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Pan Lina (born 18 July 1977) is a Chinese former football midfielder who played the China women's national football team. She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but did not play. She participated at the 2003 Women's World Cup, and 2007 Women's World Cup.
References
External links
Pan Lina – FIFA competition record (archived)
Pan Lina at Soccerway
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pan"
]
}
|
Pan Lina (born 18 July 1977) is a Chinese former football midfielder who played the China women's national football team. She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but did not play. She participated at the 2003 Women's World Cup, and 2007 Women's World Cup.
References
External links
Pan Lina – FIFA competition record (archived)
Pan Lina at Soccerway
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Lina"
]
}
|
Pan Lina (born 18 July 1977) is a Chinese former football midfielder who played the China women's national football team. She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but did not play. She participated at the 2003 Women's World Cup, and 2007 Women's World Cup.
References
External links
Pan Lina – FIFA competition record (archived)
Pan Lina at Soccerway
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"2000 Summer Olympics"
]
}
|
Ravi Kiran Kola is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Telugu cinema. He's known for directing the film Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru and screenwriting Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam.
Career
Ravi Kiran Kola was born in Bhadravaram village of East Godavari district and before making his directorial debut with Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru, he made a couple of short films and did not undergo any film education or worked on a film set before. He went on to write story, screenplay, dialogues and showrun Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam. He's currently working on an upcoming political thriller bankrolled by Matinee Entertainments
Filmography
References
External links
Ravi Kiran Kola at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"screenwriter"
]
}
|
The women's freestyle 51 kg is a competition featured at the 2013 European Wrestling Championships, and was held at the Tbilisi Sports Palace in Tbilisi, Georgia on 20 March 2013.
Medalists
(*) Romanian original silver medallist Estera Dobre was disqualified after her doping sample had been tested positive in August 2013.
Results
LegendF — Won by fall
Main Draw
Repechage
== References ==
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"Tbilisi"
]
}
|
Chippar is a village in Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India.
Demographics
As of 2011 census, Chippar village had population of 2,285 among which 1,145 are males and 1,140 are females. Total number of households are 429 in the village. Average literacy rate of Chippar is 90.5 % lower than state average of 94 %. Male literacy stands at 94.5 % and Female literacy at 86.5 %.
Transportation
Local roads have access to National Highway No.66 which connects to Mangalore in the north and Calicut in the south. The nearest railway station is Manjeshwar on Shoranur-Mangalore line. There is an airport at Mangalore.
Languages
This locality is an essentially multi-lingual region. The people speak Malayalam, Tulu, Beary bashe and Konkani. Migrant workers also speak Hindi and Tamil languages. This village is part of Manjeswaram assembly constituency which is again part of Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Chippar is a village in Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India.
Demographics
As of 2011 census, Chippar village had population of 2,285 among which 1,145 are males and 1,140 are females. Total number of households are 429 in the village. Average literacy rate of Chippar is 90.5 % lower than state average of 94 %. Male literacy stands at 94.5 % and Female literacy at 86.5 %.
Transportation
Local roads have access to National Highway No.66 which connects to Mangalore in the north and Calicut in the south. The nearest railway station is Manjeshwar on Shoranur-Mangalore line. There is an airport at Mangalore.
Languages
This locality is an essentially multi-lingual region. The people speak Malayalam, Tulu, Beary bashe and Konkani. Migrant workers also speak Hindi and Tamil languages. This village is part of Manjeswaram assembly constituency which is again part of Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Kasaragod district"
]
}
|
Montaña de Erapuca, commonly known as "Erapuca", is the highest point of the "Sierra de Merendón" in Honduras. Erapuca has an altitude of 2,690 meters above sea level. The Sierra del Merendón, to which this peak belongs, is located in the south of the department of Copán, between the Valle de Cucuyagua and Valle de Sensenti, and serving as a border boundary with the Ocotepeque Department.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Honduras"
]
}
|
Placostylus hongii is a species of very large, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 75 mm.
Distribution
This species is endemic and occurs in New Zealand.
Conservation status
Placostylus hongii is classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as Range Restricted.Buckley et al. (2011) from short sequence molecular phylogeny and shell dimensions, that there are no subspecies of Placostylus hongii.
References
Pfeiffer, L. (1861). Diagnosen einiger Landschnecken von Neuseeland. Malakozoologische Blätter, 8: 146–150. Cassel.
External links
Lesson, R. P. (1830–1831). Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, 2(1): 1–471 [pp. 1–24 (1830), 25–471 (1831)] Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Placostylus hongii is a species of very large, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 75 mm.
Distribution
This species is endemic and occurs in New Zealand.
Conservation status
Placostylus hongii is classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as Range Restricted.Buckley et al. (2011) from short sequence molecular phylogeny and shell dimensions, that there are no subspecies of Placostylus hongii.
References
Pfeiffer, L. (1861). Diagnosen einiger Landschnecken von Neuseeland. Malakozoologische Blätter, 8: 146–150. Cassel.
External links
Lesson, R. P. (1830–1831). Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, 2(1): 1–471 [pp. 1–24 (1830), 25–471 (1831)] Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Placostylus"
]
}
|
Placostylus hongii is a species of very large, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 75 mm.
Distribution
This species is endemic and occurs in New Zealand.
Conservation status
Placostylus hongii is classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as Range Restricted.Buckley et al. (2011) from short sequence molecular phylogeny and shell dimensions, that there are no subspecies of Placostylus hongii.
References
Pfeiffer, L. (1861). Diagnosen einiger Landschnecken von Neuseeland. Malakozoologische Blätter, 8: 146–150. Cassel.
External links
Lesson, R. P. (1830–1831). Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, 2(1): 1–471 [pp. 1–24 (1830), 25–471 (1831)] Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
|
endemic to
|
{
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"New Zealand"
]
}
|
Placostylus hongii is a species of very large, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 75 mm.
Distribution
This species is endemic and occurs in New Zealand.
Conservation status
Placostylus hongii is classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as Range Restricted.Buckley et al. (2011) from short sequence molecular phylogeny and shell dimensions, that there are no subspecies of Placostylus hongii.
References
Pfeiffer, L. (1861). Diagnosen einiger Landschnecken von Neuseeland. Malakozoologische Blätter, 8: 146–150. Cassel.
External links
Lesson, R. P. (1830–1831). Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, 2(1): 1–471 [pp. 1–24 (1830), 25–471 (1831)] Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Placostylus hongii"
]
}
|
Placostylus hongii is a species of very large, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 75 mm.
Distribution
This species is endemic and occurs in New Zealand.
Conservation status
Placostylus hongii is classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as Range Restricted.Buckley et al. (2011) from short sequence molecular phylogeny and shell dimensions, that there are no subspecies of Placostylus hongii.
References
Pfeiffer, L. (1861). Diagnosen einiger Landschnecken von Neuseeland. Malakozoologische Blätter, 8: 146–150. Cassel.
External links
Lesson, R. P. (1830–1831). Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, 2(1): 1–471 [pp. 1–24 (1830), 25–471 (1831)] Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Placostylus hongii"
]
}
|
KSBV (93.7 FM, The River Rat) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Salida, Colorado, United States. The station is currently owned by Marc Scott, through licensee Arkansas Valley Broadcasting, Inc.
References
External links
KSBV in the FCC FM station database
KSBV on Radio-Locator
KSBV in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"radio station"
]
}
|
KSBV (93.7 FM, The River Rat) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Salida, Colorado, United States. The station is currently owned by Marc Scott, through licensee Arkansas Valley Broadcasting, Inc.
References
External links
KSBV in the FCC FM station database
KSBV on Radio-Locator
KSBV in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
owned by
|
{
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"Marc Scott"
]
}
|
KSBV (93.7 FM, The River Rat) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Salida, Colorado, United States. The station is currently owned by Marc Scott, through licensee Arkansas Valley Broadcasting, Inc.
References
External links
KSBV in the FCC FM station database
KSBV on Radio-Locator
KSBV in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"Colorado"
]
}
|
KSBV (93.7 FM, The River Rat) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Salida, Colorado, United States. The station is currently owned by Marc Scott, through licensee Arkansas Valley Broadcasting, Inc.
References
External links
KSBV in the FCC FM station database
KSBV on Radio-Locator
KSBV in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
radio format
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"classic rock"
]
}
|
KSBV (93.7 FM, The River Rat) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Salida, Colorado, United States. The station is currently owned by Marc Scott, through licensee Arkansas Valley Broadcasting, Inc.
References
External links
KSBV in the FCC FM station database
KSBV on Radio-Locator
KSBV in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
licensed to broadcast to
|
{
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Salida"
]
}
|
Eugene Norman Yulish (June 9, 1931 – January 19, 2020), known as Gene London, was an American television personality and fashion designer. He was the creator and host of a long-running, local children's television program, Cartoon Corners. Also known as The Gene London Show, the program aired on WCAU Channel 10 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1977, and had a broadcast reach throughout a significant portion of the Midatlantic region of the United States.As he sat in front of a large sketchbook in front of his audience of children, London would sing, "The Land of Let's Pretend," as he recited the words of, and drew scenes from, the stories of Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm and other children's authors. Interviewed by a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer in 1974, London said of himself:
"At a summer camp, I became involved with kids, telling stories and drawing. When you're a camp counselor for years as I was, you become instinctive with entertainment. It seemed natural that I would someday get into television, almost doing the same things with kids now as I did then. I guess I'm still a camp counselor, but I love it, oh I love it."
Earlier life
London was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Isadore and Minna Yulish. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Initially raised in Cleveland, Ohio, Eugene Yulish and his brothers, Stanley, Morton and Charles, moved with their parents to Miami Beach, Florida, where his father, a grocer, opened one of the first supermarkets. The store became so successful that the family became millionaires.With their father kept busy with the operation of his new store and their mother occupied with multiple charitable and social obligations, the boys saw little of their parents, but instead found enjoyment in their own pursuits. In Eugene's case, those pursuits included comedy programs and vocal mimicry, fantasy romance, Marie Antoinette, Napoleon and other historical figures, literature, including Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, mythology, radio programs, and the cartoons of Walt Disney. An imaginative child, London recalled, "Alone in my room when all the other kids were playing ball, I'd tell myself the story, acting out all the parts, including Snow White standing by the side of the well singing, 'I'm Wishing'."
His father's supermarket success was short-lived, however; according to an interview with London in 1974, his family "lost everything when an A&P was built close by."As a result, he went to work as a teenager. His early career included stints as a counselor at Summerdale Day Camp, just outside Philadelphia, where he taught arts and crafts and puppetry; occasional work on NBC-TV's Hi Mom! hosted by ventriloquist Shari Lewis; a cast member on the puppet show Johnny Jupiter; as Re-ject the Robot.At the age of seventeen, he traveled to New York City, where he hoped he would have a better chance at becoming a more successful entertainer. It was there that he changed his name to Gene London, had cosmetic surgery to fix a bump on his nose and a cracked front tooth, and became a puppeteer on Herb Sheldon's kids' TV shows on WABD-TV.In 1957, London succeeded Henry Burbig as the second host/performer and instructor of WABC-TV's Tinker's Workshop, and portrayed the character of "Tinker Tom, the Toymaker" as a big brother type, rather than as a grandfatherly inculcator of values. London hosted the show from 1957 to mid-1958, when he was ousted from the program following a creative dispute with station management.In 1959, he appeared semi-regularly on holiday-themed special editions of NBC-TV's Today Show with the series' first host/interviewer, Dave Garroway.
Show history
Originally referred to by several titles—Gene London's Cartoons & Stuff, The Wonderful World of Gene London, and Cartoon Corners, early programs in this long-running children's educational television series began each time with London singing his show's theme song and palming the tops of the heads of the children in his live audience as he walked onto the set and greeted them at the entrance to the General store where he worked for Mr. Dibley. Dibley was portrayed as a stingy boss who only paid London three-and-a-half cents per week and was nicknamed "Old Dibble-Puss."Flipping the sign to read "Open for Business," London invited the children into the store, which was located next to a confetti factory. Depicted as a dull place, the store was made more exciting by London, an accomplished artist and storyteller who used a large drawing pad to illustrate key scenes and characters from the tall tales he told children as they sat around him on the set. Operating with a small budget, London captured the attention of children by pretending that he had the help of a magic, golden fleece as he and his cast performed clever interpretations of classic novels such as She Who Must Be Obeyed and various Greek myths and taught generations of children how to use their imaginations. Cartoons created by Disney and other artists were also shown.
Initially presented in black and white, London's show began broadcasting in color during the winter of 1966.During the early years of the show, London's character was portrayed as having a crush on Debbie Dibley, his employer's daughter, but that story line was later dropped with Debbie's departure explained by a relocation to Hollywood. London subsequently introduced a new imaginary site for the program—a haunted house known as Quigley Mansion that was located next door to the general store and accessible via a secret tunnel. In reality, Quigley Mansion was merely just a model that created an establishing shot, but this artifice was so well done that the stories and plots about ghosts, UFOs and aliens that London created for the haunted house segments became increasingly popular with his viewers. During this same period, London's show also featured a series of public service exchange programs produced by CBS in which he played a reporter trying to improve the newspaper's circulation by adding a children's beat with stories from children.
In August 1967, a troop of Brownies traveled from Girardville, Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia to participate in the taping of two of the show's episodes. Prior to the taping, London gave the girls a tour of the studio and his show's sets, and taught them about key aspects of the thow's filming and production. That same summer, London appeared before a large audience in the new community auditorium of the Boscov's department store in Pottsville, Pennsylvania.That same year, London created and starred in "A Gene London Christmas Special." Filmed in color on location at the Camelback Ski Lodge in Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains and at Valley Forge Chapel, the program featured London's narration of "Why the Chimes Rang" and a performance of class Christmas carols by Philadelphia's Schola Cantorum of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church. The thirty-minute program aired on WCAU-TV at 5:30 p.m. on December 23, 1967.
Awards and other honors
In 1961, London's television program was honored with the Radio-TV Mirror Gold Medal for being among "the Best Children's Programs on Television." In 1962, London's television show was praised by the Philadelphia Society of Clinical Psychologists for its introduction of its "News for Children" segments. The program also won a Freedoms Foundation Award.Recognized as a highly successful television performer by the 1970s, London taught a course at The New School for Social Research in New York City "on the genius of Walt Disney," according to newspaper reports of his career.
Fashion designer
When Cartoon Corners was cancelled, London moved to New York City and became involved in the fashion industry as a dress designer. Until 2001, London operated a retro clothes shop called 'Gene London: The Fan Club' on Manhattan's West 19th Street. In later years, London served as a Hollywood and Broadway fashion consultant and spokesman for the Mikimoto brand of jewelry. As a hobby, London collected costumes worn by movie celebrities (some 60,000 gowns, dresses and fashion accessories).In July 2002, at the age of 71, London exhibited more than 50 pieces of his Hollywood gown collection at "Gene London Presents: Hollywood Glamour" at the Showboat Casino Hotel in Atlantic City. On May 17, 2003, he once again displayed his gowns at the 80th anniversary celebration of the Old Academy Players in Philadelphia (East Falls), PA. The exhibit included a deep red dress with plunging neckline and fur-trimmed sleeves worn by Philadelphia-bred actress Grace Kelly (also known as Princess Grace of Monaco) in the Oscar-winning film The Country Girl (1954).
On October 3, 2009, the Reading Public Museum (Reading, PA) opened "The Magic of Hollywood: the Gene London Costume Collection", featuring more than 100 gowns and costumes.
Legacy
On November 20, 2009, London was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia's Hall of Fame.
Personal life
London married his partner of 39 years, John Thomas, in 2016. The couple had homes in Reading, Pennsylvania, and Florida.London died on January 19, 2020, in Reading, Pennsylvania, at age 88, after suffering a fall.
References
External links
Gene London at IMDb
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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}
|
Eugene Norman Yulish (June 9, 1931 – January 19, 2020), known as Gene London, was an American television personality and fashion designer. He was the creator and host of a long-running, local children's television program, Cartoon Corners. Also known as The Gene London Show, the program aired on WCAU Channel 10 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1977, and had a broadcast reach throughout a significant portion of the Midatlantic region of the United States.As he sat in front of a large sketchbook in front of his audience of children, London would sing, "The Land of Let's Pretend," as he recited the words of, and drew scenes from, the stories of Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm and other children's authors. Interviewed by a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer in 1974, London said of himself:
"At a summer camp, I became involved with kids, telling stories and drawing. When you're a camp counselor for years as I was, you become instinctive with entertainment. It seemed natural that I would someday get into television, almost doing the same things with kids now as I did then. I guess I'm still a camp counselor, but I love it, oh I love it."
Earlier life
London was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Isadore and Minna Yulish. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Initially raised in Cleveland, Ohio, Eugene Yulish and his brothers, Stanley, Morton and Charles, moved with their parents to Miami Beach, Florida, where his father, a grocer, opened one of the first supermarkets. The store became so successful that the family became millionaires.With their father kept busy with the operation of his new store and their mother occupied with multiple charitable and social obligations, the boys saw little of their parents, but instead found enjoyment in their own pursuits. In Eugene's case, those pursuits included comedy programs and vocal mimicry, fantasy romance, Marie Antoinette, Napoleon and other historical figures, literature, including Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, mythology, radio programs, and the cartoons of Walt Disney. An imaginative child, London recalled, "Alone in my room when all the other kids were playing ball, I'd tell myself the story, acting out all the parts, including Snow White standing by the side of the well singing, 'I'm Wishing'."
His father's supermarket success was short-lived, however; according to an interview with London in 1974, his family "lost everything when an A&P was built close by."As a result, he went to work as a teenager. His early career included stints as a counselor at Summerdale Day Camp, just outside Philadelphia, where he taught arts and crafts and puppetry; occasional work on NBC-TV's Hi Mom! hosted by ventriloquist Shari Lewis; a cast member on the puppet show Johnny Jupiter; as Re-ject the Robot.At the age of seventeen, he traveled to New York City, where he hoped he would have a better chance at becoming a more successful entertainer. It was there that he changed his name to Gene London, had cosmetic surgery to fix a bump on his nose and a cracked front tooth, and became a puppeteer on Herb Sheldon's kids' TV shows on WABD-TV.In 1957, London succeeded Henry Burbig as the second host/performer and instructor of WABC-TV's Tinker's Workshop, and portrayed the character of "Tinker Tom, the Toymaker" as a big brother type, rather than as a grandfatherly inculcator of values. London hosted the show from 1957 to mid-1958, when he was ousted from the program following a creative dispute with station management.In 1959, he appeared semi-regularly on holiday-themed special editions of NBC-TV's Today Show with the series' first host/interviewer, Dave Garroway.
Show history
Originally referred to by several titles—Gene London's Cartoons & Stuff, The Wonderful World of Gene London, and Cartoon Corners, early programs in this long-running children's educational television series began each time with London singing his show's theme song and palming the tops of the heads of the children in his live audience as he walked onto the set and greeted them at the entrance to the General store where he worked for Mr. Dibley. Dibley was portrayed as a stingy boss who only paid London three-and-a-half cents per week and was nicknamed "Old Dibble-Puss."Flipping the sign to read "Open for Business," London invited the children into the store, which was located next to a confetti factory. Depicted as a dull place, the store was made more exciting by London, an accomplished artist and storyteller who used a large drawing pad to illustrate key scenes and characters from the tall tales he told children as they sat around him on the set. Operating with a small budget, London captured the attention of children by pretending that he had the help of a magic, golden fleece as he and his cast performed clever interpretations of classic novels such as She Who Must Be Obeyed and various Greek myths and taught generations of children how to use their imaginations. Cartoons created by Disney and other artists were also shown.
Initially presented in black and white, London's show began broadcasting in color during the winter of 1966.During the early years of the show, London's character was portrayed as having a crush on Debbie Dibley, his employer's daughter, but that story line was later dropped with Debbie's departure explained by a relocation to Hollywood. London subsequently introduced a new imaginary site for the program—a haunted house known as Quigley Mansion that was located next door to the general store and accessible via a secret tunnel. In reality, Quigley Mansion was merely just a model that created an establishing shot, but this artifice was so well done that the stories and plots about ghosts, UFOs and aliens that London created for the haunted house segments became increasingly popular with his viewers. During this same period, London's show also featured a series of public service exchange programs produced by CBS in which he played a reporter trying to improve the newspaper's circulation by adding a children's beat with stories from children.
In August 1967, a troop of Brownies traveled from Girardville, Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia to participate in the taping of two of the show's episodes. Prior to the taping, London gave the girls a tour of the studio and his show's sets, and taught them about key aspects of the thow's filming and production. That same summer, London appeared before a large audience in the new community auditorium of the Boscov's department store in Pottsville, Pennsylvania.That same year, London created and starred in "A Gene London Christmas Special." Filmed in color on location at the Camelback Ski Lodge in Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains and at Valley Forge Chapel, the program featured London's narration of "Why the Chimes Rang" and a performance of class Christmas carols by Philadelphia's Schola Cantorum of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church. The thirty-minute program aired on WCAU-TV at 5:30 p.m. on December 23, 1967.
Awards and other honors
In 1961, London's television program was honored with the Radio-TV Mirror Gold Medal for being among "the Best Children's Programs on Television." In 1962, London's television show was praised by the Philadelphia Society of Clinical Psychologists for its introduction of its "News for Children" segments. The program also won a Freedoms Foundation Award.Recognized as a highly successful television performer by the 1970s, London taught a course at The New School for Social Research in New York City "on the genius of Walt Disney," according to newspaper reports of his career.
Fashion designer
When Cartoon Corners was cancelled, London moved to New York City and became involved in the fashion industry as a dress designer. Until 2001, London operated a retro clothes shop called 'Gene London: The Fan Club' on Manhattan's West 19th Street. In later years, London served as a Hollywood and Broadway fashion consultant and spokesman for the Mikimoto brand of jewelry. As a hobby, London collected costumes worn by movie celebrities (some 60,000 gowns, dresses and fashion accessories).In July 2002, at the age of 71, London exhibited more than 50 pieces of his Hollywood gown collection at "Gene London Presents: Hollywood Glamour" at the Showboat Casino Hotel in Atlantic City. On May 17, 2003, he once again displayed his gowns at the 80th anniversary celebration of the Old Academy Players in Philadelphia (East Falls), PA. The exhibit included a deep red dress with plunging neckline and fur-trimmed sleeves worn by Philadelphia-bred actress Grace Kelly (also known as Princess Grace of Monaco) in the Oscar-winning film The Country Girl (1954).
On October 3, 2009, the Reading Public Museum (Reading, PA) opened "The Magic of Hollywood: the Gene London Costume Collection", featuring more than 100 gowns and costumes.
Legacy
On November 20, 2009, London was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia's Hall of Fame.
Personal life
London married his partner of 39 years, John Thomas, in 2016. The couple had homes in Reading, Pennsylvania, and Florida.London died on January 19, 2020, in Reading, Pennsylvania, at age 88, after suffering a fall.
References
External links
Gene London at IMDb
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
8732
],
"text": [
"Reading"
]
}
|
Eugene Norman Yulish (June 9, 1931 – January 19, 2020), known as Gene London, was an American television personality and fashion designer. He was the creator and host of a long-running, local children's television program, Cartoon Corners. Also known as The Gene London Show, the program aired on WCAU Channel 10 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1977, and had a broadcast reach throughout a significant portion of the Midatlantic region of the United States.As he sat in front of a large sketchbook in front of his audience of children, London would sing, "The Land of Let's Pretend," as he recited the words of, and drew scenes from, the stories of Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm and other children's authors. Interviewed by a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer in 1974, London said of himself:
"At a summer camp, I became involved with kids, telling stories and drawing. When you're a camp counselor for years as I was, you become instinctive with entertainment. It seemed natural that I would someday get into television, almost doing the same things with kids now as I did then. I guess I'm still a camp counselor, but I love it, oh I love it."
Earlier life
London was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Isadore and Minna Yulish. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Initially raised in Cleveland, Ohio, Eugene Yulish and his brothers, Stanley, Morton and Charles, moved with their parents to Miami Beach, Florida, where his father, a grocer, opened one of the first supermarkets. The store became so successful that the family became millionaires.With their father kept busy with the operation of his new store and their mother occupied with multiple charitable and social obligations, the boys saw little of their parents, but instead found enjoyment in their own pursuits. In Eugene's case, those pursuits included comedy programs and vocal mimicry, fantasy romance, Marie Antoinette, Napoleon and other historical figures, literature, including Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, mythology, radio programs, and the cartoons of Walt Disney. An imaginative child, London recalled, "Alone in my room when all the other kids were playing ball, I'd tell myself the story, acting out all the parts, including Snow White standing by the side of the well singing, 'I'm Wishing'."
His father's supermarket success was short-lived, however; according to an interview with London in 1974, his family "lost everything when an A&P was built close by."As a result, he went to work as a teenager. His early career included stints as a counselor at Summerdale Day Camp, just outside Philadelphia, where he taught arts and crafts and puppetry; occasional work on NBC-TV's Hi Mom! hosted by ventriloquist Shari Lewis; a cast member on the puppet show Johnny Jupiter; as Re-ject the Robot.At the age of seventeen, he traveled to New York City, where he hoped he would have a better chance at becoming a more successful entertainer. It was there that he changed his name to Gene London, had cosmetic surgery to fix a bump on his nose and a cracked front tooth, and became a puppeteer on Herb Sheldon's kids' TV shows on WABD-TV.In 1957, London succeeded Henry Burbig as the second host/performer and instructor of WABC-TV's Tinker's Workshop, and portrayed the character of "Tinker Tom, the Toymaker" as a big brother type, rather than as a grandfatherly inculcator of values. London hosted the show from 1957 to mid-1958, when he was ousted from the program following a creative dispute with station management.In 1959, he appeared semi-regularly on holiday-themed special editions of NBC-TV's Today Show with the series' first host/interviewer, Dave Garroway.
Show history
Originally referred to by several titles—Gene London's Cartoons & Stuff, The Wonderful World of Gene London, and Cartoon Corners, early programs in this long-running children's educational television series began each time with London singing his show's theme song and palming the tops of the heads of the children in his live audience as he walked onto the set and greeted them at the entrance to the General store where he worked for Mr. Dibley. Dibley was portrayed as a stingy boss who only paid London three-and-a-half cents per week and was nicknamed "Old Dibble-Puss."Flipping the sign to read "Open for Business," London invited the children into the store, which was located next to a confetti factory. Depicted as a dull place, the store was made more exciting by London, an accomplished artist and storyteller who used a large drawing pad to illustrate key scenes and characters from the tall tales he told children as they sat around him on the set. Operating with a small budget, London captured the attention of children by pretending that he had the help of a magic, golden fleece as he and his cast performed clever interpretations of classic novels such as She Who Must Be Obeyed and various Greek myths and taught generations of children how to use their imaginations. Cartoons created by Disney and other artists were also shown.
Initially presented in black and white, London's show began broadcasting in color during the winter of 1966.During the early years of the show, London's character was portrayed as having a crush on Debbie Dibley, his employer's daughter, but that story line was later dropped with Debbie's departure explained by a relocation to Hollywood. London subsequently introduced a new imaginary site for the program—a haunted house known as Quigley Mansion that was located next door to the general store and accessible via a secret tunnel. In reality, Quigley Mansion was merely just a model that created an establishing shot, but this artifice was so well done that the stories and plots about ghosts, UFOs and aliens that London created for the haunted house segments became increasingly popular with his viewers. During this same period, London's show also featured a series of public service exchange programs produced by CBS in which he played a reporter trying to improve the newspaper's circulation by adding a children's beat with stories from children.
In August 1967, a troop of Brownies traveled from Girardville, Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia to participate in the taping of two of the show's episodes. Prior to the taping, London gave the girls a tour of the studio and his show's sets, and taught them about key aspects of the thow's filming and production. That same summer, London appeared before a large audience in the new community auditorium of the Boscov's department store in Pottsville, Pennsylvania.That same year, London created and starred in "A Gene London Christmas Special." Filmed in color on location at the Camelback Ski Lodge in Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains and at Valley Forge Chapel, the program featured London's narration of "Why the Chimes Rang" and a performance of class Christmas carols by Philadelphia's Schola Cantorum of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church. The thirty-minute program aired on WCAU-TV at 5:30 p.m. on December 23, 1967.
Awards and other honors
In 1961, London's television program was honored with the Radio-TV Mirror Gold Medal for being among "the Best Children's Programs on Television." In 1962, London's television show was praised by the Philadelphia Society of Clinical Psychologists for its introduction of its "News for Children" segments. The program also won a Freedoms Foundation Award.Recognized as a highly successful television performer by the 1970s, London taught a course at The New School for Social Research in New York City "on the genius of Walt Disney," according to newspaper reports of his career.
Fashion designer
When Cartoon Corners was cancelled, London moved to New York City and became involved in the fashion industry as a dress designer. Until 2001, London operated a retro clothes shop called 'Gene London: The Fan Club' on Manhattan's West 19th Street. In later years, London served as a Hollywood and Broadway fashion consultant and spokesman for the Mikimoto brand of jewelry. As a hobby, London collected costumes worn by movie celebrities (some 60,000 gowns, dresses and fashion accessories).In July 2002, at the age of 71, London exhibited more than 50 pieces of his Hollywood gown collection at "Gene London Presents: Hollywood Glamour" at the Showboat Casino Hotel in Atlantic City. On May 17, 2003, he once again displayed his gowns at the 80th anniversary celebration of the Old Academy Players in Philadelphia (East Falls), PA. The exhibit included a deep red dress with plunging neckline and fur-trimmed sleeves worn by Philadelphia-bred actress Grace Kelly (also known as Princess Grace of Monaco) in the Oscar-winning film The Country Girl (1954).
On October 3, 2009, the Reading Public Museum (Reading, PA) opened "The Magic of Hollywood: the Gene London Costume Collection", featuring more than 100 gowns and costumes.
Legacy
On November 20, 2009, London was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia's Hall of Fame.
Personal life
London married his partner of 39 years, John Thomas, in 2016. The couple had homes in Reading, Pennsylvania, and Florida.London died on January 19, 2020, in Reading, Pennsylvania, at age 88, after suffering a fall.
References
External links
Gene London at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
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Eugene Norman Yulish (June 9, 1931 – January 19, 2020), known as Gene London, was an American television personality and fashion designer. He was the creator and host of a long-running, local children's television program, Cartoon Corners. Also known as The Gene London Show, the program aired on WCAU Channel 10 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1977, and had a broadcast reach throughout a significant portion of the Midatlantic region of the United States.As he sat in front of a large sketchbook in front of his audience of children, London would sing, "The Land of Let's Pretend," as he recited the words of, and drew scenes from, the stories of Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm and other children's authors. Interviewed by a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer in 1974, London said of himself:
"At a summer camp, I became involved with kids, telling stories and drawing. When you're a camp counselor for years as I was, you become instinctive with entertainment. It seemed natural that I would someday get into television, almost doing the same things with kids now as I did then. I guess I'm still a camp counselor, but I love it, oh I love it."
Earlier life
London was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Isadore and Minna Yulish. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Initially raised in Cleveland, Ohio, Eugene Yulish and his brothers, Stanley, Morton and Charles, moved with their parents to Miami Beach, Florida, where his father, a grocer, opened one of the first supermarkets. The store became so successful that the family became millionaires.With their father kept busy with the operation of his new store and their mother occupied with multiple charitable and social obligations, the boys saw little of their parents, but instead found enjoyment in their own pursuits. In Eugene's case, those pursuits included comedy programs and vocal mimicry, fantasy romance, Marie Antoinette, Napoleon and other historical figures, literature, including Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, mythology, radio programs, and the cartoons of Walt Disney. An imaginative child, London recalled, "Alone in my room when all the other kids were playing ball, I'd tell myself the story, acting out all the parts, including Snow White standing by the side of the well singing, 'I'm Wishing'."
His father's supermarket success was short-lived, however; according to an interview with London in 1974, his family "lost everything when an A&P was built close by."As a result, he went to work as a teenager. His early career included stints as a counselor at Summerdale Day Camp, just outside Philadelphia, where he taught arts and crafts and puppetry; occasional work on NBC-TV's Hi Mom! hosted by ventriloquist Shari Lewis; a cast member on the puppet show Johnny Jupiter; as Re-ject the Robot.At the age of seventeen, he traveled to New York City, where he hoped he would have a better chance at becoming a more successful entertainer. It was there that he changed his name to Gene London, had cosmetic surgery to fix a bump on his nose and a cracked front tooth, and became a puppeteer on Herb Sheldon's kids' TV shows on WABD-TV.In 1957, London succeeded Henry Burbig as the second host/performer and instructor of WABC-TV's Tinker's Workshop, and portrayed the character of "Tinker Tom, the Toymaker" as a big brother type, rather than as a grandfatherly inculcator of values. London hosted the show from 1957 to mid-1958, when he was ousted from the program following a creative dispute with station management.In 1959, he appeared semi-regularly on holiday-themed special editions of NBC-TV's Today Show with the series' first host/interviewer, Dave Garroway.
Show history
Originally referred to by several titles—Gene London's Cartoons & Stuff, The Wonderful World of Gene London, and Cartoon Corners, early programs in this long-running children's educational television series began each time with London singing his show's theme song and palming the tops of the heads of the children in his live audience as he walked onto the set and greeted them at the entrance to the General store where he worked for Mr. Dibley. Dibley was portrayed as a stingy boss who only paid London three-and-a-half cents per week and was nicknamed "Old Dibble-Puss."Flipping the sign to read "Open for Business," London invited the children into the store, which was located next to a confetti factory. Depicted as a dull place, the store was made more exciting by London, an accomplished artist and storyteller who used a large drawing pad to illustrate key scenes and characters from the tall tales he told children as they sat around him on the set. Operating with a small budget, London captured the attention of children by pretending that he had the help of a magic, golden fleece as he and his cast performed clever interpretations of classic novels such as She Who Must Be Obeyed and various Greek myths and taught generations of children how to use their imaginations. Cartoons created by Disney and other artists were also shown.
Initially presented in black and white, London's show began broadcasting in color during the winter of 1966.During the early years of the show, London's character was portrayed as having a crush on Debbie Dibley, his employer's daughter, but that story line was later dropped with Debbie's departure explained by a relocation to Hollywood. London subsequently introduced a new imaginary site for the program—a haunted house known as Quigley Mansion that was located next door to the general store and accessible via a secret tunnel. In reality, Quigley Mansion was merely just a model that created an establishing shot, but this artifice was so well done that the stories and plots about ghosts, UFOs and aliens that London created for the haunted house segments became increasingly popular with his viewers. During this same period, London's show also featured a series of public service exchange programs produced by CBS in which he played a reporter trying to improve the newspaper's circulation by adding a children's beat with stories from children.
In August 1967, a troop of Brownies traveled from Girardville, Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia to participate in the taping of two of the show's episodes. Prior to the taping, London gave the girls a tour of the studio and his show's sets, and taught them about key aspects of the thow's filming and production. That same summer, London appeared before a large audience in the new community auditorium of the Boscov's department store in Pottsville, Pennsylvania.That same year, London created and starred in "A Gene London Christmas Special." Filmed in color on location at the Camelback Ski Lodge in Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains and at Valley Forge Chapel, the program featured London's narration of "Why the Chimes Rang" and a performance of class Christmas carols by Philadelphia's Schola Cantorum of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church. The thirty-minute program aired on WCAU-TV at 5:30 p.m. on December 23, 1967.
Awards and other honors
In 1961, London's television program was honored with the Radio-TV Mirror Gold Medal for being among "the Best Children's Programs on Television." In 1962, London's television show was praised by the Philadelphia Society of Clinical Psychologists for its introduction of its "News for Children" segments. The program also won a Freedoms Foundation Award.Recognized as a highly successful television performer by the 1970s, London taught a course at The New School for Social Research in New York City "on the genius of Walt Disney," according to newspaper reports of his career.
Fashion designer
When Cartoon Corners was cancelled, London moved to New York City and became involved in the fashion industry as a dress designer. Until 2001, London operated a retro clothes shop called 'Gene London: The Fan Club' on Manhattan's West 19th Street. In later years, London served as a Hollywood and Broadway fashion consultant and spokesman for the Mikimoto brand of jewelry. As a hobby, London collected costumes worn by movie celebrities (some 60,000 gowns, dresses and fashion accessories).In July 2002, at the age of 71, London exhibited more than 50 pieces of his Hollywood gown collection at "Gene London Presents: Hollywood Glamour" at the Showboat Casino Hotel in Atlantic City. On May 17, 2003, he once again displayed his gowns at the 80th anniversary celebration of the Old Academy Players in Philadelphia (East Falls), PA. The exhibit included a deep red dress with plunging neckline and fur-trimmed sleeves worn by Philadelphia-bred actress Grace Kelly (also known as Princess Grace of Monaco) in the Oscar-winning film The Country Girl (1954).
On October 3, 2009, the Reading Public Museum (Reading, PA) opened "The Magic of Hollywood: the Gene London Costume Collection", featuring more than 100 gowns and costumes.
Legacy
On November 20, 2009, London was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia's Hall of Fame.
Personal life
London married his partner of 39 years, John Thomas, in 2016. The couple had homes in Reading, Pennsylvania, and Florida.London died on January 19, 2020, in Reading, Pennsylvania, at age 88, after suffering a fall.
References
External links
Gene London at IMDb
|
cause of death
|
{
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|
Hanging Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington, on the north slopes of Mount Shuksan. Hanging Glacier is connected to Crystal Glacier at its uppermost margin, and also flows into Upper Curtis Glacier. Hanging Glacier is along the route taken in the first technical ascent of Mount Shuksan in 1939.
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"glacier"
]
}
|
Hanging Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington, on the north slopes of Mount Shuksan. Hanging Glacier is connected to Crystal Glacier at its uppermost margin, and also flows into Upper Curtis Glacier. Hanging Glacier is along the route taken in the first technical ascent of Mount Shuksan in 1939.
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Washington"
]
}
|
Kapuso sa Pasko (A GMA Christmas Album) is a Christmas music album released under GMA Records, distributed by Warner Music.
Track listing
Awards
Best Christmas Recording (18th Awit Awards)
See also
GMA Network
|
instance of
|
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"text": [
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Aphelodoris lawsae is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Dorididae.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Aphelodoris lawsae is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Dorididae.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aphelodoris"
]
}
|
Aphelodoris lawsae is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Dorididae.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aphelodoris lawsae"
]
}
|
Man Dance is an album by Ronald Shannon Jackson and The Decoding Society, recorded in 1982 for the Antilles label.
Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "The ensemble-oriented 'free funk' music of drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson's Decoding Society never can be accused of being overly mellow or lacking in excitement ... The frenetic and intense ensembles (essentially everyone solos at once) would not be classified as relaxing background music." NPR thought that "the spiky Afro-pop guitar, two grumbling electric basses and melodies played in several keys at once are all out of Ornette Coleman's band Prime Time. But the Decoding Society had a lazier lope and wasn't quite so eager to fill all the available space."
Track listing
All compositions by Ronald Shannon Jackson.
"Man Dance" - 4:32
"Iola" - 5:24
"Spanking" - 3:07
"Catman" - 6:42
"The Art of Levitation" - 1:24
"Belly Button" - 4:45
"Giraffe" - 3:09
"When Souls Speak" - 5:48
"Alice in the Congo" - 6:09
Personnel
Ronald Shannon Jackson – drums
David Gordon (tracks 1, 2 & 8), Henry Scott (tracks 3-7 & 9) – trumpet, flugelhorn
Zane Massey – tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, soprano saxophone
Lee Rozie – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone (tracks 1, 2 & 8)
Vernon Reid – electric guitar, steel guitar, Roland guitar synthesizer, banjo
Melvin Gibbs – electric bass
Reverend Bruce Johnson – fretless electric bass, electric bass
References
External links
Ronald Shannon Jackson on "Mandance", accessed November 1, 2016
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Man Dance is an album by Ronald Shannon Jackson and The Decoding Society, recorded in 1982 for the Antilles label.
Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "The ensemble-oriented 'free funk' music of drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson's Decoding Society never can be accused of being overly mellow or lacking in excitement ... The frenetic and intense ensembles (essentially everyone solos at once) would not be classified as relaxing background music." NPR thought that "the spiky Afro-pop guitar, two grumbling electric basses and melodies played in several keys at once are all out of Ornette Coleman's band Prime Time. But the Decoding Society had a lazier lope and wasn't quite so eager to fill all the available space."
Track listing
All compositions by Ronald Shannon Jackson.
"Man Dance" - 4:32
"Iola" - 5:24
"Spanking" - 3:07
"Catman" - 6:42
"The Art of Levitation" - 1:24
"Belly Button" - 4:45
"Giraffe" - 3:09
"When Souls Speak" - 5:48
"Alice in the Congo" - 6:09
Personnel
Ronald Shannon Jackson – drums
David Gordon (tracks 1, 2 & 8), Henry Scott (tracks 3-7 & 9) – trumpet, flugelhorn
Zane Massey – tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, soprano saxophone
Lee Rozie – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone (tracks 1, 2 & 8)
Vernon Reid – electric guitar, steel guitar, Roland guitar synthesizer, banjo
Melvin Gibbs – electric bass
Reverend Bruce Johnson – fretless electric bass, electric bass
References
External links
Ronald Shannon Jackson on "Mandance", accessed November 1, 2016
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Ronald Shannon Jackson"
]
}
|
Man Dance is an album by Ronald Shannon Jackson and The Decoding Society, recorded in 1982 for the Antilles label.
Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "The ensemble-oriented 'free funk' music of drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson's Decoding Society never can be accused of being overly mellow or lacking in excitement ... The frenetic and intense ensembles (essentially everyone solos at once) would not be classified as relaxing background music." NPR thought that "the spiky Afro-pop guitar, two grumbling electric basses and melodies played in several keys at once are all out of Ornette Coleman's band Prime Time. But the Decoding Society had a lazier lope and wasn't quite so eager to fill all the available space."
Track listing
All compositions by Ronald Shannon Jackson.
"Man Dance" - 4:32
"Iola" - 5:24
"Spanking" - 3:07
"Catman" - 6:42
"The Art of Levitation" - 1:24
"Belly Button" - 4:45
"Giraffe" - 3:09
"When Souls Speak" - 5:48
"Alice in the Congo" - 6:09
Personnel
Ronald Shannon Jackson – drums
David Gordon (tracks 1, 2 & 8), Henry Scott (tracks 3-7 & 9) – trumpet, flugelhorn
Zane Massey – tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, soprano saxophone
Lee Rozie – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone (tracks 1, 2 & 8)
Vernon Reid – electric guitar, steel guitar, Roland guitar synthesizer, banjo
Melvin Gibbs – electric bass
Reverend Bruce Johnson – fretless electric bass, electric bass
References
External links
Ronald Shannon Jackson on "Mandance", accessed November 1, 2016
|
record label
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Antilles"
]
}
|
Apatelodes jessica is a moth in the family Apatelodidae. It is found in Mexico.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Apatelodes"
]
}
|
Apatelodes jessica is a moth in the family Apatelodidae. It is found in Mexico.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Apatelodes jessica"
]
}
|
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 31 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Oreohelix, the type genus, is ovoviviparous. Radiocentrum, a subgenus of Oreohelix, is oviparous(Tompa, 1979). The group as a whole generally lacks any apertural barriers or teeth and displays wide variety of shell morphologies (Burke & Leonard 2014).
Genera
The family Oreohelicidae has no subfamilies.
The type genus is Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904.
Genera within the family Oreohelicidae include:
Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904
Radiocentrum Pilsbry, 1905
References
External links
Media related to Oreohelicidae at Wikimedia Commons
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"taxon"
]
}
|
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 31 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Oreohelix, the type genus, is ovoviviparous. Radiocentrum, a subgenus of Oreohelix, is oviparous(Tompa, 1979). The group as a whole generally lacks any apertural barriers or teeth and displays wide variety of shell morphologies (Burke & Leonard 2014).
Genera
The family Oreohelicidae has no subfamilies.
The type genus is Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904.
Genera within the family Oreohelicidae include:
Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904
Radiocentrum Pilsbry, 1905
References
External links
Media related to Oreohelicidae at Wikimedia Commons
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"family"
]
}
|
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 31 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Oreohelix, the type genus, is ovoviviparous. Radiocentrum, a subgenus of Oreohelix, is oviparous(Tompa, 1979). The group as a whole generally lacks any apertural barriers or teeth and displays wide variety of shell morphologies (Burke & Leonard 2014).
Genera
The family Oreohelicidae has no subfamilies.
The type genus is Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904.
Genera within the family Oreohelicidae include:
Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904
Radiocentrum Pilsbry, 1905
References
External links
Media related to Oreohelicidae at Wikimedia Commons
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Punctoidea"
]
}
|
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 31 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Oreohelix, the type genus, is ovoviviparous. Radiocentrum, a subgenus of Oreohelix, is oviparous(Tompa, 1979). The group as a whole generally lacks any apertural barriers or teeth and displays wide variety of shell morphologies (Burke & Leonard 2014).
Genera
The family Oreohelicidae has no subfamilies.
The type genus is Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904.
Genera within the family Oreohelicidae include:
Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904
Radiocentrum Pilsbry, 1905
References
External links
Media related to Oreohelicidae at Wikimedia Commons
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Oreohelicidae"
]
}
|
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 31 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Oreohelix, the type genus, is ovoviviparous. Radiocentrum, a subgenus of Oreohelix, is oviparous(Tompa, 1979). The group as a whole generally lacks any apertural barriers or teeth and displays wide variety of shell morphologies (Burke & Leonard 2014).
Genera
The family Oreohelicidae has no subfamilies.
The type genus is Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904.
Genera within the family Oreohelicidae include:
Oreohelix Pilsbry, 1904
Radiocentrum Pilsbry, 1905
References
External links
Media related to Oreohelicidae at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Oreohelicidae"
]
}
|
Sir Valentine Browne, 2nd Baronet, of Molahiffe (died 1640), was an Irish landowner and MP.
Birth and origins
Valentine was born about 1615. He was the eldest son of Sir Valentine Browne and his first wife, Alice FitzGerald. His father was the 1st Baronet Browne of Molahiffe, County Kerry. His mother was a daughter of Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, the rebel earl. His mother's family were the FitzGeralds of Desmond, a cadet branch of the Old English Geraldines, of which the FitzGeralds of Kildare were the senior branch.
Baronet
On 7 September 1633 Browne succeeded his father as the 2nd Baronet Browne of Molahiffe.
Parliament
When Charles I summoned the Irish Parliament of 1634–1635, Browne stood for County Kerry County and was elected. The Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas Wentworth (the future Lord Strafford) demanded taxes: six subsidies of £50,000 (equivalent to about £8,900,000 in 2021) were passed unanimously. The parliament also belatedly and incompletely ratified the Graces of 1628, in which the King had conceded rights for money.
Marriage and children
Before 1638 Sir Valentine married Mary MacCarthy, the second daughter of Sir Charles (alias Cormac) MacCarthy, 1st Viscount Muskerry and his first wife Margaret O'Brien. She was a sister of his stepmother, his father's second wife.
Valentine and Mary had four children, two sons:
Valentine (1638–1694), 1st Viscount Kenmare
John of Ardagh (died 1706), married in 1672 Joan, daughter of Edmund Butler and sister of Pierce Butler, 6th Baron Cahir, but died childless.—and two daughters:
Ellis, married John Tobin of Cumpshinagh, County Tipperary.
Eleanor, married a Mr. Power of Kilmeadon, County Waterford.
Death and timeline
Sir Valentine died 25 April 1640 and was buried on 6 July 1640 at the church of Killarney. His son succeeded at the age of two and became a ward of his uncle Donough MacCarty, 2nd Viscount Muskerry.
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
=== Sources ===
|
family name
|
{
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14
],
"text": [
"Browne"
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|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
place of birth
|
{
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155
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|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
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"text": [
"New Zealand"
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|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"New Zealand"
]
}
|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
occupation
|
{
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102
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"text": [
"politician"
]
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|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Thomas Young Duncan"
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}
|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Duncan"
]
}
|
Thomas Young Duncan (1836 – 18 August 1914), sometimes referred to as "Tam Duncan", was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party.
Early life
Born at Plumbridge, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1836, Duncan was educated at Castledamph National School. In 1858 he went to Victoria where he worked on the goldfields, and then in 1862 followed the gold rush to Central Otago in New Zealand. After little success, he began farming at Pukeuri, north of Oamaru, and lived there for the remainder of his life.
Political career
He represented the Waitaki electorate from 1881 to 1890 and then the Oamaru electorate from 1890 to 1911, when he was defeated by Ernest Lee. He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 June 1912 and served until his death in 1914.
Notes
References
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
|
given name
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{
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0
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Ioannis Marangos (Greek: Ιωάννης Μαραγκός; Italian: Giovanni Marango; 31 March 1833, Ano Syros – 17 December 1891, Smyrna), was a Roman Catholic archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens.
Biography
After primary preliminary studies in Ano Syros and the School of the Franciscans in Naxos, Marangos, at the suggestion of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Syros Aloisiou Vlaga, he departed for Rome to prepare for the priestly vocation. In 1856 he was ordained a priest and returned to Syros. Due to lack of priests he was called to Patras where there served the Catholic community in the Parish Church of Saint Andrew.
In 1856, at the age of 33, Marangos was elected assistant bishop of Tinos and Mykonos next to Bishop Francis Zaloni. With Zaloni's death in 1866, Pope Pius IX named him Bishop of Tinos-Mykonos. Besides the great efforts he raised the intellectual and cultural level of the congregation at that time, that numbered 6,000 faithful, made completions in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary of Xynaras, built a new Hall Episcopal Seminary and founded the church administration. Beside these facts, he organized the Archives of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos, which is among the East's richest archives. Marangos took part in the First Vatican Council, where, because of his high theological training, he was elected Rapporteur of the Commission on Dogma.
On 10 August 1874, King George I of Greece by royal decree recognized Marangos as being entrusted with the episcopal functions in those parts of the Kingdom in which no other Western Church Bishops had.With the reestablishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens, Pius IX appointed him to it. Marangos helped to support those affected by the earthquakes of Cephalonia and Aigio, as well as helped those in need after the unfortunate Cretan Revolt against the Turks. For this reason he was honored by the Greek State to the distinction of Commander of the Royal Order of the Redeemer.
He died aged 58 in Smyrna where he had traveled to participate in the local session. The funeral sequence was in the Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite and was attended by the Prime Minister of Greece, ministers, the mayor and the crowd of Catholic and Orthodox faithful.
References
Sources
Gazette of the Kingdom of Greece, No. 52/1874, p. 1
M. N. Roussos, Epifaneis Syrianoi, Athens, 1986, pp. 53–58
External links
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmarango.html
|
country of citizenship
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{
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1453
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Ioannis Marangos (Greek: Ιωάννης Μαραγκός; Italian: Giovanni Marango; 31 March 1833, Ano Syros – 17 December 1891, Smyrna), was a Roman Catholic archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens.
Biography
After primary preliminary studies in Ano Syros and the School of the Franciscans in Naxos, Marangos, at the suggestion of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Syros Aloisiou Vlaga, he departed for Rome to prepare for the priestly vocation. In 1856 he was ordained a priest and returned to Syros. Due to lack of priests he was called to Patras where there served the Catholic community in the Parish Church of Saint Andrew.
In 1856, at the age of 33, Marangos was elected assistant bishop of Tinos and Mykonos next to Bishop Francis Zaloni. With Zaloni's death in 1866, Pope Pius IX named him Bishop of Tinos-Mykonos. Besides the great efforts he raised the intellectual and cultural level of the congregation at that time, that numbered 6,000 faithful, made completions in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary of Xynaras, built a new Hall Episcopal Seminary and founded the church administration. Beside these facts, he organized the Archives of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos, which is among the East's richest archives. Marangos took part in the First Vatican Council, where, because of his high theological training, he was elected Rapporteur of the Commission on Dogma.
On 10 August 1874, King George I of Greece by royal decree recognized Marangos as being entrusted with the episcopal functions in those parts of the Kingdom in which no other Western Church Bishops had.With the reestablishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens, Pius IX appointed him to it. Marangos helped to support those affected by the earthquakes of Cephalonia and Aigio, as well as helped those in need after the unfortunate Cretan Revolt against the Turks. For this reason he was honored by the Greek State to the distinction of Commander of the Royal Order of the Redeemer.
He died aged 58 in Smyrna where he had traveled to participate in the local session. The funeral sequence was in the Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite and was attended by the Prime Minister of Greece, ministers, the mayor and the crowd of Catholic and Orthodox faithful.
References
Sources
Gazette of the Kingdom of Greece, No. 52/1874, p. 1
M. N. Roussos, Epifaneis Syrianoi, Athens, 1986, pp. 53–58
External links
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmarango.html
|
given name
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{
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0
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Ioannis Marangos (Greek: Ιωάννης Μαραγκός; Italian: Giovanni Marango; 31 March 1833, Ano Syros – 17 December 1891, Smyrna), was a Roman Catholic archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens.
Biography
After primary preliminary studies in Ano Syros and the School of the Franciscans in Naxos, Marangos, at the suggestion of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Syros Aloisiou Vlaga, he departed for Rome to prepare for the priestly vocation. In 1856 he was ordained a priest and returned to Syros. Due to lack of priests he was called to Patras where there served the Catholic community in the Parish Church of Saint Andrew.
In 1856, at the age of 33, Marangos was elected assistant bishop of Tinos and Mykonos next to Bishop Francis Zaloni. With Zaloni's death in 1866, Pope Pius IX named him Bishop of Tinos-Mykonos. Besides the great efforts he raised the intellectual and cultural level of the congregation at that time, that numbered 6,000 faithful, made completions in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary of Xynaras, built a new Hall Episcopal Seminary and founded the church administration. Beside these facts, he organized the Archives of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos, which is among the East's richest archives. Marangos took part in the First Vatican Council, where, because of his high theological training, he was elected Rapporteur of the Commission on Dogma.
On 10 August 1874, King George I of Greece by royal decree recognized Marangos as being entrusted with the episcopal functions in those parts of the Kingdom in which no other Western Church Bishops had.With the reestablishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens, Pius IX appointed him to it. Marangos helped to support those affected by the earthquakes of Cephalonia and Aigio, as well as helped those in need after the unfortunate Cretan Revolt against the Turks. For this reason he was honored by the Greek State to the distinction of Commander of the Royal Order of the Redeemer.
He died aged 58 in Smyrna where he had traveled to participate in the local session. The funeral sequence was in the Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite and was attended by the Prime Minister of Greece, ministers, the mayor and the crowd of Catholic and Orthodox faithful.
References
Sources
Gazette of the Kingdom of Greece, No. 52/1874, p. 1
M. N. Roussos, Epifaneis Syrianoi, Athens, 1986, pp. 53–58
External links
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmarango.html
|
Catholic Hierarchy person ID
|
{
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2486
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"text": [
"marango"
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|
Ioannis Marangos (Greek: Ιωάννης Μαραγκός; Italian: Giovanni Marango; 31 March 1833, Ano Syros – 17 December 1891, Smyrna), was a Roman Catholic archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens.
Biography
After primary preliminary studies in Ano Syros and the School of the Franciscans in Naxos, Marangos, at the suggestion of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Syros Aloisiou Vlaga, he departed for Rome to prepare for the priestly vocation. In 1856 he was ordained a priest and returned to Syros. Due to lack of priests he was called to Patras where there served the Catholic community in the Parish Church of Saint Andrew.
In 1856, at the age of 33, Marangos was elected assistant bishop of Tinos and Mykonos next to Bishop Francis Zaloni. With Zaloni's death in 1866, Pope Pius IX named him Bishop of Tinos-Mykonos. Besides the great efforts he raised the intellectual and cultural level of the congregation at that time, that numbered 6,000 faithful, made completions in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary of Xynaras, built a new Hall Episcopal Seminary and founded the church administration. Beside these facts, he organized the Archives of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos, which is among the East's richest archives. Marangos took part in the First Vatican Council, where, because of his high theological training, he was elected Rapporteur of the Commission on Dogma.
On 10 August 1874, King George I of Greece by royal decree recognized Marangos as being entrusted with the episcopal functions in those parts of the Kingdom in which no other Western Church Bishops had.With the reestablishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Athens, Pius IX appointed him to it. Marangos helped to support those affected by the earthquakes of Cephalonia and Aigio, as well as helped those in need after the unfortunate Cretan Revolt against the Turks. For this reason he was honored by the Greek State to the distinction of Commander of the Royal Order of the Redeemer.
He died aged 58 in Smyrna where he had traveled to participate in the local session. The funeral sequence was in the Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite and was attended by the Prime Minister of Greece, ministers, the mayor and the crowd of Catholic and Orthodox faithful.
References
Sources
Gazette of the Kingdom of Greece, No. 52/1874, p. 1
M. N. Roussos, Epifaneis Syrianoi, Athens, 1986, pp. 53–58
External links
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmarango.html
|
participant in
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The Rip Tide is the third studio album by the American indie folk band Beirut, released on August 30, 2011.
The album debuted at No. 88 on the Billboard 200, and peaked at No. 80 a month later. The album has sold 93,000 copies in the US as of August 2015. The album has received mostly positive reviews.
Recording
Beirut's Zach Condon decided to write the album after a rough tour in Brazil, where he suffered a perforated eardrum and was involved in a stage invasion. Unlike previous Beirut albums, The Rip Tide was more reflective of places closer to home; for example, the song "Santa Fe" was a homage to Condon's hometown. Condon reflected on that, saying "The vagabond thing – that was a teenage fantasy that I lived out in a big way. Music, to me, was escapism. And now I'm doing everything that is the opposite [of that] in my life. I'm married. I've got a house. I've got a dog. So it felt ridiculous, the narrative of what my career was supposed to be, compared to what I was actually trying to attempt in my life."Influenced by the recording of For Emma, Forever Ago, Condon wrote The Rip Tide while he spent six months in isolation living in a Bethel, New York winter cabin. Unlike Beirut's previous albums, the music was recorded as a band playing together instead of laying down individual tracks one at a time. However, the lyrics were only added by Condon after all the music had been recorded.
Release
The first news that Beirut was recording a new album came in the winter of 2010–11 with an announcement from Ba Da Bing records:
Indeed, the band is recording. Basically, Zach [Condon] is going back and forth between doing recording sessions in a studio with the whole band, then taking the materials back home and editing them as well as working on vocals. He wants to take the rest of the year to make sure it's all up to snuff, so there will definitely be a Beirut record next year, but not sure when yet!
After recording, Beirut toured throughout Europe and the US, playing several songs that would appear on the album, including, "Vagabond," "Santa Fe," and "Port of Call.". On June 3, 2011, the band released The Rip Tide's first single, "East Harlem," with "Goshen" as its B-side, with a physical release on June 6, 2011. On June 7, 2011, Beirut officially announced the existence of the new album, disclosing both the title and track listing.The Rip Tide was originally going to be released on August 30, 2011. Unlike previous albums, The Rip Tide was self-released on Condon's own Pompeii Records. However, an internet leak pushed the album's iTunes Store released date to August 2, 2011. The physical edition of the album was released in a cloth-bound, embossed package as a thank you gift to people who wanted a physical version.
Critical reception
The Rip Tide received large acclaim from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 34 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".Tim Jonze of The Guardian, in a positive review, wrote "It's less flashy than previous efforts, but the thrill here is of witnessing a songwriter's talent maturing." NME's Laura Snapes also gave the album a positive review, writing "These ideas of acceptance, hope and personal reflection make The Rip Tide an accomplished, restrained record, which sees Condon forgetting his travels, and forging his own native sound." Slant Magazine's Jesse Cataldo wrote that while "The songs are often still a little too cute, too twee and self-satisfied," Cataldo concluded that the songs were nevertheless "just as catchy without the burden of self-reflexive exoticism." AllMusic's James Christopher Monger enjoyed the album's more personal songs, writing "Condon spends much of Rip Tide writing in first person, and it lends an air of much needed intimacy to the always gorgeous, yet historically elusive Beirut sound."PopMatters' Eric Brown, on the other hand, gave the album a more mixed review, writing "Beirut too often moves away from its world-folk origins into a more generic sound, one that has more in common with an Apple commercial than their breakthrough album. It's not necessarily a bad move — the songs are all well-composed and technically challenging — but The Rip Tide lacks an emotional core, or at the very least, an interesting hook in lieu of something more substantial." Brown continued: "I have to think that as an EP, The Rip Tide would be a rousing success. But as it is, there are just too many bland, uninspiring tracks that drag down the whole experience." Benjamin Boles of NOW was also less receptive to the album's sound, writing "Unfortunately, it all feels a bit too manicured and restrained. As easy as it is to hit repeat when the disc ends, trying to remember standout moments is another story. It’s a solid album, but too conservative to make many converts."
Accolades
The Rip Tide has appeared on a few end-of-year lists. Paste ranked The Rip Tide No. 20 on its list of the top 50 albums of 2011, while Mojo ranked the album No. 22 on its end-of-year list.
In popular culture
The song "Goshen" from the album appeared in the series finale of season 5 of the NBC show Chuck.
Track listing
Personnel
Zach Condon – vocals, ukulele, trumpet, piano, percussion, pedal bass, organ, pump organ
Perrin Cloutier – accordion, piano, pump organ, cello
Paul Collins – bass guitar, upright bass
Ben Lanz – trombone, piano, tuba
Nick Petree – drums, percussion
Kelly Pratt – trumpet, euphonium, french horn, vocalsGuest appearances
Sharon Van Etten – vocals
Heather Trost – violin, vocals
Charts
Release history
== References ==
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The Rip Tide is the third studio album by the American indie folk band Beirut, released on August 30, 2011.
The album debuted at No. 88 on the Billboard 200, and peaked at No. 80 a month later. The album has sold 93,000 copies in the US as of August 2015. The album has received mostly positive reviews.
Recording
Beirut's Zach Condon decided to write the album after a rough tour in Brazil, where he suffered a perforated eardrum and was involved in a stage invasion. Unlike previous Beirut albums, The Rip Tide was more reflective of places closer to home; for example, the song "Santa Fe" was a homage to Condon's hometown. Condon reflected on that, saying "The vagabond thing – that was a teenage fantasy that I lived out in a big way. Music, to me, was escapism. And now I'm doing everything that is the opposite [of that] in my life. I'm married. I've got a house. I've got a dog. So it felt ridiculous, the narrative of what my career was supposed to be, compared to what I was actually trying to attempt in my life."Influenced by the recording of For Emma, Forever Ago, Condon wrote The Rip Tide while he spent six months in isolation living in a Bethel, New York winter cabin. Unlike Beirut's previous albums, the music was recorded as a band playing together instead of laying down individual tracks one at a time. However, the lyrics were only added by Condon after all the music had been recorded.
Release
The first news that Beirut was recording a new album came in the winter of 2010–11 with an announcement from Ba Da Bing records:
Indeed, the band is recording. Basically, Zach [Condon] is going back and forth between doing recording sessions in a studio with the whole band, then taking the materials back home and editing them as well as working on vocals. He wants to take the rest of the year to make sure it's all up to snuff, so there will definitely be a Beirut record next year, but not sure when yet!
After recording, Beirut toured throughout Europe and the US, playing several songs that would appear on the album, including, "Vagabond," "Santa Fe," and "Port of Call.". On June 3, 2011, the band released The Rip Tide's first single, "East Harlem," with "Goshen" as its B-side, with a physical release on June 6, 2011. On June 7, 2011, Beirut officially announced the existence of the new album, disclosing both the title and track listing.The Rip Tide was originally going to be released on August 30, 2011. Unlike previous albums, The Rip Tide was self-released on Condon's own Pompeii Records. However, an internet leak pushed the album's iTunes Store released date to August 2, 2011. The physical edition of the album was released in a cloth-bound, embossed package as a thank you gift to people who wanted a physical version.
Critical reception
The Rip Tide received large acclaim from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 34 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".Tim Jonze of The Guardian, in a positive review, wrote "It's less flashy than previous efforts, but the thrill here is of witnessing a songwriter's talent maturing." NME's Laura Snapes also gave the album a positive review, writing "These ideas of acceptance, hope and personal reflection make The Rip Tide an accomplished, restrained record, which sees Condon forgetting his travels, and forging his own native sound." Slant Magazine's Jesse Cataldo wrote that while "The songs are often still a little too cute, too twee and self-satisfied," Cataldo concluded that the songs were nevertheless "just as catchy without the burden of self-reflexive exoticism." AllMusic's James Christopher Monger enjoyed the album's more personal songs, writing "Condon spends much of Rip Tide writing in first person, and it lends an air of much needed intimacy to the always gorgeous, yet historically elusive Beirut sound."PopMatters' Eric Brown, on the other hand, gave the album a more mixed review, writing "Beirut too often moves away from its world-folk origins into a more generic sound, one that has more in common with an Apple commercial than their breakthrough album. It's not necessarily a bad move — the songs are all well-composed and technically challenging — but The Rip Tide lacks an emotional core, or at the very least, an interesting hook in lieu of something more substantial." Brown continued: "I have to think that as an EP, The Rip Tide would be a rousing success. But as it is, there are just too many bland, uninspiring tracks that drag down the whole experience." Benjamin Boles of NOW was also less receptive to the album's sound, writing "Unfortunately, it all feels a bit too manicured and restrained. As easy as it is to hit repeat when the disc ends, trying to remember standout moments is another story. It’s a solid album, but too conservative to make many converts."
Accolades
The Rip Tide has appeared on a few end-of-year lists. Paste ranked The Rip Tide No. 20 on its list of the top 50 albums of 2011, while Mojo ranked the album No. 22 on its end-of-year list.
In popular culture
The song "Goshen" from the album appeared in the series finale of season 5 of the NBC show Chuck.
Track listing
Personnel
Zach Condon – vocals, ukulele, trumpet, piano, percussion, pedal bass, organ, pump organ
Perrin Cloutier – accordion, piano, pump organ, cello
Paul Collins – bass guitar, upright bass
Ben Lanz – trombone, piano, tuba
Nick Petree – drums, percussion
Kelly Pratt – trumpet, euphonium, french horn, vocalsGuest appearances
Sharon Van Etten – vocals
Heather Trost – violin, vocals
Charts
Release history
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
71
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"text": [
"Beirut"
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}
|
El Corazón is a location in the Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. It is the seat of the Pangua Canton.
References
www.inec.gov.ec
www.ame.gov.ec
External links
Map of the Cotopaxi Province
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Ecuador"
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}
|
El Corazón is a location in the Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. It is the seat of the Pangua Canton.
References
www.inec.gov.ec
www.ame.gov.ec
External links
Map of the Cotopaxi Province
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
82
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"text": [
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Venice is a heritage-listed apartment building and residence in Randwick, City of Randwick, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1884 to 1885 by Stephen Gee. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
Indigenous history
Pre-1780s the local Aboriginal people in the area used the site for fishing and cultural activities; rock engravings, grinding grooves and middens remain in evidence. In 1789 the Governor Arthur Phillip referred to "a long bay", which became known as Long Bay. Aboriginal people are believed to have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 20,000 years. The population of Aboriginal people between Palm Beach and Botany Bay in 1788 has been estimated to have been 1500. Those living south of Port Jackson to Botany Bay were the Cadigal people who spoke Dharug, while the local clan name of Maroubra people was "Muru-ora-dial". By the mid nineteenth century the traditional owners of this land had typically either moved inland in search of food and shelter, or had died as the result of European disease or confrontation with British colonisers.
Colonial history
One of the earliest land grants in this area was made in 1824 to Captain Francis Marsh, who received 4.9 hectares (12 acres) bounded by the present Botany and High Streets, Alison and Belmore Roads. In 1839 William Newcombe acquired the land north-west of the present town hall in Avoca Street.Randwick takes its name from the town of Randwick, Gloucestershire, England. The name was suggested by Simeon Pearce (1821–86) and his brother James. Simeon was born in the English Randwick and the brothers were responsible for the early development of both Randwick and its neighbour, Coogee. Simeon had come to the colony in 1841as a 21 year old surveyor. He built his Blenheim House on the 4 acres he bought from Marsh, and called his property "Randwick". The brothers bought and sold land profitably in the area and elsewhere. Simeon campaigned for construction of a road from the city to Coogee (achieved in 1853) and promoted the incorporation of the suburb. Pearce sought construction of a church modelled on the church of St. John in his birthplace. In 1857 the first St Jude's stood on the site of the present post office, at the corner of the present Alison Road and Avoca Street.: 217–8 Randwick was slow to progress. The village was isolated from Sydney by swamps and sandhills, and although a horse-bus was operated by a man named Grice from the late 1850s, the journey was more a test of nerves than a pleasure jaunt. Wind blew sand over the track, and the bus sometimes became bogged, so that passengers had to get out and push it free. From its early days Randwick had a divided society. The wealthy lived elegantly in large houses built when Pearce promoted Randwick and Coogee as a fashionable area. But the market gardens, orchards and piggeries that continued alongside the large estates were the lot of the working class. Even on the later estates that became racing empires, many jockeys and stablehands lived in huts or even under canvas. An even poorer group were the immigrants who existed on the periphery of Randwick in a place called Irishtown, in the area now known as The Spot, around the junction of St.Paul's Street and Perouse Road. Here families lived in makeshift houses, taking on the most menial tasks in their struggle to survive.In 1858 when the NSW Government passed the Municipalities Act, enabling formation of municipal districts empowered to collect rates and borrow money to improve their suburb, Randwick was the first suburb to apply for the status of a municipality. It was approved in February 1859, and its first Council was elected in March 1859.Randwick had been the venue for sporting events, as well as duels and illegal sports, from the early days in the colony's history. Its first racecourse, the Sandy Racecourse or Old Sand Track, had been a hazardous track over hills and gullies since 1860. When a move was made in 1863 by John Tait, to establish Randwick Racecourse, Simeon Pearce was furious, especially when he heard that Tait also intended to move into Byron Lodge. Tait's venture prospered, however and he became the first person in Australia to organise racing as a commercial sport. The racecourse made a big difference to the progress of Randwick. The horse-bus gave way to trams that linked the suburb to Sydney and civilisation. Randwick soon became a prosperous and lively place, and it still retains a busy residential, professional and commercial life.Today, some of the houses have been replaced by home units. Many European migrants have made their homes in the area, along with students and workers at the nearby University of NSW and the Prince of Wales Hospital.: 218–9
Venice
The site on which Venice stands was originally part of a 12 hectares (30 acres) 3 rods and 9 Perches Crown Grant to the Church of England and Ireland. In 1882 the Church began sub-dividing the land under the name of St Marks Glebe. A Sydney solicitor, Thomas James Dickson leased Lots 1 and 2 Section 1 for the term of 99 years. The rent was A£13 per annum and the lessee was expected to build a solid house on the land, maintain it, pay the rates and taxes. No noxious trades were allowed for example boiling down works, slaughter house or beer house.In 1884 Dickson sold the residue of his lease to Stephen Gee a builder of Sydney for the sum of £20. This amount indicates that some type of building would have been erected, most probably the stables. The deed indicates 'the parcel of land as described together with...all houses buildings, ways, paths etc...for the remainder now to come and unexpired of the said term of 99 years.' In 1889 Gee sold the residence of his lease for these 2 lots to Joseph Jonathon Dakin for the sum of £120] an increase of 600% which indicates undoubtedly that Gee built this "gentlemans" residence. The annual rent fixed by the Church of England remained at £13 per year. Dakin was a builder from Randwick.The Sydney Water Board map of 1891 shows water connections to all completed houses in this area of Randwick. An outline of Venice and two small buildings to the rear is shown. Also shown is a "fountain" marked on the north side of Venice to which a water connection appears.The Sands Directory of 1893 contains the first listing of a resident for No. 66 is a Mrs Nicholson and the next year a Mrs. Maquire for the next two years. It is interesting to note that the building does not appeared to have been lived in by Stephen Gee for more than six years.From 1897 to 1906 the name Venice appears in the Sands Directory with resident G.H. Holmes. It is possible that Holmes was a lessee during these 9 years. From 1909 to 1919 a number of different names are listed as residents for the ten years. In 1920 Venice is referred to for the first time in the Directory as Venice Flats with four residents listed. During this time it was altered considerably during its conversion to four self-contained units.In 1979 Venice is purchased by Dr H. M. Kalmuth for a family home and restoration is commenced in the 1980s. Following representations by the Randwick Historical Society expressing concern over the dilapidated condition of Venice an Interim Heritage Order was made over the property on 27 July 1979.At its meeting of 7 May 1981 the Heritage Council of NSW resolved to recommend that a Permanent Conservation Order should be made over the property. On 10 July 1981 the then Minister for Planning and Environment the Hon. Eric Bedford MP approved the making of a Permanent Conservation Order. An objection to the proposed Order was subsequently lodged and a Commission of Inquiry was set for 11 February 1982. Following further discussions, the objector withdrew their objection to the making of the Permanent Conservation Order. A Permanent Conservation Order was made over the property on 15 May 1982 and it was transferred to the State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.In 2009 funding was provided through the NSW Heritage Grants program for conservation works.
Description
Venice is an impressive and substantial two storeyed Late Victorian gentleman's residence designed in the Gothic Revival style. The house contains a symmetrical front facade incorporating a central projecting entry bay flanked by gablets and one storey verandahs featuring elaborate timber fretwork.In plan the house is also symmetrical with a centrally placed hallway of generous proportions incorporating a grand staircase, behind which is located an intricately patterned stained glass window.The ground floor reception rooms are located either side of the hallway while to the rear right-hand side is sited the service wing.Period detailing is of a high standard throughout with diagonal chimneys, tessellated tiled path and hallway, leadlight front door, bay windows, timber wainscoting, fireplaces and elaborately moulded cornices, ceilings and roses.The resultant design is very distinctive and there is no similar house design within the Municipality of Randwick.The quality of the detailing and design suggest the use of an architect, although no conclusive evidence is available to substantiate this view.
Modifications and dates
1884/1885 constructed
1920 converted to flats
Heritage listing
As at 19 September 2011, Venice is a comparatively rare and distinctive example of late Victorian Gothic architecture retaining most of its period detailing intact. The house and remaining garden make a notable contribution to the Frenchman Road streetscape and the early historical identity of Randwick. The house is of architectural significance to Randwick and to New South Wales.Venice was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
References
Bibliography
CityPlan Heritage (2008). Heritage Assessment and Schedule of Conservation Works.
Moore, June; Randwick and District Historical Society (1989). Research - Venice 66 Frenchmans Road Randwick.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on Venice, entry number 00175 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 1 June 2018.
External links
Media related to Venice, Randwick at Wikimedia Commons
|
country
|
{
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Venice is a heritage-listed apartment building and residence in Randwick, City of Randwick, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1884 to 1885 by Stephen Gee. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
Indigenous history
Pre-1780s the local Aboriginal people in the area used the site for fishing and cultural activities; rock engravings, grinding grooves and middens remain in evidence. In 1789 the Governor Arthur Phillip referred to "a long bay", which became known as Long Bay. Aboriginal people are believed to have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 20,000 years. The population of Aboriginal people between Palm Beach and Botany Bay in 1788 has been estimated to have been 1500. Those living south of Port Jackson to Botany Bay were the Cadigal people who spoke Dharug, while the local clan name of Maroubra people was "Muru-ora-dial". By the mid nineteenth century the traditional owners of this land had typically either moved inland in search of food and shelter, or had died as the result of European disease or confrontation with British colonisers.
Colonial history
One of the earliest land grants in this area was made in 1824 to Captain Francis Marsh, who received 4.9 hectares (12 acres) bounded by the present Botany and High Streets, Alison and Belmore Roads. In 1839 William Newcombe acquired the land north-west of the present town hall in Avoca Street.Randwick takes its name from the town of Randwick, Gloucestershire, England. The name was suggested by Simeon Pearce (1821–86) and his brother James. Simeon was born in the English Randwick and the brothers were responsible for the early development of both Randwick and its neighbour, Coogee. Simeon had come to the colony in 1841as a 21 year old surveyor. He built his Blenheim House on the 4 acres he bought from Marsh, and called his property "Randwick". The brothers bought and sold land profitably in the area and elsewhere. Simeon campaigned for construction of a road from the city to Coogee (achieved in 1853) and promoted the incorporation of the suburb. Pearce sought construction of a church modelled on the church of St. John in his birthplace. In 1857 the first St Jude's stood on the site of the present post office, at the corner of the present Alison Road and Avoca Street.: 217–8 Randwick was slow to progress. The village was isolated from Sydney by swamps and sandhills, and although a horse-bus was operated by a man named Grice from the late 1850s, the journey was more a test of nerves than a pleasure jaunt. Wind blew sand over the track, and the bus sometimes became bogged, so that passengers had to get out and push it free. From its early days Randwick had a divided society. The wealthy lived elegantly in large houses built when Pearce promoted Randwick and Coogee as a fashionable area. But the market gardens, orchards and piggeries that continued alongside the large estates were the lot of the working class. Even on the later estates that became racing empires, many jockeys and stablehands lived in huts or even under canvas. An even poorer group were the immigrants who existed on the periphery of Randwick in a place called Irishtown, in the area now known as The Spot, around the junction of St.Paul's Street and Perouse Road. Here families lived in makeshift houses, taking on the most menial tasks in their struggle to survive.In 1858 when the NSW Government passed the Municipalities Act, enabling formation of municipal districts empowered to collect rates and borrow money to improve their suburb, Randwick was the first suburb to apply for the status of a municipality. It was approved in February 1859, and its first Council was elected in March 1859.Randwick had been the venue for sporting events, as well as duels and illegal sports, from the early days in the colony's history. Its first racecourse, the Sandy Racecourse or Old Sand Track, had been a hazardous track over hills and gullies since 1860. When a move was made in 1863 by John Tait, to establish Randwick Racecourse, Simeon Pearce was furious, especially when he heard that Tait also intended to move into Byron Lodge. Tait's venture prospered, however and he became the first person in Australia to organise racing as a commercial sport. The racecourse made a big difference to the progress of Randwick. The horse-bus gave way to trams that linked the suburb to Sydney and civilisation. Randwick soon became a prosperous and lively place, and it still retains a busy residential, professional and commercial life.Today, some of the houses have been replaced by home units. Many European migrants have made their homes in the area, along with students and workers at the nearby University of NSW and the Prince of Wales Hospital.: 218–9
Venice
The site on which Venice stands was originally part of a 12 hectares (30 acres) 3 rods and 9 Perches Crown Grant to the Church of England and Ireland. In 1882 the Church began sub-dividing the land under the name of St Marks Glebe. A Sydney solicitor, Thomas James Dickson leased Lots 1 and 2 Section 1 for the term of 99 years. The rent was A£13 per annum and the lessee was expected to build a solid house on the land, maintain it, pay the rates and taxes. No noxious trades were allowed for example boiling down works, slaughter house or beer house.In 1884 Dickson sold the residue of his lease to Stephen Gee a builder of Sydney for the sum of £20. This amount indicates that some type of building would have been erected, most probably the stables. The deed indicates 'the parcel of land as described together with...all houses buildings, ways, paths etc...for the remainder now to come and unexpired of the said term of 99 years.' In 1889 Gee sold the residence of his lease for these 2 lots to Joseph Jonathon Dakin for the sum of £120] an increase of 600% which indicates undoubtedly that Gee built this "gentlemans" residence. The annual rent fixed by the Church of England remained at £13 per year. Dakin was a builder from Randwick.The Sydney Water Board map of 1891 shows water connections to all completed houses in this area of Randwick. An outline of Venice and two small buildings to the rear is shown. Also shown is a "fountain" marked on the north side of Venice to which a water connection appears.The Sands Directory of 1893 contains the first listing of a resident for No. 66 is a Mrs Nicholson and the next year a Mrs. Maquire for the next two years. It is interesting to note that the building does not appeared to have been lived in by Stephen Gee for more than six years.From 1897 to 1906 the name Venice appears in the Sands Directory with resident G.H. Holmes. It is possible that Holmes was a lessee during these 9 years. From 1909 to 1919 a number of different names are listed as residents for the ten years. In 1920 Venice is referred to for the first time in the Directory as Venice Flats with four residents listed. During this time it was altered considerably during its conversion to four self-contained units.In 1979 Venice is purchased by Dr H. M. Kalmuth for a family home and restoration is commenced in the 1980s. Following representations by the Randwick Historical Society expressing concern over the dilapidated condition of Venice an Interim Heritage Order was made over the property on 27 July 1979.At its meeting of 7 May 1981 the Heritage Council of NSW resolved to recommend that a Permanent Conservation Order should be made over the property. On 10 July 1981 the then Minister for Planning and Environment the Hon. Eric Bedford MP approved the making of a Permanent Conservation Order. An objection to the proposed Order was subsequently lodged and a Commission of Inquiry was set for 11 February 1982. Following further discussions, the objector withdrew their objection to the making of the Permanent Conservation Order. A Permanent Conservation Order was made over the property on 15 May 1982 and it was transferred to the State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.In 2009 funding was provided through the NSW Heritage Grants program for conservation works.
Description
Venice is an impressive and substantial two storeyed Late Victorian gentleman's residence designed in the Gothic Revival style. The house contains a symmetrical front facade incorporating a central projecting entry bay flanked by gablets and one storey verandahs featuring elaborate timber fretwork.In plan the house is also symmetrical with a centrally placed hallway of generous proportions incorporating a grand staircase, behind which is located an intricately patterned stained glass window.The ground floor reception rooms are located either side of the hallway while to the rear right-hand side is sited the service wing.Period detailing is of a high standard throughout with diagonal chimneys, tessellated tiled path and hallway, leadlight front door, bay windows, timber wainscoting, fireplaces and elaborately moulded cornices, ceilings and roses.The resultant design is very distinctive and there is no similar house design within the Municipality of Randwick.The quality of the detailing and design suggest the use of an architect, although no conclusive evidence is available to substantiate this view.
Modifications and dates
1884/1885 constructed
1920 converted to flats
Heritage listing
As at 19 September 2011, Venice is a comparatively rare and distinctive example of late Victorian Gothic architecture retaining most of its period detailing intact. The house and remaining garden make a notable contribution to the Frenchman Road streetscape and the early historical identity of Randwick. The house is of architectural significance to Randwick and to New South Wales.Venice was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
References
Bibliography
CityPlan Heritage (2008). Heritage Assessment and Schedule of Conservation Works.
Moore, June; Randwick and District Historical Society (1989). Research - Venice 66 Frenchmans Road Randwick.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on Venice, entry number 00175 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 1 June 2018.
External links
Media related to Venice, Randwick at Wikimedia Commons
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
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|
Venice is a heritage-listed apartment building and residence in Randwick, City of Randwick, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1884 to 1885 by Stephen Gee. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
Indigenous history
Pre-1780s the local Aboriginal people in the area used the site for fishing and cultural activities; rock engravings, grinding grooves and middens remain in evidence. In 1789 the Governor Arthur Phillip referred to "a long bay", which became known as Long Bay. Aboriginal people are believed to have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 20,000 years. The population of Aboriginal people between Palm Beach and Botany Bay in 1788 has been estimated to have been 1500. Those living south of Port Jackson to Botany Bay were the Cadigal people who spoke Dharug, while the local clan name of Maroubra people was "Muru-ora-dial". By the mid nineteenth century the traditional owners of this land had typically either moved inland in search of food and shelter, or had died as the result of European disease or confrontation with British colonisers.
Colonial history
One of the earliest land grants in this area was made in 1824 to Captain Francis Marsh, who received 4.9 hectares (12 acres) bounded by the present Botany and High Streets, Alison and Belmore Roads. In 1839 William Newcombe acquired the land north-west of the present town hall in Avoca Street.Randwick takes its name from the town of Randwick, Gloucestershire, England. The name was suggested by Simeon Pearce (1821–86) and his brother James. Simeon was born in the English Randwick and the brothers were responsible for the early development of both Randwick and its neighbour, Coogee. Simeon had come to the colony in 1841as a 21 year old surveyor. He built his Blenheim House on the 4 acres he bought from Marsh, and called his property "Randwick". The brothers bought and sold land profitably in the area and elsewhere. Simeon campaigned for construction of a road from the city to Coogee (achieved in 1853) and promoted the incorporation of the suburb. Pearce sought construction of a church modelled on the church of St. John in his birthplace. In 1857 the first St Jude's stood on the site of the present post office, at the corner of the present Alison Road and Avoca Street.: 217–8 Randwick was slow to progress. The village was isolated from Sydney by swamps and sandhills, and although a horse-bus was operated by a man named Grice from the late 1850s, the journey was more a test of nerves than a pleasure jaunt. Wind blew sand over the track, and the bus sometimes became bogged, so that passengers had to get out and push it free. From its early days Randwick had a divided society. The wealthy lived elegantly in large houses built when Pearce promoted Randwick and Coogee as a fashionable area. But the market gardens, orchards and piggeries that continued alongside the large estates were the lot of the working class. Even on the later estates that became racing empires, many jockeys and stablehands lived in huts or even under canvas. An even poorer group were the immigrants who existed on the periphery of Randwick in a place called Irishtown, in the area now known as The Spot, around the junction of St.Paul's Street and Perouse Road. Here families lived in makeshift houses, taking on the most menial tasks in their struggle to survive.In 1858 when the NSW Government passed the Municipalities Act, enabling formation of municipal districts empowered to collect rates and borrow money to improve their suburb, Randwick was the first suburb to apply for the status of a municipality. It was approved in February 1859, and its first Council was elected in March 1859.Randwick had been the venue for sporting events, as well as duels and illegal sports, from the early days in the colony's history. Its first racecourse, the Sandy Racecourse or Old Sand Track, had been a hazardous track over hills and gullies since 1860. When a move was made in 1863 by John Tait, to establish Randwick Racecourse, Simeon Pearce was furious, especially when he heard that Tait also intended to move into Byron Lodge. Tait's venture prospered, however and he became the first person in Australia to organise racing as a commercial sport. The racecourse made a big difference to the progress of Randwick. The horse-bus gave way to trams that linked the suburb to Sydney and civilisation. Randwick soon became a prosperous and lively place, and it still retains a busy residential, professional and commercial life.Today, some of the houses have been replaced by home units. Many European migrants have made their homes in the area, along with students and workers at the nearby University of NSW and the Prince of Wales Hospital.: 218–9
Venice
The site on which Venice stands was originally part of a 12 hectares (30 acres) 3 rods and 9 Perches Crown Grant to the Church of England and Ireland. In 1882 the Church began sub-dividing the land under the name of St Marks Glebe. A Sydney solicitor, Thomas James Dickson leased Lots 1 and 2 Section 1 for the term of 99 years. The rent was A£13 per annum and the lessee was expected to build a solid house on the land, maintain it, pay the rates and taxes. No noxious trades were allowed for example boiling down works, slaughter house or beer house.In 1884 Dickson sold the residue of his lease to Stephen Gee a builder of Sydney for the sum of £20. This amount indicates that some type of building would have been erected, most probably the stables. The deed indicates 'the parcel of land as described together with...all houses buildings, ways, paths etc...for the remainder now to come and unexpired of the said term of 99 years.' In 1889 Gee sold the residence of his lease for these 2 lots to Joseph Jonathon Dakin for the sum of £120] an increase of 600% which indicates undoubtedly that Gee built this "gentlemans" residence. The annual rent fixed by the Church of England remained at £13 per year. Dakin was a builder from Randwick.The Sydney Water Board map of 1891 shows water connections to all completed houses in this area of Randwick. An outline of Venice and two small buildings to the rear is shown. Also shown is a "fountain" marked on the north side of Venice to which a water connection appears.The Sands Directory of 1893 contains the first listing of a resident for No. 66 is a Mrs Nicholson and the next year a Mrs. Maquire for the next two years. It is interesting to note that the building does not appeared to have been lived in by Stephen Gee for more than six years.From 1897 to 1906 the name Venice appears in the Sands Directory with resident G.H. Holmes. It is possible that Holmes was a lessee during these 9 years. From 1909 to 1919 a number of different names are listed as residents for the ten years. In 1920 Venice is referred to for the first time in the Directory as Venice Flats with four residents listed. During this time it was altered considerably during its conversion to four self-contained units.In 1979 Venice is purchased by Dr H. M. Kalmuth for a family home and restoration is commenced in the 1980s. Following representations by the Randwick Historical Society expressing concern over the dilapidated condition of Venice an Interim Heritage Order was made over the property on 27 July 1979.At its meeting of 7 May 1981 the Heritage Council of NSW resolved to recommend that a Permanent Conservation Order should be made over the property. On 10 July 1981 the then Minister for Planning and Environment the Hon. Eric Bedford MP approved the making of a Permanent Conservation Order. An objection to the proposed Order was subsequently lodged and a Commission of Inquiry was set for 11 February 1982. Following further discussions, the objector withdrew their objection to the making of the Permanent Conservation Order. A Permanent Conservation Order was made over the property on 15 May 1982 and it was transferred to the State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.In 2009 funding was provided through the NSW Heritage Grants program for conservation works.
Description
Venice is an impressive and substantial two storeyed Late Victorian gentleman's residence designed in the Gothic Revival style. The house contains a symmetrical front facade incorporating a central projecting entry bay flanked by gablets and one storey verandahs featuring elaborate timber fretwork.In plan the house is also symmetrical with a centrally placed hallway of generous proportions incorporating a grand staircase, behind which is located an intricately patterned stained glass window.The ground floor reception rooms are located either side of the hallway while to the rear right-hand side is sited the service wing.Period detailing is of a high standard throughout with diagonal chimneys, tessellated tiled path and hallway, leadlight front door, bay windows, timber wainscoting, fireplaces and elaborately moulded cornices, ceilings and roses.The resultant design is very distinctive and there is no similar house design within the Municipality of Randwick.The quality of the detailing and design suggest the use of an architect, although no conclusive evidence is available to substantiate this view.
Modifications and dates
1884/1885 constructed
1920 converted to flats
Heritage listing
As at 19 September 2011, Venice is a comparatively rare and distinctive example of late Victorian Gothic architecture retaining most of its period detailing intact. The house and remaining garden make a notable contribution to the Frenchman Road streetscape and the early historical identity of Randwick. The house is of architectural significance to Randwick and to New South Wales.Venice was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
References
Bibliography
CityPlan Heritage (2008). Heritage Assessment and Schedule of Conservation Works.
Moore, June; Randwick and District Historical Society (1989). Research - Venice 66 Frenchmans Road Randwick.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on Venice, entry number 00175 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 1 June 2018.
External links
Media related to Venice, Randwick at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
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Jay Lawrence Westbrook (born 1947) is an American politician of the Democratic Party in Cleveland, Ohio. For 34 years, he was a member of Cleveland City Council representing wards on the west side of Cleveland. He was first elected to council in 1980 and served as its president from 1990 to 1999. He retired from Council on December 31, 2013. He currently works for the Thriving Communities program of the Western Reserve Land Conservancy.
External links
Where Are They Now: Jay Westbrook
|
occupation
|
{
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50
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"politician"
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|
Jay Lawrence Westbrook (born 1947) is an American politician of the Democratic Party in Cleveland, Ohio. For 34 years, he was a member of Cleveland City Council representing wards on the west side of Cleveland. He was first elected to council in 1980 and served as its president from 1990 to 1999. He retired from Council on December 31, 2013. He currently works for the Thriving Communities program of the Western Reserve Land Conservancy.
External links
Where Are They Now: Jay Westbrook
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
13
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"Westbrook"
]
}
|
Jay Lawrence Westbrook (born 1947) is an American politician of the Democratic Party in Cleveland, Ohio. For 34 years, he was a member of Cleveland City Council representing wards on the west side of Cleveland. He was first elected to council in 1980 and served as its president from 1990 to 1999. He retired from Council on December 31, 2013. He currently works for the Thriving Communities program of the Western Reserve Land Conservancy.
External links
Where Are They Now: Jay Westbrook
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
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|
Scott Newhall (January 21, 1914 – October 26, 1992) was a newspaper editor known for his stewardship of the San Francisco Chronicle.
Early life
Scott Newhall was born on January 21, 1914, into the family that owned the Newhall Land and Farming Company. He grew up in San Rafael, San Francisco, and Berkeley, attending Tamalpais School for Boys, Tamalpais High School, San Rafael Military Academy, and the Webb School of California for boys. In 1933, in the midst of his sophomore year at U.C. Berkeley, he married Ruth Waldo.
Newspaper career
In 1934, Newhall joined the San Francisco Chronicle as a photographer. By 1952—when the Chronicle's circulation was 155,000, languishing behind those of the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Call-Bulletin—he was promoted from Sunday editor to executive editor, with the goal of increasing circulation, a goal he achieved by enhancing serious news coverage leavened with zany features and a stable of columnists that included "Dear Abby", Arthur Hoppe, Stanton Delaplane, Charles McCabe, "Count Marco", and Herb Caen. By 1965, the Chronicle had surpassed the competition, with a daily circulation of over 363,000. He left the paper in 1971.In 1963, he purchased The Newhall Signal, which he sold in 1978, but continued to edit until 1988.In 2012, he was inducted into the California Newspaper Hall of Fame.
Paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall
In 1970, Newhall purchased, refurbished, and sailed from England to San Francisco the 1914 River Tyne paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which was donated to the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.
1971 San Francisco mayoral campaign
In 1971, Newhall campaigned to become mayor of San Francisco. He came in 5th place, getting 8,704 votes, or 3.44% of total votes cast.
Death
On October 26, 1992, Newhall died at Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, which was named after his great-grandfather. He had been suffering from acute pancreatitis. He was 78 years of age.
See also
Earl Hines, musician, received a piano from Newhall
Lucius Beebe, writer. Newhall edited one of his books.
Piru Mansion, restored by Newhall
Citations
Works cited
Bean, Walton (1973). California: An Interpretive History (Second ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 454. ISBN 0-07-004224-1. The San Francisco Chronicle passed from J. H. de Young to his son-in-law George T. Cameron in 1925, and to de Young's grandson Charles de Young Thieriot 30 years later. Under Cameron and his general manager Paul S. Smith the Chronicle made a valiant though generally thankless effort to be a West Coast New York Times. But under Thieriot and his executive editor Scott Newhall the Chronicle launched a much more successful drive to out-Hearst the Examiner in entertainment.
Caen, Herb (October 18, 1972). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Scott Newhall, guiding spirit of the S.F. Maritime Museum ever since he helped found it in 1948, has submitted his resignation as a trustee, reportedly because 'the cost accountants have taken over.' One good reason for his pique: the ancient tug, Eppleton Hall, which he sailed here from England in a daring exploit and then presented to the Museum, still lies unused along the waterfront because 'the cost accountants' won't lay out the piddling $8600 it would take to turn her into a public museum. Newhall put a quarter of a million dollars and several buckets of blood, sweat and tears into that old ship and at the moment it all seems down the drain.
Caen, Herb (November 1, 1994). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Mick Jagger loves what's left of our historic waterfront. Last Tues., he took his son to the Maritime Museum, and on Thurs. he showed up at the Hyde St. Pier with his wife, Jerry Hall. The apple of his eye: the paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which Scott Newhall, then exec editor of The Chronicle, sailed here from England in an epic 1970 voyage.
Carroll, Jon (October 30, 1992). "Memories Of Scott Newhall". San Francisco Chronicle. Newhall liked sensation, controversy, scandal, violence, the fire and music of life. His particular passions and attitudes became dated, as all ours will, but his spirit is still with us. 'New Hairy Potato Oozes Goo,' said a headline in The Chronicle last Tuesday—pure Newhall.
Gorney, Cynthia (January–February 1999). "The State of The American Newspaper: The Battle Of the Bay". American Journalism Review. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Leary, Kevin (October 27, 1992). "Former Chronicle Editor Scott Newhall Dies". San Francisco Chronicle. p. D6.
Newhall, Ruth Waldo (January 1996). "The Life And Times Of Scott Newhall". Old Town Newhall Gazette. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Newhall, Scott (1971). The Eppleton Hall. Berkeley: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7085-4. LCCN 73-175451.
Nolte, Carl (October 29, 1996). "Obituary – Count Marco – Outrageous S.F. Advice Columnist". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Nolte, Carl (January 25, 2014). "Eppleton Hall ("Eppie") remembrance". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
"San Francisco Mayor: 1971". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Saxon, Wolfgang (October 28, 1992). "Scott Newhall, 78, Newspaper Editor In San Francisco". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
SCVNews (December 4, 2012). "Scott Newhall to Enter Calif. Newspaper Hall of Fame" (Press release). Retrieved April 2, 2018 – via SCVTV.
Stassel, Stephanie (October 28, 1992). "Flamboyant Newspaper Editor Scott Newhall, 78". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links
Newhall memorial reported in 1992 Los Angeles Times
Ruth Newhall 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Dolly Rhee 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Hartlaub on the anti-swill campaign in 2013 San Francisco Chronicle
Changing Times – 2015 San Francisco Chronicle
2016 San Francisco Chronicle story on "Swill" headline
"Scott Newhall – Salvage of the Eppleton Hall". SCVHistory.com.
"Ruth & Scott Newhall – Owners, The Signal Newspaper". SCVHistory.com.
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
108
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"text": [
"San Francisco"
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|
Scott Newhall (January 21, 1914 – October 26, 1992) was a newspaper editor known for his stewardship of the San Francisco Chronicle.
Early life
Scott Newhall was born on January 21, 1914, into the family that owned the Newhall Land and Farming Company. He grew up in San Rafael, San Francisco, and Berkeley, attending Tamalpais School for Boys, Tamalpais High School, San Rafael Military Academy, and the Webb School of California for boys. In 1933, in the midst of his sophomore year at U.C. Berkeley, he married Ruth Waldo.
Newspaper career
In 1934, Newhall joined the San Francisco Chronicle as a photographer. By 1952—when the Chronicle's circulation was 155,000, languishing behind those of the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Call-Bulletin—he was promoted from Sunday editor to executive editor, with the goal of increasing circulation, a goal he achieved by enhancing serious news coverage leavened with zany features and a stable of columnists that included "Dear Abby", Arthur Hoppe, Stanton Delaplane, Charles McCabe, "Count Marco", and Herb Caen. By 1965, the Chronicle had surpassed the competition, with a daily circulation of over 363,000. He left the paper in 1971.In 1963, he purchased The Newhall Signal, which he sold in 1978, but continued to edit until 1988.In 2012, he was inducted into the California Newspaper Hall of Fame.
Paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall
In 1970, Newhall purchased, refurbished, and sailed from England to San Francisco the 1914 River Tyne paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which was donated to the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.
1971 San Francisco mayoral campaign
In 1971, Newhall campaigned to become mayor of San Francisco. He came in 5th place, getting 8,704 votes, or 3.44% of total votes cast.
Death
On October 26, 1992, Newhall died at Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, which was named after his great-grandfather. He had been suffering from acute pancreatitis. He was 78 years of age.
See also
Earl Hines, musician, received a piano from Newhall
Lucius Beebe, writer. Newhall edited one of his books.
Piru Mansion, restored by Newhall
Citations
Works cited
Bean, Walton (1973). California: An Interpretive History (Second ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 454. ISBN 0-07-004224-1. The San Francisco Chronicle passed from J. H. de Young to his son-in-law George T. Cameron in 1925, and to de Young's grandson Charles de Young Thieriot 30 years later. Under Cameron and his general manager Paul S. Smith the Chronicle made a valiant though generally thankless effort to be a West Coast New York Times. But under Thieriot and his executive editor Scott Newhall the Chronicle launched a much more successful drive to out-Hearst the Examiner in entertainment.
Caen, Herb (October 18, 1972). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Scott Newhall, guiding spirit of the S.F. Maritime Museum ever since he helped found it in 1948, has submitted his resignation as a trustee, reportedly because 'the cost accountants have taken over.' One good reason for his pique: the ancient tug, Eppleton Hall, which he sailed here from England in a daring exploit and then presented to the Museum, still lies unused along the waterfront because 'the cost accountants' won't lay out the piddling $8600 it would take to turn her into a public museum. Newhall put a quarter of a million dollars and several buckets of blood, sweat and tears into that old ship and at the moment it all seems down the drain.
Caen, Herb (November 1, 1994). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Mick Jagger loves what's left of our historic waterfront. Last Tues., he took his son to the Maritime Museum, and on Thurs. he showed up at the Hyde St. Pier with his wife, Jerry Hall. The apple of his eye: the paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which Scott Newhall, then exec editor of The Chronicle, sailed here from England in an epic 1970 voyage.
Carroll, Jon (October 30, 1992). "Memories Of Scott Newhall". San Francisco Chronicle. Newhall liked sensation, controversy, scandal, violence, the fire and music of life. His particular passions and attitudes became dated, as all ours will, but his spirit is still with us. 'New Hairy Potato Oozes Goo,' said a headline in The Chronicle last Tuesday—pure Newhall.
Gorney, Cynthia (January–February 1999). "The State of The American Newspaper: The Battle Of the Bay". American Journalism Review. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Leary, Kevin (October 27, 1992). "Former Chronicle Editor Scott Newhall Dies". San Francisco Chronicle. p. D6.
Newhall, Ruth Waldo (January 1996). "The Life And Times Of Scott Newhall". Old Town Newhall Gazette. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Newhall, Scott (1971). The Eppleton Hall. Berkeley: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7085-4. LCCN 73-175451.
Nolte, Carl (October 29, 1996). "Obituary – Count Marco – Outrageous S.F. Advice Columnist". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Nolte, Carl (January 25, 2014). "Eppleton Hall ("Eppie") remembrance". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
"San Francisco Mayor: 1971". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Saxon, Wolfgang (October 28, 1992). "Scott Newhall, 78, Newspaper Editor In San Francisco". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
SCVNews (December 4, 2012). "Scott Newhall to Enter Calif. Newspaper Hall of Fame" (Press release). Retrieved April 2, 2018 – via SCVTV.
Stassel, Stephanie (October 28, 1992). "Flamboyant Newspaper Editor Scott Newhall, 78". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links
Newhall memorial reported in 1992 Los Angeles Times
Ruth Newhall 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Dolly Rhee 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Hartlaub on the anti-swill campaign in 2013 San Francisco Chronicle
Changing Times – 2015 San Francisco Chronicle
2016 San Francisco Chronicle story on "Swill" headline
"Scott Newhall – Salvage of the Eppleton Hall". SCVHistory.com.
"Ruth & Scott Newhall – Owners, The Signal Newspaper". SCVHistory.com.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"newspaper editor"
]
}
|
Scott Newhall (January 21, 1914 – October 26, 1992) was a newspaper editor known for his stewardship of the San Francisco Chronicle.
Early life
Scott Newhall was born on January 21, 1914, into the family that owned the Newhall Land and Farming Company. He grew up in San Rafael, San Francisco, and Berkeley, attending Tamalpais School for Boys, Tamalpais High School, San Rafael Military Academy, and the Webb School of California for boys. In 1933, in the midst of his sophomore year at U.C. Berkeley, he married Ruth Waldo.
Newspaper career
In 1934, Newhall joined the San Francisco Chronicle as a photographer. By 1952—when the Chronicle's circulation was 155,000, languishing behind those of the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Call-Bulletin—he was promoted from Sunday editor to executive editor, with the goal of increasing circulation, a goal he achieved by enhancing serious news coverage leavened with zany features and a stable of columnists that included "Dear Abby", Arthur Hoppe, Stanton Delaplane, Charles McCabe, "Count Marco", and Herb Caen. By 1965, the Chronicle had surpassed the competition, with a daily circulation of over 363,000. He left the paper in 1971.In 1963, he purchased The Newhall Signal, which he sold in 1978, but continued to edit until 1988.In 2012, he was inducted into the California Newspaper Hall of Fame.
Paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall
In 1970, Newhall purchased, refurbished, and sailed from England to San Francisco the 1914 River Tyne paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which was donated to the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.
1971 San Francisco mayoral campaign
In 1971, Newhall campaigned to become mayor of San Francisco. He came in 5th place, getting 8,704 votes, or 3.44% of total votes cast.
Death
On October 26, 1992, Newhall died at Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, which was named after his great-grandfather. He had been suffering from acute pancreatitis. He was 78 years of age.
See also
Earl Hines, musician, received a piano from Newhall
Lucius Beebe, writer. Newhall edited one of his books.
Piru Mansion, restored by Newhall
Citations
Works cited
Bean, Walton (1973). California: An Interpretive History (Second ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 454. ISBN 0-07-004224-1. The San Francisco Chronicle passed from J. H. de Young to his son-in-law George T. Cameron in 1925, and to de Young's grandson Charles de Young Thieriot 30 years later. Under Cameron and his general manager Paul S. Smith the Chronicle made a valiant though generally thankless effort to be a West Coast New York Times. But under Thieriot and his executive editor Scott Newhall the Chronicle launched a much more successful drive to out-Hearst the Examiner in entertainment.
Caen, Herb (October 18, 1972). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Scott Newhall, guiding spirit of the S.F. Maritime Museum ever since he helped found it in 1948, has submitted his resignation as a trustee, reportedly because 'the cost accountants have taken over.' One good reason for his pique: the ancient tug, Eppleton Hall, which he sailed here from England in a daring exploit and then presented to the Museum, still lies unused along the waterfront because 'the cost accountants' won't lay out the piddling $8600 it would take to turn her into a public museum. Newhall put a quarter of a million dollars and several buckets of blood, sweat and tears into that old ship and at the moment it all seems down the drain.
Caen, Herb (November 1, 1994). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Mick Jagger loves what's left of our historic waterfront. Last Tues., he took his son to the Maritime Museum, and on Thurs. he showed up at the Hyde St. Pier with his wife, Jerry Hall. The apple of his eye: the paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which Scott Newhall, then exec editor of The Chronicle, sailed here from England in an epic 1970 voyage.
Carroll, Jon (October 30, 1992). "Memories Of Scott Newhall". San Francisco Chronicle. Newhall liked sensation, controversy, scandal, violence, the fire and music of life. His particular passions and attitudes became dated, as all ours will, but his spirit is still with us. 'New Hairy Potato Oozes Goo,' said a headline in The Chronicle last Tuesday—pure Newhall.
Gorney, Cynthia (January–February 1999). "The State of The American Newspaper: The Battle Of the Bay". American Journalism Review. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Leary, Kevin (October 27, 1992). "Former Chronicle Editor Scott Newhall Dies". San Francisco Chronicle. p. D6.
Newhall, Ruth Waldo (January 1996). "The Life And Times Of Scott Newhall". Old Town Newhall Gazette. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Newhall, Scott (1971). The Eppleton Hall. Berkeley: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7085-4. LCCN 73-175451.
Nolte, Carl (October 29, 1996). "Obituary – Count Marco – Outrageous S.F. Advice Columnist". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Nolte, Carl (January 25, 2014). "Eppleton Hall ("Eppie") remembrance". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
"San Francisco Mayor: 1971". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Saxon, Wolfgang (October 28, 1992). "Scott Newhall, 78, Newspaper Editor In San Francisco". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
SCVNews (December 4, 2012). "Scott Newhall to Enter Calif. Newspaper Hall of Fame" (Press release). Retrieved April 2, 2018 – via SCVTV.
Stassel, Stephanie (October 28, 1992). "Flamboyant Newspaper Editor Scott Newhall, 78". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links
Newhall memorial reported in 1992 Los Angeles Times
Ruth Newhall 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Dolly Rhee 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Hartlaub on the anti-swill campaign in 2013 San Francisco Chronicle
Changing Times – 2015 San Francisco Chronicle
2016 San Francisco Chronicle story on "Swill" headline
"Scott Newhall – Salvage of the Eppleton Hall". SCVHistory.com.
"Ruth & Scott Newhall – Owners, The Signal Newspaper". SCVHistory.com.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Newhall"
]
}
|
Scott Newhall (January 21, 1914 – October 26, 1992) was a newspaper editor known for his stewardship of the San Francisco Chronicle.
Early life
Scott Newhall was born on January 21, 1914, into the family that owned the Newhall Land and Farming Company. He grew up in San Rafael, San Francisco, and Berkeley, attending Tamalpais School for Boys, Tamalpais High School, San Rafael Military Academy, and the Webb School of California for boys. In 1933, in the midst of his sophomore year at U.C. Berkeley, he married Ruth Waldo.
Newspaper career
In 1934, Newhall joined the San Francisco Chronicle as a photographer. By 1952—when the Chronicle's circulation was 155,000, languishing behind those of the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Call-Bulletin—he was promoted from Sunday editor to executive editor, with the goal of increasing circulation, a goal he achieved by enhancing serious news coverage leavened with zany features and a stable of columnists that included "Dear Abby", Arthur Hoppe, Stanton Delaplane, Charles McCabe, "Count Marco", and Herb Caen. By 1965, the Chronicle had surpassed the competition, with a daily circulation of over 363,000. He left the paper in 1971.In 1963, he purchased The Newhall Signal, which he sold in 1978, but continued to edit until 1988.In 2012, he was inducted into the California Newspaper Hall of Fame.
Paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall
In 1970, Newhall purchased, refurbished, and sailed from England to San Francisco the 1914 River Tyne paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which was donated to the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.
1971 San Francisco mayoral campaign
In 1971, Newhall campaigned to become mayor of San Francisco. He came in 5th place, getting 8,704 votes, or 3.44% of total votes cast.
Death
On October 26, 1992, Newhall died at Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, which was named after his great-grandfather. He had been suffering from acute pancreatitis. He was 78 years of age.
See also
Earl Hines, musician, received a piano from Newhall
Lucius Beebe, writer. Newhall edited one of his books.
Piru Mansion, restored by Newhall
Citations
Works cited
Bean, Walton (1973). California: An Interpretive History (Second ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 454. ISBN 0-07-004224-1. The San Francisco Chronicle passed from J. H. de Young to his son-in-law George T. Cameron in 1925, and to de Young's grandson Charles de Young Thieriot 30 years later. Under Cameron and his general manager Paul S. Smith the Chronicle made a valiant though generally thankless effort to be a West Coast New York Times. But under Thieriot and his executive editor Scott Newhall the Chronicle launched a much more successful drive to out-Hearst the Examiner in entertainment.
Caen, Herb (October 18, 1972). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Scott Newhall, guiding spirit of the S.F. Maritime Museum ever since he helped found it in 1948, has submitted his resignation as a trustee, reportedly because 'the cost accountants have taken over.' One good reason for his pique: the ancient tug, Eppleton Hall, which he sailed here from England in a daring exploit and then presented to the Museum, still lies unused along the waterfront because 'the cost accountants' won't lay out the piddling $8600 it would take to turn her into a public museum. Newhall put a quarter of a million dollars and several buckets of blood, sweat and tears into that old ship and at the moment it all seems down the drain.
Caen, Herb (November 1, 1994). "Herb Caen". San Francisco Chronicle. Mick Jagger loves what's left of our historic waterfront. Last Tues., he took his son to the Maritime Museum, and on Thurs. he showed up at the Hyde St. Pier with his wife, Jerry Hall. The apple of his eye: the paddlewheel tug Eppleton Hall, which Scott Newhall, then exec editor of The Chronicle, sailed here from England in an epic 1970 voyage.
Carroll, Jon (October 30, 1992). "Memories Of Scott Newhall". San Francisco Chronicle. Newhall liked sensation, controversy, scandal, violence, the fire and music of life. His particular passions and attitudes became dated, as all ours will, but his spirit is still with us. 'New Hairy Potato Oozes Goo,' said a headline in The Chronicle last Tuesday—pure Newhall.
Gorney, Cynthia (January–February 1999). "The State of The American Newspaper: The Battle Of the Bay". American Journalism Review. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Leary, Kevin (October 27, 1992). "Former Chronicle Editor Scott Newhall Dies". San Francisco Chronicle. p. D6.
Newhall, Ruth Waldo (January 1996). "The Life And Times Of Scott Newhall". Old Town Newhall Gazette. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Newhall, Scott (1971). The Eppleton Hall. Berkeley: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7085-4. LCCN 73-175451.
Nolte, Carl (October 29, 1996). "Obituary – Count Marco – Outrageous S.F. Advice Columnist". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Nolte, Carl (January 25, 2014). "Eppleton Hall ("Eppie") remembrance". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
"San Francisco Mayor: 1971". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Saxon, Wolfgang (October 28, 1992). "Scott Newhall, 78, Newspaper Editor In San Francisco". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
SCVNews (December 4, 2012). "Scott Newhall to Enter Calif. Newspaper Hall of Fame" (Press release). Retrieved April 2, 2018 – via SCVTV.
Stassel, Stephanie (October 28, 1992). "Flamboyant Newspaper Editor Scott Newhall, 78". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links
Newhall memorial reported in 1992 Los Angeles Times
Ruth Newhall 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Dolly Rhee 2003 obituary in San Francisco Chronicle
Hartlaub on the anti-swill campaign in 2013 San Francisco Chronicle
Changing Times – 2015 San Francisco Chronicle
2016 San Francisco Chronicle story on "Swill" headline
"Scott Newhall – Salvage of the Eppleton Hall". SCVHistory.com.
"Ruth & Scott Newhall – Owners, The Signal Newspaper". SCVHistory.com.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
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|
Denise N. George, also known as Denise George-Counts, is a U.S. Virgin Islands lawyer and former television news reporter who served as the Attorney General of the Virgin Islands. She completed a Bachelor of Arts in radio, television, and film at the University of Maryland, College Park. George completed a Juris Doctor from Howard University School of Law in 1984.George had been the driving force behind the lawsuits filed against the estate of Jeffrey Epstein. The suit was settled in December 2022 with the estate agreeing pay the Virgin Islands $105 million and half of the sale price of Epstein's Little Saint James Island.On 27 December 2022, George filed a lawsuit in the US federal court in New York City, which alleged JPMorgan Chase "knowingly facilitated, sustained, and concealed the human trafficking network operated by Jeffrey Epstein" and "financially benefitted" from those actions.She was removed from her post on 1 January 2023 by Governor Albert Bryan. The governor’s office said that media reports which linked George's sacking to her suit against JPMorgan were not "entirely" accurate.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
799
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Denise N. George, also known as Denise George-Counts, is a U.S. Virgin Islands lawyer and former television news reporter who served as the Attorney General of the Virgin Islands. She completed a Bachelor of Arts in radio, television, and film at the University of Maryland, College Park. George completed a Juris Doctor from Howard University School of Law in 1984.George had been the driving force behind the lawsuits filed against the estate of Jeffrey Epstein. The suit was settled in December 2022 with the estate agreeing pay the Virgin Islands $105 million and half of the sale price of Epstein's Little Saint James Island.On 27 December 2022, George filed a lawsuit in the US federal court in New York City, which alleged JPMorgan Chase "knowingly facilitated, sustained, and concealed the human trafficking network operated by Jeffrey Epstein" and "financially benefitted" from those actions.She was removed from her post on 1 January 2023 by Governor Albert Bryan. The governor’s office said that media reports which linked George's sacking to her suit against JPMorgan were not "entirely" accurate.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"lawyer"
]
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|
Denise N. George, also known as Denise George-Counts, is a U.S. Virgin Islands lawyer and former television news reporter who served as the Attorney General of the Virgin Islands. She completed a Bachelor of Arts in radio, television, and film at the University of Maryland, College Park. George completed a Juris Doctor from Howard University School of Law in 1984.George had been the driving force behind the lawsuits filed against the estate of Jeffrey Epstein. The suit was settled in December 2022 with the estate agreeing pay the Virgin Islands $105 million and half of the sale price of Epstein's Little Saint James Island.On 27 December 2022, George filed a lawsuit in the US federal court in New York City, which alleged JPMorgan Chase "knowingly facilitated, sustained, and concealed the human trafficking network operated by Jeffrey Epstein" and "financially benefitted" from those actions.She was removed from her post on 1 January 2023 by Governor Albert Bryan. The governor’s office said that media reports which linked George's sacking to her suit against JPMorgan were not "entirely" accurate.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Denise"
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Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"Zaragoza"
]
}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"Zaragoza"
]
}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
country of citizenship
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Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
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Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
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Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
educated at
|
{
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Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
occupation
|
{
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Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jesús Comín"
]
}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jesús"
]
}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
work location
|
{
"answer_start": [
13700
],
"text": [
"Madrid"
]
}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
political ideology
|
{
"answer_start": [
6599
],
"text": [
"Carlism"
]
}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
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"text": [
"Spanish"
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}
|
Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.
Family and youth
The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards. His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres", and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica. He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker and writer. Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe. Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero. His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death. Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro; it is not clear how many children the couple had.
None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado". It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario; at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.In 1920 Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973); the couple had seven children, brought up in fervently Catholic ambience. The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders. María Pilar Comín Ros and Javier Comín Ros were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician. He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.
Public servant
Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps. He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive. It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters. An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal. It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s and in the early 1930s.
Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático"; a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín" and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters. The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar. None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies. A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.
Early politics
Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista. At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar. In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup. Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate. He lost to a conservative rival and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed. He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.
Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza. Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional. Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again. Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.
Republic
During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation; more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet. Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement, including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander. Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization, 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista. He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was elected to the Cortes; 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district. In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions" while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious. Member of 3 committees, he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro or underused railway hub in Canfranc. Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising and the 1934 Asturian revolution, he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE and masonry, and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime and attacked the Lerroux government.
Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy; in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc; he signed its launch 1934 manifesto. The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal, who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits. The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe, presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia to Quintillo in Andalusia. He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.
Civil War
During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies; a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain. Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés. The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital. As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds, remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade. Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall, while the city elated in religious celebrations. Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed, later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares. In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was. He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front, though it is not known what was his unit at the time; also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938. He suffered combat wounds; noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.
Comín did not enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party. Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange; this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés. Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista. It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist and Nationalist propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939; according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.
Reception and legacy
During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático". His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc. His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon. His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries, including general Moscardo and general Monasterio. José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista. He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist. There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.
See also
Carlism
Requetés
Bienvenido Comín Sarté
Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros
Antoni Comín Oliveres
Footnotes
Further reading
Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
External links
Comín's grandfather by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's uncle by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Comín's father by UC3M site Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Comín by Aragon Encyclopaedia Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
Tercio de Nuestra Senora del Pilar; Carlist site
press celebrating Comín street being renamed, 2009
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
2263
],
"text": [
"Jesús Comín Sagüés"
]
}
|
The American Fork City Hall on Church Street in American Fork, Utah was built in 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah County, Utah
References
External links
Media related to American Fork City Hall at Wikimedia Commons
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"American Fork"
]
}
|
The American Fork City Hall on Church Street in American Fork, Utah was built in 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah County, Utah
References
External links
Media related to American Fork City Hall at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"American Fork City Hall"
]
}
|
Francis Patrick (Frank) Connors (12 January 1888 – 6 November 1963) was an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was a Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1930 until 1932, representing the electorate of Dulwich Hill.
Connors was born at Paterson, and educated at Morpeth in the Hunter Region. He was an engineer by profession, but began working as a union official during his 30s. Prior to entering politics, he served as assistant state secretary and an organiser of the Australasian Society of Engineers from 1924 until 1929. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Dulwich Hill at the 1930 state election, defeating Nationalist John Ness, but lost the seat to Ness amidst the statewide Labor defeat of 1932. Connors again contested Dulwich Hill in 1935, but again lost to Ness.
Connors returned to the trade union movement after his parliamentary defeat, serving as state secretary of the Australian Society of Engineers from 1932 until 1943. He subsequently served as its federal secretary from 1943 until 1953. He remained heavily involved in Labor politics; he was expelled from the party by a special conference in 1936 and joined the left-wing splinter Industrial Labor Party. Upon the readmission of the ILP into Labor in 1939, he was elected to the Labor central executive, but in 1940 joined the State Labor Party split, serving on its executive until 1941. He rejoined the Labor Party soon after, and again served on the official Labor executive from 1942 until 1953.
Connors died in 1963, and was buried in the Roman Catholic section of Rookwood Cemetery.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Connors"
]
}
|
Francis Patrick (Frank) Connors (12 January 1888 – 6 November 1963) was an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was a Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1930 until 1932, representing the electorate of Dulwich Hill.
Connors was born at Paterson, and educated at Morpeth in the Hunter Region. He was an engineer by profession, but began working as a union official during his 30s. Prior to entering politics, he served as assistant state secretary and an organiser of the Australasian Society of Engineers from 1924 until 1929. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Dulwich Hill at the 1930 state election, defeating Nationalist John Ness, but lost the seat to Ness amidst the statewide Labor defeat of 1932. Connors again contested Dulwich Hill in 1935, but again lost to Ness.
Connors returned to the trade union movement after his parliamentary defeat, serving as state secretary of the Australian Society of Engineers from 1932 until 1943. He subsequently served as its federal secretary from 1943 until 1953. He remained heavily involved in Labor politics; he was expelled from the party by a special conference in 1936 and joined the left-wing splinter Industrial Labor Party. Upon the readmission of the ILP into Labor in 1939, he was elected to the Labor central executive, but in 1940 joined the State Labor Party split, serving on its executive until 1941. He rejoined the Labor Party soon after, and again served on the official Labor executive from 1942 until 1953.
Connors died in 1963, and was buried in the Roman Catholic section of Rookwood Cemetery.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"Frank"
]
}
|
Francis Patrick (Frank) Connors (12 January 1888 – 6 November 1963) was an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was a Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1930 until 1932, representing the electorate of Dulwich Hill.
Connors was born at Paterson, and educated at Morpeth in the Hunter Region. He was an engineer by profession, but began working as a union official during his 30s. Prior to entering politics, he served as assistant state secretary and an organiser of the Australasian Society of Engineers from 1924 until 1929. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Dulwich Hill at the 1930 state election, defeating Nationalist John Ness, but lost the seat to Ness amidst the statewide Labor defeat of 1932. Connors again contested Dulwich Hill in 1935, but again lost to Ness.
Connors returned to the trade union movement after his parliamentary defeat, serving as state secretary of the Australian Society of Engineers from 1932 until 1943. He subsequently served as its federal secretary from 1943 until 1953. He remained heavily involved in Labor politics; he was expelled from the party by a special conference in 1936 and joined the left-wing splinter Industrial Labor Party. Upon the readmission of the ILP into Labor in 1939, he was elected to the Labor central executive, but in 1940 joined the State Labor Party split, serving on its executive until 1941. He rejoined the Labor Party soon after, and again served on the official Labor executive from 1942 until 1953.
Connors died in 1963, and was buried in the Roman Catholic section of Rookwood Cemetery.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Francis Patrick (Frank) Connors (12 January 1888 – 6 November 1963) was an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was a Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1930 until 1932, representing the electorate of Dulwich Hill.
Connors was born at Paterson, and educated at Morpeth in the Hunter Region. He was an engineer by profession, but began working as a union official during his 30s. Prior to entering politics, he served as assistant state secretary and an organiser of the Australasian Society of Engineers from 1924 until 1929. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Dulwich Hill at the 1930 state election, defeating Nationalist John Ness, but lost the seat to Ness amidst the statewide Labor defeat of 1932. Connors again contested Dulwich Hill in 1935, but again lost to Ness.
Connors returned to the trade union movement after his parliamentary defeat, serving as state secretary of the Australian Society of Engineers from 1932 until 1943. He subsequently served as its federal secretary from 1943 until 1953. He remained heavily involved in Labor politics; he was expelled from the party by a special conference in 1936 and joined the left-wing splinter Industrial Labor Party. Upon the readmission of the ILP into Labor in 1939, he was elected to the Labor central executive, but in 1940 joined the State Labor Party split, serving on its executive until 1941. He rejoined the Labor Party soon after, and again served on the official Labor executive from 1942 until 1953.
Connors died in 1963, and was buried in the Roman Catholic section of Rookwood Cemetery.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Tales from Northumberland with Robson Green is a British documentary series which sees Robson Green travel around his home county of Northumberland in the North of England.
Transmissions
Tales from NorthumberlandTales from the Coast
Episodes
Series 1The first series aired from 28 October until 16 December 2013.
Series 2The second series aired from 16 February until 6 April 2015. The series was titled More Tales from Northumberland with Robson Green.
Series 3The third series began airing on 29 February 2016 and was titled Further Tales from Northumberland with Robson Green.
Tales from the Coast with Robson Green
DVD release
The Region 2 DVD for the first series was released on 6 January 2014.
References
External links
Official Twitter
|
number of seasons
|
{
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"3"
]
}
|
Culpeper Historic District is a national historic district located at Culpeper, Culpeper County, Virginia, United States.
History
It encompasses 129 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of the town of Culpeper. Notable buildings include the Culpeper County Courthouse (1874), Municipal Building (1928), jail and sheriff's office (1908), the Ann Wingfield School (1929), St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (1821), Culpeper Presbyterian Church (1868), Culpeper Baptist Church (1894), Antioch Baptist Church (1886), Southern Railway Station (1904), Farmers & Merchants Bank Block (c. 1900), Masonic Building (1902), Booton Building (1898), and Second National Bank (c. 1912). The contributing object is the Confederate Memorial dedicated in 1911. Also located in the district is the separately listed A. P. Hill Boyhood Home.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"historic district"
]
}
|
Culpeper Historic District is a national historic district located at Culpeper, Culpeper County, Virginia, United States.
History
It encompasses 129 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of the town of Culpeper. Notable buildings include the Culpeper County Courthouse (1874), Municipal Building (1928), jail and sheriff's office (1908), the Ann Wingfield School (1929), St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (1821), Culpeper Presbyterian Church (1868), Culpeper Baptist Church (1894), Antioch Baptist Church (1886), Southern Railway Station (1904), Farmers & Merchants Bank Block (c. 1900), Masonic Building (1902), Booton Building (1898), and Second National Bank (c. 1912). The contributing object is the Confederate Memorial dedicated in 1911. Also located in the district is the separately listed A. P. Hill Boyhood Home.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Culpeper"
]
}
|
Zoran Kalinić (born 20 July 1958) is a Serbian retired table tennis player who represented SFR Yugoslavia (1976–1991) and FR Yugoslavia (1991–1998).
Table tennis career
He began playing table tennis in 1969. He turned pro in 1976. He won 15 medals in European and World championships.
His four World Championship medals included a gold medal in the doubles at the 1983 World Table Tennis Championships with Dragutin Šurbek.He also won two English Open titles.
He was nominated for the Sportsperson of Yugoslavia in 1994. He is the current national association president.
Biography
He is the father of basketball player Nikola Kalinić (b. 1991).
See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
References
Further reading
"Vesti online | Posvećeni novinarstvu - Vesti Srbija, Evropa, dijaspora, Svet".
External links
"KALINIC Zoran (YUG)". ITTF.
"Zoran Kalinić" (in Serbian). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"Serbia"
]
}
|
Zoran Kalinić (born 20 July 1958) is a Serbian retired table tennis player who represented SFR Yugoslavia (1976–1991) and FR Yugoslavia (1991–1998).
Table tennis career
He began playing table tennis in 1969. He turned pro in 1976. He won 15 medals in European and World championships.
His four World Championship medals included a gold medal in the doubles at the 1983 World Table Tennis Championships with Dragutin Šurbek.He also won two English Open titles.
He was nominated for the Sportsperson of Yugoslavia in 1994. He is the current national association president.
Biography
He is the father of basketball player Nikola Kalinić (b. 1991).
See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
References
Further reading
"Vesti online | Posvećeni novinarstvu - Vesti Srbija, Evropa, dijaspora, Svet".
External links
"KALINIC Zoran (YUG)". ITTF.
"Zoran Kalinić" (in Serbian). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"table tennis player"
]
}
|
Zoran Kalinić (born 20 July 1958) is a Serbian retired table tennis player who represented SFR Yugoslavia (1976–1991) and FR Yugoslavia (1991–1998).
Table tennis career
He began playing table tennis in 1969. He turned pro in 1976. He won 15 medals in European and World championships.
His four World Championship medals included a gold medal in the doubles at the 1983 World Table Tennis Championships with Dragutin Šurbek.He also won two English Open titles.
He was nominated for the Sportsperson of Yugoslavia in 1994. He is the current national association president.
Biography
He is the father of basketball player Nikola Kalinić (b. 1991).
See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
References
Further reading
"Vesti online | Posvećeni novinarstvu - Vesti Srbija, Evropa, dijaspora, Svet".
External links
"KALINIC Zoran (YUG)". ITTF.
"Zoran Kalinić" (in Serbian). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"table tennis"
]
}
|
Zoran Kalinić (born 20 July 1958) is a Serbian retired table tennis player who represented SFR Yugoslavia (1976–1991) and FR Yugoslavia (1991–1998).
Table tennis career
He began playing table tennis in 1969. He turned pro in 1976. He won 15 medals in European and World championships.
His four World Championship medals included a gold medal in the doubles at the 1983 World Table Tennis Championships with Dragutin Šurbek.He also won two English Open titles.
He was nominated for the Sportsperson of Yugoslavia in 1994. He is the current national association president.
Biography
He is the father of basketball player Nikola Kalinić (b. 1991).
See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
References
Further reading
"Vesti online | Posvećeni novinarstvu - Vesti Srbija, Evropa, dijaspora, Svet".
External links
"KALINIC Zoran (YUG)". ITTF.
"Zoran Kalinić" (in Serbian). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Zoran"
]
}
|
Zoran Kalinić (born 20 July 1958) is a Serbian retired table tennis player who represented SFR Yugoslavia (1976–1991) and FR Yugoslavia (1991–1998).
Table tennis career
He began playing table tennis in 1969. He turned pro in 1976. He won 15 medals in European and World championships.
His four World Championship medals included a gold medal in the doubles at the 1983 World Table Tennis Championships with Dragutin Šurbek.He also won two English Open titles.
He was nominated for the Sportsperson of Yugoslavia in 1994. He is the current national association president.
Biography
He is the father of basketball player Nikola Kalinić (b. 1991).
See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
References
Further reading
"Vesti online | Posvećeni novinarstvu - Vesti Srbija, Evropa, dijaspora, Svet".
External links
"KALINIC Zoran (YUG)". ITTF.
"Zoran Kalinić" (in Serbian). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"Serbian"
]
}
|
Warren Jay Cawley (July 6, 1940 – January 21, 2022) was an American athlete, winner of 400 m hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.Cawley was born in Highland Park, Michigan. He attended Farmington High School.Cawley still holds the record time for the 100 yard dash at Farmington High School that he set in 1959. He was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1959. He won the AAU championships in 440-yard hurdles in 1963 and 1965 and as a University of Southern California student, he won an NCAA title in 440 yd hurdles in 1963.
At the Olympic Trials in 1964, Cawley set a world record in 400 m hurdles with a time of 49.1, thus becoming a main favorite at the Olympic Games. Cawley won the gold medal in Tokyo with a commanding performance in which he beat his nearest competitor John Cooper from Great Britain by 0.5 seconds.
He died on January 21, 2022, at the age of 81.
References
External links
Rex Cawley at www.USATF.org
Rex Cawley at USATF Hall of Fame
Rex Cawley at Olympics.com
Rex Cawley at Olympedia
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"Farmington"
]
}
|
Warren Jay Cawley (July 6, 1940 – January 21, 2022) was an American athlete, winner of 400 m hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.Cawley was born in Highland Park, Michigan. He attended Farmington High School.Cawley still holds the record time for the 100 yard dash at Farmington High School that he set in 1959. He was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1959. He won the AAU championships in 440-yard hurdles in 1963 and 1965 and as a University of Southern California student, he won an NCAA title in 440 yd hurdles in 1963.
At the Olympic Trials in 1964, Cawley set a world record in 400 m hurdles with a time of 49.1, thus becoming a main favorite at the Olympic Games. Cawley won the gold medal in Tokyo with a commanding performance in which he beat his nearest competitor John Cooper from Great Britain by 0.5 seconds.
He died on January 21, 2022, at the age of 81.
References
External links
Rex Cawley at www.USATF.org
Rex Cawley at USATF Hall of Fame
Rex Cawley at Olympics.com
Rex Cawley at Olympedia
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"University of Southern California"
]
}
|
Warren Jay Cawley (July 6, 1940 – January 21, 2022) was an American athlete, winner of 400 m hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.Cawley was born in Highland Park, Michigan. He attended Farmington High School.Cawley still holds the record time for the 100 yard dash at Farmington High School that he set in 1959. He was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1959. He won the AAU championships in 440-yard hurdles in 1963 and 1965 and as a University of Southern California student, he won an NCAA title in 440 yd hurdles in 1963.
At the Olympic Trials in 1964, Cawley set a world record in 400 m hurdles with a time of 49.1, thus becoming a main favorite at the Olympic Games. Cawley won the gold medal in Tokyo with a commanding performance in which he beat his nearest competitor John Cooper from Great Britain by 0.5 seconds.
He died on January 21, 2022, at the age of 81.
References
External links
Rex Cawley at www.USATF.org
Rex Cawley at USATF Hall of Fame
Rex Cawley at Olympics.com
Rex Cawley at Olympedia
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Cawley"
]
}
|
Warren Jay Cawley (July 6, 1940 – January 21, 2022) was an American athlete, winner of 400 m hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.Cawley was born in Highland Park, Michigan. He attended Farmington High School.Cawley still holds the record time for the 100 yard dash at Farmington High School that he set in 1959. He was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1959. He won the AAU championships in 440-yard hurdles in 1963 and 1965 and as a University of Southern California student, he won an NCAA title in 440 yd hurdles in 1963.
At the Olympic Trials in 1964, Cawley set a world record in 400 m hurdles with a time of 49.1, thus becoming a main favorite at the Olympic Games. Cawley won the gold medal in Tokyo with a commanding performance in which he beat his nearest competitor John Cooper from Great Britain by 0.5 seconds.
He died on January 21, 2022, at the age of 81.
References
External links
Rex Cawley at www.USATF.org
Rex Cawley at USATF Hall of Fame
Rex Cawley at Olympics.com
Rex Cawley at Olympedia
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
923
],
"text": [
"Rex"
]
}
|
Stizocera mojuba is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Napp in 1983.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Stizocera mojuba is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Napp in 1983.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Stizocera"
]
}
|
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