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John Covel (2 April 1638 – 19 December 1722) was a clergyman and scientist who became Master of Christ's College, Cambridge and vice-chancellor of the University.
Diplomacy
Born at Horningsheath, Suffolk, the son of William Covel, John Covel was educated at Bury St Edmunds school and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1659. In 1670 he went to Constantinople as Chaplain to the Levant Company. For two years he was in sole charge of the English Embassy there after the previous ambassador died.
Travel and scholarship
Covel travelled widely in Asia Minor and described the buildings and plants which he saw. He purchased many Greek manuscripts (including codices 65, 110, 321, 322, and ℓ 150).
After his return, Covel spent the winter of 1680/1681 in Suffolk suffering with fever, before becoming Chaplain to the Princess of Orange in The Hague (1681–1685). He was then elected the 15th Master of Christ's in 1688, a position he held until 1723.In his later years, Covel helped to develop the study of fossils.
References
Further reading
Jean-Pierre Grélois, ed., Dr John Covel, Voyages en Turquie 1675–1677. Texte établi, annoté et traduit par Jean-Piere Grélois, avec une préface de Cyril Mango (Réalités Byzantines 6). Paris, 1998. ISBN 978-2-283-60456-4
Covel, John (1893). "Extracts from the diaries of John Covel (1870-1879)". In Bent, J. Theodore (ed.). Early voyages and travels in the Levant. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 99–287.
"John Covel". Electronic Enlightenment Biographical Dictionary. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:bio/coveljohn0004729.
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John Covel (2 April 1638 – 19 December 1722) was a clergyman and scientist who became Master of Christ's College, Cambridge and vice-chancellor of the University.
Diplomacy
Born at Horningsheath, Suffolk, the son of William Covel, John Covel was educated at Bury St Edmunds school and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1659. In 1670 he went to Constantinople as Chaplain to the Levant Company. For two years he was in sole charge of the English Embassy there after the previous ambassador died.
Travel and scholarship
Covel travelled widely in Asia Minor and described the buildings and plants which he saw. He purchased many Greek manuscripts (including codices 65, 110, 321, 322, and ℓ 150).
After his return, Covel spent the winter of 1680/1681 in Suffolk suffering with fever, before becoming Chaplain to the Princess of Orange in The Hague (1681–1685). He was then elected the 15th Master of Christ's in 1688, a position he held until 1723.In his later years, Covel helped to develop the study of fossils.
References
Further reading
Jean-Pierre Grélois, ed., Dr John Covel, Voyages en Turquie 1675–1677. Texte établi, annoté et traduit par Jean-Piere Grélois, avec une préface de Cyril Mango (Réalités Byzantines 6). Paris, 1998. ISBN 978-2-283-60456-4
Covel, John (1893). "Extracts from the diaries of John Covel (1870-1879)". In Bent, J. Theodore (ed.). Early voyages and travels in the Levant. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 99–287.
"John Covel". Electronic Enlightenment Biographical Dictionary. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:bio/coveljohn0004729.
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languages spoken, written or signed
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John Covel (2 April 1638 – 19 December 1722) was a clergyman and scientist who became Master of Christ's College, Cambridge and vice-chancellor of the University.
Diplomacy
Born at Horningsheath, Suffolk, the son of William Covel, John Covel was educated at Bury St Edmunds school and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1659. In 1670 he went to Constantinople as Chaplain to the Levant Company. For two years he was in sole charge of the English Embassy there after the previous ambassador died.
Travel and scholarship
Covel travelled widely in Asia Minor and described the buildings and plants which he saw. He purchased many Greek manuscripts (including codices 65, 110, 321, 322, and ℓ 150).
After his return, Covel spent the winter of 1680/1681 in Suffolk suffering with fever, before becoming Chaplain to the Princess of Orange in The Hague (1681–1685). He was then elected the 15th Master of Christ's in 1688, a position he held until 1723.In his later years, Covel helped to develop the study of fossils.
References
Further reading
Jean-Pierre Grélois, ed., Dr John Covel, Voyages en Turquie 1675–1677. Texte établi, annoté et traduit par Jean-Piere Grélois, avec une préface de Cyril Mango (Réalités Byzantines 6). Paris, 1998. ISBN 978-2-283-60456-4
Covel, John (1893). "Extracts from the diaries of John Covel (1870-1879)". In Bent, J. Theodore (ed.). Early voyages and travels in the Levant. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 99–287.
"John Covel". Electronic Enlightenment Biographical Dictionary. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:bio/coveljohn0004729.
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Psylla alni is a species of psyllid, a plant-feeding hemipteran in the family Psyllidae.
Distribution
This species is present in the Palearctic realm (from Europe to Siberia and Sakhalin, Kazakhstan, Caucasus) and in the Nearctic realm (Canada and United States of America).
Description
Psylla alni can reach a body length of about 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in). These rather large psyllids have a green head, body, and legs, and rather long antennae. The costal marginal veins of the wings are green, while the other veins are brown. Adults are initially green, later becoming orange, brown, or reddish. The nymphs are usually covered by white waxy secretions. In the 5th preimaginal stage nymphs can reach a length of about 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in).
Biology
Adults can be found from June to October. This species has one generation a year (univoltine) and overwinters as an egg.
It is monophagous on most Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa, Alnus hirsuta, Alnus incana, Alnus japonica, Alnus viridis). Larvae feed on young shoots in the leaf axils.
References
Psyl'list: Psylloidea database. Ouvrard D.,
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Psylla alni is a species of psyllid, a plant-feeding hemipteran in the family Psyllidae.
Distribution
This species is present in the Palearctic realm (from Europe to Siberia and Sakhalin, Kazakhstan, Caucasus) and in the Nearctic realm (Canada and United States of America).
Description
Psylla alni can reach a body length of about 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in). These rather large psyllids have a green head, body, and legs, and rather long antennae. The costal marginal veins of the wings are green, while the other veins are brown. Adults are initially green, later becoming orange, brown, or reddish. The nymphs are usually covered by white waxy secretions. In the 5th preimaginal stage nymphs can reach a length of about 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in).
Biology
Adults can be found from June to October. This species has one generation a year (univoltine) and overwinters as an egg.
It is monophagous on most Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa, Alnus hirsuta, Alnus incana, Alnus japonica, Alnus viridis). Larvae feed on young shoots in the leaf axils.
References
Psyl'list: Psylloidea database. Ouvrard D.,
|
parent taxon
|
{
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0
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Psylla alni is a species of psyllid, a plant-feeding hemipteran in the family Psyllidae.
Distribution
This species is present in the Palearctic realm (from Europe to Siberia and Sakhalin, Kazakhstan, Caucasus) and in the Nearctic realm (Canada and United States of America).
Description
Psylla alni can reach a body length of about 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in). These rather large psyllids have a green head, body, and legs, and rather long antennae. The costal marginal veins of the wings are green, while the other veins are brown. Adults are initially green, later becoming orange, brown, or reddish. The nymphs are usually covered by white waxy secretions. In the 5th preimaginal stage nymphs can reach a length of about 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in).
Biology
Adults can be found from June to October. This species has one generation a year (univoltine) and overwinters as an egg.
It is monophagous on most Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa, Alnus hirsuta, Alnus incana, Alnus japonica, Alnus viridis). Larvae feed on young shoots in the leaf axils.
References
Psyl'list: Psylloidea database. Ouvrard D.,
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Psylla alni"
]
}
|
Psylla alni is a species of psyllid, a plant-feeding hemipteran in the family Psyllidae.
Distribution
This species is present in the Palearctic realm (from Europe to Siberia and Sakhalin, Kazakhstan, Caucasus) and in the Nearctic realm (Canada and United States of America).
Description
Psylla alni can reach a body length of about 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in). These rather large psyllids have a green head, body, and legs, and rather long antennae. The costal marginal veins of the wings are green, while the other veins are brown. Adults are initially green, later becoming orange, brown, or reddish. The nymphs are usually covered by white waxy secretions. In the 5th preimaginal stage nymphs can reach a length of about 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in).
Biology
Adults can be found from June to October. This species has one generation a year (univoltine) and overwinters as an egg.
It is monophagous on most Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa, Alnus hirsuta, Alnus incana, Alnus japonica, Alnus viridis). Larvae feed on young shoots in the leaf axils.
References
Psyl'list: Psylloidea database. Ouvrard D.,
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Psylla alni"
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Rotten Row is a broad track running 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used as such.
History
Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into "Rotten Row".In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen. The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand.The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and 'Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public.
A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990.
"ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690
This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its construction was supervised by the Surveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730s, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world."
Cultural references
Rotten Row features in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958. It is briefly alluded to as "that wretched row" in the 1891 Oscar Wilde short story ″The Sphinx Without a Secret″.
Michael Crichton's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery) escorts Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row.In Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula, Jonathan and Mina Harker briefly visit "the Row" after solicitor Peter Hawkins' funeral and interment, "...but there were very few people there, and it was sad-looking and desolate to see so many empty chairs. It made us think of the empty chair at home..." (Sept 22). After this, they go to Piccadilly, where Jonathan is astonished to see Dracula in England for the first time.
In Patrick Hamilton’s novel “The Plains of Cement” (1934), the ageing Mr Eccles takes the barmaid Ella for a walk in Hyde Park, “alongside Rotten Row”.
In To Let by John Galsworthy, the third book of The Forsyte Saga, Soames Forsyte, walking from Knightsbridge to Mayfair in 1920, stops to contemplate "the Row" and the social decline exhibited there over sixty years of his experience.
Other locations
"Rotten Row" is a location in at least 15 places in England, Scotland, South Africa and Zimbabwe. such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats (raton) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).. There is Rotten Row Magistrates Court in Zimbabwe which is located on Rotten Row Road in the capital of the Southern African nation. The road connects to Prince Edward Street in the Avenues and Charter and Cripps Roads in the south of the Magistrates Court. The only other Rotten Row is a road in a South African town of Winburg near Bloemfontein.
See also
Ladies Mile, Clifton, a similar social promenade in Bristol
References
External links
The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park—description of Edwardian parading on Rotten Row.
Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row.
Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park.
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instance of
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Rotten Row is a broad track running 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used as such.
History
Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into "Rotten Row".In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen. The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand.The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and 'Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public.
A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990.
"ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690
This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its construction was supervised by the Surveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730s, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world."
Cultural references
Rotten Row features in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958. It is briefly alluded to as "that wretched row" in the 1891 Oscar Wilde short story ″The Sphinx Without a Secret″.
Michael Crichton's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery) escorts Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row.In Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula, Jonathan and Mina Harker briefly visit "the Row" after solicitor Peter Hawkins' funeral and interment, "...but there were very few people there, and it was sad-looking and desolate to see so many empty chairs. It made us think of the empty chair at home..." (Sept 22). After this, they go to Piccadilly, where Jonathan is astonished to see Dracula in England for the first time.
In Patrick Hamilton’s novel “The Plains of Cement” (1934), the ageing Mr Eccles takes the barmaid Ella for a walk in Hyde Park, “alongside Rotten Row”.
In To Let by John Galsworthy, the third book of The Forsyte Saga, Soames Forsyte, walking from Knightsbridge to Mayfair in 1920, stops to contemplate "the Row" and the social decline exhibited there over sixty years of his experience.
Other locations
"Rotten Row" is a location in at least 15 places in England, Scotland, South Africa and Zimbabwe. such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats (raton) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).. There is Rotten Row Magistrates Court in Zimbabwe which is located on Rotten Row Road in the capital of the Southern African nation. The road connects to Prince Edward Street in the Avenues and Charter and Cripps Roads in the south of the Magistrates Court. The only other Rotten Row is a road in a South African town of Winburg near Bloemfontein.
See also
Ladies Mile, Clifton, a similar social promenade in Bristol
References
External links
The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park—description of Edwardian parading on Rotten Row.
Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row.
Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park.
|
Commons category
|
{
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0
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"Rotten Row"
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Rotten Row is a broad track running 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used as such.
History
Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into "Rotten Row".In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen. The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand.The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and 'Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public.
A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990.
"ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690
This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its construction was supervised by the Surveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730s, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world."
Cultural references
Rotten Row features in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958. It is briefly alluded to as "that wretched row" in the 1891 Oscar Wilde short story ″The Sphinx Without a Secret″.
Michael Crichton's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery) escorts Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row.In Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula, Jonathan and Mina Harker briefly visit "the Row" after solicitor Peter Hawkins' funeral and interment, "...but there were very few people there, and it was sad-looking and desolate to see so many empty chairs. It made us think of the empty chair at home..." (Sept 22). After this, they go to Piccadilly, where Jonathan is astonished to see Dracula in England for the first time.
In Patrick Hamilton’s novel “The Plains of Cement” (1934), the ageing Mr Eccles takes the barmaid Ella for a walk in Hyde Park, “alongside Rotten Row”.
In To Let by John Galsworthy, the third book of The Forsyte Saga, Soames Forsyte, walking from Knightsbridge to Mayfair in 1920, stops to contemplate "the Row" and the social decline exhibited there over sixty years of his experience.
Other locations
"Rotten Row" is a location in at least 15 places in England, Scotland, South Africa and Zimbabwe. such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats (raton) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).. There is Rotten Row Magistrates Court in Zimbabwe which is located on Rotten Row Road in the capital of the Southern African nation. The road connects to Prince Edward Street in the Avenues and Charter and Cripps Roads in the south of the Magistrates Court. The only other Rotten Row is a road in a South African town of Winburg near Bloemfontein.
See also
Ladies Mile, Clifton, a similar social promenade in Bristol
References
External links
The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park—description of Edwardian parading on Rotten Row.
Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row.
Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park.
|
title
|
{
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0
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"text": [
"Rotten Row"
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|
Rotten Row is a broad track running 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used as such.
History
Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into "Rotten Row".In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen. The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand.The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and 'Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public.
A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990.
"ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690
This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its construction was supervised by the Surveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730s, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world."
Cultural references
Rotten Row features in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958. It is briefly alluded to as "that wretched row" in the 1891 Oscar Wilde short story ″The Sphinx Without a Secret″.
Michael Crichton's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery) escorts Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row.In Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula, Jonathan and Mina Harker briefly visit "the Row" after solicitor Peter Hawkins' funeral and interment, "...but there were very few people there, and it was sad-looking and desolate to see so many empty chairs. It made us think of the empty chair at home..." (Sept 22). After this, they go to Piccadilly, where Jonathan is astonished to see Dracula in England for the first time.
In Patrick Hamilton’s novel “The Plains of Cement” (1934), the ageing Mr Eccles takes the barmaid Ella for a walk in Hyde Park, “alongside Rotten Row”.
In To Let by John Galsworthy, the third book of The Forsyte Saga, Soames Forsyte, walking from Knightsbridge to Mayfair in 1920, stops to contemplate "the Row" and the social decline exhibited there over sixty years of his experience.
Other locations
"Rotten Row" is a location in at least 15 places in England, Scotland, South Africa and Zimbabwe. such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats (raton) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).. There is Rotten Row Magistrates Court in Zimbabwe which is located on Rotten Row Road in the capital of the Southern African nation. The road connects to Prince Edward Street in the Avenues and Charter and Cripps Roads in the south of the Magistrates Court. The only other Rotten Row is a road in a South African town of Winburg near Bloemfontein.
See also
Ladies Mile, Clifton, a similar social promenade in Bristol
References
External links
The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park—description of Edwardian parading on Rotten Row.
Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row.
Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park.
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Rotten Row is a broad track running 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used as such.
History
Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into "Rotten Row".In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen. The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand.The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and 'Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public.
A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990.
"ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690
This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its construction was supervised by the Surveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730s, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world."
Cultural references
Rotten Row features in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958. It is briefly alluded to as "that wretched row" in the 1891 Oscar Wilde short story ″The Sphinx Without a Secret″.
Michael Crichton's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery) escorts Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row.In Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula, Jonathan and Mina Harker briefly visit "the Row" after solicitor Peter Hawkins' funeral and interment, "...but there were very few people there, and it was sad-looking and desolate to see so many empty chairs. It made us think of the empty chair at home..." (Sept 22). After this, they go to Piccadilly, where Jonathan is astonished to see Dracula in England for the first time.
In Patrick Hamilton’s novel “The Plains of Cement” (1934), the ageing Mr Eccles takes the barmaid Ella for a walk in Hyde Park, “alongside Rotten Row”.
In To Let by John Galsworthy, the third book of The Forsyte Saga, Soames Forsyte, walking from Knightsbridge to Mayfair in 1920, stops to contemplate "the Row" and the social decline exhibited there over sixty years of his experience.
Other locations
"Rotten Row" is a location in at least 15 places in England, Scotland, South Africa and Zimbabwe. such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats (raton) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).. There is Rotten Row Magistrates Court in Zimbabwe which is located on Rotten Row Road in the capital of the Southern African nation. The road connects to Prince Edward Street in the Avenues and Charter and Cripps Roads in the south of the Magistrates Court. The only other Rotten Row is a road in a South African town of Winburg near Bloemfontein.
See also
Ladies Mile, Clifton, a similar social promenade in Bristol
References
External links
The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park—description of Edwardian parading on Rotten Row.
Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row.
Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park.
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located in protected area
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The Azores chromis or Atlantic chromis (Chromis limbata) is a species of damselfish from the family Pomacentridae which is found in the Macaronesian Islands of the temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean and has been reported from coastal regions of western Africa.
Description
Chromis limbata is greyish-brown in colour with a dark dorsal fin, anal fin and distal margin of the caudal fin, with its proximate part being whitish. When spawning, the male develops a slightly purple hue as its courtship colours. It has a large eye and a strongly protractile mouth which reaches the vertical from eye. There are three rows of small canine-like teeth on the jaws. The dorsal fin has 14 spines and 11-12 soft rays while the anal fin has 2 spines and 10-12 soft rays. It grows to 12 cm standard length.
Distribution
Chromis limbata occurs in the Azores and Madeira which are part of Portugal and in the Canary Islands, Spain. It has also been reported off the coast of western Africa from Senegal to Pointe Noire, Congo. It is apparently replaced in the Cape Verde Islands by the endemic Lubbock's chromis (Chromis lubbocki). Small numbers of C. limbata have been recorded off islands in Santa Catarina in southern Brazil and these may be vagrants or may have been introduced through discharge of ships' ballast water.
Biology
The adults of Chromis limbata occur in rocky reefs and sandy-weedy areas, with a depth range of 5–45 meters. They are oviparous and form pairs to breed, the male clears a space on the substrate for the female to lay the eggs in, the eggs adhere to the substrate and the male guards and aerates them. It is commonest between depths of 5m to 50 m. It can either be found close to the sea bed or it forms pelagic schools. It feeds on small benthic or planktonic invertebrates.
Taxonomy
It was formerly considered conspecific with Chromis chromis but in some areas the two species are sympatric.
Uses
Chromis limbata is a valued food fish in Madeira and is subject to a small scale artisanal fishery, especially off the south and east of the island.
References
External links
Photos of Chromis limbata on Sealife Collection
|
taxon rank
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The Azores chromis or Atlantic chromis (Chromis limbata) is a species of damselfish from the family Pomacentridae which is found in the Macaronesian Islands of the temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean and has been reported from coastal regions of western Africa.
Description
Chromis limbata is greyish-brown in colour with a dark dorsal fin, anal fin and distal margin of the caudal fin, with its proximate part being whitish. When spawning, the male develops a slightly purple hue as its courtship colours. It has a large eye and a strongly protractile mouth which reaches the vertical from eye. There are three rows of small canine-like teeth on the jaws. The dorsal fin has 14 spines and 11-12 soft rays while the anal fin has 2 spines and 10-12 soft rays. It grows to 12 cm standard length.
Distribution
Chromis limbata occurs in the Azores and Madeira which are part of Portugal and in the Canary Islands, Spain. It has also been reported off the coast of western Africa from Senegal to Pointe Noire, Congo. It is apparently replaced in the Cape Verde Islands by the endemic Lubbock's chromis (Chromis lubbocki). Small numbers of C. limbata have been recorded off islands in Santa Catarina in southern Brazil and these may be vagrants or may have been introduced through discharge of ships' ballast water.
Biology
The adults of Chromis limbata occur in rocky reefs and sandy-weedy areas, with a depth range of 5–45 meters. They are oviparous and form pairs to breed, the male clears a space on the substrate for the female to lay the eggs in, the eggs adhere to the substrate and the male guards and aerates them. It is commonest between depths of 5m to 50 m. It can either be found close to the sea bed or it forms pelagic schools. It feeds on small benthic or planktonic invertebrates.
Taxonomy
It was formerly considered conspecific with Chromis chromis but in some areas the two species are sympatric.
Uses
Chromis limbata is a valued food fish in Madeira and is subject to a small scale artisanal fishery, especially off the south and east of the island.
References
External links
Photos of Chromis limbata on Sealife Collection
|
parent taxon
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{
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|
The Azores chromis or Atlantic chromis (Chromis limbata) is a species of damselfish from the family Pomacentridae which is found in the Macaronesian Islands of the temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean and has been reported from coastal regions of western Africa.
Description
Chromis limbata is greyish-brown in colour with a dark dorsal fin, anal fin and distal margin of the caudal fin, with its proximate part being whitish. When spawning, the male develops a slightly purple hue as its courtship colours. It has a large eye and a strongly protractile mouth which reaches the vertical from eye. There are three rows of small canine-like teeth on the jaws. The dorsal fin has 14 spines and 11-12 soft rays while the anal fin has 2 spines and 10-12 soft rays. It grows to 12 cm standard length.
Distribution
Chromis limbata occurs in the Azores and Madeira which are part of Portugal and in the Canary Islands, Spain. It has also been reported off the coast of western Africa from Senegal to Pointe Noire, Congo. It is apparently replaced in the Cape Verde Islands by the endemic Lubbock's chromis (Chromis lubbocki). Small numbers of C. limbata have been recorded off islands in Santa Catarina in southern Brazil and these may be vagrants or may have been introduced through discharge of ships' ballast water.
Biology
The adults of Chromis limbata occur in rocky reefs and sandy-weedy areas, with a depth range of 5–45 meters. They are oviparous and form pairs to breed, the male clears a space on the substrate for the female to lay the eggs in, the eggs adhere to the substrate and the male guards and aerates them. It is commonest between depths of 5m to 50 m. It can either be found close to the sea bed or it forms pelagic schools. It feeds on small benthic or planktonic invertebrates.
Taxonomy
It was formerly considered conspecific with Chromis chromis but in some areas the two species are sympatric.
Uses
Chromis limbata is a valued food fish in Madeira and is subject to a small scale artisanal fishery, especially off the south and east of the island.
References
External links
Photos of Chromis limbata on Sealife Collection
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Chromis limbata"
]
}
|
The Azores chromis or Atlantic chromis (Chromis limbata) is a species of damselfish from the family Pomacentridae which is found in the Macaronesian Islands of the temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean and has been reported from coastal regions of western Africa.
Description
Chromis limbata is greyish-brown in colour with a dark dorsal fin, anal fin and distal margin of the caudal fin, with its proximate part being whitish. When spawning, the male develops a slightly purple hue as its courtship colours. It has a large eye and a strongly protractile mouth which reaches the vertical from eye. There are three rows of small canine-like teeth on the jaws. The dorsal fin has 14 spines and 11-12 soft rays while the anal fin has 2 spines and 10-12 soft rays. It grows to 12 cm standard length.
Distribution
Chromis limbata occurs in the Azores and Madeira which are part of Portugal and in the Canary Islands, Spain. It has also been reported off the coast of western Africa from Senegal to Pointe Noire, Congo. It is apparently replaced in the Cape Verde Islands by the endemic Lubbock's chromis (Chromis lubbocki). Small numbers of C. limbata have been recorded off islands in Santa Catarina in southern Brazil and these may be vagrants or may have been introduced through discharge of ships' ballast water.
Biology
The adults of Chromis limbata occur in rocky reefs and sandy-weedy areas, with a depth range of 5–45 meters. They are oviparous and form pairs to breed, the male clears a space on the substrate for the female to lay the eggs in, the eggs adhere to the substrate and the male guards and aerates them. It is commonest between depths of 5m to 50 m. It can either be found close to the sea bed or it forms pelagic schools. It feeds on small benthic or planktonic invertebrates.
Taxonomy
It was formerly considered conspecific with Chromis chromis but in some areas the two species are sympatric.
Uses
Chromis limbata is a valued food fish in Madeira and is subject to a small scale artisanal fishery, especially off the south and east of the island.
References
External links
Photos of Chromis limbata on Sealife Collection
|
Commons category
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{
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40
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"text": [
"Chromis limbata"
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Saint-Julien-de-Civry (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒyljɛ̃ də sivʁi]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Geography
The Arconce forms part of the commune's northwestern border. The village lies on the left bank of the Lucenay, a tributary of the Arconce.
Population
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
== References ==
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country
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Saint-Julien-de-Civry (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒyljɛ̃ də sivʁi]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Geography
The Arconce forms part of the commune's northwestern border. The village lies on the left bank of the Lucenay, a tributary of the Arconce.
Population
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
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{
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"text": [
"Saône-et-Loire"
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Saint-Julien-de-Civry (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒyljɛ̃ də sivʁi]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Geography
The Arconce forms part of the commune's northwestern border. The village lies on the left bank of the Lucenay, a tributary of the Arconce.
Population
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
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0
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"text": [
"Saint-Julien-de-Civry"
]
}
|
Saint-Julien-de-Civry (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒyljɛ̃ də sivʁi]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Geography
The Arconce forms part of the commune's northwestern border. The village lies on the left bank of the Lucenay, a tributary of the Arconce.
Population
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
== References ==
|
official name
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"Saint-Julien-de-Civry"
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Chang Moi (Thai: ช้างม่อย) is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Mai District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 9,528 people.
== References ==
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country
|
{
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108
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"text": [
"Thailand"
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|
Chang Moi (Thai: ช้างม่อย) is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Mai District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 9,528 people.
== References ==
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instance of
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{
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Chang Moi (Thai: ช้างม่อย) is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Mai District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 9,528 people.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
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"Mueang Chiang Mai"
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An increase of violence occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict starting in the autumn of 2015 and lasting into the first half of 2016. It was called the "Intifada of the Individuals" by Israeli sources, the "Knife Intifada", "Stabbing Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" by international sources because of the many stabbings in Jerusalem, or "Habba" by Palestinian sources.In the latter half of 2015, there were on average three Palestinian attacks per day. It decreased to one per day in 2016 but continued at that level for months. Between October 2015 and March 2016 there were 211 stabbings or attempted stabbings of Israelis by Palestinians, 83 shootings and 42 car-ramming attacks killing 30 Israelis and two Americans. Over 200 Palestinians were killed by Israeli security forces, 130 of them while allegedly carrying out attacks on Israelis.The Palestinian violence during this period was characterized by its uncoordinated nature; most attacks were opportunistic "lone wolf" assaults on Israelis, carried out by individuals acting alone and not attributable to any political faction. That Israeli security forces frequently killed attackers was condemned by human rights organizations and others who claimed that it often amounted to summary executions. Others insisted that Israel had the right to defend itself.
Several events have been attributed as the starting point of the renewed hostilities. On 9 September, Israel outlawed Palestinian groups engaged in aggressive protests against Jewish groups visiting the Temple Mount. On 13 September, Palestinian youths clashed with Israeli police at al-Aqsa. Daily clashes, encouraged by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, continued for several days. On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hishlamoun was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers, allegedly while trying to stab them. Tensions escalated further on 1 October 2015 when an Israeli couple were killed by Palestinian militants, followed by the 3 October Lions' Gate stabbings.Different explanations have been given for the Palestinian unrest. These include Israel appearing to seek to change the "status quo" surrounding the Temple Mount, social-media campaigns that may have motivated the attackers, frustration over the failure of peace talks and the suppression of human rights, and incitement.
Possible causes for the wave of violence
According to many analysts, the key issue was access to what is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif or the Noble Sanctuary and to Jews as the Temple Mount. A "status quo" have been in place since 1967 which safeguards Muslim access to the site and prevents Jewish groups from performing religious rituals there.
Late in the summer of 2015, suspicion spread among Palestinians that Israel was attempting to change the status quo of the Mount by imposing age and gender restrictions on Muslim access while allowing entry to larger groups of Jewish activists. The suspicions were strengthened by calls from Jewish religious activists to visit the Mount on 13 September, eve of Rosh hashana, the Jewish new year. Visitors on that date included Agricultural Minister Uri Ariel, who was filmed praying at the site in front of his police escorts, openly flaunting the prohibition against Jewish prayers.On 9 September 2015, Israel outlawed two Palestinian groups, "Mourabitoon" and "Murabitat", involved in aggressive protests at the Temple Mount against Jewish visiting groups. Israeli police enforce exclusively Muslim prayer at the site and visits to the site by Jewish campaigners have led to clashes with Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat activists. Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon, who signed the ban, said in a statement that the Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat are a "main cause in the creation of tension and violence on the Temple Mount (al Aqsa compound) specifically and Jerusalem in general". The Palestinian Authority opposed this ban and supported the activists.
Israeli generals have claimed that, to a notable degree, Palestinian violence was driven by anger at and revenge for Israeli actions, and that frustrations over the stagnation of diplomatic initiatives also contributed. A report by Israeli intelligence services stated that the unrest was motivated by Palestinian "feelings of national, economic and personal deprivation."Some also pointed out the increasing incitement and involvement of the Islamic State group in regard to Palestinian youth, with Islamic State cell members arrested in the West Bank in January 2015.
Palestinian attacks
During the events, Palestinians from the West Bank and East Jerusalem have carried out assaults against Israeli soldiers, policement as well as against civilians. Most of the attacks were carried out by unaffiliated assailants and have been described by Israeli and sometimes by other sources as acts of terrorism.The Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center has published a breakdown of the attacks on 24 May 2016, about 8 months from the start of the events. Out of 215 attacks recorded between 13 September 2015 and 24 May 2016, the most prominent type was stabbing attacks with a total of 149 incidents (69%). Stabbing attacks have been the most frequent type of assault in 2013 and 2014, but during the events of 2015–2016, they increased. The stabbings were followed by vehicular attacks with 29 incidents (14%), shooting attacks with 21 incidents (10%) and other attacks including the use of Improvised explosive devices and combined assaults.Over half of the attacks (134) occurred in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. About a quarter (58) took place in the city of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem) and the rest (23) occurred within the recognized boundaries of Israel, which saw an increase in the number of attacks since the preceding years.
Impact on Israeli society
The near daily attacks affected Jewish Israeli society and Jewish Israeli opinions toward the Palestinians in various ways. A poll conducted by the Israel Democracy Institute in October 2015 found that 53 percent of Jewish Israeli respondents believed that a Palestinian suspect of a "terrorist attack should be killed on the spot, even if he has been apprehended and no longer poses a threat" and 80 percent said that the home of the family of a Palestinian who has murdered Jews on a nationalist background should be demolished." In the same report 57 percent reported that they feared either for themselves or for someone they knew and only 23 percent believed that Palestinian despair over the lack of progress in peace talks was behind the spike in attacks. A poll in December 2015 found that 77 percent of Israelis felt unsafe and that nearly half were reluctant to attend public Hanukkah celebrations.After an attack in a supermarket, one of Israel's major grocery chains, Rami Levy pulled all knives, kitchen scissors and pizza cutters from the aisles so that they would not be used as weapons by Palestinian attackers.In October in the weekly magazine Mishpacha, popular among ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, a letter that went viral appeared to beg Arabs not to kill Haredim appeared. The letter, written in Arabic, began "We, the Hareidim do not go up to the Temple Mount, you do not see Hareidim on the Temple Mount, Hareidim do not want to change the status quo, and the Hareidim have no part in this – so please, stop murdering us." Many Haredi Jews had been targeted in the Old City of Jerusalem, ostensibly because of their distinguishable clothing. According to Mishpacha's editor, Yossi Elituv the appeal was meant as a literary device and was misunderstood.During the unrest, demand for handguns soared and Israeli leaders encouraged licensed gun owners to carry their weapons. The mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat in October 2015 compared it to "military reserve duty" and claimed that bystanders shooting Palestinian attackers had prevented many attacks. Netanyahu, echoing his comments, said that "Civilians are at the forefront of the war against terrorism and must also be on maximum alert."
Impact on Palestinian society
Initially, Palestinians were broadly supportive of attacks against Israelis but the support waned over time. In a poll conducted by the Palestinian think tank Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) among Palestinians released in December 2015 showed that 57 percent of Palestinians in the West Bank supported knife attacks. That number had shrunk to 44 percent in March 2016. However, a majority still believed that an armed intifada would serve them better than negotiations.The same opinion polls showed that the unrest didn't affect public opinion about Abbas and the Palestinian Authority – they remained widely unpopular. In the fall of 2015 over half of the respondents of PCPSR:s poll favored dissolving the PA altogether and two years later in poll conducted among West Bank Palestinians, 46 percent viewed the PA as a "burden" and 60 percent wished Abbas would resign.
Extrajudicial killings
Human rights organizations, such as B'Tselem and Amnesty International, and Palestinian leaders, and others said that some killings of Palestinian attackers and others by Israeli security forces were extrajudicial killings.In a joint statement with the Israeli NGO B'tselem, Amnesty International stated that in some instances Israeli forces have engaged in extrajudicial killings, which Israeli politicians are accused of openly endorsing as a response to Palestinians merely suspected by police of terrorist intentions of unarmed civilians. Netanyahu made a point of saying when the US killed the San Bernardino shooters, nobody said they were extrajudicial killings and claimed that Israel was unfairly criticized. Human Rights Watch, raising the possibility that Israel may be engaged in violations of international law, has expressed concern over what it calls Israel's "indiscriminate and even deliberate" shooting of protesters.On 27 October 2015, Amnesty called for Israel to end its "pattern of unlawful killings." The organization examined four cases, 19-year-old Sa'ad Muhammad Youssef al-Atrash, 17-year-old Dania Jihad Hussein Ershied, 19-year-old Fadi Alloun, and 18-year-old Hadeel al-Hashlamon, which it claimed were deliberately shot while they posed no imminent threat to life and that the killings therefore were extrajudicial. It also noted some cases in which the person shot were not given medical assistance and was left bleeding to death on the ground. Philip Luther, Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Amnesty International, stated:
"There is mounting evidence that, as tensions have risen dramatically, in some cases Israeli forces appear to have ripped up the rulebook and resorted to extreme and unlawful measures. They seem increasingly prone to using lethal force against anyone they perceive as posing a threat, without ensuring that the threat is real."
In a B'Tselem report from 16 December 2015, the organization listed twelve incidents in which Israeli soldiers and other security forces allegedly used excessive force against Palestinians, by shooting attackers or suspected attackers even after they no longer posed any danger. B'Tselem accused Netanyahu of overseeing a "new pseudo-normative reality" in which a "shoot to kill" approach should always be adopted by police officers or armed civilians regarding suspected Palestinian attackers.In February 2016, Defence for Children International accused the Israeli army of the intentional killing of Palestinian children in the West Bank. It said that the IDF had killed more than 180 Palestinians since the unrest began in October 2015, including 49 children. It said: "Repeated killing and shooting of children by Israeli army, and preventing paramedics from offering medical aid to them is considered a form of extrajudicial killing".
Incitement
During the period of unrest, what role incitement played in triggering Palestinians to commit attacks against Israelis was debated. Israeli officials frequently blamed Palestinian leaders and organizations for incitement. Abbas was most often blamed, but many others such as Hamas, the Islamic Movement in Israel, Arab Israeli politicians, imams, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström, and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon were also accused of encouraging or inciting violence.
A different source of incitement was social media. Several Palestinians were arrested over what they had posted online.
By Abbas and the Palestinian Authority
Netanyahu and other prominent Israeli politicians repeatedly alleged that Abbas was inciting Palestinians. For example, in October 2015, Netanyahu said that "there is no question that this wave of attacks was driven directly by the incitement, the incitement of Hamas, the incitement of the Islamist movement in Israel and the incitement, I am sorry to say, from president Abbas and the Palestinian Authority." His Education Minister, Naftali Bennett, claimed in an interview with BBC that Abbas was "inciting murder of Jews."American politicians, such as Secretary of State John Kerry and the Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Eliot Engel, also accused Abbas of incitement.
Analysts, however, doubted that Abbas was inciting the violence. According to Mouin Rabbani, a senior fellow at the Institute for Palestine Studies think tank, "Abbas couldn't even incite a rabid dog" because, according to him, Abbas was a leader without authority or influence. According to Shin Bet, the violence was incited by the Islamic Movement in Israel and Hamas and not Abbas, who they claimed instructed his security forces to prevent attacks on Israelis.Social media expert Shimrit Meir believed that Abbas was encouraging violence, but that no one was listening to him because of his unpopularity.Abbas denied all allegations of incitement. In an interview sent on Israeli TV in March 2016 he claimed that Palestinian security forces were trying to prevent attacks. He proceeded to describe a raid of a school where they had found "70 boys and girls who were carrying knives. We talked to them about it and told them it was a mistake. 'We don't want you to kill and die. We want you to live and the other to live.'"
By the Islamic Movement
The Islamic Movement in Israel, founders of the two Temple Mount groups the Murabitat and Mourabitoun, was claimed to be a major source of incitement. The Israeli government accused it of "continuous incitement to violence and racism" by accusing Israel of seeking to change the Temple Mount "status quo." The northern branch of the movement was outlawed in November 2015.According to the Shin Bet and Israeli police, the movement was affiliated with the Muslim brotherhood and had ties with Hamas.
By Hamas
A Shin Bet senior officer said that much of the incitement is coming from Hamas.
By the Islamic State
According to Algemeiner analysis published in January 2016,
While the threat of border clashes with Islamic State terrorists fighting in the Syrian civil war has concerned Israeli leaders for some time now, the recruitment of Israeli Arabs to form their own terror cells or launch lone wolf attacks inside of Israel – akin to the Paris or San Bernardino attacks late in 2015 – has recently become a more serious threat for the Jewish state.
According to a cyber-security expert opinion of INSS, a new trend started during the "wave of terror" in Israel, with the Islamic State organization flooding social media platforms with messages tailored to Palestinians and Israeli Arabs.Shin Bet claimed that the attackers who killed four people at Tel Aviv tourist attraction were inspired by the Islamic State . Reportedly, this confirmed the assessment, previously made by Palestinian security services on the night of the attack. Following the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting, Israeli newspaper "Haaretz", wrote that first signs emerged of ISIS-inspired lone-wolf terrorism in Israel.
By individuals
According to a report by the Palestinian Detainees and Ex-detainees Committee, Israel arrested about 130 Palestinians over social media activity in 2015. 27 of those detained were accused of incitement.In October 2015, it was reported that 20,000 Israelis had initiated a class action suit against Facebook who they claimed had a "legal and moral obligation" to block content "containing incitement to murder Jews."On 11 October, Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour was arrested over a poem that she had published on YouTube that the Israeli authorities claimed were inciting violence.
On 15 October, the Jewish non-governmental organization ADL wrote in a blog post that content encouraging Palestinians to stab Jews had emerged on social media. As examples of such content, it described an image with the text "When you stab, put poison on the knife or soak the knife in vinegar," a tweet that read "Stab a soldier with a knife to liberate Palestine" and a YouTube video captioned "Learn how to stab a Jew." In an update of the blog post on 20 October, the ADL wrote that Google, Twitter and Facebook had all removed the "problematic material" after being notified of it.
On 16 October, Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, brought one of the images ADL had described to a meeting with the Security Council. The image was an infographic titled "How to stab a Jew" and showed where on a victims body an attacker should stab to inflict as much damage as possible. Danon claimed that it was an example of what incitement looks like on social media.On 21 November, Palestinian journalist Muhammad al-Qiq was put under administrative detention, allegedly for "incitement" and for working with Hamas.
By Israeli politicians
Israeli politicians were accused of incitement against Palestinians.
In October, the left-wing Israeli newspaper Haaretz accused Netanyahu of incitement against Arab Israelis for claiming in a Knesset speech that there was a "train of ISIS flags" behind the predominantly Arab party Balad. In another widely denounced comment in October, Netanyahu claimed that a Palestinian gave Hitler the idea for the Holocaust.
Palestinian Ministor of Jerusalem Affairs, Adnan Husseini, called Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat's decision of publicly carrying a rifle while visiting the city's Arab neighborhoods a "declaration of war" on the city's Palestinian residents.
Deputy Foreign Minister Tzipi Hotovely said it was her dream "to see the Israeli flag flying on the Temple Mount." Netanyahu rebuked the comment.
Timeline
Since 13 September, 36 Israelis, as well as two Americans and an Eritrean were killed in Palestinian attacks, while 222 Palestinians have been killed (all but one by Israeli security forces), of which 140 were identified by Israel as assailants. Additionally, a Sudanese attacker was killed. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) recorded 167 'terrorist' attacks by Palestinians against Israeli civilians and security forces.
July 2015
On 31 July 2015, two homes in Duma, a Palestinian village in the West Bank, were firebombed by Israeli settlers. An 18-month-old baby was burnt to death and his parents and 4-year-old brother were critically injured and rushed to hospitals, where the father died of his burns several days later. In early September the mother also succumbed to her injuries.
September 2015
On 9 September, after talks with visiting British Prime Minister David Cameron, Jordan's King Abdullah II warned Israel, on 9 September, that "any more provocation in Jerusalem will affect the relationship between Jordan and Israel."On 9 September, US State Department spokesman John Kirby, condemned "all acts of violence" at the Temple Mount and urged Israel not to lift restrictions for Jewish visitors or to disturb the "status quo" of the site.On 13 September, Muslim youths gathered at the al-Aqsa Mosque compound, with the intention of blocking visits by Jews to the area. They clashed with Israeli police who used rubber coated bullets and tear gas, and chained the doors of the mosque shut. Tensions on the Temple Mount continued for three days, causing damage as Israeli police used tear gas and threw stun grenades toward Palestinian youths barricaded inside the Mosque, hurling rocks and flares at police, a Reuters witness said. Israeli Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, in a statement, said the Palestinians also had pipe bombs.On 13 September, Alexander Levlovich who was driving in a Jerusalem neighborhood was killed by Palestinians who threw stones at his car. This caused him to lose control of his car and crash into a utility pole.On 16 September, Abbas declared his support for Palestinian youths injured in clashes on the Temple Mount, stating that "every drop of blood spilled in Jerusalem is pure, every shahid [martyr] will reach paradise, and every injured person will be rewarded by God." This led United States' Secretary of State John Kerry to accuse Abbas of inciting violence.On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hashlamon was shot multiple times by an Israeli soldier at a checkpoint in Hebron. The IDF claimed that she had a knife on her. Amnesty published a report a few days later in which it called the incident an extrajudicial killing because Hashlamon didn't pose a threat when she was killed. In the following weeks, Hebron became a center of violent incidents and protests.On 24 September the Security Cabinet of Israel approved new anti-riot laws. A modified order allowed security forces to shoot when the life of a third party is under threat. Before the change, Israeli soldiers facing rioters could open fire with live bullets only if their own life was in danger. The cabinet also ordered a minimum four-year jail term for anybody throwing dangerous objects and heavy fines on parents whose children threw stones as a temporary measure to be in effect for three years. A pay increase for border police throughout Jerusalem and the calling up reserve forces of police and Border Guard forces was also enacted by the security cabinet. Saeb Erekat, secretary general of the PLO, said that the new rules was "a mere pretext to justify the escalating Israeli crimes against the people of Palestine."
October 2015
69 Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli security forces in October. Of those, 51 were killed in the West Bank and 18 in the Gaza Strip. The IDF claimed that 43 of the Palestinians killed were attackers. 7,392 Palestinians were injured. 7,392 Palestinians were injured; 4,216 by tear gas inhalation, 1,753 by rubber bullets, 1,134 by live ammunition and 289 from other causes. In the same period, ten Israelis were killed, and 115 injured. During the month over 300 Israeli soldiers were deployed in Jerusalem in the largest military policing operation since the Second Intifada.On 1 October, Hamas militants killed two settlers from the West Bank. Netanyahu said that the attack was a "result of Palestinian incitement" that led "to an act of terror and murder" and criticized Abbas for not condemning the attack. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah's military arm, welcomed the attack and said it was "a worthy response" to the Duma arson attack in July.On 3 October, a Palestinian stabbed and killed two Israelis in the Old City of Jerusalem before he himself was shot and killed by Israeli police. The attack caused controversy as BBC used the headline "Palestinian shot dead after Jerusalem attack kills two," apparently focusing more on the killed attacker rather than on his victims. The headline outraged the Israeli government which demanded an apology from the BBC. It warned that the network could face sanctions, threatening to annul its press cards in Israel, which in effect would have made it impossible for it to operate in the country. The network admitted that the headline was bad but said that it was written by a junior editor and not reflective of anti-Israeli bias. The headline was subsequently changed several times by the BBC.On 4 October, Palestinians except for those living in Jerusalem, businessmen and students were banned from entering the Old City for two days. Men under the age of 50 were also banned from praying at al-Aqsa. Israelis or foreign tourists were not affected by the ban. The move angered Palestinians and was condemned by Amnesty as a violation of the right to freedom of movement.On 8 October, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he had barred Israeli ministers and other politicians in Israel's parliament, the Knesset, from visiting the Temple Mount. The decision was criticized both by Jewish and Arab politicians who said that they would defy his orders. Other politicians such as Isaac Herzog of the opposition party the Zionist Union welcomed the ban. Netanyahu also reiterated that his government had no intention of changing the Temple Mount "status quo."On 12 October, two Palestinian boys Hassan and Ahmad Manasra stabbed two Israelis in East Jerusalem. The attack became a lightning rod for both Israelis and Palestinians because of the young age of the attackers, a viral clip from after the attack showing Ahmad laying in a pool of blood while being shouted at by settlers which spread on social media, and because Abbas erroneously claimed in a televised speech that Ahmad had been executed.On 16 October, the French newspaper Le Figaro revealed that the French government was drafting a Security Council statement calling for the deployment of international observers to Temple Mount to preserve status quo. The Israeli government rebuffed the proposal and Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, said that Israel would never agree to the stationing of international forces at the site.On 17 October, Jibril Rajoub, a senior member of Palestinian Authority ruling party Fatah said about the attacks that "they require heroism, courage, and a value system, which forces the Palestinian elite and the Palestinian national forces to see in the final words of one of those heroes, written in a blog, a document that could be taught in schools in a lesson about the meaning of martyrdom..."On 18 October, an Israeli Bedouin shot and killed an Israeli soldier in a bus station in Beersheba before he was killed by security personnel. An Eritrean asylum seeker, mistaken for a second gunman, was shot by police and then lynched by a mob which was filmed by a bystander. He later died of his wounds.Leaders of the Israeli Bedouin community condemned the attack, while ISIS, who the attacker thought to have been inspired by, praised it. It was the first attack of the conflict committed by a Bedouin.Netanyahu warned Israelis against vigilantism and Human Rights Watch called for prosecution against those involved in the lynching.On 20 October, Israeli troops rearrested Hassan Yousef, a senior Hamas figure in the West Bank, accusing him of "fermenting violence and conflict against Israel among the Palestinian public."On 20 October, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon made a surprise visit to Israel and called for both sides to restore calm.On 21 October, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel met with Netanyahu on to discuss the violence. She said that Germany expected Abbas "to condemn everything that constitutes an act of terror. One can't have open talks with Israel if this does not happen" and that "young Palestinians need a perspective and unilateral steps are not helpful".On 24 October the US House Foreign Affairs Committee voted to cut financial aid to the Palestinian Authority by $80 million to "send a message" to Abbas to end the "incitement." The Chairman of the Committee, Eliot Engel, said that the unrest was "the product of years and years of anti-Israel propaganda and indoctrination – some of which has been actively promoted by Palestinian Authority officials and institutions."
Speculations about a Third Intifada
During October, analysts speculated on whether the unrest was, or would lead to, a Third Intifada – an organized uprising against the Israeli occupation. On 9 October, Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas, declared that a new intifada had begun, but other Palestinian leaders refrained from following suit. Analysts questioned whether they would be able to contain the violence.According to Israeli opposition leader Isaac Herzog, who thought the events would lead to a Third Intifada, the Palestinian Authority tried to avoid an explosion "but on the ground, there's not much effect ... young people definitely aren't listening." According to Nohad Ali, a sociologist from the University of Haifa, there wasn't "yet" a Third Intifada. Other analysts noted that the unrest was different from previous Intifadas because it lacked both an organizational framework under an acknowledged political leadership and a clear set of goals. It was also noted that the violence was mainly restricted to Palestinians of East Jerusalem, and did not reflect general participation from the West Bank as in earlier Intifadas.Grant Rumley of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies argued that because there was little Palestinian political endorsement of the violence, the chance of another uprising was low; "the likelihood of another uprising is roughly the same as it is on any other day in this blood-soaked conflict."
November 2015
On 23 November, two Palestinian girls, 14-year-old Hadeel Wajih Awwad from Qalandiya and her 16-year-old cousin Norhan Awwad from Kafr 'Aqab stabbed a man with a pair of scissors at the Mahane Yehuda Market on Jaffa Street in central Jerusalem who suffered light injuries to his neck. The victim turned out to be a 70-year-old Palestinian man from Bethlehem who the girls had mistaken for a Jew. The attack was stopped by a bystander who hit the older girl with a chair that knocked her to the ground. The younger girl then advanced on a policeman in the street while brandishing her scissors. The policeman killed her by shooting her several times even after she had slumped to the ground from the first shot. He also fired two shots into the motionless older girls chest. She sustained serious wounds and underwent surgery to remove the bullets from her abdomen.The killed girl's brother, Mahmoud Awwad, 22, had been shot in the head by an Israeli sniper during clashes near Qalandiya in 2013. He died five months later. According to the indictment against Norhan, the attack was meant to avenge his death. She was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison and fined 30,000 shekels.The attack caused some outrage as the killing of Hadeel was caught on security camera footage. In an open letter to Netanyahu, the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem claimed that it was an example of an extrajudicial killing, noting that "the death penalty for murder was abolished in Israeli criminal law in 1954, over 60 years ago." Kerry, on the other hand, alluding to the attack, defended Israel "Clearly, no people anywhere should live with daily violence; with attacks in the streets, with knives or scissors or cars."
December 2015
In early December during a debate in the Swedish parliament, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström discussed the ongoing spate of violence in Israel and the Occupied territories. She accused Israel of extrajudicial killings, executing attackers without trial, and of disproportionate use of force. She also condemned the Palestinian attacks and said that Israel had the right to defend itself.The comments infuriated the Israeli Foreign Ministry who calling her words "scandalous, delusional, rude and detached from reality. The foreign minister suggests that Israeli citizens simply give their necks to the murderers trying to stab them with knives" and that "the citizens of Israel have to deal with terrorism that receives support from irresponsible and false statements like that."On 12 January, Wallström again suggested that Israel might be guilty of extrajudicial killings of Palestinians and called for an investigation into the matter. The Israeli Foreign Ministry again responded harshly, claiming that Wallström's "irresponsible and delirious statements are giving support to terrorism and encouraging violence". Deputy Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Hotovely declared that Swedish politicians of the rank of deputy minister and above are not welcome in Israel. She later clarified that it was only the Foreign Minister and her aides what were not welcome.On 9 December it was revealed that US Presidential candidate Donald Trump would visit Israel and meet with Netanyahu on 28 December. Netanyahu was criticized for not cancelling the meeting because Trump a few days earlier had called for a banning Muslims from entering the US. 37 MKs asked Netanyahu to condemn Trump and refuse to meet with him.Netanyahu in response said he rejected Trump's remarks about Muslims but that the meeting was planned two weeks ago and would go forward as planned. Trump, however, postponed the meeting until "after I become President" and later hinted that Netanyahu's negative response to the "Muslim ban" was the reason.
January 2016
In January, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that the Palestinian attacks were driven by a "profound sense of alienation and despair" and that "it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism." He condemned the attacks but also said that Israel's settlement program, under which 153 new settler homes had recently been approved, cast doubt on its commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state.Netanyahu responded harshly to the criticism and accused Ban of "encouraging terror," adding that Palestinians "do not murder for peace and they do not murder for human rights."Ban in response to Netanyahu's accusation wrote an op-ed published in The New York Times titled "Don't Shoot the Messenger, Israel.". In it he wrote that he would "always stand up to those who challenge Israel's right to exist" but that "when heartfelt concerns about short-sighted or morally damaging policies emanate from so many sources, including Israel's closest friends, it cannot be sustainable to keep lashing out at every well-intentioned critic." He also called for "Israelis, Palestinians and the international community" to recognize that the status quo is untenable and that "keeping another people under indefinite occupation undermines the security and the future of both Israelis and Palestinians."On 29 January, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced an international peace conference to try and jump start an Israeli-Palestinian peace process. If the negotiations were unsuccessful, France would formally recognize the State of Palestine.While the Palestinians, and later also the Arab League, welcomed the "French initiative," the Israeli government rejected it, with one official sardonically asking "Perhaps France will push for peace process with ISIS next?" Netanyahu later clarified that he would prefer to hold direct talks with Abbas, without the involvement of the international community.Since Israel announced that it would not participate, the conference was to be held without any Palestinian or Israeli presence. First it was planned to be held on 30 May, but due to scheduling problems, it was postponed several times. It was eventually held in January 2017.
February 2016
In early February three Arab Israeli members of the Knesset (MK) from the Joint List met with families of Palestinian attackers who had been killed by Israeli security forces. The three politicians claimed that the purpose of the meeting was to secure the release of the attackers bodies for burial. Israeli often delays returning the bodies of attackers to their respective families.The meeting outraged other politicians in the predominantly Jewish Knesset. It was heavily criticized by both Netanyahu and the opposition leader Isaac Herzog who said that the MKs "crossed a red line." The Ethics Committee of the Knesset suspended the three Arab Israeli MKs who had participated in the meeting; Hanin Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka.In response to the meeting between the Arab Israeli MKs and the Palestinian families, Netanyahu proposed new legislation allowing for three-quarters of the Knesset (90 of 120 members) to vote to expel an MK. The controversial "Expulsion law" was passed in July 2016 and allowed for the expulsion of an MK found guilty of either inciting racism or supporting an armed struggle against Israel.On 17 February, nine American congressmen and Senator Patrick Leahy wrote a letter to the US State Department inquiring about "specific allegations of gross violations of human rights" by the security forces of Egypt and Israel. They asked the State Department to determine whether the reports were credible and if so whether they would trigger the Leahy Law, a law that can cause the suspension of military aid to countries found guilty of human rights violations.Netanyahu responded angrily when he became aware of the letter's existence on 30 March. He defended the IDF by saying that "the IDF and the Israel Police do not engage in executions" and adding that "this letter should have been addressed instead to those who incite youngsters to commit cruel acts of terrorism."
March 2016
Between 23 February and 4 April, 22 Palestinians were killed, of which two were in the Gaza Strip, while 518 were injured. In March, one American was killed and 26 Israelis were injured. The Shin Bet recorded four attacks from the Gaza Strip; two rocket launches in which a total of five rockets were shot and two small arms shootings. 117 attacks in the West Bank and Jerusalem; six shootings of which two occurred in Jerusalem, 9 I.E.D,, six stabbings of which one occurred in Jerusalem, two vehicular attacks, one attempted attack and 92 firebomb attacks (33 in Jerusalem).On 8 March, a US tourist, Taylor Force, was killed and ten other people injured when a Palestinian man attacked people in Tel Aviv. The Taylor Force Act, American legislation to stop economic aid to the Palestinian Authority until it stops paying stipends to individuals who commit acts of terrorism, was named in his honor.
Also on 8 March, two Israeli police officers were wounded by an Arab gunman in Jerusalem and an Israeli man was moderately wounded in a stabbing attack in Petah Tikva. The victim managed to remove the knife from his neck and stabbed the attacker to death.On 24 March, two Palestinians stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier in Hebron and were subsequently shot. One died immediately and the other remained badly wounded. A video published by B'tselem showed a soldier aiming his weapon at the motionless attacker lying on the ground, and shooting him in the head. The video went viral on Israeli social media, sparking controversy.
April 2016
In April the US State Department released its annual report into human rights abuses around the world. The report accused Israeli forces of "excessive use of force" and "arbitrary arrest and associated torture and abuse, often with impunity," by the IDF, the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas and claimed that there were numerous reports of Israeli forces killing Palestinians when they did not pose a threat to life. It also criticized the Palestinian Authority for not condemning incidents of antisemitism and for hailing attackers who died while committing as martyrs.
May 2016
June 2016
On 8 June, two Palestinian gunmen opened fire at a cafe in Tel Aviv, killing four people and injuring seven others. The attackers claimed in the investigation that they were inspired by the Islamic State and Hamas. Israeli government response was to suspend 83,000 Palestinian entry permits to visit families in Israel for the Ramadan were suspended following the attack, a move that was described as "collective punishment" by Knesset member Haneen Zoabi and U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein. The IDF imposed a closure over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the wake of the attack, which was scheduled to end on 11 June after the end of Jewish holiday of Shavuot Palestinian Media, Hamas and PIJ celebrated the attack.On 30 June Murder of Hallel Yaffa Ariel: a Palestinian stabbed and killed 17-year-old Hallel Yaffa Ariel while she was sleeping in her bedroom in the West Bank settlement of Kiryat Arba. The assailant was fatally shot by security guards. That same day, a Palestinian assailant stabbed two Israeli civilians in Natanya, north of Tel Aviv and was shot dead by an armed civilian. On 1 July Palestinian gunmen fired at an Israeli family vehicle south to Hebron causing it to flip over. The father of the family died while his wife and two daughters were injured. PIJ said in a statement that: "the escalation in attacks against settlers reflects the persistence of the Palestinian intifada to continue"Throughout June 2016, 5 Israelis and 6 Palestinians were killed, while 21–30 Israelis and 167 Palestinians were wounded. The Shin Bet recorded 1 attack from the Gaza Strip (small arms shooting), 100 attacks from the West Bank and East Jerusalem: 10 I.E.D (Pipe bombs and an improvised grenade); 2 small armes shooting; 1 stabbing; 1 vehicular and 86 firebomb (29 in Jerusalem) attacks, and 2 attacks inside the Green Line (in Tel Aviv and Natanya). 1 Jewish attack was recorded: Two vehicles were set on fire and three were sprayed with anti-Arab hate speech in Nazareth and Yafa an-Naseriyye (in northern Israel).
See also
2014 Jerusalem unrest
2015 in Israel
2016 in Israel
Palestinian political violence
Temple Mount entry restrictions
References
External links
Wave of terror 2015, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Israeli-Palestinian violence: What you need to know, CNN
Is Palestinian-Israeli violence being driven by social media?. BBC
Humanitarian Bulletin (October 2015) – OCHA OPT monthly report
Interviews
Interview with Benjamin Netanyahu, 22 March 2016, AIPAC.
Interview with Mahmoud Abbas, 31 March 2016, Ilana Dayan, Channel 12.
Letters from Palestine
All letters from this period are signed Riyad Mansour, Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations
Palestinian civilians continue to be killed, injured and terrorized by Israeli aggression, 14 October 2015.
Situation in occupied Palestine deteriorating, 19 October 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates its appeal to Security Council to uphold its duties and protect Palestinian people, 3 November 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates appeal to Security Council to act to end Israeli aggression and occupation, 1 December 2015.
Palestine concerned by Israel's breaches of international humanitarian and human rights law, 8 April 2016.
Letters from Israel
All letters from this period are signed by Ambassador Ron Prosor.
Israel calls for attention of Secretary-General and Security Council to terror attacks on Israeli citizens, 4 October 2015.
Israel calls on Security Council to denounce attacks on Israeli citizens, 9 October 2015.
Israel calls on UN Secretary-General and Security Council President to demand end to Palestinian incitement, 13 November 2015.
UN OCHA Monthly Humanitarian Bulletins
October 2015
December 2015
January 2016
February 2016
March – April 2016
May 2016
UN OCHA Protection of Civilians Weekly Reports
29 September – 5 October 2015
6 – 12 October 2015
27 October – 2 November 2015
9 – 15 February 2016
16 – 22 February 2016
23 February – 7 March 2016
8 – 14 March 2016
15 – 21 March 2016
22 – 28 March 2016
10 – 16 May 2016
17 – 23 May 2016
May 24 – 6 June 2016
7 – 13 June 2016
14 – 20 June 2016
UN monthly media monitoring reviews
Review of Events, September 2015
Review of Events, October 2015
Review of Events, December 2015
Review of Events, February 2016
Review of Events, March 2016
Review of Events, April 2016
Review of Events, May 2016
Review of Events, June 2016
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An increase of violence occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict starting in the autumn of 2015 and lasting into the first half of 2016. It was called the "Intifada of the Individuals" by Israeli sources, the "Knife Intifada", "Stabbing Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" by international sources because of the many stabbings in Jerusalem, or "Habba" by Palestinian sources.In the latter half of 2015, there were on average three Palestinian attacks per day. It decreased to one per day in 2016 but continued at that level for months. Between October 2015 and March 2016 there were 211 stabbings or attempted stabbings of Israelis by Palestinians, 83 shootings and 42 car-ramming attacks killing 30 Israelis and two Americans. Over 200 Palestinians were killed by Israeli security forces, 130 of them while allegedly carrying out attacks on Israelis.The Palestinian violence during this period was characterized by its uncoordinated nature; most attacks were opportunistic "lone wolf" assaults on Israelis, carried out by individuals acting alone and not attributable to any political faction. That Israeli security forces frequently killed attackers was condemned by human rights organizations and others who claimed that it often amounted to summary executions. Others insisted that Israel had the right to defend itself.
Several events have been attributed as the starting point of the renewed hostilities. On 9 September, Israel outlawed Palestinian groups engaged in aggressive protests against Jewish groups visiting the Temple Mount. On 13 September, Palestinian youths clashed with Israeli police at al-Aqsa. Daily clashes, encouraged by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, continued for several days. On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hishlamoun was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers, allegedly while trying to stab them. Tensions escalated further on 1 October 2015 when an Israeli couple were killed by Palestinian militants, followed by the 3 October Lions' Gate stabbings.Different explanations have been given for the Palestinian unrest. These include Israel appearing to seek to change the "status quo" surrounding the Temple Mount, social-media campaigns that may have motivated the attackers, frustration over the failure of peace talks and the suppression of human rights, and incitement.
Possible causes for the wave of violence
According to many analysts, the key issue was access to what is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif or the Noble Sanctuary and to Jews as the Temple Mount. A "status quo" have been in place since 1967 which safeguards Muslim access to the site and prevents Jewish groups from performing religious rituals there.
Late in the summer of 2015, suspicion spread among Palestinians that Israel was attempting to change the status quo of the Mount by imposing age and gender restrictions on Muslim access while allowing entry to larger groups of Jewish activists. The suspicions were strengthened by calls from Jewish religious activists to visit the Mount on 13 September, eve of Rosh hashana, the Jewish new year. Visitors on that date included Agricultural Minister Uri Ariel, who was filmed praying at the site in front of his police escorts, openly flaunting the prohibition against Jewish prayers.On 9 September 2015, Israel outlawed two Palestinian groups, "Mourabitoon" and "Murabitat", involved in aggressive protests at the Temple Mount against Jewish visiting groups. Israeli police enforce exclusively Muslim prayer at the site and visits to the site by Jewish campaigners have led to clashes with Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat activists. Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon, who signed the ban, said in a statement that the Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat are a "main cause in the creation of tension and violence on the Temple Mount (al Aqsa compound) specifically and Jerusalem in general". The Palestinian Authority opposed this ban and supported the activists.
Israeli generals have claimed that, to a notable degree, Palestinian violence was driven by anger at and revenge for Israeli actions, and that frustrations over the stagnation of diplomatic initiatives also contributed. A report by Israeli intelligence services stated that the unrest was motivated by Palestinian "feelings of national, economic and personal deprivation."Some also pointed out the increasing incitement and involvement of the Islamic State group in regard to Palestinian youth, with Islamic State cell members arrested in the West Bank in January 2015.
Palestinian attacks
During the events, Palestinians from the West Bank and East Jerusalem have carried out assaults against Israeli soldiers, policement as well as against civilians. Most of the attacks were carried out by unaffiliated assailants and have been described by Israeli and sometimes by other sources as acts of terrorism.The Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center has published a breakdown of the attacks on 24 May 2016, about 8 months from the start of the events. Out of 215 attacks recorded between 13 September 2015 and 24 May 2016, the most prominent type was stabbing attacks with a total of 149 incidents (69%). Stabbing attacks have been the most frequent type of assault in 2013 and 2014, but during the events of 2015–2016, they increased. The stabbings were followed by vehicular attacks with 29 incidents (14%), shooting attacks with 21 incidents (10%) and other attacks including the use of Improvised explosive devices and combined assaults.Over half of the attacks (134) occurred in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. About a quarter (58) took place in the city of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem) and the rest (23) occurred within the recognized boundaries of Israel, which saw an increase in the number of attacks since the preceding years.
Impact on Israeli society
The near daily attacks affected Jewish Israeli society and Jewish Israeli opinions toward the Palestinians in various ways. A poll conducted by the Israel Democracy Institute in October 2015 found that 53 percent of Jewish Israeli respondents believed that a Palestinian suspect of a "terrorist attack should be killed on the spot, even if he has been apprehended and no longer poses a threat" and 80 percent said that the home of the family of a Palestinian who has murdered Jews on a nationalist background should be demolished." In the same report 57 percent reported that they feared either for themselves or for someone they knew and only 23 percent believed that Palestinian despair over the lack of progress in peace talks was behind the spike in attacks. A poll in December 2015 found that 77 percent of Israelis felt unsafe and that nearly half were reluctant to attend public Hanukkah celebrations.After an attack in a supermarket, one of Israel's major grocery chains, Rami Levy pulled all knives, kitchen scissors and pizza cutters from the aisles so that they would not be used as weapons by Palestinian attackers.In October in the weekly magazine Mishpacha, popular among ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, a letter that went viral appeared to beg Arabs not to kill Haredim appeared. The letter, written in Arabic, began "We, the Hareidim do not go up to the Temple Mount, you do not see Hareidim on the Temple Mount, Hareidim do not want to change the status quo, and the Hareidim have no part in this – so please, stop murdering us." Many Haredi Jews had been targeted in the Old City of Jerusalem, ostensibly because of their distinguishable clothing. According to Mishpacha's editor, Yossi Elituv the appeal was meant as a literary device and was misunderstood.During the unrest, demand for handguns soared and Israeli leaders encouraged licensed gun owners to carry their weapons. The mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat in October 2015 compared it to "military reserve duty" and claimed that bystanders shooting Palestinian attackers had prevented many attacks. Netanyahu, echoing his comments, said that "Civilians are at the forefront of the war against terrorism and must also be on maximum alert."
Impact on Palestinian society
Initially, Palestinians were broadly supportive of attacks against Israelis but the support waned over time. In a poll conducted by the Palestinian think tank Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) among Palestinians released in December 2015 showed that 57 percent of Palestinians in the West Bank supported knife attacks. That number had shrunk to 44 percent in March 2016. However, a majority still believed that an armed intifada would serve them better than negotiations.The same opinion polls showed that the unrest didn't affect public opinion about Abbas and the Palestinian Authority – they remained widely unpopular. In the fall of 2015 over half of the respondents of PCPSR:s poll favored dissolving the PA altogether and two years later in poll conducted among West Bank Palestinians, 46 percent viewed the PA as a "burden" and 60 percent wished Abbas would resign.
Extrajudicial killings
Human rights organizations, such as B'Tselem and Amnesty International, and Palestinian leaders, and others said that some killings of Palestinian attackers and others by Israeli security forces were extrajudicial killings.In a joint statement with the Israeli NGO B'tselem, Amnesty International stated that in some instances Israeli forces have engaged in extrajudicial killings, which Israeli politicians are accused of openly endorsing as a response to Palestinians merely suspected by police of terrorist intentions of unarmed civilians. Netanyahu made a point of saying when the US killed the San Bernardino shooters, nobody said they were extrajudicial killings and claimed that Israel was unfairly criticized. Human Rights Watch, raising the possibility that Israel may be engaged in violations of international law, has expressed concern over what it calls Israel's "indiscriminate and even deliberate" shooting of protesters.On 27 October 2015, Amnesty called for Israel to end its "pattern of unlawful killings." The organization examined four cases, 19-year-old Sa'ad Muhammad Youssef al-Atrash, 17-year-old Dania Jihad Hussein Ershied, 19-year-old Fadi Alloun, and 18-year-old Hadeel al-Hashlamon, which it claimed were deliberately shot while they posed no imminent threat to life and that the killings therefore were extrajudicial. It also noted some cases in which the person shot were not given medical assistance and was left bleeding to death on the ground. Philip Luther, Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Amnesty International, stated:
"There is mounting evidence that, as tensions have risen dramatically, in some cases Israeli forces appear to have ripped up the rulebook and resorted to extreme and unlawful measures. They seem increasingly prone to using lethal force against anyone they perceive as posing a threat, without ensuring that the threat is real."
In a B'Tselem report from 16 December 2015, the organization listed twelve incidents in which Israeli soldiers and other security forces allegedly used excessive force against Palestinians, by shooting attackers or suspected attackers even after they no longer posed any danger. B'Tselem accused Netanyahu of overseeing a "new pseudo-normative reality" in which a "shoot to kill" approach should always be adopted by police officers or armed civilians regarding suspected Palestinian attackers.In February 2016, Defence for Children International accused the Israeli army of the intentional killing of Palestinian children in the West Bank. It said that the IDF had killed more than 180 Palestinians since the unrest began in October 2015, including 49 children. It said: "Repeated killing and shooting of children by Israeli army, and preventing paramedics from offering medical aid to them is considered a form of extrajudicial killing".
Incitement
During the period of unrest, what role incitement played in triggering Palestinians to commit attacks against Israelis was debated. Israeli officials frequently blamed Palestinian leaders and organizations for incitement. Abbas was most often blamed, but many others such as Hamas, the Islamic Movement in Israel, Arab Israeli politicians, imams, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström, and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon were also accused of encouraging or inciting violence.
A different source of incitement was social media. Several Palestinians were arrested over what they had posted online.
By Abbas and the Palestinian Authority
Netanyahu and other prominent Israeli politicians repeatedly alleged that Abbas was inciting Palestinians. For example, in October 2015, Netanyahu said that "there is no question that this wave of attacks was driven directly by the incitement, the incitement of Hamas, the incitement of the Islamist movement in Israel and the incitement, I am sorry to say, from president Abbas and the Palestinian Authority." His Education Minister, Naftali Bennett, claimed in an interview with BBC that Abbas was "inciting murder of Jews."American politicians, such as Secretary of State John Kerry and the Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Eliot Engel, also accused Abbas of incitement.
Analysts, however, doubted that Abbas was inciting the violence. According to Mouin Rabbani, a senior fellow at the Institute for Palestine Studies think tank, "Abbas couldn't even incite a rabid dog" because, according to him, Abbas was a leader without authority or influence. According to Shin Bet, the violence was incited by the Islamic Movement in Israel and Hamas and not Abbas, who they claimed instructed his security forces to prevent attacks on Israelis.Social media expert Shimrit Meir believed that Abbas was encouraging violence, but that no one was listening to him because of his unpopularity.Abbas denied all allegations of incitement. In an interview sent on Israeli TV in March 2016 he claimed that Palestinian security forces were trying to prevent attacks. He proceeded to describe a raid of a school where they had found "70 boys and girls who were carrying knives. We talked to them about it and told them it was a mistake. 'We don't want you to kill and die. We want you to live and the other to live.'"
By the Islamic Movement
The Islamic Movement in Israel, founders of the two Temple Mount groups the Murabitat and Mourabitoun, was claimed to be a major source of incitement. The Israeli government accused it of "continuous incitement to violence and racism" by accusing Israel of seeking to change the Temple Mount "status quo." The northern branch of the movement was outlawed in November 2015.According to the Shin Bet and Israeli police, the movement was affiliated with the Muslim brotherhood and had ties with Hamas.
By Hamas
A Shin Bet senior officer said that much of the incitement is coming from Hamas.
By the Islamic State
According to Algemeiner analysis published in January 2016,
While the threat of border clashes with Islamic State terrorists fighting in the Syrian civil war has concerned Israeli leaders for some time now, the recruitment of Israeli Arabs to form their own terror cells or launch lone wolf attacks inside of Israel – akin to the Paris or San Bernardino attacks late in 2015 – has recently become a more serious threat for the Jewish state.
According to a cyber-security expert opinion of INSS, a new trend started during the "wave of terror" in Israel, with the Islamic State organization flooding social media platforms with messages tailored to Palestinians and Israeli Arabs.Shin Bet claimed that the attackers who killed four people at Tel Aviv tourist attraction were inspired by the Islamic State . Reportedly, this confirmed the assessment, previously made by Palestinian security services on the night of the attack. Following the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting, Israeli newspaper "Haaretz", wrote that first signs emerged of ISIS-inspired lone-wolf terrorism in Israel.
By individuals
According to a report by the Palestinian Detainees and Ex-detainees Committee, Israel arrested about 130 Palestinians over social media activity in 2015. 27 of those detained were accused of incitement.In October 2015, it was reported that 20,000 Israelis had initiated a class action suit against Facebook who they claimed had a "legal and moral obligation" to block content "containing incitement to murder Jews."On 11 October, Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour was arrested over a poem that she had published on YouTube that the Israeli authorities claimed were inciting violence.
On 15 October, the Jewish non-governmental organization ADL wrote in a blog post that content encouraging Palestinians to stab Jews had emerged on social media. As examples of such content, it described an image with the text "When you stab, put poison on the knife or soak the knife in vinegar," a tweet that read "Stab a soldier with a knife to liberate Palestine" and a YouTube video captioned "Learn how to stab a Jew." In an update of the blog post on 20 October, the ADL wrote that Google, Twitter and Facebook had all removed the "problematic material" after being notified of it.
On 16 October, Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, brought one of the images ADL had described to a meeting with the Security Council. The image was an infographic titled "How to stab a Jew" and showed where on a victims body an attacker should stab to inflict as much damage as possible. Danon claimed that it was an example of what incitement looks like on social media.On 21 November, Palestinian journalist Muhammad al-Qiq was put under administrative detention, allegedly for "incitement" and for working with Hamas.
By Israeli politicians
Israeli politicians were accused of incitement against Palestinians.
In October, the left-wing Israeli newspaper Haaretz accused Netanyahu of incitement against Arab Israelis for claiming in a Knesset speech that there was a "train of ISIS flags" behind the predominantly Arab party Balad. In another widely denounced comment in October, Netanyahu claimed that a Palestinian gave Hitler the idea for the Holocaust.
Palestinian Ministor of Jerusalem Affairs, Adnan Husseini, called Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat's decision of publicly carrying a rifle while visiting the city's Arab neighborhoods a "declaration of war" on the city's Palestinian residents.
Deputy Foreign Minister Tzipi Hotovely said it was her dream "to see the Israeli flag flying on the Temple Mount." Netanyahu rebuked the comment.
Timeline
Since 13 September, 36 Israelis, as well as two Americans and an Eritrean were killed in Palestinian attacks, while 222 Palestinians have been killed (all but one by Israeli security forces), of which 140 were identified by Israel as assailants. Additionally, a Sudanese attacker was killed. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) recorded 167 'terrorist' attacks by Palestinians against Israeli civilians and security forces.
July 2015
On 31 July 2015, two homes in Duma, a Palestinian village in the West Bank, were firebombed by Israeli settlers. An 18-month-old baby was burnt to death and his parents and 4-year-old brother were critically injured and rushed to hospitals, where the father died of his burns several days later. In early September the mother also succumbed to her injuries.
September 2015
On 9 September, after talks with visiting British Prime Minister David Cameron, Jordan's King Abdullah II warned Israel, on 9 September, that "any more provocation in Jerusalem will affect the relationship between Jordan and Israel."On 9 September, US State Department spokesman John Kirby, condemned "all acts of violence" at the Temple Mount and urged Israel not to lift restrictions for Jewish visitors or to disturb the "status quo" of the site.On 13 September, Muslim youths gathered at the al-Aqsa Mosque compound, with the intention of blocking visits by Jews to the area. They clashed with Israeli police who used rubber coated bullets and tear gas, and chained the doors of the mosque shut. Tensions on the Temple Mount continued for three days, causing damage as Israeli police used tear gas and threw stun grenades toward Palestinian youths barricaded inside the Mosque, hurling rocks and flares at police, a Reuters witness said. Israeli Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, in a statement, said the Palestinians also had pipe bombs.On 13 September, Alexander Levlovich who was driving in a Jerusalem neighborhood was killed by Palestinians who threw stones at his car. This caused him to lose control of his car and crash into a utility pole.On 16 September, Abbas declared his support for Palestinian youths injured in clashes on the Temple Mount, stating that "every drop of blood spilled in Jerusalem is pure, every shahid [martyr] will reach paradise, and every injured person will be rewarded by God." This led United States' Secretary of State John Kerry to accuse Abbas of inciting violence.On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hashlamon was shot multiple times by an Israeli soldier at a checkpoint in Hebron. The IDF claimed that she had a knife on her. Amnesty published a report a few days later in which it called the incident an extrajudicial killing because Hashlamon didn't pose a threat when she was killed. In the following weeks, Hebron became a center of violent incidents and protests.On 24 September the Security Cabinet of Israel approved new anti-riot laws. A modified order allowed security forces to shoot when the life of a third party is under threat. Before the change, Israeli soldiers facing rioters could open fire with live bullets only if their own life was in danger. The cabinet also ordered a minimum four-year jail term for anybody throwing dangerous objects and heavy fines on parents whose children threw stones as a temporary measure to be in effect for three years. A pay increase for border police throughout Jerusalem and the calling up reserve forces of police and Border Guard forces was also enacted by the security cabinet. Saeb Erekat, secretary general of the PLO, said that the new rules was "a mere pretext to justify the escalating Israeli crimes against the people of Palestine."
October 2015
69 Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli security forces in October. Of those, 51 were killed in the West Bank and 18 in the Gaza Strip. The IDF claimed that 43 of the Palestinians killed were attackers. 7,392 Palestinians were injured. 7,392 Palestinians were injured; 4,216 by tear gas inhalation, 1,753 by rubber bullets, 1,134 by live ammunition and 289 from other causes. In the same period, ten Israelis were killed, and 115 injured. During the month over 300 Israeli soldiers were deployed in Jerusalem in the largest military policing operation since the Second Intifada.On 1 October, Hamas militants killed two settlers from the West Bank. Netanyahu said that the attack was a "result of Palestinian incitement" that led "to an act of terror and murder" and criticized Abbas for not condemning the attack. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah's military arm, welcomed the attack and said it was "a worthy response" to the Duma arson attack in July.On 3 October, a Palestinian stabbed and killed two Israelis in the Old City of Jerusalem before he himself was shot and killed by Israeli police. The attack caused controversy as BBC used the headline "Palestinian shot dead after Jerusalem attack kills two," apparently focusing more on the killed attacker rather than on his victims. The headline outraged the Israeli government which demanded an apology from the BBC. It warned that the network could face sanctions, threatening to annul its press cards in Israel, which in effect would have made it impossible for it to operate in the country. The network admitted that the headline was bad but said that it was written by a junior editor and not reflective of anti-Israeli bias. The headline was subsequently changed several times by the BBC.On 4 October, Palestinians except for those living in Jerusalem, businessmen and students were banned from entering the Old City for two days. Men under the age of 50 were also banned from praying at al-Aqsa. Israelis or foreign tourists were not affected by the ban. The move angered Palestinians and was condemned by Amnesty as a violation of the right to freedom of movement.On 8 October, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he had barred Israeli ministers and other politicians in Israel's parliament, the Knesset, from visiting the Temple Mount. The decision was criticized both by Jewish and Arab politicians who said that they would defy his orders. Other politicians such as Isaac Herzog of the opposition party the Zionist Union welcomed the ban. Netanyahu also reiterated that his government had no intention of changing the Temple Mount "status quo."On 12 October, two Palestinian boys Hassan and Ahmad Manasra stabbed two Israelis in East Jerusalem. The attack became a lightning rod for both Israelis and Palestinians because of the young age of the attackers, a viral clip from after the attack showing Ahmad laying in a pool of blood while being shouted at by settlers which spread on social media, and because Abbas erroneously claimed in a televised speech that Ahmad had been executed.On 16 October, the French newspaper Le Figaro revealed that the French government was drafting a Security Council statement calling for the deployment of international observers to Temple Mount to preserve status quo. The Israeli government rebuffed the proposal and Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, said that Israel would never agree to the stationing of international forces at the site.On 17 October, Jibril Rajoub, a senior member of Palestinian Authority ruling party Fatah said about the attacks that "they require heroism, courage, and a value system, which forces the Palestinian elite and the Palestinian national forces to see in the final words of one of those heroes, written in a blog, a document that could be taught in schools in a lesson about the meaning of martyrdom..."On 18 October, an Israeli Bedouin shot and killed an Israeli soldier in a bus station in Beersheba before he was killed by security personnel. An Eritrean asylum seeker, mistaken for a second gunman, was shot by police and then lynched by a mob which was filmed by a bystander. He later died of his wounds.Leaders of the Israeli Bedouin community condemned the attack, while ISIS, who the attacker thought to have been inspired by, praised it. It was the first attack of the conflict committed by a Bedouin.Netanyahu warned Israelis against vigilantism and Human Rights Watch called for prosecution against those involved in the lynching.On 20 October, Israeli troops rearrested Hassan Yousef, a senior Hamas figure in the West Bank, accusing him of "fermenting violence and conflict against Israel among the Palestinian public."On 20 October, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon made a surprise visit to Israel and called for both sides to restore calm.On 21 October, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel met with Netanyahu on to discuss the violence. She said that Germany expected Abbas "to condemn everything that constitutes an act of terror. One can't have open talks with Israel if this does not happen" and that "young Palestinians need a perspective and unilateral steps are not helpful".On 24 October the US House Foreign Affairs Committee voted to cut financial aid to the Palestinian Authority by $80 million to "send a message" to Abbas to end the "incitement." The Chairman of the Committee, Eliot Engel, said that the unrest was "the product of years and years of anti-Israel propaganda and indoctrination – some of which has been actively promoted by Palestinian Authority officials and institutions."
Speculations about a Third Intifada
During October, analysts speculated on whether the unrest was, or would lead to, a Third Intifada – an organized uprising against the Israeli occupation. On 9 October, Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas, declared that a new intifada had begun, but other Palestinian leaders refrained from following suit. Analysts questioned whether they would be able to contain the violence.According to Israeli opposition leader Isaac Herzog, who thought the events would lead to a Third Intifada, the Palestinian Authority tried to avoid an explosion "but on the ground, there's not much effect ... young people definitely aren't listening." According to Nohad Ali, a sociologist from the University of Haifa, there wasn't "yet" a Third Intifada. Other analysts noted that the unrest was different from previous Intifadas because it lacked both an organizational framework under an acknowledged political leadership and a clear set of goals. It was also noted that the violence was mainly restricted to Palestinians of East Jerusalem, and did not reflect general participation from the West Bank as in earlier Intifadas.Grant Rumley of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies argued that because there was little Palestinian political endorsement of the violence, the chance of another uprising was low; "the likelihood of another uprising is roughly the same as it is on any other day in this blood-soaked conflict."
November 2015
On 23 November, two Palestinian girls, 14-year-old Hadeel Wajih Awwad from Qalandiya and her 16-year-old cousin Norhan Awwad from Kafr 'Aqab stabbed a man with a pair of scissors at the Mahane Yehuda Market on Jaffa Street in central Jerusalem who suffered light injuries to his neck. The victim turned out to be a 70-year-old Palestinian man from Bethlehem who the girls had mistaken for a Jew. The attack was stopped by a bystander who hit the older girl with a chair that knocked her to the ground. The younger girl then advanced on a policeman in the street while brandishing her scissors. The policeman killed her by shooting her several times even after she had slumped to the ground from the first shot. He also fired two shots into the motionless older girls chest. She sustained serious wounds and underwent surgery to remove the bullets from her abdomen.The killed girl's brother, Mahmoud Awwad, 22, had been shot in the head by an Israeli sniper during clashes near Qalandiya in 2013. He died five months later. According to the indictment against Norhan, the attack was meant to avenge his death. She was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison and fined 30,000 shekels.The attack caused some outrage as the killing of Hadeel was caught on security camera footage. In an open letter to Netanyahu, the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem claimed that it was an example of an extrajudicial killing, noting that "the death penalty for murder was abolished in Israeli criminal law in 1954, over 60 years ago." Kerry, on the other hand, alluding to the attack, defended Israel "Clearly, no people anywhere should live with daily violence; with attacks in the streets, with knives or scissors or cars."
December 2015
In early December during a debate in the Swedish parliament, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström discussed the ongoing spate of violence in Israel and the Occupied territories. She accused Israel of extrajudicial killings, executing attackers without trial, and of disproportionate use of force. She also condemned the Palestinian attacks and said that Israel had the right to defend itself.The comments infuriated the Israeli Foreign Ministry who calling her words "scandalous, delusional, rude and detached from reality. The foreign minister suggests that Israeli citizens simply give their necks to the murderers trying to stab them with knives" and that "the citizens of Israel have to deal with terrorism that receives support from irresponsible and false statements like that."On 12 January, Wallström again suggested that Israel might be guilty of extrajudicial killings of Palestinians and called for an investigation into the matter. The Israeli Foreign Ministry again responded harshly, claiming that Wallström's "irresponsible and delirious statements are giving support to terrorism and encouraging violence". Deputy Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Hotovely declared that Swedish politicians of the rank of deputy minister and above are not welcome in Israel. She later clarified that it was only the Foreign Minister and her aides what were not welcome.On 9 December it was revealed that US Presidential candidate Donald Trump would visit Israel and meet with Netanyahu on 28 December. Netanyahu was criticized for not cancelling the meeting because Trump a few days earlier had called for a banning Muslims from entering the US. 37 MKs asked Netanyahu to condemn Trump and refuse to meet with him.Netanyahu in response said he rejected Trump's remarks about Muslims but that the meeting was planned two weeks ago and would go forward as planned. Trump, however, postponed the meeting until "after I become President" and later hinted that Netanyahu's negative response to the "Muslim ban" was the reason.
January 2016
In January, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that the Palestinian attacks were driven by a "profound sense of alienation and despair" and that "it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism." He condemned the attacks but also said that Israel's settlement program, under which 153 new settler homes had recently been approved, cast doubt on its commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state.Netanyahu responded harshly to the criticism and accused Ban of "encouraging terror," adding that Palestinians "do not murder for peace and they do not murder for human rights."Ban in response to Netanyahu's accusation wrote an op-ed published in The New York Times titled "Don't Shoot the Messenger, Israel.". In it he wrote that he would "always stand up to those who challenge Israel's right to exist" but that "when heartfelt concerns about short-sighted or morally damaging policies emanate from so many sources, including Israel's closest friends, it cannot be sustainable to keep lashing out at every well-intentioned critic." He also called for "Israelis, Palestinians and the international community" to recognize that the status quo is untenable and that "keeping another people under indefinite occupation undermines the security and the future of both Israelis and Palestinians."On 29 January, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced an international peace conference to try and jump start an Israeli-Palestinian peace process. If the negotiations were unsuccessful, France would formally recognize the State of Palestine.While the Palestinians, and later also the Arab League, welcomed the "French initiative," the Israeli government rejected it, with one official sardonically asking "Perhaps France will push for peace process with ISIS next?" Netanyahu later clarified that he would prefer to hold direct talks with Abbas, without the involvement of the international community.Since Israel announced that it would not participate, the conference was to be held without any Palestinian or Israeli presence. First it was planned to be held on 30 May, but due to scheduling problems, it was postponed several times. It was eventually held in January 2017.
February 2016
In early February three Arab Israeli members of the Knesset (MK) from the Joint List met with families of Palestinian attackers who had been killed by Israeli security forces. The three politicians claimed that the purpose of the meeting was to secure the release of the attackers bodies for burial. Israeli often delays returning the bodies of attackers to their respective families.The meeting outraged other politicians in the predominantly Jewish Knesset. It was heavily criticized by both Netanyahu and the opposition leader Isaac Herzog who said that the MKs "crossed a red line." The Ethics Committee of the Knesset suspended the three Arab Israeli MKs who had participated in the meeting; Hanin Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka.In response to the meeting between the Arab Israeli MKs and the Palestinian families, Netanyahu proposed new legislation allowing for three-quarters of the Knesset (90 of 120 members) to vote to expel an MK. The controversial "Expulsion law" was passed in July 2016 and allowed for the expulsion of an MK found guilty of either inciting racism or supporting an armed struggle against Israel.On 17 February, nine American congressmen and Senator Patrick Leahy wrote a letter to the US State Department inquiring about "specific allegations of gross violations of human rights" by the security forces of Egypt and Israel. They asked the State Department to determine whether the reports were credible and if so whether they would trigger the Leahy Law, a law that can cause the suspension of military aid to countries found guilty of human rights violations.Netanyahu responded angrily when he became aware of the letter's existence on 30 March. He defended the IDF by saying that "the IDF and the Israel Police do not engage in executions" and adding that "this letter should have been addressed instead to those who incite youngsters to commit cruel acts of terrorism."
March 2016
Between 23 February and 4 April, 22 Palestinians were killed, of which two were in the Gaza Strip, while 518 were injured. In March, one American was killed and 26 Israelis were injured. The Shin Bet recorded four attacks from the Gaza Strip; two rocket launches in which a total of five rockets were shot and two small arms shootings. 117 attacks in the West Bank and Jerusalem; six shootings of which two occurred in Jerusalem, 9 I.E.D,, six stabbings of which one occurred in Jerusalem, two vehicular attacks, one attempted attack and 92 firebomb attacks (33 in Jerusalem).On 8 March, a US tourist, Taylor Force, was killed and ten other people injured when a Palestinian man attacked people in Tel Aviv. The Taylor Force Act, American legislation to stop economic aid to the Palestinian Authority until it stops paying stipends to individuals who commit acts of terrorism, was named in his honor.
Also on 8 March, two Israeli police officers were wounded by an Arab gunman in Jerusalem and an Israeli man was moderately wounded in a stabbing attack in Petah Tikva. The victim managed to remove the knife from his neck and stabbed the attacker to death.On 24 March, two Palestinians stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier in Hebron and were subsequently shot. One died immediately and the other remained badly wounded. A video published by B'tselem showed a soldier aiming his weapon at the motionless attacker lying on the ground, and shooting him in the head. The video went viral on Israeli social media, sparking controversy.
April 2016
In April the US State Department released its annual report into human rights abuses around the world. The report accused Israeli forces of "excessive use of force" and "arbitrary arrest and associated torture and abuse, often with impunity," by the IDF, the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas and claimed that there were numerous reports of Israeli forces killing Palestinians when they did not pose a threat to life. It also criticized the Palestinian Authority for not condemning incidents of antisemitism and for hailing attackers who died while committing as martyrs.
May 2016
June 2016
On 8 June, two Palestinian gunmen opened fire at a cafe in Tel Aviv, killing four people and injuring seven others. The attackers claimed in the investigation that they were inspired by the Islamic State and Hamas. Israeli government response was to suspend 83,000 Palestinian entry permits to visit families in Israel for the Ramadan were suspended following the attack, a move that was described as "collective punishment" by Knesset member Haneen Zoabi and U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein. The IDF imposed a closure over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the wake of the attack, which was scheduled to end on 11 June after the end of Jewish holiday of Shavuot Palestinian Media, Hamas and PIJ celebrated the attack.On 30 June Murder of Hallel Yaffa Ariel: a Palestinian stabbed and killed 17-year-old Hallel Yaffa Ariel while she was sleeping in her bedroom in the West Bank settlement of Kiryat Arba. The assailant was fatally shot by security guards. That same day, a Palestinian assailant stabbed two Israeli civilians in Natanya, north of Tel Aviv and was shot dead by an armed civilian. On 1 July Palestinian gunmen fired at an Israeli family vehicle south to Hebron causing it to flip over. The father of the family died while his wife and two daughters were injured. PIJ said in a statement that: "the escalation in attacks against settlers reflects the persistence of the Palestinian intifada to continue"Throughout June 2016, 5 Israelis and 6 Palestinians were killed, while 21–30 Israelis and 167 Palestinians were wounded. The Shin Bet recorded 1 attack from the Gaza Strip (small arms shooting), 100 attacks from the West Bank and East Jerusalem: 10 I.E.D (Pipe bombs and an improvised grenade); 2 small armes shooting; 1 stabbing; 1 vehicular and 86 firebomb (29 in Jerusalem) attacks, and 2 attacks inside the Green Line (in Tel Aviv and Natanya). 1 Jewish attack was recorded: Two vehicles were set on fire and three were sprayed with anti-Arab hate speech in Nazareth and Yafa an-Naseriyye (in northern Israel).
See also
2014 Jerusalem unrest
2015 in Israel
2016 in Israel
Palestinian political violence
Temple Mount entry restrictions
References
External links
Wave of terror 2015, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Israeli-Palestinian violence: What you need to know, CNN
Is Palestinian-Israeli violence being driven by social media?. BBC
Humanitarian Bulletin (October 2015) – OCHA OPT monthly report
Interviews
Interview with Benjamin Netanyahu, 22 March 2016, AIPAC.
Interview with Mahmoud Abbas, 31 March 2016, Ilana Dayan, Channel 12.
Letters from Palestine
All letters from this period are signed Riyad Mansour, Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations
Palestinian civilians continue to be killed, injured and terrorized by Israeli aggression, 14 October 2015.
Situation in occupied Palestine deteriorating, 19 October 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates its appeal to Security Council to uphold its duties and protect Palestinian people, 3 November 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates appeal to Security Council to act to end Israeli aggression and occupation, 1 December 2015.
Palestine concerned by Israel's breaches of international humanitarian and human rights law, 8 April 2016.
Letters from Israel
All letters from this period are signed by Ambassador Ron Prosor.
Israel calls for attention of Secretary-General and Security Council to terror attacks on Israeli citizens, 4 October 2015.
Israel calls on Security Council to denounce attacks on Israeli citizens, 9 October 2015.
Israel calls on UN Secretary-General and Security Council President to demand end to Palestinian incitement, 13 November 2015.
UN OCHA Monthly Humanitarian Bulletins
October 2015
December 2015
January 2016
February 2016
March – April 2016
May 2016
UN OCHA Protection of Civilians Weekly Reports
29 September – 5 October 2015
6 – 12 October 2015
27 October – 2 November 2015
9 – 15 February 2016
16 – 22 February 2016
23 February – 7 March 2016
8 – 14 March 2016
15 – 21 March 2016
22 – 28 March 2016
10 – 16 May 2016
17 – 23 May 2016
May 24 – 6 June 2016
7 – 13 June 2016
14 – 20 June 2016
UN monthly media monitoring reviews
Review of Events, September 2015
Review of Events, October 2015
Review of Events, December 2015
Review of Events, February 2016
Review of Events, March 2016
Review of Events, April 2016
Review of Events, May 2016
Review of Events, June 2016
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An increase of violence occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict starting in the autumn of 2015 and lasting into the first half of 2016. It was called the "Intifada of the Individuals" by Israeli sources, the "Knife Intifada", "Stabbing Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" by international sources because of the many stabbings in Jerusalem, or "Habba" by Palestinian sources.In the latter half of 2015, there were on average three Palestinian attacks per day. It decreased to one per day in 2016 but continued at that level for months. Between October 2015 and March 2016 there were 211 stabbings or attempted stabbings of Israelis by Palestinians, 83 shootings and 42 car-ramming attacks killing 30 Israelis and two Americans. Over 200 Palestinians were killed by Israeli security forces, 130 of them while allegedly carrying out attacks on Israelis.The Palestinian violence during this period was characterized by its uncoordinated nature; most attacks were opportunistic "lone wolf" assaults on Israelis, carried out by individuals acting alone and not attributable to any political faction. That Israeli security forces frequently killed attackers was condemned by human rights organizations and others who claimed that it often amounted to summary executions. Others insisted that Israel had the right to defend itself.
Several events have been attributed as the starting point of the renewed hostilities. On 9 September, Israel outlawed Palestinian groups engaged in aggressive protests against Jewish groups visiting the Temple Mount. On 13 September, Palestinian youths clashed with Israeli police at al-Aqsa. Daily clashes, encouraged by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, continued for several days. On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hishlamoun was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers, allegedly while trying to stab them. Tensions escalated further on 1 October 2015 when an Israeli couple were killed by Palestinian militants, followed by the 3 October Lions' Gate stabbings.Different explanations have been given for the Palestinian unrest. These include Israel appearing to seek to change the "status quo" surrounding the Temple Mount, social-media campaigns that may have motivated the attackers, frustration over the failure of peace talks and the suppression of human rights, and incitement.
Possible causes for the wave of violence
According to many analysts, the key issue was access to what is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif or the Noble Sanctuary and to Jews as the Temple Mount. A "status quo" have been in place since 1967 which safeguards Muslim access to the site and prevents Jewish groups from performing religious rituals there.
Late in the summer of 2015, suspicion spread among Palestinians that Israel was attempting to change the status quo of the Mount by imposing age and gender restrictions on Muslim access while allowing entry to larger groups of Jewish activists. The suspicions were strengthened by calls from Jewish religious activists to visit the Mount on 13 September, eve of Rosh hashana, the Jewish new year. Visitors on that date included Agricultural Minister Uri Ariel, who was filmed praying at the site in front of his police escorts, openly flaunting the prohibition against Jewish prayers.On 9 September 2015, Israel outlawed two Palestinian groups, "Mourabitoon" and "Murabitat", involved in aggressive protests at the Temple Mount against Jewish visiting groups. Israeli police enforce exclusively Muslim prayer at the site and visits to the site by Jewish campaigners have led to clashes with Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat activists. Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon, who signed the ban, said in a statement that the Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat are a "main cause in the creation of tension and violence on the Temple Mount (al Aqsa compound) specifically and Jerusalem in general". The Palestinian Authority opposed this ban and supported the activists.
Israeli generals have claimed that, to a notable degree, Palestinian violence was driven by anger at and revenge for Israeli actions, and that frustrations over the stagnation of diplomatic initiatives also contributed. A report by Israeli intelligence services stated that the unrest was motivated by Palestinian "feelings of national, economic and personal deprivation."Some also pointed out the increasing incitement and involvement of the Islamic State group in regard to Palestinian youth, with Islamic State cell members arrested in the West Bank in January 2015.
Palestinian attacks
During the events, Palestinians from the West Bank and East Jerusalem have carried out assaults against Israeli soldiers, policement as well as against civilians. Most of the attacks were carried out by unaffiliated assailants and have been described by Israeli and sometimes by other sources as acts of terrorism.The Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center has published a breakdown of the attacks on 24 May 2016, about 8 months from the start of the events. Out of 215 attacks recorded between 13 September 2015 and 24 May 2016, the most prominent type was stabbing attacks with a total of 149 incidents (69%). Stabbing attacks have been the most frequent type of assault in 2013 and 2014, but during the events of 2015–2016, they increased. The stabbings were followed by vehicular attacks with 29 incidents (14%), shooting attacks with 21 incidents (10%) and other attacks including the use of Improvised explosive devices and combined assaults.Over half of the attacks (134) occurred in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. About a quarter (58) took place in the city of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem) and the rest (23) occurred within the recognized boundaries of Israel, which saw an increase in the number of attacks since the preceding years.
Impact on Israeli society
The near daily attacks affected Jewish Israeli society and Jewish Israeli opinions toward the Palestinians in various ways. A poll conducted by the Israel Democracy Institute in October 2015 found that 53 percent of Jewish Israeli respondents believed that a Palestinian suspect of a "terrorist attack should be killed on the spot, even if he has been apprehended and no longer poses a threat" and 80 percent said that the home of the family of a Palestinian who has murdered Jews on a nationalist background should be demolished." In the same report 57 percent reported that they feared either for themselves or for someone they knew and only 23 percent believed that Palestinian despair over the lack of progress in peace talks was behind the spike in attacks. A poll in December 2015 found that 77 percent of Israelis felt unsafe and that nearly half were reluctant to attend public Hanukkah celebrations.After an attack in a supermarket, one of Israel's major grocery chains, Rami Levy pulled all knives, kitchen scissors and pizza cutters from the aisles so that they would not be used as weapons by Palestinian attackers.In October in the weekly magazine Mishpacha, popular among ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, a letter that went viral appeared to beg Arabs not to kill Haredim appeared. The letter, written in Arabic, began "We, the Hareidim do not go up to the Temple Mount, you do not see Hareidim on the Temple Mount, Hareidim do not want to change the status quo, and the Hareidim have no part in this – so please, stop murdering us." Many Haredi Jews had been targeted in the Old City of Jerusalem, ostensibly because of their distinguishable clothing. According to Mishpacha's editor, Yossi Elituv the appeal was meant as a literary device and was misunderstood.During the unrest, demand for handguns soared and Israeli leaders encouraged licensed gun owners to carry their weapons. The mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat in October 2015 compared it to "military reserve duty" and claimed that bystanders shooting Palestinian attackers had prevented many attacks. Netanyahu, echoing his comments, said that "Civilians are at the forefront of the war against terrorism and must also be on maximum alert."
Impact on Palestinian society
Initially, Palestinians were broadly supportive of attacks against Israelis but the support waned over time. In a poll conducted by the Palestinian think tank Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) among Palestinians released in December 2015 showed that 57 percent of Palestinians in the West Bank supported knife attacks. That number had shrunk to 44 percent in March 2016. However, a majority still believed that an armed intifada would serve them better than negotiations.The same opinion polls showed that the unrest didn't affect public opinion about Abbas and the Palestinian Authority – they remained widely unpopular. In the fall of 2015 over half of the respondents of PCPSR:s poll favored dissolving the PA altogether and two years later in poll conducted among West Bank Palestinians, 46 percent viewed the PA as a "burden" and 60 percent wished Abbas would resign.
Extrajudicial killings
Human rights organizations, such as B'Tselem and Amnesty International, and Palestinian leaders, and others said that some killings of Palestinian attackers and others by Israeli security forces were extrajudicial killings.In a joint statement with the Israeli NGO B'tselem, Amnesty International stated that in some instances Israeli forces have engaged in extrajudicial killings, which Israeli politicians are accused of openly endorsing as a response to Palestinians merely suspected by police of terrorist intentions of unarmed civilians. Netanyahu made a point of saying when the US killed the San Bernardino shooters, nobody said they were extrajudicial killings and claimed that Israel was unfairly criticized. Human Rights Watch, raising the possibility that Israel may be engaged in violations of international law, has expressed concern over what it calls Israel's "indiscriminate and even deliberate" shooting of protesters.On 27 October 2015, Amnesty called for Israel to end its "pattern of unlawful killings." The organization examined four cases, 19-year-old Sa'ad Muhammad Youssef al-Atrash, 17-year-old Dania Jihad Hussein Ershied, 19-year-old Fadi Alloun, and 18-year-old Hadeel al-Hashlamon, which it claimed were deliberately shot while they posed no imminent threat to life and that the killings therefore were extrajudicial. It also noted some cases in which the person shot were not given medical assistance and was left bleeding to death on the ground. Philip Luther, Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Amnesty International, stated:
"There is mounting evidence that, as tensions have risen dramatically, in some cases Israeli forces appear to have ripped up the rulebook and resorted to extreme and unlawful measures. They seem increasingly prone to using lethal force against anyone they perceive as posing a threat, without ensuring that the threat is real."
In a B'Tselem report from 16 December 2015, the organization listed twelve incidents in which Israeli soldiers and other security forces allegedly used excessive force against Palestinians, by shooting attackers or suspected attackers even after they no longer posed any danger. B'Tselem accused Netanyahu of overseeing a "new pseudo-normative reality" in which a "shoot to kill" approach should always be adopted by police officers or armed civilians regarding suspected Palestinian attackers.In February 2016, Defence for Children International accused the Israeli army of the intentional killing of Palestinian children in the West Bank. It said that the IDF had killed more than 180 Palestinians since the unrest began in October 2015, including 49 children. It said: "Repeated killing and shooting of children by Israeli army, and preventing paramedics from offering medical aid to them is considered a form of extrajudicial killing".
Incitement
During the period of unrest, what role incitement played in triggering Palestinians to commit attacks against Israelis was debated. Israeli officials frequently blamed Palestinian leaders and organizations for incitement. Abbas was most often blamed, but many others such as Hamas, the Islamic Movement in Israel, Arab Israeli politicians, imams, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström, and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon were also accused of encouraging or inciting violence.
A different source of incitement was social media. Several Palestinians were arrested over what they had posted online.
By Abbas and the Palestinian Authority
Netanyahu and other prominent Israeli politicians repeatedly alleged that Abbas was inciting Palestinians. For example, in October 2015, Netanyahu said that "there is no question that this wave of attacks was driven directly by the incitement, the incitement of Hamas, the incitement of the Islamist movement in Israel and the incitement, I am sorry to say, from president Abbas and the Palestinian Authority." His Education Minister, Naftali Bennett, claimed in an interview with BBC that Abbas was "inciting murder of Jews."American politicians, such as Secretary of State John Kerry and the Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Eliot Engel, also accused Abbas of incitement.
Analysts, however, doubted that Abbas was inciting the violence. According to Mouin Rabbani, a senior fellow at the Institute for Palestine Studies think tank, "Abbas couldn't even incite a rabid dog" because, according to him, Abbas was a leader without authority or influence. According to Shin Bet, the violence was incited by the Islamic Movement in Israel and Hamas and not Abbas, who they claimed instructed his security forces to prevent attacks on Israelis.Social media expert Shimrit Meir believed that Abbas was encouraging violence, but that no one was listening to him because of his unpopularity.Abbas denied all allegations of incitement. In an interview sent on Israeli TV in March 2016 he claimed that Palestinian security forces were trying to prevent attacks. He proceeded to describe a raid of a school where they had found "70 boys and girls who were carrying knives. We talked to them about it and told them it was a mistake. 'We don't want you to kill and die. We want you to live and the other to live.'"
By the Islamic Movement
The Islamic Movement in Israel, founders of the two Temple Mount groups the Murabitat and Mourabitoun, was claimed to be a major source of incitement. The Israeli government accused it of "continuous incitement to violence and racism" by accusing Israel of seeking to change the Temple Mount "status quo." The northern branch of the movement was outlawed in November 2015.According to the Shin Bet and Israeli police, the movement was affiliated with the Muslim brotherhood and had ties with Hamas.
By Hamas
A Shin Bet senior officer said that much of the incitement is coming from Hamas.
By the Islamic State
According to Algemeiner analysis published in January 2016,
While the threat of border clashes with Islamic State terrorists fighting in the Syrian civil war has concerned Israeli leaders for some time now, the recruitment of Israeli Arabs to form their own terror cells or launch lone wolf attacks inside of Israel – akin to the Paris or San Bernardino attacks late in 2015 – has recently become a more serious threat for the Jewish state.
According to a cyber-security expert opinion of INSS, a new trend started during the "wave of terror" in Israel, with the Islamic State organization flooding social media platforms with messages tailored to Palestinians and Israeli Arabs.Shin Bet claimed that the attackers who killed four people at Tel Aviv tourist attraction were inspired by the Islamic State . Reportedly, this confirmed the assessment, previously made by Palestinian security services on the night of the attack. Following the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting, Israeli newspaper "Haaretz", wrote that first signs emerged of ISIS-inspired lone-wolf terrorism in Israel.
By individuals
According to a report by the Palestinian Detainees and Ex-detainees Committee, Israel arrested about 130 Palestinians over social media activity in 2015. 27 of those detained were accused of incitement.In October 2015, it was reported that 20,000 Israelis had initiated a class action suit against Facebook who they claimed had a "legal and moral obligation" to block content "containing incitement to murder Jews."On 11 October, Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour was arrested over a poem that she had published on YouTube that the Israeli authorities claimed were inciting violence.
On 15 October, the Jewish non-governmental organization ADL wrote in a blog post that content encouraging Palestinians to stab Jews had emerged on social media. As examples of such content, it described an image with the text "When you stab, put poison on the knife or soak the knife in vinegar," a tweet that read "Stab a soldier with a knife to liberate Palestine" and a YouTube video captioned "Learn how to stab a Jew." In an update of the blog post on 20 October, the ADL wrote that Google, Twitter and Facebook had all removed the "problematic material" after being notified of it.
On 16 October, Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, brought one of the images ADL had described to a meeting with the Security Council. The image was an infographic titled "How to stab a Jew" and showed where on a victims body an attacker should stab to inflict as much damage as possible. Danon claimed that it was an example of what incitement looks like on social media.On 21 November, Palestinian journalist Muhammad al-Qiq was put under administrative detention, allegedly for "incitement" and for working with Hamas.
By Israeli politicians
Israeli politicians were accused of incitement against Palestinians.
In October, the left-wing Israeli newspaper Haaretz accused Netanyahu of incitement against Arab Israelis for claiming in a Knesset speech that there was a "train of ISIS flags" behind the predominantly Arab party Balad. In another widely denounced comment in October, Netanyahu claimed that a Palestinian gave Hitler the idea for the Holocaust.
Palestinian Ministor of Jerusalem Affairs, Adnan Husseini, called Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat's decision of publicly carrying a rifle while visiting the city's Arab neighborhoods a "declaration of war" on the city's Palestinian residents.
Deputy Foreign Minister Tzipi Hotovely said it was her dream "to see the Israeli flag flying on the Temple Mount." Netanyahu rebuked the comment.
Timeline
Since 13 September, 36 Israelis, as well as two Americans and an Eritrean were killed in Palestinian attacks, while 222 Palestinians have been killed (all but one by Israeli security forces), of which 140 were identified by Israel as assailants. Additionally, a Sudanese attacker was killed. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) recorded 167 'terrorist' attacks by Palestinians against Israeli civilians and security forces.
July 2015
On 31 July 2015, two homes in Duma, a Palestinian village in the West Bank, were firebombed by Israeli settlers. An 18-month-old baby was burnt to death and his parents and 4-year-old brother were critically injured and rushed to hospitals, where the father died of his burns several days later. In early September the mother also succumbed to her injuries.
September 2015
On 9 September, after talks with visiting British Prime Minister David Cameron, Jordan's King Abdullah II warned Israel, on 9 September, that "any more provocation in Jerusalem will affect the relationship between Jordan and Israel."On 9 September, US State Department spokesman John Kirby, condemned "all acts of violence" at the Temple Mount and urged Israel not to lift restrictions for Jewish visitors or to disturb the "status quo" of the site.On 13 September, Muslim youths gathered at the al-Aqsa Mosque compound, with the intention of blocking visits by Jews to the area. They clashed with Israeli police who used rubber coated bullets and tear gas, and chained the doors of the mosque shut. Tensions on the Temple Mount continued for three days, causing damage as Israeli police used tear gas and threw stun grenades toward Palestinian youths barricaded inside the Mosque, hurling rocks and flares at police, a Reuters witness said. Israeli Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, in a statement, said the Palestinians also had pipe bombs.On 13 September, Alexander Levlovich who was driving in a Jerusalem neighborhood was killed by Palestinians who threw stones at his car. This caused him to lose control of his car and crash into a utility pole.On 16 September, Abbas declared his support for Palestinian youths injured in clashes on the Temple Mount, stating that "every drop of blood spilled in Jerusalem is pure, every shahid [martyr] will reach paradise, and every injured person will be rewarded by God." This led United States' Secretary of State John Kerry to accuse Abbas of inciting violence.On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hashlamon was shot multiple times by an Israeli soldier at a checkpoint in Hebron. The IDF claimed that she had a knife on her. Amnesty published a report a few days later in which it called the incident an extrajudicial killing because Hashlamon didn't pose a threat when she was killed. In the following weeks, Hebron became a center of violent incidents and protests.On 24 September the Security Cabinet of Israel approved new anti-riot laws. A modified order allowed security forces to shoot when the life of a third party is under threat. Before the change, Israeli soldiers facing rioters could open fire with live bullets only if their own life was in danger. The cabinet also ordered a minimum four-year jail term for anybody throwing dangerous objects and heavy fines on parents whose children threw stones as a temporary measure to be in effect for three years. A pay increase for border police throughout Jerusalem and the calling up reserve forces of police and Border Guard forces was also enacted by the security cabinet. Saeb Erekat, secretary general of the PLO, said that the new rules was "a mere pretext to justify the escalating Israeli crimes against the people of Palestine."
October 2015
69 Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli security forces in October. Of those, 51 were killed in the West Bank and 18 in the Gaza Strip. The IDF claimed that 43 of the Palestinians killed were attackers. 7,392 Palestinians were injured. 7,392 Palestinians were injured; 4,216 by tear gas inhalation, 1,753 by rubber bullets, 1,134 by live ammunition and 289 from other causes. In the same period, ten Israelis were killed, and 115 injured. During the month over 300 Israeli soldiers were deployed in Jerusalem in the largest military policing operation since the Second Intifada.On 1 October, Hamas militants killed two settlers from the West Bank. Netanyahu said that the attack was a "result of Palestinian incitement" that led "to an act of terror and murder" and criticized Abbas for not condemning the attack. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah's military arm, welcomed the attack and said it was "a worthy response" to the Duma arson attack in July.On 3 October, a Palestinian stabbed and killed two Israelis in the Old City of Jerusalem before he himself was shot and killed by Israeli police. The attack caused controversy as BBC used the headline "Palestinian shot dead after Jerusalem attack kills two," apparently focusing more on the killed attacker rather than on his victims. The headline outraged the Israeli government which demanded an apology from the BBC. It warned that the network could face sanctions, threatening to annul its press cards in Israel, which in effect would have made it impossible for it to operate in the country. The network admitted that the headline was bad but said that it was written by a junior editor and not reflective of anti-Israeli bias. The headline was subsequently changed several times by the BBC.On 4 October, Palestinians except for those living in Jerusalem, businessmen and students were banned from entering the Old City for two days. Men under the age of 50 were also banned from praying at al-Aqsa. Israelis or foreign tourists were not affected by the ban. The move angered Palestinians and was condemned by Amnesty as a violation of the right to freedom of movement.On 8 October, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he had barred Israeli ministers and other politicians in Israel's parliament, the Knesset, from visiting the Temple Mount. The decision was criticized both by Jewish and Arab politicians who said that they would defy his orders. Other politicians such as Isaac Herzog of the opposition party the Zionist Union welcomed the ban. Netanyahu also reiterated that his government had no intention of changing the Temple Mount "status quo."On 12 October, two Palestinian boys Hassan and Ahmad Manasra stabbed two Israelis in East Jerusalem. The attack became a lightning rod for both Israelis and Palestinians because of the young age of the attackers, a viral clip from after the attack showing Ahmad laying in a pool of blood while being shouted at by settlers which spread on social media, and because Abbas erroneously claimed in a televised speech that Ahmad had been executed.On 16 October, the French newspaper Le Figaro revealed that the French government was drafting a Security Council statement calling for the deployment of international observers to Temple Mount to preserve status quo. The Israeli government rebuffed the proposal and Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, said that Israel would never agree to the stationing of international forces at the site.On 17 October, Jibril Rajoub, a senior member of Palestinian Authority ruling party Fatah said about the attacks that "they require heroism, courage, and a value system, which forces the Palestinian elite and the Palestinian national forces to see in the final words of one of those heroes, written in a blog, a document that could be taught in schools in a lesson about the meaning of martyrdom..."On 18 October, an Israeli Bedouin shot and killed an Israeli soldier in a bus station in Beersheba before he was killed by security personnel. An Eritrean asylum seeker, mistaken for a second gunman, was shot by police and then lynched by a mob which was filmed by a bystander. He later died of his wounds.Leaders of the Israeli Bedouin community condemned the attack, while ISIS, who the attacker thought to have been inspired by, praised it. It was the first attack of the conflict committed by a Bedouin.Netanyahu warned Israelis against vigilantism and Human Rights Watch called for prosecution against those involved in the lynching.On 20 October, Israeli troops rearrested Hassan Yousef, a senior Hamas figure in the West Bank, accusing him of "fermenting violence and conflict against Israel among the Palestinian public."On 20 October, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon made a surprise visit to Israel and called for both sides to restore calm.On 21 October, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel met with Netanyahu on to discuss the violence. She said that Germany expected Abbas "to condemn everything that constitutes an act of terror. One can't have open talks with Israel if this does not happen" and that "young Palestinians need a perspective and unilateral steps are not helpful".On 24 October the US House Foreign Affairs Committee voted to cut financial aid to the Palestinian Authority by $80 million to "send a message" to Abbas to end the "incitement." The Chairman of the Committee, Eliot Engel, said that the unrest was "the product of years and years of anti-Israel propaganda and indoctrination – some of which has been actively promoted by Palestinian Authority officials and institutions."
Speculations about a Third Intifada
During October, analysts speculated on whether the unrest was, or would lead to, a Third Intifada – an organized uprising against the Israeli occupation. On 9 October, Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas, declared that a new intifada had begun, but other Palestinian leaders refrained from following suit. Analysts questioned whether they would be able to contain the violence.According to Israeli opposition leader Isaac Herzog, who thought the events would lead to a Third Intifada, the Palestinian Authority tried to avoid an explosion "but on the ground, there's not much effect ... young people definitely aren't listening." According to Nohad Ali, a sociologist from the University of Haifa, there wasn't "yet" a Third Intifada. Other analysts noted that the unrest was different from previous Intifadas because it lacked both an organizational framework under an acknowledged political leadership and a clear set of goals. It was also noted that the violence was mainly restricted to Palestinians of East Jerusalem, and did not reflect general participation from the West Bank as in earlier Intifadas.Grant Rumley of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies argued that because there was little Palestinian political endorsement of the violence, the chance of another uprising was low; "the likelihood of another uprising is roughly the same as it is on any other day in this blood-soaked conflict."
November 2015
On 23 November, two Palestinian girls, 14-year-old Hadeel Wajih Awwad from Qalandiya and her 16-year-old cousin Norhan Awwad from Kafr 'Aqab stabbed a man with a pair of scissors at the Mahane Yehuda Market on Jaffa Street in central Jerusalem who suffered light injuries to his neck. The victim turned out to be a 70-year-old Palestinian man from Bethlehem who the girls had mistaken for a Jew. The attack was stopped by a bystander who hit the older girl with a chair that knocked her to the ground. The younger girl then advanced on a policeman in the street while brandishing her scissors. The policeman killed her by shooting her several times even after she had slumped to the ground from the first shot. He also fired two shots into the motionless older girls chest. She sustained serious wounds and underwent surgery to remove the bullets from her abdomen.The killed girl's brother, Mahmoud Awwad, 22, had been shot in the head by an Israeli sniper during clashes near Qalandiya in 2013. He died five months later. According to the indictment against Norhan, the attack was meant to avenge his death. She was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison and fined 30,000 shekels.The attack caused some outrage as the killing of Hadeel was caught on security camera footage. In an open letter to Netanyahu, the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem claimed that it was an example of an extrajudicial killing, noting that "the death penalty for murder was abolished in Israeli criminal law in 1954, over 60 years ago." Kerry, on the other hand, alluding to the attack, defended Israel "Clearly, no people anywhere should live with daily violence; with attacks in the streets, with knives or scissors or cars."
December 2015
In early December during a debate in the Swedish parliament, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström discussed the ongoing spate of violence in Israel and the Occupied territories. She accused Israel of extrajudicial killings, executing attackers without trial, and of disproportionate use of force. She also condemned the Palestinian attacks and said that Israel had the right to defend itself.The comments infuriated the Israeli Foreign Ministry who calling her words "scandalous, delusional, rude and detached from reality. The foreign minister suggests that Israeli citizens simply give their necks to the murderers trying to stab them with knives" and that "the citizens of Israel have to deal with terrorism that receives support from irresponsible and false statements like that."On 12 January, Wallström again suggested that Israel might be guilty of extrajudicial killings of Palestinians and called for an investigation into the matter. The Israeli Foreign Ministry again responded harshly, claiming that Wallström's "irresponsible and delirious statements are giving support to terrorism and encouraging violence". Deputy Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Hotovely declared that Swedish politicians of the rank of deputy minister and above are not welcome in Israel. She later clarified that it was only the Foreign Minister and her aides what were not welcome.On 9 December it was revealed that US Presidential candidate Donald Trump would visit Israel and meet with Netanyahu on 28 December. Netanyahu was criticized for not cancelling the meeting because Trump a few days earlier had called for a banning Muslims from entering the US. 37 MKs asked Netanyahu to condemn Trump and refuse to meet with him.Netanyahu in response said he rejected Trump's remarks about Muslims but that the meeting was planned two weeks ago and would go forward as planned. Trump, however, postponed the meeting until "after I become President" and later hinted that Netanyahu's negative response to the "Muslim ban" was the reason.
January 2016
In January, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that the Palestinian attacks were driven by a "profound sense of alienation and despair" and that "it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism." He condemned the attacks but also said that Israel's settlement program, under which 153 new settler homes had recently been approved, cast doubt on its commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state.Netanyahu responded harshly to the criticism and accused Ban of "encouraging terror," adding that Palestinians "do not murder for peace and they do not murder for human rights."Ban in response to Netanyahu's accusation wrote an op-ed published in The New York Times titled "Don't Shoot the Messenger, Israel.". In it he wrote that he would "always stand up to those who challenge Israel's right to exist" but that "when heartfelt concerns about short-sighted or morally damaging policies emanate from so many sources, including Israel's closest friends, it cannot be sustainable to keep lashing out at every well-intentioned critic." He also called for "Israelis, Palestinians and the international community" to recognize that the status quo is untenable and that "keeping another people under indefinite occupation undermines the security and the future of both Israelis and Palestinians."On 29 January, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced an international peace conference to try and jump start an Israeli-Palestinian peace process. If the negotiations were unsuccessful, France would formally recognize the State of Palestine.While the Palestinians, and later also the Arab League, welcomed the "French initiative," the Israeli government rejected it, with one official sardonically asking "Perhaps France will push for peace process with ISIS next?" Netanyahu later clarified that he would prefer to hold direct talks with Abbas, without the involvement of the international community.Since Israel announced that it would not participate, the conference was to be held without any Palestinian or Israeli presence. First it was planned to be held on 30 May, but due to scheduling problems, it was postponed several times. It was eventually held in January 2017.
February 2016
In early February three Arab Israeli members of the Knesset (MK) from the Joint List met with families of Palestinian attackers who had been killed by Israeli security forces. The three politicians claimed that the purpose of the meeting was to secure the release of the attackers bodies for burial. Israeli often delays returning the bodies of attackers to their respective families.The meeting outraged other politicians in the predominantly Jewish Knesset. It was heavily criticized by both Netanyahu and the opposition leader Isaac Herzog who said that the MKs "crossed a red line." The Ethics Committee of the Knesset suspended the three Arab Israeli MKs who had participated in the meeting; Hanin Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka.In response to the meeting between the Arab Israeli MKs and the Palestinian families, Netanyahu proposed new legislation allowing for three-quarters of the Knesset (90 of 120 members) to vote to expel an MK. The controversial "Expulsion law" was passed in July 2016 and allowed for the expulsion of an MK found guilty of either inciting racism or supporting an armed struggle against Israel.On 17 February, nine American congressmen and Senator Patrick Leahy wrote a letter to the US State Department inquiring about "specific allegations of gross violations of human rights" by the security forces of Egypt and Israel. They asked the State Department to determine whether the reports were credible and if so whether they would trigger the Leahy Law, a law that can cause the suspension of military aid to countries found guilty of human rights violations.Netanyahu responded angrily when he became aware of the letter's existence on 30 March. He defended the IDF by saying that "the IDF and the Israel Police do not engage in executions" and adding that "this letter should have been addressed instead to those who incite youngsters to commit cruel acts of terrorism."
March 2016
Between 23 February and 4 April, 22 Palestinians were killed, of which two were in the Gaza Strip, while 518 were injured. In March, one American was killed and 26 Israelis were injured. The Shin Bet recorded four attacks from the Gaza Strip; two rocket launches in which a total of five rockets were shot and two small arms shootings. 117 attacks in the West Bank and Jerusalem; six shootings of which two occurred in Jerusalem, 9 I.E.D,, six stabbings of which one occurred in Jerusalem, two vehicular attacks, one attempted attack and 92 firebomb attacks (33 in Jerusalem).On 8 March, a US tourist, Taylor Force, was killed and ten other people injured when a Palestinian man attacked people in Tel Aviv. The Taylor Force Act, American legislation to stop economic aid to the Palestinian Authority until it stops paying stipends to individuals who commit acts of terrorism, was named in his honor.
Also on 8 March, two Israeli police officers were wounded by an Arab gunman in Jerusalem and an Israeli man was moderately wounded in a stabbing attack in Petah Tikva. The victim managed to remove the knife from his neck and stabbed the attacker to death.On 24 March, two Palestinians stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier in Hebron and were subsequently shot. One died immediately and the other remained badly wounded. A video published by B'tselem showed a soldier aiming his weapon at the motionless attacker lying on the ground, and shooting him in the head. The video went viral on Israeli social media, sparking controversy.
April 2016
In April the US State Department released its annual report into human rights abuses around the world. The report accused Israeli forces of "excessive use of force" and "arbitrary arrest and associated torture and abuse, often with impunity," by the IDF, the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas and claimed that there were numerous reports of Israeli forces killing Palestinians when they did not pose a threat to life. It also criticized the Palestinian Authority for not condemning incidents of antisemitism and for hailing attackers who died while committing as martyrs.
May 2016
June 2016
On 8 June, two Palestinian gunmen opened fire at a cafe in Tel Aviv, killing four people and injuring seven others. The attackers claimed in the investigation that they were inspired by the Islamic State and Hamas. Israeli government response was to suspend 83,000 Palestinian entry permits to visit families in Israel for the Ramadan were suspended following the attack, a move that was described as "collective punishment" by Knesset member Haneen Zoabi and U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein. The IDF imposed a closure over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the wake of the attack, which was scheduled to end on 11 June after the end of Jewish holiday of Shavuot Palestinian Media, Hamas and PIJ celebrated the attack.On 30 June Murder of Hallel Yaffa Ariel: a Palestinian stabbed and killed 17-year-old Hallel Yaffa Ariel while she was sleeping in her bedroom in the West Bank settlement of Kiryat Arba. The assailant was fatally shot by security guards. That same day, a Palestinian assailant stabbed two Israeli civilians in Natanya, north of Tel Aviv and was shot dead by an armed civilian. On 1 July Palestinian gunmen fired at an Israeli family vehicle south to Hebron causing it to flip over. The father of the family died while his wife and two daughters were injured. PIJ said in a statement that: "the escalation in attacks against settlers reflects the persistence of the Palestinian intifada to continue"Throughout June 2016, 5 Israelis and 6 Palestinians were killed, while 21–30 Israelis and 167 Palestinians were wounded. The Shin Bet recorded 1 attack from the Gaza Strip (small arms shooting), 100 attacks from the West Bank and East Jerusalem: 10 I.E.D (Pipe bombs and an improvised grenade); 2 small armes shooting; 1 stabbing; 1 vehicular and 86 firebomb (29 in Jerusalem) attacks, and 2 attacks inside the Green Line (in Tel Aviv and Natanya). 1 Jewish attack was recorded: Two vehicles were set on fire and three were sprayed with anti-Arab hate speech in Nazareth and Yafa an-Naseriyye (in northern Israel).
See also
2014 Jerusalem unrest
2015 in Israel
2016 in Israel
Palestinian political violence
Temple Mount entry restrictions
References
External links
Wave of terror 2015, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Israeli-Palestinian violence: What you need to know, CNN
Is Palestinian-Israeli violence being driven by social media?. BBC
Humanitarian Bulletin (October 2015) – OCHA OPT monthly report
Interviews
Interview with Benjamin Netanyahu, 22 March 2016, AIPAC.
Interview with Mahmoud Abbas, 31 March 2016, Ilana Dayan, Channel 12.
Letters from Palestine
All letters from this period are signed Riyad Mansour, Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations
Palestinian civilians continue to be killed, injured and terrorized by Israeli aggression, 14 October 2015.
Situation in occupied Palestine deteriorating, 19 October 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates its appeal to Security Council to uphold its duties and protect Palestinian people, 3 November 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates appeal to Security Council to act to end Israeli aggression and occupation, 1 December 2015.
Palestine concerned by Israel's breaches of international humanitarian and human rights law, 8 April 2016.
Letters from Israel
All letters from this period are signed by Ambassador Ron Prosor.
Israel calls for attention of Secretary-General and Security Council to terror attacks on Israeli citizens, 4 October 2015.
Israel calls on Security Council to denounce attacks on Israeli citizens, 9 October 2015.
Israel calls on UN Secretary-General and Security Council President to demand end to Palestinian incitement, 13 November 2015.
UN OCHA Monthly Humanitarian Bulletins
October 2015
December 2015
January 2016
February 2016
March – April 2016
May 2016
UN OCHA Protection of Civilians Weekly Reports
29 September – 5 October 2015
6 – 12 October 2015
27 October – 2 November 2015
9 – 15 February 2016
16 – 22 February 2016
23 February – 7 March 2016
8 – 14 March 2016
15 – 21 March 2016
22 – 28 March 2016
10 – 16 May 2016
17 – 23 May 2016
May 24 – 6 June 2016
7 – 13 June 2016
14 – 20 June 2016
UN monthly media monitoring reviews
Review of Events, September 2015
Review of Events, October 2015
Review of Events, December 2015
Review of Events, February 2016
Review of Events, March 2016
Review of Events, April 2016
Review of Events, May 2016
Review of Events, June 2016
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An increase of violence occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict starting in the autumn of 2015 and lasting into the first half of 2016. It was called the "Intifada of the Individuals" by Israeli sources, the "Knife Intifada", "Stabbing Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" by international sources because of the many stabbings in Jerusalem, or "Habba" by Palestinian sources.In the latter half of 2015, there were on average three Palestinian attacks per day. It decreased to one per day in 2016 but continued at that level for months. Between October 2015 and March 2016 there were 211 stabbings or attempted stabbings of Israelis by Palestinians, 83 shootings and 42 car-ramming attacks killing 30 Israelis and two Americans. Over 200 Palestinians were killed by Israeli security forces, 130 of them while allegedly carrying out attacks on Israelis.The Palestinian violence during this period was characterized by its uncoordinated nature; most attacks were opportunistic "lone wolf" assaults on Israelis, carried out by individuals acting alone and not attributable to any political faction. That Israeli security forces frequently killed attackers was condemned by human rights organizations and others who claimed that it often amounted to summary executions. Others insisted that Israel had the right to defend itself.
Several events have been attributed as the starting point of the renewed hostilities. On 9 September, Israel outlawed Palestinian groups engaged in aggressive protests against Jewish groups visiting the Temple Mount. On 13 September, Palestinian youths clashed with Israeli police at al-Aqsa. Daily clashes, encouraged by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, continued for several days. On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hishlamoun was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers, allegedly while trying to stab them. Tensions escalated further on 1 October 2015 when an Israeli couple were killed by Palestinian militants, followed by the 3 October Lions' Gate stabbings.Different explanations have been given for the Palestinian unrest. These include Israel appearing to seek to change the "status quo" surrounding the Temple Mount, social-media campaigns that may have motivated the attackers, frustration over the failure of peace talks and the suppression of human rights, and incitement.
Possible causes for the wave of violence
According to many analysts, the key issue was access to what is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif or the Noble Sanctuary and to Jews as the Temple Mount. A "status quo" have been in place since 1967 which safeguards Muslim access to the site and prevents Jewish groups from performing religious rituals there.
Late in the summer of 2015, suspicion spread among Palestinians that Israel was attempting to change the status quo of the Mount by imposing age and gender restrictions on Muslim access while allowing entry to larger groups of Jewish activists. The suspicions were strengthened by calls from Jewish religious activists to visit the Mount on 13 September, eve of Rosh hashana, the Jewish new year. Visitors on that date included Agricultural Minister Uri Ariel, who was filmed praying at the site in front of his police escorts, openly flaunting the prohibition against Jewish prayers.On 9 September 2015, Israel outlawed two Palestinian groups, "Mourabitoon" and "Murabitat", involved in aggressive protests at the Temple Mount against Jewish visiting groups. Israeli police enforce exclusively Muslim prayer at the site and visits to the site by Jewish campaigners have led to clashes with Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat activists. Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon, who signed the ban, said in a statement that the Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat are a "main cause in the creation of tension and violence on the Temple Mount (al Aqsa compound) specifically and Jerusalem in general". The Palestinian Authority opposed this ban and supported the activists.
Israeli generals have claimed that, to a notable degree, Palestinian violence was driven by anger at and revenge for Israeli actions, and that frustrations over the stagnation of diplomatic initiatives also contributed. A report by Israeli intelligence services stated that the unrest was motivated by Palestinian "feelings of national, economic and personal deprivation."Some also pointed out the increasing incitement and involvement of the Islamic State group in regard to Palestinian youth, with Islamic State cell members arrested in the West Bank in January 2015.
Palestinian attacks
During the events, Palestinians from the West Bank and East Jerusalem have carried out assaults against Israeli soldiers, policement as well as against civilians. Most of the attacks were carried out by unaffiliated assailants and have been described by Israeli and sometimes by other sources as acts of terrorism.The Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center has published a breakdown of the attacks on 24 May 2016, about 8 months from the start of the events. Out of 215 attacks recorded between 13 September 2015 and 24 May 2016, the most prominent type was stabbing attacks with a total of 149 incidents (69%). Stabbing attacks have been the most frequent type of assault in 2013 and 2014, but during the events of 2015–2016, they increased. The stabbings were followed by vehicular attacks with 29 incidents (14%), shooting attacks with 21 incidents (10%) and other attacks including the use of Improvised explosive devices and combined assaults.Over half of the attacks (134) occurred in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. About a quarter (58) took place in the city of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem) and the rest (23) occurred within the recognized boundaries of Israel, which saw an increase in the number of attacks since the preceding years.
Impact on Israeli society
The near daily attacks affected Jewish Israeli society and Jewish Israeli opinions toward the Palestinians in various ways. A poll conducted by the Israel Democracy Institute in October 2015 found that 53 percent of Jewish Israeli respondents believed that a Palestinian suspect of a "terrorist attack should be killed on the spot, even if he has been apprehended and no longer poses a threat" and 80 percent said that the home of the family of a Palestinian who has murdered Jews on a nationalist background should be demolished." In the same report 57 percent reported that they feared either for themselves or for someone they knew and only 23 percent believed that Palestinian despair over the lack of progress in peace talks was behind the spike in attacks. A poll in December 2015 found that 77 percent of Israelis felt unsafe and that nearly half were reluctant to attend public Hanukkah celebrations.After an attack in a supermarket, one of Israel's major grocery chains, Rami Levy pulled all knives, kitchen scissors and pizza cutters from the aisles so that they would not be used as weapons by Palestinian attackers.In October in the weekly magazine Mishpacha, popular among ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, a letter that went viral appeared to beg Arabs not to kill Haredim appeared. The letter, written in Arabic, began "We, the Hareidim do not go up to the Temple Mount, you do not see Hareidim on the Temple Mount, Hareidim do not want to change the status quo, and the Hareidim have no part in this – so please, stop murdering us." Many Haredi Jews had been targeted in the Old City of Jerusalem, ostensibly because of their distinguishable clothing. According to Mishpacha's editor, Yossi Elituv the appeal was meant as a literary device and was misunderstood.During the unrest, demand for handguns soared and Israeli leaders encouraged licensed gun owners to carry their weapons. The mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat in October 2015 compared it to "military reserve duty" and claimed that bystanders shooting Palestinian attackers had prevented many attacks. Netanyahu, echoing his comments, said that "Civilians are at the forefront of the war against terrorism and must also be on maximum alert."
Impact on Palestinian society
Initially, Palestinians were broadly supportive of attacks against Israelis but the support waned over time. In a poll conducted by the Palestinian think tank Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) among Palestinians released in December 2015 showed that 57 percent of Palestinians in the West Bank supported knife attacks. That number had shrunk to 44 percent in March 2016. However, a majority still believed that an armed intifada would serve them better than negotiations.The same opinion polls showed that the unrest didn't affect public opinion about Abbas and the Palestinian Authority – they remained widely unpopular. In the fall of 2015 over half of the respondents of PCPSR:s poll favored dissolving the PA altogether and two years later in poll conducted among West Bank Palestinians, 46 percent viewed the PA as a "burden" and 60 percent wished Abbas would resign.
Extrajudicial killings
Human rights organizations, such as B'Tselem and Amnesty International, and Palestinian leaders, and others said that some killings of Palestinian attackers and others by Israeli security forces were extrajudicial killings.In a joint statement with the Israeli NGO B'tselem, Amnesty International stated that in some instances Israeli forces have engaged in extrajudicial killings, which Israeli politicians are accused of openly endorsing as a response to Palestinians merely suspected by police of terrorist intentions of unarmed civilians. Netanyahu made a point of saying when the US killed the San Bernardino shooters, nobody said they were extrajudicial killings and claimed that Israel was unfairly criticized. Human Rights Watch, raising the possibility that Israel may be engaged in violations of international law, has expressed concern over what it calls Israel's "indiscriminate and even deliberate" shooting of protesters.On 27 October 2015, Amnesty called for Israel to end its "pattern of unlawful killings." The organization examined four cases, 19-year-old Sa'ad Muhammad Youssef al-Atrash, 17-year-old Dania Jihad Hussein Ershied, 19-year-old Fadi Alloun, and 18-year-old Hadeel al-Hashlamon, which it claimed were deliberately shot while they posed no imminent threat to life and that the killings therefore were extrajudicial. It also noted some cases in which the person shot were not given medical assistance and was left bleeding to death on the ground. Philip Luther, Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Amnesty International, stated:
"There is mounting evidence that, as tensions have risen dramatically, in some cases Israeli forces appear to have ripped up the rulebook and resorted to extreme and unlawful measures. They seem increasingly prone to using lethal force against anyone they perceive as posing a threat, without ensuring that the threat is real."
In a B'Tselem report from 16 December 2015, the organization listed twelve incidents in which Israeli soldiers and other security forces allegedly used excessive force against Palestinians, by shooting attackers or suspected attackers even after they no longer posed any danger. B'Tselem accused Netanyahu of overseeing a "new pseudo-normative reality" in which a "shoot to kill" approach should always be adopted by police officers or armed civilians regarding suspected Palestinian attackers.In February 2016, Defence for Children International accused the Israeli army of the intentional killing of Palestinian children in the West Bank. It said that the IDF had killed more than 180 Palestinians since the unrest began in October 2015, including 49 children. It said: "Repeated killing and shooting of children by Israeli army, and preventing paramedics from offering medical aid to them is considered a form of extrajudicial killing".
Incitement
During the period of unrest, what role incitement played in triggering Palestinians to commit attacks against Israelis was debated. Israeli officials frequently blamed Palestinian leaders and organizations for incitement. Abbas was most often blamed, but many others such as Hamas, the Islamic Movement in Israel, Arab Israeli politicians, imams, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström, and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon were also accused of encouraging or inciting violence.
A different source of incitement was social media. Several Palestinians were arrested over what they had posted online.
By Abbas and the Palestinian Authority
Netanyahu and other prominent Israeli politicians repeatedly alleged that Abbas was inciting Palestinians. For example, in October 2015, Netanyahu said that "there is no question that this wave of attacks was driven directly by the incitement, the incitement of Hamas, the incitement of the Islamist movement in Israel and the incitement, I am sorry to say, from president Abbas and the Palestinian Authority." His Education Minister, Naftali Bennett, claimed in an interview with BBC that Abbas was "inciting murder of Jews."American politicians, such as Secretary of State John Kerry and the Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Eliot Engel, also accused Abbas of incitement.
Analysts, however, doubted that Abbas was inciting the violence. According to Mouin Rabbani, a senior fellow at the Institute for Palestine Studies think tank, "Abbas couldn't even incite a rabid dog" because, according to him, Abbas was a leader without authority or influence. According to Shin Bet, the violence was incited by the Islamic Movement in Israel and Hamas and not Abbas, who they claimed instructed his security forces to prevent attacks on Israelis.Social media expert Shimrit Meir believed that Abbas was encouraging violence, but that no one was listening to him because of his unpopularity.Abbas denied all allegations of incitement. In an interview sent on Israeli TV in March 2016 he claimed that Palestinian security forces were trying to prevent attacks. He proceeded to describe a raid of a school where they had found "70 boys and girls who were carrying knives. We talked to them about it and told them it was a mistake. 'We don't want you to kill and die. We want you to live and the other to live.'"
By the Islamic Movement
The Islamic Movement in Israel, founders of the two Temple Mount groups the Murabitat and Mourabitoun, was claimed to be a major source of incitement. The Israeli government accused it of "continuous incitement to violence and racism" by accusing Israel of seeking to change the Temple Mount "status quo." The northern branch of the movement was outlawed in November 2015.According to the Shin Bet and Israeli police, the movement was affiliated with the Muslim brotherhood and had ties with Hamas.
By Hamas
A Shin Bet senior officer said that much of the incitement is coming from Hamas.
By the Islamic State
According to Algemeiner analysis published in January 2016,
While the threat of border clashes with Islamic State terrorists fighting in the Syrian civil war has concerned Israeli leaders for some time now, the recruitment of Israeli Arabs to form their own terror cells or launch lone wolf attacks inside of Israel – akin to the Paris or San Bernardino attacks late in 2015 – has recently become a more serious threat for the Jewish state.
According to a cyber-security expert opinion of INSS, a new trend started during the "wave of terror" in Israel, with the Islamic State organization flooding social media platforms with messages tailored to Palestinians and Israeli Arabs.Shin Bet claimed that the attackers who killed four people at Tel Aviv tourist attraction were inspired by the Islamic State . Reportedly, this confirmed the assessment, previously made by Palestinian security services on the night of the attack. Following the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting, Israeli newspaper "Haaretz", wrote that first signs emerged of ISIS-inspired lone-wolf terrorism in Israel.
By individuals
According to a report by the Palestinian Detainees and Ex-detainees Committee, Israel arrested about 130 Palestinians over social media activity in 2015. 27 of those detained were accused of incitement.In October 2015, it was reported that 20,000 Israelis had initiated a class action suit against Facebook who they claimed had a "legal and moral obligation" to block content "containing incitement to murder Jews."On 11 October, Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour was arrested over a poem that she had published on YouTube that the Israeli authorities claimed were inciting violence.
On 15 October, the Jewish non-governmental organization ADL wrote in a blog post that content encouraging Palestinians to stab Jews had emerged on social media. As examples of such content, it described an image with the text "When you stab, put poison on the knife or soak the knife in vinegar," a tweet that read "Stab a soldier with a knife to liberate Palestine" and a YouTube video captioned "Learn how to stab a Jew." In an update of the blog post on 20 October, the ADL wrote that Google, Twitter and Facebook had all removed the "problematic material" after being notified of it.
On 16 October, Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, brought one of the images ADL had described to a meeting with the Security Council. The image was an infographic titled "How to stab a Jew" and showed where on a victims body an attacker should stab to inflict as much damage as possible. Danon claimed that it was an example of what incitement looks like on social media.On 21 November, Palestinian journalist Muhammad al-Qiq was put under administrative detention, allegedly for "incitement" and for working with Hamas.
By Israeli politicians
Israeli politicians were accused of incitement against Palestinians.
In October, the left-wing Israeli newspaper Haaretz accused Netanyahu of incitement against Arab Israelis for claiming in a Knesset speech that there was a "train of ISIS flags" behind the predominantly Arab party Balad. In another widely denounced comment in October, Netanyahu claimed that a Palestinian gave Hitler the idea for the Holocaust.
Palestinian Ministor of Jerusalem Affairs, Adnan Husseini, called Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat's decision of publicly carrying a rifle while visiting the city's Arab neighborhoods a "declaration of war" on the city's Palestinian residents.
Deputy Foreign Minister Tzipi Hotovely said it was her dream "to see the Israeli flag flying on the Temple Mount." Netanyahu rebuked the comment.
Timeline
Since 13 September, 36 Israelis, as well as two Americans and an Eritrean were killed in Palestinian attacks, while 222 Palestinians have been killed (all but one by Israeli security forces), of which 140 were identified by Israel as assailants. Additionally, a Sudanese attacker was killed. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) recorded 167 'terrorist' attacks by Palestinians against Israeli civilians and security forces.
July 2015
On 31 July 2015, two homes in Duma, a Palestinian village in the West Bank, were firebombed by Israeli settlers. An 18-month-old baby was burnt to death and his parents and 4-year-old brother were critically injured and rushed to hospitals, where the father died of his burns several days later. In early September the mother also succumbed to her injuries.
September 2015
On 9 September, after talks with visiting British Prime Minister David Cameron, Jordan's King Abdullah II warned Israel, on 9 September, that "any more provocation in Jerusalem will affect the relationship between Jordan and Israel."On 9 September, US State Department spokesman John Kirby, condemned "all acts of violence" at the Temple Mount and urged Israel not to lift restrictions for Jewish visitors or to disturb the "status quo" of the site.On 13 September, Muslim youths gathered at the al-Aqsa Mosque compound, with the intention of blocking visits by Jews to the area. They clashed with Israeli police who used rubber coated bullets and tear gas, and chained the doors of the mosque shut. Tensions on the Temple Mount continued for three days, causing damage as Israeli police used tear gas and threw stun grenades toward Palestinian youths barricaded inside the Mosque, hurling rocks and flares at police, a Reuters witness said. Israeli Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, in a statement, said the Palestinians also had pipe bombs.On 13 September, Alexander Levlovich who was driving in a Jerusalem neighborhood was killed by Palestinians who threw stones at his car. This caused him to lose control of his car and crash into a utility pole.On 16 September, Abbas declared his support for Palestinian youths injured in clashes on the Temple Mount, stating that "every drop of blood spilled in Jerusalem is pure, every shahid [martyr] will reach paradise, and every injured person will be rewarded by God." This led United States' Secretary of State John Kerry to accuse Abbas of inciting violence.On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hashlamon was shot multiple times by an Israeli soldier at a checkpoint in Hebron. The IDF claimed that she had a knife on her. Amnesty published a report a few days later in which it called the incident an extrajudicial killing because Hashlamon didn't pose a threat when she was killed. In the following weeks, Hebron became a center of violent incidents and protests.On 24 September the Security Cabinet of Israel approved new anti-riot laws. A modified order allowed security forces to shoot when the life of a third party is under threat. Before the change, Israeli soldiers facing rioters could open fire with live bullets only if their own life was in danger. The cabinet also ordered a minimum four-year jail term for anybody throwing dangerous objects and heavy fines on parents whose children threw stones as a temporary measure to be in effect for three years. A pay increase for border police throughout Jerusalem and the calling up reserve forces of police and Border Guard forces was also enacted by the security cabinet. Saeb Erekat, secretary general of the PLO, said that the new rules was "a mere pretext to justify the escalating Israeli crimes against the people of Palestine."
October 2015
69 Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli security forces in October. Of those, 51 were killed in the West Bank and 18 in the Gaza Strip. The IDF claimed that 43 of the Palestinians killed were attackers. 7,392 Palestinians were injured. 7,392 Palestinians were injured; 4,216 by tear gas inhalation, 1,753 by rubber bullets, 1,134 by live ammunition and 289 from other causes. In the same period, ten Israelis were killed, and 115 injured. During the month over 300 Israeli soldiers were deployed in Jerusalem in the largest military policing operation since the Second Intifada.On 1 October, Hamas militants killed two settlers from the West Bank. Netanyahu said that the attack was a "result of Palestinian incitement" that led "to an act of terror and murder" and criticized Abbas for not condemning the attack. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah's military arm, welcomed the attack and said it was "a worthy response" to the Duma arson attack in July.On 3 October, a Palestinian stabbed and killed two Israelis in the Old City of Jerusalem before he himself was shot and killed by Israeli police. The attack caused controversy as BBC used the headline "Palestinian shot dead after Jerusalem attack kills two," apparently focusing more on the killed attacker rather than on his victims. The headline outraged the Israeli government which demanded an apology from the BBC. It warned that the network could face sanctions, threatening to annul its press cards in Israel, which in effect would have made it impossible for it to operate in the country. The network admitted that the headline was bad but said that it was written by a junior editor and not reflective of anti-Israeli bias. The headline was subsequently changed several times by the BBC.On 4 October, Palestinians except for those living in Jerusalem, businessmen and students were banned from entering the Old City for two days. Men under the age of 50 were also banned from praying at al-Aqsa. Israelis or foreign tourists were not affected by the ban. The move angered Palestinians and was condemned by Amnesty as a violation of the right to freedom of movement.On 8 October, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he had barred Israeli ministers and other politicians in Israel's parliament, the Knesset, from visiting the Temple Mount. The decision was criticized both by Jewish and Arab politicians who said that they would defy his orders. Other politicians such as Isaac Herzog of the opposition party the Zionist Union welcomed the ban. Netanyahu also reiterated that his government had no intention of changing the Temple Mount "status quo."On 12 October, two Palestinian boys Hassan and Ahmad Manasra stabbed two Israelis in East Jerusalem. The attack became a lightning rod for both Israelis and Palestinians because of the young age of the attackers, a viral clip from after the attack showing Ahmad laying in a pool of blood while being shouted at by settlers which spread on social media, and because Abbas erroneously claimed in a televised speech that Ahmad had been executed.On 16 October, the French newspaper Le Figaro revealed that the French government was drafting a Security Council statement calling for the deployment of international observers to Temple Mount to preserve status quo. The Israeli government rebuffed the proposal and Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, said that Israel would never agree to the stationing of international forces at the site.On 17 October, Jibril Rajoub, a senior member of Palestinian Authority ruling party Fatah said about the attacks that "they require heroism, courage, and a value system, which forces the Palestinian elite and the Palestinian national forces to see in the final words of one of those heroes, written in a blog, a document that could be taught in schools in a lesson about the meaning of martyrdom..."On 18 October, an Israeli Bedouin shot and killed an Israeli soldier in a bus station in Beersheba before he was killed by security personnel. An Eritrean asylum seeker, mistaken for a second gunman, was shot by police and then lynched by a mob which was filmed by a bystander. He later died of his wounds.Leaders of the Israeli Bedouin community condemned the attack, while ISIS, who the attacker thought to have been inspired by, praised it. It was the first attack of the conflict committed by a Bedouin.Netanyahu warned Israelis against vigilantism and Human Rights Watch called for prosecution against those involved in the lynching.On 20 October, Israeli troops rearrested Hassan Yousef, a senior Hamas figure in the West Bank, accusing him of "fermenting violence and conflict against Israel among the Palestinian public."On 20 October, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon made a surprise visit to Israel and called for both sides to restore calm.On 21 October, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel met with Netanyahu on to discuss the violence. She said that Germany expected Abbas "to condemn everything that constitutes an act of terror. One can't have open talks with Israel if this does not happen" and that "young Palestinians need a perspective and unilateral steps are not helpful".On 24 October the US House Foreign Affairs Committee voted to cut financial aid to the Palestinian Authority by $80 million to "send a message" to Abbas to end the "incitement." The Chairman of the Committee, Eliot Engel, said that the unrest was "the product of years and years of anti-Israel propaganda and indoctrination – some of which has been actively promoted by Palestinian Authority officials and institutions."
Speculations about a Third Intifada
During October, analysts speculated on whether the unrest was, or would lead to, a Third Intifada – an organized uprising against the Israeli occupation. On 9 October, Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas, declared that a new intifada had begun, but other Palestinian leaders refrained from following suit. Analysts questioned whether they would be able to contain the violence.According to Israeli opposition leader Isaac Herzog, who thought the events would lead to a Third Intifada, the Palestinian Authority tried to avoid an explosion "but on the ground, there's not much effect ... young people definitely aren't listening." According to Nohad Ali, a sociologist from the University of Haifa, there wasn't "yet" a Third Intifada. Other analysts noted that the unrest was different from previous Intifadas because it lacked both an organizational framework under an acknowledged political leadership and a clear set of goals. It was also noted that the violence was mainly restricted to Palestinians of East Jerusalem, and did not reflect general participation from the West Bank as in earlier Intifadas.Grant Rumley of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies argued that because there was little Palestinian political endorsement of the violence, the chance of another uprising was low; "the likelihood of another uprising is roughly the same as it is on any other day in this blood-soaked conflict."
November 2015
On 23 November, two Palestinian girls, 14-year-old Hadeel Wajih Awwad from Qalandiya and her 16-year-old cousin Norhan Awwad from Kafr 'Aqab stabbed a man with a pair of scissors at the Mahane Yehuda Market on Jaffa Street in central Jerusalem who suffered light injuries to his neck. The victim turned out to be a 70-year-old Palestinian man from Bethlehem who the girls had mistaken for a Jew. The attack was stopped by a bystander who hit the older girl with a chair that knocked her to the ground. The younger girl then advanced on a policeman in the street while brandishing her scissors. The policeman killed her by shooting her several times even after she had slumped to the ground from the first shot. He also fired two shots into the motionless older girls chest. She sustained serious wounds and underwent surgery to remove the bullets from her abdomen.The killed girl's brother, Mahmoud Awwad, 22, had been shot in the head by an Israeli sniper during clashes near Qalandiya in 2013. He died five months later. According to the indictment against Norhan, the attack was meant to avenge his death. She was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison and fined 30,000 shekels.The attack caused some outrage as the killing of Hadeel was caught on security camera footage. In an open letter to Netanyahu, the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem claimed that it was an example of an extrajudicial killing, noting that "the death penalty for murder was abolished in Israeli criminal law in 1954, over 60 years ago." Kerry, on the other hand, alluding to the attack, defended Israel "Clearly, no people anywhere should live with daily violence; with attacks in the streets, with knives or scissors or cars."
December 2015
In early December during a debate in the Swedish parliament, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström discussed the ongoing spate of violence in Israel and the Occupied territories. She accused Israel of extrajudicial killings, executing attackers without trial, and of disproportionate use of force. She also condemned the Palestinian attacks and said that Israel had the right to defend itself.The comments infuriated the Israeli Foreign Ministry who calling her words "scandalous, delusional, rude and detached from reality. The foreign minister suggests that Israeli citizens simply give their necks to the murderers trying to stab them with knives" and that "the citizens of Israel have to deal with terrorism that receives support from irresponsible and false statements like that."On 12 January, Wallström again suggested that Israel might be guilty of extrajudicial killings of Palestinians and called for an investigation into the matter. The Israeli Foreign Ministry again responded harshly, claiming that Wallström's "irresponsible and delirious statements are giving support to terrorism and encouraging violence". Deputy Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Hotovely declared that Swedish politicians of the rank of deputy minister and above are not welcome in Israel. She later clarified that it was only the Foreign Minister and her aides what were not welcome.On 9 December it was revealed that US Presidential candidate Donald Trump would visit Israel and meet with Netanyahu on 28 December. Netanyahu was criticized for not cancelling the meeting because Trump a few days earlier had called for a banning Muslims from entering the US. 37 MKs asked Netanyahu to condemn Trump and refuse to meet with him.Netanyahu in response said he rejected Trump's remarks about Muslims but that the meeting was planned two weeks ago and would go forward as planned. Trump, however, postponed the meeting until "after I become President" and later hinted that Netanyahu's negative response to the "Muslim ban" was the reason.
January 2016
In January, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that the Palestinian attacks were driven by a "profound sense of alienation and despair" and that "it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism." He condemned the attacks but also said that Israel's settlement program, under which 153 new settler homes had recently been approved, cast doubt on its commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state.Netanyahu responded harshly to the criticism and accused Ban of "encouraging terror," adding that Palestinians "do not murder for peace and they do not murder for human rights."Ban in response to Netanyahu's accusation wrote an op-ed published in The New York Times titled "Don't Shoot the Messenger, Israel.". In it he wrote that he would "always stand up to those who challenge Israel's right to exist" but that "when heartfelt concerns about short-sighted or morally damaging policies emanate from so many sources, including Israel's closest friends, it cannot be sustainable to keep lashing out at every well-intentioned critic." He also called for "Israelis, Palestinians and the international community" to recognize that the status quo is untenable and that "keeping another people under indefinite occupation undermines the security and the future of both Israelis and Palestinians."On 29 January, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced an international peace conference to try and jump start an Israeli-Palestinian peace process. If the negotiations were unsuccessful, France would formally recognize the State of Palestine.While the Palestinians, and later also the Arab League, welcomed the "French initiative," the Israeli government rejected it, with one official sardonically asking "Perhaps France will push for peace process with ISIS next?" Netanyahu later clarified that he would prefer to hold direct talks with Abbas, without the involvement of the international community.Since Israel announced that it would not participate, the conference was to be held without any Palestinian or Israeli presence. First it was planned to be held on 30 May, but due to scheduling problems, it was postponed several times. It was eventually held in January 2017.
February 2016
In early February three Arab Israeli members of the Knesset (MK) from the Joint List met with families of Palestinian attackers who had been killed by Israeli security forces. The three politicians claimed that the purpose of the meeting was to secure the release of the attackers bodies for burial. Israeli often delays returning the bodies of attackers to their respective families.The meeting outraged other politicians in the predominantly Jewish Knesset. It was heavily criticized by both Netanyahu and the opposition leader Isaac Herzog who said that the MKs "crossed a red line." The Ethics Committee of the Knesset suspended the three Arab Israeli MKs who had participated in the meeting; Hanin Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka.In response to the meeting between the Arab Israeli MKs and the Palestinian families, Netanyahu proposed new legislation allowing for three-quarters of the Knesset (90 of 120 members) to vote to expel an MK. The controversial "Expulsion law" was passed in July 2016 and allowed for the expulsion of an MK found guilty of either inciting racism or supporting an armed struggle against Israel.On 17 February, nine American congressmen and Senator Patrick Leahy wrote a letter to the US State Department inquiring about "specific allegations of gross violations of human rights" by the security forces of Egypt and Israel. They asked the State Department to determine whether the reports were credible and if so whether they would trigger the Leahy Law, a law that can cause the suspension of military aid to countries found guilty of human rights violations.Netanyahu responded angrily when he became aware of the letter's existence on 30 March. He defended the IDF by saying that "the IDF and the Israel Police do not engage in executions" and adding that "this letter should have been addressed instead to those who incite youngsters to commit cruel acts of terrorism."
March 2016
Between 23 February and 4 April, 22 Palestinians were killed, of which two were in the Gaza Strip, while 518 were injured. In March, one American was killed and 26 Israelis were injured. The Shin Bet recorded four attacks from the Gaza Strip; two rocket launches in which a total of five rockets were shot and two small arms shootings. 117 attacks in the West Bank and Jerusalem; six shootings of which two occurred in Jerusalem, 9 I.E.D,, six stabbings of which one occurred in Jerusalem, two vehicular attacks, one attempted attack and 92 firebomb attacks (33 in Jerusalem).On 8 March, a US tourist, Taylor Force, was killed and ten other people injured when a Palestinian man attacked people in Tel Aviv. The Taylor Force Act, American legislation to stop economic aid to the Palestinian Authority until it stops paying stipends to individuals who commit acts of terrorism, was named in his honor.
Also on 8 March, two Israeli police officers were wounded by an Arab gunman in Jerusalem and an Israeli man was moderately wounded in a stabbing attack in Petah Tikva. The victim managed to remove the knife from his neck and stabbed the attacker to death.On 24 March, two Palestinians stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier in Hebron and were subsequently shot. One died immediately and the other remained badly wounded. A video published by B'tselem showed a soldier aiming his weapon at the motionless attacker lying on the ground, and shooting him in the head. The video went viral on Israeli social media, sparking controversy.
April 2016
In April the US State Department released its annual report into human rights abuses around the world. The report accused Israeli forces of "excessive use of force" and "arbitrary arrest and associated torture and abuse, often with impunity," by the IDF, the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas and claimed that there were numerous reports of Israeli forces killing Palestinians when they did not pose a threat to life. It also criticized the Palestinian Authority for not condemning incidents of antisemitism and for hailing attackers who died while committing as martyrs.
May 2016
June 2016
On 8 June, two Palestinian gunmen opened fire at a cafe in Tel Aviv, killing four people and injuring seven others. The attackers claimed in the investigation that they were inspired by the Islamic State and Hamas. Israeli government response was to suspend 83,000 Palestinian entry permits to visit families in Israel for the Ramadan were suspended following the attack, a move that was described as "collective punishment" by Knesset member Haneen Zoabi and U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein. The IDF imposed a closure over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the wake of the attack, which was scheduled to end on 11 June after the end of Jewish holiday of Shavuot Palestinian Media, Hamas and PIJ celebrated the attack.On 30 June Murder of Hallel Yaffa Ariel: a Palestinian stabbed and killed 17-year-old Hallel Yaffa Ariel while she was sleeping in her bedroom in the West Bank settlement of Kiryat Arba. The assailant was fatally shot by security guards. That same day, a Palestinian assailant stabbed two Israeli civilians in Natanya, north of Tel Aviv and was shot dead by an armed civilian. On 1 July Palestinian gunmen fired at an Israeli family vehicle south to Hebron causing it to flip over. The father of the family died while his wife and two daughters were injured. PIJ said in a statement that: "the escalation in attacks against settlers reflects the persistence of the Palestinian intifada to continue"Throughout June 2016, 5 Israelis and 6 Palestinians were killed, while 21–30 Israelis and 167 Palestinians were wounded. The Shin Bet recorded 1 attack from the Gaza Strip (small arms shooting), 100 attacks from the West Bank and East Jerusalem: 10 I.E.D (Pipe bombs and an improvised grenade); 2 small armes shooting; 1 stabbing; 1 vehicular and 86 firebomb (29 in Jerusalem) attacks, and 2 attacks inside the Green Line (in Tel Aviv and Natanya). 1 Jewish attack was recorded: Two vehicles were set on fire and three were sprayed with anti-Arab hate speech in Nazareth and Yafa an-Naseriyye (in northern Israel).
See also
2014 Jerusalem unrest
2015 in Israel
2016 in Israel
Palestinian political violence
Temple Mount entry restrictions
References
External links
Wave of terror 2015, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Israeli-Palestinian violence: What you need to know, CNN
Is Palestinian-Israeli violence being driven by social media?. BBC
Humanitarian Bulletin (October 2015) – OCHA OPT monthly report
Interviews
Interview with Benjamin Netanyahu, 22 March 2016, AIPAC.
Interview with Mahmoud Abbas, 31 March 2016, Ilana Dayan, Channel 12.
Letters from Palestine
All letters from this period are signed Riyad Mansour, Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations
Palestinian civilians continue to be killed, injured and terrorized by Israeli aggression, 14 October 2015.
Situation in occupied Palestine deteriorating, 19 October 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates its appeal to Security Council to uphold its duties and protect Palestinian people, 3 November 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates appeal to Security Council to act to end Israeli aggression and occupation, 1 December 2015.
Palestine concerned by Israel's breaches of international humanitarian and human rights law, 8 April 2016.
Letters from Israel
All letters from this period are signed by Ambassador Ron Prosor.
Israel calls for attention of Secretary-General and Security Council to terror attacks on Israeli citizens, 4 October 2015.
Israel calls on Security Council to denounce attacks on Israeli citizens, 9 October 2015.
Israel calls on UN Secretary-General and Security Council President to demand end to Palestinian incitement, 13 November 2015.
UN OCHA Monthly Humanitarian Bulletins
October 2015
December 2015
January 2016
February 2016
March – April 2016
May 2016
UN OCHA Protection of Civilians Weekly Reports
29 September – 5 October 2015
6 – 12 October 2015
27 October – 2 November 2015
9 – 15 February 2016
16 – 22 February 2016
23 February – 7 March 2016
8 – 14 March 2016
15 – 21 March 2016
22 – 28 March 2016
10 – 16 May 2016
17 – 23 May 2016
May 24 – 6 June 2016
7 – 13 June 2016
14 – 20 June 2016
UN monthly media monitoring reviews
Review of Events, September 2015
Review of Events, October 2015
Review of Events, December 2015
Review of Events, February 2016
Review of Events, March 2016
Review of Events, April 2016
Review of Events, May 2016
Review of Events, June 2016
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An increase of violence occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict starting in the autumn of 2015 and lasting into the first half of 2016. It was called the "Intifada of the Individuals" by Israeli sources, the "Knife Intifada", "Stabbing Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" by international sources because of the many stabbings in Jerusalem, or "Habba" by Palestinian sources.In the latter half of 2015, there were on average three Palestinian attacks per day. It decreased to one per day in 2016 but continued at that level for months. Between October 2015 and March 2016 there were 211 stabbings or attempted stabbings of Israelis by Palestinians, 83 shootings and 42 car-ramming attacks killing 30 Israelis and two Americans. Over 200 Palestinians were killed by Israeli security forces, 130 of them while allegedly carrying out attacks on Israelis.The Palestinian violence during this period was characterized by its uncoordinated nature; most attacks were opportunistic "lone wolf" assaults on Israelis, carried out by individuals acting alone and not attributable to any political faction. That Israeli security forces frequently killed attackers was condemned by human rights organizations and others who claimed that it often amounted to summary executions. Others insisted that Israel had the right to defend itself.
Several events have been attributed as the starting point of the renewed hostilities. On 9 September, Israel outlawed Palestinian groups engaged in aggressive protests against Jewish groups visiting the Temple Mount. On 13 September, Palestinian youths clashed with Israeli police at al-Aqsa. Daily clashes, encouraged by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, continued for several days. On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hishlamoun was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers, allegedly while trying to stab them. Tensions escalated further on 1 October 2015 when an Israeli couple were killed by Palestinian militants, followed by the 3 October Lions' Gate stabbings.Different explanations have been given for the Palestinian unrest. These include Israel appearing to seek to change the "status quo" surrounding the Temple Mount, social-media campaigns that may have motivated the attackers, frustration over the failure of peace talks and the suppression of human rights, and incitement.
Possible causes for the wave of violence
According to many analysts, the key issue was access to what is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif or the Noble Sanctuary and to Jews as the Temple Mount. A "status quo" have been in place since 1967 which safeguards Muslim access to the site and prevents Jewish groups from performing religious rituals there.
Late in the summer of 2015, suspicion spread among Palestinians that Israel was attempting to change the status quo of the Mount by imposing age and gender restrictions on Muslim access while allowing entry to larger groups of Jewish activists. The suspicions were strengthened by calls from Jewish religious activists to visit the Mount on 13 September, eve of Rosh hashana, the Jewish new year. Visitors on that date included Agricultural Minister Uri Ariel, who was filmed praying at the site in front of his police escorts, openly flaunting the prohibition against Jewish prayers.On 9 September 2015, Israel outlawed two Palestinian groups, "Mourabitoon" and "Murabitat", involved in aggressive protests at the Temple Mount against Jewish visiting groups. Israeli police enforce exclusively Muslim prayer at the site and visits to the site by Jewish campaigners have led to clashes with Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat activists. Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon, who signed the ban, said in a statement that the Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat are a "main cause in the creation of tension and violence on the Temple Mount (al Aqsa compound) specifically and Jerusalem in general". The Palestinian Authority opposed this ban and supported the activists.
Israeli generals have claimed that, to a notable degree, Palestinian violence was driven by anger at and revenge for Israeli actions, and that frustrations over the stagnation of diplomatic initiatives also contributed. A report by Israeli intelligence services stated that the unrest was motivated by Palestinian "feelings of national, economic and personal deprivation."Some also pointed out the increasing incitement and involvement of the Islamic State group in regard to Palestinian youth, with Islamic State cell members arrested in the West Bank in January 2015.
Palestinian attacks
During the events, Palestinians from the West Bank and East Jerusalem have carried out assaults against Israeli soldiers, policement as well as against civilians. Most of the attacks were carried out by unaffiliated assailants and have been described by Israeli and sometimes by other sources as acts of terrorism.The Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center has published a breakdown of the attacks on 24 May 2016, about 8 months from the start of the events. Out of 215 attacks recorded between 13 September 2015 and 24 May 2016, the most prominent type was stabbing attacks with a total of 149 incidents (69%). Stabbing attacks have been the most frequent type of assault in 2013 and 2014, but during the events of 2015–2016, they increased. The stabbings were followed by vehicular attacks with 29 incidents (14%), shooting attacks with 21 incidents (10%) and other attacks including the use of Improvised explosive devices and combined assaults.Over half of the attacks (134) occurred in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. About a quarter (58) took place in the city of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem) and the rest (23) occurred within the recognized boundaries of Israel, which saw an increase in the number of attacks since the preceding years.
Impact on Israeli society
The near daily attacks affected Jewish Israeli society and Jewish Israeli opinions toward the Palestinians in various ways. A poll conducted by the Israel Democracy Institute in October 2015 found that 53 percent of Jewish Israeli respondents believed that a Palestinian suspect of a "terrorist attack should be killed on the spot, even if he has been apprehended and no longer poses a threat" and 80 percent said that the home of the family of a Palestinian who has murdered Jews on a nationalist background should be demolished." In the same report 57 percent reported that they feared either for themselves or for someone they knew and only 23 percent believed that Palestinian despair over the lack of progress in peace talks was behind the spike in attacks. A poll in December 2015 found that 77 percent of Israelis felt unsafe and that nearly half were reluctant to attend public Hanukkah celebrations.After an attack in a supermarket, one of Israel's major grocery chains, Rami Levy pulled all knives, kitchen scissors and pizza cutters from the aisles so that they would not be used as weapons by Palestinian attackers.In October in the weekly magazine Mishpacha, popular among ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, a letter that went viral appeared to beg Arabs not to kill Haredim appeared. The letter, written in Arabic, began "We, the Hareidim do not go up to the Temple Mount, you do not see Hareidim on the Temple Mount, Hareidim do not want to change the status quo, and the Hareidim have no part in this – so please, stop murdering us." Many Haredi Jews had been targeted in the Old City of Jerusalem, ostensibly because of their distinguishable clothing. According to Mishpacha's editor, Yossi Elituv the appeal was meant as a literary device and was misunderstood.During the unrest, demand for handguns soared and Israeli leaders encouraged licensed gun owners to carry their weapons. The mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat in October 2015 compared it to "military reserve duty" and claimed that bystanders shooting Palestinian attackers had prevented many attacks. Netanyahu, echoing his comments, said that "Civilians are at the forefront of the war against terrorism and must also be on maximum alert."
Impact on Palestinian society
Initially, Palestinians were broadly supportive of attacks against Israelis but the support waned over time. In a poll conducted by the Palestinian think tank Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) among Palestinians released in December 2015 showed that 57 percent of Palestinians in the West Bank supported knife attacks. That number had shrunk to 44 percent in March 2016. However, a majority still believed that an armed intifada would serve them better than negotiations.The same opinion polls showed that the unrest didn't affect public opinion about Abbas and the Palestinian Authority – they remained widely unpopular. In the fall of 2015 over half of the respondents of PCPSR:s poll favored dissolving the PA altogether and two years later in poll conducted among West Bank Palestinians, 46 percent viewed the PA as a "burden" and 60 percent wished Abbas would resign.
Extrajudicial killings
Human rights organizations, such as B'Tselem and Amnesty International, and Palestinian leaders, and others said that some killings of Palestinian attackers and others by Israeli security forces were extrajudicial killings.In a joint statement with the Israeli NGO B'tselem, Amnesty International stated that in some instances Israeli forces have engaged in extrajudicial killings, which Israeli politicians are accused of openly endorsing as a response to Palestinians merely suspected by police of terrorist intentions of unarmed civilians. Netanyahu made a point of saying when the US killed the San Bernardino shooters, nobody said they were extrajudicial killings and claimed that Israel was unfairly criticized. Human Rights Watch, raising the possibility that Israel may be engaged in violations of international law, has expressed concern over what it calls Israel's "indiscriminate and even deliberate" shooting of protesters.On 27 October 2015, Amnesty called for Israel to end its "pattern of unlawful killings." The organization examined four cases, 19-year-old Sa'ad Muhammad Youssef al-Atrash, 17-year-old Dania Jihad Hussein Ershied, 19-year-old Fadi Alloun, and 18-year-old Hadeel al-Hashlamon, which it claimed were deliberately shot while they posed no imminent threat to life and that the killings therefore were extrajudicial. It also noted some cases in which the person shot were not given medical assistance and was left bleeding to death on the ground. Philip Luther, Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Amnesty International, stated:
"There is mounting evidence that, as tensions have risen dramatically, in some cases Israeli forces appear to have ripped up the rulebook and resorted to extreme and unlawful measures. They seem increasingly prone to using lethal force against anyone they perceive as posing a threat, without ensuring that the threat is real."
In a B'Tselem report from 16 December 2015, the organization listed twelve incidents in which Israeli soldiers and other security forces allegedly used excessive force against Palestinians, by shooting attackers or suspected attackers even after they no longer posed any danger. B'Tselem accused Netanyahu of overseeing a "new pseudo-normative reality" in which a "shoot to kill" approach should always be adopted by police officers or armed civilians regarding suspected Palestinian attackers.In February 2016, Defence for Children International accused the Israeli army of the intentional killing of Palestinian children in the West Bank. It said that the IDF had killed more than 180 Palestinians since the unrest began in October 2015, including 49 children. It said: "Repeated killing and shooting of children by Israeli army, and preventing paramedics from offering medical aid to them is considered a form of extrajudicial killing".
Incitement
During the period of unrest, what role incitement played in triggering Palestinians to commit attacks against Israelis was debated. Israeli officials frequently blamed Palestinian leaders and organizations for incitement. Abbas was most often blamed, but many others such as Hamas, the Islamic Movement in Israel, Arab Israeli politicians, imams, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström, and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon were also accused of encouraging or inciting violence.
A different source of incitement was social media. Several Palestinians were arrested over what they had posted online.
By Abbas and the Palestinian Authority
Netanyahu and other prominent Israeli politicians repeatedly alleged that Abbas was inciting Palestinians. For example, in October 2015, Netanyahu said that "there is no question that this wave of attacks was driven directly by the incitement, the incitement of Hamas, the incitement of the Islamist movement in Israel and the incitement, I am sorry to say, from president Abbas and the Palestinian Authority." His Education Minister, Naftali Bennett, claimed in an interview with BBC that Abbas was "inciting murder of Jews."American politicians, such as Secretary of State John Kerry and the Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Eliot Engel, also accused Abbas of incitement.
Analysts, however, doubted that Abbas was inciting the violence. According to Mouin Rabbani, a senior fellow at the Institute for Palestine Studies think tank, "Abbas couldn't even incite a rabid dog" because, according to him, Abbas was a leader without authority or influence. According to Shin Bet, the violence was incited by the Islamic Movement in Israel and Hamas and not Abbas, who they claimed instructed his security forces to prevent attacks on Israelis.Social media expert Shimrit Meir believed that Abbas was encouraging violence, but that no one was listening to him because of his unpopularity.Abbas denied all allegations of incitement. In an interview sent on Israeli TV in March 2016 he claimed that Palestinian security forces were trying to prevent attacks. He proceeded to describe a raid of a school where they had found "70 boys and girls who were carrying knives. We talked to them about it and told them it was a mistake. 'We don't want you to kill and die. We want you to live and the other to live.'"
By the Islamic Movement
The Islamic Movement in Israel, founders of the two Temple Mount groups the Murabitat and Mourabitoun, was claimed to be a major source of incitement. The Israeli government accused it of "continuous incitement to violence and racism" by accusing Israel of seeking to change the Temple Mount "status quo." The northern branch of the movement was outlawed in November 2015.According to the Shin Bet and Israeli police, the movement was affiliated with the Muslim brotherhood and had ties with Hamas.
By Hamas
A Shin Bet senior officer said that much of the incitement is coming from Hamas.
By the Islamic State
According to Algemeiner analysis published in January 2016,
While the threat of border clashes with Islamic State terrorists fighting in the Syrian civil war has concerned Israeli leaders for some time now, the recruitment of Israeli Arabs to form their own terror cells or launch lone wolf attacks inside of Israel – akin to the Paris or San Bernardino attacks late in 2015 – has recently become a more serious threat for the Jewish state.
According to a cyber-security expert opinion of INSS, a new trend started during the "wave of terror" in Israel, with the Islamic State organization flooding social media platforms with messages tailored to Palestinians and Israeli Arabs.Shin Bet claimed that the attackers who killed four people at Tel Aviv tourist attraction were inspired by the Islamic State . Reportedly, this confirmed the assessment, previously made by Palestinian security services on the night of the attack. Following the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting, Israeli newspaper "Haaretz", wrote that first signs emerged of ISIS-inspired lone-wolf terrorism in Israel.
By individuals
According to a report by the Palestinian Detainees and Ex-detainees Committee, Israel arrested about 130 Palestinians over social media activity in 2015. 27 of those detained were accused of incitement.In October 2015, it was reported that 20,000 Israelis had initiated a class action suit against Facebook who they claimed had a "legal and moral obligation" to block content "containing incitement to murder Jews."On 11 October, Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour was arrested over a poem that she had published on YouTube that the Israeli authorities claimed were inciting violence.
On 15 October, the Jewish non-governmental organization ADL wrote in a blog post that content encouraging Palestinians to stab Jews had emerged on social media. As examples of such content, it described an image with the text "When you stab, put poison on the knife or soak the knife in vinegar," a tweet that read "Stab a soldier with a knife to liberate Palestine" and a YouTube video captioned "Learn how to stab a Jew." In an update of the blog post on 20 October, the ADL wrote that Google, Twitter and Facebook had all removed the "problematic material" after being notified of it.
On 16 October, Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, brought one of the images ADL had described to a meeting with the Security Council. The image was an infographic titled "How to stab a Jew" and showed where on a victims body an attacker should stab to inflict as much damage as possible. Danon claimed that it was an example of what incitement looks like on social media.On 21 November, Palestinian journalist Muhammad al-Qiq was put under administrative detention, allegedly for "incitement" and for working with Hamas.
By Israeli politicians
Israeli politicians were accused of incitement against Palestinians.
In October, the left-wing Israeli newspaper Haaretz accused Netanyahu of incitement against Arab Israelis for claiming in a Knesset speech that there was a "train of ISIS flags" behind the predominantly Arab party Balad. In another widely denounced comment in October, Netanyahu claimed that a Palestinian gave Hitler the idea for the Holocaust.
Palestinian Ministor of Jerusalem Affairs, Adnan Husseini, called Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat's decision of publicly carrying a rifle while visiting the city's Arab neighborhoods a "declaration of war" on the city's Palestinian residents.
Deputy Foreign Minister Tzipi Hotovely said it was her dream "to see the Israeli flag flying on the Temple Mount." Netanyahu rebuked the comment.
Timeline
Since 13 September, 36 Israelis, as well as two Americans and an Eritrean were killed in Palestinian attacks, while 222 Palestinians have been killed (all but one by Israeli security forces), of which 140 were identified by Israel as assailants. Additionally, a Sudanese attacker was killed. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) recorded 167 'terrorist' attacks by Palestinians against Israeli civilians and security forces.
July 2015
On 31 July 2015, two homes in Duma, a Palestinian village in the West Bank, were firebombed by Israeli settlers. An 18-month-old baby was burnt to death and his parents and 4-year-old brother were critically injured and rushed to hospitals, where the father died of his burns several days later. In early September the mother also succumbed to her injuries.
September 2015
On 9 September, after talks with visiting British Prime Minister David Cameron, Jordan's King Abdullah II warned Israel, on 9 September, that "any more provocation in Jerusalem will affect the relationship between Jordan and Israel."On 9 September, US State Department spokesman John Kirby, condemned "all acts of violence" at the Temple Mount and urged Israel not to lift restrictions for Jewish visitors or to disturb the "status quo" of the site.On 13 September, Muslim youths gathered at the al-Aqsa Mosque compound, with the intention of blocking visits by Jews to the area. They clashed with Israeli police who used rubber coated bullets and tear gas, and chained the doors of the mosque shut. Tensions on the Temple Mount continued for three days, causing damage as Israeli police used tear gas and threw stun grenades toward Palestinian youths barricaded inside the Mosque, hurling rocks and flares at police, a Reuters witness said. Israeli Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, in a statement, said the Palestinians also had pipe bombs.On 13 September, Alexander Levlovich who was driving in a Jerusalem neighborhood was killed by Palestinians who threw stones at his car. This caused him to lose control of his car and crash into a utility pole.On 16 September, Abbas declared his support for Palestinian youths injured in clashes on the Temple Mount, stating that "every drop of blood spilled in Jerusalem is pure, every shahid [martyr] will reach paradise, and every injured person will be rewarded by God." This led United States' Secretary of State John Kerry to accuse Abbas of inciting violence.On 22 September, Hadeel al-Hashlamon was shot multiple times by an Israeli soldier at a checkpoint in Hebron. The IDF claimed that she had a knife on her. Amnesty published a report a few days later in which it called the incident an extrajudicial killing because Hashlamon didn't pose a threat when she was killed. In the following weeks, Hebron became a center of violent incidents and protests.On 24 September the Security Cabinet of Israel approved new anti-riot laws. A modified order allowed security forces to shoot when the life of a third party is under threat. Before the change, Israeli soldiers facing rioters could open fire with live bullets only if their own life was in danger. The cabinet also ordered a minimum four-year jail term for anybody throwing dangerous objects and heavy fines on parents whose children threw stones as a temporary measure to be in effect for three years. A pay increase for border police throughout Jerusalem and the calling up reserve forces of police and Border Guard forces was also enacted by the security cabinet. Saeb Erekat, secretary general of the PLO, said that the new rules was "a mere pretext to justify the escalating Israeli crimes against the people of Palestine."
October 2015
69 Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli security forces in October. Of those, 51 were killed in the West Bank and 18 in the Gaza Strip. The IDF claimed that 43 of the Palestinians killed were attackers. 7,392 Palestinians were injured. 7,392 Palestinians were injured; 4,216 by tear gas inhalation, 1,753 by rubber bullets, 1,134 by live ammunition and 289 from other causes. In the same period, ten Israelis were killed, and 115 injured. During the month over 300 Israeli soldiers were deployed in Jerusalem in the largest military policing operation since the Second Intifada.On 1 October, Hamas militants killed two settlers from the West Bank. Netanyahu said that the attack was a "result of Palestinian incitement" that led "to an act of terror and murder" and criticized Abbas for not condemning the attack. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah's military arm, welcomed the attack and said it was "a worthy response" to the Duma arson attack in July.On 3 October, a Palestinian stabbed and killed two Israelis in the Old City of Jerusalem before he himself was shot and killed by Israeli police. The attack caused controversy as BBC used the headline "Palestinian shot dead after Jerusalem attack kills two," apparently focusing more on the killed attacker rather than on his victims. The headline outraged the Israeli government which demanded an apology from the BBC. It warned that the network could face sanctions, threatening to annul its press cards in Israel, which in effect would have made it impossible for it to operate in the country. The network admitted that the headline was bad but said that it was written by a junior editor and not reflective of anti-Israeli bias. The headline was subsequently changed several times by the BBC.On 4 October, Palestinians except for those living in Jerusalem, businessmen and students were banned from entering the Old City for two days. Men under the age of 50 were also banned from praying at al-Aqsa. Israelis or foreign tourists were not affected by the ban. The move angered Palestinians and was condemned by Amnesty as a violation of the right to freedom of movement.On 8 October, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he had barred Israeli ministers and other politicians in Israel's parliament, the Knesset, from visiting the Temple Mount. The decision was criticized both by Jewish and Arab politicians who said that they would defy his orders. Other politicians such as Isaac Herzog of the opposition party the Zionist Union welcomed the ban. Netanyahu also reiterated that his government had no intention of changing the Temple Mount "status quo."On 12 October, two Palestinian boys Hassan and Ahmad Manasra stabbed two Israelis in East Jerusalem. The attack became a lightning rod for both Israelis and Palestinians because of the young age of the attackers, a viral clip from after the attack showing Ahmad laying in a pool of blood while being shouted at by settlers which spread on social media, and because Abbas erroneously claimed in a televised speech that Ahmad had been executed.On 16 October, the French newspaper Le Figaro revealed that the French government was drafting a Security Council statement calling for the deployment of international observers to Temple Mount to preserve status quo. The Israeli government rebuffed the proposal and Israel's envoy to the UN, Danny Danon, said that Israel would never agree to the stationing of international forces at the site.On 17 October, Jibril Rajoub, a senior member of Palestinian Authority ruling party Fatah said about the attacks that "they require heroism, courage, and a value system, which forces the Palestinian elite and the Palestinian national forces to see in the final words of one of those heroes, written in a blog, a document that could be taught in schools in a lesson about the meaning of martyrdom..."On 18 October, an Israeli Bedouin shot and killed an Israeli soldier in a bus station in Beersheba before he was killed by security personnel. An Eritrean asylum seeker, mistaken for a second gunman, was shot by police and then lynched by a mob which was filmed by a bystander. He later died of his wounds.Leaders of the Israeli Bedouin community condemned the attack, while ISIS, who the attacker thought to have been inspired by, praised it. It was the first attack of the conflict committed by a Bedouin.Netanyahu warned Israelis against vigilantism and Human Rights Watch called for prosecution against those involved in the lynching.On 20 October, Israeli troops rearrested Hassan Yousef, a senior Hamas figure in the West Bank, accusing him of "fermenting violence and conflict against Israel among the Palestinian public."On 20 October, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon made a surprise visit to Israel and called for both sides to restore calm.On 21 October, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel met with Netanyahu on to discuss the violence. She said that Germany expected Abbas "to condemn everything that constitutes an act of terror. One can't have open talks with Israel if this does not happen" and that "young Palestinians need a perspective and unilateral steps are not helpful".On 24 October the US House Foreign Affairs Committee voted to cut financial aid to the Palestinian Authority by $80 million to "send a message" to Abbas to end the "incitement." The Chairman of the Committee, Eliot Engel, said that the unrest was "the product of years and years of anti-Israel propaganda and indoctrination – some of which has been actively promoted by Palestinian Authority officials and institutions."
Speculations about a Third Intifada
During October, analysts speculated on whether the unrest was, or would lead to, a Third Intifada – an organized uprising against the Israeli occupation. On 9 October, Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas, declared that a new intifada had begun, but other Palestinian leaders refrained from following suit. Analysts questioned whether they would be able to contain the violence.According to Israeli opposition leader Isaac Herzog, who thought the events would lead to a Third Intifada, the Palestinian Authority tried to avoid an explosion "but on the ground, there's not much effect ... young people definitely aren't listening." According to Nohad Ali, a sociologist from the University of Haifa, there wasn't "yet" a Third Intifada. Other analysts noted that the unrest was different from previous Intifadas because it lacked both an organizational framework under an acknowledged political leadership and a clear set of goals. It was also noted that the violence was mainly restricted to Palestinians of East Jerusalem, and did not reflect general participation from the West Bank as in earlier Intifadas.Grant Rumley of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies argued that because there was little Palestinian political endorsement of the violence, the chance of another uprising was low; "the likelihood of another uprising is roughly the same as it is on any other day in this blood-soaked conflict."
November 2015
On 23 November, two Palestinian girls, 14-year-old Hadeel Wajih Awwad from Qalandiya and her 16-year-old cousin Norhan Awwad from Kafr 'Aqab stabbed a man with a pair of scissors at the Mahane Yehuda Market on Jaffa Street in central Jerusalem who suffered light injuries to his neck. The victim turned out to be a 70-year-old Palestinian man from Bethlehem who the girls had mistaken for a Jew. The attack was stopped by a bystander who hit the older girl with a chair that knocked her to the ground. The younger girl then advanced on a policeman in the street while brandishing her scissors. The policeman killed her by shooting her several times even after she had slumped to the ground from the first shot. He also fired two shots into the motionless older girls chest. She sustained serious wounds and underwent surgery to remove the bullets from her abdomen.The killed girl's brother, Mahmoud Awwad, 22, had been shot in the head by an Israeli sniper during clashes near Qalandiya in 2013. He died five months later. According to the indictment against Norhan, the attack was meant to avenge his death. She was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison and fined 30,000 shekels.The attack caused some outrage as the killing of Hadeel was caught on security camera footage. In an open letter to Netanyahu, the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem claimed that it was an example of an extrajudicial killing, noting that "the death penalty for murder was abolished in Israeli criminal law in 1954, over 60 years ago." Kerry, on the other hand, alluding to the attack, defended Israel "Clearly, no people anywhere should live with daily violence; with attacks in the streets, with knives or scissors or cars."
December 2015
In early December during a debate in the Swedish parliament, Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallström discussed the ongoing spate of violence in Israel and the Occupied territories. She accused Israel of extrajudicial killings, executing attackers without trial, and of disproportionate use of force. She also condemned the Palestinian attacks and said that Israel had the right to defend itself.The comments infuriated the Israeli Foreign Ministry who calling her words "scandalous, delusional, rude and detached from reality. The foreign minister suggests that Israeli citizens simply give their necks to the murderers trying to stab them with knives" and that "the citizens of Israel have to deal with terrorism that receives support from irresponsible and false statements like that."On 12 January, Wallström again suggested that Israel might be guilty of extrajudicial killings of Palestinians and called for an investigation into the matter. The Israeli Foreign Ministry again responded harshly, claiming that Wallström's "irresponsible and delirious statements are giving support to terrorism and encouraging violence". Deputy Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Hotovely declared that Swedish politicians of the rank of deputy minister and above are not welcome in Israel. She later clarified that it was only the Foreign Minister and her aides what were not welcome.On 9 December it was revealed that US Presidential candidate Donald Trump would visit Israel and meet with Netanyahu on 28 December. Netanyahu was criticized for not cancelling the meeting because Trump a few days earlier had called for a banning Muslims from entering the US. 37 MKs asked Netanyahu to condemn Trump and refuse to meet with him.Netanyahu in response said he rejected Trump's remarks about Muslims but that the meeting was planned two weeks ago and would go forward as planned. Trump, however, postponed the meeting until "after I become President" and later hinted that Netanyahu's negative response to the "Muslim ban" was the reason.
January 2016
In January, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that the Palestinian attacks were driven by a "profound sense of alienation and despair" and that "it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism." He condemned the attacks but also said that Israel's settlement program, under which 153 new settler homes had recently been approved, cast doubt on its commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state.Netanyahu responded harshly to the criticism and accused Ban of "encouraging terror," adding that Palestinians "do not murder for peace and they do not murder for human rights."Ban in response to Netanyahu's accusation wrote an op-ed published in The New York Times titled "Don't Shoot the Messenger, Israel.". In it he wrote that he would "always stand up to those who challenge Israel's right to exist" but that "when heartfelt concerns about short-sighted or morally damaging policies emanate from so many sources, including Israel's closest friends, it cannot be sustainable to keep lashing out at every well-intentioned critic." He also called for "Israelis, Palestinians and the international community" to recognize that the status quo is untenable and that "keeping another people under indefinite occupation undermines the security and the future of both Israelis and Palestinians."On 29 January, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced an international peace conference to try and jump start an Israeli-Palestinian peace process. If the negotiations were unsuccessful, France would formally recognize the State of Palestine.While the Palestinians, and later also the Arab League, welcomed the "French initiative," the Israeli government rejected it, with one official sardonically asking "Perhaps France will push for peace process with ISIS next?" Netanyahu later clarified that he would prefer to hold direct talks with Abbas, without the involvement of the international community.Since Israel announced that it would not participate, the conference was to be held without any Palestinian or Israeli presence. First it was planned to be held on 30 May, but due to scheduling problems, it was postponed several times. It was eventually held in January 2017.
February 2016
In early February three Arab Israeli members of the Knesset (MK) from the Joint List met with families of Palestinian attackers who had been killed by Israeli security forces. The three politicians claimed that the purpose of the meeting was to secure the release of the attackers bodies for burial. Israeli often delays returning the bodies of attackers to their respective families.The meeting outraged other politicians in the predominantly Jewish Knesset. It was heavily criticized by both Netanyahu and the opposition leader Isaac Herzog who said that the MKs "crossed a red line." The Ethics Committee of the Knesset suspended the three Arab Israeli MKs who had participated in the meeting; Hanin Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka.In response to the meeting between the Arab Israeli MKs and the Palestinian families, Netanyahu proposed new legislation allowing for three-quarters of the Knesset (90 of 120 members) to vote to expel an MK. The controversial "Expulsion law" was passed in July 2016 and allowed for the expulsion of an MK found guilty of either inciting racism or supporting an armed struggle against Israel.On 17 February, nine American congressmen and Senator Patrick Leahy wrote a letter to the US State Department inquiring about "specific allegations of gross violations of human rights" by the security forces of Egypt and Israel. They asked the State Department to determine whether the reports were credible and if so whether they would trigger the Leahy Law, a law that can cause the suspension of military aid to countries found guilty of human rights violations.Netanyahu responded angrily when he became aware of the letter's existence on 30 March. He defended the IDF by saying that "the IDF and the Israel Police do not engage in executions" and adding that "this letter should have been addressed instead to those who incite youngsters to commit cruel acts of terrorism."
March 2016
Between 23 February and 4 April, 22 Palestinians were killed, of which two were in the Gaza Strip, while 518 were injured. In March, one American was killed and 26 Israelis were injured. The Shin Bet recorded four attacks from the Gaza Strip; two rocket launches in which a total of five rockets were shot and two small arms shootings. 117 attacks in the West Bank and Jerusalem; six shootings of which two occurred in Jerusalem, 9 I.E.D,, six stabbings of which one occurred in Jerusalem, two vehicular attacks, one attempted attack and 92 firebomb attacks (33 in Jerusalem).On 8 March, a US tourist, Taylor Force, was killed and ten other people injured when a Palestinian man attacked people in Tel Aviv. The Taylor Force Act, American legislation to stop economic aid to the Palestinian Authority until it stops paying stipends to individuals who commit acts of terrorism, was named in his honor.
Also on 8 March, two Israeli police officers were wounded by an Arab gunman in Jerusalem and an Israeli man was moderately wounded in a stabbing attack in Petah Tikva. The victim managed to remove the knife from his neck and stabbed the attacker to death.On 24 March, two Palestinians stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier in Hebron and were subsequently shot. One died immediately and the other remained badly wounded. A video published by B'tselem showed a soldier aiming his weapon at the motionless attacker lying on the ground, and shooting him in the head. The video went viral on Israeli social media, sparking controversy.
April 2016
In April the US State Department released its annual report into human rights abuses around the world. The report accused Israeli forces of "excessive use of force" and "arbitrary arrest and associated torture and abuse, often with impunity," by the IDF, the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas and claimed that there were numerous reports of Israeli forces killing Palestinians when they did not pose a threat to life. It also criticized the Palestinian Authority for not condemning incidents of antisemitism and for hailing attackers who died while committing as martyrs.
May 2016
June 2016
On 8 June, two Palestinian gunmen opened fire at a cafe in Tel Aviv, killing four people and injuring seven others. The attackers claimed in the investigation that they were inspired by the Islamic State and Hamas. Israeli government response was to suspend 83,000 Palestinian entry permits to visit families in Israel for the Ramadan were suspended following the attack, a move that was described as "collective punishment" by Knesset member Haneen Zoabi and U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein. The IDF imposed a closure over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the wake of the attack, which was scheduled to end on 11 June after the end of Jewish holiday of Shavuot Palestinian Media, Hamas and PIJ celebrated the attack.On 30 June Murder of Hallel Yaffa Ariel: a Palestinian stabbed and killed 17-year-old Hallel Yaffa Ariel while she was sleeping in her bedroom in the West Bank settlement of Kiryat Arba. The assailant was fatally shot by security guards. That same day, a Palestinian assailant stabbed two Israeli civilians in Natanya, north of Tel Aviv and was shot dead by an armed civilian. On 1 July Palestinian gunmen fired at an Israeli family vehicle south to Hebron causing it to flip over. The father of the family died while his wife and two daughters were injured. PIJ said in a statement that: "the escalation in attacks against settlers reflects the persistence of the Palestinian intifada to continue"Throughout June 2016, 5 Israelis and 6 Palestinians were killed, while 21–30 Israelis and 167 Palestinians were wounded. The Shin Bet recorded 1 attack from the Gaza Strip (small arms shooting), 100 attacks from the West Bank and East Jerusalem: 10 I.E.D (Pipe bombs and an improvised grenade); 2 small armes shooting; 1 stabbing; 1 vehicular and 86 firebomb (29 in Jerusalem) attacks, and 2 attacks inside the Green Line (in Tel Aviv and Natanya). 1 Jewish attack was recorded: Two vehicles were set on fire and three were sprayed with anti-Arab hate speech in Nazareth and Yafa an-Naseriyye (in northern Israel).
See also
2014 Jerusalem unrest
2015 in Israel
2016 in Israel
Palestinian political violence
Temple Mount entry restrictions
References
External links
Wave of terror 2015, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Israeli-Palestinian violence: What you need to know, CNN
Is Palestinian-Israeli violence being driven by social media?. BBC
Humanitarian Bulletin (October 2015) – OCHA OPT monthly report
Interviews
Interview with Benjamin Netanyahu, 22 March 2016, AIPAC.
Interview with Mahmoud Abbas, 31 March 2016, Ilana Dayan, Channel 12.
Letters from Palestine
All letters from this period are signed Riyad Mansour, Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations
Palestinian civilians continue to be killed, injured and terrorized by Israeli aggression, 14 October 2015.
Situation in occupied Palestine deteriorating, 19 October 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates its appeal to Security Council to uphold its duties and protect Palestinian people, 3 November 2015.
State of Palestine reiterates appeal to Security Council to act to end Israeli aggression and occupation, 1 December 2015.
Palestine concerned by Israel's breaches of international humanitarian and human rights law, 8 April 2016.
Letters from Israel
All letters from this period are signed by Ambassador Ron Prosor.
Israel calls for attention of Secretary-General and Security Council to terror attacks on Israeli citizens, 4 October 2015.
Israel calls on Security Council to denounce attacks on Israeli citizens, 9 October 2015.
Israel calls on UN Secretary-General and Security Council President to demand end to Palestinian incitement, 13 November 2015.
UN OCHA Monthly Humanitarian Bulletins
October 2015
December 2015
January 2016
February 2016
March – April 2016
May 2016
UN OCHA Protection of Civilians Weekly Reports
29 September – 5 October 2015
6 – 12 October 2015
27 October – 2 November 2015
9 – 15 February 2016
16 – 22 February 2016
23 February – 7 March 2016
8 – 14 March 2016
15 – 21 March 2016
22 – 28 March 2016
10 – 16 May 2016
17 – 23 May 2016
May 24 – 6 June 2016
7 – 13 June 2016
14 – 20 June 2016
UN monthly media monitoring reviews
Review of Events, September 2015
Review of Events, October 2015
Review of Events, December 2015
Review of Events, February 2016
Review of Events, March 2016
Review of Events, April 2016
Review of Events, May 2016
Review of Events, June 2016
|
participant
|
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"answer_start": [
40
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The Enaton (or Ennaton, Hennaton) was a monastic district in Egypt during the Middle Ages. It lasted into the 15th century, but it was at its height between the 5th and 7th centuries. It takes its name, which means "ninth" (Greek ἔνατον), from its location at the ninth milestone southwest of Alexandria along the coastal road.The Enaton was composed of distinct monasteries and cells which elected a common hegumen (leader). Theologically, the Enaton was Miaphysite. In its heyday, the district was international in character, comprising both Copts and Syriacs. It was a waystation (Roman mutatio) for travellers from Alexandria to the monasteries of the Nitrian Desert and the monastery of Saint Mina. It probably served as an inn or hostel for pilgrims, tourists, merchants and their animals.
Names
In Arabic, the Enaton became known as the Dayr al-Zujaj (Monastery of Glass) or Dayr al-Zajjaj (Monastery of the Glass Maker), terms that derive from Coptic ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲛⲁⲃⲁϫⲏⲓⲛⲓ, Pimonastirion ente nisanabajaini. A more faithful Coptic rendering of the Greek, El-Ainatoun, was also used. In Arabic, it is also sometimes called al-Hanatun (from Enaton), Bihanatun (from Graeco-Coptic ⲡⲓϩⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲛ, Pi-Hennaton) and Tunbatarun (from Greek Ton Pateron, "[monastery] of the Fathers"). The Ethiopic translation of the Arabic version of John of Nikiu's Chronicle calls the monastery Bantun, evidently a corruption of al-Hanatun.
Location
The exact location of the Enaton is not known, but it must have lain on the taenia (strip of land) between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Mareotis. It probably had an anchorage on the seacoast and served as an access point to the lake. The taenia was densely populated in late antiquity, with monasteries also at the fifth mile (Pempton), eighteenth (Oktokaidekaton) and twentieth (Eikoston).In the early 20th century, archaeologists identified funerary stelae and the ruins of a church near the village of Dikhaylah as coming from the Enaton. These are now thought to belong to the monastery of the Pempton. A more likely location is several miles further west on the hill of Kom al-Zujaj.As a result of its proximity to Alexandria, the Enaton provided a much easier life than the monasteries of the desert. When Hilaria, daughter of the Emperor Zeno (r. 474–491), tried to enter the monastery of Scetis, Abbot Pembo recommended that she join the Enaton instead because "it is moderate; there is at this time a group of wealthy people who have made themselves monks; they live without fatigue; they find consolation."
Structure
The Enaton is described in the sources as both a laura (that is, a collection of individual cells or hermitages, often in caves) and a monasterion. It was composed of numerous autonomous foundations that varied in size from a lone hermit in a cell to large communities of monks. Each foundation was itself considered a monasterion, the most common type being the koinobion (community of monks). Each koinobion had its own church and was under the rule of a superior with the title hegumen, cenobiarch or proestos and usually referred to as "father" (apa or abba). A community often took the name of a particularly revered superior, not necessarily its founder.The Enaton function according to a "federal constitution". The various monasteries elected a common leader with the title of hegumen. They had a common assembly and by the beginning of the 7th century a common oikonomos (steward). According to the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria, there were 600 monasteries in the Enaton around the year 600. This number more probably represents the total number of monasteries in the region of Alexandria, as indicated by the Copto-Arabic and Ethiopian Synaxaria. Still, "the many establishments at the Enaton must have given it the appearance of a large town with irregular streets, houses with terraced roofs, and dogs running about."
History
Origins
The origins of the Enaton are obscure. There are hagiographic sources that push back the Enaton's history to the time of the Diocletianic persecution in late 3rd or early 4th century, but their reliability is questionable. The monk Theodore, whose words are preserved with the Sayings of the Desert Fathers, is said to have come to the Enaton in 308. He was still alive in 364.The Arabic Passion of Sarapamon, an account of the martyrdom of Bishop Sarapamon of Nikiu, records that the protagonist travelled from Palestine to be baptised by Patriarch Theonas of Alexandria (r. 282–300) and decided to become a monk in the Dayr al-Zujaj. Sarapamon was a victim of the Diocletianic persecution. His Passion, however, cannot be considered a completely reliable source.The Coptic Martyrdom of Apa Kradjon also links the Enaton to Theonas. It says that during the persecution the patriarch ordained a certain Theopemptos as the bishop of the Monastery of the Fathers outside Alexandria. This monastery purportedly already had six hundred monks at that time. The Martyrdom, however, is largely legendary. John of Ephesus, in his Lives of Peter and Photius (written c. 565), takes the name "Monastery of the Fathers" to refer to the Enaton as a whole.A more reliable source for the early history of the Enaton is the Coptic Life of Longinus and Lucius, a biography of the 5th-century hegumens Longinus and Lucius. It is generally considered basically historical. It indicates that in the time of Longinus (450s) there were already monks buried in a cemetery at the Enaton. The site thus appears to have existed for some time before Longinus' election.According to Basil of Oxyrhynchus, in a sermon on Longinus' virtues, the monastery founded by Abba Gaius from Corinth had originally been outside the Enaton. After it was joined to the Enaton community, Gaius was elected hegumenos.
Height
Under Longinus, the monks of the Enaton strongly opposed the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon (451). Explicitly Miaphysite theology arrived at the Enaton in 453 with Peter the Iberian and his followers, who were exiled from Maiuma in Palestine. Other Miaphysite and anti-Chalcedonian exiles from Palestine and Syria followed: Julian of Halicarnassus, Severus of Antioch (518), Tumo of Ḥarqel (599) and Paul of Tella (599). Severus was buried in the Enaton.According to Zacharias Rhetor's biography of Severus of Antioch, there was a holy man named Salama (fl. 482–489) who lived in a monastery in the Enaton that eventually took his name. He had students named Stephanus and Athanasius, the former of which also established a monastery at the Enaton that took his name. Two other friends of Severus are possibly to be associated with the Enaton. According to her Syriac biography, Anastasia the Patrician founded a monastery there. The Greek version of her life, however, places her foundation in the Pempton. Likewise, Caesaria the Patrician founded a monastery that may have been in the Enaton.In the 480s, some monks of the Enaton collaborated with the Chalcedonian monastery of the Metanoia east of Alexandria against a (by then illegal) shrine of Isis at Menouthis. There was a brief period when the Enaton appears to have adopted Chalcedonianism, since in 542/543 it received a treatise from the Emperor Justinian I and in 551 Justinian appointed the monk Apollinarius of the monastery of Salama to the patriarchate of Alexandria. Nonetheless, the Enaton must have soon reverted to Miaphysitism. While the Chalcedonian (Melkite) patriarchs resided at Alexandria, the Miaphysite (Coptic) patriarchs could not. At least two—Peter IV (567–576) and Damian (576–605)—resided at the Enaton. Prominent Chalcedonian visitors include John Moschus, who stayed in the monastery of John the Eunuch, and Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem, who dedicated an anacreonticon to Theonas, the head (oikonomos) of the monastery of Tugara.In 616, the Enaton was the site of a meeting between the Coptic patriarch Anastasios Apozygarios and the Syriac patriarch of Antioch, Athanasios Gamolo, to heal a schism that had separate their two Miaphysite churches since the late 580s. Neither could meet in Alexandria, since it was controlled by the Chalcedonians. Their reconciliation was made possibly by philological studies conducted at the Antonine monastery in the Enaton.Between 615 and 617, while they were resident in the Enaton, Tumo of Ḥarqel and Paul of Tella produced major translations into Syriac, the Ḥarqlean version of the New Testament and the Syro-Hexaplar version of the Old Testament, respectively.
Decline
The Enaton was sacked during the Persian conquest of Egypt in 619, but survived the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641. The Persian sack suggests that the Enaton was by that time quite wealthy.Although the Enaton occasionally benefited from Muslim rule in Egypt, it never regained its former glory. It seems to have maintained its federal constitution for some time, but by the 11th century it had become a single monastery. It maintained its international character and reputation for scholarship longer. It remained an active monastic centre until the 14th or 16th century. Its later history, however, is obscure.In 689, the hegumen John was considered for the patriarchate. The one actually elected, Simeon I, had been an oblate serving at the tomb of Severus. He was buried in the same church as Severus. The next patriarch, Alexander II, was also a monk from the Enaton. By the time of the Patriarch Mark II in the late 8th century, there was a tradition that a new patriarch should visit the Enaton. This tradition was abandoned by the 15th century.By the 11th century, the Enaton was a single monastery dedicated to Severus of Antioch. Owing to Severus and the Syriac influence, it had a Jacobite orientation. In 1066, the hegumen John ibn Tirus was considered for the patriarchate. The monastery may have suffered from Bedouin raids during the patriarchates of Shenouda II (1032–1046) and Christodoulos (1047–1077). The monastery had only about forty monks in residence during this period, a sharp decline from its heyday.The Miracles of Abba Mina, possibly written as early as 1363, was attributed in the 18th century to a certain Archimandrite Mardarius of Gabal al-Niaton, perhaps a corrupted reference to the Enaton. Al-Maqrizi wrote in the 15th century that the monastery of Dayr al-Zujaj was also known as al-Hanatun and was dedicated to Bu Gurg the Elder, Saint George. He is the last author to write of the monastery as still existing. The monastery appears on western European maps from the 14th through 17th centuries, but it may have bee merely a placename by then. The decline of the monastery probably owes something to the disruption of the coastal traffic during the Crusades and the desertification of Lake Mareotis.
List of monasteries
Dates are floruits. Italics indicate uncertainty of location.
Monastery of Abba Andreas
Monastery of the Antonines or Antonians (c. 615)
Monastery of Dalamatia or Dalmatia
Monastery of the Epiphany (567–569)
Monastery of Abba Eustathius
Monastery of the Fathers
Monastery of the Apa Gaius (mid-5th century)
Monastery of Abba John the Eunuch
Monastery of Maphora
Monastery of the Patrician (c. 576)
Monastery of Salama or of Salomon (551–c. 600)
Monastery of the Holy Severus
Monastery of Stephanus
Monastery of Tugara or Tougara (early 7th century)
Monastery of Zaston
Three Cells of Abba Zenon (late 5th century)
List of hegumens
Dates are floruits.
Gaius of Corinth (5th century)
Lucius the Ascetic (5th century)
Longinus of Lycia (451–457)
Mina (c. 605)
John (689)
John ibn Tirus (1066)
Notes
== Bibliography ==
|
country
|
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The Enaton (or Ennaton, Hennaton) was a monastic district in Egypt during the Middle Ages. It lasted into the 15th century, but it was at its height between the 5th and 7th centuries. It takes its name, which means "ninth" (Greek ἔνατον), from its location at the ninth milestone southwest of Alexandria along the coastal road.The Enaton was composed of distinct monasteries and cells which elected a common hegumen (leader). Theologically, the Enaton was Miaphysite. In its heyday, the district was international in character, comprising both Copts and Syriacs. It was a waystation (Roman mutatio) for travellers from Alexandria to the monasteries of the Nitrian Desert and the monastery of Saint Mina. It probably served as an inn or hostel for pilgrims, tourists, merchants and their animals.
Names
In Arabic, the Enaton became known as the Dayr al-Zujaj (Monastery of Glass) or Dayr al-Zajjaj (Monastery of the Glass Maker), terms that derive from Coptic ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲛⲁⲃⲁϫⲏⲓⲛⲓ, Pimonastirion ente nisanabajaini. A more faithful Coptic rendering of the Greek, El-Ainatoun, was also used. In Arabic, it is also sometimes called al-Hanatun (from Enaton), Bihanatun (from Graeco-Coptic ⲡⲓϩⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲛ, Pi-Hennaton) and Tunbatarun (from Greek Ton Pateron, "[monastery] of the Fathers"). The Ethiopic translation of the Arabic version of John of Nikiu's Chronicle calls the monastery Bantun, evidently a corruption of al-Hanatun.
Location
The exact location of the Enaton is not known, but it must have lain on the taenia (strip of land) between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Mareotis. It probably had an anchorage on the seacoast and served as an access point to the lake. The taenia was densely populated in late antiquity, with monasteries also at the fifth mile (Pempton), eighteenth (Oktokaidekaton) and twentieth (Eikoston).In the early 20th century, archaeologists identified funerary stelae and the ruins of a church near the village of Dikhaylah as coming from the Enaton. These are now thought to belong to the monastery of the Pempton. A more likely location is several miles further west on the hill of Kom al-Zujaj.As a result of its proximity to Alexandria, the Enaton provided a much easier life than the monasteries of the desert. When Hilaria, daughter of the Emperor Zeno (r. 474–491), tried to enter the monastery of Scetis, Abbot Pembo recommended that she join the Enaton instead because "it is moderate; there is at this time a group of wealthy people who have made themselves monks; they live without fatigue; they find consolation."
Structure
The Enaton is described in the sources as both a laura (that is, a collection of individual cells or hermitages, often in caves) and a monasterion. It was composed of numerous autonomous foundations that varied in size from a lone hermit in a cell to large communities of monks. Each foundation was itself considered a monasterion, the most common type being the koinobion (community of monks). Each koinobion had its own church and was under the rule of a superior with the title hegumen, cenobiarch or proestos and usually referred to as "father" (apa or abba). A community often took the name of a particularly revered superior, not necessarily its founder.The Enaton function according to a "federal constitution". The various monasteries elected a common leader with the title of hegumen. They had a common assembly and by the beginning of the 7th century a common oikonomos (steward). According to the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria, there were 600 monasteries in the Enaton around the year 600. This number more probably represents the total number of monasteries in the region of Alexandria, as indicated by the Copto-Arabic and Ethiopian Synaxaria. Still, "the many establishments at the Enaton must have given it the appearance of a large town with irregular streets, houses with terraced roofs, and dogs running about."
History
Origins
The origins of the Enaton are obscure. There are hagiographic sources that push back the Enaton's history to the time of the Diocletianic persecution in late 3rd or early 4th century, but their reliability is questionable. The monk Theodore, whose words are preserved with the Sayings of the Desert Fathers, is said to have come to the Enaton in 308. He was still alive in 364.The Arabic Passion of Sarapamon, an account of the martyrdom of Bishop Sarapamon of Nikiu, records that the protagonist travelled from Palestine to be baptised by Patriarch Theonas of Alexandria (r. 282–300) and decided to become a monk in the Dayr al-Zujaj. Sarapamon was a victim of the Diocletianic persecution. His Passion, however, cannot be considered a completely reliable source.The Coptic Martyrdom of Apa Kradjon also links the Enaton to Theonas. It says that during the persecution the patriarch ordained a certain Theopemptos as the bishop of the Monastery of the Fathers outside Alexandria. This monastery purportedly already had six hundred monks at that time. The Martyrdom, however, is largely legendary. John of Ephesus, in his Lives of Peter and Photius (written c. 565), takes the name "Monastery of the Fathers" to refer to the Enaton as a whole.A more reliable source for the early history of the Enaton is the Coptic Life of Longinus and Lucius, a biography of the 5th-century hegumens Longinus and Lucius. It is generally considered basically historical. It indicates that in the time of Longinus (450s) there were already monks buried in a cemetery at the Enaton. The site thus appears to have existed for some time before Longinus' election.According to Basil of Oxyrhynchus, in a sermon on Longinus' virtues, the monastery founded by Abba Gaius from Corinth had originally been outside the Enaton. After it was joined to the Enaton community, Gaius was elected hegumenos.
Height
Under Longinus, the monks of the Enaton strongly opposed the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon (451). Explicitly Miaphysite theology arrived at the Enaton in 453 with Peter the Iberian and his followers, who were exiled from Maiuma in Palestine. Other Miaphysite and anti-Chalcedonian exiles from Palestine and Syria followed: Julian of Halicarnassus, Severus of Antioch (518), Tumo of Ḥarqel (599) and Paul of Tella (599). Severus was buried in the Enaton.According to Zacharias Rhetor's biography of Severus of Antioch, there was a holy man named Salama (fl. 482–489) who lived in a monastery in the Enaton that eventually took his name. He had students named Stephanus and Athanasius, the former of which also established a monastery at the Enaton that took his name. Two other friends of Severus are possibly to be associated with the Enaton. According to her Syriac biography, Anastasia the Patrician founded a monastery there. The Greek version of her life, however, places her foundation in the Pempton. Likewise, Caesaria the Patrician founded a monastery that may have been in the Enaton.In the 480s, some monks of the Enaton collaborated with the Chalcedonian monastery of the Metanoia east of Alexandria against a (by then illegal) shrine of Isis at Menouthis. There was a brief period when the Enaton appears to have adopted Chalcedonianism, since in 542/543 it received a treatise from the Emperor Justinian I and in 551 Justinian appointed the monk Apollinarius of the monastery of Salama to the patriarchate of Alexandria. Nonetheless, the Enaton must have soon reverted to Miaphysitism. While the Chalcedonian (Melkite) patriarchs resided at Alexandria, the Miaphysite (Coptic) patriarchs could not. At least two—Peter IV (567–576) and Damian (576–605)—resided at the Enaton. Prominent Chalcedonian visitors include John Moschus, who stayed in the monastery of John the Eunuch, and Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem, who dedicated an anacreonticon to Theonas, the head (oikonomos) of the monastery of Tugara.In 616, the Enaton was the site of a meeting between the Coptic patriarch Anastasios Apozygarios and the Syriac patriarch of Antioch, Athanasios Gamolo, to heal a schism that had separate their two Miaphysite churches since the late 580s. Neither could meet in Alexandria, since it was controlled by the Chalcedonians. Their reconciliation was made possibly by philological studies conducted at the Antonine monastery in the Enaton.Between 615 and 617, while they were resident in the Enaton, Tumo of Ḥarqel and Paul of Tella produced major translations into Syriac, the Ḥarqlean version of the New Testament and the Syro-Hexaplar version of the Old Testament, respectively.
Decline
The Enaton was sacked during the Persian conquest of Egypt in 619, but survived the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641. The Persian sack suggests that the Enaton was by that time quite wealthy.Although the Enaton occasionally benefited from Muslim rule in Egypt, it never regained its former glory. It seems to have maintained its federal constitution for some time, but by the 11th century it had become a single monastery. It maintained its international character and reputation for scholarship longer. It remained an active monastic centre until the 14th or 16th century. Its later history, however, is obscure.In 689, the hegumen John was considered for the patriarchate. The one actually elected, Simeon I, had been an oblate serving at the tomb of Severus. He was buried in the same church as Severus. The next patriarch, Alexander II, was also a monk from the Enaton. By the time of the Patriarch Mark II in the late 8th century, there was a tradition that a new patriarch should visit the Enaton. This tradition was abandoned by the 15th century.By the 11th century, the Enaton was a single monastery dedicated to Severus of Antioch. Owing to Severus and the Syriac influence, it had a Jacobite orientation. In 1066, the hegumen John ibn Tirus was considered for the patriarchate. The monastery may have suffered from Bedouin raids during the patriarchates of Shenouda II (1032–1046) and Christodoulos (1047–1077). The monastery had only about forty monks in residence during this period, a sharp decline from its heyday.The Miracles of Abba Mina, possibly written as early as 1363, was attributed in the 18th century to a certain Archimandrite Mardarius of Gabal al-Niaton, perhaps a corrupted reference to the Enaton. Al-Maqrizi wrote in the 15th century that the monastery of Dayr al-Zujaj was also known as al-Hanatun and was dedicated to Bu Gurg the Elder, Saint George. He is the last author to write of the monastery as still existing. The monastery appears on western European maps from the 14th through 17th centuries, but it may have bee merely a placename by then. The decline of the monastery probably owes something to the disruption of the coastal traffic during the Crusades and the desertification of Lake Mareotis.
List of monasteries
Dates are floruits. Italics indicate uncertainty of location.
Monastery of Abba Andreas
Monastery of the Antonines or Antonians (c. 615)
Monastery of Dalamatia or Dalmatia
Monastery of the Epiphany (567–569)
Monastery of Abba Eustathius
Monastery of the Fathers
Monastery of the Apa Gaius (mid-5th century)
Monastery of Abba John the Eunuch
Monastery of Maphora
Monastery of the Patrician (c. 576)
Monastery of Salama or of Salomon (551–c. 600)
Monastery of the Holy Severus
Monastery of Stephanus
Monastery of Tugara or Tougara (early 7th century)
Monastery of Zaston
Three Cells of Abba Zenon (late 5th century)
List of hegumens
Dates are floruits.
Gaius of Corinth (5th century)
Lucius the Ascetic (5th century)
Longinus of Lycia (451–457)
Mina (c. 605)
John (689)
John ibn Tirus (1066)
Notes
== Bibliography ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
679
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"text": [
"monastery"
]
}
|
The 2016–17 Dialog Rugby League was the 66th season of the top flight of Sri Lankan domestic rugby union competition. The competition is sponsored and broadcast by Dialog TV.
The league consists of 8 clubs playing in a home-and-away double round robin. The standings at the end of the season determine the seedings for the 2017 edition of the Clifford Cup playoffs held in the spring.
The reigning champions of both last year's regular season and the 2016 Clifford Cup is Kandy SC, who claimed their 17th league title after finishing the 2015-2016 season undefeated, two games clear of runners up Havelock SC.
The 2016-17 season was the first season that the SLRFU introduced a Television Match Official (TMO) for selected domestic games.Kandy SC began the season in dominant form defeating CH&FC 96 to nil in their opening game before losing to Air Force SC the following week in a close game 24 to 21. Before the mid season break at the end of the year Kandy SC lost a second game, this time to Navy SC 32-37. Havelock SC commenced the year with a six-game winning streak, which ended with a 30-39 loss to Kandy SC on 18 December 2016.
In the second half of the season both Kandy SC and Havelock SC continued their respective unbeaten runs, with the title race coming down to the second last game of the season. The resultant win by Kandy SC 26-11 virtually secured the club the title, as whilst both clubs have the same number of wins for the season Kandy SC have more bonus points due to the size of their winning margins over the season. In the final round of the season Kandy SC finished in the same manner as they started by comprehensively defeating CH&FC 59-3, thereby retaining their League title for the 3rd year in a row.
Teams
League table
Table standings updated through 12 February 2017
Try and Points scorers
League Season
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"rugby union"
]
}
|
Joseph Kay or Kaye may refer to:
Joseph Kay (architect) (1775–1847), English architect
Joseph Kay (economist), English economist
Joseph Kay (writer) Canadian television writer and producer
Joseph Kaye (cricketer), English cricketer
Sir Joseph Kaye, 1st Baronet (1856–1923) of the Kaye baronets
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"architect"
]
}
|
Joseph Kay or Kaye may refer to:
Joseph Kay (architect) (1775–1847), English architect
Joseph Kay (economist), English economist
Joseph Kay (writer) Canadian television writer and producer
Joseph Kaye (cricketer), English cricketer
Sir Joseph Kaye, 1st Baronet (1856–1923) of the Kaye baronets
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Kay"
]
}
|
Joseph Kay or Kaye may refer to:
Joseph Kay (architect) (1775–1847), English architect
Joseph Kay (economist), English economist
Joseph Kay (writer) Canadian television writer and producer
Joseph Kaye (cricketer), English cricketer
Sir Joseph Kaye, 1st Baronet (1856–1923) of the Kaye baronets
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Joseph"
]
}
|
Joseph Kay or Kaye may refer to:
Joseph Kay (architect) (1775–1847), English architect
Joseph Kay (economist), English economist
Joseph Kay (writer) Canadian television writer and producer
Joseph Kaye (cricketer), English cricketer
Sir Joseph Kaye, 1st Baronet (1856–1923) of the Kaye baronets
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"English"
]
}
|
Joseph Kay or Kaye may refer to:
Joseph Kay (architect) (1775–1847), English architect
Joseph Kay (economist), English economist
Joseph Kay (writer) Canadian television writer and producer
Joseph Kaye (cricketer), English cricketer
Sir Joseph Kaye, 1st Baronet (1856–1923) of the Kaye baronets
|
writing language
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"English"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"Spain"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
capital
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Valdeverdeja"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Valdeverdeja"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Valdeverdeja"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
capital of
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Valdeverdeja"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
licence plate code
|
{
"answer_start": [
1067
],
"text": [
"TO"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Valdeverdeja"
]
}
|
Valdeverdeja is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It belongs to the Campana de Oropesa region and has 647 inhabitants according to the 2006 census (INE). The municipal area is 67 km², and it has a population density of 10.04 inhabitants per km².
Valdeverdeja is located at the western end of the province of Toledo, and at the same time on the border of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha, adjacent to the province of Cáceres, already belonging to Extremadura. It is semi-circled by the Tagus River , which is the geographical feature that forms the border between the two communities and is 3 km away from the urban nucleus, it is located near La Jara occupying the valley.
The coat of arms of the town of Valdeverdeja is divided into three quarters, the first of them in a gold tower on a green field, the second on a white field with gold chains crossed by a black strip and in the third, in a field of gules a white castle.
Communications
Close to the Extremadura highway, the A-5 is connected to it by the TO-7121 road that reaches Oropesa, head of the region and by the MC-4159 to the town of El Puente del Arzobispo where it joins the MC -4100. By the TO-7137 it joins Berrocalejo.
Geography
Settled in the valley of the Tagus on a granite terrain that forms the so-called canchales.
The Tagus runs boxed in with steep banks. In its margins there are, already in disuse, several water mills.
The vegetation, composed of meadows populated with holm oaks and olive trees and scrubland with broom and thyme, is typically Mediterranean.
Fauna
In the past, the climate and the vegetation largely determine the fauna: rabbits, rats, mice, partridges, wild boars (especially in recent years), foxes, wildcats, owls, eagle owls, vultures, swallows, storks, storks black, various kinds of eagles, crows and different species of birds (goldfinches) and fish (barbels, carps, pike, eels now practically disappeared), etc. Some species are rarely found anymore; others, however, on the brink of extinction, are recovering, such as vultures and certain eagles.
Flora
The flora is typical of the Mediterranean region. Wild species include holm oak, broom, thyme, lavender, poplars, and wild olive trees. Due to the agricultural activity in the region, it is common to find olive and fig groves that have become part of the natural landscape.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the primary sector, on agriculture and livestock since its foundation. Industrial activity is almost non-existent and the service sector is developing with the incipient rural tourism.
Primary sector, the historical base of the municipal economy. Agriculture with fields of olive trees and cereals that opens to irrigation taking advantage of the waters of the Tagus. There is livestock that accompanies agricultural activity.
Secondary sector, practically non-existent, has been based on the mechanization of some activities related to agriculture, such as milling, in which hydraulic power has been used. In the middle of the 20th century, an old mill was converted into an electricity generating plant, what they call the factory of light . This activity has not been developed throughout history.
Service sector, commerce and services are oriented to meet the needs of residents and even so these have to be covered, to a large extent in Oropesa or Talavera. Tourist activity, encouraged as a result of the rural tourism boom, is developing progressively, thanks to which there are hotel establishments.
Monuments and places of interest
The Church of San Blas, from the 16th century and enlarged in the 18th century. With the layout in the shape of a cross, it stands out for the height of its vaults and cupola.
The town hall, a large granite building with arcades supported by Tuscan columns.
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados, from the 18th century, over a previous one from the 12th century. It has a relevant ordeal.
Pozos Nuevos ("new wells"), a place where several dozen wells are located with their corresponding sinks made of stone in a single piece. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest, with the category of Historic Site.
Casa Curato, is the rectory of Valdeverdeja. It has a beautiful façade that overlooks the Plaza Mayor in which there is a relevant iron fence. The main access is through San Blas street where a gate opens in the middle that gives access to the patio.
Arch House, built 1876. Declared architectural heritage and asset of cultural interest (BIC) of this Villa on June 17 , 1992 . A semicircular arch with access to two streets, gives way from one to the other, under a barrel vault , several brick discharge arches, superimposed with the rest of the masonry.
== References ==
|
area
|
{
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"67"
]
}
|
The British Columbia wolf (Canis lupus columbianus) is a subspecies of gray wolf which lives in a narrow region that includes those parts of the mainland coast and near-shore islands that are covered with temperate rainforest, which extends from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to the Alexander Archipelago in south-east Alaska. This area is bounded by the Coast Mountains.
Taxonomy
The wolf was first classed as a distinct subspecies in 1941 by Edward Goldman, who described his specimen as being large with a skull closely resembling that of C. l. pambasileus, and whose fur is generally of a cinnamon-buff colour. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal south-east Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C. l. nulibus proposed by Nowak. Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia. A study of the three coastal wolves indicated a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago wolf), Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbia wolf), and Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island wolf) should be recognized as a single subspecies of Canis lupus.In 2016, two studies compared the DNA sequences of 42,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in North American gray wolves and found the coastal wolves to be genetically and phenotypically distinct from other wolves. They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one of the study's six identified ecotypes – a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different type of habitat. The local adaptation of a wolf ecotype most likely reflects the wolf's preference to remain in the type of habitat that it was born into. Wolves that prey on fish and small deer in wet, coastal environments tend to be smaller than other wolves.
Description
The British Columbia wolf is one of the largest subspecies of North American wolves.
They weigh around 80 (36 kg) to 150 pounds (68 kg) and are roughly 5ft (152 cm) to 5ft 10 (178 cm) long.
These wolves have long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, or brown.
References
External links
Photos and footage of British Columbia sea wolves
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
684
],
"text": [
"taxon"
]
}
|
The British Columbia wolf (Canis lupus columbianus) is a subspecies of gray wolf which lives in a narrow region that includes those parts of the mainland coast and near-shore islands that are covered with temperate rainforest, which extends from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to the Alexander Archipelago in south-east Alaska. This area is bounded by the Coast Mountains.
Taxonomy
The wolf was first classed as a distinct subspecies in 1941 by Edward Goldman, who described his specimen as being large with a skull closely resembling that of C. l. pambasileus, and whose fur is generally of a cinnamon-buff colour. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal south-east Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C. l. nulibus proposed by Nowak. Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia. A study of the three coastal wolves indicated a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago wolf), Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbia wolf), and Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island wolf) should be recognized as a single subspecies of Canis lupus.In 2016, two studies compared the DNA sequences of 42,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in North American gray wolves and found the coastal wolves to be genetically and phenotypically distinct from other wolves. They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one of the study's six identified ecotypes – a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different type of habitat. The local adaptation of a wolf ecotype most likely reflects the wolf's preference to remain in the type of habitat that it was born into. Wolves that prey on fish and small deer in wet, coastal environments tend to be smaller than other wolves.
Description
The British Columbia wolf is one of the largest subspecies of North American wolves.
They weigh around 80 (36 kg) to 150 pounds (68 kg) and are roughly 5ft (152 cm) to 5ft 10 (178 cm) long.
These wolves have long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, or brown.
References
External links
Photos and footage of British Columbia sea wolves
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"subspecies"
]
}
|
The British Columbia wolf (Canis lupus columbianus) is a subspecies of gray wolf which lives in a narrow region that includes those parts of the mainland coast and near-shore islands that are covered with temperate rainforest, which extends from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to the Alexander Archipelago in south-east Alaska. This area is bounded by the Coast Mountains.
Taxonomy
The wolf was first classed as a distinct subspecies in 1941 by Edward Goldman, who described his specimen as being large with a skull closely resembling that of C. l. pambasileus, and whose fur is generally of a cinnamon-buff colour. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal south-east Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C. l. nulibus proposed by Nowak. Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia. A study of the three coastal wolves indicated a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago wolf), Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbia wolf), and Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island wolf) should be recognized as a single subspecies of Canis lupus.In 2016, two studies compared the DNA sequences of 42,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in North American gray wolves and found the coastal wolves to be genetically and phenotypically distinct from other wolves. They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one of the study's six identified ecotypes – a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different type of habitat. The local adaptation of a wolf ecotype most likely reflects the wolf's preference to remain in the type of habitat that it was born into. Wolves that prey on fish and small deer in wet, coastal environments tend to be smaller than other wolves.
Description
The British Columbia wolf is one of the largest subspecies of North American wolves.
They weigh around 80 (36 kg) to 150 pounds (68 kg) and are roughly 5ft (152 cm) to 5ft 10 (178 cm) long.
These wolves have long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, or brown.
References
External links
Photos and footage of British Columbia sea wolves
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"wolf"
]
}
|
The British Columbia wolf (Canis lupus columbianus) is a subspecies of gray wolf which lives in a narrow region that includes those parts of the mainland coast and near-shore islands that are covered with temperate rainforest, which extends from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to the Alexander Archipelago in south-east Alaska. This area is bounded by the Coast Mountains.
Taxonomy
The wolf was first classed as a distinct subspecies in 1941 by Edward Goldman, who described his specimen as being large with a skull closely resembling that of C. l. pambasileus, and whose fur is generally of a cinnamon-buff colour. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal south-east Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C. l. nulibus proposed by Nowak. Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia. A study of the three coastal wolves indicated a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago wolf), Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbia wolf), and Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island wolf) should be recognized as a single subspecies of Canis lupus.In 2016, two studies compared the DNA sequences of 42,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in North American gray wolves and found the coastal wolves to be genetically and phenotypically distinct from other wolves. They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one of the study's six identified ecotypes – a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different type of habitat. The local adaptation of a wolf ecotype most likely reflects the wolf's preference to remain in the type of habitat that it was born into. Wolves that prey on fish and small deer in wet, coastal environments tend to be smaller than other wolves.
Description
The British Columbia wolf is one of the largest subspecies of North American wolves.
They weigh around 80 (36 kg) to 150 pounds (68 kg) and are roughly 5ft (152 cm) to 5ft 10 (178 cm) long.
These wolves have long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, or brown.
References
External links
Photos and footage of British Columbia sea wolves
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Canis lupus columbianus"
]
}
|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
284
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"text": [
"Pittsburgh"
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}
|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
4054
],
"text": [
"Carlsbad"
]
}
|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
768
],
"text": [
"Duquesne University"
]
}
|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
field of work
|
{
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"arrangement"
]
}
|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"composer"
]
}
|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
employer
|
{
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Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
genre
|
{
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4301
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"jazz"
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Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
Commons category
|
{
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76
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"text": [
"Sammy Nestico"
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Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
82
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"text": [
"Nestico"
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Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
given name
|
{
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0
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Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
instrument
|
{
"answer_start": [
2264
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"text": [
"trombone"
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|
Samuel Louis Nistico (February 6, 1924 – January 17, 2021), better known as Sammy Nestico, was an American composer and arranger. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra.
Early life and education
Samuel Luigi Nistico was born on February 6, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Luigi Nistico, an Italian immigrant, and Frances Mangone. His father was a railroad worker. During childhood, Sammy Americanized his name to Samuel Louis Nestico. Nestico joined the Oliver High School beginner orchestra in 1937 as a trombonist. In 1939, he wrote his first arrangement. At age 17, Nestico joined the ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a trombonist. After leaving the military, he completed a degree in music education at Duquesne University. His alma mater later awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Music degree and the Distinguished Alumni award.
Career
During World War II, Nestico joined the United States Army and served for five years. After earning his degree, Nestico then returned to the military, where he arranged music for the United States Air Force Band (1950–1963), as well as leading the Glenn Miller Army Air Corps dance band, which would later become known as the Airmen of Note. In 1963, he switched to the Marines and became director and arranger of the United States Marine Band, where he served under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. During his tenure, a composition by Nestico led President Johnson to remark "You call this music?" In 2009, Nestico said in an interview "I didn't answer, although I didn't think [Johnson's] concept of music was worth a damn."After leaving the military, Nestico became a freelance arranger. He began working as an arranger for Count Basie in 1967, and wrote and arranged all the music for Basie's 1968 LP Basie Straight Ahead. Nestico continued to provide arrangements for Basie until Basie's death in 1984, and four of Nestico's collaborations with Basie earned Grammy Awards. During his career, Nestico composed, arranged, or conducted albums for musicians and singers including Quincy Jones, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, Michael Buble, Natalie Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, and Bing Crosby. In addition, he played trombone, in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. He conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band, as well as the Boston Pops Orchestra in America.Nestico had a long career in the film and television industry. As orchestrator, he worked on nearly seventy television programs, including Mission: Impossible, Mannix, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, and The Mod Squad. He also worked as an arranger for the 81st Academy Awards, as well as some Grammy Awards. He worked as an orchestrator and arranger for the film The Color Purple. Nestico composed commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paint, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard.In the late 1960s, Sammy worked as an arranger and orchestrator for Capitol Records. In a partnership with Billy May, Nestico was involved in the transcription, arranging, and re-recording of 630 big band songs originally recorded in the 1930s and 1940s. This effort eventually resulted in the release of 63 albums by Time Life.Beginning in 1982, Nestico began releasing solo albums, with Dark Orchid" as his debut album. His solo albums eventually earned him four Grammy Award nominations, besides the awards he earned with Count Basie: in 2002 for his album This Is The Moment and for the arrangement "Kiji Takes A Ride"; in 2009 for his album Fun Time; and in 2016 for his arrangement "Good 'Swing' Wenceslas".Nestico also had a career in music education, teaching at the University of Georgia from 1998 to 1999, where he taught orchestration and conducted the studio orchestra; after which he retired to Carlsbad, California, near San Diego. He directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.Nestico wrote hundreds of arrangements for school band and jazz band programs. He wrote many books, including The Complete Arranger, which was first published in 1993 and has since been revised and published in at least four languages. His autobiography, The Gift of Music, was published in 2009. At the time of his death, a feature-length documentary film titled Shadow Man: The Sammy Nestico Story was in production.
Publications
Nestico published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands.
Personal life
Nestico married his second wife, Shirley, in 1995, and was married to her until his death. He had three sons with his first wife. In 2021, Nestico died in Carlsbad, California, at the age of 96. He was given a military burial later in 2021.
Honors
Nestico received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Duquesne University and in 2005 from Shenandoah University. He also received a distinguished alumni award from Duquesne, and in 1994 was inducted into Duquesne's "Century Club". He received awards from North Texas State University in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He was also honored by ASMAC and the Big Band Academy of America. The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition, the "Sammy Nestico Award" for composers and arrangers of big band music, named in his honor.
Discography
This list is incomplete. Sources:
1982 Dark Orchid (Palo Alto)
1986 Night Flight (Sea Breeze)
1998 Big Band Favorites of Sammy Nestico (Summit)
2000 Sammy Nestico – For You to Play (Jamey Aebersold)
2000 Basie & Beyond The Quincy Jones-Sammy Nestico Orchestra (Qwest / Warner Bros.)
2002 This is the Moment (Fenwood)
2005 No Time Like the Present (Hänssler)
2005 Basie Cally Sammy: The Music of Count Basie and Sammy Nestico (Hänssler)
2009 Sammy Nestico, Vol. 3: Fun Time (Hänssler)
2011 Fun Time & More Live (Hänssler)
2012 On the Sammy Side of the Street (SN Music)
2017 A Cool Breeze with Sammy Nestico with the SWR Big Band (SWR Music)
As arranger
With Count Basie
Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
Have a Nice Day (Daybreak, 1971)
Bing 'n' Basie (Daybreak, 1972)
Basie Big Band (Pablo, 1975)
Prime Time (Pablo, 1977)
Warm Breeze (Pablo, 1981)
88 Basie Street (Pablo, 1983)
Fancy Pants (Pablo, 1983)With Frank Sinatra
"It's All Right With Me"/"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"/"Stormy Weather"/"If I Should Lose You"/"A Hundred Years from Today" on L.A. Is My Lady (Qwest, 1984)With Sarah Vaughan
Send in the Clowns (Pablo, 1981)
References
External links
Official website
Score Exchange
Sammy Nestico NAMM Oral History Interview (2002)
Sammy Nestico discography at Discogs
Sammy Nestico at IMDb
Sammy Nestico on Grove Music Online
|
nickname
|
{
"answer_start": [
76
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"text": [
"Sammy"
]
}
|
The Lyman Briggs College (LBC) is a residential college located at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. Established as a residential college in 1967, Lyman Briggs was a residential school within the College of Natural Sciences from 1981 to 2007, and returned to residential college status in 2007.
Purpose and history
The college is named in honor of Lyman James Briggs, who attended Michigan State Agricultural College from 1889 to 1893.
Lyman Briggs College addresses the modern dilemma described by C. P. Snow's "Two Cultures" by educating STEM students in the natural sciences as well as the humanities and social sciences, effectively attempting to create a curriculum of "liberal sciences." Science classes offered by LBC include chemistry, biology, physics, and math, and classes in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. All of these classes reveal science's relationship with society, literature, history, and philosophy. Smaller class sizes allow for more interaction with professors, and LBC professors are leaders in discipline-based education research (DBER) and the scholarship of teaching and learning (SOTL).
Lyman Briggs College is located in Holmes Hall (named for founder John Clough Holmes), the largest residence hall on campus. Many of the over 1250 students in the residence hall are members of LBC. Many of the students in the Lyman Briggs program intend to pursue careers in medicine, but there are a variety of other programs that are supported by Lyman Briggs. In all, there are over 30 coordinate majors, from human biology to computer sciences. LBC also has the unique distinction of being one of the few major schools to allow undergraduate students to assist in the classroom as "Learning Assistants." Learning Assistants run supervised recitations and labs in chemistry, biology, math, and physics.
Lyman Briggs College was made a school (i.e., a sub-unit) of the College of Natural Sciences in 1981 when the university was experiencing significant financial stress, with a name change to Lyman Briggs School of Science. In 2007, the school went through the formal process of regaining its status as a residential college, "in time for the school's 40th anniversary in the fall [of 2007]." The proposal to change its status was unanimously approved by the Faculty Council on April 10, 2007, presented to the Academic Council on April 17, 2007, and approved by the MSU Board of Trustees on June 15, 2007. The school's director, Elizabeth H. Simmons, was appointed dean and served through academic year 2016-2017. Mark Largent served as interim dean for academic year 2017-2018. Michele H. Jackson served as Dean from 2018-2020. Currently, Kendra Spence Cheruvelil is acting dean on an interim basis.
LBC partners with the James Madison College (JMC) and the MSU Department of Fisheries and Wildlife in the Science, Technology, Environment, and Public Policy specialization, which is based in JMC and offers a minor. LBC also partners with MSU's College of Arts and Letters to host the Bioethics minor.
Relation to other MSU residential colleges
The James Madison College at Michigan State University was founded in the same year on the same principle of residential college, but in the area of public policy, political theory, and the liberal arts. Madison and Briggs Colleges collaborate with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife in offering an undergraduate specialization in Science, Technology, the Environment, and Public Policy (STEPPS). Students in the two colleges enjoy friendly competition through the annual fall Canoe Race and spring Olympics.
In fall 2007, Michigan State opened a new Residential College in the Arts and Humanities. RCAH is collaborating with Madison and Briggs Colleges on a 21st Century Chautauqua, co-sponsored by the American Association of Colleges and Universities.
References
External links
Lyman Briggs College
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"residential college"
]
}
|
The 2019-20 Western Michigan Broncos men's ice hockey season was the 46th season of play for the program. They represented Western Michigan University in the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season and for the 7th season in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC). The Broncos were coached by Andy Murray, in his 9th season, and played their home games at Lawson Arena.
On March 12, 2020, NCHC announced that the tournament was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, before any games were played.
Roster
As of August 18, 2019.
Standings
Schedule and Results
Scoring statistics
Goaltending statistics
Rankings
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"hockey"
]
}
|
Meckesheim is a village in south western Germany. It is located between Heidelberg and Sinsheim in the Rhein-Neckar district in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
History
In 772 and 822 Meckesheim was mentioned for the first times as Heim des Mechino (home of Mechino) or Mechinos Heim (Mechino's home) in the Codex of Lorsch. The Martin's Chappel which ruins are east of the village is one of the oldest churches in the region.
Since 1330 Meckesheim and the villages around was a part of the Electorate of the Palatinate. After the end of this territory in 1803 the village became a part of Baden.
Population
Traffic (rail)
Meckesheim station is connected via the Badenese Odenwald line from Heidelberg (1862, northwestern of Meckesheim) to Mosbach (Baden) (eastwards, 1862) and Würzburg (completed 1866). In 1868, a branch to Bad Rappenau (southeast of Meckesheim, important for salt production in Baden) was added and in 1869 completed to Bad Friedrichshall, in this way there were now a direct connection to Stuttgart via Heilbronn, too. In 1902, a normal gauge minor railway westwards to Wiesloch-Walldorf on the Rhine Valley Railway was opened, but the Meckesheim–Schatthausen section closed in 1922. During World War II a bridge on the line eastbound was destroyed by retreating German troops, and in 1971 the line was shortened to Aglasterhausen.
Since 2009 and 2010, these two lines (Elsenz Valley Railway and Schwarzbach Valley Railway) have been incorporated into the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn. Due to the branch of the Schwarzbach Valley Railway and significance use by passengers in the village, Meckesheim has also been a stop (since 1997) for the Regional-Express service between Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Heilbronn. In this way it is possible to reach Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof (distance 23 km = 13.75 miles) within 17 minutes.
As DB Netz (the organization owning the railway tracks) refused during planning of the S-Bahn to incorporate capacities for goods trains and (even, already existing) sidings; goods traffic ceased in the late 2000s.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
}
|
Meckesheim is a village in south western Germany. It is located between Heidelberg and Sinsheim in the Rhein-Neckar district in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
History
In 772 and 822 Meckesheim was mentioned for the first times as Heim des Mechino (home of Mechino) or Mechinos Heim (Mechino's home) in the Codex of Lorsch. The Martin's Chappel which ruins are east of the village is one of the oldest churches in the region.
Since 1330 Meckesheim and the villages around was a part of the Electorate of the Palatinate. After the end of this territory in 1803 the village became a part of Baden.
Population
Traffic (rail)
Meckesheim station is connected via the Badenese Odenwald line from Heidelberg (1862, northwestern of Meckesheim) to Mosbach (Baden) (eastwards, 1862) and Würzburg (completed 1866). In 1868, a branch to Bad Rappenau (southeast of Meckesheim, important for salt production in Baden) was added and in 1869 completed to Bad Friedrichshall, in this way there were now a direct connection to Stuttgart via Heilbronn, too. In 1902, a normal gauge minor railway westwards to Wiesloch-Walldorf on the Rhine Valley Railway was opened, but the Meckesheim–Schatthausen section closed in 1922. During World War II a bridge on the line eastbound was destroyed by retreating German troops, and in 1971 the line was shortened to Aglasterhausen.
Since 2009 and 2010, these two lines (Elsenz Valley Railway and Schwarzbach Valley Railway) have been incorporated into the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn. Due to the branch of the Schwarzbach Valley Railway and significance use by passengers in the village, Meckesheim has also been a stop (since 1997) for the Regional-Express service between Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Heilbronn. In this way it is possible to reach Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof (distance 23 km = 13.75 miles) within 17 minutes.
As DB Netz (the organization owning the railway tracks) refused during planning of the S-Bahn to incorporate capacities for goods trains and (even, already existing) sidings; goods traffic ceased in the late 2000s.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Meckesheim"
]
}
|
Meckesheim is a village in south western Germany. It is located between Heidelberg and Sinsheim in the Rhein-Neckar district in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
History
In 772 and 822 Meckesheim was mentioned for the first times as Heim des Mechino (home of Mechino) or Mechinos Heim (Mechino's home) in the Codex of Lorsch. The Martin's Chappel which ruins are east of the village is one of the oldest churches in the region.
Since 1330 Meckesheim and the villages around was a part of the Electorate of the Palatinate. After the end of this territory in 1803 the village became a part of Baden.
Population
Traffic (rail)
Meckesheim station is connected via the Badenese Odenwald line from Heidelberg (1862, northwestern of Meckesheim) to Mosbach (Baden) (eastwards, 1862) and Würzburg (completed 1866). In 1868, a branch to Bad Rappenau (southeast of Meckesheim, important for salt production in Baden) was added and in 1869 completed to Bad Friedrichshall, in this way there were now a direct connection to Stuttgart via Heilbronn, too. In 1902, a normal gauge minor railway westwards to Wiesloch-Walldorf on the Rhine Valley Railway was opened, but the Meckesheim–Schatthausen section closed in 1922. During World War II a bridge on the line eastbound was destroyed by retreating German troops, and in 1971 the line was shortened to Aglasterhausen.
Since 2009 and 2010, these two lines (Elsenz Valley Railway and Schwarzbach Valley Railway) have been incorporated into the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn. Due to the branch of the Schwarzbach Valley Railway and significance use by passengers in the village, Meckesheim has also been a stop (since 1997) for the Regional-Express service between Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Heilbronn. In this way it is possible to reach Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof (distance 23 km = 13.75 miles) within 17 minutes.
As DB Netz (the organization owning the railway tracks) refused during planning of the S-Bahn to incorporate capacities for goods trains and (even, already existing) sidings; goods traffic ceased in the late 2000s.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Meckesheim"
]
}
|
Ho Sok Fong (Chinese: 賀淑芳; pinyin: Hè Shūfāng; Jyutping: Ho6 Suk6 Fong1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō Siok-hong, November 26, 1970 -) is a Chinese Malaysian writer who teaches at Taipei National University of the Arts. Many of her short stories have focused on women in modern Malaysian society, Mahua (Chinese-Malaysian) literature and culture, and the importance of ethnicity and religion in Malaysia. She currently resides in Taipei.
Biography
Born in Kedah and trained as an engineer at the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ho received a PhD in Chinese language and literature at Nanyang Technological University in 2017. A short story from 2002, Bie zai tiqi (Never Mention It Again) was published in the anthology Huidao Malaiya. Huama xiaoshuo qishi nian (Return to Malaya: Stories by Chinese Malaysian Writers, 1937-2007). She has published two short story collections in Chinese, Maze Carpet and Lake Like a Mirror. Lake Like a Mirror, published in English by Granta in the UK and Two Lines Press in the US, was translated by Natascha Bruce. Among other accolades, Ho is the recipient of the 2015 Chiu Ko Fiction Prize, the 25th China Times Short Story Prize, the English PEN Award, and the United Press Short Story Prize. Lake Like a Mirror was also longlisted for the Warwick Prize for Women in Translation; Bruce was awarded a PEN Translates award for the translation.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"Kedah"
]
}
|
Ho Sok Fong (Chinese: 賀淑芳; pinyin: Hè Shūfāng; Jyutping: Ho6 Suk6 Fong1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō Siok-hong, November 26, 1970 -) is a Chinese Malaysian writer who teaches at Taipei National University of the Arts. Many of her short stories have focused on women in modern Malaysian society, Mahua (Chinese-Malaysian) literature and culture, and the importance of ethnicity and religion in Malaysia. She currently resides in Taipei.
Biography
Born in Kedah and trained as an engineer at the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ho received a PhD in Chinese language and literature at Nanyang Technological University in 2017. A short story from 2002, Bie zai tiqi (Never Mention It Again) was published in the anthology Huidao Malaiya. Huama xiaoshuo qishi nian (Return to Malaya: Stories by Chinese Malaysian Writers, 1937-2007). She has published two short story collections in Chinese, Maze Carpet and Lake Like a Mirror. Lake Like a Mirror, published in English by Granta in the UK and Two Lines Press in the US, was translated by Natascha Bruce. Among other accolades, Ho is the recipient of the 2015 Chiu Ko Fiction Prize, the 25th China Times Short Story Prize, the English PEN Award, and the United Press Short Story Prize. Lake Like a Mirror was also longlisted for the Warwick Prize for Women in Translation; Bruce was awarded a PEN Translates award for the translation.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Selling Apartheid: South Africa's Global Propaganda War is a 2015 book by Ron Nixon, the Washington correspondent for the New York Times and a visiting associate in the Department of Media and Journalism Studies at the University of Witwatersrand.
Background and synopsis
Selling Apartheid is an in-depth investigation into the Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid and the international propaganda campaign conducted by the apartheid government. Nixon's book contains a large number of previously secret records from archives in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. It examines the diverse network of apartheid supporters and defenders from global corporations with business operations in South Africa to conservative religious organisations, and even anti-communist black conservatives aligned with right-wing Cold War politicians.
The book recalls a moment during Nixon's youth in which he was unwittingly given a propaganda magazine produced by South African intelligence services from his grandmother which painted a glowing picture filled with wild animals, sunsets and happy black people on the beach.
Reception
In the Star Tribune Chris Serres wrote that Selling Apartheid "meticulously unpacks the complex web of relationships and covert money flows"Ron Jacobs, writing for the Sri Lanka Guardian praised the book as an "essential addition to the volume of work on South Africa's apartheid regime" which is "rich in detail".
== References ==
|
author
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"Ron Nixon"
]
}
|
Selling Apartheid: South Africa's Global Propaganda War is a 2015 book by Ron Nixon, the Washington correspondent for the New York Times and a visiting associate in the Department of Media and Journalism Studies at the University of Witwatersrand.
Background and synopsis
Selling Apartheid is an in-depth investigation into the Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid and the international propaganda campaign conducted by the apartheid government. Nixon's book contains a large number of previously secret records from archives in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. It examines the diverse network of apartheid supporters and defenders from global corporations with business operations in South Africa to conservative religious organisations, and even anti-communist black conservatives aligned with right-wing Cold War politicians.
The book recalls a moment during Nixon's youth in which he was unwittingly given a propaganda magazine produced by South African intelligence services from his grandmother which painted a glowing picture filled with wild animals, sunsets and happy black people on the beach.
Reception
In the Star Tribune Chris Serres wrote that Selling Apartheid "meticulously unpacks the complex web of relationships and covert money flows"Ron Jacobs, writing for the Sri Lanka Guardian praised the book as an "essential addition to the volume of work on South Africa's apartheid regime" which is "rich in detail".
== References ==
|
main subject
|
{
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"apartheid"
]
}
|
Beresford Valentine Melville, OBE, JP (1857–1931) was British Conservative Party politician who served as Member of Parliament for Stockport from 1895 to 1906.
Born in Shelsley, Worcestershire, the son of the Rev. D. Melville, Canon and Sub-Dean of Worcester, Beresford Melville was educated at Marlborough College and Brasenose College, Oxford.
He was elected in 1895, re-elected in 1900, but stood down in 1906. He was appointed OBE in 1919.
Sources
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs[Usurped!]
Craig, F.W.S. British Parliamentary Results 1885-1918
Whitaker's Almanack, 1896 to 1906 editions
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Beresford Valentine Melville, OBE, JP (1857–1931) was British Conservative Party politician who served as Member of Parliament for Stockport from 1895 to 1906.
Born in Shelsley, Worcestershire, the son of the Rev. D. Melville, Canon and Sub-Dean of Worcester, Beresford Melville was educated at Marlborough College and Brasenose College, Oxford.
He was elected in 1895, re-elected in 1900, but stood down in 1906. He was appointed OBE in 1919.
Sources
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs[Usurped!]
Craig, F.W.S. British Parliamentary Results 1885-1918
Whitaker's Almanack, 1896 to 1906 editions
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Melville"
]
}
|
Beresford Valentine Melville, OBE, JP (1857–1931) was British Conservative Party politician who served as Member of Parliament for Stockport from 1895 to 1906.
Born in Shelsley, Worcestershire, the son of the Rev. D. Melville, Canon and Sub-Dean of Worcester, Beresford Melville was educated at Marlborough College and Brasenose College, Oxford.
He was elected in 1895, re-elected in 1900, but stood down in 1906. He was appointed OBE in 1919.
Sources
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs[Usurped!]
Craig, F.W.S. British Parliamentary Results 1885-1918
Whitaker's Almanack, 1896 to 1906 editions
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Beresford"
]
}
|
William Keith Burge (known as Keith Burge and born 10 August 1950) is a Welsh former football referee. He officiated in the English Football League and Premier League, and for FIFA. He hails from Tonypandy in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff, Glamorgan. His other occupation is as a civil servant.
Career
He was appointed as a referee to the Football League in 1986, at the age of thirty-five - the last Welsh referee to join the English list, as this option was withdrawn by UEFA in 1997.He was on the first list of referees to officiate in the new Premier League for the 1992-93 season, and made his debut there on 5 September 1992, taking charge of the 3-2 win by Wimbledon over Arsenal at Plough Lane.He was a FIFA official until 1995, when he reached the international retirement age of forty-five. One of his last appointments was in the Euro '96 qualifying tournament, when Lithuania drew 0-0 at home to Croatia on 29 March 1995.Domestically, he retained his place on the Premier League list for six seasons, until he retired from refereeing completely after his final match in the Premier League, a 2-1 win by Manchester United over Aston Villa at Old Trafford on 1 May 1999.
References
External links
Keith Burge Referee Statistics at soccerbase.com (incomplete)
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"Tonypandy"
]
}
|
William Keith Burge (known as Keith Burge and born 10 August 1950) is a Welsh former football referee. He officiated in the English Football League and Premier League, and for FIFA. He hails from Tonypandy in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff, Glamorgan. His other occupation is as a civil servant.
Career
He was appointed as a referee to the Football League in 1986, at the age of thirty-five - the last Welsh referee to join the English list, as this option was withdrawn by UEFA in 1997.He was on the first list of referees to officiate in the new Premier League for the 1992-93 season, and made his debut there on 5 September 1992, taking charge of the 3-2 win by Wimbledon over Arsenal at Plough Lane.He was a FIFA official until 1995, when he reached the international retirement age of forty-five. One of his last appointments was in the Euro '96 qualifying tournament, when Lithuania drew 0-0 at home to Croatia on 29 March 1995.Domestically, he retained his place on the Premier League list for six seasons, until he retired from refereeing completely after his final match in the Premier League, a 2-1 win by Manchester United over Aston Villa at Old Trafford on 1 May 1999.
References
External links
Keith Burge Referee Statistics at soccerbase.com (incomplete)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Burge"
]
}
|
William Keith Burge (known as Keith Burge and born 10 August 1950) is a Welsh former football referee. He officiated in the English Football League and Premier League, and for FIFA. He hails from Tonypandy in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff, Glamorgan. His other occupation is as a civil servant.
Career
He was appointed as a referee to the Football League in 1986, at the age of thirty-five - the last Welsh referee to join the English list, as this option was withdrawn by UEFA in 1997.He was on the first list of referees to officiate in the new Premier League for the 1992-93 season, and made his debut there on 5 September 1992, taking charge of the 3-2 win by Wimbledon over Arsenal at Plough Lane.He was a FIFA official until 1995, when he reached the international retirement age of forty-five. One of his last appointments was in the Euro '96 qualifying tournament, when Lithuania drew 0-0 at home to Croatia on 29 March 1995.Domestically, he retained his place on the Premier League list for six seasons, until he retired from refereeing completely after his final match in the Premier League, a 2-1 win by Manchester United over Aston Villa at Old Trafford on 1 May 1999.
References
External links
Keith Burge Referee Statistics at soccerbase.com (incomplete)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Keith"
]
}
|
William Keith Burge (known as Keith Burge and born 10 August 1950) is a Welsh former football referee. He officiated in the English Football League and Premier League, and for FIFA. He hails from Tonypandy in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff, Glamorgan. His other occupation is as a civil servant.
Career
He was appointed as a referee to the Football League in 1986, at the age of thirty-five - the last Welsh referee to join the English list, as this option was withdrawn by UEFA in 1997.He was on the first list of referees to officiate in the new Premier League for the 1992-93 season, and made his debut there on 5 September 1992, taking charge of the 3-2 win by Wimbledon over Arsenal at Plough Lane.He was a FIFA official until 1995, when he reached the international retirement age of forty-five. One of his last appointments was in the Euro '96 qualifying tournament, when Lithuania drew 0-0 at home to Croatia on 29 March 1995.Domestically, he retained his place on the Premier League list for six seasons, until he retired from refereeing completely after his final match in the Premier League, a 2-1 win by Manchester United over Aston Villa at Old Trafford on 1 May 1999.
References
External links
Keith Burge Referee Statistics at soccerbase.com (incomplete)
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Welsh"
]
}
|
Mermon Parwin (1924–2004) was an Afghan singer. She was the first Afghan singer to be broadcast live on Radio Kabul.
Parwin was born Khadidja Ziai in Kabul in 1924. Her father was poet Sardar Abdul Rahim. She attended college to study midwifery and nursing. After graduation, she worked at OB/GYN clinics in Kabul.
In 1951, she performed the song "Gulfrosch" which was broadcast on Radio Kabul. It was the first time a song sung by a woman was ever broadcast in Afghanistan's history. This moment is credited with opening the door for Afghan women to be hired as newscasters, singers, and presenters on the radio. Parwin signed a contracted with Radio Afghanistan to record songs. She sang 320 songs, including songs from Iran and Tajikistan, for the radio.
In 1971, she was awarded a medal by Mohammed Zahir Shah for her work as a singer.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Kabul"
]
}
|
Mermon Parwin (1924–2004) was an Afghan singer. She was the first Afghan singer to be broadcast live on Radio Kabul.
Parwin was born Khadidja Ziai in Kabul in 1924. Her father was poet Sardar Abdul Rahim. She attended college to study midwifery and nursing. After graduation, she worked at OB/GYN clinics in Kabul.
In 1951, she performed the song "Gulfrosch" which was broadcast on Radio Kabul. It was the first time a song sung by a woman was ever broadcast in Afghanistan's history. This moment is credited with opening the door for Afghan women to be hired as newscasters, singers, and presenters on the radio. Parwin signed a contracted with Radio Afghanistan to record songs. She sang 320 songs, including songs from Iran and Tajikistan, for the radio.
In 1971, she was awarded a medal by Mohammed Zahir Shah for her work as a singer.
== References ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Kabul"
]
}
|
Mermon Parwin (1924–2004) was an Afghan singer. She was the first Afghan singer to be broadcast live on Radio Kabul.
Parwin was born Khadidja Ziai in Kabul in 1924. Her father was poet Sardar Abdul Rahim. She attended college to study midwifery and nursing. After graduation, she worked at OB/GYN clinics in Kabul.
In 1951, she performed the song "Gulfrosch" which was broadcast on Radio Kabul. It was the first time a song sung by a woman was ever broadcast in Afghanistan's history. This moment is credited with opening the door for Afghan women to be hired as newscasters, singers, and presenters on the radio. Parwin signed a contracted with Radio Afghanistan to record songs. She sang 320 songs, including songs from Iran and Tajikistan, for the radio.
In 1971, she was awarded a medal by Mohammed Zahir Shah for her work as a singer.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"Afghanistan"
]
}
|
Mermon Parwin (1924–2004) was an Afghan singer. She was the first Afghan singer to be broadcast live on Radio Kabul.
Parwin was born Khadidja Ziai in Kabul in 1924. Her father was poet Sardar Abdul Rahim. She attended college to study midwifery and nursing. After graduation, she worked at OB/GYN clinics in Kabul.
In 1951, she performed the song "Gulfrosch" which was broadcast on Radio Kabul. It was the first time a song sung by a woman was ever broadcast in Afghanistan's history. This moment is credited with opening the door for Afghan women to be hired as newscasters, singers, and presenters on the radio. Parwin signed a contracted with Radio Afghanistan to record songs. She sang 320 songs, including songs from Iran and Tajikistan, for the radio.
In 1971, she was awarded a medal by Mohammed Zahir Shah for her work as a singer.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"singer"
]
}
|
Nadir Colledani (born 10 April 1995) is an Italian cyclo-cross and cross-country mountain biker. He finished 8th at the 2020 UCI Cross-country World Championships.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
MTB
2015
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2016
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2017
2nd European Under-23 XCO Championships
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2nd European Team Relay Championships
2020
8th UCI World XCO Championships
2021
1st National XCO Championships
References
External links
Nadir Colledani at Cycling Archives
Nadir Colledani at ProCyclingStats
Nadir Colledani at CycleBase
Nadir Colledani at MTB Data
Nadir Colledani at Olympedia
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nadir Colledani"
]
}
|
Nadir Colledani (born 10 April 1995) is an Italian cyclo-cross and cross-country mountain biker. He finished 8th at the 2020 UCI Cross-country World Championships.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
MTB
2015
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2016
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2017
2nd European Under-23 XCO Championships
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2nd European Team Relay Championships
2020
8th UCI World XCO Championships
2021
1st National XCO Championships
References
External links
Nadir Colledani at Cycling Archives
Nadir Colledani at ProCyclingStats
Nadir Colledani at CycleBase
Nadir Colledani at MTB Data
Nadir Colledani at Olympedia
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nadir"
]
}
|
Nadir Colledani (born 10 April 1995) is an Italian cyclo-cross and cross-country mountain biker. He finished 8th at the 2020 UCI Cross-country World Championships.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
MTB
2015
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2016
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2017
2nd European Under-23 XCO Championships
2nd National Under-23 XCO Championships
2nd European Team Relay Championships
2020
8th UCI World XCO Championships
2021
1st National XCO Championships
References
External links
Nadir Colledani at Cycling Archives
Nadir Colledani at ProCyclingStats
Nadir Colledani at CycleBase
Nadir Colledani at MTB Data
Nadir Colledani at Olympedia
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Louis Jacques Filion (born 1945 in Trois-Rivières, Quebec) is a Canadian teacher and researcher in entrepreneurship. Working from systems theories, his interests focus on understanding the thinking structure underlying the design and implementation of innovative activity systems. He has studied agents of innovation, mainly entrepreneurs but also facilitators and intrapreneurs.
Education
L.J. Filion obtained an M.A. in political science from the University of Ottawa (1974), an M.B.A. from HEC Montréal (1976), and a Ph.D. in systems and entrepreneurship under the supervision of Professor Peter Checkland at Lancaster University in Great Britain (1988).
Career
L.J. Filion grew up in a family that was heavily involved with MSMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises). Early in his career he held a number of management positions (1968 -1980), mainly in operations, human resources and marketing, in a variety of sectors including manufacturing (Reynolds Metals- Alcoa), finance and real estate (Desjardins Trust), management consulting (Ernst & Young), and publishing (Sogides). As a professor of entrepreneurship and small business at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières - UQTR (1981 - 1993), he was appointed director of one of Canada's first Master's programs in small and medium-sized business management (1986 - 1989).
As a professor of entrepreneurship and new venture creation at HEC Montréal (1993-2016), he was the Director of the Rogers-J.-A.- Bombardier Chair of Entrepreneurship from 1995 until he retired in 2016.
Specificities
L.J. Filion has always been committed to field research. Over the course of his career he conducted hundreds of interviews with entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation to map different aspects of the thinking processes underlying and supporting innovative activity. The data gathered from the interviews were used to produce more than 200 case histories of entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation. He has also been involved in numerous entrepreneurship education development projects in more than 15 countries including Brazil
Books
1990 - Les entrepreneurs parlent. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l’entrepreneur.
1991 - Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l'entrepreneur.
1997 - 1999 - 2001 - Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, under the direction of (15 authors), 1st Ed., 1997; 2nd Ed., 1999; 3rd Ed., 2001.
1999 - Tintin, Minville, l'entrepreneur et la potion magique. Montréal, Fides.
1999 - Empreendedorismo: Ciência, Técnica e Arte. Brasilia, Instituto Euvaldo Lodi, CNI, IEL Nacional. with F. Dolabela, R. Brockhaus and P. Formica.
2000 - Boa Idéia! E Agora? - Plano de Negocio, o caminho seguro para criar a gerenciar sua empresa. São Paulo, Cultura Editores Associados, collective work (20 authors), with F. Dolabela.
2002 - Savoir entreprendre. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2003 - L’essaimage d’entreprises. Vers de nouvelles pratiques entrepreneuriales. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Presses HEC Montréal, with D. Luc and P.-A. Fortin.
2003 - 2005 - Pour une vision inspirante en milieu scolaire. Cap Rouge, QC.: Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st Ed. 2003; 2nd Ed., 2005.
2006 - Devenir entrepreneur. Des enjeux aux outils. Paris, Village Mondial (Pearson France), with A. Fayolle.
2007 - Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal, ERPI (Pearson); Paris, Pearson éducation France, under the direction of (24 authors), textbook.
2007 - Empreendedorismo de Base Tecnologica. Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier. With A. Cozzi, A., V. Judice and F. Dolabela.
2008 - Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (11 authors), with C. Bourion.
2010 - De l’intuition au projet d’entreprise, Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Foundation of Entrepreneurship Editions, Presses HEC Montréal, under the direction of (19 authors) with C. Ananou.
2010 - 2012 - Oser intraprendre. Ces champions qui font progresser les organisations et les sociétés. Cap Rouge, Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st ed., 2010; 2nd ed., 2012.
2011 - Administración de Pymes Emprender, dirigir y desarrollar empresas. Mexico, Pearson Mexico, under the direction of, (36 authors), with L. F. Cisneros Martinez, J. H. Mejia-Morelos, textbook.
2012 - La cognition entrepreneuriale. Méthodes de recherche. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (17 authors), with C. Bourion, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Vocabulaire de la création d’entreprise par essaimage. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, with D. Létourneau, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Réussir sa création d’entreprise. Sans business plan. Paris, Eyrolles, with C. Ananou and C. Schmitt, digital and paper versions.
2013 - Innover au féminin. Savoir se dépasser- Intraprendre. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec, digital and paper versions.
2015 - La croissance d’entreprise : vision, agilité et doigté. Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2015 - Croissance et soutiens à la croissance d’entreprise. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M. Ibanescu, K. Joyal, P.-A. Julien, O. Kay. S. Mélançon.
2016 - Intrapreneuriat: s’initier aux pratiques innovantes. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M.-G. Chirita.
2017 - Entreprendre et savoir s’entourer. Montréal, Éditions de l’Homme.
2017 - Artistes, créateurs et entrepreneurs. Montréal, Del Busso Éditeur, under the direction of (11 authors).
2023 - Cirque du Soleil : complicités innovantes, Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2023 - Vision, relations et imagination : clefs du succès de l’entrepreneur. Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires. 1ère éd. (1991) Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, QC, Éditions de l'entrepreneur; 2ième éd. 2023.
Awards/Recognitions
1989 - Best Paper Award - Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies, University of Calgary, September, 28–30. Filion, L. J. (1989) The Design of Your Entrepreneurial Learning System: Identify a Vision and Assess Your Relations System. Published in McKirdy, J.G.M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies: 77–90.
2002 - The first two editions of this book both received the “Bestseller” award from the Fondation de l’entrepreneurship and the third edition received the 2002 Roger Charbonneau Award for the best educational textbook published in 2001 at HEC Montréal. Filion, L.J. Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Qc.: Éditions Transcontinental, 1997, 268 p.; 2nd Ed., 1999, 460 p.; 3rd Ed., 2001, collective, 566 p.
2003 - Best Paper Award. Menzies, T.V., Filion, L.J., Brenner, G.A., Elgie, S. (2003) A Study of Entrepreneurs’ Ethnic Involvement Utilizing Personal and Business Characteristics. 20th Annual CCSBE/CCPME Conference, University of Victoria, B.C., November 6–8. Published in the Proceedings.
2003 - Roger-Charbonneau Award – Best educational textbook of the year - HEC Montréal. Filion, L. J. (2002) Savoir entreprendre, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2004 - Lifetime Achievement Award - Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (CCSBE), for his overall contribution to entrepreneurship. Award presented at the annual Canadian conference - November - Regina, Saskatchewan.
2005 - Wilford L. White Fellow of the International Council for Small Business (ICSB), for his contributions to the advancement of entrepreneurship in the world; Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Office, Washington DC, June.
2006 - Julien-Marchesnay Award presented by the Association internationale de recherche en entrepreneuriat et PME (AIREPME) for the scope of his work on entrepreneurship and for his international outreach in the area of entrepreneurial culture. Award presented at the international conference - October – HEG – Haute école de gestion/School of Management - Fribourg, Suisse.
2006 - Certificate of Recognition ... “for his commitment to French-speaking academia …”. The Scientific Council of the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), in Paris, Sorbonne, on December 16, Professor Louis Jacques Filion was awarded the honorary title of AUF expert scientific collaborator.
2007 - Emeritus Graduate, Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières, Québec. Ceremony held on March 16.
2007 - Prix Advancia. “One of the best entrepreneurship books published in 2006 in France.” Paris Book Fair / January. Fayole, A. and L.J. Filion (2006) Devenir entrepreneur: des enjeux aux outils, Paris: Éditions Village Mondial, (Pearson France), 267p.
2008 - François-Albert-Angers Award for the Best textbook published in management in French in Canada in 2007. Filion, L.J. (Ed.) (2007) Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal: ERPI (Pearson); Paris: Pearson éducation France, 566 p.
2008 - Best Paper Award. International Council for Small Business, ICSB World Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 22–25. Borges, C., L. J. Filion and G. Simard (2008) Particularités du processus de création d’entreprises par des femmes. Published in the Proceedings.
2008 - Entrepreneurship Promotion Award “in recognition of his career-long commitment to promoting the entrepreneurial culture among youth”. This prestigious award given by the Chambers of Trade of Québec and the Government of Québec was presented by the Premier of Québec at the 28th Mercuriades, Gala held on April 9, at Montreal's Convention Centre.
2009 - Advancia Award for the Best theoretical essay in entrepreneurship published in France in 2008. Paris Book Fair/ January. Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris: Éditions ESKA, 262 p.
2015 - Alma Lepage Award, Best case study of a woman, awarded by the HEC Montréal Case Centre. Dallaire, G. and L. J. Filion (2016) Geneviève Salbaing et l’histoire des Ballets Jazz de Montréal: savoir danser au rythme du temps. Revue internationale de cas en gestion (RICG), 14 (2), (9- 40-2015-022) (digital journal).
2015 - Jean Guertin Award for Excellence in Teaching (Career Award), HEC Montréal.
2016 - Honorary Professor, HEC Montréal.
2018 - Emeritus Professor, HEC Montréal.
2019 - ACHIEVEMENT AWARD presented at the Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies – CNTI, Paris, December 3, for an influential contribution to the RIPCO journal. For the following paper, in recognition of its impact on the community of management science researchers and its contribution to knowledge in the field of organizational behaviour: Filion, L. J. (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, un champ d'étude en émergence. In: Revue Internationale de Psychosociologie et de Gestion des Comportements Organisationnels (RIPCO), Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, Vol. XIV, no. 32, 13–43. Paris: Éditions ESKA. «…Re-edition of your paper, chosen from the most influential papers published in RIPCO.” Re-published: Special “anniversary” issue, RIPCO (2019), Volume XXV, 75–99. Paris, Édition ESKA.
2022 - First winner of the ANEGEPE award (Associaçao Nacional de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestao de Pequenas Empresas) for his major contributions to entrepreneurship in Brazil.
== References ==
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Louis Jacques Filion (born 1945 in Trois-Rivières, Quebec) is a Canadian teacher and researcher in entrepreneurship. Working from systems theories, his interests focus on understanding the thinking structure underlying the design and implementation of innovative activity systems. He has studied agents of innovation, mainly entrepreneurs but also facilitators and intrapreneurs.
Education
L.J. Filion obtained an M.A. in political science from the University of Ottawa (1974), an M.B.A. from HEC Montréal (1976), and a Ph.D. in systems and entrepreneurship under the supervision of Professor Peter Checkland at Lancaster University in Great Britain (1988).
Career
L.J. Filion grew up in a family that was heavily involved with MSMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises). Early in his career he held a number of management positions (1968 -1980), mainly in operations, human resources and marketing, in a variety of sectors including manufacturing (Reynolds Metals- Alcoa), finance and real estate (Desjardins Trust), management consulting (Ernst & Young), and publishing (Sogides). As a professor of entrepreneurship and small business at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières - UQTR (1981 - 1993), he was appointed director of one of Canada's first Master's programs in small and medium-sized business management (1986 - 1989).
As a professor of entrepreneurship and new venture creation at HEC Montréal (1993-2016), he was the Director of the Rogers-J.-A.- Bombardier Chair of Entrepreneurship from 1995 until he retired in 2016.
Specificities
L.J. Filion has always been committed to field research. Over the course of his career he conducted hundreds of interviews with entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation to map different aspects of the thinking processes underlying and supporting innovative activity. The data gathered from the interviews were used to produce more than 200 case histories of entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation. He has also been involved in numerous entrepreneurship education development projects in more than 15 countries including Brazil
Books
1990 - Les entrepreneurs parlent. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l’entrepreneur.
1991 - Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l'entrepreneur.
1997 - 1999 - 2001 - Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, under the direction of (15 authors), 1st Ed., 1997; 2nd Ed., 1999; 3rd Ed., 2001.
1999 - Tintin, Minville, l'entrepreneur et la potion magique. Montréal, Fides.
1999 - Empreendedorismo: Ciência, Técnica e Arte. Brasilia, Instituto Euvaldo Lodi, CNI, IEL Nacional. with F. Dolabela, R. Brockhaus and P. Formica.
2000 - Boa Idéia! E Agora? - Plano de Negocio, o caminho seguro para criar a gerenciar sua empresa. São Paulo, Cultura Editores Associados, collective work (20 authors), with F. Dolabela.
2002 - Savoir entreprendre. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2003 - L’essaimage d’entreprises. Vers de nouvelles pratiques entrepreneuriales. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Presses HEC Montréal, with D. Luc and P.-A. Fortin.
2003 - 2005 - Pour une vision inspirante en milieu scolaire. Cap Rouge, QC.: Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st Ed. 2003; 2nd Ed., 2005.
2006 - Devenir entrepreneur. Des enjeux aux outils. Paris, Village Mondial (Pearson France), with A. Fayolle.
2007 - Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal, ERPI (Pearson); Paris, Pearson éducation France, under the direction of (24 authors), textbook.
2007 - Empreendedorismo de Base Tecnologica. Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier. With A. Cozzi, A., V. Judice and F. Dolabela.
2008 - Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (11 authors), with C. Bourion.
2010 - De l’intuition au projet d’entreprise, Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Foundation of Entrepreneurship Editions, Presses HEC Montréal, under the direction of (19 authors) with C. Ananou.
2010 - 2012 - Oser intraprendre. Ces champions qui font progresser les organisations et les sociétés. Cap Rouge, Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st ed., 2010; 2nd ed., 2012.
2011 - Administración de Pymes Emprender, dirigir y desarrollar empresas. Mexico, Pearson Mexico, under the direction of, (36 authors), with L. F. Cisneros Martinez, J. H. Mejia-Morelos, textbook.
2012 - La cognition entrepreneuriale. Méthodes de recherche. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (17 authors), with C. Bourion, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Vocabulaire de la création d’entreprise par essaimage. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, with D. Létourneau, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Réussir sa création d’entreprise. Sans business plan. Paris, Eyrolles, with C. Ananou and C. Schmitt, digital and paper versions.
2013 - Innover au féminin. Savoir se dépasser- Intraprendre. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec, digital and paper versions.
2015 - La croissance d’entreprise : vision, agilité et doigté. Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2015 - Croissance et soutiens à la croissance d’entreprise. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M. Ibanescu, K. Joyal, P.-A. Julien, O. Kay. S. Mélançon.
2016 - Intrapreneuriat: s’initier aux pratiques innovantes. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M.-G. Chirita.
2017 - Entreprendre et savoir s’entourer. Montréal, Éditions de l’Homme.
2017 - Artistes, créateurs et entrepreneurs. Montréal, Del Busso Éditeur, under the direction of (11 authors).
2023 - Cirque du Soleil : complicités innovantes, Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2023 - Vision, relations et imagination : clefs du succès de l’entrepreneur. Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires. 1ère éd. (1991) Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, QC, Éditions de l'entrepreneur; 2ième éd. 2023.
Awards/Recognitions
1989 - Best Paper Award - Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies, University of Calgary, September, 28–30. Filion, L. J. (1989) The Design of Your Entrepreneurial Learning System: Identify a Vision and Assess Your Relations System. Published in McKirdy, J.G.M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies: 77–90.
2002 - The first two editions of this book both received the “Bestseller” award from the Fondation de l’entrepreneurship and the third edition received the 2002 Roger Charbonneau Award for the best educational textbook published in 2001 at HEC Montréal. Filion, L.J. Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Qc.: Éditions Transcontinental, 1997, 268 p.; 2nd Ed., 1999, 460 p.; 3rd Ed., 2001, collective, 566 p.
2003 - Best Paper Award. Menzies, T.V., Filion, L.J., Brenner, G.A., Elgie, S. (2003) A Study of Entrepreneurs’ Ethnic Involvement Utilizing Personal and Business Characteristics. 20th Annual CCSBE/CCPME Conference, University of Victoria, B.C., November 6–8. Published in the Proceedings.
2003 - Roger-Charbonneau Award – Best educational textbook of the year - HEC Montréal. Filion, L. J. (2002) Savoir entreprendre, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2004 - Lifetime Achievement Award - Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (CCSBE), for his overall contribution to entrepreneurship. Award presented at the annual Canadian conference - November - Regina, Saskatchewan.
2005 - Wilford L. White Fellow of the International Council for Small Business (ICSB), for his contributions to the advancement of entrepreneurship in the world; Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Office, Washington DC, June.
2006 - Julien-Marchesnay Award presented by the Association internationale de recherche en entrepreneuriat et PME (AIREPME) for the scope of his work on entrepreneurship and for his international outreach in the area of entrepreneurial culture. Award presented at the international conference - October – HEG – Haute école de gestion/School of Management - Fribourg, Suisse.
2006 - Certificate of Recognition ... “for his commitment to French-speaking academia …”. The Scientific Council of the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), in Paris, Sorbonne, on December 16, Professor Louis Jacques Filion was awarded the honorary title of AUF expert scientific collaborator.
2007 - Emeritus Graduate, Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières, Québec. Ceremony held on March 16.
2007 - Prix Advancia. “One of the best entrepreneurship books published in 2006 in France.” Paris Book Fair / January. Fayole, A. and L.J. Filion (2006) Devenir entrepreneur: des enjeux aux outils, Paris: Éditions Village Mondial, (Pearson France), 267p.
2008 - François-Albert-Angers Award for the Best textbook published in management in French in Canada in 2007. Filion, L.J. (Ed.) (2007) Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal: ERPI (Pearson); Paris: Pearson éducation France, 566 p.
2008 - Best Paper Award. International Council for Small Business, ICSB World Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 22–25. Borges, C., L. J. Filion and G. Simard (2008) Particularités du processus de création d’entreprises par des femmes. Published in the Proceedings.
2008 - Entrepreneurship Promotion Award “in recognition of his career-long commitment to promoting the entrepreneurial culture among youth”. This prestigious award given by the Chambers of Trade of Québec and the Government of Québec was presented by the Premier of Québec at the 28th Mercuriades, Gala held on April 9, at Montreal's Convention Centre.
2009 - Advancia Award for the Best theoretical essay in entrepreneurship published in France in 2008. Paris Book Fair/ January. Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris: Éditions ESKA, 262 p.
2015 - Alma Lepage Award, Best case study of a woman, awarded by the HEC Montréal Case Centre. Dallaire, G. and L. J. Filion (2016) Geneviève Salbaing et l’histoire des Ballets Jazz de Montréal: savoir danser au rythme du temps. Revue internationale de cas en gestion (RICG), 14 (2), (9- 40-2015-022) (digital journal).
2015 - Jean Guertin Award for Excellence in Teaching (Career Award), HEC Montréal.
2016 - Honorary Professor, HEC Montréal.
2018 - Emeritus Professor, HEC Montréal.
2019 - ACHIEVEMENT AWARD presented at the Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies – CNTI, Paris, December 3, for an influential contribution to the RIPCO journal. For the following paper, in recognition of its impact on the community of management science researchers and its contribution to knowledge in the field of organizational behaviour: Filion, L. J. (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, un champ d'étude en émergence. In: Revue Internationale de Psychosociologie et de Gestion des Comportements Organisationnels (RIPCO), Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, Vol. XIV, no. 32, 13–43. Paris: Éditions ESKA. «…Re-edition of your paper, chosen from the most influential papers published in RIPCO.” Re-published: Special “anniversary” issue, RIPCO (2019), Volume XXV, 75–99. Paris, Édition ESKA.
2022 - First winner of the ANEGEPE award (Associaçao Nacional de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestao de Pequenas Empresas) for his major contributions to entrepreneurship in Brazil.
== References ==
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Louis Jacques Filion (born 1945 in Trois-Rivières, Quebec) is a Canadian teacher and researcher in entrepreneurship. Working from systems theories, his interests focus on understanding the thinking structure underlying the design and implementation of innovative activity systems. He has studied agents of innovation, mainly entrepreneurs but also facilitators and intrapreneurs.
Education
L.J. Filion obtained an M.A. in political science from the University of Ottawa (1974), an M.B.A. from HEC Montréal (1976), and a Ph.D. in systems and entrepreneurship under the supervision of Professor Peter Checkland at Lancaster University in Great Britain (1988).
Career
L.J. Filion grew up in a family that was heavily involved with MSMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises). Early in his career he held a number of management positions (1968 -1980), mainly in operations, human resources and marketing, in a variety of sectors including manufacturing (Reynolds Metals- Alcoa), finance and real estate (Desjardins Trust), management consulting (Ernst & Young), and publishing (Sogides). As a professor of entrepreneurship and small business at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières - UQTR (1981 - 1993), he was appointed director of one of Canada's first Master's programs in small and medium-sized business management (1986 - 1989).
As a professor of entrepreneurship and new venture creation at HEC Montréal (1993-2016), he was the Director of the Rogers-J.-A.- Bombardier Chair of Entrepreneurship from 1995 until he retired in 2016.
Specificities
L.J. Filion has always been committed to field research. Over the course of his career he conducted hundreds of interviews with entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation to map different aspects of the thinking processes underlying and supporting innovative activity. The data gathered from the interviews were used to produce more than 200 case histories of entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation. He has also been involved in numerous entrepreneurship education development projects in more than 15 countries including Brazil
Books
1990 - Les entrepreneurs parlent. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l’entrepreneur.
1991 - Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l'entrepreneur.
1997 - 1999 - 2001 - Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, under the direction of (15 authors), 1st Ed., 1997; 2nd Ed., 1999; 3rd Ed., 2001.
1999 - Tintin, Minville, l'entrepreneur et la potion magique. Montréal, Fides.
1999 - Empreendedorismo: Ciência, Técnica e Arte. Brasilia, Instituto Euvaldo Lodi, CNI, IEL Nacional. with F. Dolabela, R. Brockhaus and P. Formica.
2000 - Boa Idéia! E Agora? - Plano de Negocio, o caminho seguro para criar a gerenciar sua empresa. São Paulo, Cultura Editores Associados, collective work (20 authors), with F. Dolabela.
2002 - Savoir entreprendre. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2003 - L’essaimage d’entreprises. Vers de nouvelles pratiques entrepreneuriales. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Presses HEC Montréal, with D. Luc and P.-A. Fortin.
2003 - 2005 - Pour une vision inspirante en milieu scolaire. Cap Rouge, QC.: Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st Ed. 2003; 2nd Ed., 2005.
2006 - Devenir entrepreneur. Des enjeux aux outils. Paris, Village Mondial (Pearson France), with A. Fayolle.
2007 - Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal, ERPI (Pearson); Paris, Pearson éducation France, under the direction of (24 authors), textbook.
2007 - Empreendedorismo de Base Tecnologica. Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier. With A. Cozzi, A., V. Judice and F. Dolabela.
2008 - Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (11 authors), with C. Bourion.
2010 - De l’intuition au projet d’entreprise, Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Foundation of Entrepreneurship Editions, Presses HEC Montréal, under the direction of (19 authors) with C. Ananou.
2010 - 2012 - Oser intraprendre. Ces champions qui font progresser les organisations et les sociétés. Cap Rouge, Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st ed., 2010; 2nd ed., 2012.
2011 - Administración de Pymes Emprender, dirigir y desarrollar empresas. Mexico, Pearson Mexico, under the direction of, (36 authors), with L. F. Cisneros Martinez, J. H. Mejia-Morelos, textbook.
2012 - La cognition entrepreneuriale. Méthodes de recherche. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (17 authors), with C. Bourion, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Vocabulaire de la création d’entreprise par essaimage. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, with D. Létourneau, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Réussir sa création d’entreprise. Sans business plan. Paris, Eyrolles, with C. Ananou and C. Schmitt, digital and paper versions.
2013 - Innover au féminin. Savoir se dépasser- Intraprendre. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec, digital and paper versions.
2015 - La croissance d’entreprise : vision, agilité et doigté. Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2015 - Croissance et soutiens à la croissance d’entreprise. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M. Ibanescu, K. Joyal, P.-A. Julien, O. Kay. S. Mélançon.
2016 - Intrapreneuriat: s’initier aux pratiques innovantes. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M.-G. Chirita.
2017 - Entreprendre et savoir s’entourer. Montréal, Éditions de l’Homme.
2017 - Artistes, créateurs et entrepreneurs. Montréal, Del Busso Éditeur, under the direction of (11 authors).
2023 - Cirque du Soleil : complicités innovantes, Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2023 - Vision, relations et imagination : clefs du succès de l’entrepreneur. Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires. 1ère éd. (1991) Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, QC, Éditions de l'entrepreneur; 2ième éd. 2023.
Awards/Recognitions
1989 - Best Paper Award - Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies, University of Calgary, September, 28–30. Filion, L. J. (1989) The Design of Your Entrepreneurial Learning System: Identify a Vision and Assess Your Relations System. Published in McKirdy, J.G.M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies: 77–90.
2002 - The first two editions of this book both received the “Bestseller” award from the Fondation de l’entrepreneurship and the third edition received the 2002 Roger Charbonneau Award for the best educational textbook published in 2001 at HEC Montréal. Filion, L.J. Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Qc.: Éditions Transcontinental, 1997, 268 p.; 2nd Ed., 1999, 460 p.; 3rd Ed., 2001, collective, 566 p.
2003 - Best Paper Award. Menzies, T.V., Filion, L.J., Brenner, G.A., Elgie, S. (2003) A Study of Entrepreneurs’ Ethnic Involvement Utilizing Personal and Business Characteristics. 20th Annual CCSBE/CCPME Conference, University of Victoria, B.C., November 6–8. Published in the Proceedings.
2003 - Roger-Charbonneau Award – Best educational textbook of the year - HEC Montréal. Filion, L. J. (2002) Savoir entreprendre, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2004 - Lifetime Achievement Award - Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (CCSBE), for his overall contribution to entrepreneurship. Award presented at the annual Canadian conference - November - Regina, Saskatchewan.
2005 - Wilford L. White Fellow of the International Council for Small Business (ICSB), for his contributions to the advancement of entrepreneurship in the world; Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Office, Washington DC, June.
2006 - Julien-Marchesnay Award presented by the Association internationale de recherche en entrepreneuriat et PME (AIREPME) for the scope of his work on entrepreneurship and for his international outreach in the area of entrepreneurial culture. Award presented at the international conference - October – HEG – Haute école de gestion/School of Management - Fribourg, Suisse.
2006 - Certificate of Recognition ... “for his commitment to French-speaking academia …”. The Scientific Council of the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), in Paris, Sorbonne, on December 16, Professor Louis Jacques Filion was awarded the honorary title of AUF expert scientific collaborator.
2007 - Emeritus Graduate, Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières, Québec. Ceremony held on March 16.
2007 - Prix Advancia. “One of the best entrepreneurship books published in 2006 in France.” Paris Book Fair / January. Fayole, A. and L.J. Filion (2006) Devenir entrepreneur: des enjeux aux outils, Paris: Éditions Village Mondial, (Pearson France), 267p.
2008 - François-Albert-Angers Award for the Best textbook published in management in French in Canada in 2007. Filion, L.J. (Ed.) (2007) Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal: ERPI (Pearson); Paris: Pearson éducation France, 566 p.
2008 - Best Paper Award. International Council for Small Business, ICSB World Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 22–25. Borges, C., L. J. Filion and G. Simard (2008) Particularités du processus de création d’entreprises par des femmes. Published in the Proceedings.
2008 - Entrepreneurship Promotion Award “in recognition of his career-long commitment to promoting the entrepreneurial culture among youth”. This prestigious award given by the Chambers of Trade of Québec and the Government of Québec was presented by the Premier of Québec at the 28th Mercuriades, Gala held on April 9, at Montreal's Convention Centre.
2009 - Advancia Award for the Best theoretical essay in entrepreneurship published in France in 2008. Paris Book Fair/ January. Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris: Éditions ESKA, 262 p.
2015 - Alma Lepage Award, Best case study of a woman, awarded by the HEC Montréal Case Centre. Dallaire, G. and L. J. Filion (2016) Geneviève Salbaing et l’histoire des Ballets Jazz de Montréal: savoir danser au rythme du temps. Revue internationale de cas en gestion (RICG), 14 (2), (9- 40-2015-022) (digital journal).
2015 - Jean Guertin Award for Excellence in Teaching (Career Award), HEC Montréal.
2016 - Honorary Professor, HEC Montréal.
2018 - Emeritus Professor, HEC Montréal.
2019 - ACHIEVEMENT AWARD presented at the Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies – CNTI, Paris, December 3, for an influential contribution to the RIPCO journal. For the following paper, in recognition of its impact on the community of management science researchers and its contribution to knowledge in the field of organizational behaviour: Filion, L. J. (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, un champ d'étude en émergence. In: Revue Internationale de Psychosociologie et de Gestion des Comportements Organisationnels (RIPCO), Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, Vol. XIV, no. 32, 13–43. Paris: Éditions ESKA. «…Re-edition of your paper, chosen from the most influential papers published in RIPCO.” Re-published: Special “anniversary” issue, RIPCO (2019), Volume XXV, 75–99. Paris, Édition ESKA.
2022 - First winner of the ANEGEPE award (Associaçao Nacional de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestao de Pequenas Empresas) for his major contributions to entrepreneurship in Brazil.
== References ==
|
family name
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Louis Jacques Filion (born 1945 in Trois-Rivières, Quebec) is a Canadian teacher and researcher in entrepreneurship. Working from systems theories, his interests focus on understanding the thinking structure underlying the design and implementation of innovative activity systems. He has studied agents of innovation, mainly entrepreneurs but also facilitators and intrapreneurs.
Education
L.J. Filion obtained an M.A. in political science from the University of Ottawa (1974), an M.B.A. from HEC Montréal (1976), and a Ph.D. in systems and entrepreneurship under the supervision of Professor Peter Checkland at Lancaster University in Great Britain (1988).
Career
L.J. Filion grew up in a family that was heavily involved with MSMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises). Early in his career he held a number of management positions (1968 -1980), mainly in operations, human resources and marketing, in a variety of sectors including manufacturing (Reynolds Metals- Alcoa), finance and real estate (Desjardins Trust), management consulting (Ernst & Young), and publishing (Sogides). As a professor of entrepreneurship and small business at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières - UQTR (1981 - 1993), he was appointed director of one of Canada's first Master's programs in small and medium-sized business management (1986 - 1989).
As a professor of entrepreneurship and new venture creation at HEC Montréal (1993-2016), he was the Director of the Rogers-J.-A.- Bombardier Chair of Entrepreneurship from 1995 until he retired in 2016.
Specificities
L.J. Filion has always been committed to field research. Over the course of his career he conducted hundreds of interviews with entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation to map different aspects of the thinking processes underlying and supporting innovative activity. The data gathered from the interviews were used to produce more than 200 case histories of entrepreneurs and other agents of innovation. He has also been involved in numerous entrepreneurship education development projects in more than 15 countries including Brazil
Books
1990 - Les entrepreneurs parlent. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l’entrepreneur.
1991 - Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, Québec, Éditions de l'entrepreneur.
1997 - 1999 - 2001 - Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, under the direction of (15 authors), 1st Ed., 1997; 2nd Ed., 1999; 3rd Ed., 2001.
1999 - Tintin, Minville, l'entrepreneur et la potion magique. Montréal, Fides.
1999 - Empreendedorismo: Ciência, Técnica e Arte. Brasilia, Instituto Euvaldo Lodi, CNI, IEL Nacional. with F. Dolabela, R. Brockhaus and P. Formica.
2000 - Boa Idéia! E Agora? - Plano de Negocio, o caminho seguro para criar a gerenciar sua empresa. São Paulo, Cultura Editores Associados, collective work (20 authors), with F. Dolabela.
2002 - Savoir entreprendre. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2003 - L’essaimage d’entreprises. Vers de nouvelles pratiques entrepreneuriales. Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Presses HEC Montréal, with D. Luc and P.-A. Fortin.
2003 - 2005 - Pour une vision inspirante en milieu scolaire. Cap Rouge, QC.: Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st Ed. 2003; 2nd Ed., 2005.
2006 - Devenir entrepreneur. Des enjeux aux outils. Paris, Village Mondial (Pearson France), with A. Fayolle.
2007 - Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal, ERPI (Pearson); Paris, Pearson éducation France, under the direction of (24 authors), textbook.
2007 - Empreendedorismo de Base Tecnologica. Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier. With A. Cozzi, A., V. Judice and F. Dolabela.
2008 - Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (11 authors), with C. Bourion.
2010 - De l’intuition au projet d’entreprise, Montréal, Éditions Transcontinental, Foundation of Entrepreneurship Editions, Presses HEC Montréal, under the direction of (19 authors) with C. Ananou.
2010 - 2012 - Oser intraprendre. Ces champions qui font progresser les organisations et les sociétés. Cap Rouge, Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires, 1st ed., 2010; 2nd ed., 2012.
2011 - Administración de Pymes Emprender, dirigir y desarrollar empresas. Mexico, Pearson Mexico, under the direction of, (36 authors), with L. F. Cisneros Martinez, J. H. Mejia-Morelos, textbook.
2012 - La cognition entrepreneuriale. Méthodes de recherche. Paris, Éditions ESKA, under the direction of (17 authors), with C. Bourion, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Vocabulaire de la création d’entreprise par essaimage. Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, with D. Létourneau, digital and paper versions.
2012 - Réussir sa création d’entreprise. Sans business plan. Paris, Eyrolles, with C. Ananou and C. Schmitt, digital and paper versions.
2013 - Innover au féminin. Savoir se dépasser- Intraprendre. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec, digital and paper versions.
2015 - La croissance d’entreprise : vision, agilité et doigté. Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2015 - Croissance et soutiens à la croissance d’entreprise. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M. Ibanescu, K. Joyal, P.-A. Julien, O. Kay. S. Mélançon.
2016 - Intrapreneuriat: s’initier aux pratiques innovantes. Montréal, Éditions JFD, with M.-G. Chirita.
2017 - Entreprendre et savoir s’entourer. Montréal, Éditions de l’Homme.
2017 - Artistes, créateurs et entrepreneurs. Montréal, Del Busso Éditeur, under the direction of (11 authors).
2023 - Cirque du Soleil : complicités innovantes, Montréal, Éditions JFD.
2023 - Vision, relations et imagination : clefs du succès de l’entrepreneur. Québec, Presses Inter Universitaires. 1ère éd. (1991) Vision et relations: clefs du succès de l'entrepreneur. Cap Rouge, QC, Éditions de l'entrepreneur; 2ième éd. 2023.
Awards/Recognitions
1989 - Best Paper Award - Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies, University of Calgary, September, 28–30. Filion, L. J. (1989) The Design of Your Entrepreneurial Learning System: Identify a Vision and Assess Your Relations System. Published in McKirdy, J.G.M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Entrepreneurial Studies: 77–90.
2002 - The first two editions of this book both received the “Bestseller” award from the Fondation de l’entrepreneurship and the third edition received the 2002 Roger Charbonneau Award for the best educational textbook published in 2001 at HEC Montréal. Filion, L.J. Réaliser son projet d'entreprise. Montréal, Qc.: Éditions Transcontinental, 1997, 268 p.; 2nd Ed., 1999, 460 p.; 3rd Ed., 2001, collective, 566 p.
2003 - Best Paper Award. Menzies, T.V., Filion, L.J., Brenner, G.A., Elgie, S. (2003) A Study of Entrepreneurs’ Ethnic Involvement Utilizing Personal and Business Characteristics. 20th Annual CCSBE/CCPME Conference, University of Victoria, B.C., November 6–8. Published in the Proceedings.
2003 - Roger-Charbonneau Award – Best educational textbook of the year - HEC Montréal. Filion, L. J. (2002) Savoir entreprendre, Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
2004 - Lifetime Achievement Award - Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (CCSBE), for his overall contribution to entrepreneurship. Award presented at the annual Canadian conference - November - Regina, Saskatchewan.
2005 - Wilford L. White Fellow of the International Council for Small Business (ICSB), for his contributions to the advancement of entrepreneurship in the world; Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Office, Washington DC, June.
2006 - Julien-Marchesnay Award presented by the Association internationale de recherche en entrepreneuriat et PME (AIREPME) for the scope of his work on entrepreneurship and for his international outreach in the area of entrepreneurial culture. Award presented at the international conference - October – HEG – Haute école de gestion/School of Management - Fribourg, Suisse.
2006 - Certificate of Recognition ... “for his commitment to French-speaking academia …”. The Scientific Council of the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), in Paris, Sorbonne, on December 16, Professor Louis Jacques Filion was awarded the honorary title of AUF expert scientific collaborator.
2007 - Emeritus Graduate, Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières, Québec. Ceremony held on March 16.
2007 - Prix Advancia. “One of the best entrepreneurship books published in 2006 in France.” Paris Book Fair / January. Fayole, A. and L.J. Filion (2006) Devenir entrepreneur: des enjeux aux outils, Paris: Éditions Village Mondial, (Pearson France), 267p.
2008 - François-Albert-Angers Award for the Best textbook published in management in French in Canada in 2007. Filion, L.J. (Ed.) (2007) Management des PME. De la création à la croissance. Montréal: ERPI (Pearson); Paris: Pearson éducation France, 566 p.
2008 - Best Paper Award. International Council for Small Business, ICSB World Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 22–25. Borges, C., L. J. Filion and G. Simard (2008) Particularités du processus de création d’entreprises par des femmes. Published in the Proceedings.
2008 - Entrepreneurship Promotion Award “in recognition of his career-long commitment to promoting the entrepreneurial culture among youth”. This prestigious award given by the Chambers of Trade of Québec and the Government of Québec was presented by the Premier of Québec at the 28th Mercuriades, Gala held on April 9, at Montreal's Convention Centre.
2009 - Advancia Award for the Best theoretical essay in entrepreneurship published in France in 2008. Paris Book Fair/ January. Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales. Paris: Éditions ESKA, 262 p.
2015 - Alma Lepage Award, Best case study of a woman, awarded by the HEC Montréal Case Centre. Dallaire, G. and L. J. Filion (2016) Geneviève Salbaing et l’histoire des Ballets Jazz de Montréal: savoir danser au rythme du temps. Revue internationale de cas en gestion (RICG), 14 (2), (9- 40-2015-022) (digital journal).
2015 - Jean Guertin Award for Excellence in Teaching (Career Award), HEC Montréal.
2016 - Honorary Professor, HEC Montréal.
2018 - Emeritus Professor, HEC Montréal.
2019 - ACHIEVEMENT AWARD presented at the Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies – CNTI, Paris, December 3, for an influential contribution to the RIPCO journal. For the following paper, in recognition of its impact on the community of management science researchers and its contribution to knowledge in the field of organizational behaviour: Filion, L. J. (2008) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, un champ d'étude en émergence. In: Revue Internationale de Psychosociologie et de Gestion des Comportements Organisationnels (RIPCO), Filion, L. J. and C. Bourion (Eds.) Les représentations entrepreneuriales, Vol. XIV, no. 32, 13–43. Paris: Éditions ESKA. «…Re-edition of your paper, chosen from the most influential papers published in RIPCO.” Re-published: Special “anniversary” issue, RIPCO (2019), Volume XXV, 75–99. Paris, Édition ESKA.
2022 - First winner of the ANEGEPE award (Associaçao Nacional de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestao de Pequenas Empresas) for his major contributions to entrepreneurship in Brazil.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Louis"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
sibling
|
{
"answer_start": [
914
],
"text": [
"Mary Foote Henderson"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"Seneca Falls"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"female"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
father
|
{
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"Elisha Foote"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
mother
|
{
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"Eunice Newton Foote"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
1236
],
"text": [
"Francis Benjamin Arnold"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"naturalist"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
place of burial
|
{
"answer_start": [
1860
],
"text": [
"Woodlawn Cemetery"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
3622
],
"text": [
"Augusta Foote Arnold"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
archives at
|
{
"answer_start": [
3915
],
"text": [
"New York Public Library"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"Arnold"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Augusta"
]
}
|
Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
pseudonym
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Mary Ronald"
]
}
|
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