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Aucelon (French pronunciation: [oslɔ̃]) is a commune in the department of Drôme, southeastern France. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Geography Aucelon is a village perched at an altitude of 755 meters, towards the center of the mountain rings of Diosis. Aucelon's mountain has a height of 1356 meters. It is located in the south west of Die Tand, extends to the north of the Fourniers, and overlooks the valley of Roanne. The town is watered by the Brette. Demography In 1821, the municipality of Aucelon had 458 inhabitants, which declined to only 13 in 2012. See also Communes of the Drôme department == References ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Aucelon" ] }
Aucelon (French pronunciation: [oslɔ̃]) is a commune in the department of Drôme, southeastern France. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Geography Aucelon is a village perched at an altitude of 755 meters, towards the center of the mountain rings of Diosis. Aucelon's mountain has a height of 1356 meters. It is located in the south west of Die Tand, extends to the north of the Fourniers, and overlooks the valley of Roanne. The town is watered by the Brette. Demography In 1821, the municipality of Aucelon had 458 inhabitants, which declined to only 13 in 2012. See also Communes of the Drôme department == References ==	official name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Aucelon" ] }
Aucelon (French pronunciation: [oslɔ̃]) is a commune in the department of Drôme, southeastern France. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Geography Aucelon is a village perched at an altitude of 755 meters, towards the center of the mountain rings of Diosis. Aucelon's mountain has a height of 1356 meters. It is located in the south west of Die Tand, extends to the north of the Fourniers, and overlooks the valley of Roanne. The town is watered by the Brette. Demography In 1821, the municipality of Aucelon had 458 inhabitants, which declined to only 13 in 2012. See also Communes of the Drôme department == References ==	female population	{ "answer_start": [ 210 ], "text": [ "5" ] }
Gowidon is a genus of arboreal lizards in the family Agamidae. It is monotypic with a single recognised species, Gowidon longirostris, commonly known as the long-snouted lashtail or long-nosed water dragon. It is found in Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Australia, and in New Guinea. Taxonomy It was first described in 1883 by George Boulenger as Lophognathus longirostris, and was transferred to the genus, Gowidon, in 2014 by Hal Cogger. The taxonomic decision for synonymy is given by Cogger in 1983. == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 482 ], "text": [ "taxon" ] }
Gowidon is a genus of arboreal lizards in the family Agamidae. It is monotypic with a single recognised species, Gowidon longirostris, commonly known as the long-snouted lashtail or long-nosed water dragon. It is found in Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Australia, and in New Guinea. Taxonomy It was first described in 1883 by George Boulenger as Lophognathus longirostris, and was transferred to the genus, Gowidon, in 2014 by Hal Cogger. The taxonomic decision for synonymy is given by Cogger in 1983. == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 13 ], "text": [ "genus" ] }
Gowidon is a genus of arboreal lizards in the family Agamidae. It is monotypic with a single recognised species, Gowidon longirostris, commonly known as the long-snouted lashtail or long-nosed water dragon. It is found in Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Australia, and in New Guinea. Taxonomy It was first described in 1883 by George Boulenger as Lophognathus longirostris, and was transferred to the genus, Gowidon, in 2014 by Hal Cogger. The taxonomic decision for synonymy is given by Cogger in 1983. == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Gowidon" ] }
Gowidon is a genus of arboreal lizards in the family Agamidae. It is monotypic with a single recognised species, Gowidon longirostris, commonly known as the long-snouted lashtail or long-nosed water dragon. It is found in Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Australia, and in New Guinea. Taxonomy It was first described in 1883 by George Boulenger as Lophognathus longirostris, and was transferred to the genus, Gowidon, in 2014 by Hal Cogger. The taxonomic decision for synonymy is given by Cogger in 1983. == References ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Gowidon" ] }
Gowidon is a genus of arboreal lizards in the family Agamidae. It is monotypic with a single recognised species, Gowidon longirostris, commonly known as the long-snouted lashtail or long-nosed water dragon. It is found in Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Australia, and in New Guinea. Taxonomy It was first described in 1883 by George Boulenger as Lophognathus longirostris, and was transferred to the genus, Gowidon, in 2014 by Hal Cogger. The taxonomic decision for synonymy is given by Cogger in 1983. == References ==	Australian Faunal Directory ID	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Gowidon" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	native language	{ "answer_start": [ 644 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 938 ], "text": [ "basketball player" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 904 ], "text": [ "basketball" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Miller" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mark" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 678 ], "text": [ "Mark Miller (racer)" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 517 ], "text": [ "quarterback" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 644 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	child	{ "answer_start": [ 165 ], "text": [ "Penelope Ann Miller" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	name in native language	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Mark Miller" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	writing language	{ "answer_start": [ 644 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Mark Miller may refer to: Entertainment Mark D. Miller (1891–1970), Colorado photographer Mark Miller (actor) (1924–2022), television actor and producer, father of Penelope Ann Miller Mark Thomas Miller (born 1960), actor in the short-lived Misfits of Science TV series Mark Miller (musician), lead singer of the band Sawyer Brown Mark Alan Miller, vice president of Seraphim, comic book writer Mark Ian Miller, actor in Speed Demon (2003_film) Sports Mark Miller (American football) (born 1956), American football quarterback Mark Miller (quarterback) (born 1962), American football quarterback Mark Miller (footballer) (born 1962), retired English football player and coach Mark Miller (racer) (born 1962), off-road racer, competing in both cars and on motorcycles Mark Miller (soccer) (born 1962), minor league U.S. soccer player Mark Miller (kickboxer) (born 1971), American kickboxer Mark Miller (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player and coach Mark Miller (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial artist Mark Miller (TT motorcyclist), American motorcycle racer Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977) full name: Justin Mark Miller (August 27, 1977 – June 26, 2013) Others Mark F. Miller (born 1943), Wisconsin state senator Mark Miller (Ohio), lawyer and librarian from Ohio, ran for Congress, 1992 Mark Crispin Miller (born 1949), conspiracy theorist and professor of media studies at New York University Mark S. Miller, computer scientist, inventor of Miller Columns and the E programming language Mark Miller (died 2015), life partner of the actor George Nader Mark Miller (Manitoba politician) - Councillor elected in the 1989 Winnipeg municipal election See also Mark Millar (born 1969), Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer Marc Miller (disambiguation)	educated at	{ "answer_start": [ 1418 ], "text": [ "York University" ] }
Connor Taras is a Canadian sport kayaker from Waverley, Nova Scotia, who was a silver medalist with the Canadian Men's K-4 1000 metres team at the 2011 Pan American Games. He also competed in the Men's K-1 200 metres, finishing sixth. Education and career Taras was educated at Mount Saint Vincent University, studying marketing.He tried out for the Canadian kayaking team for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but missed qualifying by 0.6 seconds. After struggling with his sexual orientation for a number of years, Taras began coming out as gay to friends and family in 2013. According to Taras, the freedom to be open about his sexual orientation made him a better athlete; in the same year, he successfully shaved a full 12 seconds off his personal best time.In 2015, Taras announced his retirement from competitive sport. He served as coordinator of ceremonies for the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, and is an ambassador for the Canadian Olympic Committee's OneTeam initiative to combat homophobia in sports. == References ==	educated at	{ "answer_start": [ 279 ], "text": [ "Mount Saint Vincent University" ] }
Connor Taras is a Canadian sport kayaker from Waverley, Nova Scotia, who was a silver medalist with the Canadian Men's K-4 1000 metres team at the 2011 Pan American Games. He also competed in the Men's K-1 200 metres, finishing sixth. Education and career Taras was educated at Mount Saint Vincent University, studying marketing.He tried out for the Canadian kayaking team for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but missed qualifying by 0.6 seconds. After struggling with his sexual orientation for a number of years, Taras began coming out as gay to friends and family in 2013. According to Taras, the freedom to be open about his sexual orientation made him a better athlete; in the same year, he successfully shaved a full 12 seconds off his personal best time.In 2015, Taras announced his retirement from competitive sport. He served as coordinator of ceremonies for the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, and is an ambassador for the Canadian Olympic Committee's OneTeam initiative to combat homophobia in sports. == References ==	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Connor" ] }
Connor Taras is a Canadian sport kayaker from Waverley, Nova Scotia, who was a silver medalist with the Canadian Men's K-4 1000 metres team at the 2011 Pan American Games. He also competed in the Men's K-1 200 metres, finishing sixth. Education and career Taras was educated at Mount Saint Vincent University, studying marketing.He tried out for the Canadian kayaking team for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but missed qualifying by 0.6 seconds. After struggling with his sexual orientation for a number of years, Taras began coming out as gay to friends and family in 2013. According to Taras, the freedom to be open about his sexual orientation made him a better athlete; in the same year, he successfully shaved a full 12 seconds off his personal best time.In 2015, Taras announced his retirement from competitive sport. He served as coordinator of ceremonies for the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, and is an ambassador for the Canadian Olympic Committee's OneTeam initiative to combat homophobia in sports. == References ==	participant in	{ "answer_start": [ 147 ], "text": [ "2011 Pan American Games" ] }
Pernattia is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1982. It consists of the following species: Pernattia chlorophragma Pernattia brevipennis Pernattia pusilla References External links Savela, Markku. "Pernattia Fletcher, 1982". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved March 25, 2018.	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 15 ], "text": [ "genus" ] }
Pernattia is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1982. It consists of the following species: Pernattia chlorophragma Pernattia brevipennis Pernattia pusilla References External links Savela, Markku. "Pernattia Fletcher, 1982". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved March 25, 2018.	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "Lasiocampidae" ] }
Pernattia is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1982. It consists of the following species: Pernattia chlorophragma Pernattia brevipennis Pernattia pusilla References External links Savela, Markku. "Pernattia Fletcher, 1982". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved March 25, 2018.	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Pernattia" ] }
Pernattia is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1982. It consists of the following species: Pernattia chlorophragma Pernattia brevipennis Pernattia pusilla References External links Savela, Markku. "Pernattia Fletcher, 1982". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved March 25, 2018.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Pernattia" ] }
Pernattia is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1982. It consists of the following species: Pernattia chlorophragma Pernattia brevipennis Pernattia pusilla References External links Savela, Markku. "Pernattia Fletcher, 1982". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved March 25, 2018.	Australian Faunal Directory ID	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Pernattia" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 78 ], "text": [ "animated feature film" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 289 ], "text": [ "fairy tale" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	production company	{ "answer_start": [ 148 ], "text": [ "Melnitsa Animation Studio" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	original language of film or TV show	{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "Russian" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	country of origin	{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "Russia" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	based on	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Little Longnose" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	developer	{ "answer_start": [ 503 ], "text": [ "K-D Lab" ] }
Little Longnose (Russian: Ка́рлик Нос, Karlik Nos) is a Russian traditionally animated feature film directed by Ilya Maximov. It was co-produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio and CTB, and is the first feature-length animated film by either company. The film is a combined adaptation of the fairy tales "Dwarf Nose" and "Little Muck" by Wilhelm Hauff. It opened in Russia on March 20, 2003, and had 375,000 admissions during its theatrical run. A computer game based on the film was produced by Melnitsa, K-D Labs, and 1C. Plot A witch seeks out a kind-hearted child in order to awaken a great stone beast named Dagal. She tracks down Jacob, the son of the shoemaker Heinz and the grocer Hanna, and invites him into her castle. When Jacob refuses to aid the witch in her plan, the witch transforms him into an ugly hunchbacked dwarf with a long nose. The witch is convinced that Jacob will be unable to withstand the social rejection and return to her. Jacob finds that seven years have passed during his time in the castle; Heinz died of grief in Jacob's absence, and Hanna is unable to recognize Jacob upon his return. At the same time, the King's daughter Princess Greta is turned into a goose by the witch after she discovers her in her father's library stealing a spell which will help her rule the kingdom. Jacob and Greta meet and plan to overthrow the witch and get back to their families and true forms. Cast Albert Asadullin as Jacob Elena Shulman as young Jacob Evgenia Igumnova as Greta Natalia Danilova as the Witch Igor Shibanov as Urban Ivan Krasko as the King See also History of Russian animation List of animated feature films Konstantin Bronzit External links Official site at Melnitsa Karlik nos at IMDb	language of work or name	{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "Russian" ] }
Netaji Subhas University (NSU), formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Business Management (NSIBM), is a private university at Pokhari on the outskirts of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. History The university was approved by the Jharkhand cabinet on 18 July 2018 and the Bill for its establishment was summarily passed on 21 July. The university was formally established in September 2018 under Netaji Subhas University Act, 2018 and was inaugurated in October 2018. It is the second private university in the Kolhan division, following Arka Jain University. See also Education in India List of private universities in India List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand References External links Official website	country	{ "answer_start": [ 175 ], "text": [ "India" ] }
Portrait Werner Herzog (German: Werner Herzog - Filmemacher) is an autobiographical short film by Werner Herzog made in 1986. Herzog tells stories about his life and career.The film contains excerpts and commentary on several Herzog films, including Signs of Life, Heart of Glass, Fata Morgana, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner, Fitzcarraldo, La Soufrière, and the Les Blank documentary Burden of Dreams. The film is notable for footage of a conversation between Herzog and Lotte Eisner, a film historian whom Herzog admired. In another section, he talks with mountaineer Reinhold Messner, in which they discuss a potential film project in the Himalayas to star Klaus Kinski. References External links Portrait Werner Herzog at IMDb	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 90 ], "text": [ "film" ] }
Portrait Werner Herzog (German: Werner Herzog - Filmemacher) is an autobiographical short film by Werner Herzog made in 1986. Herzog tells stories about his life and career.The film contains excerpts and commentary on several Herzog films, including Signs of Life, Heart of Glass, Fata Morgana, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner, Fitzcarraldo, La Soufrière, and the Les Blank documentary Burden of Dreams. The film is notable for footage of a conversation between Herzog and Lotte Eisner, a film historian whom Herzog admired. In another section, he talks with mountaineer Reinhold Messner, in which they discuss a potential film project in the Himalayas to star Klaus Kinski. References External links Portrait Werner Herzog at IMDb	director	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Werner Herzog" ] }
Portrait Werner Herzog (German: Werner Herzog - Filmemacher) is an autobiographical short film by Werner Herzog made in 1986. Herzog tells stories about his life and career.The film contains excerpts and commentary on several Herzog films, including Signs of Life, Heart of Glass, Fata Morgana, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner, Fitzcarraldo, La Soufrière, and the Les Blank documentary Burden of Dreams. The film is notable for footage of a conversation between Herzog and Lotte Eisner, a film historian whom Herzog admired. In another section, he talks with mountaineer Reinhold Messner, in which they discuss a potential film project in the Himalayas to star Klaus Kinski. References External links Portrait Werner Herzog at IMDb	screenwriter	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Werner Herzog" ] }
Portrait Werner Herzog (German: Werner Herzog - Filmemacher) is an autobiographical short film by Werner Herzog made in 1986. Herzog tells stories about his life and career.The film contains excerpts and commentary on several Herzog films, including Signs of Life, Heart of Glass, Fata Morgana, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner, Fitzcarraldo, La Soufrière, and the Les Blank documentary Burden of Dreams. The film is notable for footage of a conversation between Herzog and Lotte Eisner, a film historian whom Herzog admired. In another section, he talks with mountaineer Reinhold Messner, in which they discuss a potential film project in the Himalayas to star Klaus Kinski. References External links Portrait Werner Herzog at IMDb	cast member	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Werner Herzog" ] }
Portrait Werner Herzog (German: Werner Herzog - Filmemacher) is an autobiographical short film by Werner Herzog made in 1986. Herzog tells stories about his life and career.The film contains excerpts and commentary on several Herzog films, including Signs of Life, Heart of Glass, Fata Morgana, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner, Fitzcarraldo, La Soufrière, and the Les Blank documentary Burden of Dreams. The film is notable for footage of a conversation between Herzog and Lotte Eisner, a film historian whom Herzog admired. In another section, he talks with mountaineer Reinhold Messner, in which they discuss a potential film project in the Himalayas to star Klaus Kinski. References External links Portrait Werner Herzog at IMDb	original language of film or TV show	{ "answer_start": [ 24 ], "text": [ "German" ] }
The 1894 Chicago Athletic Association football team represented the Chicago Athletic Association, or C. A. A., during the 1894 college football season. In manager Harry Cornish's second year with the athletic club, CAA compiled a 7–3–1 record, and outscored their opponents 130 to 118. The team played its home games at CAA Field, located on the corner of 35th Street and Wentworth Avenue, in Chicago. Schedule Second team schedule The CAA also operated a 2nd team, which played one known contest against the Chicago Maroons, and lost 20–0. == References ==	head coach	{ "answer_start": [ 163 ], "text": [ "Harry Cornish" ] }
The 1894 Chicago Athletic Association football team represented the Chicago Athletic Association, or C. A. A., during the 1894 college football season. In manager Harry Cornish's second year with the athletic club, CAA compiled a 7–3–1 record, and outscored their opponents 130 to 118. The team played its home games at CAA Field, located on the corner of 35th Street and Wentworth Avenue, in Chicago. Schedule Second team schedule The CAA also operated a 2nd team, which played one known contest against the Chicago Maroons, and lost 20–0. == References ==	season of club or team	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Chicago Athletic Association football team" ] }
"The Shadow of the Vulture" is a short story by American writer Robert E. Howard, first published in The Magic Carpet Magazine, January 1934. The story introduces the character of Red Sonya of Rogatino, who later became the inspiration for the popular character Red Sonja, archetype of the chainmail-bikini clad female warrior.Unlike Howard's better-known fantasy work, "The Shadow of the Vulture" is historical fiction, set in the 16th century. It uses the career of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (also known as Sultan Suleiman I), the aftermath of the Battle of Mohács (1526) and the later Siege of Vienna of 1529 as a backdrop for imaginary characters and events. Plot In Istanbul, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent sends home members of a Holy Roman diplomatic envoy whom he has kept imprisoned for nine months. He recognizes one of the members, however; a knight by the name of Gottfried Von Kalmbach, who had seriously wounded him during the Battle of Mohács. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha entrusts the widely feared soldier, Mikhal Oglu, with hunting down Von Kalmbach and retrieving his head. Mikhal Oglu and his warriors raid the countryside between the Ottoman Empire and Vienna in preparation for Suleiman's attack on the city. They attack a small Danubian village, in which Von Kalmbach had been sleeping off the previous night's drinking. He fights his way free, and rides for Vienna, where the townspeople are preparing for the arrival of Suleiman. The full Ottoman army arrives, and the siege begins. Von Kalmbach fights the encroaching Turkish soldiers atop the walls. He meets a belligerent, red-haired woman who fights alongside the men – ‘Red’ Sonya of Rogatino, revealed to be the sister of Suleiman's favourite harem girl, Hurrem Sultan. When one fight against a number of Turks proves to be overwhelming, she comes to Von Kalmbach's aid. Later, there is a lull in the siege and the defenders content themselves with drinking wine in the city square. Red Sonya insults Von Kalmbach, and an argument breaks out. Drunk and furious, Von Kalmbach spurs the men into an impromptu attack on the Ottoman encampment outside the city. Coincidentally, the drunken raid thwarts a surprise attack planned by the sultan, to have been assisted by traitors within the walls of Vienna. The sultan eventually concedes defeat, and the Ottoman army prepares to leave. Von Kalmbach, however, is drugged and kidnapped by the traitors in Vienna – an Armenian merchant and his son, who had been in communication with the Sultan's vizier and hoped to claim the knight's head. Red Sonya comes to Von Kalmbach's aid yet again. She blackmails the Armenian into delivering a message to Mikhal Oglu, who was serving as vanguard for the capitulating Ottoman army. Oglu receives the message and, believing Von Kalmbach to be alone and not too far away from his position, leaves the column with a small contingent. He is met, however, by an Austrian ambush. In Istanbul, Suleiman is holding celebrations in honour of his ‘victory’ in central Europe. He receives a strange package in the mail, and Ibrahim opens it, hoping it to be the head of Von Kalmbach. It turns out to be the severed head of Mikhal Oglu, and included is a belittling note from Red Sonya and Von Kalmbach. Setting The story is set around the Battle of Mohács and the later Siege of Vienna (1529), with Suleiman the Magnificent's attack into Europe. Red Sonya/Sonja In the story, Red Sonya of Rogatino is a gun-slinging warrior woman of Polish-Ukrainian origin with a grudge against the Ottoman sultan. She has the eponymous red hair and a fiery temper to match. It was revealed in the narrative that she was sibling to the favourite of Sulemain himself, the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana, who ended up marrying him as his sole legal wife. Howard's Red Sonya had no connection to his Conan the Barbarian character. Roy Thomas and Barry Smith, in Marvel Comics' Conan the Barbarian title, transposed Red Sonya into the Hyborian Age, changing the spelling of her name in the process. "Shadow of the Vulture" itself was adapted by Marvel as a Conan and Red Sonja story of the same title in Conan the Barbarian #23 (February 1973). Additionally, the 1985 film Red Sonja, which took place in the Hyborian Age, states in the opening credits, "Based on the character created by Robert E. Howard", making this film another link between Red Sonja and the Hyborian Age. References External links The Works of Robert E. Howard - Publication history of The Shadow of the Vulture	author	{ "answer_start": [ 64 ], "text": [ "Robert E. Howard" ] }
"The Shadow of the Vulture" is a short story by American writer Robert E. Howard, first published in The Magic Carpet Magazine, January 1934. The story introduces the character of Red Sonya of Rogatino, who later became the inspiration for the popular character Red Sonja, archetype of the chainmail-bikini clad female warrior.Unlike Howard's better-known fantasy work, "The Shadow of the Vulture" is historical fiction, set in the 16th century. It uses the career of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (also known as Sultan Suleiman I), the aftermath of the Battle of Mohács (1526) and the later Siege of Vienna of 1529 as a backdrop for imaginary characters and events. Plot In Istanbul, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent sends home members of a Holy Roman diplomatic envoy whom he has kept imprisoned for nine months. He recognizes one of the members, however; a knight by the name of Gottfried Von Kalmbach, who had seriously wounded him during the Battle of Mohács. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha entrusts the widely feared soldier, Mikhal Oglu, with hunting down Von Kalmbach and retrieving his head. Mikhal Oglu and his warriors raid the countryside between the Ottoman Empire and Vienna in preparation for Suleiman's attack on the city. They attack a small Danubian village, in which Von Kalmbach had been sleeping off the previous night's drinking. He fights his way free, and rides for Vienna, where the townspeople are preparing for the arrival of Suleiman. The full Ottoman army arrives, and the siege begins. Von Kalmbach fights the encroaching Turkish soldiers atop the walls. He meets a belligerent, red-haired woman who fights alongside the men – ‘Red’ Sonya of Rogatino, revealed to be the sister of Suleiman's favourite harem girl, Hurrem Sultan. When one fight against a number of Turks proves to be overwhelming, she comes to Von Kalmbach's aid. Later, there is a lull in the siege and the defenders content themselves with drinking wine in the city square. Red Sonya insults Von Kalmbach, and an argument breaks out. Drunk and furious, Von Kalmbach spurs the men into an impromptu attack on the Ottoman encampment outside the city. Coincidentally, the drunken raid thwarts a surprise attack planned by the sultan, to have been assisted by traitors within the walls of Vienna. The sultan eventually concedes defeat, and the Ottoman army prepares to leave. Von Kalmbach, however, is drugged and kidnapped by the traitors in Vienna – an Armenian merchant and his son, who had been in communication with the Sultan's vizier and hoped to claim the knight's head. Red Sonya comes to Von Kalmbach's aid yet again. She blackmails the Armenian into delivering a message to Mikhal Oglu, who was serving as vanguard for the capitulating Ottoman army. Oglu receives the message and, believing Von Kalmbach to be alone and not too far away from his position, leaves the column with a small contingent. He is met, however, by an Austrian ambush. In Istanbul, Suleiman is holding celebrations in honour of his ‘victory’ in central Europe. He receives a strange package in the mail, and Ibrahim opens it, hoping it to be the head of Von Kalmbach. It turns out to be the severed head of Mikhal Oglu, and included is a belittling note from Red Sonya and Von Kalmbach. Setting The story is set around the Battle of Mohács and the later Siege of Vienna (1529), with Suleiman the Magnificent's attack into Europe. Red Sonya/Sonja In the story, Red Sonya of Rogatino is a gun-slinging warrior woman of Polish-Ukrainian origin with a grudge against the Ottoman sultan. She has the eponymous red hair and a fiery temper to match. It was revealed in the narrative that she was sibling to the favourite of Sulemain himself, the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana, who ended up marrying him as his sole legal wife. Howard's Red Sonya had no connection to his Conan the Barbarian character. Roy Thomas and Barry Smith, in Marvel Comics' Conan the Barbarian title, transposed Red Sonya into the Hyborian Age, changing the spelling of her name in the process. "Shadow of the Vulture" itself was adapted by Marvel as a Conan and Red Sonja story of the same title in Conan the Barbarian #23 (February 1973). Additionally, the 1985 film Red Sonja, which took place in the Hyborian Age, states in the opening credits, "Based on the character created by Robert E. Howard", making this film another link between Red Sonja and the Hyborian Age. References External links The Works of Robert E. Howard - Publication history of The Shadow of the Vulture	title	{ "answer_start": [ 1 ], "text": [ "The Shadow of the Vulture" ] }
"The Shadow of the Vulture" is a short story by American writer Robert E. Howard, first published in The Magic Carpet Magazine, January 1934. The story introduces the character of Red Sonya of Rogatino, who later became the inspiration for the popular character Red Sonja, archetype of the chainmail-bikini clad female warrior.Unlike Howard's better-known fantasy work, "The Shadow of the Vulture" is historical fiction, set in the 16th century. It uses the career of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (also known as Sultan Suleiman I), the aftermath of the Battle of Mohács (1526) and the later Siege of Vienna of 1529 as a backdrop for imaginary characters and events. Plot In Istanbul, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent sends home members of a Holy Roman diplomatic envoy whom he has kept imprisoned for nine months. He recognizes one of the members, however; a knight by the name of Gottfried Von Kalmbach, who had seriously wounded him during the Battle of Mohács. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha entrusts the widely feared soldier, Mikhal Oglu, with hunting down Von Kalmbach and retrieving his head. Mikhal Oglu and his warriors raid the countryside between the Ottoman Empire and Vienna in preparation for Suleiman's attack on the city. They attack a small Danubian village, in which Von Kalmbach had been sleeping off the previous night's drinking. He fights his way free, and rides for Vienna, where the townspeople are preparing for the arrival of Suleiman. The full Ottoman army arrives, and the siege begins. Von Kalmbach fights the encroaching Turkish soldiers atop the walls. He meets a belligerent, red-haired woman who fights alongside the men – ‘Red’ Sonya of Rogatino, revealed to be the sister of Suleiman's favourite harem girl, Hurrem Sultan. When one fight against a number of Turks proves to be overwhelming, she comes to Von Kalmbach's aid. Later, there is a lull in the siege and the defenders content themselves with drinking wine in the city square. Red Sonya insults Von Kalmbach, and an argument breaks out. Drunk and furious, Von Kalmbach spurs the men into an impromptu attack on the Ottoman encampment outside the city. Coincidentally, the drunken raid thwarts a surprise attack planned by the sultan, to have been assisted by traitors within the walls of Vienna. The sultan eventually concedes defeat, and the Ottoman army prepares to leave. Von Kalmbach, however, is drugged and kidnapped by the traitors in Vienna – an Armenian merchant and his son, who had been in communication with the Sultan's vizier and hoped to claim the knight's head. Red Sonya comes to Von Kalmbach's aid yet again. She blackmails the Armenian into delivering a message to Mikhal Oglu, who was serving as vanguard for the capitulating Ottoman army. Oglu receives the message and, believing Von Kalmbach to be alone and not too far away from his position, leaves the column with a small contingent. He is met, however, by an Austrian ambush. In Istanbul, Suleiman is holding celebrations in honour of his ‘victory’ in central Europe. He receives a strange package in the mail, and Ibrahim opens it, hoping it to be the head of Von Kalmbach. It turns out to be the severed head of Mikhal Oglu, and included is a belittling note from Red Sonya and Von Kalmbach. Setting The story is set around the Battle of Mohács and the later Siege of Vienna (1529), with Suleiman the Magnificent's attack into Europe. Red Sonya/Sonja In the story, Red Sonya of Rogatino is a gun-slinging warrior woman of Polish-Ukrainian origin with a grudge against the Ottoman sultan. She has the eponymous red hair and a fiery temper to match. It was revealed in the narrative that she was sibling to the favourite of Sulemain himself, the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana, who ended up marrying him as his sole legal wife. Howard's Red Sonya had no connection to his Conan the Barbarian character. Roy Thomas and Barry Smith, in Marvel Comics' Conan the Barbarian title, transposed Red Sonya into the Hyborian Age, changing the spelling of her name in the process. "Shadow of the Vulture" itself was adapted by Marvel as a Conan and Red Sonja story of the same title in Conan the Barbarian #23 (February 1973). Additionally, the 1985 film Red Sonja, which took place in the Hyborian Age, states in the opening credits, "Based on the character created by Robert E. Howard", making this film another link between Red Sonja and the Hyborian Age. References External links The Works of Robert E. Howard - Publication history of The Shadow of the Vulture	form of creative work	{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "short story" ] }
Tmesisternus curvatolineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927. == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 34 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Tmesisternus curvatolineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927. == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Tmesisternus" ] }
Tmesisternus curvatolineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927. == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Tmesisternus curvatolineatus" ] }
Kedainiai Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kėdainiai, Lithuania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FK Nevėžis. The stadium holds 3,000 people. == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 55 ], "text": [ "Lithuania" ] }
Kedainiai Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kėdainiai, Lithuania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FK Nevėžis. The stadium holds 3,000 people. == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "stadium" ] }
Kedainiai Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kėdainiai, Lithuania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FK Nevėžis. The stadium holds 3,000 people. == References ==	occupant	{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "FK Nevėžis" ] }
NetPresenz, written by Peter N. Lewis for Stairways Software Pty Ltd, is a World Wide Web and FTP server developed for use on the classic Mac OS. It is an update of an older product called simply FTPd, at the time the most significant FTP daemon available for the Macintosh platform, with added Web and Gopher functionality. Originally a shareware package, NetPresenz was rendered obsolete by increasing functionality in the Mac OS and has been made freeware. It does not work on macOS. References External links Netpresez 4.1 manual PDF	copyright license	{ "answer_start": [ 450 ], "text": [ "freeware" ] }
Gnorimoschema minor is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by August Busck in 1906. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas.The wingspan is about 7 mm. The forewings are light ochreous, evenly overlaid with dark brown scales and with thin indistinct ochreous longitudinal streaks. The hindwings are dark fuscous. == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Gnorimoschema" ] }
Gnorimoschema minor is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by August Busck in 1906. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas.The wingspan is about 7 mm. The forewings are light ochreous, evenly overlaid with dark brown scales and with thin indistinct ochreous longitudinal streaks. The hindwings are dark fuscous. == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Gnorimoschema minor" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 731 ], "text": [ "Christchurch" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 30 ], "text": [ "New Zealand" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	educated at	{ "answer_start": [ 770 ], "text": [ "St Bede's College" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 42 ], "text": [ "poet" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	award received	{ "answer_start": [ 379 ], "text": [ "Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Leeming" ] }
Owen Leeming (born 1930) is a New Zealand poet, playwright, radio presenter and television producer. While working in broadcasting in London and New Zealand in the 1950s and 1960s, he had short stories and poems published in various magazines and journals, and wrote stage and radio plays. In 1970 he was the first recipient of one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, after which he published his first collection of poetry. Later in life he settled in France and became a translator. His second collection of poetry was published in 2018, over four decades after his first collection, followed by a collection of selected works in 2021. Early life and career Leeming was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and attended St Bede's College on a boarding scholarship. He studied French and music at the University of Canterbury, then named Canterbury College. During this time he won a Christchurch Civic Music Council competition with a choral music composition, and in 1953 he was the chairman of the Canterbury College Drama Society.After university, Leeming went to France to study musical composition, having been granted a government bursary, but left after a year. He subsequently worked in broadcasting in London and New Zealand for a number of years. Notably, in 1961, Leeming interviewed Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath for the BBC, in a radio broadcast entitled Two of a Kind: Poets in Partnership. In 1962, Leeming interviewed the three surviving sisters of New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield. The interview was recorded for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation archives. Literary career Leeming's early poems and stories were published in various English journals, including The London Magazine and The Guinness Book of Poetry. In 1959 his short story "The Following Wind" was published in the New Zealand journal Landfall. During his time in London he participated in poetry discussion group "The Group" along with fellow Antipodean expat Peter Porter. Leeming also wrote a number of plays for the stage and for radio. Leeming's most well-known poem, "The Priests of Serrabone", was published in Landfall in 1962. It was described by New Zealand writer James K. Baxter in 1971 as "masterly", and as "one of the documents to which I turn for reassurance in my private clumsy labours to undo the harm the Catholic Church does to her young".Leeming was the first recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship award in 1970. This award allowed Leeming to spend a year in Menton, France as a writer in residence at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived from 1919 to 1920. Following his residency, Leeming's first collection of poems, Venus is Setting, was published in 1972 by Caxton Press. Its publication was supported by a grant from the New Zealand State Literary Fund. A review in newspaper The Press preferred Leeming's plays to his poetry, but nevertheless said that some of his poems "achieve a fluidity which reminds one of how well he can write". The review praised in particular "The Priests of Serrabone" and noted it "holds its intensity fairly well and adroitly uses a complex stanza".After time in Africa and Asia as a Unesco consultant, Leeming settled in France and worked as an OECD translator. In 2014, two of his poems were published in journal Poetry New Zealand, forty years since his last poems were published in New Zealand. His experiences travelling back to New Zealand with his wife generated his second collection of poems, Through Your Eyes, published in 2018. In 2021, Latitudes: New and Selected Poems 1954–2020 was published, containing poems from both his collections as well as previously unpublished works. Victor Billot, reviewing the collection for Landfall, described some of the earlier unpublished works as "windows into a vanished world", and said his later poems "develop down strange and wonderful branches". Personal life Leeming had a brief relationship in the 1960s with British television personality Jan Leeming. Although they never married, she took his name by deed poll and did not change it after their separation.As of 2020, Leeming lived in Paris with his wife Mireille. References External links Owen Leeming, profile on the Arts Foundation of New Zealand's website. Through Your Eyes by Owen Leeming, publisher's website. "The Dream Cave", poem by Owen Leeming written during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leeming, Owen (active 1960s), material held by the National Library of New Zealand.	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Owen" ] }
Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge. Move to Canada Marsh moved to Canada in 1930, after being hired as a Director of Social Research at McGill University. McGill was taking part in two American-funded research projects at the time, the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Project and the Social Science Research Project. Marsh was hired through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and named project director for the SSRP. While Director, Marsh published several books on employment in Canada, including Health and Unemployment in 1938. The pivotal text to emerge from Marsh's role as project director was Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market in 1940. Subsequent career Leonard Marsh joined the League for Social Reconstruction in 1932 and served as president for two terms, 1937–1938 and 1938–1939. With Harry Cassidy, he edited the League's key publication, Social Planning for Canada, which was published in 1935. Canadians In and Out of Work was one of the first significant works to analyse class in Canada and remained the most comprehensive study of the subject until John Porter's release of The Vertical Mosaic. The work was not well received by the business community. Marsh and the Social Science Research Project proved to be an irritant to the university and funders and funding was not renewed when the grant ran out in 1940.Leonard Marsh went on to be named research director for the Federal Government's Advisory Committee on Reconstruction under chair Frank Cyril James in 1941. In early December 1942, the British Government released the Beveridge Report which called for the creation of a postwar welfare state. It was popular in Canada which led Mackenzie King, the Liberal prime minister, to ask James and Marsh to prepare a similar report for Canada in mid-December. Marsh took on the task immediately and with the help of several staff members he was able to complete a draft report in just three months. The Report on Social Security for Canada was submitted to Parliament on March 15, 1943. It called for the establishment of a broad range of social assistance, social insurance and public welfare programs. It subsequently became known colloquially known as "The Marsh Report". Despite the favourable publicity it received in 1943, the report was largely ignored in the short term. Some have even postulated that it was a source of embarrassment for the King government.In the longer-term many of the Marsh Report's recommendations would come into being in the postwar years. For this reason it is often referred to a blueprint for the development of the Canadian welfare state. He left the Advisory Committee to become welfare adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1944-46.Marsh was hired by the University of British Columbia's School of Social Work in 1947. In 1959, he was named Director of Research. Marsh joined the Faculty of Education in 1964 as a professor of Educational Sociology. He retired in 1972 and was named Professor Emeritus the same year. Notable works Health and Unemployment: Some Studies of Their Relationships. Published for McGill University by Oxford University Press, 1938. Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market. Published for McGill University by the Oxford University Press, 1940. Report on Social Security for Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975. Rebuilding A Neighbourhood; Report on a Demonstration Slum-Clearance and Urban Rehabilitation Project in a Key Central Area in Vancouver. Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1950. Communities in Canada: Selected Sources. Toronto: McClelland, 1970.With the League for Social Reconstruction League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Social Planning for Canada. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1935. League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Democracy Needs Socialism. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1938. Notes References Horn, Michiel. League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada 1930-1942. Toronto: University of Toronto., 1980. Maioni, Antonia. "New Century, New Risks: The Marsh Report and the Post-War Welfare State in Canada." Policy Options. August, 2004. External links Leonard Marsh at The Canadian Encyclopedia UBC Archives on Leonard Marsh	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 149 ], "text": [ "England" ] }
Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge. Move to Canada Marsh moved to Canada in 1930, after being hired as a Director of Social Research at McGill University. McGill was taking part in two American-funded research projects at the time, the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Project and the Social Science Research Project. Marsh was hired through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and named project director for the SSRP. While Director, Marsh published several books on employment in Canada, including Health and Unemployment in 1938. The pivotal text to emerge from Marsh's role as project director was Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market in 1940. Subsequent career Leonard Marsh joined the League for Social Reconstruction in 1932 and served as president for two terms, 1937–1938 and 1938–1939. With Harry Cassidy, he edited the League's key publication, Social Planning for Canada, which was published in 1935. Canadians In and Out of Work was one of the first significant works to analyse class in Canada and remained the most comprehensive study of the subject until John Porter's release of The Vertical Mosaic. The work was not well received by the business community. Marsh and the Social Science Research Project proved to be an irritant to the university and funders and funding was not renewed when the grant ran out in 1940.Leonard Marsh went on to be named research director for the Federal Government's Advisory Committee on Reconstruction under chair Frank Cyril James in 1941. In early December 1942, the British Government released the Beveridge Report which called for the creation of a postwar welfare state. It was popular in Canada which led Mackenzie King, the Liberal prime minister, to ask James and Marsh to prepare a similar report for Canada in mid-December. Marsh took on the task immediately and with the help of several staff members he was able to complete a draft report in just three months. The Report on Social Security for Canada was submitted to Parliament on March 15, 1943. It called for the establishment of a broad range of social assistance, social insurance and public welfare programs. It subsequently became known colloquially known as "The Marsh Report". Despite the favourable publicity it received in 1943, the report was largely ignored in the short term. Some have even postulated that it was a source of embarrassment for the King government.In the longer-term many of the Marsh Report's recommendations would come into being in the postwar years. For this reason it is often referred to a blueprint for the development of the Canadian welfare state. He left the Advisory Committee to become welfare adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1944-46.Marsh was hired by the University of British Columbia's School of Social Work in 1947. In 1959, he was named Director of Research. Marsh joined the Faculty of Education in 1964 as a professor of Educational Sociology. He retired in 1972 and was named Professor Emeritus the same year. Notable works Health and Unemployment: Some Studies of Their Relationships. Published for McGill University by Oxford University Press, 1938. Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market. Published for McGill University by the Oxford University Press, 1940. Report on Social Security for Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975. Rebuilding A Neighbourhood; Report on a Demonstration Slum-Clearance and Urban Rehabilitation Project in a Key Central Area in Vancouver. Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1950. Communities in Canada: Selected Sources. Toronto: McClelland, 1970.With the League for Social Reconstruction League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Social Planning for Canada. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1935. League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Democracy Needs Socialism. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1938. Notes References Horn, Michiel. League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada 1930-1942. Toronto: University of Toronto., 1980. Maioni, Antonia. "New Century, New Risks: The Marsh Report and the Post-War Welfare State in Canada." Policy Options. August, 2004. External links Leonard Marsh at The Canadian Encyclopedia UBC Archives on Leonard Marsh	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "social scientist" ] }
Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge. Move to Canada Marsh moved to Canada in 1930, after being hired as a Director of Social Research at McGill University. McGill was taking part in two American-funded research projects at the time, the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Project and the Social Science Research Project. Marsh was hired through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and named project director for the SSRP. While Director, Marsh published several books on employment in Canada, including Health and Unemployment in 1938. The pivotal text to emerge from Marsh's role as project director was Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market in 1940. Subsequent career Leonard Marsh joined the League for Social Reconstruction in 1932 and served as president for two terms, 1937–1938 and 1938–1939. With Harry Cassidy, he edited the League's key publication, Social Planning for Canada, which was published in 1935. Canadians In and Out of Work was one of the first significant works to analyse class in Canada and remained the most comprehensive study of the subject until John Porter's release of The Vertical Mosaic. The work was not well received by the business community. Marsh and the Social Science Research Project proved to be an irritant to the university and funders and funding was not renewed when the grant ran out in 1940.Leonard Marsh went on to be named research director for the Federal Government's Advisory Committee on Reconstruction under chair Frank Cyril James in 1941. In early December 1942, the British Government released the Beveridge Report which called for the creation of a postwar welfare state. It was popular in Canada which led Mackenzie King, the Liberal prime minister, to ask James and Marsh to prepare a similar report for Canada in mid-December. Marsh took on the task immediately and with the help of several staff members he was able to complete a draft report in just three months. The Report on Social Security for Canada was submitted to Parliament on March 15, 1943. It called for the establishment of a broad range of social assistance, social insurance and public welfare programs. It subsequently became known colloquially known as "The Marsh Report". Despite the favourable publicity it received in 1943, the report was largely ignored in the short term. Some have even postulated that it was a source of embarrassment for the King government.In the longer-term many of the Marsh Report's recommendations would come into being in the postwar years. For this reason it is often referred to a blueprint for the development of the Canadian welfare state. He left the Advisory Committee to become welfare adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1944-46.Marsh was hired by the University of British Columbia's School of Social Work in 1947. In 1959, he was named Director of Research. Marsh joined the Faculty of Education in 1964 as a professor of Educational Sociology. He retired in 1972 and was named Professor Emeritus the same year. Notable works Health and Unemployment: Some Studies of Their Relationships. Published for McGill University by Oxford University Press, 1938. Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market. Published for McGill University by the Oxford University Press, 1940. Report on Social Security for Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975. Rebuilding A Neighbourhood; Report on a Demonstration Slum-Clearance and Urban Rehabilitation Project in a Key Central Area in Vancouver. Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1950. Communities in Canada: Selected Sources. Toronto: McClelland, 1970.With the League for Social Reconstruction League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Social Planning for Canada. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1935. League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Democracy Needs Socialism. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1938. Notes References Horn, Michiel. League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada 1930-1942. Toronto: University of Toronto., 1980. Maioni, Antonia. "New Century, New Risks: The Marsh Report and the Post-War Welfare State in Canada." Policy Options. August, 2004. External links Leonard Marsh at The Canadian Encyclopedia UBC Archives on Leonard Marsh	employer	{ "answer_start": [ 3103 ], "text": [ "University of British Columbia" ] }
Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge. Move to Canada Marsh moved to Canada in 1930, after being hired as a Director of Social Research at McGill University. McGill was taking part in two American-funded research projects at the time, the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Project and the Social Science Research Project. Marsh was hired through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and named project director for the SSRP. While Director, Marsh published several books on employment in Canada, including Health and Unemployment in 1938. The pivotal text to emerge from Marsh's role as project director was Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market in 1940. Subsequent career Leonard Marsh joined the League for Social Reconstruction in 1932 and served as president for two terms, 1937–1938 and 1938–1939. With Harry Cassidy, he edited the League's key publication, Social Planning for Canada, which was published in 1935. Canadians In and Out of Work was one of the first significant works to analyse class in Canada and remained the most comprehensive study of the subject until John Porter's release of The Vertical Mosaic. The work was not well received by the business community. Marsh and the Social Science Research Project proved to be an irritant to the university and funders and funding was not renewed when the grant ran out in 1940.Leonard Marsh went on to be named research director for the Federal Government's Advisory Committee on Reconstruction under chair Frank Cyril James in 1941. In early December 1942, the British Government released the Beveridge Report which called for the creation of a postwar welfare state. It was popular in Canada which led Mackenzie King, the Liberal prime minister, to ask James and Marsh to prepare a similar report for Canada in mid-December. Marsh took on the task immediately and with the help of several staff members he was able to complete a draft report in just three months. The Report on Social Security for Canada was submitted to Parliament on March 15, 1943. It called for the establishment of a broad range of social assistance, social insurance and public welfare programs. It subsequently became known colloquially known as "The Marsh Report". Despite the favourable publicity it received in 1943, the report was largely ignored in the short term. Some have even postulated that it was a source of embarrassment for the King government.In the longer-term many of the Marsh Report's recommendations would come into being in the postwar years. For this reason it is often referred to a blueprint for the development of the Canadian welfare state. He left the Advisory Committee to become welfare adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1944-46.Marsh was hired by the University of British Columbia's School of Social Work in 1947. In 1959, he was named Director of Research. Marsh joined the Faculty of Education in 1964 as a professor of Educational Sociology. He retired in 1972 and was named Professor Emeritus the same year. Notable works Health and Unemployment: Some Studies of Their Relationships. Published for McGill University by Oxford University Press, 1938. Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market. Published for McGill University by the Oxford University Press, 1940. Report on Social Security for Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975. Rebuilding A Neighbourhood; Report on a Demonstration Slum-Clearance and Urban Rehabilitation Project in a Key Central Area in Vancouver. Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1950. Communities in Canada: Selected Sources. Toronto: McClelland, 1970.With the League for Social Reconstruction League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Social Planning for Canada. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1935. League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Democracy Needs Socialism. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1938. Notes References Horn, Michiel. League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada 1930-1942. Toronto: University of Toronto., 1980. Maioni, Antonia. "New Century, New Risks: The Marsh Report and the Post-War Welfare State in Canada." Policy Options. August, 2004. External links Leonard Marsh at The Canadian Encyclopedia UBC Archives on Leonard Marsh	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 16 ], "text": [ "Marsh" ] }
Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge. Move to Canada Marsh moved to Canada in 1930, after being hired as a Director of Social Research at McGill University. McGill was taking part in two American-funded research projects at the time, the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Project and the Social Science Research Project. Marsh was hired through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and named project director for the SSRP. While Director, Marsh published several books on employment in Canada, including Health and Unemployment in 1938. The pivotal text to emerge from Marsh's role as project director was Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market in 1940. Subsequent career Leonard Marsh joined the League for Social Reconstruction in 1932 and served as president for two terms, 1937–1938 and 1938–1939. With Harry Cassidy, he edited the League's key publication, Social Planning for Canada, which was published in 1935. Canadians In and Out of Work was one of the first significant works to analyse class in Canada and remained the most comprehensive study of the subject until John Porter's release of The Vertical Mosaic. The work was not well received by the business community. Marsh and the Social Science Research Project proved to be an irritant to the university and funders and funding was not renewed when the grant ran out in 1940.Leonard Marsh went on to be named research director for the Federal Government's Advisory Committee on Reconstruction under chair Frank Cyril James in 1941. In early December 1942, the British Government released the Beveridge Report which called for the creation of a postwar welfare state. It was popular in Canada which led Mackenzie King, the Liberal prime minister, to ask James and Marsh to prepare a similar report for Canada in mid-December. Marsh took on the task immediately and with the help of several staff members he was able to complete a draft report in just three months. The Report on Social Security for Canada was submitted to Parliament on March 15, 1943. It called for the establishment of a broad range of social assistance, social insurance and public welfare programs. It subsequently became known colloquially known as "The Marsh Report". Despite the favourable publicity it received in 1943, the report was largely ignored in the short term. Some have even postulated that it was a source of embarrassment for the King government.In the longer-term many of the Marsh Report's recommendations would come into being in the postwar years. For this reason it is often referred to a blueprint for the development of the Canadian welfare state. He left the Advisory Committee to become welfare adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1944-46.Marsh was hired by the University of British Columbia's School of Social Work in 1947. In 1959, he was named Director of Research. Marsh joined the Faculty of Education in 1964 as a professor of Educational Sociology. He retired in 1972 and was named Professor Emeritus the same year. Notable works Health and Unemployment: Some Studies of Their Relationships. Published for McGill University by Oxford University Press, 1938. Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market. Published for McGill University by the Oxford University Press, 1940. Report on Social Security for Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975. Rebuilding A Neighbourhood; Report on a Demonstration Slum-Clearance and Urban Rehabilitation Project in a Key Central Area in Vancouver. Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1950. Communities in Canada: Selected Sources. Toronto: McClelland, 1970.With the League for Social Reconstruction League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Social Planning for Canada. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1935. League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Democracy Needs Socialism. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1938. Notes References Horn, Michiel. League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada 1930-1942. Toronto: University of Toronto., 1980. Maioni, Antonia. "New Century, New Risks: The Marsh Report and the Post-War Welfare State in Canada." Policy Options. August, 2004. External links Leonard Marsh at The Canadian Encyclopedia UBC Archives on Leonard Marsh	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Leonard" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 345 ], "text": [ "England" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	educated at	{ "answer_start": [ 408 ], "text": [ "Stanford University" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	field of work	{ "answer_start": [ 1158 ], "text": [ "data structure" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 49 ], "text": [ "computer scientist" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	employer	{ "answer_start": [ 146 ], "text": [ "University of California, Irvine" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	award received	{ "answer_start": [ 305 ], "text": [ "ACM Fellow" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 3137 ], "text": [ "David Eppstein" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	residence	{ "answer_start": [ 172 ], "text": [ "Irvine" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 13 ], "text": [ "Eppstein" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "David" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	work location	{ "answer_start": [ 172 ], "text": [ "Irvine" ] }
David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. Biography Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 190,000 edits. Research interests In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics. Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009. Selected publications Eppstein, David (1999). "Finding the k shortest paths" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 28 (2): 652–673. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.3901. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365697. ISBN 978-0-8186-6580-6. S2CID 31351733. Eppstein, D.; Galil, Z.; Italiano, G. F.; Nissenzweig, A. (1997). "Sparsification—a technique for speeding up dynamic graph algorithms". Journal of the ACM. 44 (5): 669–696. doi:10.1145/265910.265914. Amenta, N.; Bern, M.; Eppstein, D. (1998). "The Crust and the β-Skeleton: Combinatorial Curve Reconstruction" (PDF). Graphical Models and Image Processing. 60 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1006/gmip.1998.0465. S2CID 6301659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-17. Bern, Marshall; Eppstein, David (1992). "Mesh generation and optimal triangulation" (PDF). Technical Report CSL-92-1. Lecture Notes Series on Computing. Xerox PARC. 4: 47–123. doi:10.1142/9789812831699_0003. ISBN 978-981-02-1876-8. Republished in Du, D.-Z.; Hwang, F. K., eds. (1992). Computing in Euclidean Geometry. World Scientific. pp. 23–90. Books Eppstein, D.; Falmagne, J.-Cl.; Ovchinnikov, S. (2008). Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71697-6. ISBN 978-3-642-09083-7.Eppstein, D. (2018). Forbidden Configurations in Discrete Geometry. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539180. ISBN 978-1-108-43913-8. See also Eppstein's algorithm References External links David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine David Eppstein at DBLP Bibliography Server David Eppstein publications indexed by Google Scholar	Erdős number	{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "2" ] }
Ovodynerus is an Afrotropical genus of potter wasps which contains eleven species. Potter wasps are solitary builders of 'flask-shaped' nests of mud, each containing an egg and larval food supply. Species The following species are classified as belonging to the genus Ovodynerus: Ovodynerus ashtonensis Gusenleitner, 2005 Ovodynerus capicola (Meade-Waldo, 1915) Ovodynerus chapini (Bequaert, 1918) Ovodynerus ferrugineimaculatus Giordani Soika, 1985 Ovodynerus humeralis Giordani Soika, 1989 Ovodynerus kabarensis (Bequaert, 1918) Ovodynerus leviclypeus Gusenleitner, 1999 Ovodynerus sjoestedti (Cameron, 1910) Ovodynerus tricoloratus Gusenleitner, 2003 Ovodynerus willowmorensis Giordani Soika, 1985 Ovodynerus yngvei (Cameron, 1910) == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 30 ], "text": [ "genus" ] }
Ovodynerus is an Afrotropical genus of potter wasps which contains eleven species. Potter wasps are solitary builders of 'flask-shaped' nests of mud, each containing an egg and larval food supply. Species The following species are classified as belonging to the genus Ovodynerus: Ovodynerus ashtonensis Gusenleitner, 2005 Ovodynerus capicola (Meade-Waldo, 1915) Ovodynerus chapini (Bequaert, 1918) Ovodynerus ferrugineimaculatus Giordani Soika, 1985 Ovodynerus humeralis Giordani Soika, 1989 Ovodynerus kabarensis (Bequaert, 1918) Ovodynerus leviclypeus Gusenleitner, 1999 Ovodynerus sjoestedti (Cameron, 1910) Ovodynerus tricoloratus Gusenleitner, 2003 Ovodynerus willowmorensis Giordani Soika, 1985 Ovodynerus yngvei (Cameron, 1910) == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Ovodynerus" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	general classification of race participants	{ "answer_start": [ 430 ], "text": [ "Émile Georget" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	event distance	{ "answer_start": [ 154 ], "text": [ "4488" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	country	{ "answer_start": [ 999 ], "text": [ "Switzerland" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Tour de France" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	follows	{ "answer_start": [ 1759 ], "text": [ "1906 Tour de France" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	followed by	{ "answer_start": [ 7001 ], "text": [ "1908 Tour de France" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 8555 ], "text": [ "Tour de France 1907" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	edition number	{ "answer_start": [ 3594 ], "text": [ "5" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	participant	{ "answer_start": [ 430 ], "text": [ "Émile Georget" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	number of participants	{ "answer_start": [ 6377 ], "text": [ "33" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	winner	{ "answer_start": [ 430 ], "text": [ "Émile Georget" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	start point	{ "answer_start": [ 7412 ], "text": [ "Paris" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	destination point	{ "answer_start": [ 7412 ], "text": [ "Paris" ] }
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour. Innovations and changes The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages. Participants René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin. Race overview Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up. During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows: Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget. Results Stage results In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers. General classification Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs. Other classifications Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification. Aftermath Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times. Notes References Bibliography Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN 978-90-70763-05-3. Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Chany, Pierre; Cazeneuve, Thierry (1985). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France (in French). France: ODIL. ISBN 978-2-8307-0689-5. Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78185-998-8. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9. Laget, Françoise; Montgermont, Gilles; Cazaban, Philippe; Laget, Serge (2013). Tour de France: The Official 100th Race Anniversary Edition. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-78206-415-2. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2007). Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84739-086-8. External links Media related to Tour de France 1907 at Wikimedia Commons	speed	{ "answer_start": [ 282 ], "text": [ "28.47" ] }
Don Gent (27 January 1933 – 2 November 1996) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Don Gent's playing statistics from AFL Tables Don Gent at AustralianFootball.com	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "Australian rules football" ] }
Don Gent (27 January 1933 – 2 November 1996) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Don Gent's playing statistics from AFL Tables Don Gent at AustralianFootball.com	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Gent" ] }
Don Gent (27 January 1933 – 2 November 1996) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Don Gent's playing statistics from AFL Tables Don Gent at AustralianFootball.com	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Don" ] }
Pan Lina (born 18 July 1977) is a Chinese former football midfielder who played the China women's national football team. She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but did not play. She participated at the 2003 Women's World Cup, and 2007 Women's World Cup. References External links Pan Lina – FIFA competition record (archived) Pan Lina at Soccerway	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 58 ], "text": [ "midfielder" ] }

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