texts
stringlengths
57
72.4k
questions
stringlengths
4
60
answers
dict
Fessia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is distributed from Iran to Central Asia and Pakistan. Description Species of Fessia grow from bulbs, which are covered by a gray or black tunic, purple inside. Each bulb produces one or more flower stems (scapes) bearing whitish to blue or violet flowers. The stamens have pale blue anthers. The black seeds are globe or drop shaped.A number of species of Fessia, often under their earlier names in the genus Scilla, are grown by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants; they are hardy but some need a dry period in summer. F. puschkinioides (syn. Scilla puchkinioides) is described as "an easy to grow hardy species". Systematics The genus Fessia was created by Franz Speta in 1998. All the species were previously included in a more broadly defined genus Scilla. The genus is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae (or the subfamily Hyacinthoideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae). Species As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 11 species: == References ==
taxon name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Fessia" ] }
Fessia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is distributed from Iran to Central Asia and Pakistan. Description Species of Fessia grow from bulbs, which are covered by a gray or black tunic, purple inside. Each bulb produces one or more flower stems (scapes) bearing whitish to blue or violet flowers. The stamens have pale blue anthers. The black seeds are globe or drop shaped.A number of species of Fessia, often under their earlier names in the genus Scilla, are grown by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants; they are hardy but some need a dry period in summer. F. puschkinioides (syn. Scilla puchkinioides) is described as "an easy to grow hardy species". Systematics The genus Fessia was created by Franz Speta in 1998. All the species were previously included in a more broadly defined genus Scilla. The genus is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae (or the subfamily Hyacinthoideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae). Species As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 11 species: == References ==
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Fessia" ] }
Fessia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is distributed from Iran to Central Asia and Pakistan. Description Species of Fessia grow from bulbs, which are covered by a gray or black tunic, purple inside. Each bulb produces one or more flower stems (scapes) bearing whitish to blue or violet flowers. The stamens have pale blue anthers. The black seeds are globe or drop shaped.A number of species of Fessia, often under their earlier names in the genus Scilla, are grown by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants; they are hardy but some need a dry period in summer. F. puschkinioides (syn. Scilla puchkinioides) is described as "an easy to grow hardy species". Systematics The genus Fessia was created by Franz Speta in 1998. All the species were previously included in a more broadly defined genus Scilla. The genus is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae (or the subfamily Hyacinthoideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae). Species As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 11 species: == References ==
native label
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Fessia" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "Croatia" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "chess player" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
sport
{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "chess" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Vlasta" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "Croatian" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
country for sport
{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "Croatia" ] }
Vlasta Maček (née Kalchbrenner, born 27 June 1952) is a Croatian chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1974). She won Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1980) and twice won Croatian Women's Chess Championship (1992, 1999). She is Women's Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1974) and first European Senior Chess Championship (women) winner (2003). Biography From the early 1970s to the mid-2000s Vlasta Maček was one of the leading Croatian women's chess players. In 1971, she made her first major victory in the International Women's Tournament in Emmen. In 1973, she won the Balkans Women's Chess Championship. She has repeatedly participated in Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship, where she twice (1973, 1980) shared first place, and became champion in 1980. In 1974, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Vlasta Maček represented Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia. She has won the Croatian Women's Chess Championship twice (1992, 1999) and the second place in this championships three more times (2002, 2004, 2006). In 1997, in Rijeka Vlasta Maček with Croatian chess club ŠK Kastav won 2nd European Chess Club Cup (women) team gold medal.Vlasta Maček two times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship European Zonal Tournaments: in 1975 in Pula at European zonal 2 she shared 8th–9th place; in 1993 in Zagreb at Zonal 1.2b (Central Europe) she shared 2nd–4th place.Vlasta Maček played for Yugoslavia and Croatia in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =4, -1) and won individual bronze medal, In 1978, at second board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+5, =8, -0), In 1982, at first reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+3, =5, -1), In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+6, =0, -5), In 1994, at second board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+4, =5, -4), In 1996, at second board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+4, =7, -2), In 1998, at second board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+5, =3, -3), In 2000, at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+2, =6, -3), In 2002, at second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+4, =4, -4), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+3, =4, -3), In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+5, =4, -2).Vlasta Maček played for Croatia in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =1, -4), In 1999, at second board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+3, =0, -3), In 2001, at second board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+2, =2, -2), In 2003, at first reserve board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+1, =0, -2), In 2005, at third board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Gothenburg (+3, =3, -2).In 2003 in Saint-Vincent Vlasta Maček won European Senior Chess Championship. In next year she won bronze medal in this tournament. References External links Vlasta Macek rating card at FIDE Vlasta Macek player profile and games at Chessgames.com Vlasta Macek chess games at 365Chess.com
title of chess person
{ "answer_start": [ 101 ], "text": [ "Woman International Master" ] }
The Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser is an automobile that was manufactured and marketed by Oldsmobile from 1971 until 1992. Marking the return of Oldsmobile to the full-size station wagon segment, the Custom Cruiser was initially slotted above the intermediate Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser, ultimately above the later mid-size Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser. For three generations, the Custom Cruiser shared the General Motors B platform with the Buick Estate, Pontiac Safari, and the Chevrolet Caprice (initially Chevrolet Kingswood) station wagons. Within Oldsmobile, the Custom Cruiser shared its trim with the Oldsmobile Delta 88 and Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight. During 1985 and 1986, all three GM mid-price divisions downsized their B-platform full-size sedans, leaving the Custom Cruiser with no sedan counterpart. After the discontinuation of the Cutlass Supreme Classic, the model line became the sole Oldsmobile sold with rear-wheel drive. Following the 1992 model year, production of the Custom Cruiser was discontinued. Alongside an extensive redesign for 1991, Oldsmobile had already initiated station wagon alternatives, introducing both the Oldsmobile Silhouette minivan (1990) and Oldsmobile Bravada mid-size SUV (1991). In total, Oldsmobile produced 451,819 Custom Cruisers over 21 years. Following the discontinuation of the model line, GM ended full-size station wagon production after 1996, becoming the final American-brand manufacturer to do so at the time. First use of name The Custom Cruiser nameplate was introduced by Oldsmobile in 1940, as the division introduced formal names for its vehicles for the first time, introducing the flagship Custom Cruiser 90. For 1941, the model line was offered with both inline-6 and inline-8 engines, with Oldsmobile renaming it as the Custom Cruiser 96 and Custom Cruiser 98. For 1942, the Custom Cruiser 96 was dropped, leaving the 98 as the flagship Oldsmobile. Dropping the Custom Cruiser name after 1947, the 98 (later renamed Ninety-Eight) remained on the C-body chassis through its 1996 discontinuation. Following the introduction of the Vista Cruiser and the return of the Custom Cruiser, Oldsmobile expanded the use of the "Cruiser" nameplate across many of its 1970s and 1980s station wagon lines, including the Cutlass (Supreme) Cruiser, Firenza Cruiser, and Cutlass Cruiser (Cutlass Ciera). First generation (1971–1976) For the 1971 model year, full-size station wagons returned to the Oldsmobile product range (for the first time since 1964), coinciding with the redesign of GM full-size product range. In place of the previous Fiesta name used for Oldsmobile station wagons, the Custom Cruiser name was revived, slotting it above the A-body Vista Cruiser wagon. Sharing its body with the Buick Estate and Pontiac Safari (Grand Safari), the Custom Cruiser was slightly longer than Chevrolet Impala/Caprice station wagons. Though designed without the distinctive glass roof panels of the Vista Cruiser, the Custom Cruiser and its counterparts shared its interior layout; the optional third-row seat was faced forward (except on Chevrolet wagons). Similar to the Chevrolet Suburban, the third-row seat was accessed by a split second-row bench seat that folded forward, expanding seating to eight passengers. Following the fitment of 5 mph bumpers, the 1974-1976 Custom Cruiser grew to over 19 feet long, becoming one of the largest vehicles ever built by Oldsmobile. Chassis The Custom Cruiser (and its Buick and Pontiac counterparts) used the GM B-body chassis, extended to the 127-inch wheelbase used by the GM C-body platform (used by the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight and Buick Electra). In contrast to GM B/C/D-platform vehicles of the time, GM 1971-1976 full-size station wagons used a rear suspension of multi-leaf rear springs (in line with the C/K trucks of the time). At 5,161 lb (2,341 kg) shipping weight (5,186 lb (2,352 kg) with woodgrain), or about 5,400 lb (2,400 kg) curb weight, the three-seat 1974 Custom Cruiser wagons are the heaviest Oldsmobiles ever built. Along with similar versions of the Buick Estate, the model line also serves as the heaviest sedan-based GM vehicle ever produced. The Custom Cruiser used the longest wheelbase in its segment, besting all Chrysler wagons (124 inches), the AMC Ambassador (122 inches), and Ford/Mercury wagons (121 inches), shorter only than the 1973 redesign of the Chevrolet/GMC Suburban (129.5 inches). Powertrain Oldsmobile offered the 455 cubic-inch Rocket V8 in various states of tune from 1971 until 1976 (the "Rocket" brand itself was discontinued in 1975). A 190hp 400 cubic-inch Pontiac V8 was offered for 1975. From 1971 to 1976, the model line was offered solely with the GM Turbo-Hydramatic 400 3-speed automatic transmission. Body While sharing its roofline and doors with its divisional counterparts, the body of the Custom Cruiser was styled as a hybrid of the B-body Delta 88 and the C-body Ninety-Eight, using components from both model lines. From the Ninety-Eight, the Custom Cruiser shared its front fascia and rear quarter panels (and front fender skirts); the interior adopted trim elements from both the Delta 88 and Ninety-Eight. In line with the Vista Cruiser, simulated woodgrain trim was offered as an option, with nearly 80% of buyers selecting the feature. During its production, the Custom Cruiser followed the exterior design of Ninety-Eight, receiving a new front bumper for 1972; front and rear 5-mph bumpers were adding during 1973 and 1974, respectively. For 1974, the grille underwent a redesign. For 1976, the Custom Cruiser received a second revision. Largely a preview of the 1977 Oldsmobile 98, the fascia was given four square headlights with outboard marker lights. Clamshell tailgate design Along with all other 1971-1976 General Motors full-size station wagons built on the B-platform, first-generation Custom Cruiser wagons feature a "clamshell" tailgate design. A two-piece tailgate configuration, the tailgate slid into a recess under the cargo floor while the rear glass window retracted up into the roof; the design operated either manually or with optional power assist. The first powered tailgate in automotive history, the powered option ultimately became standard, as the manual tailgate required a degree of effort to lift out of storage. The system was operated from either an instrument panel switch or by key on the rear quarter panel. The clamshell tailgate was intended to aid the loading of the 19-foot long station wagons in tight parking spaces. Heavy and complex, the system was not included in the 1977 redesign of the model line. Over one foot shorter and over 1,000 pounds lighter overall, the new body was designed with a two-way tailgate (a design first developed by Ford). Production Figures Note: 1971-1976 model years are the only production figures that Oldsmobile broke down specifically by body configuration (i.e., woodgrain, two-row or three-row seating) Second generation (1977–1990) For the 1977 model year, the second-generation Custom Cruiser was released as part of the downsizing of the entire GM full-size range. In another revision, the Custom Cruiser became a direct counterpart of the Delta 88 sedan. Again the counterpart of the Buick Estate and Pontiac Safari, the Custom Cruiser now shared its body with Chevrolet station wagons. Following the exit of Chrysler from the segment after 1977, the Custom Cruiser competed primarily against the Ford LTD Country Squire and Mercury Colony Park, which remained in production through 1991. After the 1985 model year, the Custom Cruiser became the largest Oldsmobile, as GM shifted Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac B-body sedans to the front-wheel drive H-platform, downsizing them again. Along with the Chevrolet Caprice remaining the sole B-body sedan/wagon, Oldsmobile and Buick station wagons became distinct model lines (the Pontiac Safari ended production after 1989). Chassis The second-generation Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (as with all full-size GM station wagons) is based on the GM B-platform. As part of the GM downsizing, station wagons were consolidated upon a common 115.9 inch wheelbase shared with wagons of all three mid-price divisions and Chevrolet (and all B-platform sedans). In the redesign, the Custom Cruiser shed 14 inches in length, 11 inches of wheelbase, and up to 900 pounds of curb weight (though becoming taller). Though sharing its wheelbase with the intermediate Vista Cruiser (and nearly 200 pounds lighter) prior to its 1978 replacement, the Custom Cruiser remained in the full-size segment, as its body was several inches wider and taller. Powertrain At its 1977 launch, the second-generation Custom Cruiser was offered with two engines, a 170 hp 350 cubic-inch Oldsmobile V8, with a 185 hp 403 cubic-inch Oldsmobile V8 as an option. For 1979, both engines were detuned: the 350 was detuned to 160 hp and the 403 offered 175 hp. After 1980, both the 350 and the 403 were replaced by the 307. For 1980, Oldsmobile introduced its third (and last) V8 engine for the B-platform, the 307. Initially producing 150 hp, the 307 was detuned to 140 hp for 1981. For 1985, new "swirl port" cylinder heads were given to the 307. While engine horsepower was not increased, the design increased torque and driveability; at the expense of high RPM power and performance, the heads featured relatively small intake ports. Along with the new cylinder heads, roller lifters replaced flat lifters. For 1980 in California-market examples, Oldsmobile introduced a new E4ME electronic carburetor, using CCC (Computer Command Control); in 1981, the 4-barrel carburetor was adopted in all 50 states, replacing the previous mechanical M4ME version. In Canada, E4ME was not adopted until 1986. 1977-1990 Custom Cruisers were fitted with two different automatic transmissions. From 1977 until 1980, the 3-speed THM200 was the sole transmission. From 1981 through 1990, the THM200-4R 4-speed automatic with overdrive was added, as GM added a lock-up torque converter and a 0.67:1 overdrive ratio. With the overdrive transmission, the Custom Cruiser drive with a numerically higher rear axle ratio for better performance, while offering improved fuel economy with the overdrive range In its final year of production, the second-generation Custom Cruiser marked the end of the Oldsmobile-produced V8 (formerly the "Rocket V8"). Shifting from its long-running practice of each division developing its own engines, during the 1980s, GM consolidated V8 production in non-Cadillac full-size cars towards Chevrolet and Oldsmobile, with the latter division developing diesel engines. Towards the end of the decade, GM phased out the Oldsmobile V8 family, as the 307 was the final engine produced by the company without fuel injection. After 1990, Oldsmobile would not have a division-produced engine; the only GM division-unique engine family developed since 1990 was the Cadillac Northstar (developed with some Oldsmobile and Pontiac applications). Oldsmobile diesel V8 For 1978, Oldsmobile introduced its first diesel engine, a naturally aspirated 120 hp 350 cubic-inch V8. For 1980, the V8 was retuned to 105 hp, remaining an option through 1985. Body In contrast to the 1971-1976 Custom Cruiser (a hybrid of the Delta 88 and the Ninety-Eight), Oldsmobile styled the 1977 Custom Cruiser as a station wagon version of the Delta 88, adopting its front fascia entirely. To distinguish itself from its nearly identical Buick, Chevrolet, and Pontiac counterparts, the Custom Cruiser was given its simulated wood design, with wood following the curve of the wheel wells. Though interior space was reduced only marginally through the downsizing, the full-size Custom Cruiser and the intermediate Vista Cruiser/Cutlass Supreme wagon switched places as the longest Oldsmobile wagon; this lasted only for 1977, as GM intermediates underwent their own downsizing for 1978. In a major departure from the 2-piece "clamshell" tailgate of its predecessor, the Custom Cruiser was fitted with a two-way tailgate; similar to configurations offered by Ford and Chrysler, the two-way tailgate opened to the side as a door or hinged down as a tailgate (with the rear window glass retracted). The third-row seat made its return, allowing for 8-passenger seating; to allow for production commonality on a single wheelbase, the Custom Cruiser was produced with a rear-facing third row seat (as were all full-size GM station wagons). Alongside all B-platform station wagons and sedans, the Custom Cruiser saw an exterior update for 1980, with wagons receiving a new front fascia. To aid aerodynamics and fuel economy the grille and front fascia were redesigned, with the headlamps mounted closer to the front bumpers. Similar to the other B-body Oldsmobile's, the Custom Cruiser gained wraparound front marker lights. In a minor change, the design of the simulated woodgrain adopted the common layout used by Buick and Chevrolet, joining the headlamps and taillamps. From 1980 until 1990, the exterior and interior of the Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser saw almost no visible change, besides a small front fascia swap in 1985. Instead of the split-grille style from 1980-1984, the Custom Cruiser was now fitted with a single, wider grille. Along with the wider grille came a sharper header panel, instead of curving off on the edge. In 1986, the rear tailgate saw the addition of a federally mandated third brake light. In 1989, the seat belts in the B-body lineup were modified to meet federal safety standards. The rear outboard seats were fitted with shoulder belts and as the platform was not designed for airbags, the front shoulder belts were shifted from the B-pillar to the front doors for 1990, allowing the seat belts to remain buckled at all times. Production figures Third generation (1991–1992) For 1991, General Motors redesigned its full-size B-body line for the first time since 1977. Though chassis underpinnings saw only minor updates, substantial updates were made to the body and interior. As part of the redesign, the Custom Cruiser received functional upgrades including anti-lock brakes and a driver-side airbag (replacing the door-mounted passive-restraint seatbelts). The Custom Cruiser was joined by a redesigned Chevrolet Caprice wagon, with the Buick Estate renamed as the Buick Roadmaster (Pontiac retired the Safari after 1989). In contrast to Chevrolet and Buick, Oldsmobile was the only GM division to market the full-size B-body exclusively as a station wagon (with the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight serving as its largest sedan). For 1992, sales of the model line declined over 40 percent, leading the division to discontinue the model line for 1993 in favor of concentrating resources towards the Bravada SUV and Silhouette minivan. On June 5, 1992, Oldsmobile produced the final Custom Cruiser station wagon; it would be the final Oldsmobile-brand vehicle produced with a V8 engine and rear-wheel drive. The Custom Cruiser was also the final Oldsmobile produced exclusively with a 3-passenger front bench seat; with the sole exception of the Cutlass Ciera/Cutlass Cruiser, all subsequent vehicles produced by the division were offered with 2-passenger front seating as standard or as an option. Chassis The 1991 and 1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser is based upon the GM B platform, carrying over the 116-inch wheelbase from the previous generation. Primarily through the addition of safety equipment upgrades, the redesign of the Custom Cruiser added nearly 100 pounds of weight to the vehicle (though nearly 650 pounds lighter than a 1976 counterpart). Following the 1992 discontinuation of the Custom Cruiser, the Buick Roadmaster Estate and Chevrolet Caprice Estate were produced with no major changes (to the B-body platform) through their 1996 discontinuation, outside of the 1994 replacement of the L05 V8 with the LT1 V8 for 1994. Powertrain In a central part of the 1991 redesign of the B platform, General Motors retired its practice of divisionally-developed engines in favor of standardizing the Chevrolet small-block V8 across all GM rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. The Oldsmobile 307 from the previous generation was replaced by a 170hp 5.0L V8 (a 30hp increase); in a first for a rear-wheel drive Oldsmobile, the V8 was fuel-injected. For 1992, a 180hp 5.7 L V8 was introduced as an option. Both engines were paired with the Hydramatic 4L60 4-speed overdrive automatic (replacing the THM200-4R). Body As with the previous generation, the Custom Cruiser shared nearly its entire body with its Chevrolet and Buick counterparts, sharing design features from both model lines. The body-color split grille was derived nearly entirely from the Chevrolet Caprice, with a fixed second-row skylight shared with the Roadmaster Estate. Though actually 2.8 inches shorter (and 1.8 inches taller) than the previous generation, the low-skirted rear fender wells In a major break from both its predecessor and the Caprice/Roadmaster, exterior woodgrain trim was discontinued, instead styled with two-tone paint as standard; wire-style wheelcovers were replaced by aluminum-alloy wheels. In another major change, the use of chrome trim was extensively reduced, with body-color bumper covers integrated into the body. While its aerodynamically-curved rear roofline proved beneficial for fuel economy, the design forced the retirement of the three-way tailgate. In place of a liftgate (similar to the smaller Cutlass Cruiser), the body was configured with a hatch-type rear window (adding a rear windscreen wiper) and a two-way tailgate. As all Custom Cruisers were fitted with three-row seating, the cargo area was fitted with pop-out vent windows to aid airflow and ventilation. Though sharing a nearly identical dashboard design as its divisional counterparts (differing primarily in trim), the Custom Cruiser was fitted with its own seat and wood trim design. In contrast to its predecessor, the instrument panel was fitted with a full set of analog gauges (matching the Cutlass Supreme, Touring Sedan, and Troféo). Cloth-trim seats were standard, with leather-trim seats offered as an option. In line with smaller station wagons, a privacy cover was offered as option for the cargo area. Production figures References Flammang, James & Ron Kowalke (1999). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-755-0. Gunnell, John, ed. (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-096-3. Gunnell, John (2003). The Standard Catalog of V-8 Engines 1906–2002. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-446-6. External links Oldsmobile Club of America GM Skywagon Club (recognizes 1991-92 models as Skywagons)
manufacturer
{ "answer_start": [ 404 ], "text": [ "General Motors" ] }
The Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser is an automobile that was manufactured and marketed by Oldsmobile from 1971 until 1992. Marking the return of Oldsmobile to the full-size station wagon segment, the Custom Cruiser was initially slotted above the intermediate Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser, ultimately above the later mid-size Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser. For three generations, the Custom Cruiser shared the General Motors B platform with the Buick Estate, Pontiac Safari, and the Chevrolet Caprice (initially Chevrolet Kingswood) station wagons. Within Oldsmobile, the Custom Cruiser shared its trim with the Oldsmobile Delta 88 and Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight. During 1985 and 1986, all three GM mid-price divisions downsized their B-platform full-size sedans, leaving the Custom Cruiser with no sedan counterpart. After the discontinuation of the Cutlass Supreme Classic, the model line became the sole Oldsmobile sold with rear-wheel drive. Following the 1992 model year, production of the Custom Cruiser was discontinued. Alongside an extensive redesign for 1991, Oldsmobile had already initiated station wagon alternatives, introducing both the Oldsmobile Silhouette minivan (1990) and Oldsmobile Bravada mid-size SUV (1991). In total, Oldsmobile produced 451,819 Custom Cruisers over 21 years. Following the discontinuation of the model line, GM ended full-size station wagon production after 1996, becoming the final American-brand manufacturer to do so at the time. First use of name The Custom Cruiser nameplate was introduced by Oldsmobile in 1940, as the division introduced formal names for its vehicles for the first time, introducing the flagship Custom Cruiser 90. For 1941, the model line was offered with both inline-6 and inline-8 engines, with Oldsmobile renaming it as the Custom Cruiser 96 and Custom Cruiser 98. For 1942, the Custom Cruiser 96 was dropped, leaving the 98 as the flagship Oldsmobile. Dropping the Custom Cruiser name after 1947, the 98 (later renamed Ninety-Eight) remained on the C-body chassis through its 1996 discontinuation. Following the introduction of the Vista Cruiser and the return of the Custom Cruiser, Oldsmobile expanded the use of the "Cruiser" nameplate across many of its 1970s and 1980s station wagon lines, including the Cutlass (Supreme) Cruiser, Firenza Cruiser, and Cutlass Cruiser (Cutlass Ciera). First generation (1971–1976) For the 1971 model year, full-size station wagons returned to the Oldsmobile product range (for the first time since 1964), coinciding with the redesign of GM full-size product range. In place of the previous Fiesta name used for Oldsmobile station wagons, the Custom Cruiser name was revived, slotting it above the A-body Vista Cruiser wagon. Sharing its body with the Buick Estate and Pontiac Safari (Grand Safari), the Custom Cruiser was slightly longer than Chevrolet Impala/Caprice station wagons. Though designed without the distinctive glass roof panels of the Vista Cruiser, the Custom Cruiser and its counterparts shared its interior layout; the optional third-row seat was faced forward (except on Chevrolet wagons). Similar to the Chevrolet Suburban, the third-row seat was accessed by a split second-row bench seat that folded forward, expanding seating to eight passengers. Following the fitment of 5 mph bumpers, the 1974-1976 Custom Cruiser grew to over 19 feet long, becoming one of the largest vehicles ever built by Oldsmobile. Chassis The Custom Cruiser (and its Buick and Pontiac counterparts) used the GM B-body chassis, extended to the 127-inch wheelbase used by the GM C-body platform (used by the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight and Buick Electra). In contrast to GM B/C/D-platform vehicles of the time, GM 1971-1976 full-size station wagons used a rear suspension of multi-leaf rear springs (in line with the C/K trucks of the time). At 5,161 lb (2,341 kg) shipping weight (5,186 lb (2,352 kg) with woodgrain), or about 5,400 lb (2,400 kg) curb weight, the three-seat 1974 Custom Cruiser wagons are the heaviest Oldsmobiles ever built. Along with similar versions of the Buick Estate, the model line also serves as the heaviest sedan-based GM vehicle ever produced. The Custom Cruiser used the longest wheelbase in its segment, besting all Chrysler wagons (124 inches), the AMC Ambassador (122 inches), and Ford/Mercury wagons (121 inches), shorter only than the 1973 redesign of the Chevrolet/GMC Suburban (129.5 inches). Powertrain Oldsmobile offered the 455 cubic-inch Rocket V8 in various states of tune from 1971 until 1976 (the "Rocket" brand itself was discontinued in 1975). A 190hp 400 cubic-inch Pontiac V8 was offered for 1975. From 1971 to 1976, the model line was offered solely with the GM Turbo-Hydramatic 400 3-speed automatic transmission. Body While sharing its roofline and doors with its divisional counterparts, the body of the Custom Cruiser was styled as a hybrid of the B-body Delta 88 and the C-body Ninety-Eight, using components from both model lines. From the Ninety-Eight, the Custom Cruiser shared its front fascia and rear quarter panels (and front fender skirts); the interior adopted trim elements from both the Delta 88 and Ninety-Eight. In line with the Vista Cruiser, simulated woodgrain trim was offered as an option, with nearly 80% of buyers selecting the feature. During its production, the Custom Cruiser followed the exterior design of Ninety-Eight, receiving a new front bumper for 1972; front and rear 5-mph bumpers were adding during 1973 and 1974, respectively. For 1974, the grille underwent a redesign. For 1976, the Custom Cruiser received a second revision. Largely a preview of the 1977 Oldsmobile 98, the fascia was given four square headlights with outboard marker lights. Clamshell tailgate design Along with all other 1971-1976 General Motors full-size station wagons built on the B-platform, first-generation Custom Cruiser wagons feature a "clamshell" tailgate design. A two-piece tailgate configuration, the tailgate slid into a recess under the cargo floor while the rear glass window retracted up into the roof; the design operated either manually or with optional power assist. The first powered tailgate in automotive history, the powered option ultimately became standard, as the manual tailgate required a degree of effort to lift out of storage. The system was operated from either an instrument panel switch or by key on the rear quarter panel. The clamshell tailgate was intended to aid the loading of the 19-foot long station wagons in tight parking spaces. Heavy and complex, the system was not included in the 1977 redesign of the model line. Over one foot shorter and over 1,000 pounds lighter overall, the new body was designed with a two-way tailgate (a design first developed by Ford). Production Figures Note: 1971-1976 model years are the only production figures that Oldsmobile broke down specifically by body configuration (i.e., woodgrain, two-row or three-row seating) Second generation (1977–1990) For the 1977 model year, the second-generation Custom Cruiser was released as part of the downsizing of the entire GM full-size range. In another revision, the Custom Cruiser became a direct counterpart of the Delta 88 sedan. Again the counterpart of the Buick Estate and Pontiac Safari, the Custom Cruiser now shared its body with Chevrolet station wagons. Following the exit of Chrysler from the segment after 1977, the Custom Cruiser competed primarily against the Ford LTD Country Squire and Mercury Colony Park, which remained in production through 1991. After the 1985 model year, the Custom Cruiser became the largest Oldsmobile, as GM shifted Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac B-body sedans to the front-wheel drive H-platform, downsizing them again. Along with the Chevrolet Caprice remaining the sole B-body sedan/wagon, Oldsmobile and Buick station wagons became distinct model lines (the Pontiac Safari ended production after 1989). Chassis The second-generation Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (as with all full-size GM station wagons) is based on the GM B-platform. As part of the GM downsizing, station wagons were consolidated upon a common 115.9 inch wheelbase shared with wagons of all three mid-price divisions and Chevrolet (and all B-platform sedans). In the redesign, the Custom Cruiser shed 14 inches in length, 11 inches of wheelbase, and up to 900 pounds of curb weight (though becoming taller). Though sharing its wheelbase with the intermediate Vista Cruiser (and nearly 200 pounds lighter) prior to its 1978 replacement, the Custom Cruiser remained in the full-size segment, as its body was several inches wider and taller. Powertrain At its 1977 launch, the second-generation Custom Cruiser was offered with two engines, a 170 hp 350 cubic-inch Oldsmobile V8, with a 185 hp 403 cubic-inch Oldsmobile V8 as an option. For 1979, both engines were detuned: the 350 was detuned to 160 hp and the 403 offered 175 hp. After 1980, both the 350 and the 403 were replaced by the 307. For 1980, Oldsmobile introduced its third (and last) V8 engine for the B-platform, the 307. Initially producing 150 hp, the 307 was detuned to 140 hp for 1981. For 1985, new "swirl port" cylinder heads were given to the 307. While engine horsepower was not increased, the design increased torque and driveability; at the expense of high RPM power and performance, the heads featured relatively small intake ports. Along with the new cylinder heads, roller lifters replaced flat lifters. For 1980 in California-market examples, Oldsmobile introduced a new E4ME electronic carburetor, using CCC (Computer Command Control); in 1981, the 4-barrel carburetor was adopted in all 50 states, replacing the previous mechanical M4ME version. In Canada, E4ME was not adopted until 1986. 1977-1990 Custom Cruisers were fitted with two different automatic transmissions. From 1977 until 1980, the 3-speed THM200 was the sole transmission. From 1981 through 1990, the THM200-4R 4-speed automatic with overdrive was added, as GM added a lock-up torque converter and a 0.67:1 overdrive ratio. With the overdrive transmission, the Custom Cruiser drive with a numerically higher rear axle ratio for better performance, while offering improved fuel economy with the overdrive range In its final year of production, the second-generation Custom Cruiser marked the end of the Oldsmobile-produced V8 (formerly the "Rocket V8"). Shifting from its long-running practice of each division developing its own engines, during the 1980s, GM consolidated V8 production in non-Cadillac full-size cars towards Chevrolet and Oldsmobile, with the latter division developing diesel engines. Towards the end of the decade, GM phased out the Oldsmobile V8 family, as the 307 was the final engine produced by the company without fuel injection. After 1990, Oldsmobile would not have a division-produced engine; the only GM division-unique engine family developed since 1990 was the Cadillac Northstar (developed with some Oldsmobile and Pontiac applications). Oldsmobile diesel V8 For 1978, Oldsmobile introduced its first diesel engine, a naturally aspirated 120 hp 350 cubic-inch V8. For 1980, the V8 was retuned to 105 hp, remaining an option through 1985. Body In contrast to the 1971-1976 Custom Cruiser (a hybrid of the Delta 88 and the Ninety-Eight), Oldsmobile styled the 1977 Custom Cruiser as a station wagon version of the Delta 88, adopting its front fascia entirely. To distinguish itself from its nearly identical Buick, Chevrolet, and Pontiac counterparts, the Custom Cruiser was given its simulated wood design, with wood following the curve of the wheel wells. Though interior space was reduced only marginally through the downsizing, the full-size Custom Cruiser and the intermediate Vista Cruiser/Cutlass Supreme wagon switched places as the longest Oldsmobile wagon; this lasted only for 1977, as GM intermediates underwent their own downsizing for 1978. In a major departure from the 2-piece "clamshell" tailgate of its predecessor, the Custom Cruiser was fitted with a two-way tailgate; similar to configurations offered by Ford and Chrysler, the two-way tailgate opened to the side as a door or hinged down as a tailgate (with the rear window glass retracted). The third-row seat made its return, allowing for 8-passenger seating; to allow for production commonality on a single wheelbase, the Custom Cruiser was produced with a rear-facing third row seat (as were all full-size GM station wagons). Alongside all B-platform station wagons and sedans, the Custom Cruiser saw an exterior update for 1980, with wagons receiving a new front fascia. To aid aerodynamics and fuel economy the grille and front fascia were redesigned, with the headlamps mounted closer to the front bumpers. Similar to the other B-body Oldsmobile's, the Custom Cruiser gained wraparound front marker lights. In a minor change, the design of the simulated woodgrain adopted the common layout used by Buick and Chevrolet, joining the headlamps and taillamps. From 1980 until 1990, the exterior and interior of the Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser saw almost no visible change, besides a small front fascia swap in 1985. Instead of the split-grille style from 1980-1984, the Custom Cruiser was now fitted with a single, wider grille. Along with the wider grille came a sharper header panel, instead of curving off on the edge. In 1986, the rear tailgate saw the addition of a federally mandated third brake light. In 1989, the seat belts in the B-body lineup were modified to meet federal safety standards. The rear outboard seats were fitted with shoulder belts and as the platform was not designed for airbags, the front shoulder belts were shifted from the B-pillar to the front doors for 1990, allowing the seat belts to remain buckled at all times. Production figures Third generation (1991–1992) For 1991, General Motors redesigned its full-size B-body line for the first time since 1977. Though chassis underpinnings saw only minor updates, substantial updates were made to the body and interior. As part of the redesign, the Custom Cruiser received functional upgrades including anti-lock brakes and a driver-side airbag (replacing the door-mounted passive-restraint seatbelts). The Custom Cruiser was joined by a redesigned Chevrolet Caprice wagon, with the Buick Estate renamed as the Buick Roadmaster (Pontiac retired the Safari after 1989). In contrast to Chevrolet and Buick, Oldsmobile was the only GM division to market the full-size B-body exclusively as a station wagon (with the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight serving as its largest sedan). For 1992, sales of the model line declined over 40 percent, leading the division to discontinue the model line for 1993 in favor of concentrating resources towards the Bravada SUV and Silhouette minivan. On June 5, 1992, Oldsmobile produced the final Custom Cruiser station wagon; it would be the final Oldsmobile-brand vehicle produced with a V8 engine and rear-wheel drive. The Custom Cruiser was also the final Oldsmobile produced exclusively with a 3-passenger front bench seat; with the sole exception of the Cutlass Ciera/Cutlass Cruiser, all subsequent vehicles produced by the division were offered with 2-passenger front seating as standard or as an option. Chassis The 1991 and 1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser is based upon the GM B platform, carrying over the 116-inch wheelbase from the previous generation. Primarily through the addition of safety equipment upgrades, the redesign of the Custom Cruiser added nearly 100 pounds of weight to the vehicle (though nearly 650 pounds lighter than a 1976 counterpart). Following the 1992 discontinuation of the Custom Cruiser, the Buick Roadmaster Estate and Chevrolet Caprice Estate were produced with no major changes (to the B-body platform) through their 1996 discontinuation, outside of the 1994 replacement of the L05 V8 with the LT1 V8 for 1994. Powertrain In a central part of the 1991 redesign of the B platform, General Motors retired its practice of divisionally-developed engines in favor of standardizing the Chevrolet small-block V8 across all GM rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. The Oldsmobile 307 from the previous generation was replaced by a 170hp 5.0L V8 (a 30hp increase); in a first for a rear-wheel drive Oldsmobile, the V8 was fuel-injected. For 1992, a 180hp 5.7 L V8 was introduced as an option. Both engines were paired with the Hydramatic 4L60 4-speed overdrive automatic (replacing the THM200-4R). Body As with the previous generation, the Custom Cruiser shared nearly its entire body with its Chevrolet and Buick counterparts, sharing design features from both model lines. The body-color split grille was derived nearly entirely from the Chevrolet Caprice, with a fixed second-row skylight shared with the Roadmaster Estate. Though actually 2.8 inches shorter (and 1.8 inches taller) than the previous generation, the low-skirted rear fender wells In a major break from both its predecessor and the Caprice/Roadmaster, exterior woodgrain trim was discontinued, instead styled with two-tone paint as standard; wire-style wheelcovers were replaced by aluminum-alloy wheels. In another major change, the use of chrome trim was extensively reduced, with body-color bumper covers integrated into the body. While its aerodynamically-curved rear roofline proved beneficial for fuel economy, the design forced the retirement of the three-way tailgate. In place of a liftgate (similar to the smaller Cutlass Cruiser), the body was configured with a hatch-type rear window (adding a rear windscreen wiper) and a two-way tailgate. As all Custom Cruisers were fitted with three-row seating, the cargo area was fitted with pop-out vent windows to aid airflow and ventilation. Though sharing a nearly identical dashboard design as its divisional counterparts (differing primarily in trim), the Custom Cruiser was fitted with its own seat and wood trim design. In contrast to its predecessor, the instrument panel was fitted with a full set of analog gauges (matching the Cutlass Supreme, Touring Sedan, and Troféo). Cloth-trim seats were standard, with leather-trim seats offered as an option. In line with smaller station wagons, a privacy cover was offered as option for the cargo area. Production figures References Flammang, James & Ron Kowalke (1999). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-755-0. Gunnell, John, ed. (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-096-3. Gunnell, John (2003). The Standard Catalog of V-8 Engines 1906–2002. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-446-6. External links Oldsmobile Club of America GM Skywagon Club (recognizes 1991-92 models as Skywagons)
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser" ] }
The Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser is an automobile that was manufactured and marketed by Oldsmobile from 1971 until 1992. Marking the return of Oldsmobile to the full-size station wagon segment, the Custom Cruiser was initially slotted above the intermediate Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser, ultimately above the later mid-size Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser. For three generations, the Custom Cruiser shared the General Motors B platform with the Buick Estate, Pontiac Safari, and the Chevrolet Caprice (initially Chevrolet Kingswood) station wagons. Within Oldsmobile, the Custom Cruiser shared its trim with the Oldsmobile Delta 88 and Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight. During 1985 and 1986, all three GM mid-price divisions downsized their B-platform full-size sedans, leaving the Custom Cruiser with no sedan counterpart. After the discontinuation of the Cutlass Supreme Classic, the model line became the sole Oldsmobile sold with rear-wheel drive. Following the 1992 model year, production of the Custom Cruiser was discontinued. Alongside an extensive redesign for 1991, Oldsmobile had already initiated station wagon alternatives, introducing both the Oldsmobile Silhouette minivan (1990) and Oldsmobile Bravada mid-size SUV (1991). In total, Oldsmobile produced 451,819 Custom Cruisers over 21 years. Following the discontinuation of the model line, GM ended full-size station wagon production after 1996, becoming the final American-brand manufacturer to do so at the time. First use of name The Custom Cruiser nameplate was introduced by Oldsmobile in 1940, as the division introduced formal names for its vehicles for the first time, introducing the flagship Custom Cruiser 90. For 1941, the model line was offered with both inline-6 and inline-8 engines, with Oldsmobile renaming it as the Custom Cruiser 96 and Custom Cruiser 98. For 1942, the Custom Cruiser 96 was dropped, leaving the 98 as the flagship Oldsmobile. Dropping the Custom Cruiser name after 1947, the 98 (later renamed Ninety-Eight) remained on the C-body chassis through its 1996 discontinuation. Following the introduction of the Vista Cruiser and the return of the Custom Cruiser, Oldsmobile expanded the use of the "Cruiser" nameplate across many of its 1970s and 1980s station wagon lines, including the Cutlass (Supreme) Cruiser, Firenza Cruiser, and Cutlass Cruiser (Cutlass Ciera). First generation (1971–1976) For the 1971 model year, full-size station wagons returned to the Oldsmobile product range (for the first time since 1964), coinciding with the redesign of GM full-size product range. In place of the previous Fiesta name used for Oldsmobile station wagons, the Custom Cruiser name was revived, slotting it above the A-body Vista Cruiser wagon. Sharing its body with the Buick Estate and Pontiac Safari (Grand Safari), the Custom Cruiser was slightly longer than Chevrolet Impala/Caprice station wagons. Though designed without the distinctive glass roof panels of the Vista Cruiser, the Custom Cruiser and its counterparts shared its interior layout; the optional third-row seat was faced forward (except on Chevrolet wagons). Similar to the Chevrolet Suburban, the third-row seat was accessed by a split second-row bench seat that folded forward, expanding seating to eight passengers. Following the fitment of 5 mph bumpers, the 1974-1976 Custom Cruiser grew to over 19 feet long, becoming one of the largest vehicles ever built by Oldsmobile. Chassis The Custom Cruiser (and its Buick and Pontiac counterparts) used the GM B-body chassis, extended to the 127-inch wheelbase used by the GM C-body platform (used by the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight and Buick Electra). In contrast to GM B/C/D-platform vehicles of the time, GM 1971-1976 full-size station wagons used a rear suspension of multi-leaf rear springs (in line with the C/K trucks of the time). At 5,161 lb (2,341 kg) shipping weight (5,186 lb (2,352 kg) with woodgrain), or about 5,400 lb (2,400 kg) curb weight, the three-seat 1974 Custom Cruiser wagons are the heaviest Oldsmobiles ever built. Along with similar versions of the Buick Estate, the model line also serves as the heaviest sedan-based GM vehicle ever produced. The Custom Cruiser used the longest wheelbase in its segment, besting all Chrysler wagons (124 inches), the AMC Ambassador (122 inches), and Ford/Mercury wagons (121 inches), shorter only than the 1973 redesign of the Chevrolet/GMC Suburban (129.5 inches). Powertrain Oldsmobile offered the 455 cubic-inch Rocket V8 in various states of tune from 1971 until 1976 (the "Rocket" brand itself was discontinued in 1975). A 190hp 400 cubic-inch Pontiac V8 was offered for 1975. From 1971 to 1976, the model line was offered solely with the GM Turbo-Hydramatic 400 3-speed automatic transmission. Body While sharing its roofline and doors with its divisional counterparts, the body of the Custom Cruiser was styled as a hybrid of the B-body Delta 88 and the C-body Ninety-Eight, using components from both model lines. From the Ninety-Eight, the Custom Cruiser shared its front fascia and rear quarter panels (and front fender skirts); the interior adopted trim elements from both the Delta 88 and Ninety-Eight. In line with the Vista Cruiser, simulated woodgrain trim was offered as an option, with nearly 80% of buyers selecting the feature. During its production, the Custom Cruiser followed the exterior design of Ninety-Eight, receiving a new front bumper for 1972; front and rear 5-mph bumpers were adding during 1973 and 1974, respectively. For 1974, the grille underwent a redesign. For 1976, the Custom Cruiser received a second revision. Largely a preview of the 1977 Oldsmobile 98, the fascia was given four square headlights with outboard marker lights. Clamshell tailgate design Along with all other 1971-1976 General Motors full-size station wagons built on the B-platform, first-generation Custom Cruiser wagons feature a "clamshell" tailgate design. A two-piece tailgate configuration, the tailgate slid into a recess under the cargo floor while the rear glass window retracted up into the roof; the design operated either manually or with optional power assist. The first powered tailgate in automotive history, the powered option ultimately became standard, as the manual tailgate required a degree of effort to lift out of storage. The system was operated from either an instrument panel switch or by key on the rear quarter panel. The clamshell tailgate was intended to aid the loading of the 19-foot long station wagons in tight parking spaces. Heavy and complex, the system was not included in the 1977 redesign of the model line. Over one foot shorter and over 1,000 pounds lighter overall, the new body was designed with a two-way tailgate (a design first developed by Ford). Production Figures Note: 1971-1976 model years are the only production figures that Oldsmobile broke down specifically by body configuration (i.e., woodgrain, two-row or three-row seating) Second generation (1977–1990) For the 1977 model year, the second-generation Custom Cruiser was released as part of the downsizing of the entire GM full-size range. In another revision, the Custom Cruiser became a direct counterpart of the Delta 88 sedan. Again the counterpart of the Buick Estate and Pontiac Safari, the Custom Cruiser now shared its body with Chevrolet station wagons. Following the exit of Chrysler from the segment after 1977, the Custom Cruiser competed primarily against the Ford LTD Country Squire and Mercury Colony Park, which remained in production through 1991. After the 1985 model year, the Custom Cruiser became the largest Oldsmobile, as GM shifted Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac B-body sedans to the front-wheel drive H-platform, downsizing them again. Along with the Chevrolet Caprice remaining the sole B-body sedan/wagon, Oldsmobile and Buick station wagons became distinct model lines (the Pontiac Safari ended production after 1989). Chassis The second-generation Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (as with all full-size GM station wagons) is based on the GM B-platform. As part of the GM downsizing, station wagons were consolidated upon a common 115.9 inch wheelbase shared with wagons of all three mid-price divisions and Chevrolet (and all B-platform sedans). In the redesign, the Custom Cruiser shed 14 inches in length, 11 inches of wheelbase, and up to 900 pounds of curb weight (though becoming taller). Though sharing its wheelbase with the intermediate Vista Cruiser (and nearly 200 pounds lighter) prior to its 1978 replacement, the Custom Cruiser remained in the full-size segment, as its body was several inches wider and taller. Powertrain At its 1977 launch, the second-generation Custom Cruiser was offered with two engines, a 170 hp 350 cubic-inch Oldsmobile V8, with a 185 hp 403 cubic-inch Oldsmobile V8 as an option. For 1979, both engines were detuned: the 350 was detuned to 160 hp and the 403 offered 175 hp. After 1980, both the 350 and the 403 were replaced by the 307. For 1980, Oldsmobile introduced its third (and last) V8 engine for the B-platform, the 307. Initially producing 150 hp, the 307 was detuned to 140 hp for 1981. For 1985, new "swirl port" cylinder heads were given to the 307. While engine horsepower was not increased, the design increased torque and driveability; at the expense of high RPM power and performance, the heads featured relatively small intake ports. Along with the new cylinder heads, roller lifters replaced flat lifters. For 1980 in California-market examples, Oldsmobile introduced a new E4ME electronic carburetor, using CCC (Computer Command Control); in 1981, the 4-barrel carburetor was adopted in all 50 states, replacing the previous mechanical M4ME version. In Canada, E4ME was not adopted until 1986. 1977-1990 Custom Cruisers were fitted with two different automatic transmissions. From 1977 until 1980, the 3-speed THM200 was the sole transmission. From 1981 through 1990, the THM200-4R 4-speed automatic with overdrive was added, as GM added a lock-up torque converter and a 0.67:1 overdrive ratio. With the overdrive transmission, the Custom Cruiser drive with a numerically higher rear axle ratio for better performance, while offering improved fuel economy with the overdrive range In its final year of production, the second-generation Custom Cruiser marked the end of the Oldsmobile-produced V8 (formerly the "Rocket V8"). Shifting from its long-running practice of each division developing its own engines, during the 1980s, GM consolidated V8 production in non-Cadillac full-size cars towards Chevrolet and Oldsmobile, with the latter division developing diesel engines. Towards the end of the decade, GM phased out the Oldsmobile V8 family, as the 307 was the final engine produced by the company without fuel injection. After 1990, Oldsmobile would not have a division-produced engine; the only GM division-unique engine family developed since 1990 was the Cadillac Northstar (developed with some Oldsmobile and Pontiac applications). Oldsmobile diesel V8 For 1978, Oldsmobile introduced its first diesel engine, a naturally aspirated 120 hp 350 cubic-inch V8. For 1980, the V8 was retuned to 105 hp, remaining an option through 1985. Body In contrast to the 1971-1976 Custom Cruiser (a hybrid of the Delta 88 and the Ninety-Eight), Oldsmobile styled the 1977 Custom Cruiser as a station wagon version of the Delta 88, adopting its front fascia entirely. To distinguish itself from its nearly identical Buick, Chevrolet, and Pontiac counterparts, the Custom Cruiser was given its simulated wood design, with wood following the curve of the wheel wells. Though interior space was reduced only marginally through the downsizing, the full-size Custom Cruiser and the intermediate Vista Cruiser/Cutlass Supreme wagon switched places as the longest Oldsmobile wagon; this lasted only for 1977, as GM intermediates underwent their own downsizing for 1978. In a major departure from the 2-piece "clamshell" tailgate of its predecessor, the Custom Cruiser was fitted with a two-way tailgate; similar to configurations offered by Ford and Chrysler, the two-way tailgate opened to the side as a door or hinged down as a tailgate (with the rear window glass retracted). The third-row seat made its return, allowing for 8-passenger seating; to allow for production commonality on a single wheelbase, the Custom Cruiser was produced with a rear-facing third row seat (as were all full-size GM station wagons). Alongside all B-platform station wagons and sedans, the Custom Cruiser saw an exterior update for 1980, with wagons receiving a new front fascia. To aid aerodynamics and fuel economy the grille and front fascia were redesigned, with the headlamps mounted closer to the front bumpers. Similar to the other B-body Oldsmobile's, the Custom Cruiser gained wraparound front marker lights. In a minor change, the design of the simulated woodgrain adopted the common layout used by Buick and Chevrolet, joining the headlamps and taillamps. From 1980 until 1990, the exterior and interior of the Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser saw almost no visible change, besides a small front fascia swap in 1985. Instead of the split-grille style from 1980-1984, the Custom Cruiser was now fitted with a single, wider grille. Along with the wider grille came a sharper header panel, instead of curving off on the edge. In 1986, the rear tailgate saw the addition of a federally mandated third brake light. In 1989, the seat belts in the B-body lineup were modified to meet federal safety standards. The rear outboard seats were fitted with shoulder belts and as the platform was not designed for airbags, the front shoulder belts were shifted from the B-pillar to the front doors for 1990, allowing the seat belts to remain buckled at all times. Production figures Third generation (1991–1992) For 1991, General Motors redesigned its full-size B-body line for the first time since 1977. Though chassis underpinnings saw only minor updates, substantial updates were made to the body and interior. As part of the redesign, the Custom Cruiser received functional upgrades including anti-lock brakes and a driver-side airbag (replacing the door-mounted passive-restraint seatbelts). The Custom Cruiser was joined by a redesigned Chevrolet Caprice wagon, with the Buick Estate renamed as the Buick Roadmaster (Pontiac retired the Safari after 1989). In contrast to Chevrolet and Buick, Oldsmobile was the only GM division to market the full-size B-body exclusively as a station wagon (with the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight serving as its largest sedan). For 1992, sales of the model line declined over 40 percent, leading the division to discontinue the model line for 1993 in favor of concentrating resources towards the Bravada SUV and Silhouette minivan. On June 5, 1992, Oldsmobile produced the final Custom Cruiser station wagon; it would be the final Oldsmobile-brand vehicle produced with a V8 engine and rear-wheel drive. The Custom Cruiser was also the final Oldsmobile produced exclusively with a 3-passenger front bench seat; with the sole exception of the Cutlass Ciera/Cutlass Cruiser, all subsequent vehicles produced by the division were offered with 2-passenger front seating as standard or as an option. Chassis The 1991 and 1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser is based upon the GM B platform, carrying over the 116-inch wheelbase from the previous generation. Primarily through the addition of safety equipment upgrades, the redesign of the Custom Cruiser added nearly 100 pounds of weight to the vehicle (though nearly 650 pounds lighter than a 1976 counterpart). Following the 1992 discontinuation of the Custom Cruiser, the Buick Roadmaster Estate and Chevrolet Caprice Estate were produced with no major changes (to the B-body platform) through their 1996 discontinuation, outside of the 1994 replacement of the L05 V8 with the LT1 V8 for 1994. Powertrain In a central part of the 1991 redesign of the B platform, General Motors retired its practice of divisionally-developed engines in favor of standardizing the Chevrolet small-block V8 across all GM rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. The Oldsmobile 307 from the previous generation was replaced by a 170hp 5.0L V8 (a 30hp increase); in a first for a rear-wheel drive Oldsmobile, the V8 was fuel-injected. For 1992, a 180hp 5.7 L V8 was introduced as an option. Both engines were paired with the Hydramatic 4L60 4-speed overdrive automatic (replacing the THM200-4R). Body As with the previous generation, the Custom Cruiser shared nearly its entire body with its Chevrolet and Buick counterparts, sharing design features from both model lines. The body-color split grille was derived nearly entirely from the Chevrolet Caprice, with a fixed second-row skylight shared with the Roadmaster Estate. Though actually 2.8 inches shorter (and 1.8 inches taller) than the previous generation, the low-skirted rear fender wells In a major break from both its predecessor and the Caprice/Roadmaster, exterior woodgrain trim was discontinued, instead styled with two-tone paint as standard; wire-style wheelcovers were replaced by aluminum-alloy wheels. In another major change, the use of chrome trim was extensively reduced, with body-color bumper covers integrated into the body. While its aerodynamically-curved rear roofline proved beneficial for fuel economy, the design forced the retirement of the three-way tailgate. In place of a liftgate (similar to the smaller Cutlass Cruiser), the body was configured with a hatch-type rear window (adding a rear windscreen wiper) and a two-way tailgate. As all Custom Cruisers were fitted with three-row seating, the cargo area was fitted with pop-out vent windows to aid airflow and ventilation. Though sharing a nearly identical dashboard design as its divisional counterparts (differing primarily in trim), the Custom Cruiser was fitted with its own seat and wood trim design. In contrast to its predecessor, the instrument panel was fitted with a full set of analog gauges (matching the Cutlass Supreme, Touring Sedan, and Troféo). Cloth-trim seats were standard, with leather-trim seats offered as an option. In line with smaller station wagons, a privacy cover was offered as option for the cargo area. Production figures References Flammang, James & Ron Kowalke (1999). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-755-0. Gunnell, John, ed. (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-096-3. Gunnell, John (2003). The Standard Catalog of V-8 Engines 1906–2002. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-446-6. External links Oldsmobile Club of America GM Skywagon Club (recognizes 1991-92 models as Skywagons)
brand
{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Oldsmobile" ] }
Shardara (Kazakh: Шардара, Şardara) is a town and the administrative center of Shardara District in Turkistan Region of central Kazakhstan. Population: 30,573 (2009 Census results);25,452 (1999 Census results). == References ==
country
{ "answer_start": [ 128 ], "text": [ "Kazakhstan" ] }
Shardara (Kazakh: Шардара, Şardara) is a town and the administrative center of Shardara District in Turkistan Region of central Kazakhstan. Population: 30,573 (2009 Census results);25,452 (1999 Census results). == References ==
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 79 ], "text": [ "Shardara District" ] }
Shardara (Kazakh: Шардара, Şardara) is a town and the administrative center of Shardara District in Turkistan Region of central Kazakhstan. Population: 30,573 (2009 Census results);25,452 (1999 Census results). == References ==
different from
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Shardara" ] }
Shardara (Kazakh: Шардара, Şardara) is a town and the administrative center of Shardara District in Turkistan Region of central Kazakhstan. Population: 30,573 (2009 Census results);25,452 (1999 Census results). == References ==
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Shardara" ] }
Shardara (Kazakh: Шардара, Şardara) is a town and the administrative center of Shardara District in Turkistan Region of central Kazakhstan. Population: 30,573 (2009 Census results);25,452 (1999 Census results). == References ==
capital of
{ "answer_start": [ 79 ], "text": [ "Shardara District" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Sullivan" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Alan" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
writing language
{ "answer_start": [ 1354 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 280 ], "text": [ "Montreal" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 611 ], "text": [ "Canada" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "poet" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
employer
{ "answer_start": [ 215 ], "text": [ "Canadian Pacific Railway" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
award received
{ "answer_start": [ 1325 ], "text": [ "Governor General's Award for English-language fiction" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Alan Sullivan" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
pseudonym
{ "answer_start": [ 1849 ], "text": [ "Sinclair Murray" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 1354 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
birth name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Edward Alan Sullivan" ] }
Edward Alan Sullivan (November 29, 1868 — August 6, 1947) was a Canadian poet and author of short stories. He is noted for his 1935 historical adventure novel The Great Divide, which depicts the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. History Born in St. George's Rectory, Montreal, he was the oldest son of Edward Sullivan and Frances Mary Renaud. In 1869, his father became rector of Trinity Church, Chicago. The family lived to the city in 1871, and thus witnessed the Great Chicago Fire. When he was 15, he began attending Loretto in Musselburgh, Scotland, a famous school for boys. On his return to Canada, he attended the School of Practical Science, Toronto. After this he did railway exploration work in the West, and later worked in mining. He was assistant engineer in the Clergue enterprises at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for a year and a half, before the organization of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. Subsequently, he spent several years as a mining engineer in the Lake of the Woods district during the period of its gold exploitation. Writing He gained recognition in the United States through his poems, short stories and comprehensive articles on various themes. These frequently appeared in Harper's Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and other leading American periodicals. In 1941 he won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for the novel Three Came to Ville Marie. Wonder Stories reviewed his lost race novel In the Beginning favorably, saying its depiction of an encounter between modern men and Pleistocene-era tribesmen was a "most tremendous drama of inter-racial conflict". Selected bibliography The Passing of Oul-i-but (1913) Blantyre — Alien (1914) The Inner Door (1917) Aviation in Canada, 1917-18 (1919) The Rapids (1920) The Crucible (1925) The Jade God (1925) Human Clay (1926; as Sinclair Murray) In the Beginning (1926; as Sinclair Murray) The Splendid Silence (1927) Whispering Lodge (1927) Under the Northern Lights (1928) Short Story collection: Trade The Eyes of Sebastien The Spirit of the North The Circuit of the Wild Swan The Blindness of Pituluk Motherhood The Magic of Kahdoosh The Reward of Kwasind The Loyalty of Peeguk The Passing of Chantie, the Curlew The Affair of Kalauk, the Skilful Hunter The Salving of Pyack A Little Way Ahead (1930; as Sinclair Murray) The Magic Makers (1930) The Golden Foundling (1931) The Great Divide (1935) With Love from Rachel (1938) Three Came to Ville Marie (1941) Cariboo Road (1946) References Biography by John Garvin, dated 1916 Full e-text of Under the Northern Lights, hosted by Project Gutenberg of Australia Partial e-text of The Passing of Oul-i-but, hosted by Mount Royal CollegeGordon D. McLeod. Essentially Canadian: The Life and Fiction of Alan Sullivan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982. External links Works by Alan Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by Alan Sullivan at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Alan Sullivan at Internet Archive Works by Alan Sullivan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Alan Sullivan at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)
name in native language
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Edward Alan Sullivan" ] }
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors. He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus. College career Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011. He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards. He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards. He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles. As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss. Professional career St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble. On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams. Oakland Raiders On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019. San Francisco 49ers On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later. Las Vegas Raiders On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later. New Orleans Saints On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad. Pittsburgh Maulers On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022. Michigan Panthers Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster. References External links Los Angeles Rams bio West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio Pro-Football-Reference
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 2217 ], "text": [ "Oakland" ] }
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors. He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus. College career Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011. He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards. He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards. He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles. As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss. Professional career St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble. On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams. Oakland Raiders On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019. San Francisco 49ers On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later. Las Vegas Raiders On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later. New Orleans Saints On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad. Pittsburgh Maulers On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022. Michigan Panthers Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster. References External links Los Angeles Rams bio West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio Pro-Football-Reference
member of sports team
{ "answer_start": [ 1720 ], "text": [ "Los Angeles Rams" ] }
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors. He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus. College career Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011. He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards. He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards. He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles. As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss. Professional career St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble. On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams. Oakland Raiders On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019. San Francisco 49ers On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later. Las Vegas Raiders On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later. New Orleans Saints On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad. Pittsburgh Maulers On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022. Michigan Panthers Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster. References External links Los Angeles Rams bio West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio Pro-Football-Reference
educated at
{ "answer_start": [ 341 ], "text": [ "Franklin High School" ] }
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors. He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus. College career Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011. He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards. He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards. He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles. As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss. Professional career St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble. On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams. Oakland Raiders On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019. San Francisco 49ers On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later. Las Vegas Raiders On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later. New Orleans Saints On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad. Pittsburgh Maulers On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022. Michigan Panthers Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster. References External links Los Angeles Rams bio West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio Pro-Football-Reference
position played on team / speciality
{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "defensive end" ] }
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors. He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus. College career Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011. He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards. He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards. He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles. As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss. Professional career St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble. On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams. Oakland Raiders On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019. San Francisco 49ers On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later. Las Vegas Raiders On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later. New Orleans Saints On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad. Pittsburgh Maulers On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022. Michigan Panthers Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster. References External links Los Angeles Rams bio West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio Pro-Football-Reference
sport
{ "answer_start": [ 55 ], "text": [ "American football" ] }
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors. He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus. College career Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011. He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards. He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards. He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles. As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss. Professional career St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble. On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams. Oakland Raiders On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019. San Francisco 49ers On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later. Las Vegas Raiders On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later. New Orleans Saints On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad. Pittsburgh Maulers On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022. Michigan Panthers Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster. References External links Los Angeles Rams bio West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio Pro-Football-Reference
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Ethan" ] }
Argyrochosma delicatula is a fern known from northeastern Mexico (and from one collection in Arizona). It grows in rocky habitats, either in sun or in shade, and is distinguished from similar species by the presence of pale yellow (rather than white) powder on the underside of its leaves. First described as a species in 1939, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" (Notholaena sensu stricto). Description Argyrochosma delicatula is a medium-sized epipetric fern. The rhizome is compact, and may be horizontal or upright. It bears slender, linear to linear-subulate scales 4 to 6 millimeters (0.2 to 0.2 in) long and 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters (0.008 to 0.01 in) wide, of a uniform orange-brown to dark brown color, with entire (toothless) margins and long-acuminate at the tip. From it, the fronds arise in clumps. From base to tip of leaf, they are 10 to 25 centimeters (3.9 to 9.8 in) long, occasionally as short as 6 centimeters (2 in) or as long as 35 centimeters (14 in). Of this length, nearly half is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade), which is shiny and round, hairless, and chestnut-brown to dark purple in color.The leaf blades are deltate (triangular) in shape, tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules and pinnulets) to almost quadripinnate. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, and dark in color, as are the axes of the leaf segments. The color stops abruptly at a joint at the base of the leaf segment. Each blade bears 4 to 8 pairs of deltate pinnae. These are divided into pinnules which are rhomboid (diamond-shaped), flabelliform (fan-shaped), oblong or orbicular (circular), and are typically 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 in) across, occasionally to 3 millimeters (0.1 in). The underside of the leaf is coated in pale yellow farina (powder), which is sparsely scattered on the upper surface. The leaf tissue is leafy, rather than leathery, in texture.The sori lie along the veins, in the half of the veins closest to the edge of the leaf and sometimes extending along almost the whole length of the vein. The leaf edges are not modified into false indusia. Each sporangium bears 64 spores. The plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 54.It is most similar to Argyrochosma incana and can be somewhat difficult to distinguish from that species. The yellow (rather than white) color of the farina, the brown to purple (rather than black) color of the axes, the narrow segments (typically 3 to 5 millimeters (0.1 to 0.2 in) in A. incana) and the presence of sparse farina on the upper surface serve to distinguish A. delicatula. Taxonomy It was first described by William Ralph Maxon and Charles Alfred Weatherby in 1939 as Notholaena delicatula, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila. They placed it within a group of ferns closely related to Notholaena nivea. The epithet delicatula presumably refers to what they described as the "delicate texture" of its leaves. Both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby suggested in the 1940s that this group of ferns might represent a distinct genus of its own. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated Notholaena sect. Argyrochosma to become the genus Argyrochosma, and transferred this species to that genus as A. delicatula. In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to Hemionitis as H. delicatula, as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.While the distinctness of A. delicatula from A. incana has been questioned in the past, phylogenetic studies have upheld the separation of the two taxa. It lies within a subclade of the genus that also contains A. incana, A. pallens, A. peninsularis, A. palmeri, and A. pilifera. All members of the clade share pale farina principally composed of terpenoid compounds, unlike the dihydrostilbenoids found in the farina of other members of the genus. Distribution and habitat Argyrochosma delicatula is principally known from the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon, in Mexico. One specimen collected in southeastern Arizona by John Gill Lemmon in 1880 has also been identified as this species.It grows in rocky places in either sun or shade, especially on limestone ledges, and on shady slopes. Notes and references References Works cited External links Isotype of the species at JSTOR Plant Science. Images at plantsystematics.org (spores)
taxon rank
{ "answer_start": [ 192 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Argyrochosma delicatula is a fern known from northeastern Mexico (and from one collection in Arizona). It grows in rocky habitats, either in sun or in shade, and is distinguished from similar species by the presence of pale yellow (rather than white) powder on the underside of its leaves. First described as a species in 1939, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" (Notholaena sensu stricto). Description Argyrochosma delicatula is a medium-sized epipetric fern. The rhizome is compact, and may be horizontal or upright. It bears slender, linear to linear-subulate scales 4 to 6 millimeters (0.2 to 0.2 in) long and 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters (0.008 to 0.01 in) wide, of a uniform orange-brown to dark brown color, with entire (toothless) margins and long-acuminate at the tip. From it, the fronds arise in clumps. From base to tip of leaf, they are 10 to 25 centimeters (3.9 to 9.8 in) long, occasionally as short as 6 centimeters (2 in) or as long as 35 centimeters (14 in). Of this length, nearly half is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade), which is shiny and round, hairless, and chestnut-brown to dark purple in color.The leaf blades are deltate (triangular) in shape, tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules and pinnulets) to almost quadripinnate. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, and dark in color, as are the axes of the leaf segments. The color stops abruptly at a joint at the base of the leaf segment. Each blade bears 4 to 8 pairs of deltate pinnae. These are divided into pinnules which are rhomboid (diamond-shaped), flabelliform (fan-shaped), oblong or orbicular (circular), and are typically 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 in) across, occasionally to 3 millimeters (0.1 in). The underside of the leaf is coated in pale yellow farina (powder), which is sparsely scattered on the upper surface. The leaf tissue is leafy, rather than leathery, in texture.The sori lie along the veins, in the half of the veins closest to the edge of the leaf and sometimes extending along almost the whole length of the vein. The leaf edges are not modified into false indusia. Each sporangium bears 64 spores. The plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 54.It is most similar to Argyrochosma incana and can be somewhat difficult to distinguish from that species. The yellow (rather than white) color of the farina, the brown to purple (rather than black) color of the axes, the narrow segments (typically 3 to 5 millimeters (0.1 to 0.2 in) in A. incana) and the presence of sparse farina on the upper surface serve to distinguish A. delicatula. Taxonomy It was first described by William Ralph Maxon and Charles Alfred Weatherby in 1939 as Notholaena delicatula, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila. They placed it within a group of ferns closely related to Notholaena nivea. The epithet delicatula presumably refers to what they described as the "delicate texture" of its leaves. Both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby suggested in the 1940s that this group of ferns might represent a distinct genus of its own. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated Notholaena sect. Argyrochosma to become the genus Argyrochosma, and transferred this species to that genus as A. delicatula. In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to Hemionitis as H. delicatula, as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.While the distinctness of A. delicatula from A. incana has been questioned in the past, phylogenetic studies have upheld the separation of the two taxa. It lies within a subclade of the genus that also contains A. incana, A. pallens, A. peninsularis, A. palmeri, and A. pilifera. All members of the clade share pale farina principally composed of terpenoid compounds, unlike the dihydrostilbenoids found in the farina of other members of the genus. Distribution and habitat Argyrochosma delicatula is principally known from the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon, in Mexico. One specimen collected in southeastern Arizona by John Gill Lemmon in 1880 has also been identified as this species.It grows in rocky places in either sun or shade, especially on limestone ledges, and on shady slopes. Notes and references References Works cited External links Isotype of the species at JSTOR Plant Science. Images at plantsystematics.org (spores)
parent taxon
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Argyrochosma" ] }
Argyrochosma delicatula is a fern known from northeastern Mexico (and from one collection in Arizona). It grows in rocky habitats, either in sun or in shade, and is distinguished from similar species by the presence of pale yellow (rather than white) powder on the underside of its leaves. First described as a species in 1939, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" (Notholaena sensu stricto). Description Argyrochosma delicatula is a medium-sized epipetric fern. The rhizome is compact, and may be horizontal or upright. It bears slender, linear to linear-subulate scales 4 to 6 millimeters (0.2 to 0.2 in) long and 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters (0.008 to 0.01 in) wide, of a uniform orange-brown to dark brown color, with entire (toothless) margins and long-acuminate at the tip. From it, the fronds arise in clumps. From base to tip of leaf, they are 10 to 25 centimeters (3.9 to 9.8 in) long, occasionally as short as 6 centimeters (2 in) or as long as 35 centimeters (14 in). Of this length, nearly half is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade), which is shiny and round, hairless, and chestnut-brown to dark purple in color.The leaf blades are deltate (triangular) in shape, tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules and pinnulets) to almost quadripinnate. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, and dark in color, as are the axes of the leaf segments. The color stops abruptly at a joint at the base of the leaf segment. Each blade bears 4 to 8 pairs of deltate pinnae. These are divided into pinnules which are rhomboid (diamond-shaped), flabelliform (fan-shaped), oblong or orbicular (circular), and are typically 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 in) across, occasionally to 3 millimeters (0.1 in). The underside of the leaf is coated in pale yellow farina (powder), which is sparsely scattered on the upper surface. The leaf tissue is leafy, rather than leathery, in texture.The sori lie along the veins, in the half of the veins closest to the edge of the leaf and sometimes extending along almost the whole length of the vein. The leaf edges are not modified into false indusia. Each sporangium bears 64 spores. The plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 54.It is most similar to Argyrochosma incana and can be somewhat difficult to distinguish from that species. The yellow (rather than white) color of the farina, the brown to purple (rather than black) color of the axes, the narrow segments (typically 3 to 5 millimeters (0.1 to 0.2 in) in A. incana) and the presence of sparse farina on the upper surface serve to distinguish A. delicatula. Taxonomy It was first described by William Ralph Maxon and Charles Alfred Weatherby in 1939 as Notholaena delicatula, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila. They placed it within a group of ferns closely related to Notholaena nivea. The epithet delicatula presumably refers to what they described as the "delicate texture" of its leaves. Both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby suggested in the 1940s that this group of ferns might represent a distinct genus of its own. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated Notholaena sect. Argyrochosma to become the genus Argyrochosma, and transferred this species to that genus as A. delicatula. In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to Hemionitis as H. delicatula, as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.While the distinctness of A. delicatula from A. incana has been questioned in the past, phylogenetic studies have upheld the separation of the two taxa. It lies within a subclade of the genus that also contains A. incana, A. pallens, A. peninsularis, A. palmeri, and A. pilifera. All members of the clade share pale farina principally composed of terpenoid compounds, unlike the dihydrostilbenoids found in the farina of other members of the genus. Distribution and habitat Argyrochosma delicatula is principally known from the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon, in Mexico. One specimen collected in southeastern Arizona by John Gill Lemmon in 1880 has also been identified as this species.It grows in rocky places in either sun or shade, especially on limestone ledges, and on shady slopes. Notes and references References Works cited External links Isotype of the species at JSTOR Plant Science. Images at plantsystematics.org (spores)
taxon name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Argyrochosma delicatula" ] }
Argyrochosma delicatula is a fern known from northeastern Mexico (and from one collection in Arizona). It grows in rocky habitats, either in sun or in shade, and is distinguished from similar species by the presence of pale yellow (rather than white) powder on the underside of its leaves. First described as a species in 1939, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" (Notholaena sensu stricto). Description Argyrochosma delicatula is a medium-sized epipetric fern. The rhizome is compact, and may be horizontal or upright. It bears slender, linear to linear-subulate scales 4 to 6 millimeters (0.2 to 0.2 in) long and 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters (0.008 to 0.01 in) wide, of a uniform orange-brown to dark brown color, with entire (toothless) margins and long-acuminate at the tip. From it, the fronds arise in clumps. From base to tip of leaf, they are 10 to 25 centimeters (3.9 to 9.8 in) long, occasionally as short as 6 centimeters (2 in) or as long as 35 centimeters (14 in). Of this length, nearly half is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade), which is shiny and round, hairless, and chestnut-brown to dark purple in color.The leaf blades are deltate (triangular) in shape, tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules and pinnulets) to almost quadripinnate. The rachis (leaf axis) is round, rather than flattened, and dark in color, as are the axes of the leaf segments. The color stops abruptly at a joint at the base of the leaf segment. Each blade bears 4 to 8 pairs of deltate pinnae. These are divided into pinnules which are rhomboid (diamond-shaped), flabelliform (fan-shaped), oblong or orbicular (circular), and are typically 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 in) across, occasionally to 3 millimeters (0.1 in). The underside of the leaf is coated in pale yellow farina (powder), which is sparsely scattered on the upper surface. The leaf tissue is leafy, rather than leathery, in texture.The sori lie along the veins, in the half of the veins closest to the edge of the leaf and sometimes extending along almost the whole length of the vein. The leaf edges are not modified into false indusia. Each sporangium bears 64 spores. The plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 54.It is most similar to Argyrochosma incana and can be somewhat difficult to distinguish from that species. The yellow (rather than white) color of the farina, the brown to purple (rather than black) color of the axes, the narrow segments (typically 3 to 5 millimeters (0.1 to 0.2 in) in A. incana) and the presence of sparse farina on the upper surface serve to distinguish A. delicatula. Taxonomy It was first described by William Ralph Maxon and Charles Alfred Weatherby in 1939 as Notholaena delicatula, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila. They placed it within a group of ferns closely related to Notholaena nivea. The epithet delicatula presumably refers to what they described as the "delicate texture" of its leaves. Both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby suggested in the 1940s that this group of ferns might represent a distinct genus of its own. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated Notholaena sect. Argyrochosma to become the genus Argyrochosma, and transferred this species to that genus as A. delicatula. In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to Hemionitis as H. delicatula, as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.While the distinctness of A. delicatula from A. incana has been questioned in the past, phylogenetic studies have upheld the separation of the two taxa. It lies within a subclade of the genus that also contains A. incana, A. pallens, A. peninsularis, A. palmeri, and A. pilifera. All members of the clade share pale farina principally composed of terpenoid compounds, unlike the dihydrostilbenoids found in the farina of other members of the genus. Distribution and habitat Argyrochosma delicatula is principally known from the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon, in Mexico. One specimen collected in southeastern Arizona by John Gill Lemmon in 1880 has also been identified as this species.It grows in rocky places in either sun or shade, especially on limestone ledges, and on shady slopes. Notes and references References Works cited External links Isotype of the species at JSTOR Plant Science. Images at plantsystematics.org (spores)
basionym
{ "answer_start": [ 2799 ], "text": [ "Notholaena delicatula" ] }
Moormerland is a municipality in the Leer District, in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. == References ==
country
{ "answer_start": [ 82 ], "text": [ "Germany" ] }
Moormerland is a municipality in the Leer District, in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. == References ==
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 37 ], "text": [ "Leer" ] }
Moormerland is a municipality in the Leer District, in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. == References ==
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Moormerland" ] }
Moormerland is a municipality in the Leer District, in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. == References ==
Commons gallery
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Moormerland" ] }
Moormerland is a municipality in the Leer District, in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. == References ==
official name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Moormerland" ] }
Moormerland is a municipality in the Leer District, in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. == References ==
native label
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Moormerland" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
author
{ "answer_start": [ 509 ], "text": [ "Steve Saint" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
has edition or translation
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "End of the Spear" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
title
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "End of the Spear" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
set in environment
{ "answer_start": [ 1425 ], "text": [ "jungle" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
edition or translation of
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "End of the Spear" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "film" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
director
{ "answer_start": [ 82 ], "text": [ "Jim Hanon" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
screenwriter
{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "Bill Ewing" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
genre
{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "drama film" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
cast member
{ "answer_start": [ 169 ], "text": [ "Chad Allen" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
producer
{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "Bill Ewing" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
original language of film or TV show
{ "answer_start": [ 1364 ], "text": [ "Spanish" ] }
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador. Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincayani, one tribesman who participated in the attack. The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020. Plot The Waodani people of the tropical rain forest along the Curaray River in a remote and mostly undeveloped the Amazonian region of Ecuador live with a traditional animist worldview. As children, Mincayani saves Dayumae after a vicious nighttime spear attack on a Waodani village by a neighboring tribe, and Dayumae's younger sister (in Dayumae's care) is killed in the attack. Other events of tribal life are pictured. In a conflict with her family, Dayumae—who, in part, has been blamed for the death of her sister—decides to leave the tribe for her safety, and runs to the "foreigners" around her: foreigners who speak Spanish and dress very differently. Nate Saint, a missionary jungle pilot and aircraft mechanic, lives with his family at a mission outpost where his job includes flying other missionaries and supplies into remote locations. He builds a small airplane out of wood with his eight year old son, Steve. Nate becomes obsessed with making contact with a jungle tribe who have resisted contact with the outside world before, often violently: the Waodani. Rachel, Nate's older sister has had extensive contact with the now much older Dayumae, and has learned some of the Waodani language from her. Nate does not want to tell his sister of his and others plans to attempt contact with the Waodani, for fear she would pass the information along to her superiors, and the planned contact would be forbidden. Young Steve learns a few words of Waodani—"I am your sincere friend"—from Rachel, and ultimately begs his father to teach them before his father and several others land their airplane on a sandbar in the Curaray, and attempt to make peaceful contact with the Waodani, who they know people that area of the forest that surrounds the sandbar. Mincayani is now a much older and developed warrior, exhibiting great leadership in the tribe. After some days, one Waodani man and two women approach the missionaries who have camped on the sandbar, and have a reasonably friendly, although difficult to communicate, first encounter. Subsequently, misinformation about the meeting is shared with the other Waodani tribal members, and a group of Waodani warriors decide to attack and spear the foreigners. They do so, and all five men associated with the airplane at the sandbar camp are killed with spears; the airplane—which the Waodani refer to as the large wood bee—is destroyed with punctures and slashing by spears. Authorities from Ecuador and the US military come up river in canoes in a large party, protected by many rifles, and recover four of the five bodies. Years later, Steve Saint flies from the US to attend the funeral of Rachel Saint, and comes into contact again with Mincayani. Mincayani asks Steve to live in Ecuador, and become family to the Waodani, like Rachel had. Steve says that would be "impossible;" but does do so a year or so later. Later, Mincayani tells Steve he needs to show him something, with no other detail, and takes Steve on the Curaray river in a canoe to the sandbar where his father had been killed many years earlier. Mincayani digs furiously in the bank of the river, and uncovers a bit of the metal frame and fabric of Nate's airplane that the Waodani had buried, and informs Steve this is where his father died; and that he had speared his father. Mincayani gives Steve his spear, with the point at his own chest, and tells Steve to kill him. Steve struggles emotionally but does not do so. He tells Mincayani that his father did not lose his life, but he gave his life. It is, as it has been for the Waodani people for some decades now, truly the "end of the spear." Cast Louie Leonardo as Mincayani Chad Allen as Nate Saint/Steve Saint/Narrator Jack Guzman as Kimo Christina Souza as Dayumae Chase Ellison as Young Steve Saint Sean McGowan as Jim Elliot Sara Kathryn Bakker as Rachel Saint Cara Stoner as Marj Saint Beth Bailey as Elisabeth Elliot Stephen Caudill as Ed McCully Matt Lutz as Pete Fleming Chemo Mepaquito as Gikita Gil Birmingham as Moipa Jose Liberto Caizamo as Nampa Patrick Zeller as Roger Youderian Madgalena Condoba as Akawo Release and reception Box office Opening with a modest first weekend (January 20–22, 2006), End of the Spear took 8th place (behind one new and three expanding releases) with $4.3 million. It became one of few independent Christian films to draw more than $1 million in its first three weekends. By the end of its run, it had grossed $12.1 million. It has since grossed over $20 million in rentals and video sales. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on reviews from 54 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Shoddy filmmaking and a lack of character development derail what could be a potentially compelling tale."The film won a Crystal Heart Award as well as the Grand Prize for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Heartland Film Festival. Controversies Some secular critics believed the story may be seen as presenting an uncritical view of a situation where native peoples were eventually exploited regardless of "good intentions" such as concerns about SIL International.There was some concern among various Christian groups that lead actor Chad Allen, who portrays Nate Saint (and his son Steve as an adult), is openly gay. Some Christian groups that had initially planned to promote the film began to question whether they should. Steve Saint, who was heavily involved in production, has stated in interviews that he himself had reservations, but that God indicated to him that Allen was the proper choice. In the end, he couldn't see a better actor filling the role of his father. His public pronouncements did much to quell the controversy.Other Christian groups, such as VCY America's Vic Eliason, wished the film had more explicitly portrayed the Gospel message (i.e. salvation through Jesus Christ). However, the Gospel presented is the same as was to the Waodani; in concepts and symbols that are present in everyday Waodani language (with the name of "God" being replaced with "Waengongi", the name of the Waodani creator god who no longer communicated with the people).Due to the limitations of the cinematic format, the filmmakers had to compress various events and limit the number of characters. As a result, the main Waodani protagonist, Mincayani, is not actually one person in real life but rather a composite of the real-life Waodani named Mincaye and various others. Some of Steve's sister's experiences were attributed to Steve, and the dramatic climactic reconciliation between Steve as an adult and Mincayani did not actually happen as depicted – it was more of a slow, growing love and friendship between the real-life Steve and Mincayani. Accolades In 2007, the album won a Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. Extra footage The DVD and some theaters where the movie was shown also included extra footage after the movie ended showing the real life Mincayani (Mincaye) and the real life Steve Saint in our modern day. Mincaye visited Steve Saint in America with humorous results while trying to understand American culture. Soundtrack End of the Spear: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on January 24, 2006 by Word Records. The soundtrack features most of the instrumental score by Ron Owen, plus featured music from the film by known CCM artists like Steven Curtis Chapman and BarlowGirl, among others. Track listing References External links Review at Plugged In End of the Spear at IMDb
review score
{ "answer_start": [ 5377 ], "text": [ "41%" ] }
It'll Shine When It Shines is the second album by the American country rock band The Ozark Mountain Daredevils, released in 1974. Their debut album had been successful enough to give the band the clout to record their follow-up effort on the musicians' home turf. For the session, they cut their tracks in the pre-Civil War farmhouse that served as their rehearsal space, with producers Glyn Johns and David Anderle working from a mobile recording truck parked outside. The homey makeshift setup yielded a loose, organic vibe that invigorated material like Steve Cash's tongue-in-cheek swamp-rocker "E.E. Lawson". This album contains the band's biggest single, "Jackie Blue", which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975. The song was brought in by Larry Lee late in the session and recorded at the insistence of Johns, who cajoled Lee into altering his original lyrics about a drug-dealing friend into a fond ode to a free-spirited female loner. Track listing "You Made It Right" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 3:46 "Look Away" (Randle Chowning) – 3:36 "Jackie Blue" (Steve Cash, Larry Lee) – 4:11 "Kansas You Fooler" (Larry Lee) – 2:39 "It Couldn't Be Better" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 4:23 "E.E. Lawson" (Steve Cash) – 3:32 "Walkin' Down the Road" (John Dillon) – 3:28 "What's Happened Along My Life" (Larry Lee) – 3:32 "It Probably Always Will" (Michael Granda) – 3:15 "Lowlands" (John Dillon) – 3:45 "Tidal Wave" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 4:12 "It'll Shine When It Shines" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 3:38 Charts Personnel Steve Cash - harmonica, percussion, vocals John Dillon - guitar, dulcimer, harp, keyboards, vocals Larry Lee - guitar, keyboards, drums, vocals Randle Chowning - guitar, dobro, mandolin, harmonica, vocals Michael Granda - bass, guitar, vocals Buddy Brayfield - keyboards, vocals Glyn Johns - guitar Nick DeCaro - accordion Jody Troutman - background vocals Production Producer: Glyn Johns/David Anderle Recording Engineer: Glyn Johns Art Direction: Roland Young Photography: Harry Mittman, Jim Mayfield Liner notes: Ken Seeholzer == References ==
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 41 ], "text": [ "album" ] }
It'll Shine When It Shines is the second album by the American country rock band The Ozark Mountain Daredevils, released in 1974. Their debut album had been successful enough to give the band the clout to record their follow-up effort on the musicians' home turf. For the session, they cut their tracks in the pre-Civil War farmhouse that served as their rehearsal space, with producers Glyn Johns and David Anderle working from a mobile recording truck parked outside. The homey makeshift setup yielded a loose, organic vibe that invigorated material like Steve Cash's tongue-in-cheek swamp-rocker "E.E. Lawson". This album contains the band's biggest single, "Jackie Blue", which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975. The song was brought in by Larry Lee late in the session and recorded at the insistence of Johns, who cajoled Lee into altering his original lyrics about a drug-dealing friend into a fond ode to a free-spirited female loner. Track listing "You Made It Right" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 3:46 "Look Away" (Randle Chowning) – 3:36 "Jackie Blue" (Steve Cash, Larry Lee) – 4:11 "Kansas You Fooler" (Larry Lee) – 2:39 "It Couldn't Be Better" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 4:23 "E.E. Lawson" (Steve Cash) – 3:32 "Walkin' Down the Road" (John Dillon) – 3:28 "What's Happened Along My Life" (Larry Lee) – 3:32 "It Probably Always Will" (Michael Granda) – 3:15 "Lowlands" (John Dillon) – 3:45 "Tidal Wave" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 4:12 "It'll Shine When It Shines" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 3:38 Charts Personnel Steve Cash - harmonica, percussion, vocals John Dillon - guitar, dulcimer, harp, keyboards, vocals Larry Lee - guitar, keyboards, drums, vocals Randle Chowning - guitar, dobro, mandolin, harmonica, vocals Michael Granda - bass, guitar, vocals Buddy Brayfield - keyboards, vocals Glyn Johns - guitar Nick DeCaro - accordion Jody Troutman - background vocals Production Producer: Glyn Johns/David Anderle Recording Engineer: Glyn Johns Art Direction: Roland Young Photography: Harry Mittman, Jim Mayfield Liner notes: Ken Seeholzer == References ==
genre
{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "country rock" ] }
It'll Shine When It Shines is the second album by the American country rock band The Ozark Mountain Daredevils, released in 1974. Their debut album had been successful enough to give the band the clout to record their follow-up effort on the musicians' home turf. For the session, they cut their tracks in the pre-Civil War farmhouse that served as their rehearsal space, with producers Glyn Johns and David Anderle working from a mobile recording truck parked outside. The homey makeshift setup yielded a loose, organic vibe that invigorated material like Steve Cash's tongue-in-cheek swamp-rocker "E.E. Lawson". This album contains the band's biggest single, "Jackie Blue", which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975. The song was brought in by Larry Lee late in the session and recorded at the insistence of Johns, who cajoled Lee into altering his original lyrics about a drug-dealing friend into a fond ode to a free-spirited female loner. Track listing "You Made It Right" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 3:46 "Look Away" (Randle Chowning) – 3:36 "Jackie Blue" (Steve Cash, Larry Lee) – 4:11 "Kansas You Fooler" (Larry Lee) – 2:39 "It Couldn't Be Better" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 4:23 "E.E. Lawson" (Steve Cash) – 3:32 "Walkin' Down the Road" (John Dillon) – 3:28 "What's Happened Along My Life" (Larry Lee) – 3:32 "It Probably Always Will" (Michael Granda) – 3:15 "Lowlands" (John Dillon) – 3:45 "Tidal Wave" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 4:12 "It'll Shine When It Shines" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 3:38 Charts Personnel Steve Cash - harmonica, percussion, vocals John Dillon - guitar, dulcimer, harp, keyboards, vocals Larry Lee - guitar, keyboards, drums, vocals Randle Chowning - guitar, dobro, mandolin, harmonica, vocals Michael Granda - bass, guitar, vocals Buddy Brayfield - keyboards, vocals Glyn Johns - guitar Nick DeCaro - accordion Jody Troutman - background vocals Production Producer: Glyn Johns/David Anderle Recording Engineer: Glyn Johns Art Direction: Roland Young Photography: Harry Mittman, Jim Mayfield Liner notes: Ken Seeholzer == References ==
follows
{ "answer_start": [ 81 ], "text": [ "The Ozark Mountain Daredevils" ] }
It'll Shine When It Shines is the second album by the American country rock band The Ozark Mountain Daredevils, released in 1974. Their debut album had been successful enough to give the band the clout to record their follow-up effort on the musicians' home turf. For the session, they cut their tracks in the pre-Civil War farmhouse that served as their rehearsal space, with producers Glyn Johns and David Anderle working from a mobile recording truck parked outside. The homey makeshift setup yielded a loose, organic vibe that invigorated material like Steve Cash's tongue-in-cheek swamp-rocker "E.E. Lawson". This album contains the band's biggest single, "Jackie Blue", which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975. The song was brought in by Larry Lee late in the session and recorded at the insistence of Johns, who cajoled Lee into altering his original lyrics about a drug-dealing friend into a fond ode to a free-spirited female loner. Track listing "You Made It Right" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 3:46 "Look Away" (Randle Chowning) – 3:36 "Jackie Blue" (Steve Cash, Larry Lee) – 4:11 "Kansas You Fooler" (Larry Lee) – 2:39 "It Couldn't Be Better" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 4:23 "E.E. Lawson" (Steve Cash) – 3:32 "Walkin' Down the Road" (John Dillon) – 3:28 "What's Happened Along My Life" (Larry Lee) – 3:32 "It Probably Always Will" (Michael Granda) – 3:15 "Lowlands" (John Dillon) – 3:45 "Tidal Wave" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 4:12 "It'll Shine When It Shines" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 3:38 Charts Personnel Steve Cash - harmonica, percussion, vocals John Dillon - guitar, dulcimer, harp, keyboards, vocals Larry Lee - guitar, keyboards, drums, vocals Randle Chowning - guitar, dobro, mandolin, harmonica, vocals Michael Granda - bass, guitar, vocals Buddy Brayfield - keyboards, vocals Glyn Johns - guitar Nick DeCaro - accordion Jody Troutman - background vocals Production Producer: Glyn Johns/David Anderle Recording Engineer: Glyn Johns Art Direction: Roland Young Photography: Harry Mittman, Jim Mayfield Liner notes: Ken Seeholzer == References ==
producer
{ "answer_start": [ 387 ], "text": [ "Glyn Johns" ] }
It'll Shine When It Shines is the second album by the American country rock band The Ozark Mountain Daredevils, released in 1974. Their debut album had been successful enough to give the band the clout to record their follow-up effort on the musicians' home turf. For the session, they cut their tracks in the pre-Civil War farmhouse that served as their rehearsal space, with producers Glyn Johns and David Anderle working from a mobile recording truck parked outside. The homey makeshift setup yielded a loose, organic vibe that invigorated material like Steve Cash's tongue-in-cheek swamp-rocker "E.E. Lawson". This album contains the band's biggest single, "Jackie Blue", which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975. The song was brought in by Larry Lee late in the session and recorded at the insistence of Johns, who cajoled Lee into altering his original lyrics about a drug-dealing friend into a fond ode to a free-spirited female loner. Track listing "You Made It Right" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 3:46 "Look Away" (Randle Chowning) – 3:36 "Jackie Blue" (Steve Cash, Larry Lee) – 4:11 "Kansas You Fooler" (Larry Lee) – 2:39 "It Couldn't Be Better" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson) – 4:23 "E.E. Lawson" (Steve Cash) – 3:32 "Walkin' Down the Road" (John Dillon) – 3:28 "What's Happened Along My Life" (Larry Lee) – 3:32 "It Probably Always Will" (Michael Granda) – 3:15 "Lowlands" (John Dillon) – 3:45 "Tidal Wave" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 4:12 "It'll Shine When It Shines" (Steve Cash, John Dillon) – 3:38 Charts Personnel Steve Cash - harmonica, percussion, vocals John Dillon - guitar, dulcimer, harp, keyboards, vocals Larry Lee - guitar, keyboards, drums, vocals Randle Chowning - guitar, dobro, mandolin, harmonica, vocals Michael Granda - bass, guitar, vocals Buddy Brayfield - keyboards, vocals Glyn Johns - guitar Nick DeCaro - accordion Jody Troutman - background vocals Production Producer: Glyn Johns/David Anderle Recording Engineer: Glyn Johns Art Direction: Roland Young Photography: Harry Mittman, Jim Mayfield Liner notes: Ken Seeholzer == References ==
performer
{ "answer_start": [ 85 ], "text": [ "Ozark Mountain Daredevils" ] }
Riemerella columbina is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Riemerella which can cause respiratory disease in pigeons.R. columbina is naturally competent to undergo genetic transformation during growth, especially during the logarithmic phase. R. columbina preferentially takes up its own genomic DNA rather than heterologous DNA. == References ==
parent taxon
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Riemerella" ] }
Riemerella columbina is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Riemerella which can cause respiratory disease in pigeons.R. columbina is naturally competent to undergo genetic transformation during growth, especially during the logarithmic phase. R. columbina preferentially takes up its own genomic DNA rather than heterologous DNA. == References ==
taxon name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Riemerella columbina" ] }
Riemerella columbina is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Riemerella which can cause respiratory disease in pigeons.R. columbina is naturally competent to undergo genetic transformation during growth, especially during the logarithmic phase. R. columbina preferentially takes up its own genomic DNA rather than heterologous DNA. == References ==
short name
{ "answer_start": [ 126 ], "text": [ "R. columbina" ] }
Allacerops is an extinct genus of odd-toed ungulate belong to the rhinoceros-like family Eggysodontidae. It was a small, ground-dwelling browser, and fossils have been found in Oligocene deposits throughout Central and East Asia. Allacerops was synonymized with Eggysodon by Heissig (1989), but is now considered a distinct genus. Unaware that Wood (1932) made turgaica the type species of Allacerops, Reshetov et al. (1993) erected Tenisia for "Epiaceratherium" turgaica. Tenisia, however, was already in use for a brachiopod, so Spassov (1994) erected Teniseggysodon as a replacement. In any case, Qiu et al. (1999) recognized Teniseggysodon a junior objective synonym of Allacerops as both were based on the same type species. == References ==
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Allacerops" ] }
MV St Faith is a vehicle and passenger ferry operated by Wightlink on its route from Portsmouth to Fishbourne on the Isle of Wight. As with former sister ship St Cecilia, there were plans to increase St Faith′s capacity by extending her length by 12 metres. Entering service in 1990, St Faith is the second youngest of Wightlink's 'St Class' ships, after St Clare. The name is taken from St Faith's Church, Cowes. Incidents Hitting hard On 28 May 2010, it was reported that on arrival at Portsmouth, the St Faith collided heavily with the dock, injuring two passengers and causing minor damage. Following the accident the vessel was temporarily withdrawn from service and paramedics called as a precaution. Breakdown in the middle of the Solent On 28 February 2015 the St Faith suffered an engine failure in the middle of the Solent around 20 minutes into the 8am crossing to the Isle of Wight. The captain decided to return to Portsmouth. The tug SD Bountiful towed the 25-year-old ferry back to the Gunwharf Quays terminal. The crew switched to St Helen to continue the service. After repairs, St Faith returned to service on 13 March 2015. Mid-Solent Fire On 19 January 2017 a fire broke out below the port side bridge wing of St Faith whilst mid-Solent in what was later identified as a cigarette bin. The blaze was swiftly dealt with by the crew. There were 65 people on board the ferry at the time of the incident but there were no casualties.Two fire appliances from Ryde Fire Station were sent to the scene at Wightlink's Fishbourne ferry terminal alongside the Isle of Wight Fire and Rescue Service's Incident Support Unit from East Cowes. Bembridge Coastguard Rescue Team, the Isle of Wight Ambulance Service and Police also attended the incident. References External links Wightlink website - wightlink.co.uk
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 154 ], "text": [ "ship" ] }
Douglas Schoolfield Cramer (August 22, 1931 – June 4, 2021) was an American television producer who worked for Paramount Television and Spelling Television, producing series such as Mission: Impossible, The Brady Bunch, and Dynasty. Career Cramer, a native of Louisville, Kentucky and graduate of Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, began his career in advertising, serving as a broadcast supervisor on Lever Brothers and General Foods programs at Ogilvy & Mather in New York City. In 1962, he became Director of Program Planning at ABC Television. In 1966, he became vice president of television program development at 20th Century Fox; he later became executive vice president in charge of production for Paramount Television in 1968, in which role he was responsible for such television shows as Star Trek, The Odd Couple, The Brady Bunch, and Mission: Impossible. Cramer left Paramount to form his own production company in 1971. One of the series his company produced was Wonder Woman. Cramer joined Aaron Spelling's production company in 1976. Cramer was an executive producer on the 1980s series Dynasty, its spin-off series The Colbys, and the 1991 miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion. Cramer produced 20 of the 22 miniseries adaptations of Danielle Steel's novels; the exceptions being Jewels (1992) and the first, Now and Forever (1983). Cramer was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special – Drama or Comedy in 1975 for QB VII, and again for Outstanding Drama Series in 1982 for Dynasty. Cramer provided audio commentary for the pilot episode of the Wonder Woman television series starring Lynda Carter (who joined him on the commentary) on the Region 1 DVD for the first season. Art collection Cramer was one of America's leading collectors of contemporary art; works from his collections, including pieces by Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, and Mark di Suvero, have been shown at some of the leading art museums in the United States, and have been auctioned at Sotheby's and Christie's (1997, 2012). In May 1997, Cramer sold 22 contemporary sculptures at Christie's in New York, for a total of $2.9 million, with proceeds of the sale going to the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation. In 2008, Cramer sold Man-Crazy Nurse #2 by Richard Prince for $7.4 million. While working in New York City, he starting buying prints by 20th-century Modernists, then by the younger artists there who were friends with Jim Dine, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Eva Hesse, and others. In Los Angeles, Cramer started collecting Californian artists. He became one of the founders of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art and was president of its board of trustees from 1990 to 1993. At MOCA alone, he spearheaded art auctions, donated major artworks, and provided funds for a 1997 Ellsworth Kelly retrospective. He ended a 13-year tenure at MOCA in 1996, rotating off the board in accordance with a policy enacted in 1993. He donated hundreds of artworks to museums, including sculptures by Anthony Caro and Richard Serra to Tate Modern in London and works by Kelly, Joel Shapiro, and Andy Warhol to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, where he was a member of the board from 1993 on.Cramer also established the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation with two buildings and five different exhibition spaces on his 420-acre ranch, called La Quinta Norte, in the Santa Ynez Valley, near Los Olivos, California. Personal life Cramer resided in Miami Beach, Florida, in the later years of his life. He was married to famed Los Angeles Times gossip columnist Joyce Haber from 1966-1972 and had two children, Douglas S. Cramer III and Courtney Cramer, with her. In 1994, he attempted to produce a two-act play about the marriage entitled The Last Great Dish He subsequently came out as gay and married Hugh Bush in 2006. Cramer died from heart and kidney failure at his home on Martha's Vineyard on June 4, 2021, at age 89. Selected credits Star Trek (1968–1969), 24 episodes The Cat Creature (1973, TV Movie) QB VII (1974, miniseries) Wonder Woman (1975–1977) Who Is the Black Dahlia? (1975, TV movie) The San Pedro Beach Bums (1977) The Love Boat (1977–1986) Dynasty (1981–1989) The Colbys (1985–1987) Nightingales (1989) Dynasty: The Reunion (1991, TV Movie) Family Album (1994, miniseries) The Ring (1996, miniseries) References External links Douglas S. Cramer at IMDb Douglas S. Cramer at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
educated at
{ "answer_start": [ 298 ], "text": [ "Walnut Hills High School" ] }
Douglas Schoolfield Cramer (August 22, 1931 – June 4, 2021) was an American television producer who worked for Paramount Television and Spelling Television, producing series such as Mission: Impossible, The Brady Bunch, and Dynasty. Career Cramer, a native of Louisville, Kentucky and graduate of Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, began his career in advertising, serving as a broadcast supervisor on Lever Brothers and General Foods programs at Ogilvy & Mather in New York City. In 1962, he became Director of Program Planning at ABC Television. In 1966, he became vice president of television program development at 20th Century Fox; he later became executive vice president in charge of production for Paramount Television in 1968, in which role he was responsible for such television shows as Star Trek, The Odd Couple, The Brady Bunch, and Mission: Impossible. Cramer left Paramount to form his own production company in 1971. One of the series his company produced was Wonder Woman. Cramer joined Aaron Spelling's production company in 1976. Cramer was an executive producer on the 1980s series Dynasty, its spin-off series The Colbys, and the 1991 miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion. Cramer produced 20 of the 22 miniseries adaptations of Danielle Steel's novels; the exceptions being Jewels (1992) and the first, Now and Forever (1983). Cramer was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special – Drama or Comedy in 1975 for QB VII, and again for Outstanding Drama Series in 1982 for Dynasty. Cramer provided audio commentary for the pilot episode of the Wonder Woman television series starring Lynda Carter (who joined him on the commentary) on the Region 1 DVD for the first season. Art collection Cramer was one of America's leading collectors of contemporary art; works from his collections, including pieces by Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, and Mark di Suvero, have been shown at some of the leading art museums in the United States, and have been auctioned at Sotheby's and Christie's (1997, 2012). In May 1997, Cramer sold 22 contemporary sculptures at Christie's in New York, for a total of $2.9 million, with proceeds of the sale going to the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation. In 2008, Cramer sold Man-Crazy Nurse #2 by Richard Prince for $7.4 million. While working in New York City, he starting buying prints by 20th-century Modernists, then by the younger artists there who were friends with Jim Dine, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Eva Hesse, and others. In Los Angeles, Cramer started collecting Californian artists. He became one of the founders of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art and was president of its board of trustees from 1990 to 1993. At MOCA alone, he spearheaded art auctions, donated major artworks, and provided funds for a 1997 Ellsworth Kelly retrospective. He ended a 13-year tenure at MOCA in 1996, rotating off the board in accordance with a policy enacted in 1993. He donated hundreds of artworks to museums, including sculptures by Anthony Caro and Richard Serra to Tate Modern in London and works by Kelly, Joel Shapiro, and Andy Warhol to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, where he was a member of the board from 1993 on.Cramer also established the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation with two buildings and five different exhibition spaces on his 420-acre ranch, called La Quinta Norte, in the Santa Ynez Valley, near Los Olivos, California. Personal life Cramer resided in Miami Beach, Florida, in the later years of his life. He was married to famed Los Angeles Times gossip columnist Joyce Haber from 1966-1972 and had two children, Douglas S. Cramer III and Courtney Cramer, with her. In 1994, he attempted to produce a two-act play about the marriage entitled The Last Great Dish He subsequently came out as gay and married Hugh Bush in 2006. Cramer died from heart and kidney failure at his home on Martha's Vineyard on June 4, 2021, at age 89. Selected credits Star Trek (1968–1969), 24 episodes The Cat Creature (1973, TV Movie) QB VII (1974, miniseries) Wonder Woman (1975–1977) Who Is the Black Dahlia? (1975, TV movie) The San Pedro Beach Bums (1977) The Love Boat (1977–1986) Dynasty (1981–1989) The Colbys (1985–1987) Nightingales (1989) Dynasty: The Reunion (1991, TV Movie) Family Album (1994, miniseries) The Ring (1996, miniseries) References External links Douglas S. Cramer at IMDb Douglas S. Cramer at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 76 ], "text": [ "television producer" ] }
Douglas Schoolfield Cramer (August 22, 1931 – June 4, 2021) was an American television producer who worked for Paramount Television and Spelling Television, producing series such as Mission: Impossible, The Brady Bunch, and Dynasty. Career Cramer, a native of Louisville, Kentucky and graduate of Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, began his career in advertising, serving as a broadcast supervisor on Lever Brothers and General Foods programs at Ogilvy & Mather in New York City. In 1962, he became Director of Program Planning at ABC Television. In 1966, he became vice president of television program development at 20th Century Fox; he later became executive vice president in charge of production for Paramount Television in 1968, in which role he was responsible for such television shows as Star Trek, The Odd Couple, The Brady Bunch, and Mission: Impossible. Cramer left Paramount to form his own production company in 1971. One of the series his company produced was Wonder Woman. Cramer joined Aaron Spelling's production company in 1976. Cramer was an executive producer on the 1980s series Dynasty, its spin-off series The Colbys, and the 1991 miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion. Cramer produced 20 of the 22 miniseries adaptations of Danielle Steel's novels; the exceptions being Jewels (1992) and the first, Now and Forever (1983). Cramer was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special – Drama or Comedy in 1975 for QB VII, and again for Outstanding Drama Series in 1982 for Dynasty. Cramer provided audio commentary for the pilot episode of the Wonder Woman television series starring Lynda Carter (who joined him on the commentary) on the Region 1 DVD for the first season. Art collection Cramer was one of America's leading collectors of contemporary art; works from his collections, including pieces by Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, and Mark di Suvero, have been shown at some of the leading art museums in the United States, and have been auctioned at Sotheby's and Christie's (1997, 2012). In May 1997, Cramer sold 22 contemporary sculptures at Christie's in New York, for a total of $2.9 million, with proceeds of the sale going to the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation. In 2008, Cramer sold Man-Crazy Nurse #2 by Richard Prince for $7.4 million. While working in New York City, he starting buying prints by 20th-century Modernists, then by the younger artists there who were friends with Jim Dine, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Eva Hesse, and others. In Los Angeles, Cramer started collecting Californian artists. He became one of the founders of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art and was president of its board of trustees from 1990 to 1993. At MOCA alone, he spearheaded art auctions, donated major artworks, and provided funds for a 1997 Ellsworth Kelly retrospective. He ended a 13-year tenure at MOCA in 1996, rotating off the board in accordance with a policy enacted in 1993. He donated hundreds of artworks to museums, including sculptures by Anthony Caro and Richard Serra to Tate Modern in London and works by Kelly, Joel Shapiro, and Andy Warhol to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, where he was a member of the board from 1993 on.Cramer also established the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation with two buildings and five different exhibition spaces on his 420-acre ranch, called La Quinta Norte, in the Santa Ynez Valley, near Los Olivos, California. Personal life Cramer resided in Miami Beach, Florida, in the later years of his life. He was married to famed Los Angeles Times gossip columnist Joyce Haber from 1966-1972 and had two children, Douglas S. Cramer III and Courtney Cramer, with her. In 1994, he attempted to produce a two-act play about the marriage entitled The Last Great Dish He subsequently came out as gay and married Hugh Bush in 2006. Cramer died from heart and kidney failure at his home on Martha's Vineyard on June 4, 2021, at age 89. Selected credits Star Trek (1968–1969), 24 episodes The Cat Creature (1973, TV Movie) QB VII (1974, miniseries) Wonder Woman (1975–1977) Who Is the Black Dahlia? (1975, TV movie) The San Pedro Beach Bums (1977) The Love Boat (1977–1986) Dynasty (1981–1989) The Colbys (1985–1987) Nightingales (1989) Dynasty: The Reunion (1991, TV Movie) Family Album (1994, miniseries) The Ring (1996, miniseries) References External links Douglas S. Cramer at IMDb Douglas S. Cramer at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 20 ], "text": [ "Cramer" ] }
Douglas Schoolfield Cramer (August 22, 1931 – June 4, 2021) was an American television producer who worked for Paramount Television and Spelling Television, producing series such as Mission: Impossible, The Brady Bunch, and Dynasty. Career Cramer, a native of Louisville, Kentucky and graduate of Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, began his career in advertising, serving as a broadcast supervisor on Lever Brothers and General Foods programs at Ogilvy & Mather in New York City. In 1962, he became Director of Program Planning at ABC Television. In 1966, he became vice president of television program development at 20th Century Fox; he later became executive vice president in charge of production for Paramount Television in 1968, in which role he was responsible for such television shows as Star Trek, The Odd Couple, The Brady Bunch, and Mission: Impossible. Cramer left Paramount to form his own production company in 1971. One of the series his company produced was Wonder Woman. Cramer joined Aaron Spelling's production company in 1976. Cramer was an executive producer on the 1980s series Dynasty, its spin-off series The Colbys, and the 1991 miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion. Cramer produced 20 of the 22 miniseries adaptations of Danielle Steel's novels; the exceptions being Jewels (1992) and the first, Now and Forever (1983). Cramer was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special – Drama or Comedy in 1975 for QB VII, and again for Outstanding Drama Series in 1982 for Dynasty. Cramer provided audio commentary for the pilot episode of the Wonder Woman television series starring Lynda Carter (who joined him on the commentary) on the Region 1 DVD for the first season. Art collection Cramer was one of America's leading collectors of contemporary art; works from his collections, including pieces by Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, and Mark di Suvero, have been shown at some of the leading art museums in the United States, and have been auctioned at Sotheby's and Christie's (1997, 2012). In May 1997, Cramer sold 22 contemporary sculptures at Christie's in New York, for a total of $2.9 million, with proceeds of the sale going to the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation. In 2008, Cramer sold Man-Crazy Nurse #2 by Richard Prince for $7.4 million. While working in New York City, he starting buying prints by 20th-century Modernists, then by the younger artists there who were friends with Jim Dine, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Eva Hesse, and others. In Los Angeles, Cramer started collecting Californian artists. He became one of the founders of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art and was president of its board of trustees from 1990 to 1993. At MOCA alone, he spearheaded art auctions, donated major artworks, and provided funds for a 1997 Ellsworth Kelly retrospective. He ended a 13-year tenure at MOCA in 1996, rotating off the board in accordance with a policy enacted in 1993. He donated hundreds of artworks to museums, including sculptures by Anthony Caro and Richard Serra to Tate Modern in London and works by Kelly, Joel Shapiro, and Andy Warhol to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, where he was a member of the board from 1993 on.Cramer also established the Douglas S. Cramer Foundation with two buildings and five different exhibition spaces on his 420-acre ranch, called La Quinta Norte, in the Santa Ynez Valley, near Los Olivos, California. Personal life Cramer resided in Miami Beach, Florida, in the later years of his life. He was married to famed Los Angeles Times gossip columnist Joyce Haber from 1966-1972 and had two children, Douglas S. Cramer III and Courtney Cramer, with her. In 1994, he attempted to produce a two-act play about the marriage entitled The Last Great Dish He subsequently came out as gay and married Hugh Bush in 2006. Cramer died from heart and kidney failure at his home on Martha's Vineyard on June 4, 2021, at age 89. Selected credits Star Trek (1968–1969), 24 episodes The Cat Creature (1973, TV Movie) QB VII (1974, miniseries) Wonder Woman (1975–1977) Who Is the Black Dahlia? (1975, TV movie) The San Pedro Beach Bums (1977) The Love Boat (1977–1986) Dynasty (1981–1989) The Colbys (1985–1987) Nightingales (1989) Dynasty: The Reunion (1991, TV Movie) Family Album (1994, miniseries) The Ring (1996, miniseries) References External links Douglas S. Cramer at IMDb Douglas S. Cramer at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Douglas" ] }
Shenzhen Reservoir (simplified Chinese: 深圳水库; traditional Chinese: 深圳水庫; pinyin: Shēnzhèn Shuǐkù) is a reservoir located in Luohu District, in southeastern Shenzhen in the southern China. Shenzhen Reservoir is the largest man-made lake in Shenzhen. It belongs to the first grade water source protection area (一级水源保护区) and is part of Shenzhen's water supply network. It borders on Donghu Park and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden and is surrounded by Mount Wutong. It covers a total surface area of 60.5 km2 (23.4 sq mi) and has a storage capacity of some 45,770,000 m3 (0.01098 cu mi) of water. The reservoir discharges into Sham Chun River, the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, together with the Sha Tau Kok River. History Shenzhen Reservoir was built in March 1965 for irrigation and drinking water purposes. Public access Shenzhen reservoir is open to the public from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm every day. Shenzhen Reservoir is a popular recreation area for hiking and tourism. Nearby attractions include Donghu Park and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden. Transportation Take bus No. 3, 17, 23, 29, 211, 308, 320, 351 to Shuiku Bus Stop (水库站). References External links Media related to Shenzhen Reservoir at Wikimedia Commons
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 103 ], "text": [ "reservoir" ] }
Shenzhen Reservoir (simplified Chinese: 深圳水库; traditional Chinese: 深圳水庫; pinyin: Shēnzhèn Shuǐkù) is a reservoir located in Luohu District, in southeastern Shenzhen in the southern China. Shenzhen Reservoir is the largest man-made lake in Shenzhen. It belongs to the first grade water source protection area (一级水源保护区) and is part of Shenzhen's water supply network. It borders on Donghu Park and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden and is surrounded by Mount Wutong. It covers a total surface area of 60.5 km2 (23.4 sq mi) and has a storage capacity of some 45,770,000 m3 (0.01098 cu mi) of water. The reservoir discharges into Sham Chun River, the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, together with the Sha Tau Kok River. History Shenzhen Reservoir was built in March 1965 for irrigation and drinking water purposes. Public access Shenzhen reservoir is open to the public from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm every day. Shenzhen Reservoir is a popular recreation area for hiking and tourism. Nearby attractions include Donghu Park and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden. Transportation Take bus No. 3, 17, 23, 29, 211, 308, 320, 351 to Shuiku Bus Stop (水库站). References External links Media related to Shenzhen Reservoir at Wikimedia Commons
lake outflow
{ "answer_start": [ 620 ], "text": [ "Sham Chun River" ] }
Shenzhen Reservoir (simplified Chinese: 深圳水库; traditional Chinese: 深圳水庫; pinyin: Shēnzhèn Shuǐkù) is a reservoir located in Luohu District, in southeastern Shenzhen in the southern China. Shenzhen Reservoir is the largest man-made lake in Shenzhen. It belongs to the first grade water source protection area (一级水源保护区) and is part of Shenzhen's water supply network. It borders on Donghu Park and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden and is surrounded by Mount Wutong. It covers a total surface area of 60.5 km2 (23.4 sq mi) and has a storage capacity of some 45,770,000 m3 (0.01098 cu mi) of water. The reservoir discharges into Sham Chun River, the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, together with the Sha Tau Kok River. History Shenzhen Reservoir was built in March 1965 for irrigation and drinking water purposes. Public access Shenzhen reservoir is open to the public from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm every day. Shenzhen Reservoir is a popular recreation area for hiking and tourism. Nearby attractions include Donghu Park and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden. Transportation Take bus No. 3, 17, 23, 29, 211, 308, 320, 351 to Shuiku Bus Stop (水库站). References External links Media related to Shenzhen Reservoir at Wikimedia Commons
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Shenzhen Reservoir" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 32 ], "text": [ "Les Vans" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 51 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
position held
{ "answer_start": [ 149 ], "text": [ "mayor of La Rochelle" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Léonce Vieljeux" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
military rank
{ "answer_start": [ 95 ], "text": [ "colonel" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Léonce" ] }
Léonce Vieljeux (12 April 1865, Les Vans, Ardèche, France – 12 September 1944, Struthof) was a colonel in the French reserve army, industrialist and mayor of La Rochelle. Life Gaining a diploma from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1888, he was attached to the 123e régiment d’infanterie at La Rochelle, where he married Hélène Delmas, daughter of the famous arms manufacturer from that town. He left the army to enter his father-in-law's family business "Delmas Frères", becoming its president, changing its name to "Compagnie Delmas-Vieljeux", and making it one of France's most important shipping companies. Sitting on La Rochelle's municipal council from 1912 to 1925, he became its mayor in 1930. With the onset of the Second World War, Léonce Vieljeux began working to resist the town's Nazi occupiers. Thus, when on Sunday 23 June 1940 a German lieutenant presented himself to mayor Vieljeux with a request to hang a German swastika flag from La Rochelle's hôtel de ville, Vieljeux replied that he was a colonel (in the reserves) and had no orders to receive a junior officer, even if he was from a victorious army. This first act of resistance was followed by systematic opposition to the posting of Nazi propaganda posters. At the same time, he helped engineers and workers from his factory who belonged to the ALLIANCE Resistance network to find means of escape. On 22 September 1940, he was removed from his office of mayor and then (in 1941) expelled from the town. Later returning to La Rochelle, he was arrested at the start of 1944. Interned at Lafond before being transferred to Poitiers then Fresnes, he was finally sent to the camp at Schirmeck near Strasburg, where he remained from 1 May to 1 September 1944. On the night of 1/2 September 1944 he was taken to the camp at Struthof, where he was shot at the same time as 300 other men and 92 women, up to the age of 80 (he was then 79). His funeral service took place in the Protestant church in La Rochelle in the presence of 3,000 townspeople of all denominations and social classes. A commemorative stamp with his face on was issued on 28 March 1960.
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 110 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Hasan Nezam (Persian: حسن نظام, also Romanized as Ḩasan Neẓām; also known as Ḩasanneẓām) is a village in Angali Rural District, in the Central District of Bushehr County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 9 families. == References ==
country
{ "answer_start": [ 189 ], "text": [ "Iran" ] }
Hasan Nezam (Persian: حسن نظام, also Romanized as Ḩasan Neẓām; also known as Ḩasanneẓām) is a village in Angali Rural District, in the Central District of Bushehr County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 9 families. == References ==
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 94 ], "text": [ "village" ] }
Hasan Nezam (Persian: حسن نظام, also Romanized as Ḩasan Neẓām; also known as Ḩasanneẓām) is a village in Angali Rural District, in the Central District of Bushehr County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 9 families. == References ==
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 105 ], "text": [ "Angali Rural District" ] }
Bandanna Land (also known as In Bandanna Land) is a musical from 1908. The book was written by Jesse A. Shipp, lyrics by Alex Rogers (aka Alec) Rogers (né Alexander Claude Rogers; 1876–1930), and music composed primarily by Will Marion Cook. Created by and featuring African Americans, it was the third musical written by the team whose previous works included In Dahomey (1902) and Abyssinia (1906). It was the last show featuring the duo of Bert Williams and George Walker, comedians who starred in these musicals. Walker became ill during the post-Broadway tour and died in 1911. Plot Setting: GeorgiaSkunkton Bowser, a performer who does one-night-stands with a minstrel show, inherits $25,000 as a bequest from his father's former owner. His educated friend, Bud Jenkins, appoints himself as guardian of Bowser and creates a park for African Americans called "Bandanna Land". Jenkins assists in selling the park to a railroad company that does not like the presence of the African Americans. Despite Jenkins, Bowser is determined to receive his fair share of the profits of the sale. Characters and original Broadway cast Based on the cast list from IBDB. Musical numbers Song list from IBDB.Act 1 "Corn Song" - Mandy Lou, Male Quartette and Chorus "Kinky" - (lyrics by Mord Allen) Dinah Simmons and Kinky Girls "'Tain't Gwine to Be No Rain" - Amos Simmons and Male Chorus "Exhortation" - Deacon Sparks and Male Chorus "Until Then" - Skunkton Bowser, Bud Jenkins and Male ChorusACT 2 "Minuet" - Mose Blackstone "Red, Red Rose" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Mandy Lou "When I Was Sweet Sixteen" (music by J. Leubrie Hill; lyrics by Mord Allen) - Angelina Diggs "It's Hard to Love Somebody" (When Your Somebody Don't Love You) (music by Chris Smith; lyrics by Cecil Mack) - Dinah Simmons "Just the Same" "Somewhere" (music by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams; lyrics by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams) - Mr. Collins and Chorus "Late Hours" (music by Bert A. Williams; lyrics by David Kempner) - Mose Blackstone "Bon Bon Buddie" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Bud JenkinsACT 3 "Ethiopia" (music by Al Johns) - Dinah Simmons and Girls "Me to Me Is Me" - Mose Blackstone Production Pre-Broadway One of the first notices of Bandanna Land is in a two-line notice in Billboard dated July 1, 1905. The notice, part of an assemblage of "notes and gossip of Chicago and the Northwest," says that the show as well as "Absinthe Frappe" are "winning many laurels."By 1907 Williams and Walker began working up the show based on the vaudeville act. A May 1907 notice has Williams and Walker performing a twenty-minute skit called On the Road to Bandanna Land at the Chesnut Theatre in Philadelphia. The review mentions songs such as "Friend of the Family," "A Cousin of Mine," and "Just One Word of Consolation," none of which made it into the version produced on Broadway nine months later. By the end of the summer the show began a four-month pre-Broadway tour, starting September 1907 and lasting through the beginning of February 1908: Broadway After touring the east coast, Bandanna Land opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre in New York City on February 3, 1908. It ran for 89 performances, closing on April 18, 1908. Post-Broadway Following its close on Broadway, Bandanna Land played at the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn from April 20 until about May 30.While Williams and Walker were performing in London in July 1908, there was talk of a London production of Bandanna Land. Instead, the duo performed The Guardian and the Heir, "a boiled-down version" of Bandanna Land.Back on American soil, Bandanna Land opened August 14, 1908 at the "Grand Opera House".It played a special engagement at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, Maryland.For the week of April 5, 1909, the show returned to the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn, N.Y.In February 1909, Bandanna Land played at the "Masonic Theater" in Louisville, Kentucky. The run was so successful that potential attendees had to be turned away. During the run George Walker became ill (an illness which eventually led to his death). He left the company on February 24, 1910. His departure ended Bandanna Land's run as well as the partnership of Williams and Walker. Critical reception During the pre-Broadway tour, one critic wrote "Williams and Walker have a vehicle which is making them popular, and incidentally, some of the much-needed mazuma. Their eccentric style of character-drawing produced what is, no doubt, the highest type of negro achievement on the stage to-day. The company is made up of some clever people."Billboard's unnamed reviewer wrote: "In the first act there is a meeting of a corporation, which is so finished in every detail of costuming, grouping and by-play, that it is only after the fall of the curtain, that you realize how much has gone into its current presentment...If Belasco could get half the atmosphere into a production that Bandanna Land produces in such abundance, he would be rejoiced."The review in Variety began: "'Bandanna Land' is a real artistic achievement, representing as it does a distinct advancement in negro minstrelsy. Realizing, perhaps, that the white public is chronically disinclined to accept the stage negro in any but a purely comedy vein and having at the same time a natural desire to be something better than the conventional colored clown whose class mark is a razor and an ounce or two of cut glass, Williams and Walker have approached the delicate subject from a new side....'Bandanna Land' has found substantial success at the Majestic Theatre, where it is now in its fourth week with an almost unbroken record of capacity business. No small part of the credit for this result is due to Will Marion Cook, who wrote the music, and to the splendid singing organization.The score is full of surprises, crisp little phrases that stick in the mind and are distinctly whistleable, and several of the lyrics that go with them are excellently done."The unnamed author of the brief New York Times review wrote that Walker and Williams would have been positively received if they had done only the cakewalk and dance that concluded act 2. The reviewer wrote that the conclusion of the cakewalk received a "response from the audience that was utterfly deafening" and had to be encored thirteen times." The critic noted that, in act 1, the land corporation "with a very big name" was set up like a minstrel show, with the corporation's president functioning as an interlocuter and two board members as end men. Notes and references Notes References External links ​Bandanna Land​ at the Internet Broadway Database Bandanna Land: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
author
{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "Jesse A. Shipp" ] }
Bandanna Land (also known as In Bandanna Land) is a musical from 1908. The book was written by Jesse A. Shipp, lyrics by Alex Rogers (aka Alec) Rogers (né Alexander Claude Rogers; 1876–1930), and music composed primarily by Will Marion Cook. Created by and featuring African Americans, it was the third musical written by the team whose previous works included In Dahomey (1902) and Abyssinia (1906). It was the last show featuring the duo of Bert Williams and George Walker, comedians who starred in these musicals. Walker became ill during the post-Broadway tour and died in 1911. Plot Setting: GeorgiaSkunkton Bowser, a performer who does one-night-stands with a minstrel show, inherits $25,000 as a bequest from his father's former owner. His educated friend, Bud Jenkins, appoints himself as guardian of Bowser and creates a park for African Americans called "Bandanna Land". Jenkins assists in selling the park to a railroad company that does not like the presence of the African Americans. Despite Jenkins, Bowser is determined to receive his fair share of the profits of the sale. Characters and original Broadway cast Based on the cast list from IBDB. Musical numbers Song list from IBDB.Act 1 "Corn Song" - Mandy Lou, Male Quartette and Chorus "Kinky" - (lyrics by Mord Allen) Dinah Simmons and Kinky Girls "'Tain't Gwine to Be No Rain" - Amos Simmons and Male Chorus "Exhortation" - Deacon Sparks and Male Chorus "Until Then" - Skunkton Bowser, Bud Jenkins and Male ChorusACT 2 "Minuet" - Mose Blackstone "Red, Red Rose" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Mandy Lou "When I Was Sweet Sixteen" (music by J. Leubrie Hill; lyrics by Mord Allen) - Angelina Diggs "It's Hard to Love Somebody" (When Your Somebody Don't Love You) (music by Chris Smith; lyrics by Cecil Mack) - Dinah Simmons "Just the Same" "Somewhere" (music by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams; lyrics by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams) - Mr. Collins and Chorus "Late Hours" (music by Bert A. Williams; lyrics by David Kempner) - Mose Blackstone "Bon Bon Buddie" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Bud JenkinsACT 3 "Ethiopia" (music by Al Johns) - Dinah Simmons and Girls "Me to Me Is Me" - Mose Blackstone Production Pre-Broadway One of the first notices of Bandanna Land is in a two-line notice in Billboard dated July 1, 1905. The notice, part of an assemblage of "notes and gossip of Chicago and the Northwest," says that the show as well as "Absinthe Frappe" are "winning many laurels."By 1907 Williams and Walker began working up the show based on the vaudeville act. A May 1907 notice has Williams and Walker performing a twenty-minute skit called On the Road to Bandanna Land at the Chesnut Theatre in Philadelphia. The review mentions songs such as "Friend of the Family," "A Cousin of Mine," and "Just One Word of Consolation," none of which made it into the version produced on Broadway nine months later. By the end of the summer the show began a four-month pre-Broadway tour, starting September 1907 and lasting through the beginning of February 1908: Broadway After touring the east coast, Bandanna Land opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre in New York City on February 3, 1908. It ran for 89 performances, closing on April 18, 1908. Post-Broadway Following its close on Broadway, Bandanna Land played at the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn from April 20 until about May 30.While Williams and Walker were performing in London in July 1908, there was talk of a London production of Bandanna Land. Instead, the duo performed The Guardian and the Heir, "a boiled-down version" of Bandanna Land.Back on American soil, Bandanna Land opened August 14, 1908 at the "Grand Opera House".It played a special engagement at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, Maryland.For the week of April 5, 1909, the show returned to the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn, N.Y.In February 1909, Bandanna Land played at the "Masonic Theater" in Louisville, Kentucky. The run was so successful that potential attendees had to be turned away. During the run George Walker became ill (an illness which eventually led to his death). He left the company on February 24, 1910. His departure ended Bandanna Land's run as well as the partnership of Williams and Walker. Critical reception During the pre-Broadway tour, one critic wrote "Williams and Walker have a vehicle which is making them popular, and incidentally, some of the much-needed mazuma. Their eccentric style of character-drawing produced what is, no doubt, the highest type of negro achievement on the stage to-day. The company is made up of some clever people."Billboard's unnamed reviewer wrote: "In the first act there is a meeting of a corporation, which is so finished in every detail of costuming, grouping and by-play, that it is only after the fall of the curtain, that you realize how much has gone into its current presentment...If Belasco could get half the atmosphere into a production that Bandanna Land produces in such abundance, he would be rejoiced."The review in Variety began: "'Bandanna Land' is a real artistic achievement, representing as it does a distinct advancement in negro minstrelsy. Realizing, perhaps, that the white public is chronically disinclined to accept the stage negro in any but a purely comedy vein and having at the same time a natural desire to be something better than the conventional colored clown whose class mark is a razor and an ounce or two of cut glass, Williams and Walker have approached the delicate subject from a new side....'Bandanna Land' has found substantial success at the Majestic Theatre, where it is now in its fourth week with an almost unbroken record of capacity business. No small part of the credit for this result is due to Will Marion Cook, who wrote the music, and to the splendid singing organization.The score is full of surprises, crisp little phrases that stick in the mind and are distinctly whistleable, and several of the lyrics that go with them are excellently done."The unnamed author of the brief New York Times review wrote that Walker and Williams would have been positively received if they had done only the cakewalk and dance that concluded act 2. The reviewer wrote that the conclusion of the cakewalk received a "response from the audience that was utterfly deafening" and had to be encored thirteen times." The critic noted that, in act 1, the land corporation "with a very big name" was set up like a minstrel show, with the corporation's president functioning as an interlocuter and two board members as end men. Notes and references Notes References External links ​Bandanna Land​ at the Internet Broadway Database Bandanna Land: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
composer
{ "answer_start": [ 226 ], "text": [ "Will Marion Cook" ] }
Bandanna Land (also known as In Bandanna Land) is a musical from 1908. The book was written by Jesse A. Shipp, lyrics by Alex Rogers (aka Alec) Rogers (né Alexander Claude Rogers; 1876–1930), and music composed primarily by Will Marion Cook. Created by and featuring African Americans, it was the third musical written by the team whose previous works included In Dahomey (1902) and Abyssinia (1906). It was the last show featuring the duo of Bert Williams and George Walker, comedians who starred in these musicals. Walker became ill during the post-Broadway tour and died in 1911. Plot Setting: GeorgiaSkunkton Bowser, a performer who does one-night-stands with a minstrel show, inherits $25,000 as a bequest from his father's former owner. His educated friend, Bud Jenkins, appoints himself as guardian of Bowser and creates a park for African Americans called "Bandanna Land". Jenkins assists in selling the park to a railroad company that does not like the presence of the African Americans. Despite Jenkins, Bowser is determined to receive his fair share of the profits of the sale. Characters and original Broadway cast Based on the cast list from IBDB. Musical numbers Song list from IBDB.Act 1 "Corn Song" - Mandy Lou, Male Quartette and Chorus "Kinky" - (lyrics by Mord Allen) Dinah Simmons and Kinky Girls "'Tain't Gwine to Be No Rain" - Amos Simmons and Male Chorus "Exhortation" - Deacon Sparks and Male Chorus "Until Then" - Skunkton Bowser, Bud Jenkins and Male ChorusACT 2 "Minuet" - Mose Blackstone "Red, Red Rose" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Mandy Lou "When I Was Sweet Sixteen" (music by J. Leubrie Hill; lyrics by Mord Allen) - Angelina Diggs "It's Hard to Love Somebody" (When Your Somebody Don't Love You) (music by Chris Smith; lyrics by Cecil Mack) - Dinah Simmons "Just the Same" "Somewhere" (music by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams; lyrics by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams) - Mr. Collins and Chorus "Late Hours" (music by Bert A. Williams; lyrics by David Kempner) - Mose Blackstone "Bon Bon Buddie" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Bud JenkinsACT 3 "Ethiopia" (music by Al Johns) - Dinah Simmons and Girls "Me to Me Is Me" - Mose Blackstone Production Pre-Broadway One of the first notices of Bandanna Land is in a two-line notice in Billboard dated July 1, 1905. The notice, part of an assemblage of "notes and gossip of Chicago and the Northwest," says that the show as well as "Absinthe Frappe" are "winning many laurels."By 1907 Williams and Walker began working up the show based on the vaudeville act. A May 1907 notice has Williams and Walker performing a twenty-minute skit called On the Road to Bandanna Land at the Chesnut Theatre in Philadelphia. The review mentions songs such as "Friend of the Family," "A Cousin of Mine," and "Just One Word of Consolation," none of which made it into the version produced on Broadway nine months later. By the end of the summer the show began a four-month pre-Broadway tour, starting September 1907 and lasting through the beginning of February 1908: Broadway After touring the east coast, Bandanna Land opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre in New York City on February 3, 1908. It ran for 89 performances, closing on April 18, 1908. Post-Broadway Following its close on Broadway, Bandanna Land played at the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn from April 20 until about May 30.While Williams and Walker were performing in London in July 1908, there was talk of a London production of Bandanna Land. Instead, the duo performed The Guardian and the Heir, "a boiled-down version" of Bandanna Land.Back on American soil, Bandanna Land opened August 14, 1908 at the "Grand Opera House".It played a special engagement at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, Maryland.For the week of April 5, 1909, the show returned to the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn, N.Y.In February 1909, Bandanna Land played at the "Masonic Theater" in Louisville, Kentucky. The run was so successful that potential attendees had to be turned away. During the run George Walker became ill (an illness which eventually led to his death). He left the company on February 24, 1910. His departure ended Bandanna Land's run as well as the partnership of Williams and Walker. Critical reception During the pre-Broadway tour, one critic wrote "Williams and Walker have a vehicle which is making them popular, and incidentally, some of the much-needed mazuma. Their eccentric style of character-drawing produced what is, no doubt, the highest type of negro achievement on the stage to-day. The company is made up of some clever people."Billboard's unnamed reviewer wrote: "In the first act there is a meeting of a corporation, which is so finished in every detail of costuming, grouping and by-play, that it is only after the fall of the curtain, that you realize how much has gone into its current presentment...If Belasco could get half the atmosphere into a production that Bandanna Land produces in such abundance, he would be rejoiced."The review in Variety began: "'Bandanna Land' is a real artistic achievement, representing as it does a distinct advancement in negro minstrelsy. Realizing, perhaps, that the white public is chronically disinclined to accept the stage negro in any but a purely comedy vein and having at the same time a natural desire to be something better than the conventional colored clown whose class mark is a razor and an ounce or two of cut glass, Williams and Walker have approached the delicate subject from a new side....'Bandanna Land' has found substantial success at the Majestic Theatre, where it is now in its fourth week with an almost unbroken record of capacity business. No small part of the credit for this result is due to Will Marion Cook, who wrote the music, and to the splendid singing organization.The score is full of surprises, crisp little phrases that stick in the mind and are distinctly whistleable, and several of the lyrics that go with them are excellently done."The unnamed author of the brief New York Times review wrote that Walker and Williams would have been positively received if they had done only the cakewalk and dance that concluded act 2. The reviewer wrote that the conclusion of the cakewalk received a "response from the audience that was utterfly deafening" and had to be encored thirteen times." The critic noted that, in act 1, the land corporation "with a very big name" was set up like a minstrel show, with the corporation's president functioning as an interlocuter and two board members as end men. Notes and references Notes References External links ​Bandanna Land​ at the Internet Broadway Database Bandanna Land: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
lyrics by
{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "Jesse A. Shipp" ] }
Bandanna Land (also known as In Bandanna Land) is a musical from 1908. The book was written by Jesse A. Shipp, lyrics by Alex Rogers (aka Alec) Rogers (né Alexander Claude Rogers; 1876–1930), and music composed primarily by Will Marion Cook. Created by and featuring African Americans, it was the third musical written by the team whose previous works included In Dahomey (1902) and Abyssinia (1906). It was the last show featuring the duo of Bert Williams and George Walker, comedians who starred in these musicals. Walker became ill during the post-Broadway tour and died in 1911. Plot Setting: GeorgiaSkunkton Bowser, a performer who does one-night-stands with a minstrel show, inherits $25,000 as a bequest from his father's former owner. His educated friend, Bud Jenkins, appoints himself as guardian of Bowser and creates a park for African Americans called "Bandanna Land". Jenkins assists in selling the park to a railroad company that does not like the presence of the African Americans. Despite Jenkins, Bowser is determined to receive his fair share of the profits of the sale. Characters and original Broadway cast Based on the cast list from IBDB. Musical numbers Song list from IBDB.Act 1 "Corn Song" - Mandy Lou, Male Quartette and Chorus "Kinky" - (lyrics by Mord Allen) Dinah Simmons and Kinky Girls "'Tain't Gwine to Be No Rain" - Amos Simmons and Male Chorus "Exhortation" - Deacon Sparks and Male Chorus "Until Then" - Skunkton Bowser, Bud Jenkins and Male ChorusACT 2 "Minuet" - Mose Blackstone "Red, Red Rose" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Mandy Lou "When I Was Sweet Sixteen" (music by J. Leubrie Hill; lyrics by Mord Allen) - Angelina Diggs "It's Hard to Love Somebody" (When Your Somebody Don't Love You) (music by Chris Smith; lyrics by Cecil Mack) - Dinah Simmons "Just the Same" "Somewhere" (music by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams; lyrics by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams) - Mr. Collins and Chorus "Late Hours" (music by Bert A. Williams; lyrics by David Kempner) - Mose Blackstone "Bon Bon Buddie" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Bud JenkinsACT 3 "Ethiopia" (music by Al Johns) - Dinah Simmons and Girls "Me to Me Is Me" - Mose Blackstone Production Pre-Broadway One of the first notices of Bandanna Land is in a two-line notice in Billboard dated July 1, 1905. The notice, part of an assemblage of "notes and gossip of Chicago and the Northwest," says that the show as well as "Absinthe Frappe" are "winning many laurels."By 1907 Williams and Walker began working up the show based on the vaudeville act. A May 1907 notice has Williams and Walker performing a twenty-minute skit called On the Road to Bandanna Land at the Chesnut Theatre in Philadelphia. The review mentions songs such as "Friend of the Family," "A Cousin of Mine," and "Just One Word of Consolation," none of which made it into the version produced on Broadway nine months later. By the end of the summer the show began a four-month pre-Broadway tour, starting September 1907 and lasting through the beginning of February 1908: Broadway After touring the east coast, Bandanna Land opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre in New York City on February 3, 1908. It ran for 89 performances, closing on April 18, 1908. Post-Broadway Following its close on Broadway, Bandanna Land played at the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn from April 20 until about May 30.While Williams and Walker were performing in London in July 1908, there was talk of a London production of Bandanna Land. Instead, the duo performed The Guardian and the Heir, "a boiled-down version" of Bandanna Land.Back on American soil, Bandanna Land opened August 14, 1908 at the "Grand Opera House".It played a special engagement at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, Maryland.For the week of April 5, 1909, the show returned to the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn, N.Y.In February 1909, Bandanna Land played at the "Masonic Theater" in Louisville, Kentucky. The run was so successful that potential attendees had to be turned away. During the run George Walker became ill (an illness which eventually led to his death). He left the company on February 24, 1910. His departure ended Bandanna Land's run as well as the partnership of Williams and Walker. Critical reception During the pre-Broadway tour, one critic wrote "Williams and Walker have a vehicle which is making them popular, and incidentally, some of the much-needed mazuma. Their eccentric style of character-drawing produced what is, no doubt, the highest type of negro achievement on the stage to-day. The company is made up of some clever people."Billboard's unnamed reviewer wrote: "In the first act there is a meeting of a corporation, which is so finished in every detail of costuming, grouping and by-play, that it is only after the fall of the curtain, that you realize how much has gone into its current presentment...If Belasco could get half the atmosphere into a production that Bandanna Land produces in such abundance, he would be rejoiced."The review in Variety began: "'Bandanna Land' is a real artistic achievement, representing as it does a distinct advancement in negro minstrelsy. Realizing, perhaps, that the white public is chronically disinclined to accept the stage negro in any but a purely comedy vein and having at the same time a natural desire to be something better than the conventional colored clown whose class mark is a razor and an ounce or two of cut glass, Williams and Walker have approached the delicate subject from a new side....'Bandanna Land' has found substantial success at the Majestic Theatre, where it is now in its fourth week with an almost unbroken record of capacity business. No small part of the credit for this result is due to Will Marion Cook, who wrote the music, and to the splendid singing organization.The score is full of surprises, crisp little phrases that stick in the mind and are distinctly whistleable, and several of the lyrics that go with them are excellently done."The unnamed author of the brief New York Times review wrote that Walker and Williams would have been positively received if they had done only the cakewalk and dance that concluded act 2. The reviewer wrote that the conclusion of the cakewalk received a "response from the audience that was utterfly deafening" and had to be encored thirteen times." The critic noted that, in act 1, the land corporation "with a very big name" was set up like a minstrel show, with the corporation's president functioning as an interlocuter and two board members as end men. Notes and references Notes References External links ​Bandanna Land​ at the Internet Broadway Database Bandanna Land: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
location of first performance
{ "answer_start": [ 3115 ], "text": [ "Majestic Theatre" ] }
Bandanna Land (also known as In Bandanna Land) is a musical from 1908. The book was written by Jesse A. Shipp, lyrics by Alex Rogers (aka Alec) Rogers (né Alexander Claude Rogers; 1876–1930), and music composed primarily by Will Marion Cook. Created by and featuring African Americans, it was the third musical written by the team whose previous works included In Dahomey (1902) and Abyssinia (1906). It was the last show featuring the duo of Bert Williams and George Walker, comedians who starred in these musicals. Walker became ill during the post-Broadway tour and died in 1911. Plot Setting: GeorgiaSkunkton Bowser, a performer who does one-night-stands with a minstrel show, inherits $25,000 as a bequest from his father's former owner. His educated friend, Bud Jenkins, appoints himself as guardian of Bowser and creates a park for African Americans called "Bandanna Land". Jenkins assists in selling the park to a railroad company that does not like the presence of the African Americans. Despite Jenkins, Bowser is determined to receive his fair share of the profits of the sale. Characters and original Broadway cast Based on the cast list from IBDB. Musical numbers Song list from IBDB.Act 1 "Corn Song" - Mandy Lou, Male Quartette and Chorus "Kinky" - (lyrics by Mord Allen) Dinah Simmons and Kinky Girls "'Tain't Gwine to Be No Rain" - Amos Simmons and Male Chorus "Exhortation" - Deacon Sparks and Male Chorus "Until Then" - Skunkton Bowser, Bud Jenkins and Male ChorusACT 2 "Minuet" - Mose Blackstone "Red, Red Rose" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Mandy Lou "When I Was Sweet Sixteen" (music by J. Leubrie Hill; lyrics by Mord Allen) - Angelina Diggs "It's Hard to Love Somebody" (When Your Somebody Don't Love You) (music by Chris Smith; lyrics by Cecil Mack) - Dinah Simmons "Just the Same" "Somewhere" (music by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams; lyrics by Joe Jordan and Frank H. Williams) - Mr. Collins and Chorus "Late Hours" (music by Bert A. Williams; lyrics by David Kempner) - Mose Blackstone "Bon Bon Buddie" (lyrics by Alex Rogers) - Bud JenkinsACT 3 "Ethiopia" (music by Al Johns) - Dinah Simmons and Girls "Me to Me Is Me" - Mose Blackstone Production Pre-Broadway One of the first notices of Bandanna Land is in a two-line notice in Billboard dated July 1, 1905. The notice, part of an assemblage of "notes and gossip of Chicago and the Northwest," says that the show as well as "Absinthe Frappe" are "winning many laurels."By 1907 Williams and Walker began working up the show based on the vaudeville act. A May 1907 notice has Williams and Walker performing a twenty-minute skit called On the Road to Bandanna Land at the Chesnut Theatre in Philadelphia. The review mentions songs such as "Friend of the Family," "A Cousin of Mine," and "Just One Word of Consolation," none of which made it into the version produced on Broadway nine months later. By the end of the summer the show began a four-month pre-Broadway tour, starting September 1907 and lasting through the beginning of February 1908: Broadway After touring the east coast, Bandanna Land opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre in New York City on February 3, 1908. It ran for 89 performances, closing on April 18, 1908. Post-Broadway Following its close on Broadway, Bandanna Land played at the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn from April 20 until about May 30.While Williams and Walker were performing in London in July 1908, there was talk of a London production of Bandanna Land. Instead, the duo performed The Guardian and the Heir, "a boiled-down version" of Bandanna Land.Back on American soil, Bandanna Land opened August 14, 1908 at the "Grand Opera House".It played a special engagement at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, Maryland.For the week of April 5, 1909, the show returned to the Majestic Theatre in Brooklyn, N.Y.In February 1909, Bandanna Land played at the "Masonic Theater" in Louisville, Kentucky. The run was so successful that potential attendees had to be turned away. During the run George Walker became ill (an illness which eventually led to his death). He left the company on February 24, 1910. His departure ended Bandanna Land's run as well as the partnership of Williams and Walker. Critical reception During the pre-Broadway tour, one critic wrote "Williams and Walker have a vehicle which is making them popular, and incidentally, some of the much-needed mazuma. Their eccentric style of character-drawing produced what is, no doubt, the highest type of negro achievement on the stage to-day. The company is made up of some clever people."Billboard's unnamed reviewer wrote: "In the first act there is a meeting of a corporation, which is so finished in every detail of costuming, grouping and by-play, that it is only after the fall of the curtain, that you realize how much has gone into its current presentment...If Belasco could get half the atmosphere into a production that Bandanna Land produces in such abundance, he would be rejoiced."The review in Variety began: "'Bandanna Land' is a real artistic achievement, representing as it does a distinct advancement in negro minstrelsy. Realizing, perhaps, that the white public is chronically disinclined to accept the stage negro in any but a purely comedy vein and having at the same time a natural desire to be something better than the conventional colored clown whose class mark is a razor and an ounce or two of cut glass, Williams and Walker have approached the delicate subject from a new side....'Bandanna Land' has found substantial success at the Majestic Theatre, where it is now in its fourth week with an almost unbroken record of capacity business. No small part of the credit for this result is due to Will Marion Cook, who wrote the music, and to the splendid singing organization.The score is full of surprises, crisp little phrases that stick in the mind and are distinctly whistleable, and several of the lyrics that go with them are excellently done."The unnamed author of the brief New York Times review wrote that Walker and Williams would have been positively received if they had done only the cakewalk and dance that concluded act 2. The reviewer wrote that the conclusion of the cakewalk received a "response from the audience that was utterfly deafening" and had to be encored thirteen times." The critic noted that, in act 1, the land corporation "with a very big name" was set up like a minstrel show, with the corporation's president functioning as an interlocuter and two board members as end men. Notes and references Notes References External links ​Bandanna Land​ at the Internet Broadway Database Bandanna Land: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
form of creative work
{ "answer_start": [ 52 ], "text": [ "musical" ] }
Inzersdorf im Kremstal (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnt͡sɐsˌdɔʁf] (listen)) is a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Inzersdorf lies in the Krems valley in the Traunviertel. About 30 percent of the municipality is forest, and 59 percent is farmland. == References ==
country
{ "answer_start": [ 139 ], "text": [ "Austria" ] }
Inzersdorf im Kremstal (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnt͡sɐsˌdɔʁf] (listen)) is a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Inzersdorf lies in the Krems valley in the Traunviertel. About 30 percent of the municipality is forest, and 59 percent is farmland. == References ==
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Inzersdorf im Kremstal" ] }
Inzersdorf im Kremstal (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnt͡sɐsˌdɔʁf] (listen)) is a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Inzersdorf lies in the Krems valley in the Traunviertel. About 30 percent of the municipality is forest, and 59 percent is farmland. == References ==
official name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Inzersdorf im Kremstal" ] }
Inzersdorf im Kremstal (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnt͡sɐsˌdɔʁf] (listen)) is a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Inzersdorf lies in the Krems valley in the Traunviertel. About 30 percent of the municipality is forest, and 59 percent is farmland. == References ==
native label
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Inzersdorf im Kremstal" ] }
Inzersdorf im Kremstal (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnt͡sɐsˌdɔʁf] (listen)) is a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Inzersdorf lies in the Krems valley in the Traunviertel. About 30 percent of the municipality is forest, and 59 percent is farmland. == References ==
shares border with
{ "answer_start": [ 109 ], "text": [ "Kirchdorf an der Krems" ] }
Inzersdorf im Kremstal (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnt͡sɐsˌdɔʁf] (listen)) is a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Inzersdorf lies in the Krems valley in the Traunviertel. About 30 percent of the municipality is forest, and 59 percent is farmland. == References ==
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Inzersdorf im Kremstal" ] }
John Covel (2 April 1638 – 19 December 1722) was a clergyman and scientist who became Master of Christ's College, Cambridge and vice-chancellor of the University. Diplomacy Born at Horningsheath, Suffolk, the son of William Covel, John Covel was educated at Bury St Edmunds school and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1659. In 1670 he went to Constantinople as Chaplain to the Levant Company. For two years he was in sole charge of the English Embassy there after the previous ambassador died. Travel and scholarship Covel travelled widely in Asia Minor and described the buildings and plants which he saw. He purchased many Greek manuscripts (including codices 65, 110, 321, 322, and ℓ 150). After his return, Covel spent the winter of 1680/1681 in Suffolk suffering with fever, before becoming Chaplain to the Princess of Orange in The Hague (1681–1685). He was then elected the 15th Master of Christ's in 1688, a position he held until 1723.In his later years, Covel helped to develop the study of fossils. References Further reading Jean-Pierre Grélois, ed., Dr John Covel, Voyages en Turquie 1675–1677. Texte établi, annoté et traduit par Jean-Piere Grélois, avec une préface de Cyril Mango (Réalités Byzantines 6). Paris, 1998. ISBN 978-2-283-60456-4 Covel, John (1893). "Extracts from the diaries of John Covel (1870-1879)". In Bent, J. Theodore (ed.). Early voyages and travels in the Levant. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 99–287. "John Covel". Electronic Enlightenment Biographical Dictionary. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:bio/coveljohn0004729.
educated at
{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "Christ's College" ] }
John Covel (2 April 1638 – 19 December 1722) was a clergyman and scientist who became Master of Christ's College, Cambridge and vice-chancellor of the University. Diplomacy Born at Horningsheath, Suffolk, the son of William Covel, John Covel was educated at Bury St Edmunds school and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1659. In 1670 he went to Constantinople as Chaplain to the Levant Company. For two years he was in sole charge of the English Embassy there after the previous ambassador died. Travel and scholarship Covel travelled widely in Asia Minor and described the buildings and plants which he saw. He purchased many Greek manuscripts (including codices 65, 110, 321, 322, and ℓ 150). After his return, Covel spent the winter of 1680/1681 in Suffolk suffering with fever, before becoming Chaplain to the Princess of Orange in The Hague (1681–1685). He was then elected the 15th Master of Christ's in 1688, a position he held until 1723.In his later years, Covel helped to develop the study of fossils. References Further reading Jean-Pierre Grélois, ed., Dr John Covel, Voyages en Turquie 1675–1677. Texte établi, annoté et traduit par Jean-Piere Grélois, avec une préface de Cyril Mango (Réalités Byzantines 6). Paris, 1998. ISBN 978-2-283-60456-4 Covel, John (1893). "Extracts from the diaries of John Covel (1870-1879)". In Bent, J. Theodore (ed.). Early voyages and travels in the Levant. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 99–287. "John Covel". Electronic Enlightenment Biographical Dictionary. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:bio/coveljohn0004729.
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "scientist" ] }