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"Puss N' Boots/These Boots (Are Made for Walkin')" is a song by Canadian synth-pop duo Kon Kan, released as the third single from their 1989 album Move to Move. The song peaked at No. 61 in their native Canada, and at No. 58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. In October 1989, the song peaked at No. 11 in New Zealand.The song includes samples and interpolations of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" and "Good Times Bad Times", Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" and the Champs' "Tequila". The scratch sample that can be heard throughout the song is sampled from Beside's "Change the Beat".
Charts
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"Kon Kan"
]
}
|
"Puss N' Boots/These Boots (Are Made for Walkin')" is a song by Canadian synth-pop duo Kon Kan, released as the third single from their 1989 album Move to Move. The song peaked at No. 61 in their native Canada, and at No. 58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. In October 1989, the song peaked at No. 11 in New Zealand.The song includes samples and interpolations of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" and "Good Times Bad Times", Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" and the Champs' "Tequila". The scratch sample that can be heard throughout the song is sampled from Beside's "Change the Beat".
Charts
== References ==
|
part of
|
{
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"Move to Move"
]
}
|
Aclytia jonesi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1912. It is found in Brazil.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aclytia"
]
}
|
Aclytia jonesi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1912. It is found in Brazil.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aclytia jonesi"
]
}
|
Khemi is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Nubra tehsil.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Khemi has 121 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.71%.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Khemi is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Nubra tehsil.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Khemi has 121 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.71%.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"Leh district"
]
}
|
Pleosphaerellula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). Also, the placement of this genus within the Dothideomycetes is uncertain.
See also
List of Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
References
External links
Pleosphaerellula at Index Fungorum
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"taxon"
]
}
|
Pleosphaerellula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). Also, the placement of this genus within the Dothideomycetes is uncertain.
See also
List of Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
References
External links
Pleosphaerellula at Index Fungorum
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Pleosphaerellula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). Also, the placement of this genus within the Dothideomycetes is uncertain.
See also
List of Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
References
External links
Pleosphaerellula at Index Fungorum
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"Dothideomycetes"
]
}
|
Pleosphaerellula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). Also, the placement of this genus within the Dothideomycetes is uncertain.
See also
List of Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
References
External links
Pleosphaerellula at Index Fungorum
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pleosphaerellula"
]
}
|
Fannaråki (or Fannaråken) is a mountain in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen National Park, just south of the lake Prestesteinsvatnet and the Sognefjellsvegen road. This mountain is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Skagastølstindane mountains (Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind, Midtre Skagastølstind, Sentraltind, Store Styggedalstind, and Jervvasstind).
Name
The first element is derived from the word fonn which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of råk which means "mountain ridge".
Guidebooks
Dyer, Anthony; Baddeley, John; Robertson, Ian H. (2006). Walks and Scrambles in Norway. Rockbuy Limited. ISBN 978-1-904466-25-3.
Pollmann, Bernhard (2000). Norway South: Rother Walking Guide. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 978-3-7633-4807-7.
Baxter, James. Scandinavian Mountains and Peaks Over 2000 Metres in the Hurrungane. Edinburgh: Scandinavian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9550497-0-5.
Climate
References
External links
Fannaråki
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
}
|
Fannaråki (or Fannaråken) is a mountain in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen National Park, just south of the lake Prestesteinsvatnet and the Sognefjellsvegen road. This mountain is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Skagastølstindane mountains (Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind, Midtre Skagastølstind, Sentraltind, Store Styggedalstind, and Jervvasstind).
Name
The first element is derived from the word fonn which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of råk which means "mountain ridge".
Guidebooks
Dyer, Anthony; Baddeley, John; Robertson, Ian H. (2006). Walks and Scrambles in Norway. Rockbuy Limited. ISBN 978-1-904466-25-3.
Pollmann, Bernhard (2000). Norway South: Rother Walking Guide. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 978-3-7633-4807-7.
Baxter, James. Scandinavian Mountains and Peaks Over 2000 Metres in the Hurrungane. Edinburgh: Scandinavian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9550497-0-5.
Climate
References
External links
Fannaråki
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"mountain"
]
}
|
Fannaråki (or Fannaråken) is a mountain in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen National Park, just south of the lake Prestesteinsvatnet and the Sognefjellsvegen road. This mountain is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Skagastølstindane mountains (Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind, Midtre Skagastølstind, Sentraltind, Store Styggedalstind, and Jervvasstind).
Name
The first element is derived from the word fonn which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of råk which means "mountain ridge".
Guidebooks
Dyer, Anthony; Baddeley, John; Robertson, Ian H. (2006). Walks and Scrambles in Norway. Rockbuy Limited. ISBN 978-1-904466-25-3.
Pollmann, Bernhard (2000). Norway South: Rother Walking Guide. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 978-3-7633-4807-7.
Baxter, James. Scandinavian Mountains and Peaks Over 2000 Metres in the Hurrungane. Edinburgh: Scandinavian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9550497-0-5.
Climate
References
External links
Fannaråki
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Luster"
]
}
|
Fannaråki (or Fannaråken) is a mountain in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen National Park, just south of the lake Prestesteinsvatnet and the Sognefjellsvegen road. This mountain is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Skagastølstindane mountains (Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind, Midtre Skagastølstind, Sentraltind, Store Styggedalstind, and Jervvasstind).
Name
The first element is derived from the word fonn which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of råk which means "mountain ridge".
Guidebooks
Dyer, Anthony; Baddeley, John; Robertson, Ian H. (2006). Walks and Scrambles in Norway. Rockbuy Limited. ISBN 978-1-904466-25-3.
Pollmann, Bernhard (2000). Norway South: Rother Walking Guide. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 978-3-7633-4807-7.
Baxter, James. Scandinavian Mountains and Peaks Over 2000 Metres in the Hurrungane. Edinburgh: Scandinavian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9550497-0-5.
Climate
References
External links
Fannaråki
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Fannaråki"
]
}
|
Fannaråki (or Fannaråken) is a mountain in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen National Park, just south of the lake Prestesteinsvatnet and the Sognefjellsvegen road. This mountain is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Skagastølstindane mountains (Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind, Midtre Skagastølstind, Sentraltind, Store Styggedalstind, and Jervvasstind).
Name
The first element is derived from the word fonn which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of råk which means "mountain ridge".
Guidebooks
Dyer, Anthony; Baddeley, John; Robertson, Ian H. (2006). Walks and Scrambles in Norway. Rockbuy Limited. ISBN 978-1-904466-25-3.
Pollmann, Bernhard (2000). Norway South: Rother Walking Guide. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 978-3-7633-4807-7.
Baxter, James. Scandinavian Mountains and Peaks Over 2000 Metres in the Hurrungane. Edinburgh: Scandinavian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9550497-0-5.
Climate
References
External links
Fannaråki
|
Store norske leksikon ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Fannaråki"
]
}
|
Fannaråki (or Fannaråken) is a mountain in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. The 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen National Park, just south of the lake Prestesteinsvatnet and the Sognefjellsvegen road. This mountain is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Skagastølstindane mountains (Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind, Midtre Skagastølstind, Sentraltind, Store Styggedalstind, and Jervvasstind).
Name
The first element is derived from the word fonn which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of råk which means "mountain ridge".
Guidebooks
Dyer, Anthony; Baddeley, John; Robertson, Ian H. (2006). Walks and Scrambles in Norway. Rockbuy Limited. ISBN 978-1-904466-25-3.
Pollmann, Bernhard (2000). Norway South: Rother Walking Guide. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 978-3-7633-4807-7.
Baxter, James. Scandinavian Mountains and Peaks Over 2000 Metres in the Hurrungane. Edinburgh: Scandinavian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9550497-0-5.
Climate
References
External links
Fannaråki
|
mountain range
|
{
"answer_start": [
966
],
"text": [
"Hurrungane"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"D. W. Griffith"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
screenwriter
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"D. W. Griffith"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
1406
],
"text": [
"Lillian Gish"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
producer
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"D. W. Griffith"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Judith of Bethulia"
]
}
|
Judith of Bethulia (1914) is an American film starring Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall, and produced and directed by D. W. Griffith, based on the play "Judith and the Holofernes" (1896) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, which itself was an adaptation of the Book of Judith. The film was the first feature-length film made by pioneering film company Biograph, although the second that Biograph released.Shortly after its completion and a disagreement Griffith had with Biograph executives on making more future feature-length films, Griffith left Biograph, and took the entire stock company with him. Biograph delayed the picture's release until 1914, after Griffith's departure, so that it would not have to pay him in a profit-sharing agreement they had.
Synopsis
The film is based on the deuterocanonical Book of Judith. During the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia by the Assyrians, a widow named Judith (Blanche Sweet) has a plan to stop the war as her people suffer starvation and are ready to surrender.
The widow disguises herself as a harem girl and goes to the enemy camp, where she beguiles a general of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose army is besieging the city. Judith seduces Holofernes (Henry Walthall), then while he is drunk cuts off his head with a sabre. She returns to her city, a heroine.
Cast
Blanche Sweet - Judith
Henry B. Walthall - Holofernes
Mae Marsh - Naomi
Robert Harron - Nathan
Lillian Gish - The young mother
Dorothy Gish - The crippled beggar
Kate Bruce - Judith's maid
J. Jiquel Lanoe - Eunuch Attendant
Harry Carey - Assyrian Traitor
W. Chrystie Miller - Bethulian
Gertrude Robinson
Charles Hill Mailes - Bethulian Soldier
Edward Dillon
Gertrude Bambrick - Lead Assyrian Dancer
Lionel Barrymore - Extra
Clara T. Bracy - Bethulian
Kathleen Butler - Bethulian
William J. Butler - Bethulian
Christy Cabanne
William A. Carroll - Assyrian Soldier (as William Carroll)
Frank Evans - Bethulian Soldier
Mary Gish
Harry Hyde - Bethulian Soldier/Assyrian Soldier
Thomas Jefferson (actor)
Jennie Lee - Bethulian
Adolph Lestina - Bethulian
Elmo Lincoln
Antonio Moreno - Extra
Marshall Neilan
Frank Opperman - Bethulian
Alfred Paget - Bethulian/Assyrian Soldier
W. C. Robinson - Bethulian Soldier
Kate Toncray - One of Judith's Servants
Reviews
The reviews were favorable:
Variety, March 27, 1914, wrote: "It is not easy to confess one's self unequal to a given task, but to pen an adequate description of the Biograph's production of Judith of Bethulia is, to say the least, a full grown man's job."
The Moving Picture World, March 7, 1914, described it as: "A fascinating work of high artistry, Judith of Bethulia will not only rank as an achievement in this country, but will make foreign producers sit up and take notice."
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
Blanche Sweet filmography
Lionel Barrymore filmography
References
External links
Judith of Bethulia (1914) on YouTube
Judith of Bethulia at IMDb
Judith of Bethulia at SilentEra
Judith of Bethulia at AllMovie
Judith of Bethulia available for free download at Internet Archive
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Judith of Bethulia"
]
}
|
Malamorenò is the second album released by the Italian singer Arisa, it features the single "Malamorenò".
Track list
Charts
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Malamorenò is the second album released by the Italian singer Arisa, it features the single "Malamorenò".
Track list
Charts
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"Arisa"
]
}
|
Malamorenò is the second album released by the Italian singer Arisa, it features the single "Malamorenò".
Track list
Charts
== References ==
|
part of
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Malamorenò"
]
}
|
Malamorenò is the second album released by the Italian singer Arisa, it features the single "Malamorenò".
Track list
Charts
== References ==
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
San Marco dei Cavoti (Italian pronunciation: [sam ˈmarko dei kaˈvɔːti]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located near the Fortore River valley.
San Marco is one of the best-known places in Italy for the production of torrone. There are around 10 companies in the production of this product, mainly family owned.
In the past the internal economy was dominated by textile productions, but later the production fell along with the Italian trends.
Main sights
Torre Provenzale ("Provençal Tower"), a 14th-century jail later turned into a bell tower.
Church of Maria SS.del Carmine (14th century), remade and provided with new frescoes in the 18th century.
Rural church of Santa Barbara' (16th century)
Palace Jelardi (18th century)
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"Italy"
]
}
|
San Marco dei Cavoti (Italian pronunciation: [sam ˈmarko dei kaˈvɔːti]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located near the Fortore River valley.
San Marco is one of the best-known places in Italy for the production of torrone. There are around 10 companies in the production of this product, mainly family owned.
In the past the internal economy was dominated by textile productions, but later the production fell along with the Italian trends.
Main sights
Torre Provenzale ("Provençal Tower"), a 14th-century jail later turned into a bell tower.
Church of Maria SS.del Carmine (14th century), remade and provided with new frescoes in the 18th century.
Rural church of Santa Barbara' (16th century)
Palace Jelardi (18th century)
== References ==
|
capital
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"San Marco dei Cavoti"
]
}
|
San Marco dei Cavoti (Italian pronunciation: [sam ˈmarko dei kaˈvɔːti]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located near the Fortore River valley.
San Marco is one of the best-known places in Italy for the production of torrone. There are around 10 companies in the production of this product, mainly family owned.
In the past the internal economy was dominated by textile productions, but later the production fell along with the Italian trends.
Main sights
Torre Provenzale ("Provençal Tower"), a 14th-century jail later turned into a bell tower.
Church of Maria SS.del Carmine (14th century), remade and provided with new frescoes in the 18th century.
Rural church of Santa Barbara' (16th century)
Palace Jelardi (18th century)
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"San Marco dei Cavoti"
]
}
|
San Marco dei Cavoti (Italian pronunciation: [sam ˈmarko dei kaˈvɔːti]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located near the Fortore River valley.
San Marco is one of the best-known places in Italy for the production of torrone. There are around 10 companies in the production of this product, mainly family owned.
In the past the internal economy was dominated by textile productions, but later the production fell along with the Italian trends.
Main sights
Torre Provenzale ("Provençal Tower"), a 14th-century jail later turned into a bell tower.
Church of Maria SS.del Carmine (14th century), remade and provided with new frescoes in the 18th century.
Rural church of Santa Barbara' (16th century)
Palace Jelardi (18th century)
== References ==
|
seismic classification
|
{
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"1"
]
}
|
San Marco dei Cavoti (Italian pronunciation: [sam ˈmarko dei kaˈvɔːti]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located near the Fortore River valley.
San Marco is one of the best-known places in Italy for the production of torrone. There are around 10 companies in the production of this product, mainly family owned.
In the past the internal economy was dominated by textile productions, but later the production fell along with the Italian trends.
Main sights
Torre Provenzale ("Provençal Tower"), a 14th-century jail later turned into a bell tower.
Church of Maria SS.del Carmine (14th century), remade and provided with new frescoes in the 18th century.
Rural church of Santa Barbara' (16th century)
Palace Jelardi (18th century)
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"San Marco dei Cavoti"
]
}
|
San Marco dei Cavoti (Italian pronunciation: [sam ˈmarko dei kaˈvɔːti]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located near the Fortore River valley.
San Marco is one of the best-known places in Italy for the production of torrone. There are around 10 companies in the production of this product, mainly family owned.
In the past the internal economy was dominated by textile productions, but later the production fell along with the Italian trends.
Main sights
Torre Provenzale ("Provençal Tower"), a 14th-century jail later turned into a bell tower.
Church of Maria SS.del Carmine (14th century), remade and provided with new frescoes in the 18th century.
Rural church of Santa Barbara' (16th century)
Palace Jelardi (18th century)
== References ==
|
capital of
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"San Marco dei Cavoti"
]
}
|
Joey "Ojo" Taylor is an American bassist, vocalist and keyboardist. He is best known for his work with the Christian rock band Undercover. He produced and was a studio musician for Nobody Special, the stage name for his brother, Pat "Nobody" Taylor.Taylor co-owned the Brainstorm Artists International record label with songwriter and Adam Again front man, Gene Eugene. He received his MBA from the University of California, Los Angeles and MM from California State University, Fullerton. He teaches History of Rock, Artist Management, songwriting, Marketing of Recorded Music, Legal Aspects of Music Industry and Entrepreneurship at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. He performed twice in 2022 at concerts and is scheduled for one in Nashville in 2023.
Solo projects
Relative (as "Ojo") (1988) Broken Records
Undercover discography
Undercover (1982) MRS Records
God Rules (1983) A&S Records
Boys and Girls Renounce the World (1984) A&S Records
Branded (1986) Blue Collar Records
3-28-87 (live album) (1988) Broken Records
Balance of Power (1990) Broken Records
Devotion (1992) Brainstorm Artists International
Forum (1994) WAL
Live at Cornerstone 2000 (2000) Millennium 8
I Rose Falling (2002) Galaxy21 Music
Re-releases and anthologies
Volume 1 (compilation of Undercover & God Rules) (1988) Broken Records
Volume 2 (compilation of Boys and Girls Renounce the World & Branded) (1988) Broken Records
Anthology Volume 1 (compilation of first four original releases) (1996) Innocent Media
Anthology Volume 2 (compilation of last four original releases) (1996) Innocent Media
Cornerstone 2000 (2002) Galaxy21 Music (re-release)
Video (DVD)
Instruction Through Film (cameo)
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Taylor"
]
}
|
The 1982 WAFU Club Championship was the sixth football club tournament season that took place for the runners-up of each West African country's domestic league, the West African Club Championship. It was won by Ghana's Sekondi Hasaacas with a two-legged final victory against Spartans of Owerri of Nigeria. The runner-up was AS Police of Senegal. It featured 14 clubs and 26 matches. A total of 52 goals were scored.
Preliminary round
The matches took place from May 31 to June 14.
Intermediary Round
The matches took place from June 20 and July 4.
Semifinals
The matches took place from July 18 to August 1
Finals
The matches took place on 16 and 30 October.
Winners
See also
1982 African Cup of Champions Clubs
1982 CAF Cup Winners' Cup
References
External links
Full results of the 1982 WAFU Cup at RSSSF
|
number of participants
|
{
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"14"
]
}
|
The 1982 WAFU Club Championship was the sixth football club tournament season that took place for the runners-up of each West African country's domestic league, the West African Club Championship. It was won by Ghana's Sekondi Hasaacas with a two-legged final victory against Spartans of Owerri of Nigeria. The runner-up was AS Police of Senegal. It featured 14 clubs and 26 matches. A total of 52 goals were scored.
Preliminary round
The matches took place from May 31 to June 14.
Intermediary Round
The matches took place from June 20 and July 4.
Semifinals
The matches took place from July 18 to August 1
Finals
The matches took place on 16 and 30 October.
Winners
See also
1982 African Cup of Champions Clubs
1982 CAF Cup Winners' Cup
References
External links
Full results of the 1982 WAFU Cup at RSSSF
|
number of matches played/races/starts
|
{
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"26"
]
}
|
Love Battery was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. They released five albums during the 1990s, followed by sporadic one-off reunions. Frontman Ron Nine and guitarist Kevin Whitworth has been the only consistent members of the band throughout their existence.
History
Love Battery was formed in 1989 by former rock band Room Nine leader Ron Nine (born as Ron Rudzitis), guitarist Kevin Whitworth (ex-Crisis Party), bassist Tommy "Bonehead" Simpson (also ex-Crisis Party), and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Their name came from a song of the same name by British punk band the Buzzcocks.Before releasing their first single Peters left the group and was replaced by grunge band ex-Skin Yard drummer Jason Finn. With this lineup the band released their debut single "Between the Eyes" for seminal Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their debut EP/mini-album Between the Eyes in 1990 on Tupelo Recordings. By the middle of 1990 Simpson had been replaced by ex-U-Men bassist Jim Tillman. Between the Eyes was then expanded and released as their first official full-length album in 1991 via Sub Pop (which included three additional tracks with Tillman on bass).Following Between the Eyes were the "Foot" and "Out of Focus" singles. Both singles later appeared on 1992's Dayglo album. In the Sub Pop catalog, Dayglo was listed as "Blotter not included" (a play on "Batteries not included" instead referring to LSD). Soon after, Tillman left to pursue other interests. He was replaced at first by original bassist Simpson, who in turn was replaced by ex-Green River and Mother Love Bone guitarist-turned-bassist Bruce Fairweather.In 1993 the Far Gone album appeared, which to many was considered a disappointment following Dayglo's critical success. Initially Far Gone was to be released by PolyGram Records but due to contractual problems with Sub Pop, Far Gone was dumped by the major label. Instead an inferior "rough mix" of the album was released by Sub Pop, a problem which Love Battery planned to rectify by remixing and reissuing but never did.Following the Far Gone fiasco, Love Battery signed with Atlas Records in 1994 releasing the "Nehru Jacket" single late in the year. It contained two songs that also found their way onto the band's Straight Freak Ticket 1995 album, which was also released on Atlas; however, the label failed to promote the band and album properly which resulted in poor sales. Videos were made for the songs "Fuzz Factory" and "Harold's Pink Room". In 1996 Love Battery was featured in the documentary Hype!, chronicling the rise of the Seattle grunge music scene. A clip was shown of a live performance of "Between the Eyes". Shortly thereafter Finn left the group to focus on The Presidents of the United States of America, a band that attained mainstream success by 1996.A prolonged period of uncertainty ensued following Finn's departure. Initially, Finn's technician from The Presidents of the United States of America, ex-Posies and Fastbacks drummer Mike Musburger, had joined on drums. He was then replaced by original drummer Peters by 1997. The band returned to an independent label (C/Z Records) and released their fifth album Confusion Au Go Go in 1998. Contributions from drummers Finn and Musburger appeared on a few songs, but Peters had ultimately done the majority of the drumming on the album.Following the release of Confusion Au Go Go, Love Battery remained for the most part quiet. A few one-off performances were made between 1999 and 2002 which featured the return of Simpson on bass and Finn on drums. After a prolonged period of inactivity the band played their first show in four years on June 23, 2006, at Neumo's in Seattle, WA. The then-current lineup consisted of Nine, Whitworth, Simpson, and Musburger.
Love Battery reunited amidst the individual members' other projects to perform at The Mix in Seattle, Washington on October 22, 2011. Nine and Whitworth had enlisted bassist Chris Eckman and drummer Ben Ireland to complete the lineup. In 2012, they performed in venues such as LoFi Performance Gallery on May 19, the Mural Amphitheatre on August 20, and the Comet Tavern on September 29 alongside artists such as Atomic Bride, Summer Babes, and Blood Orange Paradise. On their Myspace page, they announced plans to release new material in the following year, which ultimately never came to fruition. Nine and Whitworth instead teamed up with Tad bassist Kurt Danielson in a band called Vaporland. They released their self-titled debut album in 2014.
The Dayglo lineup of Love Battery (Nine, Whitworth, Tillman, and Finn) reunited in 2018 to play the Dayglo album in its entirety at several Seattle shows. In late 2022, a Love Battery album got remastered for the first time as Jackpot Records handled the Dayglo reissue on vinyl. The Dayglo lineup also reunited for a one-off performance in October of that same year as well.
Band members
Final members
Ron Nine – vocals, guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Kevin Whitworth – guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Jason Finn – drums (1989–1996, 2000–2002, 2018, 2022)
Jim Tillman – bass (1990–1992, 2018, 2022)
Former members
Dan Peters – drums (1989, 1997–2000)
Tommy Simpson – bass (1989–1990, 1992, 1999–2002, 2006)
Bruce Fairweather – bass (1992–1999)
Mike Musburger – drums (1996–1997, 2006)
Ben Ireland – drums (2011–2012)
Chris Eckman – bass (2011–2012)
Timeline
Color denotes main live duty.
Discography
Albums
Between the Eyes (Tupelo Recordings, 1990)
Dayglo (Sub Pop Records, 1992)
Far Gone (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
Straight Freak Ticket (Atlas Records, 1995)
Confusion Au Go Go (C/Z Records, 1998)
Singles
"Between the Eyes" (Sub Pop Records, 1989)
"Foot" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Out of Focus" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Half Past You" (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
"Nehru Jacket" (Atlas Records, 1994)
"Fuzz Factory" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Harold's Pink Room" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Snipe Hunt" (Let Down Records, 1998)
Compilation/Soundtrack contributions
"Between the Eyes" on The Grunge Years (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"I Just Can't Be Happy Today" on Another Damned Seattle Compilation (Dashboard Hula Girl Records, 1991)
"Ball and Chain" on Milk For Pussy (Mad Queen Records, 1994)
"No Matter What You Do" on We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom: A Tribute To Arthur Lee and Love (Alias Records, 1994)
"White Bird" on Star Power! (Pravda Records, 1995)
"Fuzz Factory" on Turn It Up & Pass It On, Volume 1 (1995)
"Straight Freak Show" on huH Magazine CD6 (promo only) (RayGun Press, 1995)
"Out of Focus (Live)" on Bite Back: Live At The Crocodile Cafe (PopLlama Records, 1996)
"Color Blind" on Home Alive: The Art of Self-Defense (Epic Records, 1996)
"Commercial Suicide" on Teriyaki Asthma, Vols. 6–10 (C/Z Records, 1999)
"Between the Eyes" on The Birth of Alternative Vol. 2 (Flashback Records, 2003)
"Half Past You" on Sleepless In Seattle: The Birth Of Grunge (LiveWire Recordings, 2006)
"Out of Focus" on Teen Spirit: MOJO Presents 15 Noise-Filled Classics from the American Underground Scene 1989–1992 (MOJO Records, 2017)
References
External links
Official MySpace.com page
Official website
Love Battery at AllMusic.com
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
678
],
"text": [
"grunge"
]
}
|
Love Battery was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. They released five albums during the 1990s, followed by sporadic one-off reunions. Frontman Ron Nine and guitarist Kevin Whitworth has been the only consistent members of the band throughout their existence.
History
Love Battery was formed in 1989 by former rock band Room Nine leader Ron Nine (born as Ron Rudzitis), guitarist Kevin Whitworth (ex-Crisis Party), bassist Tommy "Bonehead" Simpson (also ex-Crisis Party), and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Their name came from a song of the same name by British punk band the Buzzcocks.Before releasing their first single Peters left the group and was replaced by grunge band ex-Skin Yard drummer Jason Finn. With this lineup the band released their debut single "Between the Eyes" for seminal Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their debut EP/mini-album Between the Eyes in 1990 on Tupelo Recordings. By the middle of 1990 Simpson had been replaced by ex-U-Men bassist Jim Tillman. Between the Eyes was then expanded and released as their first official full-length album in 1991 via Sub Pop (which included three additional tracks with Tillman on bass).Following Between the Eyes were the "Foot" and "Out of Focus" singles. Both singles later appeared on 1992's Dayglo album. In the Sub Pop catalog, Dayglo was listed as "Blotter not included" (a play on "Batteries not included" instead referring to LSD). Soon after, Tillman left to pursue other interests. He was replaced at first by original bassist Simpson, who in turn was replaced by ex-Green River and Mother Love Bone guitarist-turned-bassist Bruce Fairweather.In 1993 the Far Gone album appeared, which to many was considered a disappointment following Dayglo's critical success. Initially Far Gone was to be released by PolyGram Records but due to contractual problems with Sub Pop, Far Gone was dumped by the major label. Instead an inferior "rough mix" of the album was released by Sub Pop, a problem which Love Battery planned to rectify by remixing and reissuing but never did.Following the Far Gone fiasco, Love Battery signed with Atlas Records in 1994 releasing the "Nehru Jacket" single late in the year. It contained two songs that also found their way onto the band's Straight Freak Ticket 1995 album, which was also released on Atlas; however, the label failed to promote the band and album properly which resulted in poor sales. Videos were made for the songs "Fuzz Factory" and "Harold's Pink Room". In 1996 Love Battery was featured in the documentary Hype!, chronicling the rise of the Seattle grunge music scene. A clip was shown of a live performance of "Between the Eyes". Shortly thereafter Finn left the group to focus on The Presidents of the United States of America, a band that attained mainstream success by 1996.A prolonged period of uncertainty ensued following Finn's departure. Initially, Finn's technician from The Presidents of the United States of America, ex-Posies and Fastbacks drummer Mike Musburger, had joined on drums. He was then replaced by original drummer Peters by 1997. The band returned to an independent label (C/Z Records) and released their fifth album Confusion Au Go Go in 1998. Contributions from drummers Finn and Musburger appeared on a few songs, but Peters had ultimately done the majority of the drumming on the album.Following the release of Confusion Au Go Go, Love Battery remained for the most part quiet. A few one-off performances were made between 1999 and 2002 which featured the return of Simpson on bass and Finn on drums. After a prolonged period of inactivity the band played their first show in four years on June 23, 2006, at Neumo's in Seattle, WA. The then-current lineup consisted of Nine, Whitworth, Simpson, and Musburger.
Love Battery reunited amidst the individual members' other projects to perform at The Mix in Seattle, Washington on October 22, 2011. Nine and Whitworth had enlisted bassist Chris Eckman and drummer Ben Ireland to complete the lineup. In 2012, they performed in venues such as LoFi Performance Gallery on May 19, the Mural Amphitheatre on August 20, and the Comet Tavern on September 29 alongside artists such as Atomic Bride, Summer Babes, and Blood Orange Paradise. On their Myspace page, they announced plans to release new material in the following year, which ultimately never came to fruition. Nine and Whitworth instead teamed up with Tad bassist Kurt Danielson in a band called Vaporland. They released their self-titled debut album in 2014.
The Dayglo lineup of Love Battery (Nine, Whitworth, Tillman, and Finn) reunited in 2018 to play the Dayglo album in its entirety at several Seattle shows. In late 2022, a Love Battery album got remastered for the first time as Jackpot Records handled the Dayglo reissue on vinyl. The Dayglo lineup also reunited for a one-off performance in October of that same year as well.
Band members
Final members
Ron Nine – vocals, guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Kevin Whitworth – guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Jason Finn – drums (1989–1996, 2000–2002, 2018, 2022)
Jim Tillman – bass (1990–1992, 2018, 2022)
Former members
Dan Peters – drums (1989, 1997–2000)
Tommy Simpson – bass (1989–1990, 1992, 1999–2002, 2006)
Bruce Fairweather – bass (1992–1999)
Mike Musburger – drums (1996–1997, 2006)
Ben Ireland – drums (2011–2012)
Chris Eckman – bass (2011–2012)
Timeline
Color denotes main live duty.
Discography
Albums
Between the Eyes (Tupelo Recordings, 1990)
Dayglo (Sub Pop Records, 1992)
Far Gone (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
Straight Freak Ticket (Atlas Records, 1995)
Confusion Au Go Go (C/Z Records, 1998)
Singles
"Between the Eyes" (Sub Pop Records, 1989)
"Foot" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Out of Focus" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Half Past You" (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
"Nehru Jacket" (Atlas Records, 1994)
"Fuzz Factory" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Harold's Pink Room" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Snipe Hunt" (Let Down Records, 1998)
Compilation/Soundtrack contributions
"Between the Eyes" on The Grunge Years (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"I Just Can't Be Happy Today" on Another Damned Seattle Compilation (Dashboard Hula Girl Records, 1991)
"Ball and Chain" on Milk For Pussy (Mad Queen Records, 1994)
"No Matter What You Do" on We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom: A Tribute To Arthur Lee and Love (Alias Records, 1994)
"White Bird" on Star Power! (Pravda Records, 1995)
"Fuzz Factory" on Turn It Up & Pass It On, Volume 1 (1995)
"Straight Freak Show" on huH Magazine CD6 (promo only) (RayGun Press, 1995)
"Out of Focus (Live)" on Bite Back: Live At The Crocodile Cafe (PopLlama Records, 1996)
"Color Blind" on Home Alive: The Art of Self-Defense (Epic Records, 1996)
"Commercial Suicide" on Teriyaki Asthma, Vols. 6–10 (C/Z Records, 1999)
"Between the Eyes" on The Birth of Alternative Vol. 2 (Flashback Records, 2003)
"Half Past You" on Sleepless In Seattle: The Birth Of Grunge (LiveWire Recordings, 2006)
"Out of Focus" on Teen Spirit: MOJO Presents 15 Noise-Filled Classics from the American Underground Scene 1989–1992 (MOJO Records, 2017)
References
External links
Official MySpace.com page
Official website
Love Battery at AllMusic.com
|
record label
|
{
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Love Battery was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. They released five albums during the 1990s, followed by sporadic one-off reunions. Frontman Ron Nine and guitarist Kevin Whitworth has been the only consistent members of the band throughout their existence.
History
Love Battery was formed in 1989 by former rock band Room Nine leader Ron Nine (born as Ron Rudzitis), guitarist Kevin Whitworth (ex-Crisis Party), bassist Tommy "Bonehead" Simpson (also ex-Crisis Party), and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Their name came from a song of the same name by British punk band the Buzzcocks.Before releasing their first single Peters left the group and was replaced by grunge band ex-Skin Yard drummer Jason Finn. With this lineup the band released their debut single "Between the Eyes" for seminal Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their debut EP/mini-album Between the Eyes in 1990 on Tupelo Recordings. By the middle of 1990 Simpson had been replaced by ex-U-Men bassist Jim Tillman. Between the Eyes was then expanded and released as their first official full-length album in 1991 via Sub Pop (which included three additional tracks with Tillman on bass).Following Between the Eyes were the "Foot" and "Out of Focus" singles. Both singles later appeared on 1992's Dayglo album. In the Sub Pop catalog, Dayglo was listed as "Blotter not included" (a play on "Batteries not included" instead referring to LSD). Soon after, Tillman left to pursue other interests. He was replaced at first by original bassist Simpson, who in turn was replaced by ex-Green River and Mother Love Bone guitarist-turned-bassist Bruce Fairweather.In 1993 the Far Gone album appeared, which to many was considered a disappointment following Dayglo's critical success. Initially Far Gone was to be released by PolyGram Records but due to contractual problems with Sub Pop, Far Gone was dumped by the major label. Instead an inferior "rough mix" of the album was released by Sub Pop, a problem which Love Battery planned to rectify by remixing and reissuing but never did.Following the Far Gone fiasco, Love Battery signed with Atlas Records in 1994 releasing the "Nehru Jacket" single late in the year. It contained two songs that also found their way onto the band's Straight Freak Ticket 1995 album, which was also released on Atlas; however, the label failed to promote the band and album properly which resulted in poor sales. Videos were made for the songs "Fuzz Factory" and "Harold's Pink Room". In 1996 Love Battery was featured in the documentary Hype!, chronicling the rise of the Seattle grunge music scene. A clip was shown of a live performance of "Between the Eyes". Shortly thereafter Finn left the group to focus on The Presidents of the United States of America, a band that attained mainstream success by 1996.A prolonged period of uncertainty ensued following Finn's departure. Initially, Finn's technician from The Presidents of the United States of America, ex-Posies and Fastbacks drummer Mike Musburger, had joined on drums. He was then replaced by original drummer Peters by 1997. The band returned to an independent label (C/Z Records) and released their fifth album Confusion Au Go Go in 1998. Contributions from drummers Finn and Musburger appeared on a few songs, but Peters had ultimately done the majority of the drumming on the album.Following the release of Confusion Au Go Go, Love Battery remained for the most part quiet. A few one-off performances were made between 1999 and 2002 which featured the return of Simpson on bass and Finn on drums. After a prolonged period of inactivity the band played their first show in four years on June 23, 2006, at Neumo's in Seattle, WA. The then-current lineup consisted of Nine, Whitworth, Simpson, and Musburger.
Love Battery reunited amidst the individual members' other projects to perform at The Mix in Seattle, Washington on October 22, 2011. Nine and Whitworth had enlisted bassist Chris Eckman and drummer Ben Ireland to complete the lineup. In 2012, they performed in venues such as LoFi Performance Gallery on May 19, the Mural Amphitheatre on August 20, and the Comet Tavern on September 29 alongside artists such as Atomic Bride, Summer Babes, and Blood Orange Paradise. On their Myspace page, they announced plans to release new material in the following year, which ultimately never came to fruition. Nine and Whitworth instead teamed up with Tad bassist Kurt Danielson in a band called Vaporland. They released their self-titled debut album in 2014.
The Dayglo lineup of Love Battery (Nine, Whitworth, Tillman, and Finn) reunited in 2018 to play the Dayglo album in its entirety at several Seattle shows. In late 2022, a Love Battery album got remastered for the first time as Jackpot Records handled the Dayglo reissue on vinyl. The Dayglo lineup also reunited for a one-off performance in October of that same year as well.
Band members
Final members
Ron Nine – vocals, guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Kevin Whitworth – guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Jason Finn – drums (1989–1996, 2000–2002, 2018, 2022)
Jim Tillman – bass (1990–1992, 2018, 2022)
Former members
Dan Peters – drums (1989, 1997–2000)
Tommy Simpson – bass (1989–1990, 1992, 1999–2002, 2006)
Bruce Fairweather – bass (1992–1999)
Mike Musburger – drums (1996–1997, 2006)
Ben Ireland – drums (2011–2012)
Chris Eckman – bass (2011–2012)
Timeline
Color denotes main live duty.
Discography
Albums
Between the Eyes (Tupelo Recordings, 1990)
Dayglo (Sub Pop Records, 1992)
Far Gone (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
Straight Freak Ticket (Atlas Records, 1995)
Confusion Au Go Go (C/Z Records, 1998)
Singles
"Between the Eyes" (Sub Pop Records, 1989)
"Foot" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Out of Focus" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Half Past You" (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
"Nehru Jacket" (Atlas Records, 1994)
"Fuzz Factory" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Harold's Pink Room" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Snipe Hunt" (Let Down Records, 1998)
Compilation/Soundtrack contributions
"Between the Eyes" on The Grunge Years (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"I Just Can't Be Happy Today" on Another Damned Seattle Compilation (Dashboard Hula Girl Records, 1991)
"Ball and Chain" on Milk For Pussy (Mad Queen Records, 1994)
"No Matter What You Do" on We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom: A Tribute To Arthur Lee and Love (Alias Records, 1994)
"White Bird" on Star Power! (Pravda Records, 1995)
"Fuzz Factory" on Turn It Up & Pass It On, Volume 1 (1995)
"Straight Freak Show" on huH Magazine CD6 (promo only) (RayGun Press, 1995)
"Out of Focus (Live)" on Bite Back: Live At The Crocodile Cafe (PopLlama Records, 1996)
"Color Blind" on Home Alive: The Art of Self-Defense (Epic Records, 1996)
"Commercial Suicide" on Teriyaki Asthma, Vols. 6–10 (C/Z Records, 1999)
"Between the Eyes" on The Birth of Alternative Vol. 2 (Flashback Records, 2003)
"Half Past You" on Sleepless In Seattle: The Birth Of Grunge (LiveWire Recordings, 2006)
"Out of Focus" on Teen Spirit: MOJO Presents 15 Noise-Filled Classics from the American Underground Scene 1989–1992 (MOJO Records, 2017)
References
External links
Official MySpace.com page
Official website
Love Battery at AllMusic.com
|
Commons category
|
{
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Love Battery was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. They released five albums during the 1990s, followed by sporadic one-off reunions. Frontman Ron Nine and guitarist Kevin Whitworth has been the only consistent members of the band throughout their existence.
History
Love Battery was formed in 1989 by former rock band Room Nine leader Ron Nine (born as Ron Rudzitis), guitarist Kevin Whitworth (ex-Crisis Party), bassist Tommy "Bonehead" Simpson (also ex-Crisis Party), and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Their name came from a song of the same name by British punk band the Buzzcocks.Before releasing their first single Peters left the group and was replaced by grunge band ex-Skin Yard drummer Jason Finn. With this lineup the band released their debut single "Between the Eyes" for seminal Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their debut EP/mini-album Between the Eyes in 1990 on Tupelo Recordings. By the middle of 1990 Simpson had been replaced by ex-U-Men bassist Jim Tillman. Between the Eyes was then expanded and released as their first official full-length album in 1991 via Sub Pop (which included three additional tracks with Tillman on bass).Following Between the Eyes were the "Foot" and "Out of Focus" singles. Both singles later appeared on 1992's Dayglo album. In the Sub Pop catalog, Dayglo was listed as "Blotter not included" (a play on "Batteries not included" instead referring to LSD). Soon after, Tillman left to pursue other interests. He was replaced at first by original bassist Simpson, who in turn was replaced by ex-Green River and Mother Love Bone guitarist-turned-bassist Bruce Fairweather.In 1993 the Far Gone album appeared, which to many was considered a disappointment following Dayglo's critical success. Initially Far Gone was to be released by PolyGram Records but due to contractual problems with Sub Pop, Far Gone was dumped by the major label. Instead an inferior "rough mix" of the album was released by Sub Pop, a problem which Love Battery planned to rectify by remixing and reissuing but never did.Following the Far Gone fiasco, Love Battery signed with Atlas Records in 1994 releasing the "Nehru Jacket" single late in the year. It contained two songs that also found their way onto the band's Straight Freak Ticket 1995 album, which was also released on Atlas; however, the label failed to promote the band and album properly which resulted in poor sales. Videos were made for the songs "Fuzz Factory" and "Harold's Pink Room". In 1996 Love Battery was featured in the documentary Hype!, chronicling the rise of the Seattle grunge music scene. A clip was shown of a live performance of "Between the Eyes". Shortly thereafter Finn left the group to focus on The Presidents of the United States of America, a band that attained mainstream success by 1996.A prolonged period of uncertainty ensued following Finn's departure. Initially, Finn's technician from The Presidents of the United States of America, ex-Posies and Fastbacks drummer Mike Musburger, had joined on drums. He was then replaced by original drummer Peters by 1997. The band returned to an independent label (C/Z Records) and released their fifth album Confusion Au Go Go in 1998. Contributions from drummers Finn and Musburger appeared on a few songs, but Peters had ultimately done the majority of the drumming on the album.Following the release of Confusion Au Go Go, Love Battery remained for the most part quiet. A few one-off performances were made between 1999 and 2002 which featured the return of Simpson on bass and Finn on drums. After a prolonged period of inactivity the band played their first show in four years on June 23, 2006, at Neumo's in Seattle, WA. The then-current lineup consisted of Nine, Whitworth, Simpson, and Musburger.
Love Battery reunited amidst the individual members' other projects to perform at The Mix in Seattle, Washington on October 22, 2011. Nine and Whitworth had enlisted bassist Chris Eckman and drummer Ben Ireland to complete the lineup. In 2012, they performed in venues such as LoFi Performance Gallery on May 19, the Mural Amphitheatre on August 20, and the Comet Tavern on September 29 alongside artists such as Atomic Bride, Summer Babes, and Blood Orange Paradise. On their Myspace page, they announced plans to release new material in the following year, which ultimately never came to fruition. Nine and Whitworth instead teamed up with Tad bassist Kurt Danielson in a band called Vaporland. They released their self-titled debut album in 2014.
The Dayglo lineup of Love Battery (Nine, Whitworth, Tillman, and Finn) reunited in 2018 to play the Dayglo album in its entirety at several Seattle shows. In late 2022, a Love Battery album got remastered for the first time as Jackpot Records handled the Dayglo reissue on vinyl. The Dayglo lineup also reunited for a one-off performance in October of that same year as well.
Band members
Final members
Ron Nine – vocals, guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Kevin Whitworth – guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Jason Finn – drums (1989–1996, 2000–2002, 2018, 2022)
Jim Tillman – bass (1990–1992, 2018, 2022)
Former members
Dan Peters – drums (1989, 1997–2000)
Tommy Simpson – bass (1989–1990, 1992, 1999–2002, 2006)
Bruce Fairweather – bass (1992–1999)
Mike Musburger – drums (1996–1997, 2006)
Ben Ireland – drums (2011–2012)
Chris Eckman – bass (2011–2012)
Timeline
Color denotes main live duty.
Discography
Albums
Between the Eyes (Tupelo Recordings, 1990)
Dayglo (Sub Pop Records, 1992)
Far Gone (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
Straight Freak Ticket (Atlas Records, 1995)
Confusion Au Go Go (C/Z Records, 1998)
Singles
"Between the Eyes" (Sub Pop Records, 1989)
"Foot" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Out of Focus" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Half Past You" (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
"Nehru Jacket" (Atlas Records, 1994)
"Fuzz Factory" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Harold's Pink Room" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Snipe Hunt" (Let Down Records, 1998)
Compilation/Soundtrack contributions
"Between the Eyes" on The Grunge Years (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"I Just Can't Be Happy Today" on Another Damned Seattle Compilation (Dashboard Hula Girl Records, 1991)
"Ball and Chain" on Milk For Pussy (Mad Queen Records, 1994)
"No Matter What You Do" on We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom: A Tribute To Arthur Lee and Love (Alias Records, 1994)
"White Bird" on Star Power! (Pravda Records, 1995)
"Fuzz Factory" on Turn It Up & Pass It On, Volume 1 (1995)
"Straight Freak Show" on huH Magazine CD6 (promo only) (RayGun Press, 1995)
"Out of Focus (Live)" on Bite Back: Live At The Crocodile Cafe (PopLlama Records, 1996)
"Color Blind" on Home Alive: The Art of Self-Defense (Epic Records, 1996)
"Commercial Suicide" on Teriyaki Asthma, Vols. 6–10 (C/Z Records, 1999)
"Between the Eyes" on The Birth of Alternative Vol. 2 (Flashback Records, 2003)
"Half Past You" on Sleepless In Seattle: The Birth Of Grunge (LiveWire Recordings, 2006)
"Out of Focus" on Teen Spirit: MOJO Presents 15 Noise-Filled Classics from the American Underground Scene 1989–1992 (MOJO Records, 2017)
References
External links
Official MySpace.com page
Official website
Love Battery at AllMusic.com
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
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Love Battery was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. They released five albums during the 1990s, followed by sporadic one-off reunions. Frontman Ron Nine and guitarist Kevin Whitworth has been the only consistent members of the band throughout their existence.
History
Love Battery was formed in 1989 by former rock band Room Nine leader Ron Nine (born as Ron Rudzitis), guitarist Kevin Whitworth (ex-Crisis Party), bassist Tommy "Bonehead" Simpson (also ex-Crisis Party), and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Their name came from a song of the same name by British punk band the Buzzcocks.Before releasing their first single Peters left the group and was replaced by grunge band ex-Skin Yard drummer Jason Finn. With this lineup the band released their debut single "Between the Eyes" for seminal Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their debut EP/mini-album Between the Eyes in 1990 on Tupelo Recordings. By the middle of 1990 Simpson had been replaced by ex-U-Men bassist Jim Tillman. Between the Eyes was then expanded and released as their first official full-length album in 1991 via Sub Pop (which included three additional tracks with Tillman on bass).Following Between the Eyes were the "Foot" and "Out of Focus" singles. Both singles later appeared on 1992's Dayglo album. In the Sub Pop catalog, Dayglo was listed as "Blotter not included" (a play on "Batteries not included" instead referring to LSD). Soon after, Tillman left to pursue other interests. He was replaced at first by original bassist Simpson, who in turn was replaced by ex-Green River and Mother Love Bone guitarist-turned-bassist Bruce Fairweather.In 1993 the Far Gone album appeared, which to many was considered a disappointment following Dayglo's critical success. Initially Far Gone was to be released by PolyGram Records but due to contractual problems with Sub Pop, Far Gone was dumped by the major label. Instead an inferior "rough mix" of the album was released by Sub Pop, a problem which Love Battery planned to rectify by remixing and reissuing but never did.Following the Far Gone fiasco, Love Battery signed with Atlas Records in 1994 releasing the "Nehru Jacket" single late in the year. It contained two songs that also found their way onto the band's Straight Freak Ticket 1995 album, which was also released on Atlas; however, the label failed to promote the band and album properly which resulted in poor sales. Videos were made for the songs "Fuzz Factory" and "Harold's Pink Room". In 1996 Love Battery was featured in the documentary Hype!, chronicling the rise of the Seattle grunge music scene. A clip was shown of a live performance of "Between the Eyes". Shortly thereafter Finn left the group to focus on The Presidents of the United States of America, a band that attained mainstream success by 1996.A prolonged period of uncertainty ensued following Finn's departure. Initially, Finn's technician from The Presidents of the United States of America, ex-Posies and Fastbacks drummer Mike Musburger, had joined on drums. He was then replaced by original drummer Peters by 1997. The band returned to an independent label (C/Z Records) and released their fifth album Confusion Au Go Go in 1998. Contributions from drummers Finn and Musburger appeared on a few songs, but Peters had ultimately done the majority of the drumming on the album.Following the release of Confusion Au Go Go, Love Battery remained for the most part quiet. A few one-off performances were made between 1999 and 2002 which featured the return of Simpson on bass and Finn on drums. After a prolonged period of inactivity the band played their first show in four years on June 23, 2006, at Neumo's in Seattle, WA. The then-current lineup consisted of Nine, Whitworth, Simpson, and Musburger.
Love Battery reunited amidst the individual members' other projects to perform at The Mix in Seattle, Washington on October 22, 2011. Nine and Whitworth had enlisted bassist Chris Eckman and drummer Ben Ireland to complete the lineup. In 2012, they performed in venues such as LoFi Performance Gallery on May 19, the Mural Amphitheatre on August 20, and the Comet Tavern on September 29 alongside artists such as Atomic Bride, Summer Babes, and Blood Orange Paradise. On their Myspace page, they announced plans to release new material in the following year, which ultimately never came to fruition. Nine and Whitworth instead teamed up with Tad bassist Kurt Danielson in a band called Vaporland. They released their self-titled debut album in 2014.
The Dayglo lineup of Love Battery (Nine, Whitworth, Tillman, and Finn) reunited in 2018 to play the Dayglo album in its entirety at several Seattle shows. In late 2022, a Love Battery album got remastered for the first time as Jackpot Records handled the Dayglo reissue on vinyl. The Dayglo lineup also reunited for a one-off performance in October of that same year as well.
Band members
Final members
Ron Nine – vocals, guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Kevin Whitworth – guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Jason Finn – drums (1989–1996, 2000–2002, 2018, 2022)
Jim Tillman – bass (1990–1992, 2018, 2022)
Former members
Dan Peters – drums (1989, 1997–2000)
Tommy Simpson – bass (1989–1990, 1992, 1999–2002, 2006)
Bruce Fairweather – bass (1992–1999)
Mike Musburger – drums (1996–1997, 2006)
Ben Ireland – drums (2011–2012)
Chris Eckman – bass (2011–2012)
Timeline
Color denotes main live duty.
Discography
Albums
Between the Eyes (Tupelo Recordings, 1990)
Dayglo (Sub Pop Records, 1992)
Far Gone (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
Straight Freak Ticket (Atlas Records, 1995)
Confusion Au Go Go (C/Z Records, 1998)
Singles
"Between the Eyes" (Sub Pop Records, 1989)
"Foot" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Out of Focus" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Half Past You" (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
"Nehru Jacket" (Atlas Records, 1994)
"Fuzz Factory" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Harold's Pink Room" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Snipe Hunt" (Let Down Records, 1998)
Compilation/Soundtrack contributions
"Between the Eyes" on The Grunge Years (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"I Just Can't Be Happy Today" on Another Damned Seattle Compilation (Dashboard Hula Girl Records, 1991)
"Ball and Chain" on Milk For Pussy (Mad Queen Records, 1994)
"No Matter What You Do" on We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom: A Tribute To Arthur Lee and Love (Alias Records, 1994)
"White Bird" on Star Power! (Pravda Records, 1995)
"Fuzz Factory" on Turn It Up & Pass It On, Volume 1 (1995)
"Straight Freak Show" on huH Magazine CD6 (promo only) (RayGun Press, 1995)
"Out of Focus (Live)" on Bite Back: Live At The Crocodile Cafe (PopLlama Records, 1996)
"Color Blind" on Home Alive: The Art of Self-Defense (Epic Records, 1996)
"Commercial Suicide" on Teriyaki Asthma, Vols. 6–10 (C/Z Records, 1999)
"Between the Eyes" on The Birth of Alternative Vol. 2 (Flashback Records, 2003)
"Half Past You" on Sleepless In Seattle: The Birth Of Grunge (LiveWire Recordings, 2006)
"Out of Focus" on Teen Spirit: MOJO Presents 15 Noise-Filled Classics from the American Underground Scene 1989–1992 (MOJO Records, 2017)
References
External links
Official MySpace.com page
Official website
Love Battery at AllMusic.com
|
has part(s)
|
{
"answer_start": [
507
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"text": [
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Love Battery was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. They released five albums during the 1990s, followed by sporadic one-off reunions. Frontman Ron Nine and guitarist Kevin Whitworth has been the only consistent members of the band throughout their existence.
History
Love Battery was formed in 1989 by former rock band Room Nine leader Ron Nine (born as Ron Rudzitis), guitarist Kevin Whitworth (ex-Crisis Party), bassist Tommy "Bonehead" Simpson (also ex-Crisis Party), and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Their name came from a song of the same name by British punk band the Buzzcocks.Before releasing their first single Peters left the group and was replaced by grunge band ex-Skin Yard drummer Jason Finn. With this lineup the band released their debut single "Between the Eyes" for seminal Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their debut EP/mini-album Between the Eyes in 1990 on Tupelo Recordings. By the middle of 1990 Simpson had been replaced by ex-U-Men bassist Jim Tillman. Between the Eyes was then expanded and released as their first official full-length album in 1991 via Sub Pop (which included three additional tracks with Tillman on bass).Following Between the Eyes were the "Foot" and "Out of Focus" singles. Both singles later appeared on 1992's Dayglo album. In the Sub Pop catalog, Dayglo was listed as "Blotter not included" (a play on "Batteries not included" instead referring to LSD). Soon after, Tillman left to pursue other interests. He was replaced at first by original bassist Simpson, who in turn was replaced by ex-Green River and Mother Love Bone guitarist-turned-bassist Bruce Fairweather.In 1993 the Far Gone album appeared, which to many was considered a disappointment following Dayglo's critical success. Initially Far Gone was to be released by PolyGram Records but due to contractual problems with Sub Pop, Far Gone was dumped by the major label. Instead an inferior "rough mix" of the album was released by Sub Pop, a problem which Love Battery planned to rectify by remixing and reissuing but never did.Following the Far Gone fiasco, Love Battery signed with Atlas Records in 1994 releasing the "Nehru Jacket" single late in the year. It contained two songs that also found their way onto the band's Straight Freak Ticket 1995 album, which was also released on Atlas; however, the label failed to promote the band and album properly which resulted in poor sales. Videos were made for the songs "Fuzz Factory" and "Harold's Pink Room". In 1996 Love Battery was featured in the documentary Hype!, chronicling the rise of the Seattle grunge music scene. A clip was shown of a live performance of "Between the Eyes". Shortly thereafter Finn left the group to focus on The Presidents of the United States of America, a band that attained mainstream success by 1996.A prolonged period of uncertainty ensued following Finn's departure. Initially, Finn's technician from The Presidents of the United States of America, ex-Posies and Fastbacks drummer Mike Musburger, had joined on drums. He was then replaced by original drummer Peters by 1997. The band returned to an independent label (C/Z Records) and released their fifth album Confusion Au Go Go in 1998. Contributions from drummers Finn and Musburger appeared on a few songs, but Peters had ultimately done the majority of the drumming on the album.Following the release of Confusion Au Go Go, Love Battery remained for the most part quiet. A few one-off performances were made between 1999 and 2002 which featured the return of Simpson on bass and Finn on drums. After a prolonged period of inactivity the band played their first show in four years on June 23, 2006, at Neumo's in Seattle, WA. The then-current lineup consisted of Nine, Whitworth, Simpson, and Musburger.
Love Battery reunited amidst the individual members' other projects to perform at The Mix in Seattle, Washington on October 22, 2011. Nine and Whitworth had enlisted bassist Chris Eckman and drummer Ben Ireland to complete the lineup. In 2012, they performed in venues such as LoFi Performance Gallery on May 19, the Mural Amphitheatre on August 20, and the Comet Tavern on September 29 alongside artists such as Atomic Bride, Summer Babes, and Blood Orange Paradise. On their Myspace page, they announced plans to release new material in the following year, which ultimately never came to fruition. Nine and Whitworth instead teamed up with Tad bassist Kurt Danielson in a band called Vaporland. They released their self-titled debut album in 2014.
The Dayglo lineup of Love Battery (Nine, Whitworth, Tillman, and Finn) reunited in 2018 to play the Dayglo album in its entirety at several Seattle shows. In late 2022, a Love Battery album got remastered for the first time as Jackpot Records handled the Dayglo reissue on vinyl. The Dayglo lineup also reunited for a one-off performance in October of that same year as well.
Band members
Final members
Ron Nine – vocals, guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Kevin Whitworth – guitars (1989–2002, 2006, 2011–2012, 2018, 2022)
Jason Finn – drums (1989–1996, 2000–2002, 2018, 2022)
Jim Tillman – bass (1990–1992, 2018, 2022)
Former members
Dan Peters – drums (1989, 1997–2000)
Tommy Simpson – bass (1989–1990, 1992, 1999–2002, 2006)
Bruce Fairweather – bass (1992–1999)
Mike Musburger – drums (1996–1997, 2006)
Ben Ireland – drums (2011–2012)
Chris Eckman – bass (2011–2012)
Timeline
Color denotes main live duty.
Discography
Albums
Between the Eyes (Tupelo Recordings, 1990)
Dayglo (Sub Pop Records, 1992)
Far Gone (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
Straight Freak Ticket (Atlas Records, 1995)
Confusion Au Go Go (C/Z Records, 1998)
Singles
"Between the Eyes" (Sub Pop Records, 1989)
"Foot" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Out of Focus" (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"Half Past You" (Sub Pop Records, 1993)
"Nehru Jacket" (Atlas Records, 1994)
"Fuzz Factory" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Harold's Pink Room" (Atlas Records, 1995)
"Snipe Hunt" (Let Down Records, 1998)
Compilation/Soundtrack contributions
"Between the Eyes" on The Grunge Years (Sub Pop Records, 1991)
"I Just Can't Be Happy Today" on Another Damned Seattle Compilation (Dashboard Hula Girl Records, 1991)
"Ball and Chain" on Milk For Pussy (Mad Queen Records, 1994)
"No Matter What You Do" on We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom: A Tribute To Arthur Lee and Love (Alias Records, 1994)
"White Bird" on Star Power! (Pravda Records, 1995)
"Fuzz Factory" on Turn It Up & Pass It On, Volume 1 (1995)
"Straight Freak Show" on huH Magazine CD6 (promo only) (RayGun Press, 1995)
"Out of Focus (Live)" on Bite Back: Live At The Crocodile Cafe (PopLlama Records, 1996)
"Color Blind" on Home Alive: The Art of Self-Defense (Epic Records, 1996)
"Commercial Suicide" on Teriyaki Asthma, Vols. 6–10 (C/Z Records, 1999)
"Between the Eyes" on The Birth of Alternative Vol. 2 (Flashback Records, 2003)
"Half Past You" on Sleepless In Seattle: The Birth Of Grunge (LiveWire Recordings, 2006)
"Out of Focus" on Teen Spirit: MOJO Presents 15 Noise-Filled Classics from the American Underground Scene 1989–1992 (MOJO Records, 2017)
References
External links
Official MySpace.com page
Official website
Love Battery at AllMusic.com
|
location of formation
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Pseudopharus cornelia is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1906. It is found in Peru.
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Arctiidae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.
|
parent taxon
|
{
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Pseudopharus cornelia is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1906. It is found in Peru.
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Arctiidae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.
|
taxon name
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{
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The Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 35), sometimes called the Shortened Services Act, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended some of the provisions of the English Act of Uniformity 1662 (14 Car. 2 c. 4).
It allowed certain modifications
a shortened form of Morning and Evening Prayer on week days
on special occasions approved by the Ordinary special forms of service, provided that they contain nothing, except anthems or hymns, which did not form part of the Holy Scriptures or the 1662 Book of Common Prayer
additional forms of service on Sundays and Holy-days in addition to the regular services, approved by the Ordinary
the use of Morning Prayer, the Litany, and the Communion Service as separate services and in varying order
sermons or lectures without the common prayers or services appointed by the Prayer BookThe Act was repealed by section 6 of, and the second schedule to the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974 (1974 No. 3).
See also
Prayer Book (Tables of Lessons) Act 1871
Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880
References
External links
Text of the Act
|
part of the series
|
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|
The Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 35), sometimes called the Shortened Services Act, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended some of the provisions of the English Act of Uniformity 1662 (14 Car. 2 c. 4).
It allowed certain modifications
a shortened form of Morning and Evening Prayer on week days
on special occasions approved by the Ordinary special forms of service, provided that they contain nothing, except anthems or hymns, which did not form part of the Holy Scriptures or the 1662 Book of Common Prayer
additional forms of service on Sundays and Holy-days in addition to the regular services, approved by the Ordinary
the use of Morning Prayer, the Litany, and the Communion Service as separate services and in varying order
sermons or lectures without the common prayers or services appointed by the Prayer BookThe Act was repealed by section 6 of, and the second schedule to the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974 (1974 No. 3).
See also
Prayer Book (Tables of Lessons) Act 1871
Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880
References
External links
Text of the Act
|
legislated by
|
{
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127
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"text": [
"Parliament of the United Kingdom"
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|
The Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 35), sometimes called the Shortened Services Act, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended some of the provisions of the English Act of Uniformity 1662 (14 Car. 2 c. 4).
It allowed certain modifications
a shortened form of Morning and Evening Prayer on week days
on special occasions approved by the Ordinary special forms of service, provided that they contain nothing, except anthems or hymns, which did not form part of the Holy Scriptures or the 1662 Book of Common Prayer
additional forms of service on Sundays and Holy-days in addition to the regular services, approved by the Ordinary
the use of Morning Prayer, the Litany, and the Communion Service as separate services and in varying order
sermons or lectures without the common prayers or services appointed by the Prayer BookThe Act was repealed by section 6 of, and the second schedule to the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974 (1974 No. 3).
See also
Prayer Book (Tables of Lessons) Act 1871
Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880
References
External links
Text of the Act
|
legal citation of this text
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"35 & 36 Vict. c. 35"
]
}
|
The Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 35), sometimes called the Shortened Services Act, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended some of the provisions of the English Act of Uniformity 1662 (14 Car. 2 c. 4).
It allowed certain modifications
a shortened form of Morning and Evening Prayer on week days
on special occasions approved by the Ordinary special forms of service, provided that they contain nothing, except anthems or hymns, which did not form part of the Holy Scriptures or the 1662 Book of Common Prayer
additional forms of service on Sundays and Holy-days in addition to the regular services, approved by the Ordinary
the use of Morning Prayer, the Litany, and the Communion Service as separate services and in varying order
sermons or lectures without the common prayers or services appointed by the Prayer BookThe Act was repealed by section 6 of, and the second schedule to the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974 (1974 No. 3).
See also
Prayer Book (Tables of Lessons) Act 1871
Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880
References
External links
Text of the Act
|
short name
|
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Camil Mmaee A Nwameben (Arabic: كامل مايي; born 21 February 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Bologna. Born in Belgium, he is a youth international for Morocco.
Club career
A youth product of Standard Liège since 2013, Mmaee signed his first professional contract with the club on 14 August 2021. He made his senior and professional debut with Standard Liège as a late substitute in a 1–0 Belgian First Division A win over Beerschot on 22 March 2022. On 29 July 2022, he transferred to the Italian club Bologna on a 3+1 year contract, where he was initially assigned to their reserves.
International career
Mmaee was first called up to play for the Morocco U17s in 2020. He was called up to the Morocco U20s for a set of friendlies in March 2022. He made one appearance for the U20s against the Romania U20s in a 2–2 friendly tie on 29 March 2022.
Personal life
Mmaee was born in Belgium to a Cameroonian father and Moroccan mother. His siblings Ryan, Samy, and Jack are also footballers.
References
External links
Camil Mmaee at Soccerway
|
country of citizenship
|
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|
Camil Mmaee A Nwameben (Arabic: كامل مايي; born 21 February 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Bologna. Born in Belgium, he is a youth international for Morocco.
Club career
A youth product of Standard Liège since 2013, Mmaee signed his first professional contract with the club on 14 August 2021. He made his senior and professional debut with Standard Liège as a late substitute in a 1–0 Belgian First Division A win over Beerschot on 22 March 2022. On 29 July 2022, he transferred to the Italian club Bologna on a 3+1 year contract, where he was initially assigned to their reserves.
International career
Mmaee was first called up to play for the Morocco U17s in 2020. He was called up to the Morocco U20s for a set of friendlies in March 2022. He made one appearance for the U20s against the Romania U20s in a 2–2 friendly tie on 29 March 2022.
Personal life
Mmaee was born in Belgium to a Cameroonian father and Moroccan mother. His siblings Ryan, Samy, and Jack are also footballers.
References
External links
Camil Mmaee at Soccerway
|
member of sports team
|
{
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234
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"Standard Liège"
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}
|
Camil Mmaee A Nwameben (Arabic: كامل مايي; born 21 February 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Bologna. Born in Belgium, he is a youth international for Morocco.
Club career
A youth product of Standard Liège since 2013, Mmaee signed his first professional contract with the club on 14 August 2021. He made his senior and professional debut with Standard Liège as a late substitute in a 1–0 Belgian First Division A win over Beerschot on 22 March 2022. On 29 July 2022, he transferred to the Italian club Bologna on a 3+1 year contract, where he was initially assigned to their reserves.
International career
Mmaee was first called up to play for the Morocco U17s in 2020. He was called up to the Morocco U20s for a set of friendlies in March 2022. He made one appearance for the U20s against the Romania U20s in a 2–2 friendly tie on 29 March 2022.
Personal life
Mmaee was born in Belgium to a Cameroonian father and Moroccan mother. His siblings Ryan, Samy, and Jack are also footballers.
References
External links
Camil Mmaee at Soccerway
|
position played on team / speciality
|
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110
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"forward"
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|
Camil Mmaee A Nwameben (Arabic: كامل مايي; born 21 February 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Bologna. Born in Belgium, he is a youth international for Morocco.
Club career
A youth product of Standard Liège since 2013, Mmaee signed his first professional contract with the club on 14 August 2021. He made his senior and professional debut with Standard Liège as a late substitute in a 1–0 Belgian First Division A win over Beerschot on 22 March 2022. On 29 July 2022, he transferred to the Italian club Bologna on a 3+1 year contract, where he was initially assigned to their reserves.
International career
Mmaee was first called up to play for the Morocco U17s in 2020. He was called up to the Morocco U20s for a set of friendlies in March 2022. He made one appearance for the U20s against the Romania U20s in a 2–2 friendly tie on 29 March 2022.
Personal life
Mmaee was born in Belgium to a Cameroonian father and Moroccan mother. His siblings Ryan, Samy, and Jack are also footballers.
References
External links
Camil Mmaee at Soccerway
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
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"Mmaee"
]
}
|
Camil Mmaee A Nwameben (Arabic: كامل مايي; born 21 February 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Bologna. Born in Belgium, he is a youth international for Morocco.
Club career
A youth product of Standard Liège since 2013, Mmaee signed his first professional contract with the club on 14 August 2021. He made his senior and professional debut with Standard Liège as a late substitute in a 1–0 Belgian First Division A win over Beerschot on 22 March 2022. On 29 July 2022, he transferred to the Italian club Bologna on a 3+1 year contract, where he was initially assigned to their reserves.
International career
Mmaee was first called up to play for the Morocco U17s in 2020. He was called up to the Morocco U20s for a set of friendlies in March 2022. He made one appearance for the U20s against the Romania U20s in a 2–2 friendly tie on 29 March 2022.
Personal life
Mmaee was born in Belgium to a Cameroonian father and Moroccan mother. His siblings Ryan, Samy, and Jack are also footballers.
References
External links
Camil Mmaee at Soccerway
|
given name
|
{
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Lewis Phectic Haslett was an American inventor and the first person to receive a patent (US 6529 , "Inhaler or Lung Protector") for an early form of the gas mask in 1849.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
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"text": [
"Haslett"
]
}
|
Lewis Phectic Haslett was an American inventor and the first person to receive a patent (US 6529 , "Inhaler or Lung Protector") for an early form of the gas mask in 1849.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lewis"
]
}
|
Somatidia tricolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lea in 1929. It is known from Australia.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
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"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Somatidia tricolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lea in 1929. It is known from Australia.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Somatidia"
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}
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Somatidia tricolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lea in 1929. It is known from Australia.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Somatidia tricolor"
]
}
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Epiphyllum chrysocardium (syn.: Selenicereus chrysocardium) is an epiphytic cactus native to Mexico, commonly called fern leaf cactus, golden heart epiphyllum, shark tooth cactus and shark fin cactus. It used to be the only species in the genus Chiapasophyllum, in addition to a former inclusion in the genus Selenicereus (commonly referred to as the fishbone, ric-rac or zig-zag cacti), but molecular phylogenetic studies show that it belongs to Epiphyllum.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Epiphyllum chrysocardium (syn.: Selenicereus chrysocardium) is an epiphytic cactus native to Mexico, commonly called fern leaf cactus, golden heart epiphyllum, shark tooth cactus and shark fin cactus. It used to be the only species in the genus Chiapasophyllum, in addition to a former inclusion in the genus Selenicereus (commonly referred to as the fishbone, ric-rac or zig-zag cacti), but molecular phylogenetic studies show that it belongs to Epiphyllum.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Epiphyllum"
]
}
|
Epiphyllum chrysocardium (syn.: Selenicereus chrysocardium) is an epiphytic cactus native to Mexico, commonly called fern leaf cactus, golden heart epiphyllum, shark tooth cactus and shark fin cactus. It used to be the only species in the genus Chiapasophyllum, in addition to a former inclusion in the genus Selenicereus (commonly referred to as the fishbone, ric-rac or zig-zag cacti), but molecular phylogenetic studies show that it belongs to Epiphyllum.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Epiphyllum chrysocardium"
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Council elections for the Preston City Council were held on 2 May 2019 as part of the 2019 United Kingdom local elections. The Council has undergone a wholesale boundary revision, reducing the number of both Councillors and electoral wards, resulting in the first 'all out' election since 2002 Preston Council election.
All locally registered electors (British, Irish, Commonwealth and European Union citizens) who are aged 18 or over on polling day are entitled to vote in the local elections.
The boundary changes for 2019 reduced the number of Councillors from 57 to 48.
Results summary
The new electoral wards each elect three members.The results of the 2019 elections are summarised below.
Election Result
Ward results
Ashton
Brookfield
Cadley
City Centre
Deepdale
Fishwick and Frenchwood
Garrison
Greyfriars
Ingol and Cottam
Lea and Larches
Plungington
Preston Rural East
Preston Rural North
Ribbleton
Sharoe Green
St. Matthew's
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"United Kingdom"
]
}
|
Council elections for the Preston City Council were held on 2 May 2019 as part of the 2019 United Kingdom local elections. The Council has undergone a wholesale boundary revision, reducing the number of both Councillors and electoral wards, resulting in the first 'all out' election since 2002 Preston Council election.
All locally registered electors (British, Irish, Commonwealth and European Union citizens) who are aged 18 or over on polling day are entitled to vote in the local elections.
The boundary changes for 2019 reduced the number of Councillors from 57 to 48.
Results summary
The new electoral wards each elect three members.The results of the 2019 elections are summarised below.
Election Result
Ward results
Ashton
Brookfield
Cadley
City Centre
Deepdale
Fishwick and Frenchwood
Garrison
Greyfriars
Ingol and Cottam
Lea and Larches
Plungington
Preston Rural East
Preston Rural North
Ribbleton
Sharoe Green
St. Matthew's
== References ==
|
part of
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
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"text": [
"2019 United Kingdom local elections"
]
}
|
The Canadian Rangers (French: Rangers canadiens) are a sub-component of the Canadian Army under the Canadian Armed Forces reserves that provides a limited military presence in regions of Canada where stationing conventional Army units would not be practical or economically viable. Formally established on May 23, 1947, the Canadian Rangers employs around 5,000 Rangers.
The Canadian Rangers are responsible for remote, isolated, and sparsely-populated regions of Canada, such as Northern Canada and the coastlines. They regularly conduct surveillance, sovereignty patrols (SOVPATS), and inspections of the North Warning System. They also act as guides, scouts, and subject-matter experts in such disciplines as wilderness survival when other forces and Army components are in their area of operations.
Organization
The Canadian Rangers are a unit of the Canadian Armed Forces Army Reserve made up of Inuit, First Nations, Métis, and other Canadians. Though there is a misconception that the Canadian Rangers is a First Nations unit, many Rangers are not; the makeup of each unit simply depends on where the patrol resides.
The Canadian Rangers provide a limited military presence in Canada's remote areas and receive 12 days per year of formal training (often more days of training are offered but attendance is not mandatory). They are considered to be somewhat always on duty, observing and reporting as part of their daily lives. Canadian Rangers are paid when formally on duty according to the rank they hold within their patrol and when present on operations or during training events. They are paid in accordance with the standard rates of pay for Class-A (part-time) or Class-B (full-time) Reserve forces, except when they are called out for search and rescue missions or domestic operations (such as fighting floods and wildfires), when they are paid as Class-C Reserves and receive the full Regular Force pay and benefits.
The 5,000 Canadian Rangers are split between five Canadian Ranger patrol groups (CRPGs), commanded by lieutenant-colonels and each allocated to a Canadian division (except 1 CRPG, which is currently allocated to Joint Task Force North). Each CRPG is unique in its make-up, according to its area of responsibility, its geography, and its ethnic make-up. For instance, 3 CRPG, headquartered in Borden, Ontario, has a single province as its area of operations (AO), while 4 CRPG with its headquarters in Victoria, British Columbia, has four provinces. Thus the unit structures between 3 CRPG and 4 CRPG are very different. 3 CRPG has a unit HQ that contains all its full-time staff and has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols throughout the northern region of its province, whereas 4 CRPG has a unit HQ, a number of traditional sub-units ("companies"), and each company has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols. In all cases, it is the job of the Army full-time staff (mostly Class-B Reserve personnel, except for 1 CRPG whose full-time staff are predominantly Regular Force) allocated to the CRPGs to lead and administer the Canadian Ranger patrols in their unit. The patrols themselves are located in various remote, isolated, and/or coastal communities around Canada and each Canadian Ranger patrol is based on such a community. Canadian Ranger patrols are (on average) approximately 30 members strong (the equivalent of a platoon in a conventional Canadian Army unit) and are led by sergeants. The patrols are further divided into the patrol HQ consisting of the patrol commander (sergeant) and the patrol second-in-command (2IC, a master corporal) and 10-member sections, each commanded by a master corporal who is assisted by a corporal.
Pacific Coast Militia Rangers
Modern Canadian Rangers can trace their heritage back to the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers (PCMR). Formed on March 3, 1942, the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were volunteers who patrolled, performed military surveillance, and provided local defence of the coastline of British Columbia and in Yukon against the wartime threat of a possible Japanese invasion. At their height, the PCMR consisted of 15,000 volunteers in 138 companies under three major patrol areas, which were Vancouver Island, the lower Fraser Valley and the Bridge River area. Some of the principal officers of the PCMR were Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck VC, Lieutenant-Colonel A.L. Coote and Major H. Ashby. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were disbanded on September 30, 1945, after Japan's surrender in the Second World War.
Equipment
Each Canadian Ranger is issued a red Canadian Ranger sweatshirt, CADPAT pants, combat boots, baseball cap, safety vest, rifle and navigation aids. They are expected to be mostly self-reliant regarding equipment. However, they are also provided with a small amount of patrol-level stores (mostly camp stores – tents, stoves, lanterns, axes, etc.). They are reimbursed for the use of personal vehicles and equipment and are paid for this use according to the nationally established equipment usage rates. Items that a Canadian Ranger could be reimbursed for include snowmobiles (called light over-snow vehicles, or LOSVs, in the military), all-terrain vehicles, watercraft, trailers, pack horses, sled dog teams, and a variety of tools and equipment (such as radios, chainsaws, generators, and the like).
Weapons
Since 1947, the Canadian Rangers have been issued the .303 British calibre Lee–Enfield No 4 rifle, with each user being provided with 200 rounds of ammunition every year.At the outset of the Second World War, the rest of the Canadian Army was equipping with Enfield rifles, Bren guns, Webley revolvers, and Browning-Inglis Hi Power pistols and Canadian production of these weapons was badly needed for overseas service. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers thus had to make do with what was readily available, often patrolling with their own rifles and shotguns. This led Canadian purchasing agents to look to American sources for rifles. At the time the most popular style of rifle in the North American West was the .30WCF (.30-30 calibre) lever action. As such, purchasers considered that the Winchester 1894 and Marlin 36 would be easy for the PCMR members to use, as they more than likely had experience with the type already. As a stop-gap until Enfield Rifles became available in numbers for issue, some 3000 Winchesters and an estimated 1800 Marlins were promptly acquired direct from North Haven (likely all these firms had on hand). Guns were issued as needed to senior members of the companies, but stocks of .30-30 ammunition was so limited that only six rounds were issued with the rifle while the rest was locked up in the company's armoury, typically in the vault of the local bank.
The bolt-action Lee–Enfield was then issued to the PCMR as the standard rifle later during the war and it continued to be used by the Canadian Rangers when they were established in 1947. Due to the economy of the .303 (there were thousands left over after the war) and the robust nature of the rifle (especially in conditions such as extreme cold), it was not replaced for use even after being taken out of general service in the remainder of the Canadian military in the 1950s. It has remained in service with the Canadian Rangers for over 70 years and has proven to be most reliable in adverse conditions even in the Canadian Arctic environment.
With the issue of the Colt Canada C19 as their new service rifle in 2015, the Canadian Rangers were officially gifted their retired Lee-Enfields by the Canadian Armed Forces.
Rifle replacement
Owing to the decreasing availability of spare parts, the replacement of the Lee–Enfield rifle had long been expected, and in August 2011, after user requirements had been determined, the Canadian Forces officially issued a tender request for a bolt-action rifle compatible with 7.62×51mm NATO and .308 Winchester ammunition. Approximately 10,000 rifles were to be bought giving the system a service life of about 30 years. Project management was provided by the Canadian Army's, Director Land Resources (DLR). The new rifles are a Finnish SAKO design, based on the Tikka T3 Compact Tactical rifle (CTR). The rifle was being manufactured under licence by Colt Canada, set to be in service by 2018. The tender was cancelled in October 2011 due to contractual issues and a new tender was issued in 2014 for replacement rifles with a selection competition in 2015 and the winning design entering service between 2015 and 2019. In April 2015, Colt Canada was selected to produce the rifle under licence. Thirty-three initial examples of the new rifle based on the CTR were delivered to the 4th Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (4 CRPG) in Victoria, British Columbia, in June 2015, while Canadian Ranger instructors from across all CRPGs concurrently attended "train-the-trainer" training at the Small Arms section at the Combat Training Centre, CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick. "Uncontrolled testing" was completed with 100 rifles in Nunavut in August 2015, while controlled testing was conducted in November 2015 in the British Columbia interior, facilitated by 4 CRPG. The rifles were tested to ensure they would fire properly and remain accurate at temperatures as low as −51 °C (−60 °F) (laboratory conditions), as well as remain robust and serviceable amidst the rigours of transportation in vehicles and in particular on all-terrain vehicles. They are expected to stop all large predators, including polar bears. Feedback from the Canadian Rangers was generally very positive, with only minor adjustments required, and was incorporated in the final production rifles.
The rifle features a heavy-taper stainless steel barrel, a detachable 10-round double-stack box magazine, custom iron sights calibrated from 100 to 600 metres, a specially laminated wooden stock with a unique reddish-grey pattern in the wood grain, stainless steel construction with extra corrosion resistant coatings, and enlarged trigger guards and bolt handles so they can be used without removing gloves. The barrel, bolt and receiver are made by Colt Canada under licence from SAKO. In addition to the rifle, the accessories package includes a custom-moulded Pelican hard transport case (suitable for commercial aircraft transportation), plus a soft transport case for vehicles, such as snowmobiles and ATVs. The rifle is also outfitted with a custom sling, extra magazines, a trigger lock and custom cleaning kit. The rifle's hard case and soft case, as well as the rifle butt stock feature the Canadian Ranger badge. The Ranger badge on the rifle stock is engraved and in black relief. The rifle is designated the C19 rifle. Ammunition for the C19 is a proprietary .308 Winchester round made in Quebec solely for the C-19 and consists of the pairing of existing Canadian Forces' match (sniper) brass cases, paired with the Nosler Accubond 180-grain (12 g) bullet. The ammunition designation is the C-180 round.
As of 2015 the DND planned to buy 6,820 rifles. Including development costs, spare parts, and two million rounds of ammunition, the rifles were expected to cost $28 million.
Chain of command
The Canadian Rangers became part of the Canadian Army in October 2007, having previously been under the vice chief of the Defence Staff for the Canadian Armed Forces. The Commander of the Canadian Army is the Canadian Ranger National Authority (CRNA), but this role is delegated down to the Army Chief of Staff Reserve (ACOS Res), a brigadier-general. The commander of the Canadian Army has a small cadre of CRNA staff in Ottawa, headed by a Class-A (part-time) lieutenant-colonel and consisting of a full-time major and a small number of captains and master warrant officers. The conduit between the CRNA staff and the ACOS REs is the Director Army Reserve (DARes), a full colonel. These CRNA staff act as a conduit for information, assist with general development and improvement, assist in generating, modifying, and maintaining policy that addresses the unique nature of the Canadian Rangers (including administrative policy, unit establishment and structure, training policy, and logistical policy), and with the financing (overall funding model) of the Canadian Rangers. These staff are not directly within the chain of command and have no authority over the CRPGs, but are instead seen as the technical and advisory link between the Canadian Ranger units and the Commander of the Canadian Army.
Command and control of the respective Canadian Ranger units (known as Canadian Ranger patrol groups or CRPGs) is devolved from the commander of the Canadian Army down to his subordinate commanders of the various regional divisions. There are five CRPGs and each CRPG corresponds to one of the regional divisions (as seen below). The CRPGs tend to be provincially oriented, apart from 1 CRPG, which covers the whole of northern Canada north of the 60th parallel, and 4 CRPG which covers the four western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Each CRPG has a headquarters and a number of patrols, albeit that 4 CRPG's patrols are managed within a company construct, with provincially oriented companies each commanding their own patrols. The patrols tend to be centred on remote communities throughout Canada and are frequently named after the town or village they are from (the Terrace Patrol, in British Columbia, for instance).
Patrol areas
There are five main patrol areas of the Canadian Rangers. Each patrol area is directly controlled by the headquarters unit of a Canadian Ranger patrol group or CRPG (French: groupe de patrouilles des Rangers canadiens, GPRC).
Junior Canadian Rangers
The Junior Canadian Rangers (JCR) Programme was created on May 31, 1996, and has more than 3,400 members in 119 locations. Each CRPG is responsible for facilitating the JCRs and receive separate national funding for JCR activity facilitation. Each Canadian Ranger patrol has at least a couple of Canadian Rangers who directly look after the JCRs, and JCR instructors are part of the CRPG's full-time staff. At the national level, the Junior Canadian Ranger programme is maintained by the National Cadet and Junior Canadian Ranger Group, commanded by a brigadier-general. The programme is open to Canadians from ages 12 to 18.
Freedoms
The Canadian Rangers have received the Freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:
22 August 2022: Dawson City.
See also
Operation Hurricane (Canada)
William, Prince of Wales appointed honorary member of the Canadian Rangers on November 10, 2009
Catherine, Princess of Wales appointed honorary member of the Canadian Rangers on July 5, 2011
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex former honorary member of the Canadian Rangers from 10 November 2009 – 31 March 2020.Similar units of other countries
Regional Force Surveillance Units, Australia
51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment
NORFORCE
Pilbara Regiment
Sirius Dog Sled Patrol, Denmark
References
Further reading
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, The Canadian Rangers: A Living History. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2013.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, editor. Canada's Rangers: Selected Stories, 1942-2012. Kingston: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2013.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Vigilans: The 1st Canadian Ranger Patrol Group. Foreword by Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper. Yellowknife: 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, 2015.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "The Canadian Rangers: A Postmodern Militia That Works." Canadian Military Journal 6/4 (Winter 2005–06). 49–60.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Guerrillas in Our Midst: The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers, 1942-45," BC Studies 155 (December 2007). 95–131.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Teaching Canada's Indigenous Sovereignty Soldiers ... and Vice Versa: 'Lessons Learned' from Ranger Instructors," Canadian Army Journal 10/2 (Summer 2007). 66–81.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers: Canada's 'Eyes and Ears' in Northern and Isolated Communities," in Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture, Vol. 2 ed. Cora Voyageur, David Newhouse, and Dan Beavon. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. 306–328.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Canada's Northern Defenders: Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers, 1947-2005," in Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian Military: Historical Perspectives edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Craig Mantle. Kingston: CDA Press, 2007. 171–208.
External links
Official website
The Canadian Rangers NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
187
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"text": [
"Canada"
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|
The Canadian Rangers (French: Rangers canadiens) are a sub-component of the Canadian Army under the Canadian Armed Forces reserves that provides a limited military presence in regions of Canada where stationing conventional Army units would not be practical or economically viable. Formally established on May 23, 1947, the Canadian Rangers employs around 5,000 Rangers.
The Canadian Rangers are responsible for remote, isolated, and sparsely-populated regions of Canada, such as Northern Canada and the coastlines. They regularly conduct surveillance, sovereignty patrols (SOVPATS), and inspections of the North Warning System. They also act as guides, scouts, and subject-matter experts in such disciplines as wilderness survival when other forces and Army components are in their area of operations.
Organization
The Canadian Rangers are a unit of the Canadian Armed Forces Army Reserve made up of Inuit, First Nations, Métis, and other Canadians. Though there is a misconception that the Canadian Rangers is a First Nations unit, many Rangers are not; the makeup of each unit simply depends on where the patrol resides.
The Canadian Rangers provide a limited military presence in Canada's remote areas and receive 12 days per year of formal training (often more days of training are offered but attendance is not mandatory). They are considered to be somewhat always on duty, observing and reporting as part of their daily lives. Canadian Rangers are paid when formally on duty according to the rank they hold within their patrol and when present on operations or during training events. They are paid in accordance with the standard rates of pay for Class-A (part-time) or Class-B (full-time) Reserve forces, except when they are called out for search and rescue missions or domestic operations (such as fighting floods and wildfires), when they are paid as Class-C Reserves and receive the full Regular Force pay and benefits.
The 5,000 Canadian Rangers are split between five Canadian Ranger patrol groups (CRPGs), commanded by lieutenant-colonels and each allocated to a Canadian division (except 1 CRPG, which is currently allocated to Joint Task Force North). Each CRPG is unique in its make-up, according to its area of responsibility, its geography, and its ethnic make-up. For instance, 3 CRPG, headquartered in Borden, Ontario, has a single province as its area of operations (AO), while 4 CRPG with its headquarters in Victoria, British Columbia, has four provinces. Thus the unit structures between 3 CRPG and 4 CRPG are very different. 3 CRPG has a unit HQ that contains all its full-time staff and has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols throughout the northern region of its province, whereas 4 CRPG has a unit HQ, a number of traditional sub-units ("companies"), and each company has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols. In all cases, it is the job of the Army full-time staff (mostly Class-B Reserve personnel, except for 1 CRPG whose full-time staff are predominantly Regular Force) allocated to the CRPGs to lead and administer the Canadian Ranger patrols in their unit. The patrols themselves are located in various remote, isolated, and/or coastal communities around Canada and each Canadian Ranger patrol is based on such a community. Canadian Ranger patrols are (on average) approximately 30 members strong (the equivalent of a platoon in a conventional Canadian Army unit) and are led by sergeants. The patrols are further divided into the patrol HQ consisting of the patrol commander (sergeant) and the patrol second-in-command (2IC, a master corporal) and 10-member sections, each commanded by a master corporal who is assisted by a corporal.
Pacific Coast Militia Rangers
Modern Canadian Rangers can trace their heritage back to the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers (PCMR). Formed on March 3, 1942, the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were volunteers who patrolled, performed military surveillance, and provided local defence of the coastline of British Columbia and in Yukon against the wartime threat of a possible Japanese invasion. At their height, the PCMR consisted of 15,000 volunteers in 138 companies under three major patrol areas, which were Vancouver Island, the lower Fraser Valley and the Bridge River area. Some of the principal officers of the PCMR were Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck VC, Lieutenant-Colonel A.L. Coote and Major H. Ashby. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were disbanded on September 30, 1945, after Japan's surrender in the Second World War.
Equipment
Each Canadian Ranger is issued a red Canadian Ranger sweatshirt, CADPAT pants, combat boots, baseball cap, safety vest, rifle and navigation aids. They are expected to be mostly self-reliant regarding equipment. However, they are also provided with a small amount of patrol-level stores (mostly camp stores – tents, stoves, lanterns, axes, etc.). They are reimbursed for the use of personal vehicles and equipment and are paid for this use according to the nationally established equipment usage rates. Items that a Canadian Ranger could be reimbursed for include snowmobiles (called light over-snow vehicles, or LOSVs, in the military), all-terrain vehicles, watercraft, trailers, pack horses, sled dog teams, and a variety of tools and equipment (such as radios, chainsaws, generators, and the like).
Weapons
Since 1947, the Canadian Rangers have been issued the .303 British calibre Lee–Enfield No 4 rifle, with each user being provided with 200 rounds of ammunition every year.At the outset of the Second World War, the rest of the Canadian Army was equipping with Enfield rifles, Bren guns, Webley revolvers, and Browning-Inglis Hi Power pistols and Canadian production of these weapons was badly needed for overseas service. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers thus had to make do with what was readily available, often patrolling with their own rifles and shotguns. This led Canadian purchasing agents to look to American sources for rifles. At the time the most popular style of rifle in the North American West was the .30WCF (.30-30 calibre) lever action. As such, purchasers considered that the Winchester 1894 and Marlin 36 would be easy for the PCMR members to use, as they more than likely had experience with the type already. As a stop-gap until Enfield Rifles became available in numbers for issue, some 3000 Winchesters and an estimated 1800 Marlins were promptly acquired direct from North Haven (likely all these firms had on hand). Guns were issued as needed to senior members of the companies, but stocks of .30-30 ammunition was so limited that only six rounds were issued with the rifle while the rest was locked up in the company's armoury, typically in the vault of the local bank.
The bolt-action Lee–Enfield was then issued to the PCMR as the standard rifle later during the war and it continued to be used by the Canadian Rangers when they were established in 1947. Due to the economy of the .303 (there were thousands left over after the war) and the robust nature of the rifle (especially in conditions such as extreme cold), it was not replaced for use even after being taken out of general service in the remainder of the Canadian military in the 1950s. It has remained in service with the Canadian Rangers for over 70 years and has proven to be most reliable in adverse conditions even in the Canadian Arctic environment.
With the issue of the Colt Canada C19 as their new service rifle in 2015, the Canadian Rangers were officially gifted their retired Lee-Enfields by the Canadian Armed Forces.
Rifle replacement
Owing to the decreasing availability of spare parts, the replacement of the Lee–Enfield rifle had long been expected, and in August 2011, after user requirements had been determined, the Canadian Forces officially issued a tender request for a bolt-action rifle compatible with 7.62×51mm NATO and .308 Winchester ammunition. Approximately 10,000 rifles were to be bought giving the system a service life of about 30 years. Project management was provided by the Canadian Army's, Director Land Resources (DLR). The new rifles are a Finnish SAKO design, based on the Tikka T3 Compact Tactical rifle (CTR). The rifle was being manufactured under licence by Colt Canada, set to be in service by 2018. The tender was cancelled in October 2011 due to contractual issues and a new tender was issued in 2014 for replacement rifles with a selection competition in 2015 and the winning design entering service between 2015 and 2019. In April 2015, Colt Canada was selected to produce the rifle under licence. Thirty-three initial examples of the new rifle based on the CTR were delivered to the 4th Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (4 CRPG) in Victoria, British Columbia, in June 2015, while Canadian Ranger instructors from across all CRPGs concurrently attended "train-the-trainer" training at the Small Arms section at the Combat Training Centre, CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick. "Uncontrolled testing" was completed with 100 rifles in Nunavut in August 2015, while controlled testing was conducted in November 2015 in the British Columbia interior, facilitated by 4 CRPG. The rifles were tested to ensure they would fire properly and remain accurate at temperatures as low as −51 °C (−60 °F) (laboratory conditions), as well as remain robust and serviceable amidst the rigours of transportation in vehicles and in particular on all-terrain vehicles. They are expected to stop all large predators, including polar bears. Feedback from the Canadian Rangers was generally very positive, with only minor adjustments required, and was incorporated in the final production rifles.
The rifle features a heavy-taper stainless steel barrel, a detachable 10-round double-stack box magazine, custom iron sights calibrated from 100 to 600 metres, a specially laminated wooden stock with a unique reddish-grey pattern in the wood grain, stainless steel construction with extra corrosion resistant coatings, and enlarged trigger guards and bolt handles so they can be used without removing gloves. The barrel, bolt and receiver are made by Colt Canada under licence from SAKO. In addition to the rifle, the accessories package includes a custom-moulded Pelican hard transport case (suitable for commercial aircraft transportation), plus a soft transport case for vehicles, such as snowmobiles and ATVs. The rifle is also outfitted with a custom sling, extra magazines, a trigger lock and custom cleaning kit. The rifle's hard case and soft case, as well as the rifle butt stock feature the Canadian Ranger badge. The Ranger badge on the rifle stock is engraved and in black relief. The rifle is designated the C19 rifle. Ammunition for the C19 is a proprietary .308 Winchester round made in Quebec solely for the C-19 and consists of the pairing of existing Canadian Forces' match (sniper) brass cases, paired with the Nosler Accubond 180-grain (12 g) bullet. The ammunition designation is the C-180 round.
As of 2015 the DND planned to buy 6,820 rifles. Including development costs, spare parts, and two million rounds of ammunition, the rifles were expected to cost $28 million.
Chain of command
The Canadian Rangers became part of the Canadian Army in October 2007, having previously been under the vice chief of the Defence Staff for the Canadian Armed Forces. The Commander of the Canadian Army is the Canadian Ranger National Authority (CRNA), but this role is delegated down to the Army Chief of Staff Reserve (ACOS Res), a brigadier-general. The commander of the Canadian Army has a small cadre of CRNA staff in Ottawa, headed by a Class-A (part-time) lieutenant-colonel and consisting of a full-time major and a small number of captains and master warrant officers. The conduit between the CRNA staff and the ACOS REs is the Director Army Reserve (DARes), a full colonel. These CRNA staff act as a conduit for information, assist with general development and improvement, assist in generating, modifying, and maintaining policy that addresses the unique nature of the Canadian Rangers (including administrative policy, unit establishment and structure, training policy, and logistical policy), and with the financing (overall funding model) of the Canadian Rangers. These staff are not directly within the chain of command and have no authority over the CRPGs, but are instead seen as the technical and advisory link between the Canadian Ranger units and the Commander of the Canadian Army.
Command and control of the respective Canadian Ranger units (known as Canadian Ranger patrol groups or CRPGs) is devolved from the commander of the Canadian Army down to his subordinate commanders of the various regional divisions. There are five CRPGs and each CRPG corresponds to one of the regional divisions (as seen below). The CRPGs tend to be provincially oriented, apart from 1 CRPG, which covers the whole of northern Canada north of the 60th parallel, and 4 CRPG which covers the four western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Each CRPG has a headquarters and a number of patrols, albeit that 4 CRPG's patrols are managed within a company construct, with provincially oriented companies each commanding their own patrols. The patrols tend to be centred on remote communities throughout Canada and are frequently named after the town or village they are from (the Terrace Patrol, in British Columbia, for instance).
Patrol areas
There are five main patrol areas of the Canadian Rangers. Each patrol area is directly controlled by the headquarters unit of a Canadian Ranger patrol group or CRPG (French: groupe de patrouilles des Rangers canadiens, GPRC).
Junior Canadian Rangers
The Junior Canadian Rangers (JCR) Programme was created on May 31, 1996, and has more than 3,400 members in 119 locations. Each CRPG is responsible for facilitating the JCRs and receive separate national funding for JCR activity facilitation. Each Canadian Ranger patrol has at least a couple of Canadian Rangers who directly look after the JCRs, and JCR instructors are part of the CRPG's full-time staff. At the national level, the Junior Canadian Ranger programme is maintained by the National Cadet and Junior Canadian Ranger Group, commanded by a brigadier-general. The programme is open to Canadians from ages 12 to 18.
Freedoms
The Canadian Rangers have received the Freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:
22 August 2022: Dawson City.
See also
Operation Hurricane (Canada)
William, Prince of Wales appointed honorary member of the Canadian Rangers on November 10, 2009
Catherine, Princess of Wales appointed honorary member of the Canadian Rangers on July 5, 2011
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex former honorary member of the Canadian Rangers from 10 November 2009 – 31 March 2020.Similar units of other countries
Regional Force Surveillance Units, Australia
51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment
NORFORCE
Pilbara Regiment
Sirius Dog Sled Patrol, Denmark
References
Further reading
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, The Canadian Rangers: A Living History. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2013.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, editor. Canada's Rangers: Selected Stories, 1942-2012. Kingston: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2013.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Vigilans: The 1st Canadian Ranger Patrol Group. Foreword by Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper. Yellowknife: 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, 2015.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "The Canadian Rangers: A Postmodern Militia That Works." Canadian Military Journal 6/4 (Winter 2005–06). 49–60.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Guerrillas in Our Midst: The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers, 1942-45," BC Studies 155 (December 2007). 95–131.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Teaching Canada's Indigenous Sovereignty Soldiers ... and Vice Versa: 'Lessons Learned' from Ranger Instructors," Canadian Army Journal 10/2 (Summer 2007). 66–81.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers: Canada's 'Eyes and Ears' in Northern and Isolated Communities," in Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture, Vol. 2 ed. Cora Voyageur, David Newhouse, and Dan Beavon. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. 306–328.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Canada's Northern Defenders: Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers, 1947-2005," in Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian Military: Historical Perspectives edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Craig Mantle. Kingston: CDA Press, 2007. 171–208.
External links
Official website
The Canadian Rangers NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
|
military branch
|
{
"answer_start": [
76
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"text": [
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|
The Canadian Rangers (French: Rangers canadiens) are a sub-component of the Canadian Army under the Canadian Armed Forces reserves that provides a limited military presence in regions of Canada where stationing conventional Army units would not be practical or economically viable. Formally established on May 23, 1947, the Canadian Rangers employs around 5,000 Rangers.
The Canadian Rangers are responsible for remote, isolated, and sparsely-populated regions of Canada, such as Northern Canada and the coastlines. They regularly conduct surveillance, sovereignty patrols (SOVPATS), and inspections of the North Warning System. They also act as guides, scouts, and subject-matter experts in such disciplines as wilderness survival when other forces and Army components are in their area of operations.
Organization
The Canadian Rangers are a unit of the Canadian Armed Forces Army Reserve made up of Inuit, First Nations, Métis, and other Canadians. Though there is a misconception that the Canadian Rangers is a First Nations unit, many Rangers are not; the makeup of each unit simply depends on where the patrol resides.
The Canadian Rangers provide a limited military presence in Canada's remote areas and receive 12 days per year of formal training (often more days of training are offered but attendance is not mandatory). They are considered to be somewhat always on duty, observing and reporting as part of their daily lives. Canadian Rangers are paid when formally on duty according to the rank they hold within their patrol and when present on operations or during training events. They are paid in accordance with the standard rates of pay for Class-A (part-time) or Class-B (full-time) Reserve forces, except when they are called out for search and rescue missions or domestic operations (such as fighting floods and wildfires), when they are paid as Class-C Reserves and receive the full Regular Force pay and benefits.
The 5,000 Canadian Rangers are split between five Canadian Ranger patrol groups (CRPGs), commanded by lieutenant-colonels and each allocated to a Canadian division (except 1 CRPG, which is currently allocated to Joint Task Force North). Each CRPG is unique in its make-up, according to its area of responsibility, its geography, and its ethnic make-up. For instance, 3 CRPG, headquartered in Borden, Ontario, has a single province as its area of operations (AO), while 4 CRPG with its headquarters in Victoria, British Columbia, has four provinces. Thus the unit structures between 3 CRPG and 4 CRPG are very different. 3 CRPG has a unit HQ that contains all its full-time staff and has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols throughout the northern region of its province, whereas 4 CRPG has a unit HQ, a number of traditional sub-units ("companies"), and each company has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols. In all cases, it is the job of the Army full-time staff (mostly Class-B Reserve personnel, except for 1 CRPG whose full-time staff are predominantly Regular Force) allocated to the CRPGs to lead and administer the Canadian Ranger patrols in their unit. The patrols themselves are located in various remote, isolated, and/or coastal communities around Canada and each Canadian Ranger patrol is based on such a community. Canadian Ranger patrols are (on average) approximately 30 members strong (the equivalent of a platoon in a conventional Canadian Army unit) and are led by sergeants. The patrols are further divided into the patrol HQ consisting of the patrol commander (sergeant) and the patrol second-in-command (2IC, a master corporal) and 10-member sections, each commanded by a master corporal who is assisted by a corporal.
Pacific Coast Militia Rangers
Modern Canadian Rangers can trace their heritage back to the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers (PCMR). Formed on March 3, 1942, the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were volunteers who patrolled, performed military surveillance, and provided local defence of the coastline of British Columbia and in Yukon against the wartime threat of a possible Japanese invasion. At their height, the PCMR consisted of 15,000 volunteers in 138 companies under three major patrol areas, which were Vancouver Island, the lower Fraser Valley and the Bridge River area. Some of the principal officers of the PCMR were Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck VC, Lieutenant-Colonel A.L. Coote and Major H. Ashby. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were disbanded on September 30, 1945, after Japan's surrender in the Second World War.
Equipment
Each Canadian Ranger is issued a red Canadian Ranger sweatshirt, CADPAT pants, combat boots, baseball cap, safety vest, rifle and navigation aids. They are expected to be mostly self-reliant regarding equipment. However, they are also provided with a small amount of patrol-level stores (mostly camp stores – tents, stoves, lanterns, axes, etc.). They are reimbursed for the use of personal vehicles and equipment and are paid for this use according to the nationally established equipment usage rates. Items that a Canadian Ranger could be reimbursed for include snowmobiles (called light over-snow vehicles, or LOSVs, in the military), all-terrain vehicles, watercraft, trailers, pack horses, sled dog teams, and a variety of tools and equipment (such as radios, chainsaws, generators, and the like).
Weapons
Since 1947, the Canadian Rangers have been issued the .303 British calibre Lee–Enfield No 4 rifle, with each user being provided with 200 rounds of ammunition every year.At the outset of the Second World War, the rest of the Canadian Army was equipping with Enfield rifles, Bren guns, Webley revolvers, and Browning-Inglis Hi Power pistols and Canadian production of these weapons was badly needed for overseas service. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers thus had to make do with what was readily available, often patrolling with their own rifles and shotguns. This led Canadian purchasing agents to look to American sources for rifles. At the time the most popular style of rifle in the North American West was the .30WCF (.30-30 calibre) lever action. As such, purchasers considered that the Winchester 1894 and Marlin 36 would be easy for the PCMR members to use, as they more than likely had experience with the type already. As a stop-gap until Enfield Rifles became available in numbers for issue, some 3000 Winchesters and an estimated 1800 Marlins were promptly acquired direct from North Haven (likely all these firms had on hand). Guns were issued as needed to senior members of the companies, but stocks of .30-30 ammunition was so limited that only six rounds were issued with the rifle while the rest was locked up in the company's armoury, typically in the vault of the local bank.
The bolt-action Lee–Enfield was then issued to the PCMR as the standard rifle later during the war and it continued to be used by the Canadian Rangers when they were established in 1947. Due to the economy of the .303 (there were thousands left over after the war) and the robust nature of the rifle (especially in conditions such as extreme cold), it was not replaced for use even after being taken out of general service in the remainder of the Canadian military in the 1950s. It has remained in service with the Canadian Rangers for over 70 years and has proven to be most reliable in adverse conditions even in the Canadian Arctic environment.
With the issue of the Colt Canada C19 as their new service rifle in 2015, the Canadian Rangers were officially gifted their retired Lee-Enfields by the Canadian Armed Forces.
Rifle replacement
Owing to the decreasing availability of spare parts, the replacement of the Lee–Enfield rifle had long been expected, and in August 2011, after user requirements had been determined, the Canadian Forces officially issued a tender request for a bolt-action rifle compatible with 7.62×51mm NATO and .308 Winchester ammunition. Approximately 10,000 rifles were to be bought giving the system a service life of about 30 years. Project management was provided by the Canadian Army's, Director Land Resources (DLR). The new rifles are a Finnish SAKO design, based on the Tikka T3 Compact Tactical rifle (CTR). The rifle was being manufactured under licence by Colt Canada, set to be in service by 2018. The tender was cancelled in October 2011 due to contractual issues and a new tender was issued in 2014 for replacement rifles with a selection competition in 2015 and the winning design entering service between 2015 and 2019. In April 2015, Colt Canada was selected to produce the rifle under licence. Thirty-three initial examples of the new rifle based on the CTR were delivered to the 4th Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (4 CRPG) in Victoria, British Columbia, in June 2015, while Canadian Ranger instructors from across all CRPGs concurrently attended "train-the-trainer" training at the Small Arms section at the Combat Training Centre, CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick. "Uncontrolled testing" was completed with 100 rifles in Nunavut in August 2015, while controlled testing was conducted in November 2015 in the British Columbia interior, facilitated by 4 CRPG. The rifles were tested to ensure they would fire properly and remain accurate at temperatures as low as −51 °C (−60 °F) (laboratory conditions), as well as remain robust and serviceable amidst the rigours of transportation in vehicles and in particular on all-terrain vehicles. They are expected to stop all large predators, including polar bears. Feedback from the Canadian Rangers was generally very positive, with only minor adjustments required, and was incorporated in the final production rifles.
The rifle features a heavy-taper stainless steel barrel, a detachable 10-round double-stack box magazine, custom iron sights calibrated from 100 to 600 metres, a specially laminated wooden stock with a unique reddish-grey pattern in the wood grain, stainless steel construction with extra corrosion resistant coatings, and enlarged trigger guards and bolt handles so they can be used without removing gloves. The barrel, bolt and receiver are made by Colt Canada under licence from SAKO. In addition to the rifle, the accessories package includes a custom-moulded Pelican hard transport case (suitable for commercial aircraft transportation), plus a soft transport case for vehicles, such as snowmobiles and ATVs. The rifle is also outfitted with a custom sling, extra magazines, a trigger lock and custom cleaning kit. The rifle's hard case and soft case, as well as the rifle butt stock feature the Canadian Ranger badge. The Ranger badge on the rifle stock is engraved and in black relief. The rifle is designated the C19 rifle. Ammunition for the C19 is a proprietary .308 Winchester round made in Quebec solely for the C-19 and consists of the pairing of existing Canadian Forces' match (sniper) brass cases, paired with the Nosler Accubond 180-grain (12 g) bullet. The ammunition designation is the C-180 round.
As of 2015 the DND planned to buy 6,820 rifles. Including development costs, spare parts, and two million rounds of ammunition, the rifles were expected to cost $28 million.
Chain of command
The Canadian Rangers became part of the Canadian Army in October 2007, having previously been under the vice chief of the Defence Staff for the Canadian Armed Forces. The Commander of the Canadian Army is the Canadian Ranger National Authority (CRNA), but this role is delegated down to the Army Chief of Staff Reserve (ACOS Res), a brigadier-general. The commander of the Canadian Army has a small cadre of CRNA staff in Ottawa, headed by a Class-A (part-time) lieutenant-colonel and consisting of a full-time major and a small number of captains and master warrant officers. The conduit between the CRNA staff and the ACOS REs is the Director Army Reserve (DARes), a full colonel. These CRNA staff act as a conduit for information, assist with general development and improvement, assist in generating, modifying, and maintaining policy that addresses the unique nature of the Canadian Rangers (including administrative policy, unit establishment and structure, training policy, and logistical policy), and with the financing (overall funding model) of the Canadian Rangers. These staff are not directly within the chain of command and have no authority over the CRPGs, but are instead seen as the technical and advisory link between the Canadian Ranger units and the Commander of the Canadian Army.
Command and control of the respective Canadian Ranger units (known as Canadian Ranger patrol groups or CRPGs) is devolved from the commander of the Canadian Army down to his subordinate commanders of the various regional divisions. There are five CRPGs and each CRPG corresponds to one of the regional divisions (as seen below). The CRPGs tend to be provincially oriented, apart from 1 CRPG, which covers the whole of northern Canada north of the 60th parallel, and 4 CRPG which covers the four western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Each CRPG has a headquarters and a number of patrols, albeit that 4 CRPG's patrols are managed within a company construct, with provincially oriented companies each commanding their own patrols. The patrols tend to be centred on remote communities throughout Canada and are frequently named after the town or village they are from (the Terrace Patrol, in British Columbia, for instance).
Patrol areas
There are five main patrol areas of the Canadian Rangers. Each patrol area is directly controlled by the headquarters unit of a Canadian Ranger patrol group or CRPG (French: groupe de patrouilles des Rangers canadiens, GPRC).
Junior Canadian Rangers
The Junior Canadian Rangers (JCR) Programme was created on May 31, 1996, and has more than 3,400 members in 119 locations. Each CRPG is responsible for facilitating the JCRs and receive separate national funding for JCR activity facilitation. Each Canadian Ranger patrol has at least a couple of Canadian Rangers who directly look after the JCRs, and JCR instructors are part of the CRPG's full-time staff. At the national level, the Junior Canadian Ranger programme is maintained by the National Cadet and Junior Canadian Ranger Group, commanded by a brigadier-general. The programme is open to Canadians from ages 12 to 18.
Freedoms
The Canadian Rangers have received the Freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:
22 August 2022: Dawson City.
See also
Operation Hurricane (Canada)
William, Prince of Wales appointed honorary member of the Canadian Rangers on November 10, 2009
Catherine, Princess of Wales appointed honorary member of the Canadian Rangers on July 5, 2011
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex former honorary member of the Canadian Rangers from 10 November 2009 – 31 March 2020.Similar units of other countries
Regional Force Surveillance Units, Australia
51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment
NORFORCE
Pilbara Regiment
Sirius Dog Sled Patrol, Denmark
References
Further reading
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, The Canadian Rangers: A Living History. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2013.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, editor. Canada's Rangers: Selected Stories, 1942-2012. Kingston: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2013.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Vigilans: The 1st Canadian Ranger Patrol Group. Foreword by Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper. Yellowknife: 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, 2015.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "The Canadian Rangers: A Postmodern Militia That Works." Canadian Military Journal 6/4 (Winter 2005–06). 49–60.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Guerrillas in Our Midst: The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers, 1942-45," BC Studies 155 (December 2007). 95–131.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Teaching Canada's Indigenous Sovereignty Soldiers ... and Vice Versa: 'Lessons Learned' from Ranger Instructors," Canadian Army Journal 10/2 (Summer 2007). 66–81.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers: Canada's 'Eyes and Ears' in Northern and Isolated Communities," in Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture, Vol. 2 ed. Cora Voyageur, David Newhouse, and Dan Beavon. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. 306–328.
P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "Canada's Northern Defenders: Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers, 1947-2005," in Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian Military: Historical Perspectives edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Craig Mantle. Kingston: CDA Press, 2007. 171–208.
External links
Official website
The Canadian Rangers NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
|
Commons category
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{
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4
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"Canadian Rangers"
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|
Calamochrous brevipalpis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1890. It is found in India (Sikkim).
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Calamochrous"
]
}
|
Calamochrous brevipalpis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1890. It is found in India (Sikkim).
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Calamochrous brevipalpis"
]
}
|
Lisówek [liˈsuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grójec, within Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Grójec and 36 km (22 mi) south of Warsaw.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
}
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Lisówek [liˈsuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grójec, within Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Grójec and 36 km (22 mi) south of Warsaw.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"Gmina Grójec"
]
}
|
Carlo Verri (1743–1823) was an Italian politician.
Born in Milan, he was the brother of literates Alessandro and Pietro Verri. During the Napoleonic suzerainty in Italy, he was deputy and prefect in the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. In the town of Biassono there is now a museum dedicated to him .He died at Verona.
External links
Works by Carlo Verri at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carlo Verri at Internet Archive
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Milan"
]
}
|
Carlo Verri (1743–1823) was an Italian politician.
Born in Milan, he was the brother of literates Alessandro and Pietro Verri. During the Napoleonic suzerainty in Italy, he was deputy and prefect in the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. In the town of Biassono there is now a museum dedicated to him .He died at Verona.
External links
Works by Carlo Verri at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carlo Verri at Internet Archive
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"Verona"
]
}
|
Carlo Verri (1743–1823) was an Italian politician.
Born in Milan, he was the brother of literates Alessandro and Pietro Verri. During the Napoleonic suzerainty in Italy, he was deputy and prefect in the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. In the town of Biassono there is now a museum dedicated to him .He died at Verona.
External links
Works by Carlo Verri at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carlo Verri at Internet Archive
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Carlo Verri (1743–1823) was an Italian politician.
Born in Milan, he was the brother of literates Alessandro and Pietro Verri. During the Napoleonic suzerainty in Italy, he was deputy and prefect in the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. In the town of Biassono there is now a museum dedicated to him .He died at Verona.
External links
Works by Carlo Verri at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carlo Verri at Internet Archive
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Verri"
]
}
|
Carlo Verri (1743–1823) was an Italian politician.
Born in Milan, he was the brother of literates Alessandro and Pietro Verri. During the Napoleonic suzerainty in Italy, he was deputy and prefect in the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. In the town of Biassono there is now a museum dedicated to him .He died at Verona.
External links
Works by Carlo Verri at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carlo Verri at Internet Archive
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Carlo"
]
}
|
Carlo Verri (1743–1823) was an Italian politician.
Born in Milan, he was the brother of literates Alessandro and Pietro Verri. During the Napoleonic suzerainty in Italy, he was deputy and prefect in the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. In the town of Biassono there is now a museum dedicated to him .He died at Verona.
External links
Works by Carlo Verri at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carlo Verri at Internet Archive
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Garfinkel is a Yiddish surname with variants Garfinkle, Garfinckel, Gurfinkel, Gorfinkel, Garfield etc. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles B. Garfinkel (1890–1969), New York assemblyman
Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) sociologist
Jack Garfinkel (1918–2013), American basketball player
Lenora Garfinkel (1930–2020), American architect
Marian Garfinkel, yoga practitioner who pioneered the use of yoga to treat carpal tunnel
Simson Garfinkel, computer scientist, journalist and writer specializing in the field of computer security
Yosef Garfinkel, Israeli archaeologist
Variant forms
GarfinkleJohn Garfield (born Garfinkle), American actor
Norton Garfinkle, economist
Richard Garfinkle, American science-fiction authorGarfinckelJulius Garfinckel (born Garfinkel), American merchant, founder of Washington, D.C., based department store chain, Garfinckel'sGurfinkelDavid Gurfinkel (born 1938), Israeli cinematographer
Goldie Steinberg (née Gurfinkel), Moldovan-born American supercentenarian
Josefa Gurfinkel (1919–1997), Soviet chess master
Yisrael Guri (born Gurfinkel), Russian-born Israeli politicianGorfinkelJordan B. Gorfinkel, aka "Gorf," (born July 7, 1967), American comic book creator, newspaper cartoonist, animation and multi-media entertainment producer.GarfieldAndrew Garfield, (born August 20, 1983), Tony, BAFTA TV and Golden Globe Award-winning English and American actor.
See also
Garfunkel
Finkelstein
Finkel
== References ==
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Garfinkel"
]
}
|
Garfinkel is a Yiddish surname with variants Garfinkle, Garfinckel, Gurfinkel, Gorfinkel, Garfield etc. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles B. Garfinkel (1890–1969), New York assemblyman
Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) sociologist
Jack Garfinkel (1918–2013), American basketball player
Lenora Garfinkel (1930–2020), American architect
Marian Garfinkel, yoga practitioner who pioneered the use of yoga to treat carpal tunnel
Simson Garfinkel, computer scientist, journalist and writer specializing in the field of computer security
Yosef Garfinkel, Israeli archaeologist
Variant forms
GarfinkleJohn Garfield (born Garfinkle), American actor
Norton Garfinkle, economist
Richard Garfinkle, American science-fiction authorGarfinckelJulius Garfinckel (born Garfinkel), American merchant, founder of Washington, D.C., based department store chain, Garfinckel'sGurfinkelDavid Gurfinkel (born 1938), Israeli cinematographer
Goldie Steinberg (née Gurfinkel), Moldovan-born American supercentenarian
Josefa Gurfinkel (1919–1997), Soviet chess master
Yisrael Guri (born Gurfinkel), Russian-born Israeli politicianGorfinkelJordan B. Gorfinkel, aka "Gorf," (born July 7, 1967), American comic book creator, newspaper cartoonist, animation and multi-media entertainment producer.GarfieldAndrew Garfield, (born August 20, 1983), Tony, BAFTA TV and Golden Globe Award-winning English and American actor.
See also
Garfunkel
Finkelstein
Finkel
== References ==
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Yiddish"
]
}
|
Garfinkel is a Yiddish surname with variants Garfinkle, Garfinckel, Gurfinkel, Gorfinkel, Garfield etc. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles B. Garfinkel (1890–1969), New York assemblyman
Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) sociologist
Jack Garfinkel (1918–2013), American basketball player
Lenora Garfinkel (1930–2020), American architect
Marian Garfinkel, yoga practitioner who pioneered the use of yoga to treat carpal tunnel
Simson Garfinkel, computer scientist, journalist and writer specializing in the field of computer security
Yosef Garfinkel, Israeli archaeologist
Variant forms
GarfinkleJohn Garfield (born Garfinkle), American actor
Norton Garfinkle, economist
Richard Garfinkle, American science-fiction authorGarfinckelJulius Garfinckel (born Garfinkel), American merchant, founder of Washington, D.C., based department store chain, Garfinckel'sGurfinkelDavid Gurfinkel (born 1938), Israeli cinematographer
Goldie Steinberg (née Gurfinkel), Moldovan-born American supercentenarian
Josefa Gurfinkel (1919–1997), Soviet chess master
Yisrael Guri (born Gurfinkel), Russian-born Israeli politicianGorfinkelJordan B. Gorfinkel, aka "Gorf," (born July 7, 1967), American comic book creator, newspaper cartoonist, animation and multi-media entertainment producer.GarfieldAndrew Garfield, (born August 20, 1983), Tony, BAFTA TV and Golden Globe Award-winning English and American actor.
See also
Garfunkel
Finkelstein
Finkel
== References ==
|
said to be the same as
|
{
"answer_start": [
1411
],
"text": [
"Garfunkel"
]
}
|
Garfinkel is a Yiddish surname with variants Garfinkle, Garfinckel, Gurfinkel, Gorfinkel, Garfield etc. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles B. Garfinkel (1890–1969), New York assemblyman
Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) sociologist
Jack Garfinkel (1918–2013), American basketball player
Lenora Garfinkel (1930–2020), American architect
Marian Garfinkel, yoga practitioner who pioneered the use of yoga to treat carpal tunnel
Simson Garfinkel, computer scientist, journalist and writer specializing in the field of computer security
Yosef Garfinkel, Israeli archaeologist
Variant forms
GarfinkleJohn Garfield (born Garfinkle), American actor
Norton Garfinkle, economist
Richard Garfinkle, American science-fiction authorGarfinckelJulius Garfinckel (born Garfinkel), American merchant, founder of Washington, D.C., based department store chain, Garfinckel'sGurfinkelDavid Gurfinkel (born 1938), Israeli cinematographer
Goldie Steinberg (née Gurfinkel), Moldovan-born American supercentenarian
Josefa Gurfinkel (1919–1997), Soviet chess master
Yisrael Guri (born Gurfinkel), Russian-born Israeli politicianGorfinkelJordan B. Gorfinkel, aka "Gorf," (born July 7, 1967), American comic book creator, newspaper cartoonist, animation and multi-media entertainment producer.GarfieldAndrew Garfield, (born August 20, 1983), Tony, BAFTA TV and Golden Globe Award-winning English and American actor.
See also
Garfunkel
Finkelstein
Finkel
== References ==
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Garfinkel"
]
}
|
Jana Jamal Mousa Abu Ghosh (born 8 January 2001), known as Jana Abu Ghosh (Arabic: جنى ابو غوش), is a Jordanian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Jordan women's national team.
International goals
Scores and results list Jordan's goal tally first.
References
External links
Jana Abu Ghosh – FIFA competition record (archived)
Jana Abu Ghosh at Soccerway. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jana"
]
}
|
Athous is a genus of click beetles belonging to the family Elateridae.
Species
References
Biolib
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Athous"
]
}
|
Athous is a genus of click beetles belonging to the family Elateridae.
Species
References
Biolib
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Athous is a genus of click beetles belonging to the family Elateridae.
Species
References
Biolib
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Athous"
]
}
|
Athous is a genus of click beetles belonging to the family Elateridae.
Species
References
Biolib
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Athous"
]
}
|
The Mexico–United States barrier (Spanish: barrera Estados Unidos–México, also known as the US–Mexico border wall or simply the "border wall") is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico. The barrier is not a continuous structure but a series of obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings. In May 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stated that it had 649 miles (1,044 km) of barriers in place. An additional 52 miles (84 km) of primary barriers were built during Donald Trump's presidency. The total length of the national border is 1,954 miles (3,145 km). On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Description
The 1,954 miles (3,145 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The border from the Gulf of Mexico to El Paso, Texas, follows along the Rio Grande forming a natural barrier. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California, and El Paso, Texas. The fencing includes a steel fence (varying in height between 18 and 27 feet (4.8 and 8.1 meters)) that divides the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, in the U.S. and Nogales, Sonora, in Mexico.97% of border apprehensions (foreign nationals who are caught being in the U.S. illegally) by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border. The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61% from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,842 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010. The decrease in apprehensions are the result of numerous factors, including changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts. Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972. Total apprehensions for 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 415,517, 521,090, 977,509 respectively. This shows a recent increase in apprehensions. And while the barrier is along the Mexico-United States border, 80% of the apprehended crossers are non-Mexican.As a result of the barrier, there has been a significant increase in the number of people trying to cross areas that have no fence, such as the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. Such immigrants must cross fifty miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.
Geography
The Mexico–United States border stretches from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. Border states include the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. U.S. states along the border are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
History
Origins
Territorial exchanges in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Gadsden Purchase (1853) would largely establish the current U.S.-Mexico border. Until the early 20th century, the border was open and largely unpatrolled, with only a few "mounted guards" patrolling its length. However, tensions between the United States and Mexico started to rise with the Mexican Revolution (1910) and World War I, which also increased concerns about weapons smuggling, refugees and cross-border espionage. The first international bridge was the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. (a barbed wire fence to prevent the movement of cattle across the border) was built in Ambos Nogales between 1909 and 1911, which was expanded in 1929 with a "six foot–high chain-link fence". The first barrier built by Mexico was likely a six-foot-tall wire fence built in 1918 explicitly for the purpose of directing the flow of people, also in Ambos Nogales. Barriers were extended in the following decades, with barriers becoming a common feature in border towns by the 1920s. In the 1940s, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service built chain-link barriers along the border.The U.S. Congress approved a $4.3 million request by Immigration and Naturalization Service, in 1978, to build a fence along the border to replace an existing 27-mile fence near San Ysidro, California, and El Paso, Texas, and then build an additional six miles of new fence. Anchor Post Products was contracted to build the new fence in a project inherited from Richard Nixon, who was the first president to propose building a border fence. The proposed construction received press coverage after the company's George Norris, described the fence as a "razor-sharp wall", leading to negative responses in Mexico. The proposed wall, dubbed the "Tortilla Curtain" by critics, was condemned by Mexican politicians such as then-president José López Portillo, and it was raised as an issue during President Jimmy Carter's state visit to Mexico in February 1979. Fencing was ultimately constructed, but had a limited length and did not have razor wire.U.S. President George H. W. Bush approved the initial 14 miles of fencing along the San Diego–Tijuana border. In 1993, President Bill Clinton oversaw initial border fence construction which was completed by the end of the year. Starting in 1994, further barriers were built under Clinton's presidency as part of three larger operations to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, which authorized further barriers and the reinforcement of the initial border fence. The majority of the border barriers built in the 1990s were made out of leftover helicopter landing mats from the Vietnam War.
Bush administration
The Real ID Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005, attached a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which went into effect in May 2008:Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary, in such Secretary's sole discretion, determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads.
In 2005, there were 75 miles of fencing along the border. In 2005, the border-located Laredo Community College obtained a 10-foot fence built by the United States Marine Corps. The structure led to a reported decline in border crossings on to the campus. U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter of California proposed a plan on November 3, 2005, calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States–Mexico border. This would also have included a 100-yard (91 m) border zone on the U.S. side. On December 15, 2005, Congressman Hunter's amendment to the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) passed in the House, but the bill did not pass the Senate. This plan called for mandatory fencing along 698 miles (1,123 km) of the 1,954-mile (3,145-kilometer)-long border. On May 17, 2006, the U.S. Senate proposed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611), which would include 370 miles (600 km) of triple-layered fencing and a vehicle fence, but the bill died in committee.
Secure Fence Act of 2006
The Secure Fence Act of 2006, signed into law on October 26, 2006, by President George W. Bush authorized and partially funded the potential construction of 700 miles (1,125 km) of physical fence/barriers along the Mexican border. The bill passed with supermajorities in both chambers. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced that an eight-month test of the virtual fence he favored would precede any construction of a physical barrier.
The government of Mexico and ministers of several Latin American countries condemned the plans. Governor of Texas Rick Perry expressed his opposition, saying that the border should be more open and should support safe and legal migration with the use of technology. The barrier expansion was opposed by a unanimous vote by the Laredo, Texas, City Council. Laredo Mayor Raul G. Salinas said that the bill would devastate Laredo. He stated "These are people that are sustaining our economy by forty percent, and I am gonna close the door on them and put [up] a wall? You don't do that. It's like a slap in the face." He hoped that Congress would revise the bill to better reflect the realities of life on the border.Secretary Chertoff exercised his waiver authority on April 1, 2008, to "waive in their entirety" the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego.
By January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security had spent $40 million on environmental analysis and mitigation measures aimed at blunting any possible adverse impact that the fence might have on the environment. On January 16, 2009, DHS announced it was pledging an additional $50 million for that purpose, and signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior for utilization of the additional funding. In January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 miles (930 km) of barriers in place.
Obama administration
On March 16, 2010, DHS announced that there would be a halt to expand the virtual fence beyond two pilot projects in Arizona. Contractor Boeing Corporation had numerous delays and cost overruns. Boeing had initially used police-dispatching software that was unable to process all of the information coming from the border. The $50 million of remaining funding would be used for mobile surveillance devices, sensors, and radios to patrol and protect the border. At the time, DHS had spent $3.4 billion on border fences and had built 640 miles (1,030 km) of fences and barriers as part of the Secure Border Initiative.
In May 2011, President Barack Obama stated that the wall was "basically complete", with 649 miles (1,044 km) of 652 planned miles of barrier constructed. Of this, vehicle barriers comprised 299 miles (481 km) and pedestrian fence 350 miles (560 km). Obama stated that:We have gone above and beyond what was requested by the very Republicans who said they supported broader reform as long as we got serious about enforcement. All the stuff they asked for, we've done. But ... I suspect there are still going to be some who are trying to move the goal posts on us one more time. They'll want a higher fence. Maybe they'll need a moat. Maybe they want alligators in the moat. They'll never be satisfied. And I understand that. That's politics.
The Republican Party's 2012 platform stated that "The double-layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006, but never completed, must finally be built." The Secure Fence Act's costs were estimated at $6 billion, more than the Customs and Border Protection's entire annual discretionary budget of $5.6 billion. The Washington Office on Latin America noted in 2013 that the cost of complying with the Secure Fence Act's mandate was the reason that it had not been completely fulfilled.A 2016 report by the Government Accountability Office confirmed that the government had completed the fence by 2015. A 2017 report noted that "In addition to the 654 miles of primary fencing, [Customs and Border Protection] has also deployed additional layers of pedestrian fencing behind the primary border fencing, including 37 miles of secondary fencing and 14 miles of tertiary fencing."
Trump administration
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it". Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto maintained that his country would not pay for the wall. On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although construction did not begin at this time because a formal budget had not been developed.Trump's campaign promise has faced a host of legal and logistical challenges since. In March 2018, the Trump administration secured $1.6 billion from Congress for projects at the border for existing designs of approximately 100 miles of new and replacement walls. From December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, the federal government was partially shut down because of Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.On May 24, 2019, federal Judge Haywood Gilliam in the Northern District of California granted a preliminary injunction preventing the Trump administration from redirecting funds under the national emergency declaration issued earlier in the year to fund a planned wall along the border with Mexico. The injunction applies specifically to money the administration intended to allocate from other agencies and limits wall construction projects in El Paso and Yuma. On June 28, Gilliam blocked the reallocation of $2.5 billion of funding from the Department of Defense to the construction of segments of the border wall categorized as high priority by the Trump administration (spanning across Arizona, California and New Mexico). The decision was upheld five days later by a majority in the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court but was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court on July 26. On September 3, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper authorized the use of $3.6 billion in military construction funding for 175 miles of the barrier. The House and Senate have twice voted to terminate Trump's emergency declaration, but the president vetoed both resolutions. In October, a lawsuit filed in El Paso County produced a ruling that the emergency declaration was unlawful, as it fails to meet the National Emergencies Act's definition of an emergency. On December 10, a federal judge in the case blocked the use of the funding, but on January 8, 2020, a federal appeals court granted a stay of the ruling, freeing $3.6 billion for the wall.As of August 2019, the Trump administration's barrier construction had been limited to replacing sections that were in need of repair or outdated, with 60 miles of replacement wall built in the Southwest since 2017. As of September 12, 2019, the Trump administration plans for "Between 450 and 500 miles (724–806 kilometers) of fencing along the nearly 2,000-mile (3,218-kilometer) border by the end of 2020" with an estimated total cost of $18.4 billion. Privately owned land adjacent to the border would have to be acquired by the U.S. government to be built upon.On June 23, Trump visited Yuma, Arizona, for a campaign rally commemorating the completion of 200 miles (320 km) of the wall. U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that almost all of this was replacement fencing. By the end of Trump's term on January 21, 2021, 452 miles (727 km) had been built at last report by CBP on January 5, much of it replacing outdated or dilapidated existing barriers.
Contractors and independent efforts
As of February 2019, contractors were preparing to construct $600 million worth of replacement barriers along the south Texas Rio Grande Valley section of the border wall, approved by Congress in March 2018. In mid-April 2019, former Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach visited Coolidge, Arizona, to observe a demonstration by North Dakota's Fisher Industries of how it would build a border fence. The company maintained that it could erect 218 miles of the barrier for $3.3 billion and be able to complete it in 13 months. Spin cameras positioned atop the fence would use facial-recognition technology, and underground fiber optic cables could detect and differentiate between human activity, vehicles, tunneling, and animals as distant as 40 feet away. The proposed barrier would be constructed with 42 miles (68 km) near Yuma and 91 miles (147 km) near Tucson, Arizona, 69 miles near El Paso, Texas, and 15 miles (25 km) near El Centro, California—reportedly costing $12.5 million per mile. In April 2019, U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy said that he traveled with the group of politicians and administration officials over the Easter recess to Coolidge (120 miles north of the Mexico border) because he felt that insufficient barrier and border enhancements had been erected since Trump became president. U.S. senator Kevin Cramer was also there, promoting Fisher Industries, which demonstrated the construction of a 56-foot (18 m) fence in Coolidge.A private organization founded by military veteran Brian Kolfage called "We Build the Wall" raised over $20 million beginning in 2018, with President Trump's encouragement and with leadership from Kobach and Steve Bannon. Over the 2019 Memorial Day weekend, the organization constructed a 1/2 to 1-mile "weathered steel" bollard fence near El Paso on private land adjoining the US–Mexico border using $6–8 million of the donated funds. Kolfage's organization says it has plans to construct further barriers on private lands adjoining the border in Texas and California. On December 3, 2019, a Hidalgo County judge ordered the group to temporarily halt all construction because of its plans to build adjacent to the Rio Grande, which a lawyer for the National Butterfly Center argues would create a flooding risk. On January 9, 2020, a federal judge lifted an injunction, allowing a construction firm to move forward with the 3 mile project along the Rio Grande. This ended a month long court battle with both the Federal Government and the National Butterfly Center which both tried to block construction efforts.
Biden administration
President Joe Biden signed an executive order on his first day of office, January 20, 2021, ordering a "pause" in all construction of the wall no later than January 27. The government was given two months to plan how to spend the funds elsewhere and determine how much it would cost to terminate the contracts. There are no plans to tear down parts of the wall that have been built. The deployment of 3,000 National Guard troops along the border will continue. The Biden administration has continued to seize land for construction of the border wall. By December 2021, many contracts had been cancelled, including one requiring the possession of the land of a family represented by the Texas Civil Rights Project.In June 2021, Texas governor Greg Abbott announced plans to build a border wall in his state, saying that the state would provide $250 million and that direct donations from the public would be solicited. On June 29, the Republican Study Committee organized a group of two dozen Republican House members to visit a gap in the border where Central Americans were crossing into the country. Representative Mary Miller (R-IL) stated that "obviously our president has advertised this and facilitated this invasion". Rep. Jim Banks (R-IN) praised the effectiveness of Trump's wall and said that because of the halted construction, "thousands of migrants [pass] through this area on a regular basis ... because there's an open door that allows them to do that". In reference to wristbands on migrants used by Mexican cartels and smugglers to track them, Rep. Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) stated, "They're basically treating people like Amazon products. ... There is no care that that is a human being, someone who has a soul, someone who has unalienable rights that predate any government."On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Binational River Park
In 2021, in collaboration with United States and Mexican ambassadors, as well as businessmen, a binational park was proposed along the Rio Grande between the border towns of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Supported by the No Border Wall Coalition, the park aims to create a shared recreational space instead of a border wall. Earthjustice estimated that the decision to not build a border wall in Laredo saved 71 miles of river from destruction and over $1 billion in taxpayer dollars.
Arizona container wall
In August 2022, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey ordered the erection of a makeshift wall of shipping containers on the border with Mexico in Cochise County, Arizona. The construction began in the Coronado National Forest without authorization from the U.S. Forest Service, which operates the land. Ecologists at the Center for Biological Diversity argue that the construction, which imperils at-risk species including the ocelot and jaguar, violates the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and have sued to halt its construction. Governor-elect Katie Hobbs stated that she would remove the containers after taking office, and the U.S. Justice Department sued the state to remove the containers and "compensate the [U.S.] for any actions it needs to take to undo Arizona's actions". Deconstruction had begun by January.
Controversy
Effectiveness
Research at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University indicates that the wall, like border walls in general, is unlikely to be effective at reducing illegal immigration or movement of contraband. In mid-April 2019, U.S. Senator Martha McSally said that a barrier will not resolve the border crisis. Authors of books on the effectiveness have said that aside from the human crossings, drugs among other things will still be making their way to the United States illegally. However, US Customs and Border Protection has frequently called for more physical barriers on the Mexico–United States border, citing their efficacy. Smugglers in 2021 used demolition tools and power saws on pieces of wall in Arizona.
Divided land
Tribal lands of three indigenous nations are divided by a proposed border fence.On January 27, 2008, a Native American human rights delegation in the United States, which included Margo Tamez (Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache) and Teresa Leal (Opata-Mayo) reported the removal of the official International Boundary obelisks of 1848 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in the Las Mariposas, Sonora-Arizona sector of the Mexico–U.S. border. The obelisks were moved southward approximately 20 m (70 ft), onto the property of private landowners in Sonora, as part of the larger project of installing the 18-foot (5.5 m) steel barrier wall.The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts, according to Antonio N. Zavaleta, a vice president of the university. There have been campus protests against the wall by students who feel it will harm their school. In August 2008, UT-Brownsville reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the university to construct a portion of the fence across and adjacent to its property. On August 20, 2008, the university sent out a request for bids for the construction of a 10-foot (3.0 m) high barrier that incorporates technology security for its segment of the border fence project. The southern perimeter of the UT-Brownsville campus will be part of a laboratory for testing new security technology and infrastructure combinations. The border fence segment on the campus was substantially completed by December 2008.The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site was shown on a map of the Department of Homeland Security with the barrier cutting through the 50-acre facility (20 ha) in Boca Chica, Texas.
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
On August 1, 2018, the chief of the Border Patrol's Rio Grande Valley sector indicated that although Starr County was his first priority for a wall, Hidalgo County's Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge had been selected instead for initial construction, because its land was owned by the government.
National Butterfly Center
The proposed border wall has been described as a "death sentence" for the American National Butterfly Center, a privately operated outdoor butterfly conservatory that maintains a significant amount of land in Mexico. Filmmaker Krista Schlyer, part of an all-woman team creating a documentary film about the butterflies and the border wall, Ay Mariposa, estimates that construction would put "70 percent of the preserve habitat" on the Mexican side of the border. In addition to concerns about seizure of private property by the federal government, center employees have also noted the local economic impact. The center's director has stated that "environmental tourism contributes more than $450m to Hidalgo and Starr counties."In early December 2018, a challenge to wall construction at the National Butterfly Center was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the San Antonio Express News, "the high court let stand an appeals ruling that lets the administration bypass 28 federal laws", including the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Mexico's condemnations
In 2006, the Mexican government vigorously condemned the Secure Fence Act of 2006. Mexico has also urged the U.S. to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border, saying that it would damage the environment and harm wildlife.In 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto was campaigning in Tijuana at the Playas de Monumental, less than 600 yards (550 m) from the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to Border Field State Park. In one of his speeches he criticized the U.S. government for building the barriers and asked for them to be removed, referencing President Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall!" speech from Berlin in 1987.
Migrant deaths
Between 1994 and 2007, there were around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border, according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico, also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union. Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004; three times that of the same period the previous year. In October 2004, the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months. Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the Mexico–U.S. border. Since 2004, the bodies of 1,086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert.U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15, 2008, that its agents were able to save 443 illegal immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers. The agents also reducing the number of deaths by 17% from 202 in 2007 to 167 in 2008. Without the efforts of these agents, hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona. According to the same sector, border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16% compared with 2007.
Environmental impact
In April 2008, the Department of Homeland Security announced plans to waive more than 30 environmental and cultural laws to speed construction of the barrier. Despite claims from then Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff that the department would minimize the construction's impact on the environment, critics in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, asserted that the fence endangered species and fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande. Environmentalists expressed concern about butterfly migration corridors and the future of species of local wildcats, the ocelot, the jaguarundi, and the jaguar.By August 2008, more than 90% of the southern border in Arizona and New Mexico had been surveyed. In addition, 80% of the California–Mexico border has been surveyed. About 100 species of plants and animals, many already endangered, are threatened by the wall, including the jaguar, ocelot, Sonoran pronghorn, Mexican wolf, a pygmy owl, the thick-billed parrot, and the Quino checkerspot butterfly. According to Scott Egan of Rice University, a wall can create a population bottleneck, increase inbreeding, and cut off natural migration routes and range expansion.In 2008 a resolution "based on sound and accurate scientific knowledge" expressing opposition to the wall and the harmful impact on several rare, threatened, and endangered species, particularly endangered mammals such as the jaguar, ocelot, jaguarondi, and Sonoran pronghorn, was published by The Southwestern Association of Naturalists, an organization of 791 scientists specializing in the zoology, botany, and ecology of southwestern USA and Mexico. A decade later in 2018, well over 2500 scientists from 43 countries published a statement opposing the Border Wall, affirming it will have "significant consequences for biodiversity" and "Already-built sections of the wall are reducing the area, quality, and connectivity of plant and animal habitats and are compromising more than a century of binational investment in conservation."An initial 75-mile (121 km) wall for which U.S. funding has been requested on the nearly 2,000-mile (3,200 km) mile border would pass through the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge in California, the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, and Mexico's Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that the U.S. is bound by global treaty to protect. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection plans to build the wall using the Real ID Act to avoid the process of making environmental impact statements, a strategy devised by Chertoff during the Bush administration. Reuters said, "The Real ID Act also allows the secretary of Homeland Security to exempt CBP from adhering to the Endangered Species Act", which would otherwise prohibit construction in a wildlife refuge.
Polling
A Rasmussen Reports poll from August 19, 2015, found that 51% supported building a wall on the border, while 37% opposed.In a January 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 39% of Americans identified construction of a U.S.–Mexico border wall as an "important goal for U.S. immigration policy". The survey found that while Americans were divided by party on many different immigration policies, "the widest [partisan split] by far is over building a southern border wall. Two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (67%) say construction of a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border is an important goal for immigration policy, compared with just 16 percent of Democrats and Democratic leaners."A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89% of border patrol agents said a "wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border". 7% of agents disagreed.A poll conducted by CBS in June 21–22 2018 found that 51% supported the border wall, while 48% opposed.A poll conducted by the Senate Opportunity Fund in March of 2021 found that 53% supported finishing construction of the border wall, while 38% opposed.
See also
References
Footnotes
Citations
Further reading
Chaichian, Mohammad. 2014. Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Domination (Brill, pp. 175–235)
"Border Security: Barriers Along the U.S. International Border". Congressional Research Service.
Gerstein, Josh (July 26, 2019). "Supreme Court gives Trump go-ahead on border wall". Politico.
The High Cost and Diminishing Returns of a Border Wall
External links
Border Wall System CBP.gov
This Is What the U.S.–Mexico Border Wall Actually Looks Like. National Geographic Society
US–Mexico Border Barriers, Historical Timeline and Summary Statistics
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The Mexico–United States barrier (Spanish: barrera Estados Unidos–México, also known as the US–Mexico border wall or simply the "border wall") is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico. The barrier is not a continuous structure but a series of obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings. In May 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stated that it had 649 miles (1,044 km) of barriers in place. An additional 52 miles (84 km) of primary barriers were built during Donald Trump's presidency. The total length of the national border is 1,954 miles (3,145 km). On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Description
The 1,954 miles (3,145 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The border from the Gulf of Mexico to El Paso, Texas, follows along the Rio Grande forming a natural barrier. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California, and El Paso, Texas. The fencing includes a steel fence (varying in height between 18 and 27 feet (4.8 and 8.1 meters)) that divides the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, in the U.S. and Nogales, Sonora, in Mexico.97% of border apprehensions (foreign nationals who are caught being in the U.S. illegally) by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border. The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61% from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,842 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010. The decrease in apprehensions are the result of numerous factors, including changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts. Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972. Total apprehensions for 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 415,517, 521,090, 977,509 respectively. This shows a recent increase in apprehensions. And while the barrier is along the Mexico-United States border, 80% of the apprehended crossers are non-Mexican.As a result of the barrier, there has been a significant increase in the number of people trying to cross areas that have no fence, such as the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. Such immigrants must cross fifty miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.
Geography
The Mexico–United States border stretches from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. Border states include the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. U.S. states along the border are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
History
Origins
Territorial exchanges in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Gadsden Purchase (1853) would largely establish the current U.S.-Mexico border. Until the early 20th century, the border was open and largely unpatrolled, with only a few "mounted guards" patrolling its length. However, tensions between the United States and Mexico started to rise with the Mexican Revolution (1910) and World War I, which also increased concerns about weapons smuggling, refugees and cross-border espionage. The first international bridge was the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. (a barbed wire fence to prevent the movement of cattle across the border) was built in Ambos Nogales between 1909 and 1911, which was expanded in 1929 with a "six foot–high chain-link fence". The first barrier built by Mexico was likely a six-foot-tall wire fence built in 1918 explicitly for the purpose of directing the flow of people, also in Ambos Nogales. Barriers were extended in the following decades, with barriers becoming a common feature in border towns by the 1920s. In the 1940s, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service built chain-link barriers along the border.The U.S. Congress approved a $4.3 million request by Immigration and Naturalization Service, in 1978, to build a fence along the border to replace an existing 27-mile fence near San Ysidro, California, and El Paso, Texas, and then build an additional six miles of new fence. Anchor Post Products was contracted to build the new fence in a project inherited from Richard Nixon, who was the first president to propose building a border fence. The proposed construction received press coverage after the company's George Norris, described the fence as a "razor-sharp wall", leading to negative responses in Mexico. The proposed wall, dubbed the "Tortilla Curtain" by critics, was condemned by Mexican politicians such as then-president José López Portillo, and it was raised as an issue during President Jimmy Carter's state visit to Mexico in February 1979. Fencing was ultimately constructed, but had a limited length and did not have razor wire.U.S. President George H. W. Bush approved the initial 14 miles of fencing along the San Diego–Tijuana border. In 1993, President Bill Clinton oversaw initial border fence construction which was completed by the end of the year. Starting in 1994, further barriers were built under Clinton's presidency as part of three larger operations to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, which authorized further barriers and the reinforcement of the initial border fence. The majority of the border barriers built in the 1990s were made out of leftover helicopter landing mats from the Vietnam War.
Bush administration
The Real ID Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005, attached a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which went into effect in May 2008:Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary, in such Secretary's sole discretion, determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads.
In 2005, there were 75 miles of fencing along the border. In 2005, the border-located Laredo Community College obtained a 10-foot fence built by the United States Marine Corps. The structure led to a reported decline in border crossings on to the campus. U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter of California proposed a plan on November 3, 2005, calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States–Mexico border. This would also have included a 100-yard (91 m) border zone on the U.S. side. On December 15, 2005, Congressman Hunter's amendment to the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) passed in the House, but the bill did not pass the Senate. This plan called for mandatory fencing along 698 miles (1,123 km) of the 1,954-mile (3,145-kilometer)-long border. On May 17, 2006, the U.S. Senate proposed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611), which would include 370 miles (600 km) of triple-layered fencing and a vehicle fence, but the bill died in committee.
Secure Fence Act of 2006
The Secure Fence Act of 2006, signed into law on October 26, 2006, by President George W. Bush authorized and partially funded the potential construction of 700 miles (1,125 km) of physical fence/barriers along the Mexican border. The bill passed with supermajorities in both chambers. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced that an eight-month test of the virtual fence he favored would precede any construction of a physical barrier.
The government of Mexico and ministers of several Latin American countries condemned the plans. Governor of Texas Rick Perry expressed his opposition, saying that the border should be more open and should support safe and legal migration with the use of technology. The barrier expansion was opposed by a unanimous vote by the Laredo, Texas, City Council. Laredo Mayor Raul G. Salinas said that the bill would devastate Laredo. He stated "These are people that are sustaining our economy by forty percent, and I am gonna close the door on them and put [up] a wall? You don't do that. It's like a slap in the face." He hoped that Congress would revise the bill to better reflect the realities of life on the border.Secretary Chertoff exercised his waiver authority on April 1, 2008, to "waive in their entirety" the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego.
By January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security had spent $40 million on environmental analysis and mitigation measures aimed at blunting any possible adverse impact that the fence might have on the environment. On January 16, 2009, DHS announced it was pledging an additional $50 million for that purpose, and signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior for utilization of the additional funding. In January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 miles (930 km) of barriers in place.
Obama administration
On March 16, 2010, DHS announced that there would be a halt to expand the virtual fence beyond two pilot projects in Arizona. Contractor Boeing Corporation had numerous delays and cost overruns. Boeing had initially used police-dispatching software that was unable to process all of the information coming from the border. The $50 million of remaining funding would be used for mobile surveillance devices, sensors, and radios to patrol and protect the border. At the time, DHS had spent $3.4 billion on border fences and had built 640 miles (1,030 km) of fences and barriers as part of the Secure Border Initiative.
In May 2011, President Barack Obama stated that the wall was "basically complete", with 649 miles (1,044 km) of 652 planned miles of barrier constructed. Of this, vehicle barriers comprised 299 miles (481 km) and pedestrian fence 350 miles (560 km). Obama stated that:We have gone above and beyond what was requested by the very Republicans who said they supported broader reform as long as we got serious about enforcement. All the stuff they asked for, we've done. But ... I suspect there are still going to be some who are trying to move the goal posts on us one more time. They'll want a higher fence. Maybe they'll need a moat. Maybe they want alligators in the moat. They'll never be satisfied. And I understand that. That's politics.
The Republican Party's 2012 platform stated that "The double-layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006, but never completed, must finally be built." The Secure Fence Act's costs were estimated at $6 billion, more than the Customs and Border Protection's entire annual discretionary budget of $5.6 billion. The Washington Office on Latin America noted in 2013 that the cost of complying with the Secure Fence Act's mandate was the reason that it had not been completely fulfilled.A 2016 report by the Government Accountability Office confirmed that the government had completed the fence by 2015. A 2017 report noted that "In addition to the 654 miles of primary fencing, [Customs and Border Protection] has also deployed additional layers of pedestrian fencing behind the primary border fencing, including 37 miles of secondary fencing and 14 miles of tertiary fencing."
Trump administration
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it". Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto maintained that his country would not pay for the wall. On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although construction did not begin at this time because a formal budget had not been developed.Trump's campaign promise has faced a host of legal and logistical challenges since. In March 2018, the Trump administration secured $1.6 billion from Congress for projects at the border for existing designs of approximately 100 miles of new and replacement walls. From December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, the federal government was partially shut down because of Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.On May 24, 2019, federal Judge Haywood Gilliam in the Northern District of California granted a preliminary injunction preventing the Trump administration from redirecting funds under the national emergency declaration issued earlier in the year to fund a planned wall along the border with Mexico. The injunction applies specifically to money the administration intended to allocate from other agencies and limits wall construction projects in El Paso and Yuma. On June 28, Gilliam blocked the reallocation of $2.5 billion of funding from the Department of Defense to the construction of segments of the border wall categorized as high priority by the Trump administration (spanning across Arizona, California and New Mexico). The decision was upheld five days later by a majority in the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court but was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court on July 26. On September 3, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper authorized the use of $3.6 billion in military construction funding for 175 miles of the barrier. The House and Senate have twice voted to terminate Trump's emergency declaration, but the president vetoed both resolutions. In October, a lawsuit filed in El Paso County produced a ruling that the emergency declaration was unlawful, as it fails to meet the National Emergencies Act's definition of an emergency. On December 10, a federal judge in the case blocked the use of the funding, but on January 8, 2020, a federal appeals court granted a stay of the ruling, freeing $3.6 billion for the wall.As of August 2019, the Trump administration's barrier construction had been limited to replacing sections that were in need of repair or outdated, with 60 miles of replacement wall built in the Southwest since 2017. As of September 12, 2019, the Trump administration plans for "Between 450 and 500 miles (724–806 kilometers) of fencing along the nearly 2,000-mile (3,218-kilometer) border by the end of 2020" with an estimated total cost of $18.4 billion. Privately owned land adjacent to the border would have to be acquired by the U.S. government to be built upon.On June 23, Trump visited Yuma, Arizona, for a campaign rally commemorating the completion of 200 miles (320 km) of the wall. U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that almost all of this was replacement fencing. By the end of Trump's term on January 21, 2021, 452 miles (727 km) had been built at last report by CBP on January 5, much of it replacing outdated or dilapidated existing barriers.
Contractors and independent efforts
As of February 2019, contractors were preparing to construct $600 million worth of replacement barriers along the south Texas Rio Grande Valley section of the border wall, approved by Congress in March 2018. In mid-April 2019, former Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach visited Coolidge, Arizona, to observe a demonstration by North Dakota's Fisher Industries of how it would build a border fence. The company maintained that it could erect 218 miles of the barrier for $3.3 billion and be able to complete it in 13 months. Spin cameras positioned atop the fence would use facial-recognition technology, and underground fiber optic cables could detect and differentiate between human activity, vehicles, tunneling, and animals as distant as 40 feet away. The proposed barrier would be constructed with 42 miles (68 km) near Yuma and 91 miles (147 km) near Tucson, Arizona, 69 miles near El Paso, Texas, and 15 miles (25 km) near El Centro, California—reportedly costing $12.5 million per mile. In April 2019, U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy said that he traveled with the group of politicians and administration officials over the Easter recess to Coolidge (120 miles north of the Mexico border) because he felt that insufficient barrier and border enhancements had been erected since Trump became president. U.S. senator Kevin Cramer was also there, promoting Fisher Industries, which demonstrated the construction of a 56-foot (18 m) fence in Coolidge.A private organization founded by military veteran Brian Kolfage called "We Build the Wall" raised over $20 million beginning in 2018, with President Trump's encouragement and with leadership from Kobach and Steve Bannon. Over the 2019 Memorial Day weekend, the organization constructed a 1/2 to 1-mile "weathered steel" bollard fence near El Paso on private land adjoining the US–Mexico border using $6–8 million of the donated funds. Kolfage's organization says it has plans to construct further barriers on private lands adjoining the border in Texas and California. On December 3, 2019, a Hidalgo County judge ordered the group to temporarily halt all construction because of its plans to build adjacent to the Rio Grande, which a lawyer for the National Butterfly Center argues would create a flooding risk. On January 9, 2020, a federal judge lifted an injunction, allowing a construction firm to move forward with the 3 mile project along the Rio Grande. This ended a month long court battle with both the Federal Government and the National Butterfly Center which both tried to block construction efforts.
Biden administration
President Joe Biden signed an executive order on his first day of office, January 20, 2021, ordering a "pause" in all construction of the wall no later than January 27. The government was given two months to plan how to spend the funds elsewhere and determine how much it would cost to terminate the contracts. There are no plans to tear down parts of the wall that have been built. The deployment of 3,000 National Guard troops along the border will continue. The Biden administration has continued to seize land for construction of the border wall. By December 2021, many contracts had been cancelled, including one requiring the possession of the land of a family represented by the Texas Civil Rights Project.In June 2021, Texas governor Greg Abbott announced plans to build a border wall in his state, saying that the state would provide $250 million and that direct donations from the public would be solicited. On June 29, the Republican Study Committee organized a group of two dozen Republican House members to visit a gap in the border where Central Americans were crossing into the country. Representative Mary Miller (R-IL) stated that "obviously our president has advertised this and facilitated this invasion". Rep. Jim Banks (R-IN) praised the effectiveness of Trump's wall and said that because of the halted construction, "thousands of migrants [pass] through this area on a regular basis ... because there's an open door that allows them to do that". In reference to wristbands on migrants used by Mexican cartels and smugglers to track them, Rep. Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) stated, "They're basically treating people like Amazon products. ... There is no care that that is a human being, someone who has a soul, someone who has unalienable rights that predate any government."On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Binational River Park
In 2021, in collaboration with United States and Mexican ambassadors, as well as businessmen, a binational park was proposed along the Rio Grande between the border towns of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Supported by the No Border Wall Coalition, the park aims to create a shared recreational space instead of a border wall. Earthjustice estimated that the decision to not build a border wall in Laredo saved 71 miles of river from destruction and over $1 billion in taxpayer dollars.
Arizona container wall
In August 2022, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey ordered the erection of a makeshift wall of shipping containers on the border with Mexico in Cochise County, Arizona. The construction began in the Coronado National Forest without authorization from the U.S. Forest Service, which operates the land. Ecologists at the Center for Biological Diversity argue that the construction, which imperils at-risk species including the ocelot and jaguar, violates the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and have sued to halt its construction. Governor-elect Katie Hobbs stated that she would remove the containers after taking office, and the U.S. Justice Department sued the state to remove the containers and "compensate the [U.S.] for any actions it needs to take to undo Arizona's actions". Deconstruction had begun by January.
Controversy
Effectiveness
Research at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University indicates that the wall, like border walls in general, is unlikely to be effective at reducing illegal immigration or movement of contraband. In mid-April 2019, U.S. Senator Martha McSally said that a barrier will not resolve the border crisis. Authors of books on the effectiveness have said that aside from the human crossings, drugs among other things will still be making their way to the United States illegally. However, US Customs and Border Protection has frequently called for more physical barriers on the Mexico–United States border, citing their efficacy. Smugglers in 2021 used demolition tools and power saws on pieces of wall in Arizona.
Divided land
Tribal lands of three indigenous nations are divided by a proposed border fence.On January 27, 2008, a Native American human rights delegation in the United States, which included Margo Tamez (Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache) and Teresa Leal (Opata-Mayo) reported the removal of the official International Boundary obelisks of 1848 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in the Las Mariposas, Sonora-Arizona sector of the Mexico–U.S. border. The obelisks were moved southward approximately 20 m (70 ft), onto the property of private landowners in Sonora, as part of the larger project of installing the 18-foot (5.5 m) steel barrier wall.The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts, according to Antonio N. Zavaleta, a vice president of the university. There have been campus protests against the wall by students who feel it will harm their school. In August 2008, UT-Brownsville reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the university to construct a portion of the fence across and adjacent to its property. On August 20, 2008, the university sent out a request for bids for the construction of a 10-foot (3.0 m) high barrier that incorporates technology security for its segment of the border fence project. The southern perimeter of the UT-Brownsville campus will be part of a laboratory for testing new security technology and infrastructure combinations. The border fence segment on the campus was substantially completed by December 2008.The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site was shown on a map of the Department of Homeland Security with the barrier cutting through the 50-acre facility (20 ha) in Boca Chica, Texas.
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
On August 1, 2018, the chief of the Border Patrol's Rio Grande Valley sector indicated that although Starr County was his first priority for a wall, Hidalgo County's Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge had been selected instead for initial construction, because its land was owned by the government.
National Butterfly Center
The proposed border wall has been described as a "death sentence" for the American National Butterfly Center, a privately operated outdoor butterfly conservatory that maintains a significant amount of land in Mexico. Filmmaker Krista Schlyer, part of an all-woman team creating a documentary film about the butterflies and the border wall, Ay Mariposa, estimates that construction would put "70 percent of the preserve habitat" on the Mexican side of the border. In addition to concerns about seizure of private property by the federal government, center employees have also noted the local economic impact. The center's director has stated that "environmental tourism contributes more than $450m to Hidalgo and Starr counties."In early December 2018, a challenge to wall construction at the National Butterfly Center was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the San Antonio Express News, "the high court let stand an appeals ruling that lets the administration bypass 28 federal laws", including the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Mexico's condemnations
In 2006, the Mexican government vigorously condemned the Secure Fence Act of 2006. Mexico has also urged the U.S. to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border, saying that it would damage the environment and harm wildlife.In 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto was campaigning in Tijuana at the Playas de Monumental, less than 600 yards (550 m) from the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to Border Field State Park. In one of his speeches he criticized the U.S. government for building the barriers and asked for them to be removed, referencing President Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall!" speech from Berlin in 1987.
Migrant deaths
Between 1994 and 2007, there were around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border, according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico, also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union. Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004; three times that of the same period the previous year. In October 2004, the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months. Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the Mexico–U.S. border. Since 2004, the bodies of 1,086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert.U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15, 2008, that its agents were able to save 443 illegal immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers. The agents also reducing the number of deaths by 17% from 202 in 2007 to 167 in 2008. Without the efforts of these agents, hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona. According to the same sector, border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16% compared with 2007.
Environmental impact
In April 2008, the Department of Homeland Security announced plans to waive more than 30 environmental and cultural laws to speed construction of the barrier. Despite claims from then Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff that the department would minimize the construction's impact on the environment, critics in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, asserted that the fence endangered species and fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande. Environmentalists expressed concern about butterfly migration corridors and the future of species of local wildcats, the ocelot, the jaguarundi, and the jaguar.By August 2008, more than 90% of the southern border in Arizona and New Mexico had been surveyed. In addition, 80% of the California–Mexico border has been surveyed. About 100 species of plants and animals, many already endangered, are threatened by the wall, including the jaguar, ocelot, Sonoran pronghorn, Mexican wolf, a pygmy owl, the thick-billed parrot, and the Quino checkerspot butterfly. According to Scott Egan of Rice University, a wall can create a population bottleneck, increase inbreeding, and cut off natural migration routes and range expansion.In 2008 a resolution "based on sound and accurate scientific knowledge" expressing opposition to the wall and the harmful impact on several rare, threatened, and endangered species, particularly endangered mammals such as the jaguar, ocelot, jaguarondi, and Sonoran pronghorn, was published by The Southwestern Association of Naturalists, an organization of 791 scientists specializing in the zoology, botany, and ecology of southwestern USA and Mexico. A decade later in 2018, well over 2500 scientists from 43 countries published a statement opposing the Border Wall, affirming it will have "significant consequences for biodiversity" and "Already-built sections of the wall are reducing the area, quality, and connectivity of plant and animal habitats and are compromising more than a century of binational investment in conservation."An initial 75-mile (121 km) wall for which U.S. funding has been requested on the nearly 2,000-mile (3,200 km) mile border would pass through the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge in California, the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, and Mexico's Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that the U.S. is bound by global treaty to protect. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection plans to build the wall using the Real ID Act to avoid the process of making environmental impact statements, a strategy devised by Chertoff during the Bush administration. Reuters said, "The Real ID Act also allows the secretary of Homeland Security to exempt CBP from adhering to the Endangered Species Act", which would otherwise prohibit construction in a wildlife refuge.
Polling
A Rasmussen Reports poll from August 19, 2015, found that 51% supported building a wall on the border, while 37% opposed.In a January 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 39% of Americans identified construction of a U.S.–Mexico border wall as an "important goal for U.S. immigration policy". The survey found that while Americans were divided by party on many different immigration policies, "the widest [partisan split] by far is over building a southern border wall. Two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (67%) say construction of a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border is an important goal for immigration policy, compared with just 16 percent of Democrats and Democratic leaners."A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89% of border patrol agents said a "wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border". 7% of agents disagreed.A poll conducted by CBS in June 21–22 2018 found that 51% supported the border wall, while 48% opposed.A poll conducted by the Senate Opportunity Fund in March of 2021 found that 53% supported finishing construction of the border wall, while 38% opposed.
See also
References
Footnotes
Citations
Further reading
Chaichian, Mohammad. 2014. Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Domination (Brill, pp. 175–235)
"Border Security: Barriers Along the U.S. International Border". Congressional Research Service.
Gerstein, Josh (July 26, 2019). "Supreme Court gives Trump go-ahead on border wall". Politico.
The High Cost and Diminishing Returns of a Border Wall
External links
Border Wall System CBP.gov
This Is What the U.S.–Mexico Border Wall Actually Looks Like. National Geographic Society
US–Mexico Border Barriers, Historical Timeline and Summary Statistics
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The Mexico–United States barrier (Spanish: barrera Estados Unidos–México, also known as the US–Mexico border wall or simply the "border wall") is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico. The barrier is not a continuous structure but a series of obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings. In May 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stated that it had 649 miles (1,044 km) of barriers in place. An additional 52 miles (84 km) of primary barriers were built during Donald Trump's presidency. The total length of the national border is 1,954 miles (3,145 km). On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Description
The 1,954 miles (3,145 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The border from the Gulf of Mexico to El Paso, Texas, follows along the Rio Grande forming a natural barrier. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California, and El Paso, Texas. The fencing includes a steel fence (varying in height between 18 and 27 feet (4.8 and 8.1 meters)) that divides the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, in the U.S. and Nogales, Sonora, in Mexico.97% of border apprehensions (foreign nationals who are caught being in the U.S. illegally) by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border. The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61% from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,842 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010. The decrease in apprehensions are the result of numerous factors, including changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts. Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972. Total apprehensions for 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 415,517, 521,090, 977,509 respectively. This shows a recent increase in apprehensions. And while the barrier is along the Mexico-United States border, 80% of the apprehended crossers are non-Mexican.As a result of the barrier, there has been a significant increase in the number of people trying to cross areas that have no fence, such as the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. Such immigrants must cross fifty miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.
Geography
The Mexico–United States border stretches from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. Border states include the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. U.S. states along the border are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
History
Origins
Territorial exchanges in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Gadsden Purchase (1853) would largely establish the current U.S.-Mexico border. Until the early 20th century, the border was open and largely unpatrolled, with only a few "mounted guards" patrolling its length. However, tensions between the United States and Mexico started to rise with the Mexican Revolution (1910) and World War I, which also increased concerns about weapons smuggling, refugees and cross-border espionage. The first international bridge was the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. (a barbed wire fence to prevent the movement of cattle across the border) was built in Ambos Nogales between 1909 and 1911, which was expanded in 1929 with a "six foot–high chain-link fence". The first barrier built by Mexico was likely a six-foot-tall wire fence built in 1918 explicitly for the purpose of directing the flow of people, also in Ambos Nogales. Barriers were extended in the following decades, with barriers becoming a common feature in border towns by the 1920s. In the 1940s, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service built chain-link barriers along the border.The U.S. Congress approved a $4.3 million request by Immigration and Naturalization Service, in 1978, to build a fence along the border to replace an existing 27-mile fence near San Ysidro, California, and El Paso, Texas, and then build an additional six miles of new fence. Anchor Post Products was contracted to build the new fence in a project inherited from Richard Nixon, who was the first president to propose building a border fence. The proposed construction received press coverage after the company's George Norris, described the fence as a "razor-sharp wall", leading to negative responses in Mexico. The proposed wall, dubbed the "Tortilla Curtain" by critics, was condemned by Mexican politicians such as then-president José López Portillo, and it was raised as an issue during President Jimmy Carter's state visit to Mexico in February 1979. Fencing was ultimately constructed, but had a limited length and did not have razor wire.U.S. President George H. W. Bush approved the initial 14 miles of fencing along the San Diego–Tijuana border. In 1993, President Bill Clinton oversaw initial border fence construction which was completed by the end of the year. Starting in 1994, further barriers were built under Clinton's presidency as part of three larger operations to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, which authorized further barriers and the reinforcement of the initial border fence. The majority of the border barriers built in the 1990s were made out of leftover helicopter landing mats from the Vietnam War.
Bush administration
The Real ID Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005, attached a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which went into effect in May 2008:Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary, in such Secretary's sole discretion, determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads.
In 2005, there were 75 miles of fencing along the border. In 2005, the border-located Laredo Community College obtained a 10-foot fence built by the United States Marine Corps. The structure led to a reported decline in border crossings on to the campus. U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter of California proposed a plan on November 3, 2005, calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States–Mexico border. This would also have included a 100-yard (91 m) border zone on the U.S. side. On December 15, 2005, Congressman Hunter's amendment to the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) passed in the House, but the bill did not pass the Senate. This plan called for mandatory fencing along 698 miles (1,123 km) of the 1,954-mile (3,145-kilometer)-long border. On May 17, 2006, the U.S. Senate proposed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611), which would include 370 miles (600 km) of triple-layered fencing and a vehicle fence, but the bill died in committee.
Secure Fence Act of 2006
The Secure Fence Act of 2006, signed into law on October 26, 2006, by President George W. Bush authorized and partially funded the potential construction of 700 miles (1,125 km) of physical fence/barriers along the Mexican border. The bill passed with supermajorities in both chambers. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced that an eight-month test of the virtual fence he favored would precede any construction of a physical barrier.
The government of Mexico and ministers of several Latin American countries condemned the plans. Governor of Texas Rick Perry expressed his opposition, saying that the border should be more open and should support safe and legal migration with the use of technology. The barrier expansion was opposed by a unanimous vote by the Laredo, Texas, City Council. Laredo Mayor Raul G. Salinas said that the bill would devastate Laredo. He stated "These are people that are sustaining our economy by forty percent, and I am gonna close the door on them and put [up] a wall? You don't do that. It's like a slap in the face." He hoped that Congress would revise the bill to better reflect the realities of life on the border.Secretary Chertoff exercised his waiver authority on April 1, 2008, to "waive in their entirety" the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego.
By January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security had spent $40 million on environmental analysis and mitigation measures aimed at blunting any possible adverse impact that the fence might have on the environment. On January 16, 2009, DHS announced it was pledging an additional $50 million for that purpose, and signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior for utilization of the additional funding. In January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 miles (930 km) of barriers in place.
Obama administration
On March 16, 2010, DHS announced that there would be a halt to expand the virtual fence beyond two pilot projects in Arizona. Contractor Boeing Corporation had numerous delays and cost overruns. Boeing had initially used police-dispatching software that was unable to process all of the information coming from the border. The $50 million of remaining funding would be used for mobile surveillance devices, sensors, and radios to patrol and protect the border. At the time, DHS had spent $3.4 billion on border fences and had built 640 miles (1,030 km) of fences and barriers as part of the Secure Border Initiative.
In May 2011, President Barack Obama stated that the wall was "basically complete", with 649 miles (1,044 km) of 652 planned miles of barrier constructed. Of this, vehicle barriers comprised 299 miles (481 km) and pedestrian fence 350 miles (560 km). Obama stated that:We have gone above and beyond what was requested by the very Republicans who said they supported broader reform as long as we got serious about enforcement. All the stuff they asked for, we've done. But ... I suspect there are still going to be some who are trying to move the goal posts on us one more time. They'll want a higher fence. Maybe they'll need a moat. Maybe they want alligators in the moat. They'll never be satisfied. And I understand that. That's politics.
The Republican Party's 2012 platform stated that "The double-layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006, but never completed, must finally be built." The Secure Fence Act's costs were estimated at $6 billion, more than the Customs and Border Protection's entire annual discretionary budget of $5.6 billion. The Washington Office on Latin America noted in 2013 that the cost of complying with the Secure Fence Act's mandate was the reason that it had not been completely fulfilled.A 2016 report by the Government Accountability Office confirmed that the government had completed the fence by 2015. A 2017 report noted that "In addition to the 654 miles of primary fencing, [Customs and Border Protection] has also deployed additional layers of pedestrian fencing behind the primary border fencing, including 37 miles of secondary fencing and 14 miles of tertiary fencing."
Trump administration
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it". Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto maintained that his country would not pay for the wall. On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although construction did not begin at this time because a formal budget had not been developed.Trump's campaign promise has faced a host of legal and logistical challenges since. In March 2018, the Trump administration secured $1.6 billion from Congress for projects at the border for existing designs of approximately 100 miles of new and replacement walls. From December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, the federal government was partially shut down because of Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.On May 24, 2019, federal Judge Haywood Gilliam in the Northern District of California granted a preliminary injunction preventing the Trump administration from redirecting funds under the national emergency declaration issued earlier in the year to fund a planned wall along the border with Mexico. The injunction applies specifically to money the administration intended to allocate from other agencies and limits wall construction projects in El Paso and Yuma. On June 28, Gilliam blocked the reallocation of $2.5 billion of funding from the Department of Defense to the construction of segments of the border wall categorized as high priority by the Trump administration (spanning across Arizona, California and New Mexico). The decision was upheld five days later by a majority in the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court but was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court on July 26. On September 3, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper authorized the use of $3.6 billion in military construction funding for 175 miles of the barrier. The House and Senate have twice voted to terminate Trump's emergency declaration, but the president vetoed both resolutions. In October, a lawsuit filed in El Paso County produced a ruling that the emergency declaration was unlawful, as it fails to meet the National Emergencies Act's definition of an emergency. On December 10, a federal judge in the case blocked the use of the funding, but on January 8, 2020, a federal appeals court granted a stay of the ruling, freeing $3.6 billion for the wall.As of August 2019, the Trump administration's barrier construction had been limited to replacing sections that were in need of repair or outdated, with 60 miles of replacement wall built in the Southwest since 2017. As of September 12, 2019, the Trump administration plans for "Between 450 and 500 miles (724–806 kilometers) of fencing along the nearly 2,000-mile (3,218-kilometer) border by the end of 2020" with an estimated total cost of $18.4 billion. Privately owned land adjacent to the border would have to be acquired by the U.S. government to be built upon.On June 23, Trump visited Yuma, Arizona, for a campaign rally commemorating the completion of 200 miles (320 km) of the wall. U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that almost all of this was replacement fencing. By the end of Trump's term on January 21, 2021, 452 miles (727 km) had been built at last report by CBP on January 5, much of it replacing outdated or dilapidated existing barriers.
Contractors and independent efforts
As of February 2019, contractors were preparing to construct $600 million worth of replacement barriers along the south Texas Rio Grande Valley section of the border wall, approved by Congress in March 2018. In mid-April 2019, former Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach visited Coolidge, Arizona, to observe a demonstration by North Dakota's Fisher Industries of how it would build a border fence. The company maintained that it could erect 218 miles of the barrier for $3.3 billion and be able to complete it in 13 months. Spin cameras positioned atop the fence would use facial-recognition technology, and underground fiber optic cables could detect and differentiate between human activity, vehicles, tunneling, and animals as distant as 40 feet away. The proposed barrier would be constructed with 42 miles (68 km) near Yuma and 91 miles (147 km) near Tucson, Arizona, 69 miles near El Paso, Texas, and 15 miles (25 km) near El Centro, California—reportedly costing $12.5 million per mile. In April 2019, U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy said that he traveled with the group of politicians and administration officials over the Easter recess to Coolidge (120 miles north of the Mexico border) because he felt that insufficient barrier and border enhancements had been erected since Trump became president. U.S. senator Kevin Cramer was also there, promoting Fisher Industries, which demonstrated the construction of a 56-foot (18 m) fence in Coolidge.A private organization founded by military veteran Brian Kolfage called "We Build the Wall" raised over $20 million beginning in 2018, with President Trump's encouragement and with leadership from Kobach and Steve Bannon. Over the 2019 Memorial Day weekend, the organization constructed a 1/2 to 1-mile "weathered steel" bollard fence near El Paso on private land adjoining the US–Mexico border using $6–8 million of the donated funds. Kolfage's organization says it has plans to construct further barriers on private lands adjoining the border in Texas and California. On December 3, 2019, a Hidalgo County judge ordered the group to temporarily halt all construction because of its plans to build adjacent to the Rio Grande, which a lawyer for the National Butterfly Center argues would create a flooding risk. On January 9, 2020, a federal judge lifted an injunction, allowing a construction firm to move forward with the 3 mile project along the Rio Grande. This ended a month long court battle with both the Federal Government and the National Butterfly Center which both tried to block construction efforts.
Biden administration
President Joe Biden signed an executive order on his first day of office, January 20, 2021, ordering a "pause" in all construction of the wall no later than January 27. The government was given two months to plan how to spend the funds elsewhere and determine how much it would cost to terminate the contracts. There are no plans to tear down parts of the wall that have been built. The deployment of 3,000 National Guard troops along the border will continue. The Biden administration has continued to seize land for construction of the border wall. By December 2021, many contracts had been cancelled, including one requiring the possession of the land of a family represented by the Texas Civil Rights Project.In June 2021, Texas governor Greg Abbott announced plans to build a border wall in his state, saying that the state would provide $250 million and that direct donations from the public would be solicited. On June 29, the Republican Study Committee organized a group of two dozen Republican House members to visit a gap in the border where Central Americans were crossing into the country. Representative Mary Miller (R-IL) stated that "obviously our president has advertised this and facilitated this invasion". Rep. Jim Banks (R-IN) praised the effectiveness of Trump's wall and said that because of the halted construction, "thousands of migrants [pass] through this area on a regular basis ... because there's an open door that allows them to do that". In reference to wristbands on migrants used by Mexican cartels and smugglers to track them, Rep. Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) stated, "They're basically treating people like Amazon products. ... There is no care that that is a human being, someone who has a soul, someone who has unalienable rights that predate any government."On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Binational River Park
In 2021, in collaboration with United States and Mexican ambassadors, as well as businessmen, a binational park was proposed along the Rio Grande between the border towns of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Supported by the No Border Wall Coalition, the park aims to create a shared recreational space instead of a border wall. Earthjustice estimated that the decision to not build a border wall in Laredo saved 71 miles of river from destruction and over $1 billion in taxpayer dollars.
Arizona container wall
In August 2022, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey ordered the erection of a makeshift wall of shipping containers on the border with Mexico in Cochise County, Arizona. The construction began in the Coronado National Forest without authorization from the U.S. Forest Service, which operates the land. Ecologists at the Center for Biological Diversity argue that the construction, which imperils at-risk species including the ocelot and jaguar, violates the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and have sued to halt its construction. Governor-elect Katie Hobbs stated that she would remove the containers after taking office, and the U.S. Justice Department sued the state to remove the containers and "compensate the [U.S.] for any actions it needs to take to undo Arizona's actions". Deconstruction had begun by January.
Controversy
Effectiveness
Research at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University indicates that the wall, like border walls in general, is unlikely to be effective at reducing illegal immigration or movement of contraband. In mid-April 2019, U.S. Senator Martha McSally said that a barrier will not resolve the border crisis. Authors of books on the effectiveness have said that aside from the human crossings, drugs among other things will still be making their way to the United States illegally. However, US Customs and Border Protection has frequently called for more physical barriers on the Mexico–United States border, citing their efficacy. Smugglers in 2021 used demolition tools and power saws on pieces of wall in Arizona.
Divided land
Tribal lands of three indigenous nations are divided by a proposed border fence.On January 27, 2008, a Native American human rights delegation in the United States, which included Margo Tamez (Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache) and Teresa Leal (Opata-Mayo) reported the removal of the official International Boundary obelisks of 1848 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in the Las Mariposas, Sonora-Arizona sector of the Mexico–U.S. border. The obelisks were moved southward approximately 20 m (70 ft), onto the property of private landowners in Sonora, as part of the larger project of installing the 18-foot (5.5 m) steel barrier wall.The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts, according to Antonio N. Zavaleta, a vice president of the university. There have been campus protests against the wall by students who feel it will harm their school. In August 2008, UT-Brownsville reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the university to construct a portion of the fence across and adjacent to its property. On August 20, 2008, the university sent out a request for bids for the construction of a 10-foot (3.0 m) high barrier that incorporates technology security for its segment of the border fence project. The southern perimeter of the UT-Brownsville campus will be part of a laboratory for testing new security technology and infrastructure combinations. The border fence segment on the campus was substantially completed by December 2008.The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site was shown on a map of the Department of Homeland Security with the barrier cutting through the 50-acre facility (20 ha) in Boca Chica, Texas.
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
On August 1, 2018, the chief of the Border Patrol's Rio Grande Valley sector indicated that although Starr County was his first priority for a wall, Hidalgo County's Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge had been selected instead for initial construction, because its land was owned by the government.
National Butterfly Center
The proposed border wall has been described as a "death sentence" for the American National Butterfly Center, a privately operated outdoor butterfly conservatory that maintains a significant amount of land in Mexico. Filmmaker Krista Schlyer, part of an all-woman team creating a documentary film about the butterflies and the border wall, Ay Mariposa, estimates that construction would put "70 percent of the preserve habitat" on the Mexican side of the border. In addition to concerns about seizure of private property by the federal government, center employees have also noted the local economic impact. The center's director has stated that "environmental tourism contributes more than $450m to Hidalgo and Starr counties."In early December 2018, a challenge to wall construction at the National Butterfly Center was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the San Antonio Express News, "the high court let stand an appeals ruling that lets the administration bypass 28 federal laws", including the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Mexico's condemnations
In 2006, the Mexican government vigorously condemned the Secure Fence Act of 2006. Mexico has also urged the U.S. to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border, saying that it would damage the environment and harm wildlife.In 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto was campaigning in Tijuana at the Playas de Monumental, less than 600 yards (550 m) from the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to Border Field State Park. In one of his speeches he criticized the U.S. government for building the barriers and asked for them to be removed, referencing President Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall!" speech from Berlin in 1987.
Migrant deaths
Between 1994 and 2007, there were around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border, according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico, also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union. Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004; three times that of the same period the previous year. In October 2004, the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months. Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the Mexico–U.S. border. Since 2004, the bodies of 1,086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert.U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15, 2008, that its agents were able to save 443 illegal immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers. The agents also reducing the number of deaths by 17% from 202 in 2007 to 167 in 2008. Without the efforts of these agents, hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona. According to the same sector, border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16% compared with 2007.
Environmental impact
In April 2008, the Department of Homeland Security announced plans to waive more than 30 environmental and cultural laws to speed construction of the barrier. Despite claims from then Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff that the department would minimize the construction's impact on the environment, critics in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, asserted that the fence endangered species and fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande. Environmentalists expressed concern about butterfly migration corridors and the future of species of local wildcats, the ocelot, the jaguarundi, and the jaguar.By August 2008, more than 90% of the southern border in Arizona and New Mexico had been surveyed. In addition, 80% of the California–Mexico border has been surveyed. About 100 species of plants and animals, many already endangered, are threatened by the wall, including the jaguar, ocelot, Sonoran pronghorn, Mexican wolf, a pygmy owl, the thick-billed parrot, and the Quino checkerspot butterfly. According to Scott Egan of Rice University, a wall can create a population bottleneck, increase inbreeding, and cut off natural migration routes and range expansion.In 2008 a resolution "based on sound and accurate scientific knowledge" expressing opposition to the wall and the harmful impact on several rare, threatened, and endangered species, particularly endangered mammals such as the jaguar, ocelot, jaguarondi, and Sonoran pronghorn, was published by The Southwestern Association of Naturalists, an organization of 791 scientists specializing in the zoology, botany, and ecology of southwestern USA and Mexico. A decade later in 2018, well over 2500 scientists from 43 countries published a statement opposing the Border Wall, affirming it will have "significant consequences for biodiversity" and "Already-built sections of the wall are reducing the area, quality, and connectivity of plant and animal habitats and are compromising more than a century of binational investment in conservation."An initial 75-mile (121 km) wall for which U.S. funding has been requested on the nearly 2,000-mile (3,200 km) mile border would pass through the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge in California, the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, and Mexico's Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that the U.S. is bound by global treaty to protect. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection plans to build the wall using the Real ID Act to avoid the process of making environmental impact statements, a strategy devised by Chertoff during the Bush administration. Reuters said, "The Real ID Act also allows the secretary of Homeland Security to exempt CBP from adhering to the Endangered Species Act", which would otherwise prohibit construction in a wildlife refuge.
Polling
A Rasmussen Reports poll from August 19, 2015, found that 51% supported building a wall on the border, while 37% opposed.In a January 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 39% of Americans identified construction of a U.S.–Mexico border wall as an "important goal for U.S. immigration policy". The survey found that while Americans were divided by party on many different immigration policies, "the widest [partisan split] by far is over building a southern border wall. Two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (67%) say construction of a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border is an important goal for immigration policy, compared with just 16 percent of Democrats and Democratic leaners."A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89% of border patrol agents said a "wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border". 7% of agents disagreed.A poll conducted by CBS in June 21–22 2018 found that 51% supported the border wall, while 48% opposed.A poll conducted by the Senate Opportunity Fund in March of 2021 found that 53% supported finishing construction of the border wall, while 38% opposed.
See also
References
Footnotes
Citations
Further reading
Chaichian, Mohammad. 2014. Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Domination (Brill, pp. 175–235)
"Border Security: Barriers Along the U.S. International Border". Congressional Research Service.
Gerstein, Josh (July 26, 2019). "Supreme Court gives Trump go-ahead on border wall". Politico.
The High Cost and Diminishing Returns of a Border Wall
External links
Border Wall System CBP.gov
This Is What the U.S.–Mexico Border Wall Actually Looks Like. National Geographic Society
US–Mexico Border Barriers, Historical Timeline and Summary Statistics
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The Mexico–United States barrier (Spanish: barrera Estados Unidos–México, also known as the US–Mexico border wall or simply the "border wall") is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico. The barrier is not a continuous structure but a series of obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings. In May 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stated that it had 649 miles (1,044 km) of barriers in place. An additional 52 miles (84 km) of primary barriers were built during Donald Trump's presidency. The total length of the national border is 1,954 miles (3,145 km). On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Description
The 1,954 miles (3,145 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The border from the Gulf of Mexico to El Paso, Texas, follows along the Rio Grande forming a natural barrier. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California, and El Paso, Texas. The fencing includes a steel fence (varying in height between 18 and 27 feet (4.8 and 8.1 meters)) that divides the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, in the U.S. and Nogales, Sonora, in Mexico.97% of border apprehensions (foreign nationals who are caught being in the U.S. illegally) by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border. The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61% from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,842 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010. The decrease in apprehensions are the result of numerous factors, including changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts. Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972. Total apprehensions for 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 415,517, 521,090, 977,509 respectively. This shows a recent increase in apprehensions. And while the barrier is along the Mexico-United States border, 80% of the apprehended crossers are non-Mexican.As a result of the barrier, there has been a significant increase in the number of people trying to cross areas that have no fence, such as the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. Such immigrants must cross fifty miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.
Geography
The Mexico–United States border stretches from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. Border states include the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. U.S. states along the border are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
History
Origins
Territorial exchanges in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Gadsden Purchase (1853) would largely establish the current U.S.-Mexico border. Until the early 20th century, the border was open and largely unpatrolled, with only a few "mounted guards" patrolling its length. However, tensions between the United States and Mexico started to rise with the Mexican Revolution (1910) and World War I, which also increased concerns about weapons smuggling, refugees and cross-border espionage. The first international bridge was the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. (a barbed wire fence to prevent the movement of cattle across the border) was built in Ambos Nogales between 1909 and 1911, which was expanded in 1929 with a "six foot–high chain-link fence". The first barrier built by Mexico was likely a six-foot-tall wire fence built in 1918 explicitly for the purpose of directing the flow of people, also in Ambos Nogales. Barriers were extended in the following decades, with barriers becoming a common feature in border towns by the 1920s. In the 1940s, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service built chain-link barriers along the border.The U.S. Congress approved a $4.3 million request by Immigration and Naturalization Service, in 1978, to build a fence along the border to replace an existing 27-mile fence near San Ysidro, California, and El Paso, Texas, and then build an additional six miles of new fence. Anchor Post Products was contracted to build the new fence in a project inherited from Richard Nixon, who was the first president to propose building a border fence. The proposed construction received press coverage after the company's George Norris, described the fence as a "razor-sharp wall", leading to negative responses in Mexico. The proposed wall, dubbed the "Tortilla Curtain" by critics, was condemned by Mexican politicians such as then-president José López Portillo, and it was raised as an issue during President Jimmy Carter's state visit to Mexico in February 1979. Fencing was ultimately constructed, but had a limited length and did not have razor wire.U.S. President George H. W. Bush approved the initial 14 miles of fencing along the San Diego–Tijuana border. In 1993, President Bill Clinton oversaw initial border fence construction which was completed by the end of the year. Starting in 1994, further barriers were built under Clinton's presidency as part of three larger operations to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, which authorized further barriers and the reinforcement of the initial border fence. The majority of the border barriers built in the 1990s were made out of leftover helicopter landing mats from the Vietnam War.
Bush administration
The Real ID Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005, attached a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which went into effect in May 2008:Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary, in such Secretary's sole discretion, determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads.
In 2005, there were 75 miles of fencing along the border. In 2005, the border-located Laredo Community College obtained a 10-foot fence built by the United States Marine Corps. The structure led to a reported decline in border crossings on to the campus. U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter of California proposed a plan on November 3, 2005, calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States–Mexico border. This would also have included a 100-yard (91 m) border zone on the U.S. side. On December 15, 2005, Congressman Hunter's amendment to the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) passed in the House, but the bill did not pass the Senate. This plan called for mandatory fencing along 698 miles (1,123 km) of the 1,954-mile (3,145-kilometer)-long border. On May 17, 2006, the U.S. Senate proposed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611), which would include 370 miles (600 km) of triple-layered fencing and a vehicle fence, but the bill died in committee.
Secure Fence Act of 2006
The Secure Fence Act of 2006, signed into law on October 26, 2006, by President George W. Bush authorized and partially funded the potential construction of 700 miles (1,125 km) of physical fence/barriers along the Mexican border. The bill passed with supermajorities in both chambers. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced that an eight-month test of the virtual fence he favored would precede any construction of a physical barrier.
The government of Mexico and ministers of several Latin American countries condemned the plans. Governor of Texas Rick Perry expressed his opposition, saying that the border should be more open and should support safe and legal migration with the use of technology. The barrier expansion was opposed by a unanimous vote by the Laredo, Texas, City Council. Laredo Mayor Raul G. Salinas said that the bill would devastate Laredo. He stated "These are people that are sustaining our economy by forty percent, and I am gonna close the door on them and put [up] a wall? You don't do that. It's like a slap in the face." He hoped that Congress would revise the bill to better reflect the realities of life on the border.Secretary Chertoff exercised his waiver authority on April 1, 2008, to "waive in their entirety" the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego.
By January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security had spent $40 million on environmental analysis and mitigation measures aimed at blunting any possible adverse impact that the fence might have on the environment. On January 16, 2009, DHS announced it was pledging an additional $50 million for that purpose, and signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior for utilization of the additional funding. In January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 miles (930 km) of barriers in place.
Obama administration
On March 16, 2010, DHS announced that there would be a halt to expand the virtual fence beyond two pilot projects in Arizona. Contractor Boeing Corporation had numerous delays and cost overruns. Boeing had initially used police-dispatching software that was unable to process all of the information coming from the border. The $50 million of remaining funding would be used for mobile surveillance devices, sensors, and radios to patrol and protect the border. At the time, DHS had spent $3.4 billion on border fences and had built 640 miles (1,030 km) of fences and barriers as part of the Secure Border Initiative.
In May 2011, President Barack Obama stated that the wall was "basically complete", with 649 miles (1,044 km) of 652 planned miles of barrier constructed. Of this, vehicle barriers comprised 299 miles (481 km) and pedestrian fence 350 miles (560 km). Obama stated that:We have gone above and beyond what was requested by the very Republicans who said they supported broader reform as long as we got serious about enforcement. All the stuff they asked for, we've done. But ... I suspect there are still going to be some who are trying to move the goal posts on us one more time. They'll want a higher fence. Maybe they'll need a moat. Maybe they want alligators in the moat. They'll never be satisfied. And I understand that. That's politics.
The Republican Party's 2012 platform stated that "The double-layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006, but never completed, must finally be built." The Secure Fence Act's costs were estimated at $6 billion, more than the Customs and Border Protection's entire annual discretionary budget of $5.6 billion. The Washington Office on Latin America noted in 2013 that the cost of complying with the Secure Fence Act's mandate was the reason that it had not been completely fulfilled.A 2016 report by the Government Accountability Office confirmed that the government had completed the fence by 2015. A 2017 report noted that "In addition to the 654 miles of primary fencing, [Customs and Border Protection] has also deployed additional layers of pedestrian fencing behind the primary border fencing, including 37 miles of secondary fencing and 14 miles of tertiary fencing."
Trump administration
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it". Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto maintained that his country would not pay for the wall. On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although construction did not begin at this time because a formal budget had not been developed.Trump's campaign promise has faced a host of legal and logistical challenges since. In March 2018, the Trump administration secured $1.6 billion from Congress for projects at the border for existing designs of approximately 100 miles of new and replacement walls. From December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, the federal government was partially shut down because of Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.On May 24, 2019, federal Judge Haywood Gilliam in the Northern District of California granted a preliminary injunction preventing the Trump administration from redirecting funds under the national emergency declaration issued earlier in the year to fund a planned wall along the border with Mexico. The injunction applies specifically to money the administration intended to allocate from other agencies and limits wall construction projects in El Paso and Yuma. On June 28, Gilliam blocked the reallocation of $2.5 billion of funding from the Department of Defense to the construction of segments of the border wall categorized as high priority by the Trump administration (spanning across Arizona, California and New Mexico). The decision was upheld five days later by a majority in the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court but was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court on July 26. On September 3, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper authorized the use of $3.6 billion in military construction funding for 175 miles of the barrier. The House and Senate have twice voted to terminate Trump's emergency declaration, but the president vetoed both resolutions. In October, a lawsuit filed in El Paso County produced a ruling that the emergency declaration was unlawful, as it fails to meet the National Emergencies Act's definition of an emergency. On December 10, a federal judge in the case blocked the use of the funding, but on January 8, 2020, a federal appeals court granted a stay of the ruling, freeing $3.6 billion for the wall.As of August 2019, the Trump administration's barrier construction had been limited to replacing sections that were in need of repair or outdated, with 60 miles of replacement wall built in the Southwest since 2017. As of September 12, 2019, the Trump administration plans for "Between 450 and 500 miles (724–806 kilometers) of fencing along the nearly 2,000-mile (3,218-kilometer) border by the end of 2020" with an estimated total cost of $18.4 billion. Privately owned land adjacent to the border would have to be acquired by the U.S. government to be built upon.On June 23, Trump visited Yuma, Arizona, for a campaign rally commemorating the completion of 200 miles (320 km) of the wall. U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that almost all of this was replacement fencing. By the end of Trump's term on January 21, 2021, 452 miles (727 km) had been built at last report by CBP on January 5, much of it replacing outdated or dilapidated existing barriers.
Contractors and independent efforts
As of February 2019, contractors were preparing to construct $600 million worth of replacement barriers along the south Texas Rio Grande Valley section of the border wall, approved by Congress in March 2018. In mid-April 2019, former Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach visited Coolidge, Arizona, to observe a demonstration by North Dakota's Fisher Industries of how it would build a border fence. The company maintained that it could erect 218 miles of the barrier for $3.3 billion and be able to complete it in 13 months. Spin cameras positioned atop the fence would use facial-recognition technology, and underground fiber optic cables could detect and differentiate between human activity, vehicles, tunneling, and animals as distant as 40 feet away. The proposed barrier would be constructed with 42 miles (68 km) near Yuma and 91 miles (147 km) near Tucson, Arizona, 69 miles near El Paso, Texas, and 15 miles (25 km) near El Centro, California—reportedly costing $12.5 million per mile. In April 2019, U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy said that he traveled with the group of politicians and administration officials over the Easter recess to Coolidge (120 miles north of the Mexico border) because he felt that insufficient barrier and border enhancements had been erected since Trump became president. U.S. senator Kevin Cramer was also there, promoting Fisher Industries, which demonstrated the construction of a 56-foot (18 m) fence in Coolidge.A private organization founded by military veteran Brian Kolfage called "We Build the Wall" raised over $20 million beginning in 2018, with President Trump's encouragement and with leadership from Kobach and Steve Bannon. Over the 2019 Memorial Day weekend, the organization constructed a 1/2 to 1-mile "weathered steel" bollard fence near El Paso on private land adjoining the US–Mexico border using $6–8 million of the donated funds. Kolfage's organization says it has plans to construct further barriers on private lands adjoining the border in Texas and California. On December 3, 2019, a Hidalgo County judge ordered the group to temporarily halt all construction because of its plans to build adjacent to the Rio Grande, which a lawyer for the National Butterfly Center argues would create a flooding risk. On January 9, 2020, a federal judge lifted an injunction, allowing a construction firm to move forward with the 3 mile project along the Rio Grande. This ended a month long court battle with both the Federal Government and the National Butterfly Center which both tried to block construction efforts.
Biden administration
President Joe Biden signed an executive order on his first day of office, January 20, 2021, ordering a "pause" in all construction of the wall no later than January 27. The government was given two months to plan how to spend the funds elsewhere and determine how much it would cost to terminate the contracts. There are no plans to tear down parts of the wall that have been built. The deployment of 3,000 National Guard troops along the border will continue. The Biden administration has continued to seize land for construction of the border wall. By December 2021, many contracts had been cancelled, including one requiring the possession of the land of a family represented by the Texas Civil Rights Project.In June 2021, Texas governor Greg Abbott announced plans to build a border wall in his state, saying that the state would provide $250 million and that direct donations from the public would be solicited. On June 29, the Republican Study Committee organized a group of two dozen Republican House members to visit a gap in the border where Central Americans were crossing into the country. Representative Mary Miller (R-IL) stated that "obviously our president has advertised this and facilitated this invasion". Rep. Jim Banks (R-IN) praised the effectiveness of Trump's wall and said that because of the halted construction, "thousands of migrants [pass] through this area on a regular basis ... because there's an open door that allows them to do that". In reference to wristbands on migrants used by Mexican cartels and smugglers to track them, Rep. Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) stated, "They're basically treating people like Amazon products. ... There is no care that that is a human being, someone who has a soul, someone who has unalienable rights that predate any government."On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.
Binational River Park
In 2021, in collaboration with United States and Mexican ambassadors, as well as businessmen, a binational park was proposed along the Rio Grande between the border towns of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Supported by the No Border Wall Coalition, the park aims to create a shared recreational space instead of a border wall. Earthjustice estimated that the decision to not build a border wall in Laredo saved 71 miles of river from destruction and over $1 billion in taxpayer dollars.
Arizona container wall
In August 2022, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey ordered the erection of a makeshift wall of shipping containers on the border with Mexico in Cochise County, Arizona. The construction began in the Coronado National Forest without authorization from the U.S. Forest Service, which operates the land. Ecologists at the Center for Biological Diversity argue that the construction, which imperils at-risk species including the ocelot and jaguar, violates the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and have sued to halt its construction. Governor-elect Katie Hobbs stated that she would remove the containers after taking office, and the U.S. Justice Department sued the state to remove the containers and "compensate the [U.S.] for any actions it needs to take to undo Arizona's actions". Deconstruction had begun by January.
Controversy
Effectiveness
Research at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University indicates that the wall, like border walls in general, is unlikely to be effective at reducing illegal immigration or movement of contraband. In mid-April 2019, U.S. Senator Martha McSally said that a barrier will not resolve the border crisis. Authors of books on the effectiveness have said that aside from the human crossings, drugs among other things will still be making their way to the United States illegally. However, US Customs and Border Protection has frequently called for more physical barriers on the Mexico–United States border, citing their efficacy. Smugglers in 2021 used demolition tools and power saws on pieces of wall in Arizona.
Divided land
Tribal lands of three indigenous nations are divided by a proposed border fence.On January 27, 2008, a Native American human rights delegation in the United States, which included Margo Tamez (Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache) and Teresa Leal (Opata-Mayo) reported the removal of the official International Boundary obelisks of 1848 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in the Las Mariposas, Sonora-Arizona sector of the Mexico–U.S. border. The obelisks were moved southward approximately 20 m (70 ft), onto the property of private landowners in Sonora, as part of the larger project of installing the 18-foot (5.5 m) steel barrier wall.The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts, according to Antonio N. Zavaleta, a vice president of the university. There have been campus protests against the wall by students who feel it will harm their school. In August 2008, UT-Brownsville reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the university to construct a portion of the fence across and adjacent to its property. On August 20, 2008, the university sent out a request for bids for the construction of a 10-foot (3.0 m) high barrier that incorporates technology security for its segment of the border fence project. The southern perimeter of the UT-Brownsville campus will be part of a laboratory for testing new security technology and infrastructure combinations. The border fence segment on the campus was substantially completed by December 2008.The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site was shown on a map of the Department of Homeland Security with the barrier cutting through the 50-acre facility (20 ha) in Boca Chica, Texas.
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
On August 1, 2018, the chief of the Border Patrol's Rio Grande Valley sector indicated that although Starr County was his first priority for a wall, Hidalgo County's Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge had been selected instead for initial construction, because its land was owned by the government.
National Butterfly Center
The proposed border wall has been described as a "death sentence" for the American National Butterfly Center, a privately operated outdoor butterfly conservatory that maintains a significant amount of land in Mexico. Filmmaker Krista Schlyer, part of an all-woman team creating a documentary film about the butterflies and the border wall, Ay Mariposa, estimates that construction would put "70 percent of the preserve habitat" on the Mexican side of the border. In addition to concerns about seizure of private property by the federal government, center employees have also noted the local economic impact. The center's director has stated that "environmental tourism contributes more than $450m to Hidalgo and Starr counties."In early December 2018, a challenge to wall construction at the National Butterfly Center was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the San Antonio Express News, "the high court let stand an appeals ruling that lets the administration bypass 28 federal laws", including the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Mexico's condemnations
In 2006, the Mexican government vigorously condemned the Secure Fence Act of 2006. Mexico has also urged the U.S. to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border, saying that it would damage the environment and harm wildlife.In 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto was campaigning in Tijuana at the Playas de Monumental, less than 600 yards (550 m) from the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to Border Field State Park. In one of his speeches he criticized the U.S. government for building the barriers and asked for them to be removed, referencing President Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall!" speech from Berlin in 1987.
Migrant deaths
Between 1994 and 2007, there were around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border, according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico, also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union. Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004; three times that of the same period the previous year. In October 2004, the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months. Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the Mexico–U.S. border. Since 2004, the bodies of 1,086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert.U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15, 2008, that its agents were able to save 443 illegal immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers. The agents also reducing the number of deaths by 17% from 202 in 2007 to 167 in 2008. Without the efforts of these agents, hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona. According to the same sector, border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16% compared with 2007.
Environmental impact
In April 2008, the Department of Homeland Security announced plans to waive more than 30 environmental and cultural laws to speed construction of the barrier. Despite claims from then Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff that the department would minimize the construction's impact on the environment, critics in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, asserted that the fence endangered species and fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande. Environmentalists expressed concern about butterfly migration corridors and the future of species of local wildcats, the ocelot, the jaguarundi, and the jaguar.By August 2008, more than 90% of the southern border in Arizona and New Mexico had been surveyed. In addition, 80% of the California–Mexico border has been surveyed. About 100 species of plants and animals, many already endangered, are threatened by the wall, including the jaguar, ocelot, Sonoran pronghorn, Mexican wolf, a pygmy owl, the thick-billed parrot, and the Quino checkerspot butterfly. According to Scott Egan of Rice University, a wall can create a population bottleneck, increase inbreeding, and cut off natural migration routes and range expansion.In 2008 a resolution "based on sound and accurate scientific knowledge" expressing opposition to the wall and the harmful impact on several rare, threatened, and endangered species, particularly endangered mammals such as the jaguar, ocelot, jaguarondi, and Sonoran pronghorn, was published by The Southwestern Association of Naturalists, an organization of 791 scientists specializing in the zoology, botany, and ecology of southwestern USA and Mexico. A decade later in 2018, well over 2500 scientists from 43 countries published a statement opposing the Border Wall, affirming it will have "significant consequences for biodiversity" and "Already-built sections of the wall are reducing the area, quality, and connectivity of plant and animal habitats and are compromising more than a century of binational investment in conservation."An initial 75-mile (121 km) wall for which U.S. funding has been requested on the nearly 2,000-mile (3,200 km) mile border would pass through the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge in California, the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, and Mexico's Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that the U.S. is bound by global treaty to protect. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection plans to build the wall using the Real ID Act to avoid the process of making environmental impact statements, a strategy devised by Chertoff during the Bush administration. Reuters said, "The Real ID Act also allows the secretary of Homeland Security to exempt CBP from adhering to the Endangered Species Act", which would otherwise prohibit construction in a wildlife refuge.
Polling
A Rasmussen Reports poll from August 19, 2015, found that 51% supported building a wall on the border, while 37% opposed.In a January 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 39% of Americans identified construction of a U.S.–Mexico border wall as an "important goal for U.S. immigration policy". The survey found that while Americans were divided by party on many different immigration policies, "the widest [partisan split] by far is over building a southern border wall. Two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (67%) say construction of a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border is an important goal for immigration policy, compared with just 16 percent of Democrats and Democratic leaners."A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89% of border patrol agents said a "wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border". 7% of agents disagreed.A poll conducted by CBS in June 21–22 2018 found that 51% supported the border wall, while 48% opposed.A poll conducted by the Senate Opportunity Fund in March of 2021 found that 53% supported finishing construction of the border wall, while 38% opposed.
See also
References
Footnotes
Citations
Further reading
Chaichian, Mohammad. 2014. Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Domination (Brill, pp. 175–235)
"Border Security: Barriers Along the U.S. International Border". Congressional Research Service.
Gerstein, Josh (July 26, 2019). "Supreme Court gives Trump go-ahead on border wall". Politico.
The High Cost and Diminishing Returns of a Border Wall
External links
Border Wall System CBP.gov
This Is What the U.S.–Mexico Border Wall Actually Looks Like. National Geographic Society
US–Mexico Border Barriers, Historical Timeline and Summary Statistics
|
has cause
|
{
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"illegal immigration to the United States"
]
}
|
HMCS Spitfire was a 65-ton sail gunboat built at Cuthberts Shipyard, Port Jackson, Australia and launched on 3 April 1855 for the Colony of New South Wales. Her hull was sheathed with 22-ounce copper. She was the first warship built in Australia for a Colonial government. Spitfire was given to the Colony of Queensland in 1859 and she was used as the pilot cutter on Moreton Bay. In 1860, she was used as part of an expedition to find the mouth of the Burdekin River. She was to become the pilot boat for Cooktown, until sold out of service in 1885 and purchased by Captain Alex Mathewson, for use as a fishing vessel. She was sold in 1892 to Dan Moynahan and S.B. Andreassen and during a cyclone in 1896 she was damaged off Hinchinbrook Island.
Fate
Spitfire was sunk during a cyclone off Piper Island Light in December 1899.
Notes
References
Gillett, Ross (1986). Australia's navy : past, present & future. Brookvale, NSW: Child & Henry. ISBN 0-86777-178-X.
Odgers, George (1982). The Royal Australian Navy : an illustrated history. Brookvale, NSW: Child & Henry. ISBN 0-86777-240-9.
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"ship"
]
}
|
HMCS Spitfire was a 65-ton sail gunboat built at Cuthberts Shipyard, Port Jackson, Australia and launched on 3 April 1855 for the Colony of New South Wales. Her hull was sheathed with 22-ounce copper. She was the first warship built in Australia for a Colonial government. Spitfire was given to the Colony of Queensland in 1859 and she was used as the pilot cutter on Moreton Bay. In 1860, she was used as part of an expedition to find the mouth of the Burdekin River. She was to become the pilot boat for Cooktown, until sold out of service in 1885 and purchased by Captain Alex Mathewson, for use as a fishing vessel. She was sold in 1892 to Dan Moynahan and S.B. Andreassen and during a cyclone in 1896 she was damaged off Hinchinbrook Island.
Fate
Spitfire was sunk during a cyclone off Piper Island Light in December 1899.
Notes
References
Gillett, Ross (1986). Australia's navy : past, present & future. Brookvale, NSW: Child & Henry. ISBN 0-86777-178-X.
Odgers, George (1982). The Royal Australian Navy : an illustrated history. Brookvale, NSW: Child & Henry. ISBN 0-86777-240-9.
|
country of registry
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Quercus spinosa is a species of oak native to central China, Taiwan and Myanmar, in the subgenus Cerris, section Ilex. An evergreen tree, its leaf traits may be adaptations to altitude. It is placed in section Ilex.
Subspecies
The following subspecies are currently accepted:
Quercus spinosa subsp. miyabei (Hayata) A.Camus
Quercus spinosa subsp. spinosa
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Quercus spinosa is a species of oak native to central China, Taiwan and Myanmar, in the subgenus Cerris, section Ilex. An evergreen tree, its leaf traits may be adaptations to altitude. It is placed in section Ilex.
Subspecies
The following subspecies are currently accepted:
Quercus spinosa subsp. miyabei (Hayata) A.Camus
Quercus spinosa subsp. spinosa
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Quercus"
]
}
|
Quercus spinosa is a species of oak native to central China, Taiwan and Myanmar, in the subgenus Cerris, section Ilex. An evergreen tree, its leaf traits may be adaptations to altitude. It is placed in section Ilex.
Subspecies
The following subspecies are currently accepted:
Quercus spinosa subsp. miyabei (Hayata) A.Camus
Quercus spinosa subsp. spinosa
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Quercus spinosa"
]
}
|
Quercus spinosa is a species of oak native to central China, Taiwan and Myanmar, in the subgenus Cerris, section Ilex. An evergreen tree, its leaf traits may be adaptations to altitude. It is placed in section Ilex.
Subspecies
The following subspecies are currently accepted:
Quercus spinosa subsp. miyabei (Hayata) A.Camus
Quercus spinosa subsp. spinosa
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Quercus spinosa"
]
}
|
Michael J Whitley (died 2000) or Mike J Whitley was a naval historian with a particular interest in the Kriegsmarine, who wrote and maintained several reference works on warships. He was the son of Herbert and Marguerite Whitley and married to Rita. Whitley died in a diving accident in 2000.
Selected publications
Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia, Weidenfeld Military, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35957-2.
Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia, Naval Institute Press, 1996, ISBN 1-55750-141-6.
Destroyers of World War Two, US Naval Institute Press, 2000, ISBN 0-87021-326-1.
German Capital Ships of World War Two, Cassell, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35707-3.
German Cruisers of World War Two, Naval Institute Press, 1985, ISBN 0-87021-217-6.
German Destroyers of World War Two, US Naval Institute Press, 1992, ISBN 1-55750-302-8.
German Coastal Forces of World War Two, Arms & Armour, 1993, ISBN 1-85409-085-2.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"historian"
]
}
|
Michael J Whitley (died 2000) or Mike J Whitley was a naval historian with a particular interest in the Kriegsmarine, who wrote and maintained several reference works on warships. He was the son of Herbert and Marguerite Whitley and married to Rita. Whitley died in a diving accident in 2000.
Selected publications
Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia, Weidenfeld Military, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35957-2.
Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia, Naval Institute Press, 1996, ISBN 1-55750-141-6.
Destroyers of World War Two, US Naval Institute Press, 2000, ISBN 0-87021-326-1.
German Capital Ships of World War Two, Cassell, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35707-3.
German Cruisers of World War Two, Naval Institute Press, 1985, ISBN 0-87021-217-6.
German Destroyers of World War Two, US Naval Institute Press, 1992, ISBN 1-55750-302-8.
German Coastal Forces of World War Two, Arms & Armour, 1993, ISBN 1-85409-085-2.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Michael"
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|
Events in the year 1947 in Japan.
Incumbents
Supreme Commander Allied Powers: Douglas MacArthur
Emperor: Hirohito
Prime Minister: Shigeru Yoshida (Peer–Imperial appointment) until May 24, Tetsu Katayama (S–Kanagawa)
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Tadahiko Mibuchi from August 4
Diet (Empire of Japan)
President of the House of Representatives: Takeshi Yamazaki (L–Ibaraki) until March 31
President of the House of Peers: Iemasa Tokugawa (Kayōkai–Prince) until May 2
Imperial Diet sessions: 92nd (regular session opened in December 1946, until March 31)
Diet (State of Japan)
President of the House of Representatives: Komakichi Matsuoka (S–Tokyo) from May 24
President of the House of Councillors: Tsuneo Matsudaira (Ryokufūkai–Fukushima) from May 20
Diet sessions: 1st (special, May 20 to December 9), 2nd (regular, from December 10 to 1948)
Governors
Aichi Prefecture: Hideo Aoyagi (starting 12 April)
Akita Prefecture: Kosaku Hasuike (starting 12 April)
Aomori Prefecture: Bunji Tsushima (starting 12 April)
Chiba Prefecture: Tamenosuke Kawaguchi (starting 12 April)
Ehime Prefecture: Juushin Aoki (starting 12 April)
Fukui Prefecture: Harukazu Obata (starting 12 April)
Fukuoka Prefecture: Katsuji Sugimoto (starting 12 April)
Fukushima Prefecture: Kan'ichirō Ishihara (starting 12 April)
Gifu Prefecture: Kamon Muto (starting 12 April)
Gunma Prefecture: Shigeo Kitano (starting 12 April)
Hiroshima Prefecture: Tsunei Kusunose (starting 12 April)
Hokkaido Prefecture: Toshifumi Tanaka (starting 12 April)
Hyogo Prefecture: Yukio Kishida (starting 12 April)
Ibaraki Prefecture: Yoji Tomosue (starting 12 April)
Ishikawa Prefecture: Wakio Shibano (starting 12 April)
Iwate Prefecture: Kenkichi Kokubun (starting 12 April)
Kagawa Prefecture: Keikichi Masuhara (starting 16 April)
Kagoshima Prefecture: Kaku Shigenari (starting 5 April)
Kanagawa Prefecture: Iwataro Uchiyama (starting 16 April)
Kochi Prefecture: Wakaji Kawamura (starting 12 April and ending 11 November)
Kumamoto Prefecture: Saburō Sakurai (starting 12 April)
Kyoto Prefecture: Atsushi Kimura (starting 12 April)
Mie Prefecture: Masaru Aoki (starting 12 April)
Miyagi Prefecture: Saburō Chiba (starting 12 April)
Miyazaki Prefecture: Tadao Annaka (starting 12 April)
Nagano Prefecture: Torao Hayashi (starting 12 April)
Nagasaki Prefecture: Sōjirō Sugiyama (starting 16 April)
Nara Prefecture: Mansaku Nomura (starting 21 April)
Niigata Prefecture: Shohei Okada (starting 21 April)
Oita Prefecture: Tokuju Hosoda (starting 12 April)
Okayama Prefecture: Hirokichi Nishioka (starting 16 April)
Osaka Prefecture: Bunzō Akama (starting 12 April)
Saga Prefecture: Gen'ichi Okimori (starting 12 April)
Saitama Prefecture: Mizo Nishimura (starting 12 April)
Shiga Prefecture: Iwakichi Hattori (starting 12 April)
Shiname Prefecture: Fujiro Hara (starting 16 April)
Shizuoka Prefecture: Takeji Kobayashi (starting 12 April)
Tochigi Prefecture: Juukichi Kodaira (starting 12 April)
Tokushima Prefecture: Goro Abe (starting 16 April)
Tokyo Prefecture: Seiichirō Yasui (starting 14 April)
Tottori Prefecture: Aiji Nishio (starting 12 April)
Toyama Prefecture: Tetsuji Tachi (starting 19 April)
Wakayama Prefecture: Shinji Ono (starting 15 April)
Yamagata Prefecture: Michio Murayama (starting 12 April)
Yamaguchi Prefecture: Tatsuo Tanaka (starting 16 April)
Yamanashi Prefecture: Katsuyasu Yoshie (starting 12 April)
Events
February 25: Hachikō Line derailment
February 28: February 28 incident in Taiwan
April 5: In the first phase of the first unified regional elections the governors of all 46 prefectures are elected directly for the first time. Also up are mayors of municipalities across the country.
March 3: Sekisui Chemical was founded.
April 20: First election for the House of Councillors. 111 of 250 seats are won by non-affiliated candidates.
April 25: 23rd Election for House of Representatives. Socialist Party wins 143 of 466 seats, followed by Liberal Party with 131 and Democratic Party with 124.
April 30: In the second phase of the unified regional elections prefectural and municipal assemblies are elected.
May 3: Constitution of Japan goes into effect.
May 24: Tetsu Katayama becomes prime minister.
August 4: Supreme Court of Japan established.
September 14–16 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, Typhoon Kathleen, an embankment collapse and flash flood occur around Saitama Prefecture, a debris flow and landslide occurred in Ashikaga, Ichinoseki and Mount Akagi area, resulting to toll death number was 1,930 persons, 1,547 persons were wounded.
Full date unknown
IB Daiwa Corporation is founded.
Births
January 1 – Hideaki Yanagida, wrestler
January 18
Takeshi Kitano, comedian, actor and director
Sachio Kinugasa, professional baseball player (d.2018)
January 22 – Senichi Hoshino, professional baseball pitcher and coach (d. 2018)
February 5 – Teruhiko Saigō, singer and actor
February 11 – Yukio Hatoyama, politician
February 22 – Masahara Nakagawa, politician
March 6 – Teru Miyamoto, author
March 20 – Tamio Kageyama, novelist (died 1998)
March 21 – Kazuhiko Katō, musician (died 2009)
March 24 – Meiko Kaji, actress
April 9 – Kazuko Sugiyama, voice actress
June 10 – Hitoshi Igarashi, scholar (died 1991)
September 20 – Kazumasa Oda, singer
September 26 – Tadayoshi Yokota, volleyball player
September 28 – Keishi Suzuki, former professional baseball pitcher
October 7 – Reiko Kuroda, chemist
November 4 – Toshiyuki Nishida, actor
December 18 – Riyoko Ikeda, manga artist and singer
December 22 – Mitsuo Tsukahara, artistic gymnast
Deaths
January 5: Osami Nagano, admiral (b. 1880)
January 10: Sakunosuke Oda, novelist (b. 1913)
March 10 – Harukichi Hyakutake, general (b. 1888)
March 27: Hisakazu Tanaka (b. 1889)
April 26: Hisao Tani, lieutenant general (b. 1882)
June 18: Shigematsu Sakaibara, admiral (b. 1898)
June 19: Kōsō Abe, admiral (b. 1892)
July 13: Yone Noguchi, writer, poet, essayist and novelist (b. 1875)
July 30: Kōda Rohan, writer and author (b. 1867)
August 7: Masao Baba, general (b. 1892)
September 10: Hatazō Adachi, general (b. 1890)
October 18: Michiaki Kamada, vice-admiral (b. 1890)
December 6: Tadashige Daigo, vice-admiral (b. 1891)
December 30: Riichi Yokomitsu, novelist (b. 1898)
See also
List of Japanese films of the 1940s
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
19
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"1947 in Japan"
]
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|
Events in the year 1947 in Japan.
Incumbents
Supreme Commander Allied Powers: Douglas MacArthur
Emperor: Hirohito
Prime Minister: Shigeru Yoshida (Peer–Imperial appointment) until May 24, Tetsu Katayama (S–Kanagawa)
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Tadahiko Mibuchi from August 4
Diet (Empire of Japan)
President of the House of Representatives: Takeshi Yamazaki (L–Ibaraki) until March 31
President of the House of Peers: Iemasa Tokugawa (Kayōkai–Prince) until May 2
Imperial Diet sessions: 92nd (regular session opened in December 1946, until March 31)
Diet (State of Japan)
President of the House of Representatives: Komakichi Matsuoka (S–Tokyo) from May 24
President of the House of Councillors: Tsuneo Matsudaira (Ryokufūkai–Fukushima) from May 20
Diet sessions: 1st (special, May 20 to December 9), 2nd (regular, from December 10 to 1948)
Governors
Aichi Prefecture: Hideo Aoyagi (starting 12 April)
Akita Prefecture: Kosaku Hasuike (starting 12 April)
Aomori Prefecture: Bunji Tsushima (starting 12 April)
Chiba Prefecture: Tamenosuke Kawaguchi (starting 12 April)
Ehime Prefecture: Juushin Aoki (starting 12 April)
Fukui Prefecture: Harukazu Obata (starting 12 April)
Fukuoka Prefecture: Katsuji Sugimoto (starting 12 April)
Fukushima Prefecture: Kan'ichirō Ishihara (starting 12 April)
Gifu Prefecture: Kamon Muto (starting 12 April)
Gunma Prefecture: Shigeo Kitano (starting 12 April)
Hiroshima Prefecture: Tsunei Kusunose (starting 12 April)
Hokkaido Prefecture: Toshifumi Tanaka (starting 12 April)
Hyogo Prefecture: Yukio Kishida (starting 12 April)
Ibaraki Prefecture: Yoji Tomosue (starting 12 April)
Ishikawa Prefecture: Wakio Shibano (starting 12 April)
Iwate Prefecture: Kenkichi Kokubun (starting 12 April)
Kagawa Prefecture: Keikichi Masuhara (starting 16 April)
Kagoshima Prefecture: Kaku Shigenari (starting 5 April)
Kanagawa Prefecture: Iwataro Uchiyama (starting 16 April)
Kochi Prefecture: Wakaji Kawamura (starting 12 April and ending 11 November)
Kumamoto Prefecture: Saburō Sakurai (starting 12 April)
Kyoto Prefecture: Atsushi Kimura (starting 12 April)
Mie Prefecture: Masaru Aoki (starting 12 April)
Miyagi Prefecture: Saburō Chiba (starting 12 April)
Miyazaki Prefecture: Tadao Annaka (starting 12 April)
Nagano Prefecture: Torao Hayashi (starting 12 April)
Nagasaki Prefecture: Sōjirō Sugiyama (starting 16 April)
Nara Prefecture: Mansaku Nomura (starting 21 April)
Niigata Prefecture: Shohei Okada (starting 21 April)
Oita Prefecture: Tokuju Hosoda (starting 12 April)
Okayama Prefecture: Hirokichi Nishioka (starting 16 April)
Osaka Prefecture: Bunzō Akama (starting 12 April)
Saga Prefecture: Gen'ichi Okimori (starting 12 April)
Saitama Prefecture: Mizo Nishimura (starting 12 April)
Shiga Prefecture: Iwakichi Hattori (starting 12 April)
Shiname Prefecture: Fujiro Hara (starting 16 April)
Shizuoka Prefecture: Takeji Kobayashi (starting 12 April)
Tochigi Prefecture: Juukichi Kodaira (starting 12 April)
Tokushima Prefecture: Goro Abe (starting 16 April)
Tokyo Prefecture: Seiichirō Yasui (starting 14 April)
Tottori Prefecture: Aiji Nishio (starting 12 April)
Toyama Prefecture: Tetsuji Tachi (starting 19 April)
Wakayama Prefecture: Shinji Ono (starting 15 April)
Yamagata Prefecture: Michio Murayama (starting 12 April)
Yamaguchi Prefecture: Tatsuo Tanaka (starting 16 April)
Yamanashi Prefecture: Katsuyasu Yoshie (starting 12 April)
Events
February 25: Hachikō Line derailment
February 28: February 28 incident in Taiwan
April 5: In the first phase of the first unified regional elections the governors of all 46 prefectures are elected directly for the first time. Also up are mayors of municipalities across the country.
March 3: Sekisui Chemical was founded.
April 20: First election for the House of Councillors. 111 of 250 seats are won by non-affiliated candidates.
April 25: 23rd Election for House of Representatives. Socialist Party wins 143 of 466 seats, followed by Liberal Party with 131 and Democratic Party with 124.
April 30: In the second phase of the unified regional elections prefectural and municipal assemblies are elected.
May 3: Constitution of Japan goes into effect.
May 24: Tetsu Katayama becomes prime minister.
August 4: Supreme Court of Japan established.
September 14–16 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, Typhoon Kathleen, an embankment collapse and flash flood occur around Saitama Prefecture, a debris flow and landslide occurred in Ashikaga, Ichinoseki and Mount Akagi area, resulting to toll death number was 1,930 persons, 1,547 persons were wounded.
Full date unknown
IB Daiwa Corporation is founded.
Births
January 1 – Hideaki Yanagida, wrestler
January 18
Takeshi Kitano, comedian, actor and director
Sachio Kinugasa, professional baseball player (d.2018)
January 22 – Senichi Hoshino, professional baseball pitcher and coach (d. 2018)
February 5 – Teruhiko Saigō, singer and actor
February 11 – Yukio Hatoyama, politician
February 22 – Masahara Nakagawa, politician
March 6 – Teru Miyamoto, author
March 20 – Tamio Kageyama, novelist (died 1998)
March 21 – Kazuhiko Katō, musician (died 2009)
March 24 – Meiko Kaji, actress
April 9 – Kazuko Sugiyama, voice actress
June 10 – Hitoshi Igarashi, scholar (died 1991)
September 20 – Kazumasa Oda, singer
September 26 – Tadayoshi Yokota, volleyball player
September 28 – Keishi Suzuki, former professional baseball pitcher
October 7 – Reiko Kuroda, chemist
November 4 – Toshiyuki Nishida, actor
December 18 – Riyoko Ikeda, manga artist and singer
December 22 – Mitsuo Tsukahara, artistic gymnast
Deaths
January 5: Osami Nagano, admiral (b. 1880)
January 10: Sakunosuke Oda, novelist (b. 1913)
March 10 – Harukichi Hyakutake, general (b. 1888)
March 27: Hisakazu Tanaka (b. 1889)
April 26: Hisao Tani, lieutenant general (b. 1882)
June 18: Shigematsu Sakaibara, admiral (b. 1898)
June 19: Kōsō Abe, admiral (b. 1892)
July 13: Yone Noguchi, writer, poet, essayist and novelist (b. 1875)
July 30: Kōda Rohan, writer and author (b. 1867)
August 7: Masao Baba, general (b. 1892)
September 10: Hatazō Adachi, general (b. 1890)
October 18: Michiaki Kamada, vice-admiral (b. 1890)
December 6: Tadashige Daigo, vice-admiral (b. 1891)
December 30: Riichi Yokomitsu, novelist (b. 1898)
See also
List of Japanese films of the 1940s
== References ==
|
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DeepSpeed is an open source deep learning optimization library for PyTorch. The library is designed to reduce computing power and memory use and to train large distributed models with better parallelism on existing computer hardware. DeepSpeed is optimized for low latency, high throughput training. It includes the Zero Redundancy Optimizer (ZeRO) for training models with 1 trillion or more parameters. Features include mixed precision training, single-GPU, multi-GPU, and multi-node training as well as custom model parallelism. The DeepSpeed source code is licensed under MIT License and available on GitHub.The team claimed to achieve up to a 6.2x throughput improvement, 2.8x faster convergence, and 4.6x less communication.
See also
Comparison of deep learning software
Deep learning
Machine learning
TensorFlow
References
Further reading
Rajbhandari, Samyam; Rasley, Jeff; Ruwase, Olatunji; He, Yuxiong (2019). "ZeRO: Memory Optimization Towards Training A Trillion Parameter Models" (PDF). arXiv:1910.02054. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
AI at Scale - Microsoft Research
GitHub - microsoft/DeepSpeed
ZeRO & DeepSpeed: New system optimizations enable training models with over 100 billion parameters - Microsoft Research
|
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