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Rosario Strait is a strait in northern Washington state, separating San Juan County and Skagit and Whatcom Counties. It extends from the Strait of Juan de Fuca about 23 kilometres (14 mi) north to the Strait of Georgia. The USGS defines its southern boundary as a line extending from Point Colville on Lopez Island to Rosario Head on Fidalgo Island, and its northern boundary as a line from Point Migley on Lummi Island to the east tip of Puffin Island (just east of Matia Island) and then to Point Thompson on Orcas Island. Rosario Strait runs north-south between Lopez, Decatur, Blakely, and Orcas Islands on the west, and Fidalgo, Cypress, Sinclair, and Lummi Islands on the east.Rosario Strait is a major shipping channel. More than 500 oil tankers pass through the strait each year, to and from the Cherry Point Refinery and refineries near Anacortes. The strait is in constant use by vessels bound for Cherry Point, Bellingham, Anacortes, and the San Juan Islands. Vessels bound for British Columbia or Alaska also frequently use it in preference to the passages farther west, when greater advantage can be taken of the tidal currents.
History
In 1790 the Spanish explorers Manuel Quimper and Juan Carrasco, sailing aboard Princesa Real, gave the name Boca de Fidalgo, in honor of Salvador Fidalgo, to Rosario Strait, which was thought to be a bay. In 1791 José María Narváez renamed it Canal de Fidalgo after determining it was a strait. Also in 1791 Francisco de Eliza gave the name Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera to what is now the Strait of Georgia. In 1792, George Vancouver explored the region and gave the Strait of Georgia its present name after King George III. He did not provide a name for Rosario Strait. In 1847 Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition, gave Rosario Strait the name Ringgold Channel after one of his officers. Then in 1847 the British Captain Henry Kellett reorganized the British Admiralty charts, in the process removing the "pro-American" names given by Wilkes and affirming pro-British names and Spanish names. He affirmed the name Gulf of Georgia (Strait of Georgia) given by George Vancouver and used a shortened version of Eliza's name for the Strait of Georgia to replace both Wilkes' and Eliza's original names for Rosario Strait.
Following the Oregon Treaty it was assumed by the British to be the route of the deepest channel to the open sea from the 49th Parallel boundary's terminus in the middle of the Georgia Strait, and is in fact the shortest shipping route. Haro Strait, west of the San Juan Islands, which is wider though somewhat longer, was the American preference for the boundary and its eventual location following the arbitration of the dispute over the San Juan Islands, known as the Pig War.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
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"text": [
"strait"
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|
Rosario Strait is a strait in northern Washington state, separating San Juan County and Skagit and Whatcom Counties. It extends from the Strait of Juan de Fuca about 23 kilometres (14 mi) north to the Strait of Georgia. The USGS defines its southern boundary as a line extending from Point Colville on Lopez Island to Rosario Head on Fidalgo Island, and its northern boundary as a line from Point Migley on Lummi Island to the east tip of Puffin Island (just east of Matia Island) and then to Point Thompson on Orcas Island. Rosario Strait runs north-south between Lopez, Decatur, Blakely, and Orcas Islands on the west, and Fidalgo, Cypress, Sinclair, and Lummi Islands on the east.Rosario Strait is a major shipping channel. More than 500 oil tankers pass through the strait each year, to and from the Cherry Point Refinery and refineries near Anacortes. The strait is in constant use by vessels bound for Cherry Point, Bellingham, Anacortes, and the San Juan Islands. Vessels bound for British Columbia or Alaska also frequently use it in preference to the passages farther west, when greater advantage can be taken of the tidal currents.
History
In 1790 the Spanish explorers Manuel Quimper and Juan Carrasco, sailing aboard Princesa Real, gave the name Boca de Fidalgo, in honor of Salvador Fidalgo, to Rosario Strait, which was thought to be a bay. In 1791 José María Narváez renamed it Canal de Fidalgo after determining it was a strait. Also in 1791 Francisco de Eliza gave the name Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera to what is now the Strait of Georgia. In 1792, George Vancouver explored the region and gave the Strait of Georgia its present name after King George III. He did not provide a name for Rosario Strait. In 1847 Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition, gave Rosario Strait the name Ringgold Channel after one of his officers. Then in 1847 the British Captain Henry Kellett reorganized the British Admiralty charts, in the process removing the "pro-American" names given by Wilkes and affirming pro-British names and Spanish names. He affirmed the name Gulf of Georgia (Strait of Georgia) given by George Vancouver and used a shortened version of Eliza's name for the Strait of Georgia to replace both Wilkes' and Eliza's original names for Rosario Strait.
Following the Oregon Treaty it was assumed by the British to be the route of the deepest channel to the open sea from the 49th Parallel boundary's terminus in the middle of the Georgia Strait, and is in fact the shortest shipping route. Haro Strait, west of the San Juan Islands, which is wider though somewhat longer, was the American preference for the boundary and its eventual location following the arbitration of the dispute over the San Juan Islands, known as the Pig War.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"San Juan County"
]
}
|
Rosario Strait is a strait in northern Washington state, separating San Juan County and Skagit and Whatcom Counties. It extends from the Strait of Juan de Fuca about 23 kilometres (14 mi) north to the Strait of Georgia. The USGS defines its southern boundary as a line extending from Point Colville on Lopez Island to Rosario Head on Fidalgo Island, and its northern boundary as a line from Point Migley on Lummi Island to the east tip of Puffin Island (just east of Matia Island) and then to Point Thompson on Orcas Island. Rosario Strait runs north-south between Lopez, Decatur, Blakely, and Orcas Islands on the west, and Fidalgo, Cypress, Sinclair, and Lummi Islands on the east.Rosario Strait is a major shipping channel. More than 500 oil tankers pass through the strait each year, to and from the Cherry Point Refinery and refineries near Anacortes. The strait is in constant use by vessels bound for Cherry Point, Bellingham, Anacortes, and the San Juan Islands. Vessels bound for British Columbia or Alaska also frequently use it in preference to the passages farther west, when greater advantage can be taken of the tidal currents.
History
In 1790 the Spanish explorers Manuel Quimper and Juan Carrasco, sailing aboard Princesa Real, gave the name Boca de Fidalgo, in honor of Salvador Fidalgo, to Rosario Strait, which was thought to be a bay. In 1791 José María Narváez renamed it Canal de Fidalgo after determining it was a strait. Also in 1791 Francisco de Eliza gave the name Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera to what is now the Strait of Georgia. In 1792, George Vancouver explored the region and gave the Strait of Georgia its present name after King George III. He did not provide a name for Rosario Strait. In 1847 Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition, gave Rosario Strait the name Ringgold Channel after one of his officers. Then in 1847 the British Captain Henry Kellett reorganized the British Admiralty charts, in the process removing the "pro-American" names given by Wilkes and affirming pro-British names and Spanish names. He affirmed the name Gulf of Georgia (Strait of Georgia) given by George Vancouver and used a shortened version of Eliza's name for the Strait of Georgia to replace both Wilkes' and Eliza's original names for Rosario Strait.
Following the Oregon Treaty it was assumed by the British to be the route of the deepest channel to the open sea from the 49th Parallel boundary's terminus in the middle of the Georgia Strait, and is in fact the shortest shipping route. Haro Strait, west of the San Juan Islands, which is wider though somewhat longer, was the American preference for the boundary and its eventual location following the arbitration of the dispute over the San Juan Islands, known as the Pig War.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rosario Strait"
]
}
|
Rosario Strait is a strait in northern Washington state, separating San Juan County and Skagit and Whatcom Counties. It extends from the Strait of Juan de Fuca about 23 kilometres (14 mi) north to the Strait of Georgia. The USGS defines its southern boundary as a line extending from Point Colville on Lopez Island to Rosario Head on Fidalgo Island, and its northern boundary as a line from Point Migley on Lummi Island to the east tip of Puffin Island (just east of Matia Island) and then to Point Thompson on Orcas Island. Rosario Strait runs north-south between Lopez, Decatur, Blakely, and Orcas Islands on the west, and Fidalgo, Cypress, Sinclair, and Lummi Islands on the east.Rosario Strait is a major shipping channel. More than 500 oil tankers pass through the strait each year, to and from the Cherry Point Refinery and refineries near Anacortes. The strait is in constant use by vessels bound for Cherry Point, Bellingham, Anacortes, and the San Juan Islands. Vessels bound for British Columbia or Alaska also frequently use it in preference to the passages farther west, when greater advantage can be taken of the tidal currents.
History
In 1790 the Spanish explorers Manuel Quimper and Juan Carrasco, sailing aboard Princesa Real, gave the name Boca de Fidalgo, in honor of Salvador Fidalgo, to Rosario Strait, which was thought to be a bay. In 1791 José María Narváez renamed it Canal de Fidalgo after determining it was a strait. Also in 1791 Francisco de Eliza gave the name Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera to what is now the Strait of Georgia. In 1792, George Vancouver explored the region and gave the Strait of Georgia its present name after King George III. He did not provide a name for Rosario Strait. In 1847 Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition, gave Rosario Strait the name Ringgold Channel after one of his officers. Then in 1847 the British Captain Henry Kellett reorganized the British Admiralty charts, in the process removing the "pro-American" names given by Wilkes and affirming pro-British names and Spanish names. He affirmed the name Gulf of Georgia (Strait of Georgia) given by George Vancouver and used a shortened version of Eliza's name for the Strait of Georgia to replace both Wilkes' and Eliza's original names for Rosario Strait.
Following the Oregon Treaty it was assumed by the British to be the route of the deepest channel to the open sea from the 49th Parallel boundary's terminus in the middle of the Georgia Strait, and is in fact the shortest shipping route. Haro Strait, west of the San Juan Islands, which is wider though somewhat longer, was the American preference for the boundary and its eventual location following the arbitration of the dispute over the San Juan Islands, known as the Pig War.
== References ==
|
connects with
|
{
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"Strait of Georgia"
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|
Conolophia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
Species
Conolophia conscitaria (Walker, 1861)
Conolophia helicola (Swinhoe, 1894)
Conolophia melanothrix Prout, 1915
Conolophia nigripuncta (Hampson, 1891)
Conolophia persimilis (Warren, 1905)
References
Conolophia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Conolophia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
Species
Conolophia conscitaria (Walker, 1861)
Conolophia helicola (Swinhoe, 1894)
Conolophia melanothrix Prout, 1915
Conolophia nigripuncta (Hampson, 1891)
Conolophia persimilis (Warren, 1905)
References
Conolophia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Geometridae"
]
}
|
Conolophia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
Species
Conolophia conscitaria (Walker, 1861)
Conolophia helicola (Swinhoe, 1894)
Conolophia melanothrix Prout, 1915
Conolophia nigripuncta (Hampson, 1891)
Conolophia persimilis (Warren, 1905)
References
Conolophia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Conolophia"
]
}
|
Conolophia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
Species
Conolophia conscitaria (Walker, 1861)
Conolophia helicola (Swinhoe, 1894)
Conolophia melanothrix Prout, 1915
Conolophia nigripuncta (Hampson, 1891)
Conolophia persimilis (Warren, 1905)
References
Conolophia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Conolophia"
]
}
|
Korang (Persian: كرنگ; also known as Gazanak) is a village in Rezvan Rural District, Kalpush District, Meyami County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,019, in 257 families.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Iran"
]
}
|
Korang (Persian: كرنگ; also known as Gazanak) is a village in Rezvan Rural District, Kalpush District, Meyami County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,019, in 257 families.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"village"
]
}
|
Korang (Persian: كرنگ; also known as Gazanak) is a village in Rezvan Rural District, Kalpush District, Meyami County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,019, in 257 families.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
62
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"text": [
"Rezvan Rural District"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
375
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"text": [
"Istanbul"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"Istanbul"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"Turkish Military Academy"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Nurettin Baransel"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
military rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"general"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Baransel"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Nurettin"
]
}
|
Ahmet Nurettin Baransel (1897 – 21 May 1967) was a Turkish general who served as the 7th chief of the Turkish General Staff from 28 May 1954 to 25 August 1955, 4th commander of the Turkish Land Forces from 25 June 1956 to 16 September 1957, 12th commander of the First Army from 4 November 1952 to 6 April 1954, and the 11th commander of the Third Army.
Baransel was born in Istanbul. He obtained his graduation from the Turkish Military Academy in 1912, and as a staff officer he graduated from the same academy in 1925. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1939, major general in 1941, lieutenant general in 1947, and four-star general in 1951.
Career
Baransel started his career in 1912 after obtaining his graduation. He was appointed in the Army as a team, adjutant and company commander until 1919. He commanded the 7th Aircraft Company Command, Eskişehir Aircraft Station Command, Air Detachment Chief of Staff, General Staff Air Control Command, İzmir Air Group Command, 69th Regiment Battalion Command, 7th and 8th Corps. He also commanded the 11th Regiment of the Third Division, 13th Regiment of the 5th Division, Ağrı Border Brigade Command, and became faculty member of the Turkish War Academies.
As a brigadier general he served as deputy commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. As a major general, he commanded the 5th, 16th, 17th and 22nd DDivisions of the Land Forces, in addition to serving as chief of staff of the 1st Army. As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 3rd, 6th Corps, in addition to serving as deputy commander of the Third Army.
He participated in the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
}
|
Joe DeRosa may refer to:
Joe DeRosa (comedian) (born 1977), American stand-up comedian
Joe DeRosa (referee) (born 1957), American basketball referee
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
}
|
Joe DeRosa may refer to:
Joe DeRosa (comedian) (born 1977), American stand-up comedian
Joe DeRosa (referee) (born 1957), American basketball referee
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Joe"
]
}
|
Joe DeRosa may refer to:
Joe DeRosa (comedian) (born 1977), American stand-up comedian
Joe DeRosa (referee) (born 1957), American basketball referee
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"comedian"
]
}
|
Sanjayan Thuraisingam (born 11 September 1969) is a Tamil Canadian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast medium bowler.Thuraisingam was Canada's top wicket-taker at the 2001 ICC Trophy and his 5 wickets for just 25 runs brought Canada's cricket team to the World Cup on 17 July 2001. He played three matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and has since played a further six One Day Internationals for Canada. He has also represented them in two ICC Intercontinental Cup matches and the 2005 ICC Trophy.
References
External links
at CricketArchive (subscription required)
Sanjayam Thuraisingam at ESPNcricinfo
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
}
|
Sanjayan Thuraisingam (born 11 September 1969) is a Tamil Canadian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast medium bowler.Thuraisingam was Canada's top wicket-taker at the 2001 ICC Trophy and his 5 wickets for just 25 runs brought Canada's cricket team to the World Cup on 17 July 2001. He played three matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and has since played a further six One Day Internationals for Canada. He has also represented them in two ICC Intercontinental Cup matches and the 2005 ICC Trophy.
References
External links
at CricketArchive (subscription required)
Sanjayam Thuraisingam at ESPNcricinfo
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"cricketer"
]
}
|
Sanjayan Thuraisingam (born 11 September 1969) is a Tamil Canadian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast medium bowler.Thuraisingam was Canada's top wicket-taker at the 2001 ICC Trophy and his 5 wickets for just 25 runs brought Canada's cricket team to the World Cup on 17 July 2001. He played three matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and has since played a further six One Day Internationals for Canada. He has also represented them in two ICC Intercontinental Cup matches and the 2005 ICC Trophy.
References
External links
at CricketArchive (subscription required)
Sanjayam Thuraisingam at ESPNcricinfo
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"cricket"
]
}
|
Brassia keiliana is a species of orchid. It is native to Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
References
External links
Media related to Brassia keiliana at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Brassia keiliana at Wikispecies
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Brassia keiliana is a species of orchid. It is native to Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
References
External links
Media related to Brassia keiliana at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Brassia keiliana at Wikispecies
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Brassia"
]
}
|
Brassia keiliana is a species of orchid. It is native to Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
References
External links
Media related to Brassia keiliana at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Brassia keiliana at Wikispecies
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Brassia keiliana"
]
}
|
Brassia keiliana is a species of orchid. It is native to Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
References
External links
Media related to Brassia keiliana at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Brassia keiliana at Wikispecies
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Brassia keiliana"
]
}
|
Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
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Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
== References ==
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Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
== References ==
|
award received
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Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
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Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
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"text": [
"Reed"
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|
Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
== References ==
|
given name
|
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"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Alec"
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|
Sir Alec Edward Reed, CBE, FCMA, FCIPD (born 16 February 1934) is the founder of Reed Executive Ltd, one of the UK's largest private businesses. Knighted for services to business and charity in 2011, Reed is a high-profile charity donor and organiser. His various charitable initiatives have given away over £240m, mostly in support of women, addiction, overseas development, education and the arts. Reed has founded seven charities, several companies, two schools and is the author of four business books. His current job title at Reed is Founder at Large. In 2023, The Times newspaper described him as "...the man who revolutionised philanthropy".
Early life
Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same day, thinking invasion imminent, only to return "...before teatime" after concluding that nowhere in the country would be safe.
A child of The Blitz, Reed has described his childhood as generally "secure", though he has also said that much of his early motivation came from feeling overshadowed by his older brother. Along with a milk round, Reed's first business venture was started alongside his brother while both were still children: the pair made and sold toy soldiers forged from lead that had been salvaged from local bombed-out houses.Reed attended Drayton Manor Grammar School. At the end of his first year his school report said: "Conduct very unsatisfactory. He is lazy, inattentive and exerts himself to prevent his neighbours from working. He could do much better if he were more ambitious". Reed failed his 11-Plus exam; he left school aged 16 to work for a motor vehicle exporter in London's Fenchurch Street, having also failed to get the grades to enter agricultural college and pursue his ambition of becoming a farmer. Reed's mother encouraged him to study a Chartered Secretary's course in the evenings during his day job at the exporters.
He was called up to National Service in 1952. He tried for a commission with the Royal Engineers but was rejected after his Brigadier deemed him to be a "...muddled thinker". Reed left the army in 1954 to work as a trainee accountant for Gillette in Osterley, having passed his Chartered Secretary qualification the year before, at the third attempt.
Keen to be self-employed, Reed pursued a number of sideline businesses while still at Gillette, including making his own brand of aftershave that he brewed in his mother's kitchen and sold door-to-door. Reed also began working evenings and weekends in an estate agency in Hounslow, again while still at Gillette. The agency’s premises was split into two businesses, with one side selling property and the other side selling carpets. Noticing that the carpet business was struggling, Reed approached the owner (who was the father of Reed's then-girlfriend) and offered to rent the carpet portion of the premises for his fledgling employment agency, funding the launch with £75 taken from his Gillette pension fund. On 7 May 1960, the 26-year-old Reed opened the first branch of Reed Employment. It went on to become one of Britain's largest privately owned businesses, with 441 business units in 163 locations worldwide, employing over 3,000 people.
Career at Reed
Reed has held the positions of Chief Executive, Executive Chairman, non-executive Chairman and Founder at Large during his career at the Reed group of companies. In 1997 he stepped down as chief executive to become chairman, handing control of the company to his son James; to mark the handover, Reed presented his son with a conductor's baton in a glass case. Reed became non-executive chairman in 2000 and Founder at Large in 2004, a position he still holds and which he assumed after his son James succeeded him as chairman in the same year.
Reed remains a significant minority shareholder, through both his personal holding and that of the Reed Foundation, to which he donated 18% of all shares in the company.
Other business ventures
In 1970, Reed founded Inter-Company Comparisons, now ICC PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of a Swedish business group. In 1974, he also founded Medicare Limited, a 50-branch drug store with 500 employees, now part of Superdrug. Reed would later write that he started Medicare simply to smooth out the cash flow performance of his then-publicly quoted companies. He is a noted critic of the administrative burden of running public companies, and has compared his experience of running the Reed group as a public company to being an "...unpaid greyhound on a racetrack called the stock market". He would later blame the stress of running Medicare for his diagnosis of colon cancer; the business was sold as part of his recuperation, at his wife's insistence.
From 1985 to 1989 Reed was the honorary chairman and chief exec of Andrews and Partners Estate Agency. He took the business from a loss of £297,000 in 1985 to profits of just over £1m in 1986. The profits were used to buy out the existing shareholders and transfer ownership to three Christian charities. He writes in his autobiography that "Most of the non-executive directors were also devout Christians who prayed before every meeting. Despite this, I found them extremely difficult to deal with in subsequent negotiations...that episode may have been the beginning of my disillusionment with Christianity".
Philanthropy
Reed has described encouraging philanthropy as his “…main mission now". He is the founder of seven charities, including Womankind Worldwide, Ethiopiaid, Reed Restart at Holloway Prison, Women at Risk, and the Alec Reed Academy. In 1985, he established The Reed Foundation, a charitable foundation that provides much of the seed funding for his charity work. In 2007 he launched TheBigGive.co.uk, now one of the UK's foremost charitable giving sites.
The Reed Foundation
The Reed Foundation is the main vehicle for Reed’s philanthropic activities. It was founded in 1985 with Reed's £5m entire personal proceeds from the £20m sale of Medicare. The Foundation owns 18% of Reed Group, hence Reed’s remark that the firm’s employees "work one day a week for charity". As of 2012 it reported total funds of £13.91m. Reed is one of four Foundation trustees, along with his three children.The Foundation has financed numerous charitable initiatives, including:
The Big Give
Founded in 2007, TheBigGive.org.uk is a non-profit, charitable website which enables donors to find and support charity projects in their field of interest. Reed has referred to it as “…a Wikipedia for big givers" and "his biggest success". The Big Give has raised over £240 million for UK-registered charities and aims to raise £1bn by 2030. It has supported 15,000 ongoing charity projects via 600,000 donors. It hosts £1.3bn worth of projects in need of funding.
The Big Give inverts the traditional model of charity funding in which donors are contacted by charities, to a model in which donors effectively "compare and shop" for charity projects, and then have their donations matched by other donors. Reed founded the site in response to receiving an unmanageable number of appeals from charities seeking donations from high-profile philanthropists. The project was designed to encourage wealthy philanthropists potentially seeking to make donations between £100,000 and £10m. Having attracted few donors at that level, Reed switched to a match funding model, in which he put up £1m and requested other donors to match him; reportedly the site’s users matched Reed’s £1m within 45 minutes of it going live. The site now makes use of "challenge matching", in which donors effectively compete to be the first to kickstart a given charity project.
In addition to projects uploaded by charities, the site also runs emergency appeals (such as for victims of the 2014 Philippines hurricane and the 2013 Syrian refugee crisis, and an annual Christmas Challenge), in which Reed’s funds (and those of external foundations) are joined with pledges from charities' own major donors, in order to double online donations made by the public. The 2021 Christmas Challenge raised £24.1m for 928 charities.The Big Give also helps charities to find trustees and runs educational programmes in schools in order to raise children’s awareness of philanthropic giving.
In forming The Big Give, Reed created an advisory Board of Philanthropists including Lord Bell, Lord Gavron CBE, Lord Haskins, Sir Adrian Cadbury, Sir Charles Dunstone, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho, Jon Snow and Michael Spencer.
Ethiopiaid
Ethiopiaid works with local community partners in Ethiopia to alleviate poverty, support the elderly, empower women and girls, help children with disabilities and increase access to health care and education. Reed founded the charity with a £1m donation in 1989, having visited the Ethiopian capital in 1987 on a fact-finding tour organised and accompanied by Jembra Teferra, a relative of Haile Selassie and wife of a former mayor of the city. Reed had initially planned on promoting entrepreneurship in the area, but upon arrival was struck by Addis Ababa’s poor public sanitation, especially in the "kebeles" (poor urban neighbourhoods). Reed subsequently underwrote a two-year project to develop the kebeles, and arranged pledges for additional financial assistance from Water Aid, Help the Aged and Band Aid. Ethiopiaid has gone on to donate £28m in funding and match-funding. The charity now partners with around 14 local Ethiopian organisations, providing around £2m in donations.
One of Ethiopiaid's best-known and longest-standing partners is the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, which helps to treat Ethiopian women marginalised by the social and medical complications arising from post-birth fistula. Ethiopiaid also funds reconstructive operations for sufferers of facial disfiguration caused by noma (a facially disfiguring disease caused by malnutrition and poor sanitation), animal bites and tumours.
Womankind Worldwide
As with Ethiopiaid, Womankind Worldwide was set up with a £1m donation from Reed in 1989. The charity supports women suffering from abuse, neglect and illness; it also educates against female circumcision and child marriage. Patrons include Kate Adie, Sandi Toksvig and Lady Helena Kennedy QC. In 2006 WomanKind Worldwide was merged with Women at Risk, a UK charity founded by Reed in 1997 which works in support of women suffering physical and mental abuse. Women at Risk generated over £1million for beneficiaries, including female survivors of acid attacks. the charity work with more than 40 partner organisations in 15 countries and claims to have reached millions of women and their families worldwide.
Reed Restart
Founded in HMP Holloway in 1993, Reed Restart was a not-for-profit charity dedicated the rehabilitation and assistance of women prisoners, helping them to become more employable on release. The pilot scheme at HMP Holloway was extended to provincial gaols, including Eastwood Park Women’s Prison.
The Alec Reed Academy
This 4-18 coeducational establishment in Northolt, England was one of the first academies to be created under the Learning and Skills Act 2000. It is composed of the former Compton High School and Northholt Primary School. Both areas are close to Reed’s childhood home in Hounslow, and to his former school, Drayton Manor Grammar. Reed’s involvement with the academy began in November 2001, when he sponsored Compton High School.
In 2012 the West London Academy was renamed The Alec Reed Academy, in honour of its sponsor. The school has a sports and enterprise specialism. Its catchment area has a high percentage of Indian, Pakistani and Polish families; 52% of pupils do not speak English as a first language. 80% of its pupils achieve Level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths.A 2010 Ofsted inspection saw the school rated as "Good"; Ofsted’s 2014 inspection, which was marked under Oftsed’s revised scoring regime, saw the school listed as "requiring improvement". The 2014 report noted that “…senior managers and leaders have accurately identified the areas of the academy requiring further improvement. Their actions are beginning to have an impact on improving teaching and raising standards"
Reed has spoken of the "tremendous freedom" he was given to shape the academy’s approach, noting that he decided the school’s aims and ethos, chose its headmaster and commissioned the design of its buildings, from Foster & Partners. Reed contributed £2m of the £40m required to launch the academy. He has also described his involvement as “…an interesting lesson in what happens when private-sector culture meets state-funded culture". He writes of incurring criticism for his ideas on education, notably his view that the school did not need a significant library in the internet age, nor should it teach foreign languages, owing to the multilingual composition of the school's intake and the primacy of the English language in global business.
Other philanthropic projects
Reed is the founder of a number of not-for-profit initiatives prior to the Reed Foundation, including the Reed Business School and Addicts Rehabilitation:
Reed Business School
Reed Business School is a not-for-profit residential and day accountancy college specialising in qualifications ACCA, CIMA, ICAEW and more recently AAT. The school is based in Reed’s former home, a 15th Century Jacobean manor house in Little Compton, England. The house was purchased with the proceeds of the Reed Group’s stockmarket flotation in 1971, after which Reed donated the house to the Reed Charity. It opened in 1972 as The Reed College of Accountancy, changing its name to Reed Business School after the formation of the Reed Educational Trust in 1980. The school’s trading profits are donated to the Trust and distributed to numerous educational charities.
Addicts Rehabilitation
Reed’s first charity was set up in the 1970s to help the recovery and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In a 2011 interview with CIMAGlobal.com, Reed said
"About ten years after we started Reed, the company had become big enough to be made public. I was based in Bond Street and at about that time the Observer newspaper ran a series of articles about people who were having difficult lives. They invited potential volunteers to contact charity organisations, and because I was in Bond Street, I went to work with a drug addiction charity in Covent Garden. Then people began to find out that I was an employment agent and they were all after me to help them get jobs. A lot of them weren't job ready, though, so we started an employment agency for drug addicts [ARC – Addicts Rehabilitation Charity]. Our best support came from small and medium sized companies, where the manager really owned the company and could make the decision – 'yes, I can give this guy a chance.' The big companies were more bureaucratic and weren't able to do that so readily"
In the 1970s Reed bought Keveral Farm in Cornwall where addicts could spend time in recovery. From 1989 to 1992, Reed served on Oxfam's fundraising committee.
Reed described his approach to philanthropy in a 2013 interview with Coutts:
"I believe it’s better for donors to separate the decision about how much money to spend on charitable giving, from the act of giving to charity. By deciding how much you want to give away and ring-fencing it in a foundation, you can elevate the satisfaction you get from giving and make it easier to make the gift. Once you’ve done that, you can continue your research and decide which good causes you wish to support. I call this 'Disneyland Giving': theme park visitors pay once at the gate and are then free to enjoy the rides. I'm still enjoying giving away money I 'spent' on charity 20 years ago."
Reed has also personally supported a range of smaller UK charities, such as The Passage (homelessness) and The Branch Trust (deprived families).In 2022 he launched Reed Innovation Scholarships, providing financial support to undergraduate students at Royal Holloway, University of London. The scholarship rewards and encourages creative problem-solving.Reed is currently serving as an Enterprise Fellow for The Prince's Trust.
Awards and honours
Made a Knight Batchelor for services to business and charity in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for charitable services in the 1994 New Year Honours.
A Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (FCMA; awarded its outstanding contribution to business performance award.
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (FCIPD).
Fellow of the Beacon Charitable Trust, an Honorary Fellow of Royal Holloway, University of London and an Honorary Doctor of The Open University.
Professor of Enterprise and Innovation at Royal Holloway until 2001; visiting Professor to London Guildhall University, which merged with the University of North London to become London Metropolitan University in 2002, where he also has an Honorary Doctorate; an Honorary Professor of Warwick University.
Awarded a Beacon Fellowship and overall winner of the 2010 Beacon Prize.
Recruitment International's Hall of Fame, inducted 2011.
Arts patronage
Reed credits his wife Adrianne as being responsible for his interest in the arts. He is a ballet enthusiast and a noted donor to the Royal Ballet. He also reports donating £100,000 to the Royal Opera House. Reed also invested in noted English choreographer Matthew Bourne's original ballets Dorian Gray and Cinderella, with profits on the former production enabling a large investment in the latter. Bourne's Cinderella is notable for setting the classic story during World War II and transforming the prince of the traditional fairy tale into an injured RAF pilot. The ballet played to full houses at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Reed has described Bourne as "a creative genius". In his autobiography Reed expresses interest in moving The Royal Ballet from its current home at the Royal Opera House to the London Coliseum, though he calls this ambition "probably a pipe dream".Reed is an amateur painter, with a focus on portraits. He wrote that painting "...particularly helped me get through chemotherapy after my second run-in with cancer". He studied with portrait painter Ken Payne and at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. Reed won a national prize for those over sixty years old for his self-portrait Nice Hat, in which he is portrayed wearing a trilby.
Teaching
Reed became a member of the governing council of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 1979, subsequently becoming the chairman of the college's finance committee. After the formation of the Royal Holloway School of Management in 1990, Reed recruited high-profile guest speakers and donated to the library. He also taught an interactive entrepreneurship course for undergraduates at the school called LIES (Leadership, Innovation and Enterprise Studies). Reed made his students turn up on time "...to introduce them to the basics of business life"; latecomers were fined £1, paid into a fund which purchased confectionery for the class.
In 1999 Reed was asked by Tony Blair to investigate a decline in teacher training enrolment.
Publications
Reed is the author of several books, including:
Returning to Work (1989), published by Kogan Page: ISBN 9780749400286
Innovation in Human Resource Management (2001), published by CIPD: ISBN 9780852929285
Capitalism is Dead: Peoplism Rules (2002), published by McGraw-Hill: ISBN 9780077103699
I Love Mondays – Autobiography (2012), published by Profile Books; ISBN 9781846685163
Personal life
Reed is married with three children and 11 grandchildren. He and his wife live in a two-bedroom house in Kensington and a converted cottage in Little Compton, Warwickshire. Debrett's lists his interests as family, portrait painting, theatre, cinema, tennis, riding, ballet and bridge. He has a lifelong interest in farming and equestrianism, having joined the Young Farmers aged 14. In 2009 he purchased at auction nine lots of land comprising 1600 acres of the estate of Kiddington Hall in the Cotswolds, Oxfordshire; Reed has written of plans to turn the land into a residential equestrian estate.
Reed has said that his early charity work was informed by his conversion to Christianity in his 20s. He is now an atheist and a member of Humanists UK. The Reed Foundation does not fund religious organisations.
He has twice recovered from cancer, after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer in 1986 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2003. The latter left a significant scar on his forehead, which he refers to as his "Mail On Sunday headline", after being in dispute with the newspaper at the time of his diagnosis.
When asked how he would like to be remembered, Reed said:
"I hope people will remember me as both entrepreneurial and lucky - someone who laughed a lot and attempted to improve the lives of others. I do not just mean the poor in Africa...I also mean those rich people suffering from financial obesity. I hope I have been able to direct their giving in a more fulfilling way and to introduce them to charities with which they feel a strong bond but which they might never have encountered were it not for The Big Give... Above all, I hope they will think of me as an ideas man."
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
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12210
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"text": [
"English"
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|
Camille Leroy (27 April 1892 – 13 August 1952) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1921 Tour de France.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Leroy"
]
}
|
Camille Leroy (27 April 1892 – 13 August 1952) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1921 Tour de France.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Camille"
]
}
|
Camille Leroy (27 April 1892 – 13 August 1952) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1921 Tour de France.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"France"
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}
|
James Burton "Bert" Stansfield (1874 – 1938) was a British footballer and Football Manager who managed the English football clubs Carlisle United (1908–10) and Norwich City (1910–15 and 1926).
Early life
Stansfield was born near Littleborough, Lancashire, in 1874. He was the eldest son of Abraham Stansfield (b.1853) and Mary Ann Stansfield née Riley (b.1859). Abraham was a descendant of the Stansfield family of Stansfield, Yorkshire. His siblings were Amelia Stansfield (b.1872) and Ernest Stansfield (b.1876). His father, Abraham Stansfield, was born in Walsden, and his mother was born in Stacksteads. In the 1881 Census (taken on 3 April 1881), the family were living with Mary Ann’s mother, Jane Riley (b.1825), in Old Tunstead Road, Newchurch. By the 1891 Census (taken on 5 April 1891), Mary Ann was deceased, and her widower and children were living in Brandwood Road, Spotland. James, aged 16, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Career
Stansfield was Carlisle United's fourth manager between 1908 and 1910. He was Norwich City's fourth manager and was in charge for 248 matches, between 1910 and 1915, later returning to the job for a short spell in 1926. His sides won 78, lost 95 and drew 75 games.
Family
Stansfield married Clara Barcroft (1874–1923) at Haslingden in 1895. They lived in Bacup (until 1908) and had three children: Lily Stansfield (b.1898), Amy Eunice Stansfield (b.1901) and Henry Stansfield (b.1908). In the 1911 Census (2 April 1911), the family lived in Norwich, Norfolk. He married for the second time to Mildred Ellen Empson (1886–1968) in Mutford, Suffolk, in 1926. Stansfield died in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
230
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"text": [
"Littleborough"
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}
|
James Burton "Bert" Stansfield (1874 – 1938) was a British footballer and Football Manager who managed the English football clubs Carlisle United (1908–10) and Norwich City (1910–15 and 1926).
Early life
Stansfield was born near Littleborough, Lancashire, in 1874. He was the eldest son of Abraham Stansfield (b.1853) and Mary Ann Stansfield née Riley (b.1859). Abraham was a descendant of the Stansfield family of Stansfield, Yorkshire. His siblings were Amelia Stansfield (b.1872) and Ernest Stansfield (b.1876). His father, Abraham Stansfield, was born in Walsden, and his mother was born in Stacksteads. In the 1881 Census (taken on 3 April 1881), the family were living with Mary Ann’s mother, Jane Riley (b.1825), in Old Tunstead Road, Newchurch. By the 1891 Census (taken on 5 April 1891), Mary Ann was deceased, and her widower and children were living in Brandwood Road, Spotland. James, aged 16, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Career
Stansfield was Carlisle United's fourth manager between 1908 and 1910. He was Norwich City's fourth manager and was in charge for 248 matches, between 1910 and 1915, later returning to the job for a short spell in 1926. His sides won 78, lost 95 and drew 75 games.
Family
Stansfield married Clara Barcroft (1874–1923) at Haslingden in 1895. They lived in Bacup (until 1908) and had three children: Lily Stansfield (b.1898), Amy Eunice Stansfield (b.1901) and Henry Stansfield (b.1908). In the 1911 Census (2 April 1911), the family lived in Norwich, Norfolk. He married for the second time to Mildred Ellen Empson (1886–1968) in Mutford, Suffolk, in 1926. Stansfield died in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938.
== References ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
1624
],
"text": [
"Newcastle upon Tyne"
]
}
|
James Burton "Bert" Stansfield (1874 – 1938) was a British footballer and Football Manager who managed the English football clubs Carlisle United (1908–10) and Norwich City (1910–15 and 1926).
Early life
Stansfield was born near Littleborough, Lancashire, in 1874. He was the eldest son of Abraham Stansfield (b.1853) and Mary Ann Stansfield née Riley (b.1859). Abraham was a descendant of the Stansfield family of Stansfield, Yorkshire. His siblings were Amelia Stansfield (b.1872) and Ernest Stansfield (b.1876). His father, Abraham Stansfield, was born in Walsden, and his mother was born in Stacksteads. In the 1881 Census (taken on 3 April 1881), the family were living with Mary Ann’s mother, Jane Riley (b.1825), in Old Tunstead Road, Newchurch. By the 1891 Census (taken on 5 April 1891), Mary Ann was deceased, and her widower and children were living in Brandwood Road, Spotland. James, aged 16, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Career
Stansfield was Carlisle United's fourth manager between 1908 and 1910. He was Norwich City's fourth manager and was in charge for 248 matches, between 1910 and 1915, later returning to the job for a short spell in 1926. His sides won 78, lost 95 and drew 75 games.
Family
Stansfield married Clara Barcroft (1874–1923) at Haslingden in 1895. They lived in Bacup (until 1908) and had three children: Lily Stansfield (b.1898), Amy Eunice Stansfield (b.1901) and Henry Stansfield (b.1908). In the 1911 Census (2 April 1911), the family lived in Norwich, Norfolk. He married for the second time to Mildred Ellen Empson (1886–1968) in Mutford, Suffolk, in 1926. Stansfield died in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Stansfield"
]
}
|
James Burton "Bert" Stansfield (1874 – 1938) was a British footballer and Football Manager who managed the English football clubs Carlisle United (1908–10) and Norwich City (1910–15 and 1926).
Early life
Stansfield was born near Littleborough, Lancashire, in 1874. He was the eldest son of Abraham Stansfield (b.1853) and Mary Ann Stansfield née Riley (b.1859). Abraham was a descendant of the Stansfield family of Stansfield, Yorkshire. His siblings were Amelia Stansfield (b.1872) and Ernest Stansfield (b.1876). His father, Abraham Stansfield, was born in Walsden, and his mother was born in Stacksteads. In the 1881 Census (taken on 3 April 1881), the family were living with Mary Ann’s mother, Jane Riley (b.1825), in Old Tunstead Road, Newchurch. By the 1891 Census (taken on 5 April 1891), Mary Ann was deceased, and her widower and children were living in Brandwood Road, Spotland. James, aged 16, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Career
Stansfield was Carlisle United's fourth manager between 1908 and 1910. He was Norwich City's fourth manager and was in charge for 248 matches, between 1910 and 1915, later returning to the job for a short spell in 1926. His sides won 78, lost 95 and drew 75 games.
Family
Stansfield married Clara Barcroft (1874–1923) at Haslingden in 1895. They lived in Bacup (until 1908) and had three children: Lily Stansfield (b.1898), Amy Eunice Stansfield (b.1901) and Henry Stansfield (b.1908). In the 1911 Census (2 April 1911), the family lived in Norwich, Norfolk. He married for the second time to Mildred Ellen Empson (1886–1968) in Mutford, Suffolk, in 1926. Stansfield died in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"James"
]
}
|
James Burton "Bert" Stansfield (1874 – 1938) was a British footballer and Football Manager who managed the English football clubs Carlisle United (1908–10) and Norwich City (1910–15 and 1926).
Early life
Stansfield was born near Littleborough, Lancashire, in 1874. He was the eldest son of Abraham Stansfield (b.1853) and Mary Ann Stansfield née Riley (b.1859). Abraham was a descendant of the Stansfield family of Stansfield, Yorkshire. His siblings were Amelia Stansfield (b.1872) and Ernest Stansfield (b.1876). His father, Abraham Stansfield, was born in Walsden, and his mother was born in Stacksteads. In the 1881 Census (taken on 3 April 1881), the family were living with Mary Ann’s mother, Jane Riley (b.1825), in Old Tunstead Road, Newchurch. By the 1891 Census (taken on 5 April 1891), Mary Ann was deceased, and her widower and children were living in Brandwood Road, Spotland. James, aged 16, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Career
Stansfield was Carlisle United's fourth manager between 1908 and 1910. He was Norwich City's fourth manager and was in charge for 248 matches, between 1910 and 1915, later returning to the job for a short spell in 1926. His sides won 78, lost 95 and drew 75 games.
Family
Stansfield married Clara Barcroft (1874–1923) at Haslingden in 1895. They lived in Bacup (until 1908) and had three children: Lily Stansfield (b.1898), Amy Eunice Stansfield (b.1901) and Henry Stansfield (b.1908). In the 1911 Census (2 April 1911), the family lived in Norwich, Norfolk. He married for the second time to Mildred Ellen Empson (1886–1968) in Mutford, Suffolk, in 1926. Stansfield died in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"English"
]
}
|
James Burton "Bert" Stansfield (1874 – 1938) was a British footballer and Football Manager who managed the English football clubs Carlisle United (1908–10) and Norwich City (1910–15 and 1926).
Early life
Stansfield was born near Littleborough, Lancashire, in 1874. He was the eldest son of Abraham Stansfield (b.1853) and Mary Ann Stansfield née Riley (b.1859). Abraham was a descendant of the Stansfield family of Stansfield, Yorkshire. His siblings were Amelia Stansfield (b.1872) and Ernest Stansfield (b.1876). His father, Abraham Stansfield, was born in Walsden, and his mother was born in Stacksteads. In the 1881 Census (taken on 3 April 1881), the family were living with Mary Ann’s mother, Jane Riley (b.1825), in Old Tunstead Road, Newchurch. By the 1891 Census (taken on 5 April 1891), Mary Ann was deceased, and her widower and children were living in Brandwood Road, Spotland. James, aged 16, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Career
Stansfield was Carlisle United's fourth manager between 1908 and 1910. He was Norwich City's fourth manager and was in charge for 248 matches, between 1910 and 1915, later returning to the job for a short spell in 1926. His sides won 78, lost 95 and drew 75 games.
Family
Stansfield married Clara Barcroft (1874–1923) at Haslingden in 1895. They lived in Bacup (until 1908) and had three children: Lily Stansfield (b.1898), Amy Eunice Stansfield (b.1901) and Henry Stansfield (b.1908). In the 1911 Census (2 April 1911), the family lived in Norwich, Norfolk. He married for the second time to Mildred Ellen Empson (1886–1968) in Mutford, Suffolk, in 1926. Stansfield died in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938.
== References ==
|
nickname
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Bert"
]
}
|
Marawa (née Ibrahim, formerly Wamp), stage name Marawa the Amazing, is an Australian-born performer, athlete, and author. She has held 12 different Guinness World Records, but is best known for holding the record for the most simultaneous twirling hula hoops, having spun 200.
Career
In 2007, Ibrahim began performing her hula hoop act with La Clique, a variety show that included cabaret, burlesque, and circus performances.Later in 2008, Ibrahim went on to perform the role of Josephine Baker in the show Désir, a Spiegelworld production. She played the role for six months, earning a positive review from the New York Times: "A banana-skirted virtuoso of the Hula-Hoop named Marawa Ibrahim blissfully reincarnates Josephine Baker as channeled by Betty Boop." Ibrahim then continued performing with La Clique, and eventually joined other La Clique cast members to perform in La Soirée's inaugural season in London in 2010. Also in 2010, Ibrahim performed in the Marisa Carnesky stage show Dystopian Wonders, where Ibrahim climbed a ladder of swords barefoot, recreating an act popularized by Koringa in the 1930s.Ibrahim then created a solo show, Exotica, that she performed in the 2011 Jacksons Lane Postcards Festival. The solo show covered a history of exoticism in women and performance, including such women as: Saartjie Baartman, Josephine Baker, Koringa, and Yma Sumac. Each act was based on one of the featured women and Ibrahim's circus skills, which included: trapeze, hoops, the ladder of swords, high-heeled skates, dance of the seven veils, and a watermelon on her stomach getting sliced in half.In 2012, Ibrahim launched a U.K.-based hula hoop troupe—the Majorettes—and performed with them at the London Olympics. Ibrahim and the group have been credited as helping repopularize hula hooping. While in London, Ibrahim also held her weekly hula hoop class Hoola Schoola, and taught and performed with the Majorettes.Ibrahim performed with her hula hoops and skates in Lucha VaVoom and appeared in the 2018 documentary Lucha VaVoom Inside America's Most Outrageous Show. Other notable performances of Ibrahim's include hooping on stage with Toddla T and performing regularly with Major Lazer at London's annual Notting Hill Carnival; she has also starred in music videos for Chilly Gonzales and Eliza Doolittle.In 2019, Ibrahim premiered her own circus show, Quality Novelty, at Adelaide Fringe. The group of novelty acts included juggling popcorn pieces in the performer's mouth, a performer spinning 100 hula hoops, and a performer skating while whipcracking.
Skating
Roller skating has held a prominent role in Ibrahim's career. For instance, a notable early feature was at the 2008 Sydney Mardi Gras where Ibrahim roller-skated onstage while Olivia Newton-John sang a ten-minute version of the theme from Xanadu.Ibrahim is particularly known for skating in high-heeled roller skates. The initial design of "Heels on Wheels" was created by Hannah Havana, which Ibrahim then commissioned a functional pair for her personal use. One of Ibrahim's world records was set using a pair of skates using customized high-heels by British shoe designer Terry de Havilland.In 2022, Ibrahim collaborated with the brand Impala to create the first commercially available high-heeled roller skate. Ibrahim had previously collaborated with the brand on a popular rose-gold roller skate design in 2019.
Other work
Ibrahim's book The Girl Guide was published in 2018 by HarperCollins and illustrated by Sinem Erkas. The book is geared towards preteen girls navigating puberty and discusses a variety of topics including body image, menstruation, bras, eating and exercise, meditation, gender identity and expression, moods, and more. Ibrahim incorporates personal stories—including menstrual leaks, a yeast infection, and chafed thighs—to help normalize the events for young readers and provide encouragement. The book's illustrations include cut-paper illustrations of a variety of vulvas and a photo of Ibrahim with makeup on only half her face to demonstrate the power of makeup and Photoshop.Ibrahim owns a gear shop, I Want to Go to Paradise. Ibrahim also runs Hooper Market in East London, where hula hoop supplies can be purchased and where she and The Majorettes practice and offer lessons.
Television appearances
Ibrahim has competed in four different Got Talent shows, namely: America's Got Talent, Arab's Got Talent, Australia's Got Talent, and Britain's Got Talent. Ibrahim was a semi-finalist in both Britain's Got Talent and Arab's Got Talent, competing in the fifth series of Britain's Got Talent in 2011 and Arab's Got Talent in 2015. There were 300 million live viewers during Ibrahim's run on Arab's Got Talent, and one of her performances included a burning hula hoop.
World records
Ibrahim holds the current record for most simultaneous twirling hula hoops at 200 hoops. This was her fourth time breaking the record. Three of the hoops rely on the use of her long middle fingernail to provide extra length when her arms are outstretched to the side.Ibrahim holds the record for the fastest 100 metres travelled in high-heeled skates. She also holds the records for the fastest 100 metres on roller skates while spinning three hula hoops and the longest duration on high-heeled roller skates while spinning three hula hoops. Additional records of Ibrahim's include the farthest distance on high-heeled roller skates while spinning eight hula hoops, the fastest mile while hula hooping, and the most hula hoops spun while suspended from the wrists.With the Majorettes, Ibrahim achieved the record for the most hula hoops spun by a group of 10; they set the record in 2013, spinning 264 hoops. They also hold the record for the most passes of a hula hoop by the feet in one minute by a team of 8, by passing 26 hoops on 3 September 2017.
Personal
Born the oldest of four children to a Somali father and Australian mother, Ibrahim grew up in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Middle East. The family eventually moved to the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell. Ibrahim moved to the United Kingdom in 2007, then eventually moved to Los Angeles in 2016.
Education
Ibrahim has roller skated since the age of two. She studied rhythmic gymnastics as a child, which is where she first hula hooped. Ibrahim attended Strathcona Girls Grammar, then studied social science at university before switching to a degree in circus arts. She specialized in swinging trapeze and graduated in 2004 with a bachelor's degree from Melbourne's National Institute of Circus Arts.
References
External links
Official website
Marawa at IMDb
Marawa the Amazing on Facebook
|
country of citizenship
|
{
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74
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"text": [
"Australia"
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|
Jan Schütte (born 26 June 1957) is a German film director and screenwriter. He has directed twelve films since 1982. His film The Farewell was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. After graduating from high school, he studied literature, philosophy and art history in Tübingen, Zurich and Hamburg. From 1979 he worked as a television reporter for regional TV programs. His first feature film Dragon Chow premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 1987.
Schütte was director of the German Film and Television Academy and is the director of the American Film Institute in Los Angeles.Schütte lives with his wife Christina Szápáry in Los Angeles and Berlin.
Filmography
Ugge Bärtle – Bildhauer (1982, documentary)
Dragon Chow (1987) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Verloren in Amerika (1988, documentary)
Winckelmanns Reisen (1990) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Nach Patagonien (1991, documentary) — (based on In Patagonia by Bruce Chatwin)
Bye Bye America (1994) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Eine Reise in das Innere von Wien (1995, documentary) — (based on a novel by Gerhard Roth)
Fat World (1998) — (based on a novel by Helmut Krausser)
The Farewell (2000) — (film about Bertolt Brecht's last summer)
Old Love (2001, short) — (based on a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
SuperTex (2003) — (based on a novel by Leon de Winter)
Love Comes Lately (2007) — (based on short stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
References
External links
Jan Schütte at IMDb
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jan Schütte"
]
}
|
Jan Schütte (born 26 June 1957) is a German film director and screenwriter. He has directed twelve films since 1982. His film The Farewell was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. After graduating from high school, he studied literature, philosophy and art history in Tübingen, Zurich and Hamburg. From 1979 he worked as a television reporter for regional TV programs. His first feature film Dragon Chow premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 1987.
Schütte was director of the German Film and Television Academy and is the director of the American Film Institute in Los Angeles.Schütte lives with his wife Christina Szápáry in Los Angeles and Berlin.
Filmography
Ugge Bärtle – Bildhauer (1982, documentary)
Dragon Chow (1987) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Verloren in Amerika (1988, documentary)
Winckelmanns Reisen (1990) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Nach Patagonien (1991, documentary) — (based on In Patagonia by Bruce Chatwin)
Bye Bye America (1994) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Eine Reise in das Innere von Wien (1995, documentary) — (based on a novel by Gerhard Roth)
Fat World (1998) — (based on a novel by Helmut Krausser)
The Farewell (2000) — (film about Bertolt Brecht's last summer)
Old Love (2001, short) — (based on a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
SuperTex (2003) — (based on a novel by Leon de Winter)
Love Comes Lately (2007) — (based on short stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
References
External links
Jan Schütte at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"screenwriter"
]
}
|
Jan Schütte (born 26 June 1957) is a German film director and screenwriter. He has directed twelve films since 1982. His film The Farewell was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. After graduating from high school, he studied literature, philosophy and art history in Tübingen, Zurich and Hamburg. From 1979 he worked as a television reporter for regional TV programs. His first feature film Dragon Chow premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 1987.
Schütte was director of the German Film and Television Academy and is the director of the American Film Institute in Los Angeles.Schütte lives with his wife Christina Szápáry in Los Angeles and Berlin.
Filmography
Ugge Bärtle – Bildhauer (1982, documentary)
Dragon Chow (1987) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Verloren in Amerika (1988, documentary)
Winckelmanns Reisen (1990) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Nach Patagonien (1991, documentary) — (based on In Patagonia by Bruce Chatwin)
Bye Bye America (1994) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Eine Reise in das Innere von Wien (1995, documentary) — (based on a novel by Gerhard Roth)
Fat World (1998) — (based on a novel by Helmut Krausser)
The Farewell (2000) — (film about Bertolt Brecht's last summer)
Old Love (2001, short) — (based on a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
SuperTex (2003) — (based on a novel by Leon de Winter)
Love Comes Lately (2007) — (based on short stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
References
External links
Jan Schütte at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Schütte"
]
}
|
Jan Schütte (born 26 June 1957) is a German film director and screenwriter. He has directed twelve films since 1982. His film The Farewell was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. After graduating from high school, he studied literature, philosophy and art history in Tübingen, Zurich and Hamburg. From 1979 he worked as a television reporter for regional TV programs. His first feature film Dragon Chow premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 1987.
Schütte was director of the German Film and Television Academy and is the director of the American Film Institute in Los Angeles.Schütte lives with his wife Christina Szápáry in Los Angeles and Berlin.
Filmography
Ugge Bärtle – Bildhauer (1982, documentary)
Dragon Chow (1987) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Verloren in Amerika (1988, documentary)
Winckelmanns Reisen (1990) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Nach Patagonien (1991, documentary) — (based on In Patagonia by Bruce Chatwin)
Bye Bye America (1994) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Eine Reise in das Innere von Wien (1995, documentary) — (based on a novel by Gerhard Roth)
Fat World (1998) — (based on a novel by Helmut Krausser)
The Farewell (2000) — (film about Bertolt Brecht's last summer)
Old Love (2001, short) — (based on a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
SuperTex (2003) — (based on a novel by Leon de Winter)
Love Comes Lately (2007) — (based on short stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
References
External links
Jan Schütte at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jan"
]
}
|
Jan Schütte (born 26 June 1957) is a German film director and screenwriter. He has directed twelve films since 1982. His film The Farewell was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. After graduating from high school, he studied literature, philosophy and art history in Tübingen, Zurich and Hamburg. From 1979 he worked as a television reporter for regional TV programs. His first feature film Dragon Chow premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 1987.
Schütte was director of the German Film and Television Academy and is the director of the American Film Institute in Los Angeles.Schütte lives with his wife Christina Szápáry in Los Angeles and Berlin.
Filmography
Ugge Bärtle – Bildhauer (1982, documentary)
Dragon Chow (1987) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Verloren in Amerika (1988, documentary)
Winckelmanns Reisen (1990) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Nach Patagonien (1991, documentary) — (based on In Patagonia by Bruce Chatwin)
Bye Bye America (1994) — (screenplay with Thomas Strittmatter)
Eine Reise in das Innere von Wien (1995, documentary) — (based on a novel by Gerhard Roth)
Fat World (1998) — (based on a novel by Helmut Krausser)
The Farewell (2000) — (film about Bertolt Brecht's last summer)
Old Love (2001, short) — (based on a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
SuperTex (2003) — (based on a novel by Leon de Winter)
Love Comes Lately (2007) — (based on short stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer)
References
External links
Jan Schütte at IMDb
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
The Operational Research Society (ORS), also known as The OR Society, is an international learned society in the field of operational research (OR), with more than 3,100 members (2021). It has its headquarters in Birmingham, England.
History
The OR Society was created in April 1948 as the Operational Research Club, becoming the OR Society in 1953. It is the world's oldest-established learned society catering to the OR profession and one of the largest in the world, with members in 53 countries. A full history of the OR Society can be found on the OR Society website.Founding members of the OR society included: Charles F. Goodeve, Patrick Blackett, and Charles Tizard.
Governance
The OR Society is registered charity number 313713 and also a company limited by guarantee (Company number 00663819). Its charitable objectives are:
the advancement of knowledge and interest in OR.
the advancement of education in OR.The management of the society is overseen by a General Council, consisting of up to 36 members. Its affairs are managed by a board, consisting of five officers elected by the membership, including the President, the immediate Past President or the President Elect, two vice presidents, an Honorary Treasurer, and up to six members of the General Council.The current president is Gilbert Owusu. Previous presidents have included Sir Owen Wansbrough-Jones, Maurice Kendall, John Giffard, 3rd Earl of Halsbury, George Alfred Barnard, and K. D. Tocher.
Publications
The society publishes the Journal of the Operational Research Society, Knowledge Management Research and Practice, Journal of Simulation, European Journal of Information Systems, O.R. Insight, Health Systems, Journal of Business Analytics and Inside O.R. (a monthly news magazine). The society's publisher is Taylor & Francis.
Training courses
The OR Society organises a number of O.R. and Analytics based courses to allow O.R. professionals (and others) to gain appropriate skills for their careers. These courses cover O.R. methodology such as system dynamics, simulation, soft systems, web analytics, data-mining; other useful tools such as VBA and Excel; and consultancy skills. These are generally short courses, between one and two days.
Conferences
The OR Society organises several conferences each year to promote the use of O.R. and for attendees to exchange ideas. These conferences include:
The "O.R. Conference" held annually, usually lasting for 3 days and covers all aspects of O.R.
The “New To O.R. Conference” (formerly known as The "Young O.R. Conference") held every two years, giving those with 10 or less years experience of working in O.R. an opportunity to meet, present on and discuss different O.R. disciplines. The conference lasts for 3 days and covers all topics in O.R.
Several one- to two-day conferences in more specialist areas including, Simulation workshop(s), Knowledge Management Conferences, Intelligent Management Systems in Operations, and analytics.
Subgroups
The OR society has two sorts of subgroups: Regional Societies and Special Interest Groups.
Regional Societies
The OR Society has a number of regional societies which enable members to promote O.R. and allow them to build contacts with other operational researchers working in their (or related) area(s) and to expand their knowledge in O.R. The current regional societies include East Midlands, London & South East, Midland, North East, North West, Scotland, South Wales, Southern, Western, Yorkshire & Humberside. These regional societies organise meetings, works visits and other events.
Career Days
The OR Society organises an annual Career Day in November for employers to recruit graduates and those who are interested in work in O.R.
Interaction with other bodies
The OR Society works with a number of other bodies, to achieve common aims, including (amongst others):
International Federation of Operational Research Societies, an umbrella organisation for 45 plus O.R. societies from different countries across the world.
Association of European Operational Research Societies, (a regional grouping within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS)).
The Council for Mathematical Sciences. This council provides advice to government, education funding committees (such as ESPRC) on mathematical matters including education and policy, and brings together mathematicians with stakeholders in mathematics to explore issues and solutions. The council includes The O.R. Society, the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, The Royal Statistical Society, The London Mathematical Society and the Edinburgh Mathematical Society.
Awards
To promote and disseminate O.R. knowledge and working practices the OR Society gives awards (medals, prizes and grants). These awards include (but are not limited to):
The Beale Medal - for sustained contribution to O.R.
The President’s Medal – for the best account of O.R. practice given at the Society’s annual conference
The PhD Prize - most distinguished body of research leading to the award of a doctorate in the field of O.R.
Scholarships to enable distinguished contributors to present their work at the IFORS Triennial Conference
Donald Hicks Scholarships for young researchers and practitioners
The May Hicks awards for student projects
The Simpson Award for young researchers and practitioners
The Lyn Thomas Impact Medal - awarded to the academic or research which best demonstrates novelty and real-world impact, backed up by evidence
See also
List of mathematical societies
Council for the Mathematical Sciences
References
External links
Official website
Catalogue of the ORS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"Birmingham"
]
}
|
Eftim Bogoev (Macedonian: Ефтим Богоев; born November 2, 1980) is a Macedonian professional basketball player born in Strumica. He was last under contract with Strumica. He is 1.85 m (6 ft 3 in) in height and plays the guard position.
Achievements
Strumica 2005
Macedonian League Champion - 2007
Feni Industri
Macedonian League Champion - 2010
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian League Champion - 2013
AMAK SP
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2009
Feni Industri
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2010
Rabotnicki
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2011
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2013
References
External links
Eftim Bogoev profile on eurobasket.com
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"Strumica"
]
}
|
Eftim Bogoev (Macedonian: Ефтим Богоев; born November 2, 1980) is a Macedonian professional basketball player born in Strumica. He was last under contract with Strumica. He is 1.85 m (6 ft 3 in) in height and plays the guard position.
Achievements
Strumica 2005
Macedonian League Champion - 2007
Feni Industri
Macedonian League Champion - 2010
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian League Champion - 2013
AMAK SP
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2009
Feni Industri
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2010
Rabotnicki
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2011
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2013
References
External links
Eftim Bogoev profile on eurobasket.com
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"basketball player"
]
}
|
Eftim Bogoev (Macedonian: Ефтим Богоев; born November 2, 1980) is a Macedonian professional basketball player born in Strumica. He was last under contract with Strumica. He is 1.85 m (6 ft 3 in) in height and plays the guard position.
Achievements
Strumica 2005
Macedonian League Champion - 2007
Feni Industri
Macedonian League Champion - 2010
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian League Champion - 2013
AMAK SP
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2009
Feni Industri
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2010
Rabotnicki
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2011
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2013
References
External links
Eftim Bogoev profile on eurobasket.com
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
}
|
Eftim Bogoev (Macedonian: Ефтим Богоев; born November 2, 1980) is a Macedonian professional basketball player born in Strumica. He was last under contract with Strumica. He is 1.85 m (6 ft 3 in) in height and plays the guard position.
Achievements
Strumica 2005
Macedonian League Champion - 2007
Feni Industri
Macedonian League Champion - 2010
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian League Champion - 2013
AMAK SP
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2009
Feni Industri
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2010
Rabotnicki
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2011
MZT Aerodrom
Macedonian Cup Champion - 2013
References
External links
Eftim Bogoev profile on eurobasket.com
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eftim"
]
}
|
The Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam (French: Technique du peuple Annamite; Vietnamese: Kỹ thuật của người An Nam, chữ Nôm: 技術𧵑𠊛安南) is a multi-volume colonial manuscript created by Henri Joseph Oger (1885-1936), a colonial official who commissioned artists to record the culture of the Annamese (Vietnamese) in Hanoi and the area around it during the French colonial administration of Tonkin. The manuscript was published by Henri Joseph Oger in 1908 – 1909.
History
Starting from 1908, Henri Joseph Oger spent his time in French Indochina doing work as a colonial volunteer until 1919. Oger first came to French Indochina as a soldier. Oger was transferred from Vinh to Hanoi where he spent three years. Oger was tasked with researching the techniques and crafts of the Vietnamese people. He had artists and woodcarvers draw and record every aspect of Vietnamese culture. Oger and the artists went through the streets of Hanoi to record statistics and draw out scenes for the manuscript. In total, approximately 4577 drawings and sketches were taken and used for the manuscript. Oger also worked with woodcarvers such as Nguyễn Văn Đăng and Phạm Văn Giai to help with creating the drawings and the sketches.Due to financial and budget issues, Oger only managed to publish 60 copies of the manuscript. It was printed using woodblock printing which was a traditional method of printing in Vietnam. It is likely that the copies were printed at Vũ Thạch temple in Hàng Gai Street (present-day Bà Triệu Street in Hanoi), according to Viện Từ Diển Bách Khoa. In the second volume of the manuscript, Oger said that he setup two workshops in the temple. According to Hoa Bằng, most of Vietnam's early texts were printed in temples since most texts were often Buddhist texts.After the French colonial period in Vietnam, only two copies remained in Vietnam. One incomplete copy is stored in the National Library of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Thư viện Quốc gia Việt Nam) in Hanoi, and the other copy which was well preserved and is currently being held at General Sciences Library of Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thư viện Khoa học Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh).In collaboration with École française d'Extrême-Orient (Vietnamese: Viện Viễn Đông Bác cổ Pháp) and General Sciences Library of Ho Chi Minh City, a republishing of Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam, was done in 2009. The republished version featured the work in three languages, French, English, and Vietnamese. In the first volume of the republished work, there is a section on the history of the manuscript and a list of illustrations with explanations in the three languages. The second and third volumes themselves contain the actual illustrations with Vietnamese captions in the Vietnamese alphabet and the former writing script of Vietnamese, chữ Nôm.
Description
The original manuscript contained two volumes, the first volume being a compilation of more than 4200 drawings in a 700 page album. The second volume was around 160 pages. The second contains a volume titled, "Introduction générale à l’étude des techniques annamites. Essai sur la vie matérielle, les arts et industries du peuple d’Annam" (General introduction to the study of Annamite techniques. Essay on the material life, arts and industries of the Annamese people), which was a short introduction that talked about the techniques and culture of the Annamese (Vietnamese). The original manuscript included writing in Literary Chinese, Vietnamese (written in chữ Nôm), and French. Depictions were typically described in Vietnamese, written in chữ Nôm. While page numbers were written in Literary Chinese and Arabic numerals.The contents of the manuscript shows and illustrates the culture and living conditions of the Vietnamese people in Tonkin. The illustrations range from production and manufacturing of domestic goods to cultural traditions and beliefs. These traditions also include folk games and contemporary celebrations.Examples of subjects that were illustrated:
Selling and buying of goods ("Selling of chopsticks"; Bán đũa, 𧸝𥮊)
Cultural celebrations ("ritual sharing of the bridal cup of wine on the wedding night"; Lễ hợp cẩn, 禮合𢀷)
Folk games ("Cockfighting"; Chọi cỏ gà, 𩠵𦹵𬷤)
Everyday sights ("Areca palm trees"; Cây cau, 𣘃槁)
Daily activities ("Squatting"; Ngồi xổm, 𡎥踮)
Illegal activities ("Stealing cloth"; Ăn trộm khăn, 咹濫䘜)
The illustrations also accurately depict the clothing that was worn at the time, many people can be seen wearing an áo ngũ thân (5-piece dress) and an áo tứ thân (4-piece dress). Most people are also depicted wearing a traditional Vietnamese turban known as the khăn vấn. People are also depicted as being barefoot.
Gallery
See also
Chữ Nôm
Vietnamese Clothing
Tonkin (French protectorate)
Culture of Vietnam
History of Vietnam
Further reading
Intro to the Henri Oger Project: ‘On Reading a Peripheral Text’
Wikimedia Commons - Category:Technique du peuple Annamite
安南人民手工艺图 (High quality pdf of a section of Technique du peuple Annamite)
Notes
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"Vietnam"
]
}
|
The Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam (French: Technique du peuple Annamite; Vietnamese: Kỹ thuật của người An Nam, chữ Nôm: 技術𧵑𠊛安南) is a multi-volume colonial manuscript created by Henri Joseph Oger (1885-1936), a colonial official who commissioned artists to record the culture of the Annamese (Vietnamese) in Hanoi and the area around it during the French colonial administration of Tonkin. The manuscript was published by Henri Joseph Oger in 1908 – 1909.
History
Starting from 1908, Henri Joseph Oger spent his time in French Indochina doing work as a colonial volunteer until 1919. Oger first came to French Indochina as a soldier. Oger was transferred from Vinh to Hanoi where he spent three years. Oger was tasked with researching the techniques and crafts of the Vietnamese people. He had artists and woodcarvers draw and record every aspect of Vietnamese culture. Oger and the artists went through the streets of Hanoi to record statistics and draw out scenes for the manuscript. In total, approximately 4577 drawings and sketches were taken and used for the manuscript. Oger also worked with woodcarvers such as Nguyễn Văn Đăng and Phạm Văn Giai to help with creating the drawings and the sketches.Due to financial and budget issues, Oger only managed to publish 60 copies of the manuscript. It was printed using woodblock printing which was a traditional method of printing in Vietnam. It is likely that the copies were printed at Vũ Thạch temple in Hàng Gai Street (present-day Bà Triệu Street in Hanoi), according to Viện Từ Diển Bách Khoa. In the second volume of the manuscript, Oger said that he setup two workshops in the temple. According to Hoa Bằng, most of Vietnam's early texts were printed in temples since most texts were often Buddhist texts.After the French colonial period in Vietnam, only two copies remained in Vietnam. One incomplete copy is stored in the National Library of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Thư viện Quốc gia Việt Nam) in Hanoi, and the other copy which was well preserved and is currently being held at General Sciences Library of Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thư viện Khoa học Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh).In collaboration with École française d'Extrême-Orient (Vietnamese: Viện Viễn Đông Bác cổ Pháp) and General Sciences Library of Ho Chi Minh City, a republishing of Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam, was done in 2009. The republished version featured the work in three languages, French, English, and Vietnamese. In the first volume of the republished work, there is a section on the history of the manuscript and a list of illustrations with explanations in the three languages. The second and third volumes themselves contain the actual illustrations with Vietnamese captions in the Vietnamese alphabet and the former writing script of Vietnamese, chữ Nôm.
Description
The original manuscript contained two volumes, the first volume being a compilation of more than 4200 drawings in a 700 page album. The second volume was around 160 pages. The second contains a volume titled, "Introduction générale à l’étude des techniques annamites. Essai sur la vie matérielle, les arts et industries du peuple d’Annam" (General introduction to the study of Annamite techniques. Essay on the material life, arts and industries of the Annamese people), which was a short introduction that talked about the techniques and culture of the Annamese (Vietnamese). The original manuscript included writing in Literary Chinese, Vietnamese (written in chữ Nôm), and French. Depictions were typically described in Vietnamese, written in chữ Nôm. While page numbers were written in Literary Chinese and Arabic numerals.The contents of the manuscript shows and illustrates the culture and living conditions of the Vietnamese people in Tonkin. The illustrations range from production and manufacturing of domestic goods to cultural traditions and beliefs. These traditions also include folk games and contemporary celebrations.Examples of subjects that were illustrated:
Selling and buying of goods ("Selling of chopsticks"; Bán đũa, 𧸝𥮊)
Cultural celebrations ("ritual sharing of the bridal cup of wine on the wedding night"; Lễ hợp cẩn, 禮合𢀷)
Folk games ("Cockfighting"; Chọi cỏ gà, 𩠵𦹵𬷤)
Everyday sights ("Areca palm trees"; Cây cau, 𣘃槁)
Daily activities ("Squatting"; Ngồi xổm, 𡎥踮)
Illegal activities ("Stealing cloth"; Ăn trộm khăn, 咹濫䘜)
The illustrations also accurately depict the clothing that was worn at the time, many people can be seen wearing an áo ngũ thân (5-piece dress) and an áo tứ thân (4-piece dress). Most people are also depicted wearing a traditional Vietnamese turban known as the khăn vấn. People are also depicted as being barefoot.
Gallery
See also
Chữ Nôm
Vietnamese Clothing
Tonkin (French protectorate)
Culture of Vietnam
History of Vietnam
Further reading
Intro to the Henri Oger Project: ‘On Reading a Peripheral Text’
Wikimedia Commons - Category:Technique du peuple Annamite
安南人民手工艺图 (High quality pdf of a section of Technique du peuple Annamite)
Notes
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam"
]
}
|
Na veka (Russian: На века) is Russian pop rock band Korni's debut album, released in May 2003 by Mainstream Production.
Track listing
Standard Edition«Ты узнаешь её»
«Это ты объявила войну»
«5000 тонн света»
«Плакала берёза»
«Только я и ты»
«Догоняй»
«А мне бы голубем»
«Изо льда»
«We Will Rock You»
«Позови меня»
«Девчонки, рокеры и один DJ»
«Я теряю корни»
«Куда глаза глядят»
«На века»Reissue«С днём рождения, Вика!»
«Плакала берёза» (Remix)
«С днём рождения, Вика!» (Remix)
Musical style
The album was recorded in the genre Europop to the influence of synthpop and pop rock.
Composition "Ty uznaesh ee" is a fusion of pop rap, blues and Europop with a loud refrain, which adds to the song elements alternative – pop rock.
"Plakala bereza" - also applies to easy alternative (Britpop), which was later also pronounced in the song "Naperegonki s vetrom".
"Devochki, rokery i odin DJ" - this glam rock composition with strong influence of ethnic, dance-pop and electropop.
"S dnem rozhdeniya Vika" - power ballad, written by guitarist Alexandr Astashenok.
The album also includes a cover of traditional pop / jazz hit "Kuda glaza glyadyat".
References
External links
Официальный сайт «Фабрики Звёзд-1»
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Na veka (Russian: На века) is Russian pop rock band Korni's debut album, released in May 2003 by Mainstream Production.
Track listing
Standard Edition«Ты узнаешь её»
«Это ты объявила войну»
«5000 тонн света»
«Плакала берёза»
«Только я и ты»
«Догоняй»
«А мне бы голубем»
«Изо льда»
«We Will Rock You»
«Позови меня»
«Девчонки, рокеры и один DJ»
«Я теряю корни»
«Куда глаза глядят»
«На века»Reissue«С днём рождения, Вика!»
«Плакала берёза» (Remix)
«С днём рождения, Вика!» (Remix)
Musical style
The album was recorded in the genre Europop to the influence of synthpop and pop rock.
Composition "Ty uznaesh ee" is a fusion of pop rap, blues and Europop with a loud refrain, which adds to the song elements alternative – pop rock.
"Plakala bereza" - also applies to easy alternative (Britpop), which was later also pronounced in the song "Naperegonki s vetrom".
"Devochki, rokery i odin DJ" - this glam rock composition with strong influence of ethnic, dance-pop and electropop.
"S dnem rozhdeniya Vika" - power ballad, written by guitarist Alexandr Astashenok.
The album also includes a cover of traditional pop / jazz hit "Kuda glaza glyadyat".
References
External links
Официальный сайт «Фабрики Звёзд-1»
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Korni"
]
}
|
Na veka (Russian: На века) is Russian pop rock band Korni's debut album, released in May 2003 by Mainstream Production.
Track listing
Standard Edition«Ты узнаешь её»
«Это ты объявила войну»
«5000 тонн света»
«Плакала берёза»
«Только я и ты»
«Догоняй»
«А мне бы голубем»
«Изо льда»
«We Will Rock You»
«Позови меня»
«Девчонки, рокеры и один DJ»
«Я теряю корни»
«Куда глаза глядят»
«На века»Reissue«С днём рождения, Вика!»
«Плакала берёза» (Remix)
«С днём рождения, Вика!» (Remix)
Musical style
The album was recorded in the genre Europop to the influence of synthpop and pop rock.
Composition "Ty uznaesh ee" is a fusion of pop rap, blues and Europop with a loud refrain, which adds to the song elements alternative – pop rock.
"Plakala bereza" - also applies to easy alternative (Britpop), which was later also pronounced in the song "Naperegonki s vetrom".
"Devochki, rokery i odin DJ" - this glam rock composition with strong influence of ethnic, dance-pop and electropop.
"S dnem rozhdeniya Vika" - power ballad, written by guitarist Alexandr Astashenok.
The album also includes a cover of traditional pop / jazz hit "Kuda glaza glyadyat".
References
External links
Официальный сайт «Фабрики Звёзд-1»
|
language of work or name
|
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Black Clock was an American literary magazine that published twenty-one issues over twelve years. Edited by Steve Erickson, the magazine was "dedicated to fiction, poetry and creative essays that explore the frontier of constructive anarchy...Black Clock is audacious rather than safe, visceral rather than academic, intellectually engaging rather than antiseptically cerebral, and not above fun. Produced by writers for writers, Black Clock encourages risk and eschews editorial interference."
From its inception in 2004 until its demise in 2016, Black Clock featured work by Don DeLillo, Lydia Davis, David Foster Wallace, Jonathan Lethem, Richard Powers, Joanna Scott, Dana Spiotta, Rick Moody, Maggie Nelson, Greil Marcus, Samuel R. Delany, Miranda July, Geoff Dyer, Brian Evenson, Darcey Steinke, Lynne Tillman, Michael Ventura, Mark Z. Danielewski and William T. Vollmann among others. Work appearing in Black Clock was anthologized in best-of-the-year collections and nominated for O. Henry and Pushcart prizes, and two excerpted novels went on to win National Book Awards.
See also
List of literary magazines
References
External links
Black Clock
CalArts Writing
|
instance of
|
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"literary magazine"
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Black Clock was an American literary magazine that published twenty-one issues over twelve years. Edited by Steve Erickson, the magazine was "dedicated to fiction, poetry and creative essays that explore the frontier of constructive anarchy...Black Clock is audacious rather than safe, visceral rather than academic, intellectually engaging rather than antiseptically cerebral, and not above fun. Produced by writers for writers, Black Clock encourages risk and eschews editorial interference."
From its inception in 2004 until its demise in 2016, Black Clock featured work by Don DeLillo, Lydia Davis, David Foster Wallace, Jonathan Lethem, Richard Powers, Joanna Scott, Dana Spiotta, Rick Moody, Maggie Nelson, Greil Marcus, Samuel R. Delany, Miranda July, Geoff Dyer, Brian Evenson, Darcey Steinke, Lynne Tillman, Michael Ventura, Mark Z. Danielewski and William T. Vollmann among others. Work appearing in Black Clock was anthologized in best-of-the-year collections and nominated for O. Henry and Pushcart prizes, and two excerpted novels went on to win National Book Awards.
See also
List of literary magazines
References
External links
Black Clock
CalArts Writing
|
editor
|
{
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108
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"text": [
"Steve Erickson"
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|
Black Clock was an American literary magazine that published twenty-one issues over twelve years. Edited by Steve Erickson, the magazine was "dedicated to fiction, poetry and creative essays that explore the frontier of constructive anarchy...Black Clock is audacious rather than safe, visceral rather than academic, intellectually engaging rather than antiseptically cerebral, and not above fun. Produced by writers for writers, Black Clock encourages risk and eschews editorial interference."
From its inception in 2004 until its demise in 2016, Black Clock featured work by Don DeLillo, Lydia Davis, David Foster Wallace, Jonathan Lethem, Richard Powers, Joanna Scott, Dana Spiotta, Rick Moody, Maggie Nelson, Greil Marcus, Samuel R. Delany, Miranda July, Geoff Dyer, Brian Evenson, Darcey Steinke, Lynne Tillman, Michael Ventura, Mark Z. Danielewski and William T. Vollmann among others. Work appearing in Black Clock was anthologized in best-of-the-year collections and nominated for O. Henry and Pushcart prizes, and two excerpted novels went on to win National Book Awards.
See also
List of literary magazines
References
External links
Black Clock
CalArts Writing
|
main subject
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
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"text": [
"literary magazine"
]
}
|
Black Clock was an American literary magazine that published twenty-one issues over twelve years. Edited by Steve Erickson, the magazine was "dedicated to fiction, poetry and creative essays that explore the frontier of constructive anarchy...Black Clock is audacious rather than safe, visceral rather than academic, intellectually engaging rather than antiseptically cerebral, and not above fun. Produced by writers for writers, Black Clock encourages risk and eschews editorial interference."
From its inception in 2004 until its demise in 2016, Black Clock featured work by Don DeLillo, Lydia Davis, David Foster Wallace, Jonathan Lethem, Richard Powers, Joanna Scott, Dana Spiotta, Rick Moody, Maggie Nelson, Greil Marcus, Samuel R. Delany, Miranda July, Geoff Dyer, Brian Evenson, Darcey Steinke, Lynne Tillman, Michael Ventura, Mark Z. Danielewski and William T. Vollmann among others. Work appearing in Black Clock was anthologized in best-of-the-year collections and nominated for O. Henry and Pushcart prizes, and two excerpted novels went on to win National Book Awards.
See also
List of literary magazines
References
External links
Black Clock
CalArts Writing
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Black Clock"
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Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
499
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"text": [
"Schenectady"
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|
Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
185
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"text": [
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}
|
Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"Debra Messing"
]
}
|
Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Adler"
]
}
|
Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Grace"
]
}
|
Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
present in work
|
{
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"Will & Grace"
]
}
|
Grace Elizabeth Adler (formerly Adler-Markus) is a fictional character and one of the two titular protagonists in the American sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing. A Jewish interior designer living in New York City, she lives with her gay best friend, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), for a majority of the series. She is also the employer of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and the friend and neighbor of Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes).
Character overview
Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York. She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actress from whom she inherited her many neuroses. Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin, then Robert Klein), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis then Mary McCormack, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo (Harry Connick Jr.) asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way." She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman as well as Julia Roberts. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists. She is a Democrat and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.
Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact that as she has "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized ballet slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!" In another episode, she and Will travel to Los Angeles and visit the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Grace finds that her hands and feet fit perfectly into John Wayne's hand and footprints ("Was he really tiny, or am I just a monster?").There is a general running joke that she is slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food and therapy at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.
In the 10th season episode "Grace's Secret", Grace reveals that she was sexually assaulted at age 15 by her father's best friend, Harry.In the 11th season, Grace discovers that she is pregnant, the result of a one-night stand while on vacation flying London. Grace had hooked up with Leo on an airplane bathroom when she saw him while Will and Grace were flying to London. She decides to raise the child with Will, who is also having a child via surrogate. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will, Jack, and Karen go with her to the hospital to have the baby and begin a new chapter in her life.
Relationships
Will
Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season 1 when she breaks up with her fiancé, Danny (Tom Verica). She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence – albeit only to an apartment across the hall. She moves back in by season 3. She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season 5 when she marries Leo, but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.
Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).In the revived series, which retcons the events of the first series finale, Grace has divorced Leo, and is once again living with Will. They go into business together briefly, before Will gets a job as a law professor. When she gets pregnant in the 11th season, she decides to raise the baby with Will, and they buy a house together in Upstate New York. In the series finale, she goes into labor, and Will assures her that they can do this together as he goes with her to the hospital.
Jack and Karen
Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Karen doesn't exactly withhold her judgments; in one episode, when Will calls Grace at work and Karen answers, she puts him on hold and says "Grace, the reason you're not in a relationship is on line one." Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (Andy García) after he refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who is feeling vulnerable because she is going through a divorce. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect her, as Grace does not have a strong business plan.
Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between seasons 2 and 3, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.
Romantic relationships
Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries Leo Markus (Harry Connick, Jr.), a Jewish doctor on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After living in Rome for a year, the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila (Maria Thayer) goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben (Ben Newmark). Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale – in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will – are retconned as one of Karen's drug and alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently divorced Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce. When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because Grace did not trust Leo not to cheat on her again, and because she was closer to Will than to her own husband. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they could not make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.In season 10, Grace enters a serious relationship with Noah Boarder (David Schwimmer), after several tense meetings where he tries to sabotage her campaign for interior design president. Their romance slowly blossoms, Grace gets to know Noah's daughter, and he eventually asks her to move in with him. In the season finale, when Noah is unable to come to Jack's wedding, Grace is not happy after overhearing Will say she can do much better than him, and begins to wonder where their relationship is going. After meeting Marcus (Reid Scott), a fellow traveler who plans on traveling the world indefinitely in an effort to find himself, Grace decides to leave the country with him to find true happiness.In the season 11 premiere, Grace returns to New York from her whirlwind European adventure, during which she had sex with Marcus. During a doctor's appointment, Grace is startled to find that she is pregnant. When Marcus reappears in the next episode, Grace tells him that she is pregnant with his child, only for Marcus to tell her that he had a vasectomy. Karen then gathers three other men that Grace had sex with during her European adventure in an effort to find out who her baby's father is via a DNA test. Marcus shows up and admits to Grace that he lied about getting a vasectomy, and promises that he will sacrifice his dreams and do everything he can to raise her baby with her. Grace then decides she does not want to know the identity of the father for the time being – all she wants to do is raise the baby, either alone or with someone who loves her.Grace has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh (Corey Parker) – have turned out to be gay, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. In one episode, she enters a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one." In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson (Taye Diggs), Will's Canadian boyfriend, in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later, after Will and James break up.
Awards and nominations
For her performance as Grace Adler, Messing received 5 nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once in 2003.
See also
List of fictitious Jews
== References ==
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
11623
],
"text": [
"Grace Adler"
]
}
|
Essi is a Finnish first name.
Essi is an abbreviation from Persian name Esther, which means star. As of May 2010, the name Essi has been given to 6507 people, one of whom was a man.
Famous Essis
Essi Hellstén, Suomen Neito -competition winner 2007
Essi Luttinen, singer
Essi Pöysti, Miss Finland 2009
Essi Renvall, sculptor
Essi Sainio, football player
Essi Valta, book writer
Essi Wuorela, singer
Essi Vanhala, Ringette player
== References ==
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Finnish"
]
}
|
Essi is a Finnish first name.
Essi is an abbreviation from Persian name Esther, which means star. As of May 2010, the name Essi has been given to 6507 people, one of whom was a man.
Famous Essis
Essi Hellstén, Suomen Neito -competition winner 2007
Essi Luttinen, singer
Essi Pöysti, Miss Finland 2009
Essi Renvall, sculptor
Essi Sainio, football player
Essi Valta, book writer
Essi Wuorela, singer
Essi Vanhala, Ringette player
== References ==
|
family name identical to this given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Essi"
]
}
|
Essi is a Finnish first name.
Essi is an abbreviation from Persian name Esther, which means star. As of May 2010, the name Essi has been given to 6507 people, one of whom was a man.
Famous Essis
Essi Hellstén, Suomen Neito -competition winner 2007
Essi Luttinen, singer
Essi Pöysti, Miss Finland 2009
Essi Renvall, sculptor
Essi Sainio, football player
Essi Valta, book writer
Essi Wuorela, singer
Essi Vanhala, Ringette player
== References ==
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Essi"
]
}
|
Essi is a Finnish first name.
Essi is an abbreviation from Persian name Esther, which means star. As of May 2010, the name Essi has been given to 6507 people, one of whom was a man.
Famous Essis
Essi Hellstén, Suomen Neito -competition winner 2007
Essi Luttinen, singer
Essi Pöysti, Miss Finland 2009
Essi Renvall, sculptor
Essi Sainio, football player
Essi Valta, book writer
Essi Wuorela, singer
Essi Vanhala, Ringette player
== References ==
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Essi"
]
}
|
Tripp Vinson is an American film and television producer, best known for his films Baywatch, San Andreas, Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, The Guardian, The Number 23, Red Dawn, and Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters. The New York Times described Vinson as a "a journeyman producer who specializes in popcorn flicks" who is good at getting films produced and quickly adapting to shifting trends. His collective films have grossed over $1.5 billion.Vinson was a longtime producing partner of Beau Flynn. The pair split in June 2011.In 2012, Vinson was engaged to William Morris Endeavor's agent Adriana Alberghetti.In 2015, it was announced that he was producing a live-action prequel to Aladdin, titled Genies.In March 2016, it was announced that Vinson was set to produce a spin-off of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs titled Rose Red.Vinson's bachelor party in Las Vegas was indirectly the basis for the story of the 2009 comedy film The Hangover.
Filmography
References
External links
Tripp Vinson at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"television producer"
]
}
|
Tripp Vinson is an American film and television producer, best known for his films Baywatch, San Andreas, Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, The Guardian, The Number 23, Red Dawn, and Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters. The New York Times described Vinson as a "a journeyman producer who specializes in popcorn flicks" who is good at getting films produced and quickly adapting to shifting trends. His collective films have grossed over $1.5 billion.Vinson was a longtime producing partner of Beau Flynn. The pair split in June 2011.In 2012, Vinson was engaged to William Morris Endeavor's agent Adriana Alberghetti.In 2015, it was announced that he was producing a live-action prequel to Aladdin, titled Genies.In March 2016, it was announced that Vinson was set to produce a spin-off of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs titled Rose Red.Vinson's bachelor party in Las Vegas was indirectly the basis for the story of the 2009 comedy film The Hangover.
Filmography
References
External links
Tripp Vinson at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Vinson"
]
}
|
Tripp Vinson is an American film and television producer, best known for his films Baywatch, San Andreas, Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, The Guardian, The Number 23, Red Dawn, and Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters. The New York Times described Vinson as a "a journeyman producer who specializes in popcorn flicks" who is good at getting films produced and quickly adapting to shifting trends. His collective films have grossed over $1.5 billion.Vinson was a longtime producing partner of Beau Flynn. The pair split in June 2011.In 2012, Vinson was engaged to William Morris Endeavor's agent Adriana Alberghetti.In 2015, it was announced that he was producing a live-action prequel to Aladdin, titled Genies.In March 2016, it was announced that Vinson was set to produce a spin-off of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs titled Rose Red.Vinson's bachelor party in Las Vegas was indirectly the basis for the story of the 2009 comedy film The Hangover.
Filmography
References
External links
Tripp Vinson at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tripp"
]
}
|
Greg Craven may refer to:
Greg Craven (academic) (born 1958), Professor of Law and vice-chancellor at the Australian Catholic University
Greg Craven (teacher), American high school science teacher and climate change author
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"teacher"
]
}
|
Greg Craven may refer to:
Greg Craven (academic) (born 1958), Professor of Law and vice-chancellor at the Australian Catholic University
Greg Craven (teacher), American high school science teacher and climate change author
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Craven"
]
}
|
Greg Craven may refer to:
Greg Craven (academic) (born 1958), Professor of Law and vice-chancellor at the Australian Catholic University
Greg Craven (teacher), American high school science teacher and climate change author
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Greg"
]
}
|
Greg Craven may refer to:
Greg Craven (academic) (born 1958), Professor of Law and vice-chancellor at the Australian Catholic University
Greg Craven (teacher), American high school science teacher and climate change author
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Greg Craven may refer to:
Greg Craven (academic) (born 1958), Professor of Law and vice-chancellor at the Australian Catholic University
Greg Craven (teacher), American high school science teacher and climate change author
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Australian Catholic University"
]
}
|
Riding for Fame is a lost 1928 American silent Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Hoot Gibson. It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures.
Cast
Hoot Gibson as Scratch 'Em Hank Scott
Ethlyne Clair as Kitty Barton
Charles K. French as Dad Barton
Slim Summerville as High-Pockets (as George Summerville)
Allan Forrest as Donald Morgan
Ruth Cherrington as Miss Hemingway
Chet Ryan
Bob Burns (as Robert Burns)
References
External links
Riding for Fame at IMDb
synopsis at AllMovie
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
Riding for Fame is a lost 1928 American silent Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Hoot Gibson. It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures.
Cast
Hoot Gibson as Scratch 'Em Hank Scott
Ethlyne Clair as Kitty Barton
Charles K. French as Dad Barton
Slim Summerville as High-Pockets (as George Summerville)
Allan Forrest as Donald Morgan
Ruth Cherrington as Miss Hemingway
Chet Ryan
Bob Burns (as Robert Burns)
References
External links
Riding for Fame at IMDb
synopsis at AllMovie
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"B. Reeves Eason"
]
}
|
Riding for Fame is a lost 1928 American silent Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Hoot Gibson. It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures.
Cast
Hoot Gibson as Scratch 'Em Hank Scott
Ethlyne Clair as Kitty Barton
Charles K. French as Dad Barton
Slim Summerville as High-Pockets (as George Summerville)
Allan Forrest as Donald Morgan
Ruth Cherrington as Miss Hemingway
Chet Ryan
Bob Burns (as Robert Burns)
References
External links
Riding for Fame at IMDb
synopsis at AllMovie
|
distributed by
|
{
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"Universal Pictures"
]
}
|
Mordella luteosuturalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Mordella luteosuturalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mordella"
]
}
|
Mordella luteosuturalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mordella luteosuturalis"
]
}
|
White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.
Premise
When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.
Cast
Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
Walter Long as Chicoq
Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
Georgie Stone as Victor
Jack Herbert as Jacques
Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
References
External links
White and Unmarried at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.
Premise
When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.
Cast
Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
Walter Long as Chicoq
Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
Georgie Stone as Victor
Jack Herbert as Jacques
Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
References
External links
White and Unmarried at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"Tom Forman"
]
}
|
White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.
Premise
When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.
Cast
Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
Walter Long as Chicoq
Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
Georgie Stone as Victor
Jack Herbert as Jacques
Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
References
External links
White and Unmarried at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"Thomas Meighan"
]
}
|
White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.
Premise
When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.
Cast
Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
Walter Long as Chicoq
Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
Georgie Stone as Victor
Jack Herbert as Jacques
Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
References
External links
White and Unmarried at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"White and Unmarried"
]
}
|
White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.
Premise
When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.
Cast
Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
Walter Long as Chicoq
Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
Georgie Stone as Victor
Jack Herbert as Jacques
Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
References
External links
White and Unmarried at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
|
distributed by
|
{
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"Paramount Pictures"
]
}
|
White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.
Premise
When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.
Cast
Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
Walter Long as Chicoq
Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
Georgie Stone as Victor
Jack Herbert as Jacques
Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
References
External links
White and Unmarried at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"White and Unmarried"
]
}
|
Fessia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is distributed from Iran to Central Asia and Pakistan.
Description
Species of Fessia grow from bulbs, which are covered by a gray or black tunic, purple inside. Each bulb produces one or more flower stems (scapes) bearing whitish to blue or violet flowers. The stamens have pale blue anthers. The black seeds are globe or drop shaped.A number of species of Fessia, often under their earlier names in the genus Scilla, are grown by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants; they are hardy but some need a dry period in summer. F. puschkinioides (syn. Scilla puchkinioides) is described as "an easy to grow hardy species".
Systematics
The genus Fessia was created by Franz Speta in 1998. All the species were previously included in a more broadly defined genus Scilla. The genus is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae (or the subfamily Hyacinthoideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae).
Species
As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 11 species:
== References ==
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Fessia"
]
}
|
Fessia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is distributed from Iran to Central Asia and Pakistan.
Description
Species of Fessia grow from bulbs, which are covered by a gray or black tunic, purple inside. Each bulb produces one or more flower stems (scapes) bearing whitish to blue or violet flowers. The stamens have pale blue anthers. The black seeds are globe or drop shaped.A number of species of Fessia, often under their earlier names in the genus Scilla, are grown by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants; they are hardy but some need a dry period in summer. F. puschkinioides (syn. Scilla puchkinioides) is described as "an easy to grow hardy species".
Systematics
The genus Fessia was created by Franz Speta in 1998. All the species were previously included in a more broadly defined genus Scilla. The genus is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae (or the subfamily Hyacinthoideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae).
Species
As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 11 species:
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Fessia is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is distributed from Iran to Central Asia and Pakistan.
Description
Species of Fessia grow from bulbs, which are covered by a gray or black tunic, purple inside. Each bulb produces one or more flower stems (scapes) bearing whitish to blue or violet flowers. The stamens have pale blue anthers. The black seeds are globe or drop shaped.A number of species of Fessia, often under their earlier names in the genus Scilla, are grown by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants; they are hardy but some need a dry period in summer. F. puschkinioides (syn. Scilla puchkinioides) is described as "an easy to grow hardy species".
Systematics
The genus Fessia was created by Franz Speta in 1998. All the species were previously included in a more broadly defined genus Scilla. The genus is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae (or the subfamily Hyacinthoideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae).
Species
As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 11 species:
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Scilloideae"
]
}
|
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