson , 1069 Jump up ^ Virtuous Men , Hanson , 990 ; The Face at Your Window , Hanson , 257 ; Uncharted Channels , Hanson , 963 -- 4 Jump up ^ In one interesting reversal of the usual plot elements , in Wolves of the Street Wall street profiteers foment a Bolshevik strike to ruin a competitor , the film 's hero . Hanson , 1052 -- 3 Jump up ^ Its working title was Americanism ( Versus Bolshevism ) , Hanson , 187 , the title of a pamphlet by Ole Hanson , the mayor of Seattle who claimed to have broken the Seattle General Strike in 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Brownlow , 263 Jump up ^ Brownlow , 263 ; Hanson , 187 Jump up ^ Brownlow , 264 Jump up ^ Hanson , 711 Jump up ^ Hanson , 386 Jump up ^ Hanson , 110 Jump up ^ Hanson , 112 Jump up ^ Hanson , 994 . The film had a special showing for government officials and political leaders at the National Press Club in Washington , D.C. on July 4 , 1919 several weeks in advance of its release . Jump up ^ Hanson , 86 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 178 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 175 , 180 Jump up ^ Hagedorn , 180 Jump up ^ Other films were When Doctors Disagree , Hanson , 1017 , The Great Shadow , Hanson , 351 , and two films for which prints do not survive : Everybody 's Business , Hanson , 249 , and Give and Take , Hanson , 333 ^ Jump up to : Franklin , 292 Jump up ^ Franklin , 292 - 3 ; Noggle , 107 ; Nelles , 3 Jump up ^ Franklin , 293 Jump up ^ Nelles , 3 Jump up ^ Franklin , 291 Jump up ^ Franklin , 294 . On red flag laws generally , see Chafee , 180ff . Jump up ^ Kennedy , 87 ^ Jump up to : Chafee , 195 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Palmer for Stringent Law , '' November 16 , 1919 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chafee , 195 - 6 Jump up ^ Chafee , 197 Jump up ^ Nelles , 2 Jump up ^ Franklin , 294 - 6 ; Chafe , 187ff . The authoritative study of this subject is Elbridge Foster Dowell , History of Criminal Syndicalist Legislation ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1939 ) Jump up ^ Nelles , 3 - 4 Jump up ^ Coben , 234 - 5 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Nation - Wide Plot to Kill High Officials on Red May Day Revealed by Palmer , '' April 30 , 1920 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coben , 234 - 5 ; New York Times : `` City under Guard against Red Plot Threatened Today , '' May 1 , 1920 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Union Men Assail Palmer , '' May 4 , 1920 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , 253 ; Ackerman , 283 - 4 Jump up ^ Ackerman , 283 - 4 Jump up ^ Coben , 235 - 6 ; Post , 238ff Jump up ^ Gage , 179 - 82 Jump up ^ Ackerman , 277 - 80 , 289 - 94 Jump up ^ Brown , To the American People , 4 ; Coben , 238 - 9 Jump up ^ Stone , 225 - 26 Jump up ^ Stone , 226 ; Chafee , 198 Jump up ^ Coben , 239 ; on business leaders ' denunciations of the deportations and defense of immigrants from charges of radicalism , see John Higham , Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism ( NY : Atheneum , 1968 ) , 232 Jump up ^ Pietrusza , 193 - 4 Jump up ^ Google Books : Sherman Rogers , `` Senator Harding on Labor , '' in The Outlook , vol. 125 , August 18 , 1920 , 668 - 670 , quote 670 ; quoted in part : Gage , 230 - 1 . Harding had used anti-Bolshevik rhetoric earlier , but for his presidential campaign took a conciliatory stance on labor issues . See Randolph C. Downes , The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding , 1865 - 1920 ( Ohio State University Press , 1970 ) , 260 , 275 - 6 , 319 - 22 , 361 , 600 , 605 - 9 Jump up ^ Gage , 184 - 5 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` To Put Down Terrorists , '' September 18 , 1920 . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Yeselson ( 2015 - 12 - 30 ) . `` The Return of the 1920s '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Act of 1924 '' . Densho Encyclopedia . References ( edit ) Ackerman , Kenneth D. , Young J. Edgar : Hoover , the Red Scare , and the Assault on Civil Liberties ( NY : Carroll & Graf , 2007 ) Avrich , Paul , Sacco and Vanzetti : The Anarchist Background , Princeton University Press , 1991 Brecher , Jeremy , Strike ! ( Cambridge , MA : South End Press , revised 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 89608 - 569 - 4 Brody , David , Steelworkers in America : The Nonunion Era ( NY : Harper Torchbooks , 1969 ) , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06713 - 4 Brown , R.G. , et al. , To the American People : Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice ( Washington , DC : National Popular Government League , 1920 ) . Co-authors include Felix Frankfurter and Roscoe Pound . Google Books Brownlow , Kevin , The Parade 's Gone By ... ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1968 ) Chafee , Zechariah , Jr. , Free Speech in the United States ( NY : Harcourt , Brace 1920 ) Coben , Stanley , A. Mitchell Palmer : Politician ( NY : Columbia University Press , 1963 ) Cooper , Jr. , John Milton , Pivotal Decades : The United States , 1900 - 1920 ( NY : W.W. Norton , 1990 ) Dubofsky , Melvyn and Dulles , Foster Rhea , Labor in America : A History , 6th ed . ( Wheeling , IL : Harlan Davidson , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 88295 - 979 - 4 Foner , Philip S. , History of the Labor Movement in the United States , v. 8 Postwar Struggles , 1918 - 1920 ( NY : International Publishers , 1988 ) , ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0388 - 0 Franklin , F.G. `` Anti-Syndicalist Legislation , '' American Political Science Review , v. 14 ( 1920 ) , 291 - 8 Gage , Beverly The Day Wall Street Exploded : A Story of America in its First Age of Terror ( NY : Oxford , 2009 ) Hagedorn , Ann , Savage Peace : Hope and Fear in America , 1919 ( NY : Simon & Schuster , 2007 ) Hanson , Patricia King and Gevinson , Alan , eds. , The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States , vol. F1 : Feature Films , 1911 - 1920 ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1988 ) Kennedy , David M. , Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( NY : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) Leuchtenburg , William E. , The Perils of Prosperity , 1914 - 32 ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1958 ) Lowenthal , Max , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( NY : William Sloane Associates , 1950 ) McCormick , Charles H. , Seeing Reds : Federal Surveillance of Radicals in the Pittsburgh Mill District , 1917 - 1921 ( Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1997 ) Murray , Robert K. , Red Scare : A Study in National Hysteria , 1919 - 1920 ( Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 1955 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 22673 - 3 Nelles , Walter , Seeing Red : Civil Liberty and the Law in the Period Following the War ( American Civil Liberties Union , 1920 ) Noggle , Burl , Into the Twenties : The United States from Armistice to Normalcy ( Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press , 1974 ) Pfannestiel , Todd J. , Rethinking the Red Scare : The Lusk Committee and New York 's Crusade against Radicalism , 1919 - 1923 ( Routledge , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 94767 - 7 Pietrusza , David , 1920 : The Year of Six Presidents ( NY : Carroll & Graf , 2007 ) Post , Louis F. , The Deportations Delirium of Nineteen - twenty : A Personal Narrative of an Historic Official Experience ( NY , 1923 ) Powers , Richard Gid , Not Without Honor : The History of American Anticommunism ( Yale University Press , 1998 ) Rayback , Joseph G. , A History of American Labor , revised ed . ( NY : MacMillan , 1966 ) , ISBN 0 - 02 - 925850 - 2 Slater , Joseph , `` Labor and the Boston Police Strike of 1919 , '' Aaron Brenner , Benjamin Day , and Immanuel Ness , eds. , The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History ( Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe , 2009 ) , 239 - 51 Stone , Geoffrey R. , Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism ( NY : W.W. Norton , 2004 ) United States Senate , Committee on the Judiciary : Bolshevik Propaganda : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary , United States Senate , Sixty - fifth Congress , Third Session and Thereafter , Pursuant to S. Res. 439 and 469 . February 11 , 1919 , to March 10 , 1919 ( Government Printing Office , 1919 ) Waldman , Louis , Albany , The Crisis in Government : The History of the Suspension , Trial and Expulsion from the New York State Legislature in 1920 of the Five Socialist Assemblymen by their Political Opponents ( NY : Boni and Liveright , 1920 ) Further reading ( edit ) Brown , R.G. , et al. , To the American People : Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice ( Washington , DC : National Popular Government League , 1920 ) . Co-authors include Felix Frankfurter and Roscoe Pound . `` Chicagoans Cheer Tar Who Shot Man : Sailor Wounds Pageant Spectator Disrespectful to Flag '' , Washington Post , May 7 , 1919 . Accessed May 2 , 2007 L.S.G. , `` Fear of Dissent '' , The Nation , April 17 , 1920 . Retrieved April 13 , 2005 . Nelles , Walter . Seeing Red : Civil Liberty and the Law in the Period Following the War ( NY : American Civil Liberties Union , 1920 ) , accessed February 11 , 2010 . A. Mitchell Palmer , America or Anarchy ? An Appeal to Red - Blooded Americans to Strike an Effective Blow for the Protection of the Country We Love from the Red Menace Which Shows Its Ugly Head on Every Hand , published as a pamphlet by Martin L. Davey , Member of Congress from the 14th District of Ohio . Retrieved April 13 , 2005 . A. Mitchell Palmer , `` The Case Against the Reds '' , World War I At Home : Readings on American Life , 1914 -- 1920 ( NY : John Wiley and Sons ) , 185 - 189 . Retrieved April 13 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Red Scare ( 1918 -- 1921 ) Image Database History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Red_Scare&oldid=863499883 '' Categories : Political history of the United States Anti-anarchism in the United States Anti-communism in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Political and cultural purges Industrial Workers of the World Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Anarchism in the United States Political repression in the United States Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 Scares Mass hysteria in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 04 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the first red scare in the united states was a reaction to which event	[ "The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings. At its height in 1919–1920, concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the alleged spread of communism and anarchism in the American labor movement fueled a general sense of concern.\n" ]	[ "due to real and imagined events; real events included the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings" ]
-3038947432826795585	I Can See Clearly Now	I Can See Clearly Now - wikipedia I Can See Clearly Now Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see I Can See Clearly Now ( Johnny Nash album ) and I Can See Clearly Now ( Gospel Gangstaz album ) . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Johnny Nash from the album I Can See Clearly Now B - side `` How Good It Is '' Released June 23 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 Genre Reggae Length 2 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Johnny Nash Johnny Nash singles chronology `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' is a song written , composed , and originally recorded by Johnny Nash . It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972 , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was covered by many artists throughout the years , including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff , who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings , where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Johnny Nash version 1.1 Track listings 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.2. 1 Certifications 2.2. 2 Chart succession 3 Jimmy Cliff version 3.1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 3.1. 3 Sales and certifications 3.1. 4 Chart succession 4 Other covers 5 References Johnny Nash version ( edit ) After Nash wrote and composed the original version , he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , and produced it himself . Its arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences . Nash had cooperated with Bob Marley in the past , and his approach drew strongly from Marley 's reggae style . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` How Good It Is '' -- 2 : 38 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` Cupid '' -- 3 : 30 Chart performance ( edit ) After making modest chart advances for a month , the RIAA - certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4 , 1972 , remaining atop this chart for four weeks , and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart . Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand ( Listener ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Black Singles 38 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 46 Canada 55 UK 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 47 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` My Ding - a-Ling '' by Chuck Berry Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' by The Temptations Preceded by `` If I Could Reach You '' by The Fifth Dimension Billboard Easy Listening Singles number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'd Love You to Want Me '' by Lobo Jimmy Cliff version ( edit ) Reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . It was released as a single in 1994 , reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff 's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years , and is his highest - charting single in the United States . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Jimmy Cliff from the album Cool Runnings soundtrack B - side `` Sweet Jamaica '' by Tony Rebel Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1993 Genre Pop - reggae Length 3 : 16 Label Chaos Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Paul Henton Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( RPM ) 16 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary Recurrents ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 98 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 66 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 285,000 Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` It Keeps Raining '' by Bitty McLean New Zealand RIANZ number - one single January 16 , 1994 - February 20 , 1994 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heater '' by The Mutton Birds Preceded by `` Je danse le Mia '' by IAM French SNEP number - one single June 18 , 1994 - July 2 , 1994 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Like To Move It '' by Reel 2 Real feat . The Mad Stuntman Other covers ( edit ) The song also appears in various other films , such as Grosse Pointe Blank , The Break - up , Thelma & Louise , Antz , Deep Blue Sea , Envy , Hitch , Igor , Shrek 2 's `` Far Far Away Idol , '' `` Viktor Vogel -- Commercial Man , '' and Jennifer 's Body , as well in a 2009 advertisement for Lipton in the Middle East and Russia . It is also briefly sung by Cheech in the movie Up in Smoke . It has also been covered by these artists : Funk , Inc. in 1973 on Hangin ' Out Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1973 on Imagination Petula Clark ( 1974 Come On Home ) Ray Charles ( highest charting R&B version # 35 in 1978 ) Hothouse Flowers in 1990 on Home ( this version was a # 23 hit in the UK Singles Chart in August 1990 ) Holly Cole Trio in 1993 on Do n't Smoke in Bed Soul Asylum on After the Flood : Live from the Grand Forks Prom , June 28 , 1997 Neil Finn in 1998 to raise money for The Fred Hollows Foundation . Finn 's version also played in the movie Antz , where Z and Bala find Insectopia . Dream Sequence in 1999 , as `` Clearly , '' an uptempo eurodance remix Anne Murray ( 1999 What A Wonderful World and 2001 reissue of There 's a Hippo in My Tub ) R&B guitarist Jonathan Butler recorded a cover from his 2010 album So Strong . Simone Dinnerstein & Tift Merritt on their 2013 album , Night Nancy Sinatra on Shifting Gears in 2013 . Alex E Horace Andy Aswad Beat Crusaders Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François ' song Ken Boothe Doyle Bramhall Susan Cadogan Eagle - Eye Cherry for the romantic comedy Over Her Dead Body Rick Danko Elsa as `` Éternité , '' another French version Even in Blackouts on The Fall of the House of Even Everlife Claude François as `` Toi et le soleil , '' a French version Bobby Goldsboro Dobie Gray Lloyd Green Richie Havens Martin Kitcher ( On the Best Of ... ) James Last Lorie - cover of the French Toi et le Soleil Claude François version Susie McEntire Kaitlyn Maher The Mamas & the Papas Liza Minnelli Marisa Monte Geoff Moore and the Distance Willie Nelson Donny Osmond Procol Harum in concert medleys Francis Rossi on One Step at a Time ( Deluxe Edition only ) Kermit Ruffins Screeching Weasel on My Brain Hurts and the soundtrack of Jennifer 's Body Sonny and Cher Dusty Springfield ( recording unissued and subsequently lost or destroyed ) The Three Blind Mice during `` Far Far Away Idol '' in Shrek 2 Toots & the Maytals Lee Towers In November 2002 , the song was featured prominently in `` The Freak , '' an episode of the NBC police drama television series Boomtown . In November 2016 , a cover version of the song by the Hothouse Flowers was featured in the premiere episode of British Motoring show , The Grand Tour , causing the song to reach the number 1 position on the iTunes 's Top 40 UK Rock Song chart in late 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com. 1972 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart ( 1989 release ) Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1972 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Johnny Nash -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 341 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM - Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 24 , December 25 , 1993 '' . RPM. 1993 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jimmy Cliff Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jimmy Cliff search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1994 - 03 - 26 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Jimmy Cliff . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Jimmy Cliff . Jump up ^ Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Jimmy Cliff . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Jimmy Cliff . Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved January 30 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Argent : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Imagination '' . allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . I Can See Clearly Now - Nash Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Released : 1990 ( ... ) composed by ( ... ) 7 . Johnny Nash Jump up ^ `` So Strong overview '' . Allmusic.com . Johnny Nash Studio albums I Can See Clearly Now ( 1972 ) My Merry - Go - Round ( 1973 ) Celebrate Life ( 1974 ) Here Again ( 1986 ) Singles `` As Time Goes By '' `` Cupid '' `` Stir It Up '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` ( What a ) Wonderful World '' `` Rock Me Baby '' Related topics JAD Records Book : Johnny Nash Jimmy Cliff Studio albums Jimmy Cliff ( 1969 ) Another Cycle ( 1971 ) Give Thankx ( 1978 ) Cliff Hanger ( 1985 ) Humanitarian ( 1999 ) Rebirth ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Reggae Night ( 2004 ) Soundtrack albums The Harder They Come ( 1972 ) Songs `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Reggae Night '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Clearly_Now&oldid=801976743 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Jimmy Cliff songs Johnny Nash songs Screeching Weasel songs Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in New Zealand Epic Records singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 04 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings it going to be a bright sunshiny day	[ "\n\n\"I Can See Clearly Now\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Johnny Nash\n\n\nfrom the album I Can See Clearly Now\n\n\nB-side\n\"How Good It Is\"\n\n\nReleased\nJune 23, 1972\n\n\nFormat\n7\" single\n\n\nRecorded\n1972\n\n\nGenre\nReggae\n\n\nLength\n2:45\n\n\nLabel\nEpic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJohnny Nash\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJohnny Nash\n\n\nJohnny Nash singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Stir It Up\"\n(1972)\n\"I Can See Clearly Now\"\n(1972)\n\"There Are More Questions Than Answers\"\n(1972)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Stir It Up\"\n(1972)\n“I Can See Clearly Now”\n(1972)\n\"There Are More Questions Than Answers\"\n(1972)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Johnny Nash" ]
3287651535783181303	Naruto: Shippuden (season 7)	Naruto : Shippuden ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Naruto : Shippuden ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Naruto : Shippuden ( Season 7 ) Season 7 Cover Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 8 Release Original network TV Tokyo Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Naruto : Shippuden episodes The seventh season of the Naruto : Shippuden anime series is directed by Hayato Date , and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo . The seventh season aired from January 21 to March 11 , 2010 on TV Tokyo in Japan . The anime only season follows Naruto Uzumaki attempting to destroy the Forbidden Jutsu . It is referred to by its DVDs as the chapter of The Six - Tailed Demon Slug ( 六尾発動 , Rokubi Hatsudō ) . The two DVD volumes were released by Aniplex on August 4 and September 1 , 2010 . On January 2 , 2009 , Viz Media and Crunchyroll began providing the series ' subtitled episodes . The English dubbed version of the season aired on Neon Alley from February 4 to 16 , 2013 . This season contains two musical themes : `` Sign '' by Flow is used as the opening theme and `` For You '' by Azu is used as the ending theme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode listing 2 Home releases 2.1 Japanese 2.2 English 3 References Episode listing ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date 144 `` Wanderer '' `` Fūraibō '' ( 風来坊 ) January 21 , 2010 February 4 , 2013 On a cliff a young man , a girl , and her servant are attacked by a group of ninja . The servant sends word to the Hidden Leaf Village for aid and the young man , Utakata , leaves with the girl , Hotaru . Back in the Leaf , Tsunade tells Shizune of a clan named the Tsuchigumo and an elder named En no Gyoja who developed a forbidden jutsu , which the Leaf are to prevent the theft of . Team 7 and Yamato arrive to assist Utakata and Hotaru , but Utakata leaves immediately with faith that they will assist her . 145 `` Successor of the Forbidden Jutsu '' `` Kinjutsu no keishōsha '' ( 禁術の継承者 ) January 28 , 2010 February 9 , 2013 The ninja bandits have a meeting with their leader about the Forbidden Jutsu . Elsewhere Team 7 tricks Hotaru into staying as her bodyguards until they reach her village . After reminiscing about the past , Utakata wakes up to come across the ninja bandits and fights them until he is cornered by their barrier jutsu which soon explodes . Team 7 finally reach Hotaru 's village and they leave her in their care , but Naruto senses something troubling and heads back to the village , suspicious of the villagers ' attitude toward Hotaru . 146 `` The Successor 's Wish '' `` Keishōsha no omoi '' ( 継承者の想い ) February 4 , 2010 February 9 , 2013 Hotaru 's uncle shows her to her room , where she is ambushed by the bandits . They are trapped and Hotaru escapes into the forest , but the bandits catch up to her . Utakata saves her , and the bandit 's leader shows that Utakata is being hunted for 50 million ryo . Utakata and Hotaru land in a secluded place where Hotaru shows him something on her body . Suddenly Mist Tracker Ninja attack Utakata and take Hotaru hostage . They tell Hotaru that Utakata killed his former master . Naruto soon arrives with Yamato and Sai . 147 `` Rogue Ninja 's Past '' `` Nukenin no kako '' ( 抜け忍の過去 ) February 11 , 2010 February 9 , 2013 The Hidden Mist ANBU and Yamato negotiate and it is hinted that Utakata is a Jinchuriki . It is then decided that Utakata will travel with the Hidden Leaf until their mission is complete before the Mist ANBU take him back to their village . Utakata did n't mean to kill his master ; it is realized that while trying to separate the tailed beast from him , it came out and killed Utakata 's master . Later Hotaru is hurt leading Naruto to find out that the Forbidden Jutsu is engraved into her back . 148 `` Heir to Darkness '' `` Yami no kōkeisha '' ( 闇の後継者 ) February 18 , 2010 February 9 , 2013 The bandits ' leader appears on Mt . Katsurugi and listens in on a conversation between Tonbei , Hotaru , Utakata , and Team 7 . Tonbei suggests that they should remove the Forbidden Jutsu from Hotaru for her safety , but Hotaru suggests searching for Shiranami , another person who could use the jutsu . Naruto leaves to go search for him and it is revealed that the bandit leader is Shiranami . Utakata leaves to speak with Tsurugi , but Tsurugi and the rest of the Anbu encounter a dog with Rinnegan eyes . 149 `` Parting '' `` Betsuri '' ( 別離 ) February 25 , 2010 February 16 , 2013 Naruto arrives at Shiranami 's cabin and is captured by the bandits . Utakata , who had found a note left by Hotaru and was looking for her , arrives and drives the bandits away with his Tailed Beast 's chakra . Hotaru encounters Shiranami , who captures her and takes her to the Tsuchigumo village . He takes control of her and the villagers and takes her with him to unseal the Forbidden Jutsu . Naruto and Utakata track Shiranami and Hotaru to the village , but are attacked by the villagers and the bandits , who stall them until Team 7 arrives . 150 `` The Forbidden Jutsu Released '' `` Kinjutsu hatsudō '' ( 禁術発動 ) March 4 , 2010 February 16 , 2013 Shiranami has Hotaru in a binding jutsu that keeps her restrained in one place . Shiranami asserts that Hotaru is nothing but a vessel to collect the natural chakra energy that will release the jutsu . Utakata and Naruto arrive but are held back by Shiranami 's binding jutsu . However , they manage to free themselves . Meanwhile , Team 7 struggles with the bandits and villagers and is unable to advance . Finally , Shiranami gathers all the energy he requires and releases the Fury Jutsu . 151 `` Master and Student '' `` Shitei '' ( 師弟 ) March 11 , 2010 February 16 , 2013 Hotaru cries , believing that she killed Naruto and Utakata , however they still manage to move . Meanwhile , Team 7 fights the bandits and defeat them . Hotaru 's body starts to overflow with natural chakra and Shiranami tries to escape but is defeated by Naruto . Utakata then uses his beast to consume and stops the flow of chakra . In the end , Team 7 leaves and Hotaru and Utakata start their travels , but Utakata is ambushed by Pain and defeated , using his last strength to blow bubbles to tell Hotaru to live on . Home releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) Volume Date Discs Episodes Reference August 4 , 2010 144 -- 147 September 1 , 2010 148 -- 151 English ( edit ) Viz Media ( North America , Region 1 ) Box set Date Discs Episodes Reference 12 October 9 , 2012 141 -- 153 Madman Entertainment ( United Kingdom , Region 2 ) Volume Date Discs Episodes Reference 12 March 18 , 2013 141 -- 153 Madman Entertainment ( Australia / New Zealand , Region 4 ) Collection Date Discs Episodes Reference 12 January 9 , 2013 141 -- 153 References ( edit ) General `` List of Naruto : Shippuden episode titles '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 六尾発動の章 ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto.com , Crunchyroll , Hulu Begin Shippūden Streams '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto : Shippuden Season Seven DVDs '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 六尾発動の章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 12 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 12 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 12 ( Eps 141 - 153 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . ( hide ) Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto Media Volumes Part I Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 Part II , volumes 49 -- 72 Naruto episodes Season 1 5 Shippuden episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals episodes Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Boruto episodes Films Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow Legend of the Stone of Gelel Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom Shippuden Bonds The Will of Fire The Lost Tower Blood Prison Road to Ninja The Last Boruto Video games Clash of Ninja series Clash of Ninja Ninja Council series The New Era Ultimate Ninja series Generations Revolution Rise of a Ninja The Broken Bond Characters Naruto Uzumaki Sasuke Uchiha Sakura Haruno Kakashi Hatake Gaara Rock Lee Shikamaru Nara Hinata Hyuga Orochimaru Jiraiya Itachi Uchiha Boruto Uzumaki Related Jutsu Ninja World Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N J - Stars Victory VS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naruto:_Shippuden_(season_7)&oldid=803156620 '' Categories : 2010 Japanese television seasons Naruto episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in season 7 of naruto shippuden	[ "\n\nNaruto: Shippuden (Season 7)\n\n\n\nSeason 7 Cover\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nJapan\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n8\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nTV Tokyo\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 6\nNext →\nSeason 8\n\n\n\nList of Naruto: Shippuden episodes\n\n" ]	[ "8" ]
-541586771883669062	Jennifer Stone	Jennifer Stone - wikipedia Jennifer Stone Jump to : navigation , search For the American canoeist , see Jennifer Stone ( canoeist ) . Jennifer Stone Stone attending `` The 6th Annual Hollywood Style Awards '' in Beverly Hills in October 2009 Jennifer Lindsay Stone ( 1993 - 02 - 12 ) February 12 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Arlington , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2003 -- present Jennifer Lindsay Stone ( born February 12 , 1993 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Harper Finkle on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place , and the main character of Harriet the Spy : Blog Wars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Stone was first cast as Martha in Secondhand Lions , for which she received a Young Artist Award nomination . She recalls only having recognized Michael Caine from Miss Congeniality while on the set of Secondhand Lions . Stone also received a Young Artist Award nomination for her guest appearance on House , M.D. She guest appeared on Line of Fire and Without a Trace . In 2009 , she had a voice role in the Disney Channel Original Movie Dadnapped . She also lent her voice to Phineas and Ferb as the voice of Amanda , Candace 's daughter in the future in 2 episodes . In 2010 , she played Harriet in the film Harriet the Spy : Blog Wars , based on the book of the same title by Louise Fitzhugh , which she later admitted she had not read before starring in the film . She later starred in the film Nothing Left to Fear and the television film High School Possession . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2003 Secondhand Lions Martha 2011 Fresh Studio Maddie Rogers 2013 Nothing Left to Fear Mary 2014 High School Possession Chloe Mitchell Television roles Year Title Role Notes Line of Fire Lily O'Donnell Episode : `` Mother and Child Reunion '' 2005 House Jessica Simms Episode : `` Heavy '' 2005 Without a Trace Brittany Episode : `` The Innocents '' 2007 -- 2012 Wizards of Waverly Place Harper Finkle Main role , 91 episodes 2009 Dadnapped Debbie Television film 2009 Phineas and Ferb Amanda / Additional Voices Voice role ; 2 episodes 2009 Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie Harper Finkle Television film Harriet the Spy : Blog Wars Harriet M. Welsch Television film 2011 Mean Girls 2 Abby Hanover Television film 2011 -- 2012 Generator Rex Beverly Holiday Voice role ; 2 episodes 2012 Pair of Kings Priscilla Episode : `` Make Dirt , Not War '' 2013 -- 2014 Deadtime Stories Babysitter Main role , 11 episodes 2013 Body of Proof Hannah Episode : `` Lost Souls '' 2013 The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Harper Finkle Television film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Refs Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Younger Secondhand Lions Nominated 2006 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Television Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Guest Starring Young Actress House , M.D. Nominated 2008 Young Artist Award Best Young Ensemble Performance in a TV Series ( with Selena Gomez , David Henrie and Jake T. Austin ) Wizards of Waverly Place Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Sidekick Wizards of Waverly Place Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Her mother is Emma Stone . 25th Annual Young Artist Awards . Archived 2011 - 08 - 08 at WebCite YoungArtistAwards.org . Accessed November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 27th Annual Young Artist Awards . Archived 2010 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . YoungArtistAwards.org . Accessed November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laracy , Noah ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Stone : A Back Stage Exclusive '' . Backstage . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards 2012 - Nominees - KCA 2012 '' . Nick.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Stone . Jennifer Stone on IMDb Jennifer Stone on Twitter VIAF : 163861121 LCCN : no2010086372 BNF : cb16249692g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Stone&oldid=802540482 '' Categories : 1993 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Texas American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Arlington , Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays harper in wizards of waverly place	[ "Jennifer Lindsay Stone (born February 12, 1993) is an American actress. She is known for playing Harper Finkle on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place, and the main character of Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars." ]	[ "Jennifer Lindsay Stone" ]
733429888953785516	Anzac Day	Anzac Day - Wikipedia Anzac Day Jump to : navigation , search Anzac Day Anzac Day Dawn Service at Kings Park , Western Australia , 25 April 2009 , 94th anniversary Observed by Australia New Zealand Type Commemorative , patriotic , historic Significance National day of remembrance and first landing of the Anzacs at Gallipoli Observances Dawn services , commemorative marches , remembrance services Date 25 April Next time 25 April 2019 ( 2019 - 04 - 25 ) Frequency Annual Related to Remembrance Day ( Commonwealth of Nations ) , Armistice Day , Veterans Day , Memorial Day Anzac Day ( / ˈænzæk / ) is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders `` who served and died in all wars , conflicts , and peacekeeping operations '' and `` the contribution and suffering of all those who have served '' . Observed on 25 April each year , Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) who fought at Gallipoli against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands , Niue , Pitcairn Islands , and Tonga , and previously was a national holiday in Papua New Guinea and Samoa . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Gallipoli campaign 1.2 Foundations 1.3 Anzac Day since World War II 1.4 Revival 2 Dawn service 3 Commemoration 3.1 Australia 3.1. 1 Australian postage stamps 3.1. 2 Australian football 3.1. 3 Rugby League football 3.2 New Zealand 3.3 Turkey 3.4 Other overseas ceremonies 3.4. 1 Antarctica 3.4. 2 Belgium 3.4. 3 Brunei 3.4. 4 Canada 3.4. 5 Cyprus 3.4. 6 Egypt 3.4. 7 United Kingdom 3.4. 8 France 3.4. 9 Germany 3.4. 10 Hong Kong 3.4. 11 Ireland 3.4. 12 Israel 3.4. 13 Kiribati 3.4. 14 Malaysia 3.4. 15 Malta 3.4. 16 Poland 3.4. 17 Singapore 3.4. 18 Sudan 3.4. 19 Thailand 3.4. 20 United States 4 Criticism of some commemorations 5 Criticism of Anzac Day 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) An Australian veteran on Anzac Day . Anzac Day marks the anniversary of the first campaign that led to major casualties for Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War . The acronym ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , whose soldiers were known as Anzacs . Anzac Day remains one of the most important national occasions of both Australia and New Zealand . Gallipoli campaign ( edit ) Main article : Gallipoli Campaign In 1915 , Australian and New Zealand soldiers formed part of an Allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula to open the way to the Black Sea for the Allied navies . The objective was to capture Constantinople , the capital of the Ottoman Empire , which was an ally of Germany during the war . The ANZAC force landed at Gallipoli on 25 April , meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Army commanded by Mustafa Kemal ( later known as Atatürk ) . What had been planned as a bold strike to knock the Ottomans out of the war quickly became a stalemate , and the campaign dragged on for eight months . At the end of 1915 , the Allied forces were evacuated after both sides had suffered heavy casualties and endured great hardships . The Allied deaths totalled over 56,000 , including 8,709 from Australia and 2,721 from New Zealand . News of the landing at Gallipoli made a profound impact on Australians and New Zealanders at home and 25 April quickly became the day on which they remembered the sacrifice of those who had died in the war . Though the Gallipoli campaign failed to achieve its military objectives of capturing Constantinople and knocking the Ottoman Empire out of the war , the actions of the Australian and New Zealand troops during the campaign bequeathed an intangible but powerful legacy . The creation of what became known as an `` Anzac legend '' became an important part of the national identity in both countries . This has shaped the way their citizens have viewed both their past and their understanding of the present . The heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory , and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation . Foundations ( edit ) The first commemoration occurred in Adelaide , South Australia . It was the site of Australia 's first built memorial to the Gallipoli landing , unveiled by Governor - General Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson on `` Wattle Day '' , 7 September 1915 , just over four months after the first landings . The monument was originally the centrepiece of the Wattle Day League 's Gallipoli Memorial Wattle Grove , later known as `` Wattle Grove '' , on Sir Lewis Cohen Avenue in the South Park Lands but in 1940 the Adelaide City Council moved the monument and its surrounding pergola to Lundie Garden , a lawned area off South Terrace near the junction with Anzac Highway . The original native pines and remnant seedlings of the original wattles still grow in `` Wattle Grove '' . Also in South Australia , Eight Hour Day , 13 October 1915 , was renamed `` Anzac Day '' and a carnival was organised to raise money for the Wounded Soldiers Fund . The date 25 April was officially named Anzac Day in 1916 ; in that year it was marked by a wide variety of ceremonies and services in Australia and New Zealand , including a commemorative march through London involving Australian and New Zealand troops . In New Zealand it was gazetted as a half - day holiday . Australian Great War battalion and brigade war diaries show that on this first anniversary , units including those on the front line , made efforts to solemnise the memory of those who were killed this day twelve months previously . A common format found in the war diaries by Australian and New Zealand soldiers for the day commenced with a dawn requiem mass , followed mid-morning with a commemorative service , and after lunch organised sports activities with the proceeds of any gambling going to Battalion funds . This occurred in Egypt as well . In Queensland on 10 January 1916 Canon David John Garland was appointed the honorary secretary of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland ( ADCCQ ) at a public meeting which endorsed 25 April as be the date promoted as `` Anzac Day '' in 1916 and ever after . Devoted to the cause of a non-denominational commemoration that could be attended by the whole of Australian society , Garland worked amicably across all denominational divides , creating the framework for Anzac Day commemorative services . Garland is specifically credited with initiating the Anzac Day march , the wreath - laying ceremonies at memorials and the special church services , the two minutes silence , and the luncheon for returned soldiers . Garland intended the silence was used in lieu of a prayer to allow the Anzac Day service to be universally attended , allowing attendees to make a silent prayer or remembrance in accordance with their own beliefs . He particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes . In London , in the same year , over 2,000 Australian and New Zealand troops marched through the streets of the city . A London newspaper headline dubbed them `` The Knights of Gallipoli '' . Marches were held all over Australia in 1916 ; wounded soldiers from Gallipoli attended the Sydney march in convoys of cars , accompanied by nurses . Over 2,000 people attended the service in Rotorua . For the remaining years of the war , Anzac Day was used as an occasion for patriotic rallies and recruiting campaigns , and marches of serving members of the AIF were held in most cities . From 1916 onwards , in both Australia and New Zealand , Anzac memorials were held on or about 25 April , mainly organised by returned servicemen and school children in cooperation with local authorities . Flags on the cenotaph in Wellington for the 2007 Dawn March . From left to right , the flags of New Zealand , the United Kingdom and Australia Anzac Day was gazetted as a public holiday in New Zealand in 1920 , through the Anzac Day Act , after lobbying by the New Zealand Returned Services ' Association , the RSA . In Australia at the 1921 State Premiers ' Conference , it was decided that Anzac Day would be observed on 25 April each year . However , it was not observed uniformly in all the states . Anzac Day at Manly , Queensland , 1922 On 30 April 1915 , when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand , a half - day holiday was declared and impromptu services were held . During the 1920s , Anzac Day became established as a National Day of Commemoration for the 60,000 Australians and 18,000 New Zealanders who died during the war . The first year in which all the Australian states observed some form of public holiday together on Anzac Day was 1927 . By the mid-1930s , all the rituals now associated with the day -- dawn vigils , marches , memorial services , reunions , sly two - up games -- became part of Australian Anzac Day culture . New Zealand commemorations also adopted many of these rituals , with the dawn service being introduced from Australia in 1939 . Anzac Day since World War II ( edit ) With the coming of the Second World War , Anzac Day became a day on which to commemorate the lives of Australians and New Zealanders lost in that war as well and in subsequent wars . The meaning of the day has been further broadened to include those killed in all the military operations in which the countries have been involved . Anzac Day was first commemorated at the Australian War Memorial in 1942 , but , due to government orders preventing large public gatherings in case of Japanese air attack , it was a small affair and was neither a march nor a memorial service . Anzac Day has been annually commemorated at the Australian War Memorial ever since . A large commemoration march in Wagga Wagga , New South Wales ( April 2008 ) In New Zealand , Anzac Day saw a surge in popularity immediately after World War II . However this was short - lived , and by the 1950s many New Zealanders had become antagonistic or indifferent towards the day . Much of this was linked to the legal ban on commerce on Anzac Day , and the banning by many local authorities of sports events and other entertainment on the day . Annoyance was particularly pronounced in 1953 and 1959 , when Anzac Day fell on a Saturday . There was widespread public debate on the issue , with some people calling for the public holiday to be moved to the nearest Sunday or abolished altogether . In 1966 a new Anzac Day Act was passed , allowing sport and entertainment in the afternoon . From the 1960s , but especially in the 1970s and 1980s , Anzac Day became increasingly controversial in both Australia and New Zealand . Protests against the Vietnam War were common Anzac Day occurrences during the 1960s and 1970s . In 1967 , two members of the left - wing Progressive Youth Movement in Christchurch staged a minor protest at the Anzac Day ceremony , laying a wreath protesting against the Vietnam War . They were subsequently convicted of disorderly conduct . In 1978 , a women 's group laid a wreath dedicated to all the women raped and killed during war , and movements for feminism , gay rights , and peace used the occasion to draw attention to their respective causes at various times during the 1980s . In the 1980s , Australian feminists used the annual Anzac Day march to protest against rape and violence in war and were banned from marching . Until 1981 Papua New Guinea commemorated its war dead on Anzac Day ; however , since then Remembrance Day has been observed on 23 July , the date of the first action of the Papuan Infantry Battalion against the Japanese at Awala in 1942 during the Kokoda Track campaign . Revival ( edit ) Royal Victoria Regiment marching through Melbourne on ANZAC Day 2008 Anzac Day at Darwin , 25 April 2013 Following Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War , interest in Anzac Day reached its lowest point . On 26 April 1975 The Australian newspaper covered the passing of Anzac Day in a single story . However , since the 1980s , attendance at Anzac Day has grown , with an increasing number of those attending being young Australians , many of whom attend ceremonies swathed in Australian flags , wearing green and gold T - shirts and beanies and with Australian flag tattoos imprinted on their skin . This phenomenon has been perceived by some as a reflection of the desire of younger generations of Australians to honour the sacrifices made by the previous generations . Hobart Cenotaph , Tasmania , Australia -- with wreaths for ANZAC Day Australians and New Zealanders recognise 25 April as a ceremonial occasion to reflect on the cost of war and to remember those who fought and lost their lives for their country . Commemorative services and marches are held at dawn , the time of the original landing , mainly at war memorials in cities and towns across both nations and the sites of some of Australia and New Zealand 's more - recognised battles and greatest losses , such as Villers - Bretonneux in France and Gallipoli in Turkey . One of the traditions of Anzac Day is the `` gunfire breakfast '' ( coffee with rum added ) which occurs shortly after many dawn ceremonies , and recalls the `` breakfast '' taken by many soldiers before facing battle . Later in the day , ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen meet and join in marches through the major cities and many smaller centres . In 2018 , female veterans were encouraged to march at the front of their sections . The By The Left initiative was launched following a number of reported cases where servicewomen had been challenged that they were wearing their medals on the wrong side , as people should wear their own medals on the left side of their chest , but people marching in place of their parents or other ancestors should wear that person 's medals on the right side . Dawn service ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poppies , a symbol of remembrance The wreath laying at the 2008 dawn service at the Australian War Memorial at Hyde Park Corner , London . After the First World War , returned soldiers sought the comradeship they felt in those quiet , peaceful moments before dawn . With symbolic links to the dawn landing at Gallipoli , a dawn stand - to or dawn ceremony became a common form of Anzac Day remembrance during the 1920s . The first official dawn service was held at the Sydney Cenotaph in 1927 . Dawn services were originally very simple and followed the operational ritual ; in many cases they were restricted to veterans only . The daytime ceremony was for families and other well - wishers and the dawn service was for returned soldiers to remember and reflect among the comrades with whom they shared a special bond . Before dawn the gathered veterans would be ordered to `` stand - to '' and two minutes of silence would follow . At the start of this time a lone bugler would play the Last Post and then concluded the service with Reveille . In more recent times the families and young people have been encouraged to take part in dawn services , and services in Australian capital cities have seen some of the largest turnouts ever . Reflecting this change , the ceremonies have become more elaborate , incorporating hymns , readings , pipers and rifle volleys . Others , though , have retained the simple format of the dawn stand - to , familiar to so many soldiers . Australian War Memorial Anzac Day dawn service , 25 April 2013 . The crowd of around 35,000 people is addressed by Corporal Ben Roberts - Smith VC MG who is reading stories and anecdotes from Australian service men and women relating to the war in Afghanistan . Typical modern dawn services follow a pattern that is now familiar to generations of Australians , containing the following features : introduction , hymn , prayer , an address , laying of wreaths , recitation , the playing of the Last Post , a minute of silence , Reveille , and the playing of both the New Zealand and Australian national anthems . At the Australian War Memorial , following events such as the Anzac Day and Remembrance Day services , families often place artificial red poppies beside the names of relatives on the Memorial 's Roll of Honour . In Australia , sprigs of rosemary are often worn on lapels and in New Zealand poppies have taken on this role . Commemoration ( edit ) The Last Post is played at an Anzac Day ceremony in Port Melbourne , Victoria , 25 April 2005 . Ceremonies like this are held in virtually every suburb and town in Australia and New Zealand on Anzac Day each year . In Australia and New Zealand , Anzac Day commemoration features solemn `` Dawn Services '' or `` Dawn Marches '' , a tradition started in Albany , Western Australia on 25 April 1923 and now held at war memorials around both countries , accompanied by thoughts of those lost at war to the ceremonial sounds of the Last Post on the bugle . The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon 's poem For the Fallen ( known as the `` Ode of Remembrance '' , or simply as `` the Ode '' ) is often recited . Australia ( edit ) Anzac Day is a national public holiday and is considered by many Australians to be one of the most solemn days of the year . Marches by veterans from all past wars , as well as current serving members of the Australian Defence Force and Reserves , with allied veterans as well as the Australian Defence Force Cadets and Australian Air League and supported by members of Scouts Australia , Guides Australia , and other service groups , are held in cities and towns nationwide . The Anzac Day March from each state capital is televised live with commentary . These events are generally followed by social gatherings of veterans , hosted either in a public house or in an RSL club , often including a traditional Australian gambling game called two - up , which was an extremely popular pastime with ANZAC soldiers . In most Australian states and territories , gambling is forbidden outside of licensed venues . However , due to the significance of this tradition , two - up is legal only on Anzac Day . Despite federation being proclaimed in Australia in 1901 , it is argued that the `` national identity '' of Australia was largely forged during the violent conflict of World War I , and the most iconic event in the war for most Australians was the landing at Gallipoli . Dr. Paul Skrebels of the University of South Australia has noted that Anzac Day has continued to grow in popularity ; even the threat of a terrorist attack at the Gallipoli site in 2004 did not deter some 15,000 Australians from making the pilgrimage to Turkey to commemorate the fallen ANZAC troops . Although commemoration events are always held on 25 April , most states and territories currently observe a substitute public holiday on the following Monday when Anzac Day falls on a Sunday . When Anzac Day falls on Easter Monday , such as in 2011 , the Easter Monday holiday is transferred to Tuesday . This followed a 2008 meeting of the Council for the Australian Federation in which the states and territories made an in - principle agreement to work towards making this a universal practice . However , in 2009 , the Legislative Council of Tasmania rejected a bill amendment that would have enabled the substitute holiday in that state . Australian postage stamps ( edit ) Australia Post has issued stamps over the years to commemorate Anzac Day , the first being in 1935 for the 20th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings . The list of issued stamps includes : 1935 -- 20th Anniversary ( 2 values ) 2d Red and 1 / - Black featuring the London Cenotaph . 1955 -- the then current 31⁄2d Purple Nursing commemorative stamp was privately overprinted with the words `` ANZAC 1915 -- 1955 40 YEARS LEST WE FORGET '' and a value ranging from 1d to £ 1 was also added which was the fundraising amount in addition to the legal cost of stamp of which the denomination was 31⁄2d . Eight values were issued and were intended to raise funds for the Anzac commemorations . It is believed these stamps were authorised by the secretary of a leading Melbourne RSL club . 1965 -- 50th Anniversary ( 3 values ) 5d Khaki , 8d Blue and 2 / 3 Maroon featuring Simpson and his donkey . 1990 -- 75th Anniversary ( 5 values ) 41 ¢ x 2 , 65 ¢ , $1 , and $1.10 all featuring various Anzac themes . 2000 -- ANZAC legends ( 4 values ) 45 ¢ x 4 featuring Walter Parker , Roy Longmore , Alec Campbell and the Anzac medal . 2008 -- five stamps depicting Australians showing respect and lines from the Ode of Remembrance 2014 -- 2018 -- A Century of War 2014 -- Tri-services 2015 -- War Animals 2016 -- Vietnam War 2017 -- Women in War 2018 -- War Memorials -- five base rate ( $1 ) stamps depicting Cobbers Statue at Australian Memorial Park , Avenue of Honour in Ballarat , Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier , Canberra , Darwin Cenotaph , the Legacy Memorial at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne Australian football ( edit ) Main article : Anzac Day match In attendance at the 2008 Anzac Day National Service at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra are Angus Houston , Chief of the Defence Force ( Australia ) ( left ) , Murray Gleeson then Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia , Jon Stanhope , Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory ( centre ) , Peter Cosgrove , immediate past Chief of the Defence Force ( Australia ) ( second from right ) , and Kevin Rudd , Prime Minister of Australia ( right ) . During many wars , Australian rules football matches have been played overseas in places like northern Africa , Vietnam , and Iraq as a celebration of Australian culture and as a bonding exercise between soldiers . The modern - day tradition began in 1995 and is played every year between traditional AFL rivals Collingwood and Essendon at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . This annual match is often considered the biggest of the AFL season outside of the finals , sometimes drawing bigger crowds than all but the Grand Final , and often selling out in advance . A record crowd of 94,825 people attended the inaugural match in 1995 . The Anzac Medal is awarded to the player in the match who best exemplifies the Anzac spirit -- skill , courage , self - sacrifice , teamwork and fair play . Collingwood hold the advantage 11 wins to 8 with one draw ( in the inaugural year , 1995 ) . In 2013 , St Kilda and the Sydney Swans played an Anzac Day game in Wellington , New Zealand , the first AFL game played for premiership points outside of Australia . The winning team , Sydney , were presented with the inaugural Simpson - Henderson Trophy by the Prime Minister of New Zealand . The trophy was named after two notable Anzac soldiers : John Simpson Kirkpatrick and Richard Alexander Henderson . Rugby League football ( edit ) Main articles : Anzac Test and Club ANZAC Game From 1997 , the Anzac Test , a rugby league test match , has commemorated Anzac Day , though it is typically played prior to Anzac Day . The match is always played between the Australian and New Zealand national teams , and has drawn attendances of between 20,000 and 45,000 in the past . The final Anzac test occurred in 2017 . Domestically , matches have been played on Anzac Day since 1927 ( with occasional exceptions ) . Since 2002 , the National Rugby League ( NRL ) has followed the lead of the Australian Football League , hosting a match between traditional rivals St George Illawarra Dragons and the Sydney Roosters each year to commemorate Anzac Day in the Club ANZAC Game , although these two sides had previously met on Anzac Day several times as early as the 1970s . Since 2009 , an additional Anzac Day game has been played between the Melbourne Storm and New Zealand Warriors . New Zealand ( edit ) Each year on ANZAC Day in Te Awamutu , New Zealand the graves of War Veterans are decorated New Zealand 's Commemoration of Anzac Day is similar . The number of New Zealanders attending Anzac Day events in New Zealand , and at Gallipoli , is increasing . For some , the day adds weight to the idea that war is futile . Dawn service in Wellington , New Zealand on the 100 year anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli Dawn Marches and other memorials nationwide are typically attended by the New Zealand Defence Force , the New Zealand Cadet Forces , members of the New Zealand Police , New Zealand Fire Service , Order of St John Ambulance Service ( Youth and Adult Volunteers ) as well as Scouting New Zealand , GirlGuiding New Zealand and other uniformed community service groups including in most places the local Pipe Band to lead or accompany the March , and sometimes a Brass Band to accompany the hymns . Anzac Day now promotes a sense of unity , perhaps more effectively than any other day on the national calendar . People whose politics , beliefs and aspirations are widely different can nevertheless share a genuine sorrow at the loss of so many lives in war . Paper poppies are widely distributed by the Returned Services Association and worn as symbols of remembrance . This tradition follows that of the wearing of poppies on Remembrance Sunday in other Commonwealth countries . The day is a public holiday in New Zealand . Shops are prohibited from opening before 1 pm as per the Anzac Day Act 1966 . A prior Act passed in 1949 prevented the holiday from being `` Mondayised '' ( moved to the 26th or 27th should the 25th fall on a weekend ) , although this drew criticism from trade unionists and Labour Party politicians . In 2013 , a member 's bill introduced by Labour MP David Clark to Mondayise Anzac Day and Waitangi Day passed , despite opposition from the governing National Party . New Zealand 's reason for having Anzac Day as its national commemoration day is different to Australia . In 1921 the poppies were ordered by the RSA for Armistice Day but arrived too late on the ship Westmorland . The RSA was stuck with the cost of 350,000 of these French made poppies and to get its money returned quickly it chose the next commemoration date available to sell them -- Dardanelles Day , 25 April 1922 . This date then stuck in the psyche of New Zealanders ever since . So Anzac Day in New Zealand was used by accident and not as a direct association to Anzac , Australia or Gallipoli . New Zealand did copy Australia in having dawn services 16 years later , despite New Zealand not landing at dawn at Gallipoli . Attempts have been made to revert to Armistice Day , commencing with the `` Tomb for the Unknown Warrior '' parade in 2004 . But New Zealanders have resisted , unaware of its history . The reason for some wanting to revert is that other bigger battles and losses have since been ignored . Gallipoli accounted for 8 % of New Zealand 's war losses and 60 % of those were not the result of direct combat . Turkey ( edit ) In Turkey the name `` ANZAC Cove '' was officially recognised by the Turkish government on Anzac Day in 1985 . In 1934 , Kemal Atatürk delivered the following words to the first Australians , New Zealanders and British to visit the Gallipoli battlefields . This was later inscribed on a monolith at Ari Burnu Cemetery ( ANZAC Beach ) which was unveiled in 1985 . The words also appear on the Kemal Atatürk Memorial , Canberra , and the Atatürk Memorial in Wellington : Those heroes that shed their blood And lost their lives . You are now lying in the soil of a friendly country . Therefore rest in peace . There is no difference between the Johnnies And the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side Here in this country of ours . You , the mothers , Who sent their sons from far away countries Wipe away your tears , Your sons are now lying in our bosom And are in peace After having lost their lives on this land they have Become our sons as well . In 1990 , to mark the 75th anniversary of the Gallipoli landing , Government officials from Australia and New Zealand ( including Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke and New Zealand Governor - General Paul Reeves ) as well as most of the last surviving Gallipoli veterans , and many Australian and New Zealand tourists travelled to Turkey for a special Dawn Service at Gallipoli . The Gallipoli Dawn Service was held at the Ari Burnu War Cemetery at Anzac Cove , but the growing numbers of people attending resulted in the construction of a more spacious site on North Beach , known as the `` Anzac Commemorative Site '' in time for the year 2000 service . A ballot was held to allocate passes for Australians and New Zealanders wishing to attend Anzac Day commemorations at Gallipoli in 2015 . Of the 10,500 people that could be safely , securely and comfortably accommodated at the Anzac Commemorative Site , in 2015 this comprised places for 8,000 Australians , 2,000 New Zealanders and 500 official representatives of all nations involved in the Gallipoli campaign . Only those who received an offer of attendance passes attended the commemorations in 2015 . Other overseas ceremonies ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The High Commissioners of Australia and New Zealand lay wreaths at an Anzac Day ceremony at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa . Anzac Day ceremony in Montreal , Quebec Anzac Day dawn service at the New Zealand Memorial , Hyde Park Corner , London , 25 April 2008 Boys Brigade review on 25 April 2005 ( Rarotonga ) Australian and New Zealand soldiers during an Anzac Day dawn service at Camp Taji in Iraq during 2018 Antarctica ( edit ) Scott Base holds a ceremony honouring the fallen on Anzac Day . Americans from the nearby McMurdo Station are often invited . Belgium ( edit ) In Ypres -- Belgium , the ANZAC - Day Ceremony is held at the Menin Gate at 11 A.M. Brunei ( edit ) In Muara , a pre-dawn service is held on 25 April at the Brunei - Australia Memorial as a remembrance of the servicemen and women of Australia and New Zealand . The commemoration is held on Muara Beach , the site where the Allied forces led by Australia 's 9th Division landed in Brunei on 10 June 1945 as part of the campaign to liberate Borneo from the Japanese . Canada ( edit ) In Newfoundland , Canada , the Gallipoli offensive is commemorated each year on 25 April by the Royal Newfoundland Regiment who hold a march from Government House through the streets of St. John 's ending at the National War Memorial . Members of both the Australian and New Zealand armed forces are invited each year to participate in the march and wreath laying ceremonies . Calgary has had a Cenotaph Service annually at Central Park with participation from the local military . In Winnipeg , Manitoba Anzac service is held at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada by the Down Under Club of Winnipeg . In Edmonton , Alberta , Anzac dawn service is held annually at Edmonton City Hall Cenotaph . In London , Ontario Anzac service is held at Wolseley Barracks , Royal Canadian Regiment ( RCR ) Memorial , 701 Oxford Street East , London . In Toronto , Ontario , Anzac service is held at the Armour Heights Officers ' Mess , Canadian Forces College . In Vancouver , British Columbia , Anzac service is held at Victory Square , Vancouver . In Comox , British Columbia , Canada , `` Vancouver Island Anzac Day '' is held on the Saturday closest to 25 April . Hosted by the HMCS_Alberni Museum and Memorial , the ceremony is held at HMCS QUADRA in association with 19 Wing Comox . Cyprus ( edit ) In Nicosia , the ANZAC Day dawn service is held at the Nicosia War Cemetery ( Waynes Keep ) at 05 : 00 . The ceremony is usually attended by expatriates from both countries and by high - ranking officials of the UN peacekeeping mission deployed on the island . Egypt ( edit ) In Cairo , Egypt , Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate New Zealand and Australian communities with a dawn ceremony held at the Old Cairo War Graves Cemetery , Abu Seifen Street , Old Cairo . New Zealand and Australian Embassies rotate hosting the service . United Kingdom ( edit ) In London , England , a 5 am Dawn Service is held , alternating between the Australian War Memorial , and the more recently constructed New Zealand War Memorial , both of which are at Hyde Park Corner . The day is also marked by a 9 am Wreath Laying Ceremony and service at the Gallipoli Memorial in the crypt of St Paul 's Cathedral and an 11 am Wreath Laying Ceremony and Parade at The Cenotaph , Whitehall , both of which are attended by official representatives and veterans associations of Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and other countries . The Wreath Laying Ceremony at the Cenotaph is directly followed by a Service of Commemoration and Thanksgiving at Westminster Abbey . The Dawn Service , ceremony at the Cenotaph and the Service of Commemoration and Thanksgiving are usually attended by a member of the Royal Family representing the Queen , and by the High Commissioners of Australia and New Zealand . Anzac Day has been officially observed in London since 1916 , when King George V and Queen Mary attended the first commemorative service at the Abbey . In Tetbury , Gloucestershire , England , a March is held on the nearest Sunday to Anzac Day . The service is held in a graveyard with several war graves of service men from Australia and New Zealand . Veterans and cadets from the local ATC squadron attend . In Oxford , Oxfordshire , England , an Anzac Day service is organised by the Oxford University Australia New Zealand Society . In 2015 the service was held at the University Church on 25 April , followed by dinner in Somerville College Hall . Representatives of the Australian and New Zealand High Commissions attend and Australian , New Zealand , and Turkish students are all involved in the service . A service of remembrance to commemorate Anzac Day and Gallipoli is held at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire , England , UK . This commences with a service in the chapel followed by wreath laying at the Gallipoli memorial . France ( edit ) In France in the towns of Le Quesnoy and Longueval and in the town of Villers - Bretonneux ( on the next closest weekend ) because on 25 April 1918 , the village of Villers - Bretonneux was liberated by the Anzacs . The Australian Government holds an annual dawn service at the Australian National Memorial just outside the small town of Villers - Bretonneux . In French Polynesia , Anzac Day has been commemorated with an official ceremony held in Papeete since 2006 . The 2009 ceremony was attended by French Polynesia President Oscar Temaru , who praised the `` courage and liberty '' of Australian and New Zealand soldiers in a statement . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , Anzac Day is commemorated in Berlin , at the Commonwealth Kriegsgräber , Charlottenburg . ( Commonwealth War Graves ) . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , a simple dawn commemorative service is held at The Cenotaph ( Hong Kong ) in Central , with a member of the Hong Kong Police Band playing the Last Post and Reveille from the balcony of the nearby Hong Kong Club . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate New Zealand and Australian communities . In the absence of an official World War I remembrance , and in honour of Irish soldiers who fought and perished in the Dardanelles and elsewhere , Anzac Day commemorations are also attended by members of veterans groups and historical societies , including the Royal Dublin Fusiliers , O.N.E.T. , the Royal British Legion , UN Veterans , and more . Since the mid-1980s , an evening service has been organised by the New Zealand - Ireland Association , which currently takes place in St Ann 's Church , Dawson St , Dublin 2 . For the 90th anniversary in 2005 , a daylight service was held for the first time in the re-furbished Grangegorman Military Cemetery , Dublin 7 . A Turkish Hazel tree , planted by the Ambassadors of Australia , New Zealand and Turkey , commemorates this occasion . It can be found to the south of the limestone Memorial Wall . Since this date , a dawn service has been held at this location . At the Ballance House in County Antrim , the official New Zealand centre in Northern Ireland , a midday Anzac reception and act of remembrance takes place . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , a commemorative service is held at Jerusalem British War Cemetery on Anzac Day , attended by the ambassadors of Australia and New Zealand . It is also remembered at The Be'er - Sheva Anzac Memorial Centre . Kiribati ( edit ) In Kiribati , Anzac Day is commemorated at the Coast Watchers Memorial on the islet of Betio , Tarawa , hosted by the New Zealand and Australian High Commissions . Malaysia ( edit ) The Sandakan Memorial Park where the ANZAC Day is annually commemorated in the site of the former Sandakan Death Marches in Sabah , Malaysia . The Australian Borneo Exhibition Group organises annual trips for ANZAC veterans and students to commemorate World War II in the states of Sabah and Sarawak . In Kuala Lumpur and Sandakan , Anzac Day is a memorial day to honour the Australian , British , New Zealand and local soldiers who perished during the Second World War . A commemorative service will be held like Dawn Service and Gunfire Breakfast . In Kota Kinabalu , a ceremony is held on 26 April at Jalan Tugu ( Monument Street ) to honour and remember the sacrifices of all freedom fighters including the contribution of Australia and New Zealand to the state of Sabah . In Kuching , a commemorative service was held at the World War II Heroes Graves Memorial in Jalan Taman Budaya ( Culture Park Street ) on 25 April . In Labuan , a commemorative service of Dawn and Twilight service are held on 25 April at the World War II Memorial , the final resting place of some 3,908 war heroes from Australia , Britain , New Zealand , India , Malaya along with those from Borneo and the Philippines who died during the occupation of British Borneo by the Japanese . Malta ( edit ) In Malta Anzac day is commemorated at dawn in Floriana at the Anzac Monument at the Argotti Gardens . Poland ( edit ) In Warsaw every year , a joint ceremony is held with Australian , New Zealand and Polish representatives at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Piłsudski Square . Singapore ( edit ) In Kranji , an Anzac Day dawn service is held by the Australian and New Zealand communities in Singapore on 25 April at the Kranji War Memorial to commemorate the landings at Gallipoli during the First World War against the Ottoman Empire . Memorial services are also held annually at the Kranji War Cemetery to commemorate those who died during the occupation of Singapore by the Japanese . Sudan ( edit ) In South Sudan , Anzac Day is commemorated in the capital Juba at a dawn service at DaVinci by the Nile River by expats and friends of Australia alike . Thailand ( edit ) In Kanchanaburi , Thailand , a dawn service is held at Hellfire Pass , a rock cutting dug by allied Prisoners of War and Asian labourers for the Thai - Burma Railway . This cutting is where the greatest number of lives were lost during railway construction . The dawn service is followed by a `` gunfire breakfast '' ( coffee with a shot ( or two ) of rum ) recalling the ' breakfast ' taken by many soldiers before facing battle . At 11 am a second ceremony is held at the main POW cemetery in the city of Kanchanaburi , where 6,982 POWs are buried , mostly British , Australian , Dutch and Canadians . Over the years , both services have been attended by some Anzac ex-POWs and their families travelling from Australia , as well as ambassadors from the Australian and New Zealand consulates , the Kanchanaburi Provincial Governor , and others . The closest Saturday to Anzac Day also sees the ex-POWs attend an Australian Rules football match between the Thailand Tigers AFL club and a team invited from neighbouring Asian countries . United states ( edit ) In the United States , Anzac Day is commemorated at the Los Angeles National Cemetery in Westwood , California . The New Zealand and Australian Consulates - General rotate hosting the service . The largest expatriate community of New Zealanders and Australians are in Southern California , hence this location . In Santa Barbara , California , Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate Australian and New Zealand communities . In the absence of an official World War I remembrance , several dignitaries from many countries including Australia , New Zealand and the U.S. attend an 11.11 am morning service held at the Elings Park Veteran 's Memorial Walk on 25 April of each year . In New York City , a small mid-morning tribute to Anzac Day is held in the roof garden at the Rockefeller Center British Empire Building in Rockefeller Plaza , 620 Fifth Avenue , overlooking St. Patrick 's Cathedral , on the Sunday nearest 25 April ; it is an annual tradition that has been held at this locale since 1950 . In Washington DC , Australian and New Zealand servicemen and women observe Anzac Day at a dawn service at the Korean War Veterans Memorial on 25 April each year . In Hawaii the Marine Corps hosts an Anzac Day ceremony at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific , known as `` The Punchbowl '' , where several dignitaries from many countries including Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and the U.S. attend to commemorate the memory of all who have fallen for their country . In San Francisco , there is an 11am service at the Log Cabin in the Presidio on the Sunday nearest 25 April . Dignitaries from Australia , New Zealand , Turkey , USA and England attend . It is followed by a BBQ picnic . In Fort Rucker , a dawn service is held on 25 April led by the senior Australian liaison officer at the Fort Rucker memorial garden adjacent to the aviation museum . Invited to attend are all expatriate Australians , New Zealanders , veterans of the 135th assault helicopter company , a composite unit manned by U.S. Army and Royal Australian Navy personnel . Also senior officers of the Fort Rucker general staff . A gunfire breakfast consisting of coffee , rum , and biscuits is served prior to the service . Criticism of some commemorations ( edit ) From the beginning , there has been concern to protect the Anzac tradition from inappropriate use . In Australia , use of the word `` Anzac '' is regulated under the Protection of Word `` Anzac '' Act 1920 . The Protection of Word ' Anzac ' Regulations 1921 state that : `` no person may use the word ' Anzac ' , or any word resembling it , in connection with any trade , business , calling or profession or in connection with any entertainment or any lottery or art union or as the name or part of a name of any private residence , boat , vehicle of charitable or other institution , or other institution , or any building without the authority of the Minister for Veterans ' Affairs '' . The maximum penalty is 12 months imprisonment , or $10,200 for a person and $51,000 for a corporation . For decades , there have been concerns that the participation of young people in Anzac Day events has injected a carnival element into what is traditionally a solemn occasion . The change was highlighted by a rock concert - style performance at the 2005 Anzac Cove commemoration during which attendees drank and slept between headstones . After the event the site was left strewn with rubbish . In 2013 , historian Jonathan King said that `` escalating commercial pressures threaten to turn the centenary ( of the landing at Gallipoli ) into a Big Day Out . '' Over recent years , some historians and commentators have raised concerns over what they see as the increasing commercialisation of Anzac Day . In 2015 , historian Dr Carolyn Holbrook stated that companies were seeking to associate themselves with Anzac Day as `` Anzac is the most potent and popular brand going around in Australia today '' . Historian Professor Joan Beaumont , researcher Jo Hawkins and historical commentator Dr David Stephens have argued that the Federal Government has not been sufficiently enforcing regulations which limit the extent to which companies can refer to Anzac Day , or use the word `` Anzac '' , in their marketing . There has been widespread public opposition to the more blatant attempts to commercialise Anzac Day , which has led to some products being withdrawn from sale . Many of the products associated with the centenary of the Gallipoli landings were also commercial failures . Criticism of Anzac Day ( edit ) Anzac Day has been criticised by a number of Australians and New Zealanders . At its inception , Anzac Day faced criticism from the Australian labour movement , and in the country at large , there was opposition to political exploitation of what was seen as a day of mourning . One controversy occurred in 1960 with the publication of Alan Seymour 's classic play , The One Day of the Year , which dramatised the growing social divide in Australia and the questioning of old values . In the play , Anzac Day is critiqued by the central character , Hughie , as a day of drunken debauchery by returned soldiers and as a day when questions of what it means to be loyal to a nation or Empire must be raised . The play was scheduled to be performed at the inaugural Adelaide Festival of Arts , but after complaints from the Returned Services League , the governors of the Festival refused permission for this to occur . In October 2008 , former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating stated that he believes it is misguided for people to gather each year at Anzac Cove to commemorate the landing at Gallipoli , because it is `` utter and complete nonsense '' to suggest that the nation was `` born again or even , redeemed there . '' The then Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd rejected Keating 's views , saying the Gallipoli campaign is `` part of our national consciousness , it 's part of our national psyche , it 's part of our national identity , and I , for one , as Prime Minister of the country , am absolutely proud of it . '' Some critics have suggested that the revival in public interest in Anzac Day amongst the young results from the fact that younger Australians have not themselves experienced war . Critics see the revival as part of a rise of unreflective nationalism in Australia which was particularly fostered by the then Australian Prime Minister John Howard . Other criticisms have revolved around a perceived overzealousness in Australian attachment to the event , either from participants unaware of the loss or when the focus is at the expense of remembrance of the contribution of New Zealand . In 2005 , then Prime Minister John Howard was criticised for shunning the New Zealand Anzac ceremony at Gallipoli , preferring instead to spend his morning at a barbecue on the beach with Australian soldiers . In 2009 , New Zealand historians noted that some Australian children were unaware that New Zealand was a part of ANZAC . In 2012 a New Zealand journalist caused controversy following comments that Australian World War I soldiers were bludgers and thieves . See also ( edit ) Australia portal New Zealand portal ANZAC Field of Remembrance Memorial Day Alec Campbell , was the last living Australian ANZAC having served at Gallipoli Gallipoli Campaign Royal New Zealand Returned and Services ' Association Military history of Australia Military history of New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ANZAC Day '' . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day Today '' . Anzac.govt.nz . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Qpp Studio ( 1 ) Retrieved on 25 April 2014 Jump up ^ Air New Zealand International , Samoa to commemorate ANZAC day without a public holiday , 25 April 2008 Archived 14 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The ANZAC Day tradition '' . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Broadbent , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Gallipoli : The Fatal Shore . Camberwell , VIC : Viking / Penguin . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 04085 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ANZAC Day 2010 -- The Gallipoli Campaign '' ( PDF ) . Australian Department of Veterans ' Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gallipoli Casualties by Country '' . NZ History . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 1 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Maureen ( 1981 ) . `` Anzac Day in New Zealand , 1916 -- 1939 '' . The New Zealand Journal of History . 15 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 114 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Eveline ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dardanelles Memorial Adelaidia '' . Adelaidia.sa.gov.au. 28 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day '' . The Register . 27 August 1915 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ANZAC Day '' . Adelaide Advertiser. 12 October 1915 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The making of Anzac Day '' Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , New Zealand History online -- Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa , History Group , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , Wellington , New Zealand . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Architect '' of Anzac Day `` . Canon Garland Memorial Society . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Wendy M. Garland , David John ( 1864 -- 1939 ) . Canberra : National Centre of Biography , Australian National University . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ perkinsy . `` The Anzac Day Silence , Religion and Garland '' . Stumbling Through the Past . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian and New Zealand soldiers marching to Westminster Abbey to commemorate the first Anzac Day , London , 25 April 1916 '' . nla.gov.au . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RSA -- Remembrance -- RSA History -- RSA : Ninety Years of Service '' . RSA ( Returned Soldiers ' Association ) . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : A sacred holiday -- Anzac Day Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , New Zealand History online -- Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa , History Group , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , Wellington , New Zealand . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Helen Robinson , ' Lest we Forget ? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations , 1946 -- 1966 ' , New Zealand Journal of History , 44 , 1 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ State Library of South Australia , `` Commemoration '' Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alan Ryan , `` The Australian Army and the Vietnam War in Retrospect '' Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Department of Defence Jump up ^ Modern Anzac Day Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , New Zealand History online -- Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa , History Group , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , Wellington , New Zealand . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Shane Cahill , `` Do n't mention the anti-war feeling '' , The University of Melbourne Voice Vol. 3 , No. 1 , 14 April -- 12 May 2008 Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ruby Murray , The false nationalism of Anzac Day and football Archived 13 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Eureka Street , 24 April 2009 Jump up ^ Bradley , Phillip ( 2013 ) . Hell 's Battlefield : To Kokoda and Beyond ( Second ed . ) . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen and Unwin . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74331 - 755 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Anzac Spirit , The Australian , 25 April 2006 Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ DB Waterson , Anzac Day : Australia 's National Day , ABC News Online Archived 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anne - Marie Hede and John Hall , `` Anzac Day and Australian nationalism : assessing the marketing lifecycle of this cultural phenomenon '' , Deakin University : www.deakin.edu.au/research/stories/hede/anzac-vietnam.doc Jump up ^ `` Stay in Australia on Anzac Day : academic '' Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Sydney Morning Herald , 21 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thousands mark Anzac Day at Gallipoli '' Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Sydney Morning Herald , 25 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Thousands honour Anzac Day at Gallipoli '' Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Sydney Morning Herald , 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles Miranda , `` Embracing our Anzac history '' Archived 29 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Herald Sun , 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ben Knight , Breaking through our Gallipoli ' myth ' , ABC news , 2 November 2008 Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anzac Day Services in France '' . Australian Government Department of Veterans ' Affairs . 5 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day Services Gallipoli , Turkey -- 2014 '' . Australian Government Department of Veterans ' Affairs . 20 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jack ( 2010 ) . Kingdom Collision : The Movement of God 's Spirit in a Time of War . CrossBooks . p. 69 . ISBN 1462700365 . Jump up ^ Slessor , Camron ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Anzac Day : From Iraq to Australia , servicewomen to march as one '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rosemary '' . anzacday.org.au . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stephen . `` The History of Poppy Day '' . RSA.org.nz . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day remembered across the globe '' . ABC News Online . 25 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A changing past : the contemporary Anzac tradition '' . University of South Australia . 21 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Banham ( 12 April 2004 ) . `` Travel ban slapped on military amid fears of Gallipoli terrorist attack '' . Sydney Morning Herald / AAP . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 attend dawn service '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 25 April 2004 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays '' . Australian Government . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Council for the Australian Federation Communique '' . 12 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day holiday '' . Lisa Singh , MP Minister for Workplace Relations ( Media Release ) . Tasmanian Government Communications Unit . 10 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Post releases Anzac Day stamps '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` War Memorials : Honouring those who serve '' . Australia Post . 3 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Post features war memorials on latest stamp issue '' . Australia Post . 10 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial H13624 Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial P00851. 009 Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial MEB0068 Jump up ^ `` Malthouse urges more history education '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 24 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFL 's Anzac clash sold out '' . ABC News Online . 11 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A fighting spirit '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 24 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Tables 1995 '' . Australian Sporting Statistics . Archived from the original on 15 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saints hope for Wellington support '' . 3 News NZ. 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special trophy for historic clash '' . saints.com.au . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where the last ANZAC Test will be played '' . Sporting News . 12 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day -- a guide for New Zealanders '' . anzac.govt.nz . Archived from the original on 19 April 2005 . Jump up ^ The Significance of ANZAC Day , New Zealand Embassy , Tokyo . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Dr Stephen Clarke ( 2012 ) . `` The Poppy '' . RSA ( Returned Soldiers ' Association ) . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Myths & Misconceptions -- a guide to Anzac day for New Zealanders '' . Ministry of Culture and Heritage , NZ . Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Donnell , Hayden ( 22 April 2011 ) . `` Kiwis shortchanged this Easter weekend '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Extra public holidays voted in '' . 3 News NZ. 17 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Why Do We Wear a Red Poppy ' by Gavin Marriott ISBN 978 - 0 - 473 - 35827 - 3 Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Heritage and Culture -- Atatürk Memorial . Retrieved 11 November 2009 Jump up ^ Australian Government War Memorial Encyclopaedia -- Ataturk Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 11 November 2009 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McKenna , Mark . `` Our National Day '' . newmatilda.com . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Modern Anzac Day Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Updated 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Gallipoli 2015 website '' . gallipoli2015.dva.gov.au . Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac service in Antarctica '' . 3 News . 25 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ James Kon ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Over 100 gather for Anzac Day service '' . Borneo Bulletin . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day Ceremonies Overseas 2007 '' . Department of Veteran ' Affairs . Archived from the original on 4 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day Ceremonies in Canada 2015 '' . New Zealand High Commission Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The HMCS Alberni Museum And Memorial -- Our History '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Events -- 2015 '' . Gallipoli Association . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Time in New Zealand : 11 : 39 pm , 17 Feb . `` Anzac Day 2015 -- London Anzac Day Living in the United Kingdom New Zealanders overseas United Kingdom '' . NZEmbassy.com . Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Times -- 26 April 2012 -- Anzac Day Dawn Service in London a Royal affair Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Westminster Abbey -- Worship -- Sermons -- Sermon given at a Service of Commemoration and Thanksgiving to mark Anzac Day : 25th April 2010 Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ANZAC Day Centenary Service and Dinner -- Oxford University Australia New Zealand Society '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand / France Bilateral Relations '' War Commemorations `` . NZ Embassy , New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Archived from the original on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anzac Day commemoration in Tahiti '' . Tahitipresse. 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand / Germany Bilateral Relations '' War Commemorations `` . NZ Embassy , New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ ANZAC Day Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . -- Australian Consulate - General , Hong Kong . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the New Zealand Ireland Association '' . newzealand.ie . Archived from the original on 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Geryl Ogilvy ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` A peek into our history '' . The Star . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 ANZAC Day Commemorative Service -- Kuala Lumpur and Sandakan , Sabah '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simple But Meaningful Ceremony For Anzac Day In Kota Kinabalu '' . Bernama . Malaysian Digest . 26 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricia Hului ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` 50 years since the end of Sarawak 's ' secret ' war '' . The Borneo Post Seeds . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn and twilight services held in Labuan World War II Memorial '' . Labuan Times . 25 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day -- Warsaw '' . New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade Ministry . New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade Ministry . 7 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . To commemorate the 101st anniversary of the landing , the Embassies of New Zealand and Australia , with support from the Warsaw Garrison , will be holding a Service of Remembrance at 1145 hours ( please be in attendance at 1135 ) on Monday 25 April 2015 at the Tomb of Unknown Soldier , Pl . Piłsudskiego in Warsaw . Jump up ^ `` Singapore : Anzac Day Dawn Service '' . Advance. 25 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong Heng ( 2002 ) . `` Kranji Memorials '' . National Library Board . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of Word `` Anzac '' Act 1920 `` . Federal Register of Legislation . Australian Government . Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs , Australian Government . `` Protecting the word Anzac '' . Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Yuko Narushima , Call for a cap on Gallipoli crowds , Sydney Morning Herald , 25 April 2006 Archived 7 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andra Jackson and Doug Conway , RSL chiefs dismayed by Gallipoli rubbish , The Age , 27 April 2005 Archived 22 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ben Haywood , ANZAC Day Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Age , 2 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : King , Jonathan ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` It 's Anzac Day -- not the Big Day Out '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Connor ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` ' Brandzac Day ' : Historian criticises ' new low in the commercialisation of Anzac ' '' . 7 : 30 Report . Archived from the original on 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jill ( 18 April 2015 ) . `` Defining the Anzac spirit : celebration or commodification ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Carolyn ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` How Anzac Day came to occupy a sacred place in Australians ' hearts '' . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ For example , Mark McKenna , Patriot Act Archived 20 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Australian , 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ An Alternative ANZAC Day commemoration Archived 20 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Peace Movement Aotearoa . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Neville ( November 2006 ) . `` ' Australians for Australia ' : The Right , the Labor Party and Contested Loyalties to Nation and Empire in Australia , 1917 to the Early 1930s '' . Labour History : 95 -- 111 . doi : 10.2307 / 27516154 . JSTOR 27516154 . Jump up ^ `` The One Day Of The Year , STC '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallipoli 's Shadows , The Age , 25 April 2003 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Antonette Collins , `` Anzac Gallipoli gatherings misguided , Keating says '' , ABC news , 30 October 2008 Archived 2 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Dennis ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Kevin Rudd rejects Paul Keating 's view on Gallipoli '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gallipoli -- remembering and learning '' . The University of Melbourne Voice Vol. 3 , No. 1 . University of Melbourne . 14 April -- 12 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Brunero , Tim ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` Anzac Day is not for kids '' . livenews.com.au . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Liz Porter , Cry Anzac and let slip the metaphors of war Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The Age 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew Ball , What the Anzac Revival means , The Age , 14 April 2004 Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tony Smith , Conscripting the Anzac myth to silence dissent Archived 17 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Review of Public Affairs , 11 September 2006 . Retrieved 5 April 20095 . Jump up ^ Nick Bryant , The revitalisation of Anzac Day Archived 28 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Matt McDonald , ' Lest We Forget ' : Invoking the Anzac myth and the memory of sacrifice in Australian military intervention , Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 's 50th Annual Convention `` Exploring the Past , Anticipating the Future '' , New York Marriott Marquis , New York City , NY , USA , 15 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian PM snubs NZ at Gallipoli '' . The New Zealand Herald . 24 April 2005 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aussies forget the NZ in ANZAC '' , AAP.com.au Jump up ^ `` Anzac spirit has taken a knock '' Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , AAP Jump up ^ Shaw , John . `` Alec Campbell , Last Anzac at Gallipoli , Dies at 103 , '' Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . New York Times . 20 May 2002 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anzac Day . Anzac Day Gallipoli 2015 Commemorative Australian site Anzac Day : A Guide for New Zealanders Australian Army 's ANZAC Day web page Listen to an excerpt from a simulated recording of Australian troops docking in Egypt after their voyage from Australia to take part in the First World War on australianscreen online . This recording was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia Registry in 2007 Neil Radford ( 2014 ) . `` The beginnings of Anzac Day commemorations in Sydney '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Dictionary of Sydney Trust . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ( CC - By - SA ) The Be'er - Sheva Anzac Memorial Centre Public holidays in Australia New Year 's Day Australia Day Good Friday Easter Saturday Easter Monday Anzac Day Queen 's Birthday Labour Day Christmas Day Boxing Day Public holidays in New Zealand New Year 's Day January 2 Waitangi Day Good Friday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Anzac Day Queen 's Birthday Labour Day Christmas Day Boxing Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anzac_Day&oldid=843022811 '' Categories : ANZAC Public holidays in Australia Public holidays in New Zealand Gallipoli Campaign April observances Observances honoring victims of war Aftermath of World War I 1916 establishments in Australia Annual events in Australia Annual events in New Zealand Armed Forces days Autumn events in Australia Autumn events in New Zealand Spring holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Autumn holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles prone to spam from February 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语粵語中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 10 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the first anzac day service held	[ "The date 25 April was officially named Anzac Day in 1916; in that year it was marked by a wide variety of ceremonies and services in Australia and New Zealand, including a commemorative march through London involving Australian and New Zealand troops. In New Zealand it was gazetted as a half-day holiday.[14] Australian Great War battalion and brigade war diaries show that on this first anniversary, units including those on the front line, made efforts to solemnise the memory of those who were killed this day twelve months previously. A common format found in the war diaries by Australian and New Zealand soldiers for the day commenced with a dawn requiem mass, followed mid-morning with a commemorative service, and after lunch organised sports activities with the proceeds of any gambling going to Battalion funds. This occurred in Egypt as well." ]	[ "1916" ]
-7040545973486062085	Hela (comics)	Hela ( Comics ) - wikipedia Hela ( Comics ) Jump to : navigation , search Hela Hela on the cover of The Mighty Thor vol. 1 , # 150 ( March 1968 ) . Art by Jack Kirby . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Journey into Mystery # 102 ( March 1964 ) Created by Stan Lee ( Writer ) Jack Kirby ( Artist ) In - story information Team affiliations Hell - Lords Death Gods Partnerships Fenris Wolf Loki Midgard Serpent Tyr Notable aliases The Death Queen Mistress of the Darkness Miss Halja Abilities Superhuman strength , stamina , and durability Black magic Telepathy Life expansion Reincarnation Teleportation Deadly touch ( Hand of Glory ) High level mystical powers Hela ( / ˈhɛlə / ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Asgardian goddess of death is based on the Norse goddess , Hel . The ruler of Hel and Niflheim , the character has been a frequent foe of Thor . Debuting in the Silver Age of comic books , Hela first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 102 and was adapted from Norse mythology by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby . Hela is portrayed by Cate Blanchett in the 2017 film Thor : Ragnarok . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Queen of Hel 2.2 Hela on Earth 2.3 Siege of Asgard 2.4 Avengers Prime 2.5 Chaos War 2.6 `` Fear Itself '' 2.7 Queen no more 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 5 In other media 5.1 Film 5.2 Motion comics 5.3 Television 5.4 Video games 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) Hela was adapted from Norse Myths by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby , and first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 102 ( March 1964 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Hela was born in Jotunheim , the land of the giants . She is the child of Loki ( albeit a different incarnation who died during a previous Asgardian Ragnarok ) and the giantess Angrboða . When she came of age , Odin appointed her as the Goddess of the Dead , giving her rulership over the dead in the realms of Hel and Niflheim . Queen of Hel ( edit ) Hela often tried to expand her power to the dead who dwell in Valhalla as well . These attempts often brought Hela into conflict with Odin or his son Thor . She once appeared to Thor while he was on the verge of death after battling the Wrecker who knocked a building onto him while he was depowered . However , she failed to tempt Thor into entering Valhalla , despite an image of one that dwelled in Valhalla . Later , she stole a portion of the sleeping Odin 's soul while he was on the Sea of Eternal Night due to Loki planning to take over Asgard , thus creating a powerful entity known as Infinity . Hela then unleashed Infinity upon the universe . Infinity even took control of Odin . Hela slew Thor , who was restored to life by the sacrifice of her servant , the Silent One . Hela was then slain by Odin to save Thor , but then returned to life by Odin after being convinced by Thor to restore the natural balance of life and death . Hela slew Thor after tracking him down by putting humans in danger , but restored him to life after Sif offered to die in his place . Hela later battled the Olympian Death - god Pluto for the right to claim Odin 's soul , as Odin had been killed by the monster Mangog . As a result , Hela restored Odin to life to prevent Pluto from claiming him . Some time later , Hela confronted Thor . Some time after that , she confronted Odin . She then plotted with Loki to bring about Ragnarök by slaying the god Balder then attacking Asgard . She summoned Volla 's spirit before this to tell her and Loki about Ragnarok , after which she prepared an army of monsters to attack Asgard . However Odin used his powers to prevent Balder dying . Later Balder was restored after the Asgardian 's death and resurrection battling the Celestials . Hela then summoned the Valkyrie to aid in a war against Ollerus , while Hela encountered the other Defenders . Hela was then forced to join a conspiracy of Loki and Tyr against Odin . She also unwillingly entered an alliance with the death - gods of other Earth pantheons , joining their realms together to create a vast hell . As a result , she was destroyed and devoured along with other Death - gods by Demogorge the God - Eater , though it happened to her last , who was wakened by the joining , but was restored to life with Demogorge 's defeat . Hela later allied with Malekith , and took souls of Earth mortals to Hel using special food of the faerie . She then appeared in Asgard to claim Odin 's soul , but was driven off by Thor . She encountered the X-Men and New Mutants in Asgard . She appeared to claim Wolverine 's soul , but was driven off by the X-Men and Mirage . Hel was then invaded by Thor , Balder , the Executioner , and the Einherjar to rescue the captive mortal souls . Hela wrestled Thor for the captive mortal souls . Hela raised an army of the dead to stop Thor 's escape from Hel . During this fight with Thor , in revenge for his defiance and invasion of her realm , Hela cursed Thor with a dark form of eternal life , making him incapable of dying while also making his bones weak and brittle so that they would break more easily and would n't heal from the damage inflicted , Hela reflecting in satisfaction at the image of Thor coming to long for death while she refuses to grant it . Hela then contested against Mephisto who attempted to possess Thor 's soul . Thor creates special mystical armor as protection , but after battling and defeating the Midgard Serpent , his body is pulverized into jelly . Thor eventually forces Hela to lift the curse by using the Destroyer as his host body to invade Hel , forcing Hela to restore his body to life and health before he could destroy her . From time to time , Odin would enter a magical sleep in order to bolster his powers . It was during one of these sleeps that Hela made a plan for power . She corrupted the Valkyries , mentally and physically , transforming them into fire - demons . This also included Danielle Moonstar , of the New Mutants , who was on Earth at the time , who Hela set against the New Mutants . Dani and her team were eventually brought over to Asgard . Hela sent the Valkyries against the dwarves and New Mutants in Asgard . The New Mutants skirmished with Hela 's forces again and again , even rescuing the prisoner Hrimhari , a wolf - prince from a far away land . Hela forced the dwarf Eitri to forge a sword of Asgardian metal `` uru '' . One of Hela 's spells split the group . This resulted in a more efficient recruitment of resistance force , which included the Warriors Three . Hela sent Mirage to kill the sleeping Odin . While most of the Asgardian forces battled Hela 's soldiers , the mutants ventured to Odin 's very bedchambers , saved Odin 's life and foiled Hela 's plans . Hela was defeated when the uru sword was destroyed . Conflict with various forces brought Bruce Banner , a.k.a. the Hulk , and Agamemnon , the leader of the Pantheon , to Hela 's realm . After an undetermined time fighting Hela 's skeletal forces , Agamemnon pleaded , based on a vaguely hinted upon relationship , to allow the two to leave . Hela relented , reluctantly . Hela on Earth ( edit ) Hela was awakened from her mortal guise after Ragnarök by Thor , albeit due to Loki 's machinations . She now lives in Las Vegas , maintaining a lair where she can feed on the souls of random unlucky people , and agrees to use her powers to aid Loki in bringing him back in time to Asgard to complete his own sinister plans for Asgard . She is seen attending a meeting with Mephisto , Blackheart , Satannish and Dormammu about a disturbance created by the newly resurrected Magik , who is looking for the soulsword and the original Bloodstone amulet . Belasco 's daughter , Witchfire appears during the meeting and reveals she is now the current owner of the original amulet and vows to take her father 's place as ruler of Limbo and seat at their table . When Norman Osborn attempted to subdue the X-Men , Cyclops sends Danielle Moonstar to Las Vegas where she approaches Hela for a boon . Hela warns her that the price of the boon is a heavy one , but Dani accepts , requesting `` a new ride home and a big ol ' sword . '' Later , Hela is summoned to Utopia by Hrimhari to save a pregnant Rahne and their child , which is neither human nor mutant . Faced with a moral dilemma , to save his child or Rahne ; Hrimhari asks Hela to restore Elixir to full health so Elixir may heal them both and to take him instead . Hela agrees and takes Hrimhari away . Siege of Asgard ( edit ) During the Siege of Asgard Loki appears before Hela asking if she has made arrangements for the dead . Hela points out she is without a Hel so she can not take them in and plans to let the dead wander Midgard forever . Loki provides her with proof of the Disir , banished , cannibalistic Valkyrie 's who once belonged to Bor whom he cursed for dining on the flesh of other Asgardians to only be able to feed on the souls of gods . Using his extraordinary swordsmanship skills Loki was able to make a group of 13 submit to him . Meeting with Mephisto , Loki strikes up a deal granting a portion of his netherworld to Hela for one thousand and one years , as her new Hel . In exchange for this , Hela erases Loki from the Books of Hel , thus he is no longer tied to Hel or Asgard , gaining absolute freedom . However , unknown to Hela , Loki had manipulated these events in his favor as he had the Disir in his services and had leased them out to Mephisto for one hundred and one days after demonstrating their skill to the demon lord . Hela summons Danielle Moonstar to repay her debt and to gather the spirits of the Asgardians that fell in battle with Norman Osborn 's forces as quickly as possible so they do not fall prey to the Disir . The Disir , still hungry , attack Hela 's new Hel as it was not the true Hel they were banished from . Sensing the Disir 's assault on the dead Asgardians , Hela attempts to protect them using the sword Eir - Gram , but she is disarmed and her arm sliced off brutally . Hela is quickly overwhelmed and her own remaining power insufficient to counter theirs . Absorbing the dead into her body , Hela creates a fortress around herself to protect them and asks Thor for help through the recently deceased body of an Asgardian . With the help of Thor and Tyr , they manage to slay and banish the remaining Disir , whose souls are claimed by the triumphant Mephisto . Avengers prime ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Siege of Asgard , Captain America , Iron Man , and Thor are mysteriously drawn into one of the other Nine Realms , eventually revealed to be the Hel - realm of Hela . Thor , after a fierce struggle with the Enchantress , engages in open combat with the Nightsword - armed Hela , and though managing to hold his own against her and her forces for some time , ultimately falls to her immense and evidently vastly enhanced power . Amora , after teleporting herself and Hela away to save Thor 's life , herself challenges Hela using all her strength , but Hela defeats her twice in quick succession , attempts and fails to destroy Mjolnir , despite summoning Bor himself to her aid , and apparently slays the Enchantress after revealing that she now wields the Twilight Sword of Surtur . After Thor reunites with Iron Man and Captain America , he manages to persuade many of his former Asgardian enemies into rallying behind him into an army against Hela and her own forces . Hela attacks Thor and his allies , defeating and nearly slaying him with the power of the Twilight Sword , but the Enchantress intervenes and saves him , teleporting him away to re-claim Mjolnir and using her own powers to help Thor fight Hela . Thor ultimately manages to claim the Twilight Sword and uses it to restore the Nine Worlds back to their former harmony and order while banishing Hela , but refuses to set Asgard back into the sky , as Amora asks , claiming that using such unholy power for his own ends would make him the same as Hela herself . A grateful and healed Amora then returns Thor and his friends back to Midgard after Thor promises her that her allegiance will not be forgotten . Chaos war ( edit ) During the Chaos War storyline , Hela breaks into Pluto 's throne room in the Underworld to warn him of Amatsu - Mikaboshi 's army of thousands of alien deities decimating the death realms , joining forces with him in a desperate and a seemingly futile attempt to repel the massive assault on their domains . Hela , along with Pluto , Satannish , and many other rulers of Earth 's various netherworlds , are shown to be slaves of the Chaos King after he obliterates the realms of Hell itself . `` Fear itself '' ( edit ) During the 2011 `` Fear Itself '' storyline , Cyclops sends Danielle Moonstar to what 's left of Las Vegas ( after what Juggernaut in the form of Kuurth : Breaker of Stone did to it ) to look for Hela while the X-Men fight Kuurth . Hela had taken to living in a Las Vegas casino . When Moonstar does find Hela , she teleports Moonstar to Hel in order to defend it . When her teammates try to invoke a dark magic to summon a portal to follow Danielle , they end up in Hell instead of Hel where they encounter Mephisto who says that he will get them to Hel if Magma goes out with him . Queen no more ( edit ) Following the death of her lover , Sera , Angela petitions Hela to free her soul . When Hela refuses , Angela launches a campaign to conquer her realm , assisted by Hela 's handmaiden , Leah . Angela eventually succeeds in besting Hela and takes her crown , becoming the new queen . However , she quickly abdicates her position and installs Balder as the ruler of Hel , while a bound Hela is taken prisoner . A greatly weakened Hela later escapes captivity and makes her way to the Triskelion on Earth , where Thanos has been imprisoned after a recent battle with the Ultimates . Disguising her identity with a full hooded robe , she proposes an alliance with Thanos and is tasked with bringing him the Mjolnir of an alternate universe version of Thor as tribute . Accompanied by Proxima Midnight and Black Swan , Hela travels to the Collector 's fortress , where the hammer is being held . There , the trio battle Thor and Beta Ray Bill , and fail in retrieving the hammer . Upon returning to Thanos , Hela reveals her true identity and kills both Black Swan and Proxima Midnight to demonstrate her power . She then tells Thanos that she needs his help to reclaim rule of Hel , and offers to grant him the death he has long been seeking in exchange . Hela then kisses Thanos in a passionate embrace . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Hela possesses attributes common to Asgardian gods . She possesses superhuman strength , speed , stamina , agility and durability . When wearing her cloak , she is far stronger than the vast majority of her race . Her vast strength has allowed her to engage in sustained hand - to - hand combat with Thor . Like all Asgardians she has resistance to magic . Hela has vast mystical powers which she can use for various effects like limitless astral projection while retaining many of her powers and abilities , firing deadly bolts of energy from her hands which can age or even kill Asgardians , levitation and the creation of illusions . Her most powerful ability is her Hand of Glory , a technique that uses mystical energy to enhance the strength of her punch to kill even an Asgardian . As a Death Goddess , Hela has a pact with Death , allowing her to claim the souls of any worshipper of the Asgardians and the Asgardians themselves and take them to Hel or Niflheim , as well as able to travel nearly anywhere within the Nine Worlds in an instant . While Hela 's touch is fatal to mortals as well and she is capable of stealing their souls into Hel , she generally did not claim the souls of mortal heroes , leaving that task to the Valkyries who took the souls of heroes to Valhalla . Hela is usually willing to wait until a person has died before claiming the soul , but she can kill a healthy human or even Asgardian with a single touch , her `` touch of death . '' Hela is also willing to use her illusions to kill living Asgardians . Hela also has the ability to restore a dead Asgardian to life provided their spirits have not passed on to the afterlife , but she rarely used these abilities . Hela always wears her magical cloak which enhances her strength and keeps her young and healthy . The goddess has jet black hair and bright green eyes . Without the cloak , Hela reverts to her true form : in this form half of her body is healthy and beautiful , while the other half is decaying . Without the cloak Hela is very weak and can barely move , and her powers are greatly reduced ; she is unable to levitate or even stand , and can not project mystical bolts . Hela does n't need to wear the cloak ; simply touching it is enough to restore her to her stronger form . The left side of her body appears dead and decayed , though it appears alive and beautifully healthy while she wears her cloak . Hela is often armed with her `` Nightsword , '' and is a proficient swordswoman . Hela can command all of the dead who dwell in Hel and Niflheim , but she has no power over the dead in Valhalla . Other versions ( edit ) In the Marvel 2099 series of stories , the megacorporation Alchemax tried transforming people into false versions of the Norse Aesir in order to gain advantage of the worldwide worship of these beings . A supporting character in Ravage 2099 named Tiana , the love interest of the titular hero , was turned into Hela via technological means for this project . Ultimate Hela , by David Finch In the Ultimate Marvel universe , Thor travels to Valhalla in order to retrieve the soul of the deceased Valkyrie . Hela tells him that if he manages to defeat her army , she will revive Valkyrie , but for a price . In Ultimatum # 3 , after her army is defeated , she reveals that the price is Thor 's soul . He agrees , and the souls of both Valkyrie and the also - deceased Captain America are released . She appears in Ultimate Comics : New Ultimates , telling Thor she will release him in exchange for giving her a son . The next issue has a vision shown to Valkyrie by Amora where Thor is making love with Hela , as he had no other choice . Thor then demands his freedom , however he is informed another deed is still required to release him . Thor , being incapable of killing Hela , is released instead by Valkyrie who is killed in battle with the Defenders , who now have superpowers due to Loki 's intervention . After she discovers that Thor had murdered their son , Modi , Hela displayed an immense fit of rage ; Thor explained to her that Modi had been corrupted by the World Tree and that he had been left with no other option . In X-Men : The End , an alternative reality focusing on the alternate future of the X-Men , Danielle Moonstar is separated and held in confinement in the mutant concentration camp Neverland situated on the Moon when Hela appears before her . Near death from torture and confinement , Moonstar 's struggling pleas are only heard by Hela . Materializing before Moonstar , Hela reminds her that she is a Valkyrie and as such , cherished by the Goddess of Death . After Moonstar invokes both Asgardian and Cheyenne chants , Hela revives her and grants her enhanced powers . Hela appears in the four - issue series Loki , in which Loki has claimed leadership of Asgard . It is revealed that Hela was one of the Asgardians that helped him to the throne , but is now demanding payment for her assistance , along with the seductress Lorelei . In the alternate Marvel Zombies universe , Loki seeking more mischief has induced a zombie wide apocalypse during World War II . A curious Odin makes the decision to investigate personally and is bitten by a zombie . As Odin shares a magical lifeblood with all Asgardians , they all also become zombies , including Hela . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Cate Blanchett as Hela in the 2017 film Thor : Ragnarok Hela appears in the animated direct - to - video film Hulk vs. Thor voiced by Janyse Jaud . In the film , Thor takes Loki to Hel to bargain with Hela for the soul of Bruce Banner after Loki separated Banner from the Hulk and kills him in a botched attempt to defeat Thor , not knowing that Banner was the only person that can control the Hulk . Loki tricked Hela into releasing Bruce Banner from Valhalla so he could reunite with the Hulk . She took Loki instead to make up for losing Banner , but states since he 's her father he wo n't stay long . Cate Blanchett portrays Hela in 2017 's Thor : Ragnarok . In the film , she is the first born of Odin , who helped him in the conquest of the Nine Realms before he became intimidated by her ambitious and warmongering behavior . Hela was defeated in a battle that killed all the Valkyries except one , and locked away in a prison , being able to break free only once her father died on Earth as Thor and Loki found him . After a failed attack by Thor which resulted in the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir and failing to escape back to Asgard , Hela arrived on Asgard and wiped out the majority of its forces while awakening her old army , her giant wolf companion Fenris and taking in Skruge as her Executioner . Hela was defeated by the fire demon Surtur whose skull was placed in the Eternal Flame by Loki as igniting Ragnarok was the only way to prevent her from taking over the rest of the universe . This ultimately resulted in the destruction of Asgard as Thor and the rest of the Asgardians escaped on a spaceship destined for Earth . Motion Comics ( edit ) Hela appears in the Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers motion comic , voiced by Katharine Chesterton . Television ( edit ) Hela appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episodes `` The Fall of Asgard '' and `` A Day Unlike Any Other '' , voiced by Nika Futterman . When the Avengers destroyed the Norn Stones on Earth , a chain reaction of magic scatters them across the 8 other realms connected to Yggdrasil , the Tree of Life . Captain America is transported into Hela 's realm . She tries to convince him to stay while using the illusions of his fallen war comrades . She knows of Loki 's plans and plays along with them , but knows her father would betray her eventually . She agrees to transport Captain America to Asgard to aid his friends on the condition that should he fall in the battle with Loki , his soul will belong to her . Hela appears in the Avengers Assemble episode `` Valhalla Can Wait '' , voiced by Vanessa Marshall . In this version of the character , Hela is made the ruler over Valhalla instead of Hel and Niffleheim . She was shown to be bored pairing her skeleton minions against each other until Loki arrives to cut a deal with her . In exchange that Hela lends Loki the Horn of Hela to control her skeleton minions , she can get entertained by watching Hulk and Thor fight each other . Loki ends up tricking Thor and Hulk into heading to Valhalla where Hela makes them fight each other . When Hulk even tried to attack Hela , she temporarily transformed him back into Bruce Banner and then transformed him back into Hulk . After letting Hela send them back to Earth to continue their fight there , Hulk and Thor fight Loki where they take a dive against him . Hela deems Loki the winner of the fight as she has the giant skeleton that Loki formed take Loki back to Valhalla to keep her entertained in his fight against her skeleton minions . Video games ( edit ) Hela makes a cameo in Hsien Ko 's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . Hela is also a boss in at least the Nintendo DS version of Thor : God of Thunder . In Marvel : Avengers Alliance , Hela appears as a boss in Special Operations 24 : Land of Fire and Ice , after forming an alliance with Surtur , Ymir , and Malekith . She is available as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvel Graphic Novel 15 : The Raven Banner Jump up ^ Thor # 150 Jump up ^ Thor # 154 Jump up ^ Thor # 177 Jump up ^ Thor # 184 Jump up ^ Thor # 186 Jump up ^ Thor # 189 - 190 Jump up ^ Thor # 199 - 200 Jump up ^ Thor # 201 Jump up ^ Thor # 251 Jump up ^ Thor # 274 Jump up ^ Thor # 277 - 278 Jump up ^ Thor # 301 Jump up ^ Defenders # 66 - 68 Jump up ^ Thor # 312 - 314 Jump up ^ Thor Annual # 10 Jump up ^ Thor # 345 Jump up ^ Thor # 354 Jump up ^ X-Men Annual # 9 Jump up ^ Thor # 361 Jump up ^ Thor # 362 Jump up ^ Thor # 373 Jump up ^ Mephisto # 4 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 1 , # 378 ( April 1987 ) Jump up ^ Thor vol. 1 , # 380 ( June 1987 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 382 Jump up ^ New Mutants # 77 - 78 Jump up ^ New Mutants # 79 Jump up ^ New Mutants # 80 , 82 - 85 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3 , # 5 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3 # 12 Jump up ^ X-Infernus # 1 Jump up ^ Dark Avengers # 8 Jump up ^ X-Force vol. 3 # 23 Jump up ^ Siege : Loki # 1 Jump up ^ New Mutants Vol. 3 # 11 Jump up ^ Thor # 611 Jump up ^ Thor # 612 - 614 Jump up ^ Avengers Prime # 1 Jump up ^ Avengers Prime # 2 - 3 Jump up ^ Avengers Prime # 4 Jump up ^ Avengers Prime # 5 Jump up ^ Chaos War # 2 Jump up ^ Chaos War : Ares # 1 Jump up ^ New Mutants # 29 Jump up ^ New Mutants # 30 Jump up ^ Angela : Queen of Hel # 1 - 5 Jump up ^ The Unworthy Thor # 2 Jump up ^ The Unworthy Thor # 3 - 5 Jump up ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Vol 2 # 5 Jump up ^ Ravage 2099 # 8 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimatum # 2 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimatum # 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : New Ultimates # 1 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : New Ultimates # 2 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : New Ultimates # 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Ultimates # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ X-Men : The End , Heroes and Martyrs # 4 Jump up ^ Loki Vol 1 No. 1 ( August 2004 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Marvel Zombies Return Vol 1 . No. 5 ( September 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Strom , Mark ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Studios Confirms Stellar New Cast Members of the Highly Anticipated ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Marvel Studios . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thor Ragnarok : ' MORON ' TV host reveals MASSIVE Hela spoiler -- Chris Hemsworth and fan fury Jump up ^ `` Valhalla Can Wait '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 3 . October 12 , 2014 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ https://news.marvel.com/games/79315/thor-ragnarok-takes-marvel-games-storm/ External links ( edit ) Hela at MarvelDirectory.com Character Gallery Hela Hela at Marvel Database Hela at Comic Vine Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Angela Balder Beta Ray Bill Captain America Jane Foster Frigga Gaea Heimdall Hercules Hermod Hrimhari Iron Man Kelda Odin Sif Silver Surfer Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Absorbing Man Bloodaxe Cobra Desak Destroyer Ego the Living Planet Enchantress Executioner Fafnir Fenris Wolf Firelord Grey Gargoyle Hela Karnilla Kurse Laufey Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Man - Beast Mangog Midgard Serpent Minotaur Mr. Hyde Mongoose Possessor Perrikus Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Serpent Surtur Titania Ulik Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Ymir Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor : Blood Oath Thor : Son of Asgard Thor : Vikings Ultimate Comics : Thor In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Marvel Animated Features Thor soundtrack Thor : The Dark World soundtrack Thor : Ragnarok soundtrack Video games Thor : God of Thunder Thor : Son of Asgard Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Dwarves Elves Giants Hugin and Munin Mjolnir Norns Norn Stones Trolls Valkyrior Thor ( comics ) Marvel Comics deities Elder Gods Chthon Gaea Gibborim Oshtur Set Asgardians Balder Frigga Freya Heimdall Hela Hermod Loki Norns Odin Sigyn Sif Thor Tyr Vidar Volla Heliopolitans Osiris Olympians Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Dionysus Hebe Hecate Hercules Hera Hermes Neptune Pluto Venus Zeus Other deities Amatsu - Mikaboshi Dark Gods Perrikus Leir Narya Perun Thanos Jim Starlin Storylines The Thanos Quest The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Infinity Abyss Annihilation The Thanos Imperative Thanos Rising Infinity Allies Adam Warlock Annihilus Death Corvus Glaive Hela Mephisto Proxima Midnight Enemies Avengers Captain Mar - Vell Doctor Strange Drax the Destroyer Fantastic Four Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Ka - Zar Kronos Mentor Moondragon Nova Silver Surfer Spider - Man Starfox Thor Team affiliations Infinity Watch Secret Defenders Black Order The Cabal Related items Cosmic Cube Infinity Gems Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hela_(comics)&oldid=816893253 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1964 Characters created by Jack Kirby Characters created by Stan Lee Female supervillains Fictional characters with death or rebirth abilities Marvel Comics Asgardians Marvel Comics supervillains Marvel Comics characters who can teleport Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength Marvel Comics characters who use magic Marvel Comics telepaths Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing Fictional goddesses Hidden categories : Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Articles to be expanded from June 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Português Русский Suomi Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the god of death in thor	[ "Hela is portrayed by Cate Blanchett in the 2017 film Thor: Ragnarok." ]	[ "Cate Blanchett" ]
-7378961949648704033	Melisandre	Melisandre - wikipedia Melisandre Jump to : navigation , search Melisandre A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Carice van Houten as Melisandre First appearance Novel : A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) Television : `` The North Remembers '' ( 2012 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Carice van Houten ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases The Red Priestess The Red Woman Gender Female Significant other ( s ) Stannis Baratheon Nationality Unknown ; Came from Asshaii to Westeros Melisandre of Asshai is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . She is a priestess of the god R'hllor and a close advisor to King Stannis Baratheon in his campaign to take the Iron Throne . She is often nicknamed The Red Woman due to the color of her hair and clothes . Introduced in 1998 's A Clash of Kings , Melisandre originates from the continent Essos and has come to Westeros to propagate her faith in the Red God . She subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) . Melisandre is portrayed by Dutch actress Carice van Houten in the HBO television adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 Overview 3 Storylines 3.1 In the books 3.1. 1 Early history and A Game of Thrones 3.1. 2 A Clash of Kings 3.1. 3 A Storm of Swords 3.1. 4 A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons 3.2 In the show 3.2. 1 Season 2 3.2. 2 Season 3 3.2. 3 Season 4 3.2. 4 Season 5 3.2. 5 Season 6 3.2. 6 Season 7 4 TV adaptation 4.1 Recognition and awards 5 References Character description ( edit ) Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , Melisandre is a shadowbinder and a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Originally from Asshai , she has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . She is also referred to as a shadowbinder , being able to cast glamours and perform certain feats of dark magic . Melisandre is introduced in A Clash of Kings and serves as the third - person narrator for one chapter of A Dance with Dragons . She is described as a beautiful woman with red eyes , always dressing in red and rarely sleeping or eating . She possesses magical abilities , has prophetic visions from fire , and takes a militant stance against the other religions of Westeros . Overview ( edit ) Melisandre is not a point - of - view character in the first four novels , her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other characters such as Davos Seaworth and Jon Snow . In A Dance with Dragons , the fifth novel , she has a single point - of - view chapter . George R.R. Martin stated she will return as a viewpoint in future novels . Storylines ( edit ) Personal coat of arms of Stannis Baratheon In the books ( edit ) Early history and a Game of Thrones ( edit ) Melisandre was born an unknown number of years before the start of the series , possibly with the name `` Melony '' . As a child slave , she was sold to the Red Temple and trained for the priesthood . Believing Stannis Baratheon to be the reincarnation of Azor Ahai , a mythic messiah prophesied by her faith , she travels to his island stronghold , Dragonstone , during the events of A Game of Thrones . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Melisandre converts Stannis 's wife Selyse to her religion , along with several other members of Stannis ' court . Stannis ' maester Cressen , fearing Melisandre 's power and her influence over him , tries to assassinate Melisandre with poison in a murder - suicide , and although Melisandre drinks most of the poison her powers allow her to survive . When Stannis ' brother Renly also declares himself king , Melisandre has a vision of Renly defeating Stannis ' host at King 's Landing . She convinces Stannis to impregnate her , giving birth to a shadow demon that kills Renly . She also births another demon that kills Storm 's End 's castellan , Ser Cortnay Penrose , when he refuses to yield Storm 's End . Ser Bryce Caron convinces Stannis to leave Melisandre at Dragonstone during the Battle of the Blackwater , which ends in Stannis ' defeat . During the battle , Ser Garlan Tyrell dons Renly 's armor and leads the Tyrell - Lannister vanguard , thus fulfilling Melisandre 's earlier prophecy . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) Stannis ' advisor Davos Seaworth blames Melisandre for Stannis ' defeat and plans to assassinate her before Melisandre sees the plot in her flames and has him arrested . She attempts to persuade Stannis to sacrifice his bastard nephew Edric Storm to awaken stone dragons beneath Dragonstone . Stannis refuses , but allows her to leech him and burns the leeches to curse Stannis ' rivals : Balon Greyjoy , Robb Stark , and Joffrey Baratheon . All three die in various circumstances soon after , but Davos smuggles Edric to Lys , fearing he will be sacrificed . Melisandre then accompanies Stannis and Davos to the Wall to defeat Mance Rayder 's wildling host . A feast for crows and a Dance with Dragons ( edit ) Jon Snow swaps Mance Rayder 's baby son with Gilly 's baby , and sends the baby with Gilly , Samwell Tarly and Maester Aemon to Oldtown , to prevent Melisandre from burning the baby to perform fire magic . When Stannis orders Mance Rayder to be burned alive for deserting the Night 's Watch , she uses her magic to secretly switch Mance 's identity with Rattleshirt 's , another wildling raider , resulting in Rattleshirt being burned instead . She later reveals this to Jon Snow , and sends Mance to Winterfell with six spearwives to rescue `` Arya Stark '' ( actually Sansa Stark 's handmaiden Jeyne Poole ) from Ramsay Bolton . Melisandre remains at the Wall while Stannis marches on Winterfell . Noting that her powers are stronger at the Wall , she asks R'hllor for a vision of Azor Ahai , but only sees `` Snow '' . She also warns Jon of having seen `` daggers in the dark '' . Jon ignores her warnings , and is later stabbed by mutineers led by Bowen Marsh . In the show ( edit ) Melisandre is played by Dutch actress Carice van Houten in the television adaption of the book series . Season 2 ( edit ) In a ceremony on Dragonstone , Melisandre burns the statues of the Faith of the Seven , drawing the ire of Stannis ' maester Cressen . Cressen attempts to poison her in a murder - suicide attempt ; despite drinking the poison , Melisandre is unharmed . She convinces Stannis to impregnate her , giving birth to a shadow demon that kills Stannis ' brother Renly , a rival claimant to the throne . However , Stannis ' advisor Davos Seaworth counsels Stannis to leave Melisandre on Dragonstone when he attacks King 's Landing ; when the attack fails , Melisandre claims that Stannis ' defeat was a result of not bringing her to the battle . Stannis attempts to strangle Melisandre in a fit of rage , before she makes him understand his role in Renly 's death , and assures him that his betrayals will be worth it in the end . Season 3 ( edit ) Melisandre begins burning members of Stannis ' court alive at Dragonstone . Davos , blaming Melisandre for Stannis ' defeat , tries to assassinate her but fails and is imprisoned . She travels to the Riverlands to meet up with the Brotherhood without Banners , who have taken on Robert Baratheon 's bastard Gendry as a blacksmith . During her meeting , Melisandre is astonished when the Red Priest Thoros of Myr reveals he has resurrected the Brotherhood 's leader Ser Beric Dondarrion six times . Melisandre purchases Gendry from the Brotherhood , much to the fury of Gendry 's friend Arya Stark . Melisandre uses Gendry 's blood in a ritual to kill Stannis ' rivals . However , before Gendry can be sacrificed , Davos helps him escape . Davos staves off his own execution by showing Stannis a letter from the Night 's Watch , claiming that the White Walkers have returned . After burning the letter in the flames , Melisandre corroborates Davos ' story , and declares that Stannis will have need of Davos in future . Season 4 ( edit ) Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall . Before the Baratheon forces sail north , she convinces Selyse Baratheon to bring Stannis ' daughter Shireen to the Wall with them , claiming that the Lord of Light has use for her . Season 5 ( edit ) Melisandre presides over Mance Rayder 's burning . She attempts to seduce Jon Snow , but he rejects her advances . She later joins Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . When a large snowstorm delays their march , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice Shireen . Stannis initially refuses , but after a raiding party led by Ramsay Bolton burns their supplies , he gives in and allows her to burn Shireen at the stake . The blizzard lifts , but half of Stannis ' army deserts and Selyse commits suicide out of guilt for Shireen 's death . Melisandre flees to Castle Black , where her distraught demeanour leads Davos and Jon to realise that Stannis and Shireen are dead . Season 6 ( edit ) Still reeling from Stannis ' defeat , Melisandre is further shocked when Jon is assassinated by his officers , as she had had a vision of him fighting at Winterfell . In shock and suffering a crisis of faith , she returns to her chambers , removing her necklace and hence revealing her true form of an extremely old woman . Following the imprisonment of the mutineers by the wildlings , Davos persuades her to attempt a resurrection of Jon , which , to her shock , is ultimately successful . Melisandre comes to believe that the `` prince that was promised '' was not Stannis , but Jon , and dedicates herself to his service . Realizing that her constant meddling had done more harm than good , Melisandre works no magic without Jon 's permission , nor does she try to convert anyone -- including Snow -- to worship the Lord of Light . Melisandre joins Jon in his march on Winterfell to confront Ramsay Bolton . Although Jon forbids her from resurrecting him again if he falls . Melisandre says she will at least try , as the Lord of Light might still need him . In the aftermath of House Stark 's recapture of Winterfell ( which validates her vision ) , Melisandre is confronted by Davos , who has discovered that she burned Shireen at the stake . Jon Snow exiles her from the North , threatening to have her executed if she ever returns . Melisandre protests that she is now dedicated to the cause of defeating the White Walkers , but ultimately agrees to leave and rides south . Season 7 ( edit ) Melisandre arrives on Dragonstone , which is now occupied by Daenerys Targaryen . Melisandre claims that both she and Jon ( who has been crowned King in the North since her exile ) are the `` prince that was promised '' , and suggests that Daenerys summon Jon to Dragonstone to hear of his experiences fighting the White Walkers . When Jon and Davos arrive on Dragonstone to meet Daenerys , Melisandre avoids them and decides to return to Volantis . Although Daenerys ' advisor Varys warns that Melisandre will not be safe if she ever returns to Westeros , she declares that she will eventually make one final journey to Westeros to die . Tv adaptation ( edit ) Carice van Houten plays the role of Melisandre in the television series Melisandre is played by the Dutch actress Carice van Houten in the television adaption of the series of books . Recognition and awards ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2016 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Melisandre played by Carice van Houten '' . HBO . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27 : 22 Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Carice van Houten on Melisandre '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Peters , Lucia ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Meet the Second Season Cast of Game of Thrones ! '' . Defy Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Nominations : 12 Years A Slave And Breaking Bad Lead Way '' . Deadline.com . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : Lone Survivor , Game Of Thrones Win Stunt Honors '' . Deadline.com . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisandre&oldid=800122196 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional child killers Fictional fortune tellers Fictional priests and priestesses Fictional witches Witchcraft in television Witchcraft in written fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español فارسی Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did the lady in red give birth to	[ "Melisandre converts Stannis's wife Selyse to her religion, along with several other members of Stannis' court. Stannis' maester Cressen, fearing Melisandre's power and her influence over him, tries to assassinate Melisandre with poison in a murder-suicide, and although Melisandre drinks most of the poison her powers allow her to survive. When Stannis' brother Renly also declares himself king, Melisandre has a vision of Renly defeating Stannis' host at King's Landing. She convinces Stannis to impregnate her, giving birth to a shadow demon that kills Renly. She also births another demon that kills Storm's End's castellan, Ser Cortnay Penrose, when he refuses to yield Storm's End. Ser Bryce Caron convinces Stannis to leave Melisandre at Dragonstone during the Battle of the Blackwater, which ends in Stannis' defeat. During the battle, Ser Garlan Tyrell dons Renly's armor and leads the Tyrell-Lannister vanguard, thus fulfilling Melisandre's earlier prophecy." ]	[ "a shadow demon" ]
681851149417060389	Golden spike	Golden spike - wikipedia Golden spike Jump to : navigation , search This article is about railroad construction . For other uses , see Golden spike ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 41 ° 37 ′ 4.67 '' N 112 ° 33 ′ 5.87 '' W / 41.6179639 ° N 112.5516306 ° W / 41.6179639 ; - 112.5516306 The original `` golden spike '' , on display at the Cantor Arts Museum at Stanford University The golden spike ( also known as The Last Spike ) is the ceremonial 17.6 - karat gold final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10 , 1869 , at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects , particularly those in which construction is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a meeting point . The spike is now displayed in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Aftermath 3 `` Golden Spike Days Celebration '' ( 1939 ) 4 In popular culture 4.1 Artwork 4.2 Films 4.3 Television 4.4 Toys 4.5 Music 4.6 Trains 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Completing the last link in the transcontinental railroad with a spike of gold was the brainchild of David Hewes , a San Francisco financier and contractor . The spike had been manufactured earlier that year especially for the event by the William T. Garratt Foundry in San Francisco . Two of the sides were engraved with the names of the railroad officers and directors . A special tie of polished California laurel was chosen to complete the line where the spike would be driven . The ceremony was originally to be held on May 8 , 1869 ( the date actually engraved on the spike ) , but it was postponed two days because of bad weather and a labor dispute that delayed the arrival of the Union Pacific side of the rail line . The Last Spike ( 1881 ) by Thomas Hill On May 10 , in anticipation of the ceremony , Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific No. 60 ( better known as the Jupiter ) locomotives were drawn up face - to - face on Promontory Summit . It is unknown how many people attended the event ; estimates run from as low as 500 to as many as 3,000 ; government and railroad officials and track workers were present to witness the event . Before the last spike was driven , three other commemorative spikes , presented on behalf of the other three members of the Central Pacific 's Big Four who did not attend the ceremony , had been driven in the pre-bored laurel tie : a second , lower - quality gold spike , supplied by the San Francisco News Letter was made of $200 worth of gold and inscribed : With this spike the San Francisco News Letter offers its homage to the great work which has joined the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . a silver spike , supplied by the State of Nevada ; forged , rather than cast , of 25 troy ounces ( 780 g ) of unpolished silver . a blended iron , silver and gold spike , supplied by the Arizona Territory , engraved : Ribbed with iron clad in silver and crowned with gold Arizona presents her offering to the enterprise that has banded a continent and dictated a pathway to commerce . This spike was given to Union Pacific President Oliver Ames following the ceremony . It is on display at the Union Pacific Railroad Museum in Council Bluffs , Iowa . The golden spike was made of 17.6 - karat ( 73 % ) copper - alloyed gold , and weighed 14.03 troy ounces ( 436 g ) . It was dropped into a pre-drilled hole in the laurel ceremonial last tie , and gently tapped into place with a silver ceremonial spike maul . The spike was engraved on all four sides : The Pacific Railroad ground broken January 8 , 1863 , and completed May 8 , 1869 . Directors of the C.P.R.R. of Cal . Hon . Leland Stanford . C.P. Huntington . E.B. Crocker . Mark Hopkins . A.P. Stanford . E.H. Miller Jr . Officers . Hon . Leland Stanford . Presdt . C.P. Huntington Vice Presdt . E.B. Crocker . Atty . Mark Hopkins . Tresr . Chas Crocker Gen. Supdt . E.H. Miller Jr . Secty . S.S. Montague . Chief Engr . May God continue the unity of our Country , as this Railroad unites the two great Oceans of the world . Presented by David Hewes San Francisco . Hewes Family Golden Spike at the California State Railroad Museum A second golden spike , exactly like the one from the ceremony , was cast and engraved at the same time . It was held , unknown to the public , by the Hewes family until 2005 . This second spike is now on permanent display , along with Thomas Hill 's famous painting The Last Spike , at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . With the locomotives drawn so near , the crowd pressed so closely around Stanford and the other railroad officials that the ceremony became somewhat disorganized , leading to varying accounts of the actual events . Contrary to the myth that the Central Pacific 's Chinese laborers were specifically excluded from the festivities , A.J. Russell stereoview No. 539 shows the `` Chinese at Laying Last Rail UPRR '' . Eight Chinese laid the last rail , and three of these men , Ging Cui , Wong Fook , and Lee Shao , lived long enough to also participate in the 50th anniversary parade . At the conclusion of the ceremony , the Chinese participating were honored and cheered by the CPRR officials and that road 's construction chief , J.H Strobridge , at a dinner in his private car . To drive the final spike , Stanford lifted a silver spike maul and drove the spike into the tie , completing the line . Stanford and Hewes missed the spike , but the single word `` done '' was nevertheless flashed by telegraph around the country . In the United States , the event has come to be considered one of the first nationwide media events . The locomotives were moved forward until their `` cowcatchers '' met , and photographs were taken . Immediately afterwards , the golden spike and the laurel tie were removed , lest they be stolen , and replaced with a regular iron spike and normal tie . At exactly 12 : 47 pm , the last iron spike was driven , finally completing the line . After the ceremony , the Golden Spike was donated to the Stanford Museum ( now Cantor Arts Center ) in 1898 . The last laurel tie was destroyed in the fires caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . A.J. Russell image of the celebration following the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , U.T. , May 10 , 1869 . Because of temperance feelings the liquor bottles held in the center of the picture were removed from some later prints . The Jupiter leads the train that carried Leland Stanford , one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific Railroad , and other railway officials to the Golden Spike Ceremony . May 10 , 1869 Celebration of completion of the Transcontinental Railroad Aftermath ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the Promontory event marked the completion of the transcontinental railroad line , it did not actually mark the completion of a seamless coast - to - coast rail network : neither Sacramento nor Omaha was a seaport , nor did they have rail connections until after they were designated as the termini . The Mossdale Bridge , which was the final section across the San Joaquin River near Lathrop , California , was finally completed in September 1869 connecting Sacramento in California . Passengers were required to cross the Missouri River between Council Bluffs , Iowa , and Omaha , Nebraska , by boat until the building of the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . In the meantime , a coast - to - coast rail link was achieved in August 1870 in Strasburg , Colorado , by the completion of the Denver extension of the Kansas Pacific Railway . In 1904 a new railroad route called the Lucin Cutoff was built by - passing the Promontory location to the south . By going west across the Great Salt Lake from Ogden , Utah , to Lucin , Utah , the new railroad line shortened the distance by 43 miles and avoided curves and grades . Main line trains no longer passed over Promontory Summit . Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue of 1944 In 1942 , the old rails over Promontory Summit were salvaged for the war effort ; the event was marked by a ceremonial `` undriving '' of the last iron spike . The original event had been all but forgotten except by local residents , who erected a commemorative marker in 1943 . The following year a commemorative postage stamp was issued to mark the 75th anniversary . The years after the war saw a revival of interest in the event ; the first re-enactment was staged in 1948 . In 1957 , Congress established the Golden Spike National Historic Site to preserve the area around Promontory Summit as closely as possible to its appearance in 1869 . O'Connor Engineering Laboratories in Costa Mesa , California , designed and built working replicas of the locomotives present at the original ceremony for the Park Service . These engines are drawn up face - to - face each Saturday during the summer for a re-enactment of the event . The Utah state quarter . For the May 10 , 1969 , centennial of the driving of the last spike , the High Iron Company ran a steam - powered excursion train round trip from New York City to Promontory . The Golden Spike Centennial Limited transported over 100 passengers including , for the last leg into Salt Lake City , actor John Wayne . The Union Pacific Railroad also sent a special display train and the US Army Transportation Corp sent a steam - powered 3 - car special from Fort Eustis , Virginia . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a depiction of the driving of the spike . The Golden Spike design was selected as the winner from among several others by Utah 's governor , Jon Huntsman , Jr. , following a period during which Utah residents voted and commented on their favorite of three finalists . A replica of the Jupiter ( CP # 60 ) at the Golden Spike National Historic Site A replica of UP # 119 at Golden Spike N.H.S. The current site of the Golden Spike National Historic Site , with replicas of No. 119 and the Jupiter facing each other to re-enact the driving of the Golden Spike . `` Golden spike days celebration '' ( 1939 ) ( edit ) Golden Spike Days program , Omaha , 1939 An elaborate four - day event called the `` Golden Spike Days Celebration '' was held in Omaha , NE , from April 26 to 29 , 1939 , to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the joining of the UP and CPRR rails and driving of the Last Spike at Promontory Summit , UT , in 1869 . The center piece event of the celebration occurred on April 28 with the World Premiere of the Cecil B. DeMille feature motion picture Union Pacific which took place simultaneously in the city 's Omaha , Orpheum , and Paramount theaters . The film features an elaborate reenactment of the original Golden Spike ceremony ( filmed in Canoga Park , CA ) as the motion picture 's closing scene for which DeMille borrowed the actual Golden Spike from Stanford University to be held by Dr. W.H. Harkness ( Stanley Andrews ) as he delivered his remarks prior to its driving to complete the railroad . ( A prop spike was used for the actual hammering sequence . ) The Golden Spike Monument , Council Bluffs , IA. 1939 Also included as a part of the overall celebration 's major attractions was the Golden Spike Historical Exposition , a large assemblage of artifacts ( including the Golden Spike itself ) , tools , equipment , photographs , documents , and other materials from the construction of the Pacific Railroad that were put on display at Omaha 's Municipal Auditorium . The four days of events drew over 250,000 people to Omaha during its run , a number roughly equivalent to the city 's then population . The celebration was opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt who inaugurated it by pressing a telegraph key at the White House in Washington , DC . On the same day as the premiere of the movie , a still standing gold - colored concrete spike called the `` Golden Spike Monument '' and measuring some 56 feet ( 17 m ) in height was also unveiled at 21st Street and 9th Avenue in Council Bluffs , IA , adjacent to the UP 's main yard , the location of milepost 0.0 of that road 's portion of the Pacific Railroad . In popular culture ( edit ) Artwork ( edit ) In 2012 , Artist Greg Stimac used the original `` golden spike '' , on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , to produce a series of photograms , or cameraless photographs . Films ( edit ) The first motion picture depiction of the driving of the golden spike occurred in The Iron Horse 1924 , a silent film directed by John Ford and produced by Fox Film . In 2011 , this film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . The 1939 Paramount production Union Pacific directed by Cecil B. de Mille ends with the driving of the golden spike . In the fictional action adventure comedy film Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Arliss Loveless . ( In reality Grant did not attend the Golden Spike ceremony . ) The extensive Promontory Summit set for the film 's Golden Spike ceremony scenes was built at the 20,000 - acre Cook 's Ranch near Santa Fe , New Mexico . The Golden Spike Ceremony is depicted in the movie adaptation of The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) starring Armie Hammer and Johnny Depp . Television ( edit ) Hell on Wheels presents a multi-season arc on the construction of the transcontinental railroad . In Season 5 , Episode 11 , a flash forward sequence includes a picture of the railroad ceremony and a main character claiming to possess a ring made of gold crafted from part of the ceremonial golden spike . Toys ( edit ) In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the golden spike ceremony was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . Music ( edit ) Railroad Earth , a bluegrass band , frequently performs a song about the event , titled `` The Jupiter and the 119 '' . Trains ( edit ) The Inyo , a 4 - 4 - 0 steam locomotive built for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad ( V&T # 22 ) in 1875 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia , appeared in both the Golden Spike ceremony scene in Union Pacific ( 1939 ) and in the 1960s TV series The Wild Wild West . In May , 1969 , the Inyo participated in the Golden Spike Centennial at Promontory , Utah , and then served as the replica of the Central Pacific 's Jupiter ( CPRR # 60 ) at the Golden Spike National Historical Site , until the current replica was built in 1979 . Purchased by the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City , Nevada , in 1974 , it was eventually brought back to Nevada and fully restored there in 1983 , where it still runs today . See also ( edit ) Trains portal United States portal Cornerstone Last Spike ( Canadian Pacific Railway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Last Spike '' by Thomas Hill , 1881 The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ Family Collections at the Cantor Arts Center Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts ^ Jump up to : Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 '' , California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails , '' May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 1869 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Deseret Morning ≈ News '' . April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rohwer , Tim ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` The Daily Nonpareil '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ California State Parks Jump up ^ San Francisco Newsletter & California Advertiser Vol IX , No. 15 . Transcontinental Railroad Postscript Supplement , p. 4 . May 15 , 1869 Jump up ^ Mildred Brooke Hoover , Douglas E. Kyle ( 2002 ) . Historic spots in California . Stanford University Press . p. 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4482 - 9 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Kenton ; Albi , Charles ( 1981 ) . Denver 's railroads : the story of Union Station and the railroads of Denver . Golden , Colo. : Colorado Railroad Museum . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 9780918654311 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 - 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' YouTube video , Retrieved 11 / 24 / 11 . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 - 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ Roche , Lisa Riley ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Utahns pick railroad quarter '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DeMille Borrows Golden Spike '' The United Press ( Wire Service ) , January 19 , 1939 Jump up ^ `` Omaha Goes Ballyhoo for Hollywood in Great Style '' The United Press ( Wire Service ) , April 27 , 1939 Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Days '' The Official Souvenir Program celebrating the World Premiere of Cecil B. DeMille 's `` Union Pacific '' Omaha April 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 `` . Golden Spike Days Celebration , Inc. , April , 1939 Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Days - Omaha , Nebraska - April 26 - 29 , 1939 '' HistoricOmaha.com Jump up ^ `` Cecil B. DeMille 1939 film `` Union Pacific '' Golden Spike Days Brass Novelty Railroad Spike '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Monument Council Bluffs Department of Parks , Recreation and Public Safety Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Monument , Council Bluffs , IA '' rgusrail.com Jump up ^ Stanford Arts arts.stanford.edu Jump up ^ School of the Art Institute of Chicago photoblobby.wordpress.com Jump up ^ `` Progressive Silent Film List : The Iron Horse '' . Silent Era . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2011 Additions to the National Film Registry Library of Congress , December 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Wild Wild West Re-enactor Credits Leavey Foundation for Historic Preservation ( ushist.com ) Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2016/07/hell-on-wheels-recap-season-5-episode-11.html Jump up ^ Lego Ideas - Golden Spike Ceremony Jump up ^ Salt Lake Tribune - How this Utah monument could become a new Lego set Jump up ^ http://www.hobocompanion.org/songs/the-jupiter-and-the-119 Jump up ^ Railroad Earth - Jupiter & the 119 on YouTube Jump up ^ V&T No. 22 `` INYO '' Nevada State Railroad Museum External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Spike National Historic Site . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Golden Spike National Historic Monument The Golden Spike Centennial Limited of 1969 at ThemeTrains.com . Golden Spike Tower and Visitors Center ( Nebraska ) Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco : Driving the Last Spike Fort Ogden web site showing reenactment Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Chinese at Promontory , May 10 , 1869 . A New Look at the Golden Spike Catalog record for the Golden spike at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University Golden Spike Oral History Papers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_spike&oldid=838078920 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad 1869 in the United States Box Elder County , Utah American Old West History of the American West History of rail transportation in the United States History of California History of Utah Union Pacific Railroad Utah Territory 1869 in rail transport 1869 in Utah Territory Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 20 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who put the last spike in the transcontinental railroad	[ "The golden spike (also known as The Last Spike[1]) is the ceremonial 17.6-karat gold final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects, particularly those in which construction is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a meeting point. The spike is now displayed in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University.[2]" ]	[ "Leland Stanford" ]
-5937711986531931617	Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge	Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge - wikipedia Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge Jump to : navigation , search Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge The Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge as seen from Mount Pleasant . Coordinates 32 ° 48 ′ 10 '' N 79 ° 54 ′ 54 '' W / 32.80278 ° N 79.91500 ° W / 32.80278 ; - 79.91500 Coordinates : 32 ° 48 ′ 10 '' N 79 ° 54 ′ 54 '' W / 32.80278 ° N 79.91500 ° W / 32.80278 ; - 79.91500 Carries Bikes , pedestrians 8 lanes of US 17 Crosses Cooper River Locale From : Charleston , SC To : Mt . Pleasant , SC Official name Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge Maintained by SCDOT Characteristics Design Cable - stayed bridge Total length 13,200 feet ( 4.0 km ) Width eight 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) lanes Height 575 feet ( 175 m ) Longest span 1,546 feet ( 471 m ) Clearance below 186 feet ( 57 m ) History Opened July 16 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 07 - 16 ) Statistics Daily traffic 78,100 The Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge is a cable - stayed bridge over the Cooper River in South Carolina , USA , connecting downtown Charleston to Mount Pleasant . The eight lane bridge satisfied the capacity of U.S. Route 17 when it opened in 2005 to replace two obsolete cantilever truss bridges . The bridge has a main span of 1,546 feet ( 471 m ) , the third longest among cable - stayed bridges in the Western Hemisphere . It was built using the design - build method and was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Building the Bridge 2.1 Funding 2.2 Design 2.3 Construction 2.4 Comparison with Talmadge Memorial Bridge and Sidney Lanier Bridge 3 Bridge Run 4 Media appearances 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first bridge to cross the lower Cooper River opened in 1929 , eventually named the John P. Grace Memorial Bridge for former Charleston mayor John P. Grace , who spearheaded the project . The main span of the double cantilever truss bridge was the fifth longest in the world at 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) and soared 150 feet ( 46 m ) above the river . The main span of the second cantilever was the twelfth - longest in the world . The total length of the structure was about 2.7 miles ( 4.3 km ) . Following a 17 - month construction at a cost of $6 million , it opened with a 3 - day celebration that attracted visitors from around the globe . Engineers and critics proclaimed colorful descriptions of the unique structure , deeming it `` the first roller - coaster bridge '' and citing that `` steep approaches , stupendous height , extremely narrow width , and a sharp curve at the dip conspire to excite and alarm the motorist . '' Privately owned originally , a $1.00 toll was charged for car and driver to cross . In 1943 the state of South Carolina purchased the bridge , and the tolls were lifted in 1946 . By the 1960s the Grace Memorial Bridge had become insufficient , with its two narrow 10 - foot ( 3 m ) lanes built for Ford Model As and its steep grades of up to 6 percent . Later changes to the side rail and curb reduced the lane width further . A new bridge was constructed alongside and parallel to it . Named for the then - South Carolina Highway Commissioner , the Silas N. Pearman Bridge opened in 1966 at cost of $15 million . Its three lanes , at a modern 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) width , opened to northbound traffic while its older counterpart carried the southbound traffic into downtown Charleston . One lane was reversible on the Pearman bridge , which led to signs warning `` Use lanes with green arrow '' and `` Do not use red X lane '' on the bridge . The two truss bridges had become functionally obsolete by 1979 . Extensive metal deterioration caused by the lack of maintenance shortly after Grace Bridge 's tolls were removed limited the capacity of the older Grace bridge to ten ton vehicles ( later five tons ) , and the reversible lane on the Pearman was eliminated ( it had been able to switch to three lanes northbound for rush hour traffic ) , making that lane southbound permanently , diverting all heavy trucks , buses , and recreational vehicles to that lane on the Pearman bridge . Neither of the bridges had emergency lanes , and the Pearman bridge had no median between the northbound and southbound lanes because of its reversible lane , and it was not until 2002 when flexible barriers were added to the Pearman bridge to prevent head - on collisions . Furthermore , the vertical clearance above the river -- once among the highest in the world -- could no longer accommodate modern shipping vessels . Three of Charleston 's four shipping terminals are situated up the Cooper and Wando Rivers , and the limited bridge clearance excluded the access of ships that would otherwise be beneficial to the economy of South Carolina . Now that the old bridges are disassembled , the world 's largest modern container ships are able to access all terminals of the nation 's fourth - largest container port . Building the bridge ( edit ) Funding ( edit ) Arthur Ravenel , Jr . Raising financial support for a new eight - lane bridge over the Cooper River was a struggle 20 years in the making , prolonged by the state 's insistence that it could not afford such a bridge and by Charleston 's reluctance to provide any funds for the project . Several proposals were made for a toll bridge , but the mayors of Charleston and Mount Pleasant objected . When officials revealed in 1995 that the Grace Bridge scored a 4 out of 100 for safety and integrity , retired U.S. Congressman Arthur Ravenel , Jr. ran for the South Carolina Senate with a goal of solving the funding problem . He helped to establish the S.C. Infrastructure Bank and worked with local , state , and federal officials to create partnerships that helped to materialize the final funding . The State Infrastructure Bank ( SIB ) budgeted $325 million to accompany $96.6 million from the Federal Highway Administration . The project did not become a reality , however , until the SIB agreed to commit to a $215 million federal loan , provided that Charleston County would contribute $3 million a year for 25 years , including an 8.33 % sales tax increase , to the federal loan , as well as yearly payments from the SCDOT and State Ports Authority . The overall price of the bridge totaled around $700 million . Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge from Charleston Design ( edit ) Road deck of the Arthur Ravenel , Jr . Bridge . One of the two towers . Charleston 's new bridge over the Cooper River is a cable - stayed suspension design with two diamond - shaped towers , each 575 feet ( 175 m ) high . The total length of the structure is 13,200 feet ( 4.0 km ) , with the main span stretching 1,546 feet ( 471 m ) between the towers . 128 individual cables anchored to the inside of the diamond towers suspend the deck 186 feet ( 57 m ) above the river . The roadway consists of eight 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) lanes , four in each direction as well as a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) bicycle and pedestrian path to the design , which runs along the south edge of the bridge overlooking Charleston Harbor and the Atlantic Ocean . The bridge superstructure is designed to withstand shipping accidents and the natural disasters that have plagued Charleston 's history . The span is designed to endure wind gusts in excess of 300 mph ( 480 km / h ) , far stronger than those of the worst storm in Charleston 's history , Hurricane Hugo in 1989 . Engineers also considered the 1886 earthquake that nearly leveled Charleston . The Ravenel Bridge is designed to withstand an earthquake of approximately 7.4 on the Richter magnitude scale without total failure . To protect the bridge from errant ships , the towers are flanked by one - acre rock islands . Ships will run aground on the islands before colliding with the towers . The bridge includes a shared bicycle - pedestrian path named Wonders ' Way in memory of Garrett Wonders . Wonders was a US Navy ensign stationed in Charleston and was in training for the 2004 Olympics before he died in a bicycle - vehicle collision . The path was included in design of the new bridge because of grassroots efforts by groups such as a fifth grade class at a local elementary school . Construction ( edit ) View from atop the MUSC Parking Garage facing northeast Groundbreaking on the bridge occurred in 2001 in Mount Pleasant . The bridge was built as a design - build project , meaning that one contract was signed to both design and construct the bridge . This meant that construction could begin even while the design was not yet finalized . The bridge was built by a joint venture of two major construction firms operating under the name Palmetto Bridge Constructors . The joint venture partners were Tidewater Skanska of Norfolk , Virginia and Flatiron Constructors of Longmont , Colorado . The construction joint venture hired Parsons Brinckerhoff to complete the design . For the sake of simplifying labor and equipment resources , Palmetto Bridge Constructors actually managed the building of the bridge as five separate projects ( the two highway interchanges at either end of the bridge , the two approach spans , and the cable - stayed span ) going on simultaneously . By the summer of 2002 the foundations for the towers and most of the piers were in place and the rock islands were completed . The steel and concrete towers began to ascend from the islands soon after . Originally , each of the towers was to be topped with a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) multicolored LED `` beacon , '' but public opinion caused this plan to be scrapped . The fast - paced construction schedule led to contractors to use a self - climbing form system to build the towers . The formwork , supplied by PERI , provided a solution to meet the tight construction tolerances and provide safe access for workers laboring hundreds of feet in the air . The self - climbing system meant that the tower cranes did not have to spend time raising the forms after each segment of concrete hardened , and instead could be better used to haul material from barges below . The first cables were hung from the towers in 2004 -- as a time - saving measure , this was done before the towers were wholly completed . Sections of the deck were built outward from each of the towers as more cables were hung . Fireworks celebration to precede the opening of the new bridge , July 2005 The decks of the approaches were taking shape as well . Construction of part of the roadway actually occurred over the top of the old cantilever bridges , which remained open to traffic without interruption . A ceremony was held in March 2005 , when the last slab of the deck was added , thus making the bridge `` complete . '' But paving , installation of lights and signs , and cleanup meant that the bridge would not open for another four months . Following a week - long celebration that included a public bridge walk , concerts , dinners , and fireworks , the bridge was dedicated and opened on July 16 , 2005 -- one year ahead of schedule and under budget . The bridge was featured on the TV show Extreme Engineering . Comparison with Talmadge Memorial bridge and Sidney Lanier bridge ( edit ) The proximity and rivalry between Charleston , South Carolina and Savannah and Brunswick often lead to comparisons between the Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge , the Sidney Lanier Bridge , and the Talmadge Memorial Bridge , all of which carry US 17 . Completed in 2005 , the clearance under the Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge is actually only 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) taller than both the Sidney Lanier Bridge and the Talmadge Memorial Bridge . Unlike the Sidney Lanier Bridge and the Talmadge Memorial Bridge , however , the Ravenel Bridge has eight travel lanes ; the Talmadge and the Sidney Lanier both have just four lanes . The Ravenel also features a dedicated bike / pedestrian lane . The Talmadge Memorial Bridge also has a similar design as the Alex Fraser Bridge in Vancouver , Canada . As for the span of the three bridges , The Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge is 1,546 feet ( 471 m ) . The Sidney Lanier Bridge is 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) . The Talmadge Memorial Bridge is 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) . As for the total length of the three bridges , the Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge is 13,200 feet ( 4.0 km ) . The Sidney Lanier Bridge is 7,779 feet ( 2,371 m ) . The Talmadge Memorial Bridge is 10,032 feet ( 3.058 km ) , or 1.9 miles ( 3.1 km ) . Bridge run ( edit ) Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge view from Patriot 's Point , July 2006 . The last fragments of the two old bridges can be seen in the background . The bridge is home to the annual USA Track & Field 10,000 meter ( 6.2 mi ) Cooper River Bridge Run on the first weekend of April . This event attracts up to 50,000 people . The route starts in Mount Pleasant and finishes in downtown Charleston at Marion Square . Media appearances ( edit ) The cover of Darius Rucker 's 2010 album Charleston , SC 1966 features a picture of Rucker , a Charleston native , with the Ravenel Bridge in the background . The 2014 television series Reckless features the bridge in its title sequence . In the video game Need for Speed Undercover a bridge similar to the Ravenel Bridge was featured but only on the PlayStation 3 , Xbox and PC versions . It was also featured in the 2012 version of Need for Speed Most Wanted ( but it only crosses half of the water ) The 2009 movie The New Daughter , starring Kevin Costner , features the Ravenel Bridge in several scenes as the movie is based in and around Charleston , South Carolina . See also ( edit ) Bridges portal South Carolina portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` T.Y. Lin International Group Projects Arthur Ravenel Jr . ( Cooper River ) Bridge '' . Tylin.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ SCDOT Traffic Counts , Accessed May 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ South Carolina General Assembly , Concurrent Resolution , June 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ National Highway Transportation Safety Administration , Campaign Safe & Sober Archived 2000 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , December 1999 . Jump up ^ `` High - rise remit '' . Bridge Design & Engineering . London : The Hemming Group ( 32 ) . 2003 - 12 - 10 . ISSN 1359 - 7493 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . Annan , Jason ; & Gabriel , Pamela ( 2002 ) . The Great Cooper River Bridge . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 470 - 2 The Cooper River Bridge ( 2004 ) . South Carolina Department of Transportation Accessed July 23 , 2005 . Porter , Arlie : `` State finalizes Cooper River bridge funding . '' , The Post and Courier , July 2 , 2001 . Archive . Roko , Ellyde : `` New bridge ends its ' long journey ' . '' The State , July 17 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge . Ravenel Bridge South Carolina Picture Project The Official Website for the Cooper River Bridge , from SCDOT Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge at Structurae The Bridge Builders , Special Supplement from the Post & Courier The Story of the Building of the Arthur Ravenel Bridge , Site of Frank Starmer Unbuilding ( demolition ) of the Grace and Pearman Bridges , Site of Frank Starmer Cooper River Bridge Run ( hide ) Crossings of the Cooper River Upstream Silas N. Pearman Bridge ( 1966 -- 2005 ) Arthur Ravenel , Jr . Bridge Downstream Charleston Harbor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge&oldid=835731931 '' Categories : Cable - stayed bridges in the United States Bridges completed in 2005 U.S. Route 17 Bridges in Charleston , South Carolina Road bridges in South Carolina Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways Ravenel family Mount Pleasant , South Carolina 2005 establishments in South Carolina Steel bridges in the United States Concrete bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Structurae ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the length of the ravenel bridge	[ "The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Cooper River in South Carolina, USA, connecting downtown Charleston to Mount Pleasant. The eight lane bridge satisfied the capacity of U.S. Route 17 when it opened in 2005 to replace two obsolete cantilever truss bridges. The bridge has a main span of 1,546 feet (471 m), the third longest among cable-stayed bridges in the Western Hemisphere. It was built using the design-build method and was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff." ]	[ "1,546 feet (471 m)" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.