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The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
operator
|
{
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276
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The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
named after
|
{
"answer_start": [
1673
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"text": [
"Yury Dolgorukiy"
]
}
|
The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
manufacturer
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{
"answer_start": [
260
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"text": [
"Sevmash"
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The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
subclass of
|
{
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"ballistic missile submarine"
]
}
|
The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"Russia"
]
}
|
The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
armament
|
{
"answer_start": [
1140
],
"text": [
"RSM-56 Bulava"
]
}
|
The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
|
NATO reporting name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Borei"
]
}
|
The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
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The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume and crew (24,000 tons opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.
History
The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II. A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.
Launch and trials
The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.
On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.
In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet. On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM. The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched. The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success. After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu. It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials. On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.
Design
Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine. Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines. The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew. Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million, equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms). In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms).Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.
Versions
Project 955A (Borei-A)
Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation. The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.
According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.
Project 955B (Borei-B)
The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026. However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023. According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.
Borei-K
A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.
Units
See also
List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Future of the Russian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Khabarovsk-class submarine
References
External links
Yury Dolgorukiy picture gallery
Photo of Yury Dolgorukiy on sea trials June 2009
Yury Dolgorukiy in dry dock, Sevmash, Severodvinsk (satellite photo)
New pictures of Yury Dolgorukiy
Announcement that the first boat will be launched in April 2007
Announcement (in Russian) that first boat would not be ready until 2007.
Borei-class missile complement
Photos of Alexander Nevsky while the sub was launched at Sevmash shipyard
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Telegard is an early bulletin board system (BBS) software program written for IBM PC-compatible computers running MS-DOS and OS/2. Telegard was written in Pascal with routines written in C++ and assembly language, based on a copy of the WWIV source code.
Telegard has several features that make it attractive to BBS sysops, such as being free, having remote administration facilities built into the main program, and the ability to handle CD-ROMs internally. Telegard is still viable today as it can accept telnet connections by using a virtual modem/FOSSIL set up such as NetSerial, a virtual modem driver, and NetFoss, a freeware FOSSIL driver, both for Windows. OS/2 users can use the SIO/VMODEM combination to allow telnet access to their BBS.
External links
Telegard BBS Software Homepage
See also
Mystic BBS
Renegade (BBS)
WWIV
OpenTG
== References ==
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
country of citizenship
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
occupation
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
sport
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
family name
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
given name
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
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Kevin Corby may refer to:
Kevin Corby (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Kevin Corby (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
Kevin Corby (politician) (1928–2006), Australian politician
|
writing language
|
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Modern Minds and Pastimes is the second studio album by The Click Five. It was released on June 26, 2007. The album contains four singles "Jenny", "Happy Birthday", "Empty" and "Flipside".
It was well received in Southeast Asia although the album only reached position #136 in the US Billboard 200 albums chart.
Track listing
Personnel
Kyle Patrick - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Joe Guese - lead guitar, backing vocals
Ben Romans - keyboards, backing vocals
Ethan Mentzer - bass, backing vocals
Joey Zehr - drums, percussion, backing vocals
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
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"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Modern Minds and Pastimes is the second studio album by The Click Five. It was released on June 26, 2007. The album contains four singles "Jenny", "Happy Birthday", "Empty" and "Flipside".
It was well received in Southeast Asia although the album only reached position #136 in the US Billboard 200 albums chart.
Track listing
Personnel
Kyle Patrick - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Joe Guese - lead guitar, backing vocals
Ben Romans - keyboards, backing vocals
Ethan Mentzer - bass, backing vocals
Joey Zehr - drums, percussion, backing vocals
== References ==
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performer
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|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"François"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
birth name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"François Barthélemy Arlès"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
849
],
"text": [
"Sète"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
15801
],
"text": [
"Vallauris"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
2204
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
15941
],
"text": [
"human"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
movement
|
{
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Saint-Simonianism"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
|
award received
|
{
"answer_start": [
14030
],
"text": [
"Commander of the Legion of Honour"
]
}
|
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour (3 June 1797 – 21 January 1872) was a French silk merchant and leading exponent of Saint-Simonianism.
He was born to a poor family, had little formal education and began work in a shawl factory at the age of 16.
Later he joined a silk company based in Leipzig, Germany, married into the owners' family and was placed in charge of its Lyon operations.
Working first for his in-laws and then independently, he made a fortune in silk.
Arlès-Dufour also became involved in banking, railways and the Suez canal project.
He played an important role in the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, and as a member of the jury in various international expositions.
He believed in free trade and in social institutions that would help the most disadvantaged social classes.
Early years
François Barthélemy Arlès was born on 3 June 1797 in Sète, Hérault.
His father joined the army as a private soldier and had risen to the rank of battalion commander by the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
François received little schooling as a child, but after his father retired gained some education at the Lycée Impérial à Paris.
His father died in 1811 and two years later his mother, who was illiterate, was forced to withdraw François Arlès from school due to lack of money.
At the age of 16 he became a factory boy at a shawl factory, then a worker and then a foreman.
He said later, "I treated my workmen firmly, but with the respect that man owes to man. I placed myself between the servant and the master, not to frustrate the master, but to be useful to both."
He added, "I was hungry and I remember it. "
He was an enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon, and in 1815 after the emperor returned from exile in Elba, the 18-year-old Arlès volunteered for the army.
He arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Waterloo.
His employer gave him back his job, and from this time on he became a pacifist.
Silk merchant
In 1816 Arlès made several long sales trips in Germany with a sample of fabrics and shawls.
In 1817 he met Prosper Enfantin in Frankfurt, the future leader of Saint-Simonianism.
Also that year he visited the silk trading house in Leipzig of Dufour frères, a family that had emigrated from France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
François Arlès tried to teach himself better French, and also learned German and English and studied the new discipline of political economy.
In Munich he met Gustave d’Eichtal(fr), who would become banker of the Saint-Simonian movement.
He read the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.
He became a firm supporter of the sovereignty of the people, and the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees confirmed him in his hostility to kings and priests.
In 1820 he talked with Jean-Baptiste Say at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris.
In 1821 Dufour frères offered him employment with their firm.
In 1824 Arlès married Pauline Dufour, only daughter of one of the Dufour brothers.
At the time of his marriage he joined his name to that of his wife to become "Arlès-Dufour".
In 1825 he was placed in charge of the important Dufour freres branch in Lyon.
This was the start of his prosperous career as a silk merchant.
He visited England in 1826 and every year after.
There he succeeded in business and also made valuable friendships.
John Bowring, a follower of Jeremy Bentham, introduced utilitarianism to him.
He became a friend of George Villiers, the future Lord Clarendon, and met George Richardson Porter, in charge of statistics at the Board of Trade.
Porter gave him facts that supported his belief in free trade.
Bowring visited Lyon in 1832.
Arlès-Dufour also established cordial relations with British political and business leaders such as John Bright and Richard Cobden.During the American recession that followed the Panic of 1837 Arlès-Dufour was almost ruined by customers in America defaulting on their debts to him.
He left Lyon for London en route to New York.
In London he received financial support from his friend and correspondent William Leaf and did not have to continue his journey.
In partial recovery of his debt he received two properties at Kingston and Wilbur in New York State.
He liquidated his company honorably.
with the help of his international correspondents and Lyon notables, and in 1839 created his own company, Arlès-Dufour.
The company opened branches in Zürich, Saint-Étienne, Paris, Basel, Krefeld, Marseille, London and New York City.The new company had its headquarter in Milan.
In 1851 the building holding its offices and warehouse in Milan was destroyed by fire.
Arlès-Dufour was trapped in the rubble of the building for a while, but managed to escape with his wallet and account books.
However, since some of the silks were not insured he suffered a second financial collapse, but was again able to rebuild his company with credit from his friends.
In 1855 Arlès-Dufour hired Natalis Rondot to manage his Paris branch.
Rondot helped him make contact with the Scottish firm Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong, a leader in the Far East silk trade.
He agreed not to open any silk exchange in the Far East, but to buy from Jardine, Matheson, who would transport it.
Arlès-Dufour would then sell through his network in Europe.
This verbal contract would be respected for a century.
He was concerned by the financial downturn that followed the Panic of 1857, and retired from business in 1859.
The company was passed to his two eldest sons and his son in law.
He retained a fortune of 2.8 million francs.
Free trade and Saint-Simonianism
As early as 1822 Arlès wrote, "The greatest and most conclusive step, and that which our state of civilization imperiously requires, is the abolition of customs and obstacles, which make communication and exchange between people difficult or impossible."
In 1828 he wrote, "Let us abolish these barriers ... multiply our relationships, live as brothers."
He believed that freedom of trade must lead to universal peace.
In 1828 he published an article in the Lyon paper Le Précurseur in which he spoke in favour of the free export of French silks in return for the free entry of foreign silks, which drew protests from those who felt the Lyon silk industry could not survive without protection.
In articles in 1832 and 1833 in L’Écho de la Fabrique Arlès-Dufour wrote on subjects such as industry in Lyon, tariffs, cooperation with England and a progressive income tax.Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier.
He soon decided that free competition was the answer.
He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
The goal was to hasten social change during the transition to an industrial society following the principle that "All social institutions must aim at improving the moral, intellectual and physical fortunes of the most numerous and poorest classes".
Arlès-Dufour was a friend of the Pereires and the Talbots, business leaders who were also Saint-Simonians.
He wrote, "Everywhere, the class that has nothing in common but misery is at war with the one that has everything. And who could be surprised at that? Society, that is to say, the men who have, take care of this class only to contain it."
However, he was opposed to the demands of workers in Lyon for minimum payments for their work, saying that a manufacturer could not operate at a loss.
When the canuts (Lyon silk workers) revolted in November 1831 many observers blamed the Saint-Simonians for the uprising.Arlès-Dufour believed in free competition, productive work, huge manufacturing enterprises and a strong sense of social solidarity.
He contributed to the worker's newspaper L'Echo de la Fabrique, where Enfantin says he "threw in as much Saint-simonianism as possible".
In the early days of the French Second Republic in April 1848 he launched an appeal to the workers of La Croix-Rousse saying, "It is almost twenty years since ... I called for an age of association of everyone, rich and the poor, manufacturer and the worker, by organization of labour, classification by vocation and the compensation according to work."
In his property at Oullins he planted a lime tree, the "tree of liberty."
However, he refused to run for political office.
Other enterprises
Arlès-Dufour appears to have been the force behind the creation of the Banque de Lyon in 1835–36.
He was a promoter of the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon(fr) (Paris-Lyon Railway) and the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon(fr) (Lyon-Avignon Railway) and was a director of both of these companies.
He helped merge them to form the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM: Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railway), and seems to have been a director of the PLM.In 1833 Enfantin led a party of 20 French technicians to Egypt to undertake new surveys and put new life into the Suez Canal and Nile Barrage projects.
He met Ferdinand de Lesseps, at the time Vice-Consul for France in Egypt, and was presented to the Khedive Muhammad Ali, who approved the barrage but not the canal.
Enfantin stayed in Egypt until 1837 working on the barrage, then returned to France.
In his 1834 Un mot sur les fabriques étrangères Arlès-Dufour applauded the Suez Canal project, which would soon bring Paris as close to Calcutta as to Saint Petersburg.
In 1844 Enfantin founded the journal L'Algérie, with some funding from Charles Ignace Plichon.
Enfantin, with support from Arlès-Dufour, was dreaming of creating a great railway network in France.
He planned to also establish maritime commercial links with the Indies through a Suez canal.In 1846 Enfantin and Arlès-Dufour created the Société d'Études du Canal de Suez, with French, English and German sections.
The other French member were Jules, Léon and Paulin Talabot.
The English members were Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck.
The other members were Alois Negrelli of Vienna and Féronce and Sellier of Leipzig, who representedGerman firms.
The company had initial capital of 150,000 francs, with its headquarters in Enfantin's house.
In effect it was a semi-official enterprise, with strong support from the Muhammed Ali, who paid most of the cost.
The plan was set back in 1849 when Muhammed Ali Pasha died and was succeeded by the pro-English Abbas Pasha.The Suez project was revived in 1854 when Sa'id Pasha came to power in Egypt and heard and approved de Lesseps' proposal in November 1854.
Lesseps wrote warm and enthusiastic letters to Arlès-Dufour when his project began to prosper at the end of 1854 and the start of 1855.
He also asked him to make contact with the main banking houses in France and Europe and the "great capitalists of England".
As a founder, Arlès-Dufour would be rewarded with a share of the profits.
Later Lesseps would take full credit for the canal project.In 1853 Arlès-Dufour and Enfantin founded the Compagnie générale des Eaux in Lyon, and in 1854 founded the Lyon Société des Omnibus.
In 1856 he participated in the capital of the Deutsche Credit Anstalt founded by his friends in Leipzig.
Arlès-Dufour participated in foundation of the Crédit Industriel et Commercial in 1859.
He was the true founder of the Crédit Lyonnais in 1863, with his employee Henri Germain.
The Crédit Lyonnais was launched by Germain on 6 July 1863 with an innovative model based on accepting small deposits on which it paid interest, and using the deposits to finance short-term loans.
The first shareholders included Arlès-Dufour and other Saint-Simonians such as Paulin Talabot, Enfantin and Michel Chevalier, a close advisor to Napoleon III.
There were 140 initial depositors, growing to 10,000 by its second year.
The bank made an agreement with the new HSBC bank founded by a nephew of Jardine.
When Enfantin died in 1864 he left all his property to Arlès-Dufour.
Public activities
Arlès-Dufour was hostile to the monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration, and during the July Revolution of 1830 served in the National Guard and was temporarily deputy mayor.
He was a municipal councilor of La Guillotière, a district of Lyon, in 1855, and general councilor of the Rhône department.
Arlès-Dufour was elected to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce in 1832, and remained a member for almost 36 years.
He exerted a strong liberal influence, and gained a considerable reputation for his frank statements about the policies of successive governments.
He supported Bowring in his efforts to reduce tariffs in 1834, but they faced strong opposition from the winegrowers and the Lyon Chamber of Commerce refused to give support.As a member of the Lyon Chamber of Commerce, Arlès-Dufour organized an exhibition of foreign silk factories in Lyon in 1834 so local producers could compare their goods to those of their main foreign competitors.
Arlès-Dufour was a member of the jury at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Paris in 1844 and 1849.
He attended The Great Exhibition in 1851 in London as a member of the jury.
He was secretary-general of the imperial commission for the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle.
He was again a member of the international jury at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.During the 1851 exposition Arlès-Dufour discussed establishment of a free trade agreement with his friend Cobden, and this led to cooperation between Cobden's party and the French Association for Free Trade.
However, there remained strong opposition to free trade in France, and it was not until 1860 that the Emperor imposed a treaty of commerce with England by a "customs coup".
Arlès-Dufour's struggle for free trade was finally vindicated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty for free trade between Britain and France.
Richard Cobden, who signed the treaty on behalf of Britain, wrote a personal note to him thanking him for the role he had played in the conclusion of the agreement.
In August 1860 Napoleon III visited Lyon, where he made Arlès a Commander of the Legion of Honour.
Arlès-Dufour gave his support to Julie-Victoire Daubié in her efforts to become the first woman to obtain a Bachelor's degree in France.
He was one of the adjudicators in 1859 for a prize that Daubié won for her essay La Femme pauvre au XIX siècle (Women and Poverty in the Nineteenth Century).
He and Daubié founded the Association pour l’émancipation progressive de la femme.
He persuaded the Empress Eugénie to award the Legion of Honour to the painter Rosa Bonheur.Arlès-Dufour was involved in various charitable organizations including the Comité auxiliaire de bienfaisance (from 1829), the Caisse de prêts des chefs d'atelier de soierie and the Société de Secours mutuels des ouvriers en soie.
He was a strong believer in the right of poor people to education.
He founded the Société d’Instruction primaire du Rhône in 1828, and was this society's secretary general until his death.
Arlès-Dufour and Désiré Girardon, professor at the Martinière college, founded the École Centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce in 1857.
The purpose was to train the best students of the Martinière School in chemistry, industrial mechanics, civil construction and industrial design.
The school, today the École centrale de Lyon, opened on 3 November 1857 with 14 students.
In 1864 Arlès-Dufour founded the Société d'enseignement professionnel du Rhône(fr).
He also founded a public library, a free primary school and a free secondary school in the Lyon suburb of Oullins.
On 30 November 1867 Arlès-Dufour. Émile de Girardin and Frédéric Passy founded the International and Permanent League for Peace.
In 1868 he created a homeopathic dispensary in Lyon.
Death and legacy
François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour died on 21 January 1872, in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes.
In his obituary the Journal de Lyon wrote, "He made his life into two parts, one was industry and the other was humanity".
Michel Chevalier said of him that few French people were so well known abroad.
He had received decorations from Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Tuscany.
He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the L’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.
His firm lasted until 2013, called in turn Chabrières-Morel from 1885, then Morel-Journel & Cie from 1930.
Publications
Publications included:
Notes
== Sources ==
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Commons category
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Carinodrillia alboangulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids.
Description
The length of the shell attains 20 mm, its diameter 7 mm.
This ovate-fusiform species contains 9 whorls. It is very remarkably coloured. The seven white stripes radiating from the apex down the blunt, continuous ribs as far as the middle of the body whorl contrast very markedly with the deep-brown ground-colour of the shell. The aperture is rather small, measuring 2/5 of the total length of the shell. Its interior is reddish purple. The rather narrow siphonal canal is very short.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama.
References
External links
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
"Carinodrillia alboangulata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
|
taxon rank
|
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32
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"species"
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|
Carinodrillia alboangulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids.
Description
The length of the shell attains 20 mm, its diameter 7 mm.
This ovate-fusiform species contains 9 whorls. It is very remarkably coloured. The seven white stripes radiating from the apex down the blunt, continuous ribs as far as the middle of the body whorl contrast very markedly with the deep-brown ground-colour of the shell. The aperture is rather small, measuring 2/5 of the total length of the shell. Its interior is reddish purple. The rather narrow siphonal canal is very short.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama.
References
External links
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
"Carinodrillia alboangulata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Carinodrillia"
]
}
|
Carinodrillia alboangulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids.
Description
The length of the shell attains 20 mm, its diameter 7 mm.
This ovate-fusiform species contains 9 whorls. It is very remarkably coloured. The seven white stripes radiating from the apex down the blunt, continuous ribs as far as the middle of the body whorl contrast very markedly with the deep-brown ground-colour of the shell. The aperture is rather small, measuring 2/5 of the total length of the shell. Its interior is reddish purple. The rather narrow siphonal canal is very short.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama.
References
External links
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
"Carinodrillia alboangulata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
|
taxon name
|
{
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0
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
family name
|
{
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
given name
|
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
place of birth
|
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
place of death
|
{
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
position held
|
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
educated at
|
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
occupation
|
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
employer
|
{
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Sir Dick Goldsmith White, (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
Early life
White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford College.: 29 : 19 He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak German.: 29 He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at Oxford.: 29 He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the University of Michigan and California.: 29 After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a teacher.: 29 He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at MI5.: 29
Career
He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit Germans.: 29 When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and elsewhere.: 29 He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B Division.: 29 By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a brigadier.: 29 He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's fate.: 29 He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the Soviets.: 29 White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British government.: 29 Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn him.: 29 White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had escaped.: 29 Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London.: 29 There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.: 29 In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold Macmillan.: 29 By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez Crisis.: 29 Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
Marriage
In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and Stephen.: 29
Honours
Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in 1960.: 19 Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de Guerre.: 29
Death
He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
References
Further reading
Bower, Tom The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90, William Heinemann, 1995.
External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945
|
Commons category
|
{
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4
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"text": [
"Dick Goldsmith White"
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|
Coconut shrimp is a shrimp dish prepared using shrimp and coconut as primary ingredients. It can be prepared as a crunchy dish with the shrimp coated and deep fried, pan-fried or baked, and as a sautéed dish using coconut milk and other ingredients. It can be prepared and served on skewers.
Crunchy
Crunchy coconut shrimp is typically prepared using shrimp that are coated with flour, placed in an egg wash, coated with a flaked coconut and bread crumb mix, and then deep fried. The shrimp can be butterflied prior to being coated. Panko bread crumbs or standard bread crumbs can be used, as can a mixture of both. Chopped nuts such as macadamia and almond can be used as additional ingredients to coat the shrimp.This version of the dish can also be baked, pan-fried, or grilled, rather than deep-fried. Baked versions may have fewer calories and fat compared to deep-fried versions. After cooking, the shrimp have a crunchy texture. It may be served with various dipping sauces, such as sweet and sour sauce, peach sauce, apricot sauce, sweet chili sauce, and marmalade, among others. It can be served with lime wedges, and lime zest can be used as an ingredient in the dish.Crunchy coconut shrimp can be served as an appetizer or as a main course. It is a common menu item at seafood restaurants and is a popular dish at tiki bars in the Caribbean and the Florida Keys.
Crunchy coconut shrimp
Coconut-milk based
Coconut shrimp is also prepared as a sautéed or stir-fried dish using coconut milk as an ingredient. This version of the dish may be served atop rice. Additional ingredients can include onion, garlic, tomatoes, parsley, and various spices.
Skewered
Coconut shrimp prepared using coconut milk can be prepared kebab-style on skewers and may include marinating the shrimp in the coconut milk and other ingredients prior to cooking. Additional foods, such as pineapple, may be placed on the skewers. This dish can be cooked by grilling or in a pan and may also be accompanied with various dipping sauces.
See also
Ginataang hipon
Pininyahang hipon
List of deep fried foods
List of shrimp dishes
Fried shrimp
References
External links
Media related to Coconut shrimp at Wikimedia Commons
|
subclass of
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
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"text": [
"shrimp dish"
]
}
|
Oxyurichthys lemayi, commonly known as the lace goby, is a species of goby found in the western Indian Ocean (Delagoa Bay, Mozambique). This species reaches a length of 16 cm (6.3 in).
References
Hoese, D.F., 1986. Gobiidae. p. 774-807. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Oxyurichthys lemayi, commonly known as the lace goby, is a species of goby found in the western Indian Ocean (Delagoa Bay, Mozambique). This species reaches a length of 16 cm (6.3 in).
References
Hoese, D.F., 1986. Gobiidae. p. 774-807. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Oxyurichthys"
]
}
|
Oxyurichthys lemayi, commonly known as the lace goby, is a species of goby found in the western Indian Ocean (Delagoa Bay, Mozambique). This species reaches a length of 16 cm (6.3 in).
References
Hoese, D.F., 1986. Gobiidae. p. 774-807. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Oxyurichthys lemayi"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Romania"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"village"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Fizeșu Gherlii"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
capital of
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Fizeșu Gherlii"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Ördöngösfüzes"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
capital
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Fizeșu Gherlii"
]
}
|
Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
== Notes ==
|
contains settlement
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Fizeșu Gherlii"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
179
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"text": [
"Accra"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"Ghana"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"Academy of Fine Arts Vienna"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"painter"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Amoako Boafo"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Boafo"
]
}
|
Thomas Amoako Boafo, known as Amoako Boafo (born 10 May 1984), is a Ghanaian painter and visual artist.
Early life and education
Boafo was born and raised in Osu, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He attended the Ghanatta College of Art and Design in Accra, and later continued his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Austria.
Career
Boafo's portraits focus on posture, clothing, and the stroke of skin which he accentuates with the finger painting technique.In 2019, Boafo participated in a residency at the new Rubell Museum in Miami, Florida, and in 2020 collaborated with Dior for their Spring/Summer 2021 Men Collection.His work Suborbital Tryptych, consisting of three portraits of himself, his mother, and a friend's mother, was printed on the top of the crew capsule of a New Shepard rocket that performed an unmanned suborbital launch on August 26th, 2021 reaching outer space with an apogee of 106 km. On 26 May 2022, his debut U.S. exhibit, Soul of Black Folks, opened at Contemporary Art Museum Houston.
Collections
Boafo's work is in private and public collections, most recently in the Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Collection, the Aishti Foundation, the CCS Bard College Hessel Museum of Art, the Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art and the Albertina Museum in Vienna.
Recognition
2017 – Jury prize, Walter Koschatzky Art Prize
2019 – STRABAG Art award International
Art market
Boafo is represented by Mariane Ibrahim Gallery in Chicago and Roberts Projects in Los Angeles. In 2021, his Hands Up (2018) sold for HKD 26.7 million ($3.4 million) at Christie’s in Hong Kong.
References
External Links
Amoako Boafo at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
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"text": [
"Amoako"
]
}
|
Rebecca Hart (born October 26, 1984) is a para-equestrian from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hart was born with a rare genetic disease, Familial spastic paraplegia (FSP). FSP affected Hart as a child with difficulty gaining strength in her upper body as well as slowing down her motor development.
At the age of 10, Rebecca began horseback riding. Just a few years later after attending the Paralympic movement in 1998 at a regional competition in Atlanta, Georgia, Hart realized that she would like to train for competition. That same year, 1998, Hart purchased her first horse.
Hart has been the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) National Para-Equestrian Champion six times; 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Hart made her first appearance at the Beijing Paralympics in 2008, competing with her horse Norteassa. She would go on to claim 4th place in freestyle at her first games.
She would go on to compete with Norteassa at the World Equestrian Games (WEG) in Lexington, KY, which would be her last competition with Norteassa. After Norteassa's retirement, she went on to ride Missy Ransehousen's Lord Ludger for the 2012 season. The 2012 season was a very successful one for Rebecca and ‘LoLu’, winning the Wellington Sunshine Classic CPEDI3* along with the 2012 National Para-Equestrian Championships. Winning these competitions is what named Rebecca and LoLu as members of the 2012 United States Paralympic Team, as well as naming Rebecca Team Captain. Rebecca went on to score the highest among all other U.S. team members at the 2012 London Paralympics.
Schroeter's Romani was purchased for Rebecca at the end of 2014. Together they were named the National Champions in 2014, along with being named to the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France. Soon after Rebecca won the 2015 Global/Adequan CPEDI3* in Florida.
Personal life
Hart was born in Pittsburgh on October 26, 1984. She is 5' 5" and weighs 123 lbs. She attended Villa Maria Academy High School in Erie, PA and graduated in 2003. Her college was Pennsylvania State University, from which she graduated in 2009 with a degree in business.
Paralympic career
Hart has a Grade II classification in Paralympic sport and has competed in both individual and team dressage events.
Three-Time Paralympian: 2008, 2012, 2016
Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, 9th individual championship, 7th freestyle, 5th team dressage, 12th Championship
London 2012 Paralympic Games, 5th freestyle, 7th team dressage, 11th Championship
Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games, 4th freestyle, 10th team dressage, 12th Championship
2015 Team Gold medalist with Schroeters Romani at the Global Dressage Festival CPEDI3* and Grade II Individual Champion with Schroeters Romani
Placed second in the 2015 Grade II Team Test and Individual Team Test with Schroeters Romani at the Uberherrn, Germany CPEDI3*
Won the 2015 Grade II Team Test with Schroeters Romani at the Hartpury, UK CPEDI3*
Grants awarded
2015 Travel & Training Fund Grant Recipient from The Women's Sports Foundation
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
2034
],
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
Rebecca Hart (born October 26, 1984) is a para-equestrian from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hart was born with a rare genetic disease, Familial spastic paraplegia (FSP). FSP affected Hart as a child with difficulty gaining strength in her upper body as well as slowing down her motor development.
At the age of 10, Rebecca began horseback riding. Just a few years later after attending the Paralympic movement in 1998 at a regional competition in Atlanta, Georgia, Hart realized that she would like to train for competition. That same year, 1998, Hart purchased her first horse.
Hart has been the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) National Para-Equestrian Champion six times; 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Hart made her first appearance at the Beijing Paralympics in 2008, competing with her horse Norteassa. She would go on to claim 4th place in freestyle at her first games.
She would go on to compete with Norteassa at the World Equestrian Games (WEG) in Lexington, KY, which would be her last competition with Norteassa. After Norteassa's retirement, she went on to ride Missy Ransehousen's Lord Ludger for the 2012 season. The 2012 season was a very successful one for Rebecca and ‘LoLu’, winning the Wellington Sunshine Classic CPEDI3* along with the 2012 National Para-Equestrian Championships. Winning these competitions is what named Rebecca and LoLu as members of the 2012 United States Paralympic Team, as well as naming Rebecca Team Captain. Rebecca went on to score the highest among all other U.S. team members at the 2012 London Paralympics.
Schroeter's Romani was purchased for Rebecca at the end of 2014. Together they were named the National Champions in 2014, along with being named to the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France. Soon after Rebecca won the 2015 Global/Adequan CPEDI3* in Florida.
Personal life
Hart was born in Pittsburgh on October 26, 1984. She is 5' 5" and weighs 123 lbs. She attended Villa Maria Academy High School in Erie, PA and graduated in 2003. Her college was Pennsylvania State University, from which she graduated in 2009 with a degree in business.
Paralympic career
Hart has a Grade II classification in Paralympic sport and has competed in both individual and team dressage events.
Three-Time Paralympian: 2008, 2012, 2016
Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, 9th individual championship, 7th freestyle, 5th team dressage, 12th Championship
London 2012 Paralympic Games, 5th freestyle, 7th team dressage, 11th Championship
Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games, 4th freestyle, 10th team dressage, 12th Championship
2015 Team Gold medalist with Schroeters Romani at the Global Dressage Festival CPEDI3* and Grade II Individual Champion with Schroeters Romani
Placed second in the 2015 Grade II Team Test and Individual Team Test with Schroeters Romani at the Uberherrn, Germany CPEDI3*
Won the 2015 Grade II Team Test with Schroeters Romani at the Hartpury, UK CPEDI3*
Grants awarded
2015 Travel & Training Fund Grant Recipient from The Women's Sports Foundation
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Hart"
]
}
|
Rebecca Hart (born October 26, 1984) is a para-equestrian from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hart was born with a rare genetic disease, Familial spastic paraplegia (FSP). FSP affected Hart as a child with difficulty gaining strength in her upper body as well as slowing down her motor development.
At the age of 10, Rebecca began horseback riding. Just a few years later after attending the Paralympic movement in 1998 at a regional competition in Atlanta, Georgia, Hart realized that she would like to train for competition. That same year, 1998, Hart purchased her first horse.
Hart has been the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) National Para-Equestrian Champion six times; 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Hart made her first appearance at the Beijing Paralympics in 2008, competing with her horse Norteassa. She would go on to claim 4th place in freestyle at her first games.
She would go on to compete with Norteassa at the World Equestrian Games (WEG) in Lexington, KY, which would be her last competition with Norteassa. After Norteassa's retirement, she went on to ride Missy Ransehousen's Lord Ludger for the 2012 season. The 2012 season was a very successful one for Rebecca and ‘LoLu’, winning the Wellington Sunshine Classic CPEDI3* along with the 2012 National Para-Equestrian Championships. Winning these competitions is what named Rebecca and LoLu as members of the 2012 United States Paralympic Team, as well as naming Rebecca Team Captain. Rebecca went on to score the highest among all other U.S. team members at the 2012 London Paralympics.
Schroeter's Romani was purchased for Rebecca at the end of 2014. Together they were named the National Champions in 2014, along with being named to the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France. Soon after Rebecca won the 2015 Global/Adequan CPEDI3* in Florida.
Personal life
Hart was born in Pittsburgh on October 26, 1984. She is 5' 5" and weighs 123 lbs. She attended Villa Maria Academy High School in Erie, PA and graduated in 2003. Her college was Pennsylvania State University, from which she graduated in 2009 with a degree in business.
Paralympic career
Hart has a Grade II classification in Paralympic sport and has competed in both individual and team dressage events.
Three-Time Paralympian: 2008, 2012, 2016
Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, 9th individual championship, 7th freestyle, 5th team dressage, 12th Championship
London 2012 Paralympic Games, 5th freestyle, 7th team dressage, 11th Championship
Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games, 4th freestyle, 10th team dressage, 12th Championship
2015 Team Gold medalist with Schroeters Romani at the Global Dressage Festival CPEDI3* and Grade II Individual Champion with Schroeters Romani
Placed second in the 2015 Grade II Team Test and Individual Team Test with Schroeters Romani at the Uberherrn, Germany CPEDI3*
Won the 2015 Grade II Team Test with Schroeters Romani at the Hartpury, UK CPEDI3*
Grants awarded
2015 Travel & Training Fund Grant Recipient from The Women's Sports Foundation
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rebecca"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
owned by
|
{
"answer_start": [
646
],
"text": [
"Jean Prouvost"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
place of publication
|
{
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
1344
],
"text": [
"Télé 7 jours"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
main subject
|
{
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"television"
]
}
|
Télé 7 Jours is a French weekly magazine published by Czech Media Invest in France. It publishes news and materials relating to French radio and television programming.
History and profile
Originally, the magazine was named "Radio 44" as it started publishing on 29 October 1944. The name would change ("Radio 45", "Radio 46", etc.) as the year of publication changed, until the year 1957, when it was renamed "Radio Télévision 57" and in 1959 was changed to "Télé 59". Its contents are basically coverage of television news and listings, cultural and lifestyle news and entertainment.
In 1960, Sofirad, the original owner, sold the magazine to Jean Prouvost, who named it "7 jours Télé 60" for a short period and then renamed it to the present "Télé 7 Jours" from 7 March 1960.
The magazine is published on a weekly basis. Its circulation jumped to more than a million copies weekly in 1962 and 2 million by 1965 becoming the biggest circulation weekly in France.
In 1976, Hachette purchased the magazine. The magazine remained the most read French magazine in the 1980s and 1990s reaching a circulation of 3.2 million weekly.
From 1985 to 2003, Télé 7 Jours organized a French television production award (similar in nature to the Emmy Awards) called the 7 d'Or. From 1996 to 1999, Benjamin Cuq worked as reporter for Télé 7 Jours.
In 2007, Télé 7 jours was the fourth best-selling television magazine in France, behind Télé Z, TV Hebdo and TV Magazine. After the disappearance of TV Hebdo, Télé 7 jours is in second place in 2017.In 2019, Hachette sold Télé 7 Jours and other magazines to Czech Media Invest, parent of Czech News Center.
Circulation
Télé 7 Jours sold 2,800,000 copies in 1974. The circulation of the weekly was 2,606,000 copies in 1999.It was the sixth best-selling television magazine worldwide with a circulation of 2,371,000 copies in 2001. In 2005 its circulation dropped to 1,892,000 copies, but it was the best-selling magazine in France.The circulation of the magazine was 1,588,000 copies during the 2007-2008 period. In 2010 the magazine sold of 1,471,593 copies. Its circulation was 1,225,642 copies in 2014.
References
External links
Official Télé 7 Jours website—(in French)
Media related to Télé 7 jours at Wikimedia Commons
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Télé 7 Jours"
]
}
|
The Time of the Hero (original title: La ciudad y los perros, literally "The City and the Dogs") is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. It was Vargas Llosa's first novel and is set among the cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima, which he attended as a teenager. The novel portrays the school so scathingly that its leadership burned many copies and condemned the book as Ecuadorian propaganda against Peru.It won the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel and the 1963 Premio de la Critica Espanola.
Style and themes
The novel is notable for its experimental and complex employment of multiple perspectives in a non-linear fashion. A technique influenced by William Faulkner and particularly the novel Light in August.It is a story about adolescence and young males transition to manhood, but is also described to portray a microcosm of the Peruvian society. It features themes such as masculinity, hierarchy, secrecy and the military.
Plot summary
The story concerns the theft of an examination paper by the cadet Cava carried out under orders from Jaguar, the brutal leader of a group of cadets called The Circle. The theft is reported by a lowly cadet called The Slave whom Jaguar consequently murders during military maneuvers. Concerned for the school’s reputation, the administrators choose to ignore further evidence of Jaguar’s guilt.
Background
The novel is based on Vargas Llosa's own experiences of Leoncio Prado Military Academy, which he attended as a teenager in the early 1950s. He worked on the manuscript for the novel while he was living in France and it was published as his first novel in 1962.
Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1985 film by Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi.
References
External links
Magnarelli, Sharon (May 1981), "La ciudad y los perros: Women and Language", Hispania, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, 64 (2): 215–225, doi:10.2307/341856, JSTOR 341856.
La ciudad y los perros, information on the film from the IMDb
|
author
|
{
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"Mario Vargas Llosa"
]
}
|
The Time of the Hero (original title: La ciudad y los perros, literally "The City and the Dogs") is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. It was Vargas Llosa's first novel and is set among the cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima, which he attended as a teenager. The novel portrays the school so scathingly that its leadership burned many copies and condemned the book as Ecuadorian propaganda against Peru.It won the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel and the 1963 Premio de la Critica Espanola.
Style and themes
The novel is notable for its experimental and complex employment of multiple perspectives in a non-linear fashion. A technique influenced by William Faulkner and particularly the novel Light in August.It is a story about adolescence and young males transition to manhood, but is also described to portray a microcosm of the Peruvian society. It features themes such as masculinity, hierarchy, secrecy and the military.
Plot summary
The story concerns the theft of an examination paper by the cadet Cava carried out under orders from Jaguar, the brutal leader of a group of cadets called The Circle. The theft is reported by a lowly cadet called The Slave whom Jaguar consequently murders during military maneuvers. Concerned for the school’s reputation, the administrators choose to ignore further evidence of Jaguar’s guilt.
Background
The novel is based on Vargas Llosa's own experiences of Leoncio Prado Military Academy, which he attended as a teenager in the early 1950s. He worked on the manuscript for the novel while he was living in France and it was published as his first novel in 1962.
Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1985 film by Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi.
References
External links
Magnarelli, Sharon (May 1981), "La ciudad y los perros: Women and Language", Hispania, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, 64 (2): 215–225, doi:10.2307/341856, JSTOR 341856.
La ciudad y los perros, information on the film from the IMDb
|
place of publication
|
{
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"Lima"
]
}
|
The Time of the Hero (original title: La ciudad y los perros, literally "The City and the Dogs") is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. It was Vargas Llosa's first novel and is set among the cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima, which he attended as a teenager. The novel portrays the school so scathingly that its leadership burned many copies and condemned the book as Ecuadorian propaganda against Peru.It won the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel and the 1963 Premio de la Critica Espanola.
Style and themes
The novel is notable for its experimental and complex employment of multiple perspectives in a non-linear fashion. A technique influenced by William Faulkner and particularly the novel Light in August.It is a story about adolescence and young males transition to manhood, but is also described to portray a microcosm of the Peruvian society. It features themes such as masculinity, hierarchy, secrecy and the military.
Plot summary
The story concerns the theft of an examination paper by the cadet Cava carried out under orders from Jaguar, the brutal leader of a group of cadets called The Circle. The theft is reported by a lowly cadet called The Slave whom Jaguar consequently murders during military maneuvers. Concerned for the school’s reputation, the administrators choose to ignore further evidence of Jaguar’s guilt.
Background
The novel is based on Vargas Llosa's own experiences of Leoncio Prado Military Academy, which he attended as a teenager in the early 1950s. He worked on the manuscript for the novel while he was living in France and it was published as his first novel in 1962.
Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1985 film by Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi.
References
External links
Magnarelli, Sharon (May 1981), "La ciudad y los perros: Women and Language", Hispania, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, 64 (2): 215–225, doi:10.2307/341856, JSTOR 341856.
La ciudad y los perros, information on the film from the IMDb
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
1933
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
The Time of the Hero (original title: La ciudad y los perros, literally "The City and the Dogs") is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. It was Vargas Llosa's first novel and is set among the cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima, which he attended as a teenager. The novel portrays the school so scathingly that its leadership burned many copies and condemned the book as Ecuadorian propaganda against Peru.It won the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel and the 1963 Premio de la Critica Espanola.
Style and themes
The novel is notable for its experimental and complex employment of multiple perspectives in a non-linear fashion. A technique influenced by William Faulkner and particularly the novel Light in August.It is a story about adolescence and young males transition to manhood, but is also described to portray a microcosm of the Peruvian society. It features themes such as masculinity, hierarchy, secrecy and the military.
Plot summary
The story concerns the theft of an examination paper by the cadet Cava carried out under orders from Jaguar, the brutal leader of a group of cadets called The Circle. The theft is reported by a lowly cadet called The Slave whom Jaguar consequently murders during military maneuvers. Concerned for the school’s reputation, the administrators choose to ignore further evidence of Jaguar’s guilt.
Background
The novel is based on Vargas Llosa's own experiences of Leoncio Prado Military Academy, which he attended as a teenager in the early 1950s. He worked on the manuscript for the novel while he was living in France and it was published as his first novel in 1962.
Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1985 film by Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi.
References
External links
Magnarelli, Sharon (May 1981), "La ciudad y los perros: Women and Language", Hispania, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, 64 (2): 215–225, doi:10.2307/341856, JSTOR 341856.
La ciudad y los perros, information on the film from the IMDb
|
country of origin
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The Time of the Hero (original title: La ciudad y los perros, literally "The City and the Dogs") is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. It was Vargas Llosa's first novel and is set among the cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima, which he attended as a teenager. The novel portrays the school so scathingly that its leadership burned many copies and condemned the book as Ecuadorian propaganda against Peru.It won the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel and the 1963 Premio de la Critica Espanola.
Style and themes
The novel is notable for its experimental and complex employment of multiple perspectives in a non-linear fashion. A technique influenced by William Faulkner and particularly the novel Light in August.It is a story about adolescence and young males transition to manhood, but is also described to portray a microcosm of the Peruvian society. It features themes such as masculinity, hierarchy, secrecy and the military.
Plot summary
The story concerns the theft of an examination paper by the cadet Cava carried out under orders from Jaguar, the brutal leader of a group of cadets called The Circle. The theft is reported by a lowly cadet called The Slave whom Jaguar consequently murders during military maneuvers. Concerned for the school’s reputation, the administrators choose to ignore further evidence of Jaguar’s guilt.
Background
The novel is based on Vargas Llosa's own experiences of Leoncio Prado Military Academy, which he attended as a teenager in the early 1950s. He worked on the manuscript for the novel while he was living in France and it was published as his first novel in 1962.
Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1985 film by Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi.
References
External links
Magnarelli, Sharon (May 1981), "La ciudad y los perros: Women and Language", Hispania, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, 64 (2): 215–225, doi:10.2307/341856, JSTOR 341856.
La ciudad y los perros, information on the film from the IMDb
|
title
|
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38
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"La ciudad y los perros"
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The Time of the Hero (original title: La ciudad y los perros, literally "The City and the Dogs") is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. It was Vargas Llosa's first novel and is set among the cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima, which he attended as a teenager. The novel portrays the school so scathingly that its leadership burned many copies and condemned the book as Ecuadorian propaganda against Peru.It won the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel and the 1963 Premio de la Critica Espanola.
Style and themes
The novel is notable for its experimental and complex employment of multiple perspectives in a non-linear fashion. A technique influenced by William Faulkner and particularly the novel Light in August.It is a story about adolescence and young males transition to manhood, but is also described to portray a microcosm of the Peruvian society. It features themes such as masculinity, hierarchy, secrecy and the military.
Plot summary
The story concerns the theft of an examination paper by the cadet Cava carried out under orders from Jaguar, the brutal leader of a group of cadets called The Circle. The theft is reported by a lowly cadet called The Slave whom Jaguar consequently murders during military maneuvers. Concerned for the school’s reputation, the administrators choose to ignore further evidence of Jaguar’s guilt.
Background
The novel is based on Vargas Llosa's own experiences of Leoncio Prado Military Academy, which he attended as a teenager in the early 1950s. He worked on the manuscript for the novel while he was living in France and it was published as his first novel in 1962.
Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1985 film by Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi.
References
External links
Magnarelli, Sharon (May 1981), "La ciudad y los perros: Women and Language", Hispania, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, 64 (2): 215–225, doi:10.2307/341856, JSTOR 341856.
La ciudad y los perros, information on the film from the IMDb
|
form of creative work
|
{
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107
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Munisuvrat(Munisuvratnath) (IAST: Munisuvratanāth) (Devanagari: मुनिसुव्रतनाथ) (Sanskrit: मुनिसुव्रतः) was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. He became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of his karma. Events of the Jaina version of Ramayana are placed at the time of Munisuvrata. Munisuvrata lived for over 30,000 years. His chief apostle (gaṇadhara) was sage Malli Svāmi.
Legends
Munisuvrata was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. Jain texts like padmapurana place him as a contemporary of Rama. According to Jain texts, Munisuvrata was born as 54 lakh years passed after the birth of the nineteenth tirthankara, Mallinātha. According to Jain beliefs, Munisuvrata descended from the heaven called Ānata kalpa on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Āśvina – āśvina śukla dvādaśi– to queen Padmavati and king Sumitra. On the third day of Shraavana (month) Krishna (dark fortnight) according to Hindu calendar, queen Padmavati of Rajgir saw sixteen auspicious dreams. When she shared her dreams with her husband, king Sumitra of the Harivamsa clan, he explained that a tirthankara will be born to them soon. Then, Munisuvrata was born to them on the fifteenth day of the Shraavana Shukla (bright fortnight) in 1,184,980 BC. His height is mentioned to be 20 bows (60 metres) and complexion as a dark one.According to Jain texts, after spending 7,500 years as a youth, Munisuvrata is believed to have ruled his kingdom for 15,000 years (rājyakāla). He then renounced all worldly pursuits and became a monk. According to Jain beliefs, he spent 11 months performing karma-destroying austerities and then attained the all-embracing knowledge – Omniscience (kevala jñāna) under a Champaka tree. He is said to have 18 ganadharas headed by Malli. Puspavati or Puspadatta is believed to be the head-nun of his order. Samayavayanga sutra, however, names Kumbha and Amila as the head ganadhara and head nun respectively.Munisuvrata is said to have lived for over 30,000 years and attained liberation (nirvāña) from Sammeda śikhara on the twelfth day of the dark half of the month of phālguna – phālguna kṛṣna dvādaśi. Varuna is mentioned to be his yaksha and his yakhsini is named Bahurupini in Digambara tradition and Naradatta in Svetambara tradition.Munisuvrata finds mentions in Jain texts like Uttarapurana and Tiloyapannati.
Adoration
Svayambhustotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four tirthankaras. Its five slokas (aphorisms) adore the qualities of Munisuvrata.
O Lord Munisuvratanātha! You had attained the excellent observance of the vows of the sages; you are the ascetic supreme, and utterly pristine (having destroyed the inimical karmas). You stood out in the assembly of the sages like the moon in the midst of the constellations of stars.
An idol of Munisuvrata was installed in 127 AD or 157 AD in the Devanirmita stupa, Mathura.
Iconography
Munisuvrata is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a tortoise symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Jivantasvami represents Munisuvrata as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Colossal statues
Statue of Purity is a 151 feet (46 m) statue dedicated to Munisuvrata under construction in Bhora Kalan, Haryana.
A 54 feet (16 m) black stone statue of Munisuvrata was installed in Jainaragutti near Adagur in the state of Karnataka.
A 27 feet (8.2 m) idolf of Munisuvrata is installed near the Shantinath Jain Teerth, Maharashtra.
Main Temples
Chaturmukha Basadi is a famous Jain temple located at Karkala in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to Tirthankara Aranatha, Māllīnātha and Munisuvrata.
Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya located at Santhu, Rajasthan
Paithan Jain Tirth
Keshoraipatan Jain temple
Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra SwastiDham
See also
God in Jainism
Arihant (Jainism)
Jainism and non-creationism
References
Citations
Sources
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, archived from the original on 16 September 2015, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda (1970), An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6
Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) [1968], Jaina Shrines in India (1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 81-230-1013-3
Tukol, T. K. (1980), Compendium of Jainism, Dharwad: University of Karnataka
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Netherlands, ISBN 90-04-09365-6
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Munisuvrat(Munisuvratnath) (IAST: Munisuvratanāth) (Devanagari: मुनिसुव्रतनाथ) (Sanskrit: मुनिसुव्रतः) was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. He became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of his karma. Events of the Jaina version of Ramayana are placed at the time of Munisuvrata. Munisuvrata lived for over 30,000 years. His chief apostle (gaṇadhara) was sage Malli Svāmi.
Legends
Munisuvrata was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. Jain texts like padmapurana place him as a contemporary of Rama. According to Jain texts, Munisuvrata was born as 54 lakh years passed after the birth of the nineteenth tirthankara, Mallinātha. According to Jain beliefs, Munisuvrata descended from the heaven called Ānata kalpa on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Āśvina – āśvina śukla dvādaśi– to queen Padmavati and king Sumitra. On the third day of Shraavana (month) Krishna (dark fortnight) according to Hindu calendar, queen Padmavati of Rajgir saw sixteen auspicious dreams. When she shared her dreams with her husband, king Sumitra of the Harivamsa clan, he explained that a tirthankara will be born to them soon. Then, Munisuvrata was born to them on the fifteenth day of the Shraavana Shukla (bright fortnight) in 1,184,980 BC. His height is mentioned to be 20 bows (60 metres) and complexion as a dark one.According to Jain texts, after spending 7,500 years as a youth, Munisuvrata is believed to have ruled his kingdom for 15,000 years (rājyakāla). He then renounced all worldly pursuits and became a monk. According to Jain beliefs, he spent 11 months performing karma-destroying austerities and then attained the all-embracing knowledge – Omniscience (kevala jñāna) under a Champaka tree. He is said to have 18 ganadharas headed by Malli. Puspavati or Puspadatta is believed to be the head-nun of his order. Samayavayanga sutra, however, names Kumbha and Amila as the head ganadhara and head nun respectively.Munisuvrata is said to have lived for over 30,000 years and attained liberation (nirvāña) from Sammeda śikhara on the twelfth day of the dark half of the month of phālguna – phālguna kṛṣna dvādaśi. Varuna is mentioned to be his yaksha and his yakhsini is named Bahurupini in Digambara tradition and Naradatta in Svetambara tradition.Munisuvrata finds mentions in Jain texts like Uttarapurana and Tiloyapannati.
Adoration
Svayambhustotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four tirthankaras. Its five slokas (aphorisms) adore the qualities of Munisuvrata.
O Lord Munisuvratanātha! You had attained the excellent observance of the vows of the sages; you are the ascetic supreme, and utterly pristine (having destroyed the inimical karmas). You stood out in the assembly of the sages like the moon in the midst of the constellations of stars.
An idol of Munisuvrata was installed in 127 AD or 157 AD in the Devanirmita stupa, Mathura.
Iconography
Munisuvrata is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a tortoise symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Jivantasvami represents Munisuvrata as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Colossal statues
Statue of Purity is a 151 feet (46 m) statue dedicated to Munisuvrata under construction in Bhora Kalan, Haryana.
A 54 feet (16 m) black stone statue of Munisuvrata was installed in Jainaragutti near Adagur in the state of Karnataka.
A 27 feet (8.2 m) idolf of Munisuvrata is installed near the Shantinath Jain Teerth, Maharashtra.
Main Temples
Chaturmukha Basadi is a famous Jain temple located at Karkala in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to Tirthankara Aranatha, Māllīnātha and Munisuvrata.
Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya located at Santhu, Rajasthan
Paithan Jain Tirth
Keshoraipatan Jain temple
Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra SwastiDham
See also
God in Jainism
Arihant (Jainism)
Jainism and non-creationism
References
Citations
Sources
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, archived from the original on 16 September 2015, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda (1970), An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6
Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) [1968], Jaina Shrines in India (1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 81-230-1013-3
Tukol, T. K. (1980), Compendium of Jainism, Dharwad: University of Karnataka
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Netherlands, ISBN 90-04-09365-6
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Munisuvrat(Munisuvratnath) (IAST: Munisuvratanāth) (Devanagari: मुनिसुव्रतनाथ) (Sanskrit: मुनिसुव्रतः) was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. He became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of his karma. Events of the Jaina version of Ramayana are placed at the time of Munisuvrata. Munisuvrata lived for over 30,000 years. His chief apostle (gaṇadhara) was sage Malli Svāmi.
Legends
Munisuvrata was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. Jain texts like padmapurana place him as a contemporary of Rama. According to Jain texts, Munisuvrata was born as 54 lakh years passed after the birth of the nineteenth tirthankara, Mallinātha. According to Jain beliefs, Munisuvrata descended from the heaven called Ānata kalpa on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Āśvina – āśvina śukla dvādaśi– to queen Padmavati and king Sumitra. On the third day of Shraavana (month) Krishna (dark fortnight) according to Hindu calendar, queen Padmavati of Rajgir saw sixteen auspicious dreams. When she shared her dreams with her husband, king Sumitra of the Harivamsa clan, he explained that a tirthankara will be born to them soon. Then, Munisuvrata was born to them on the fifteenth day of the Shraavana Shukla (bright fortnight) in 1,184,980 BC. His height is mentioned to be 20 bows (60 metres) and complexion as a dark one.According to Jain texts, after spending 7,500 years as a youth, Munisuvrata is believed to have ruled his kingdom for 15,000 years (rājyakāla). He then renounced all worldly pursuits and became a monk. According to Jain beliefs, he spent 11 months performing karma-destroying austerities and then attained the all-embracing knowledge – Omniscience (kevala jñāna) under a Champaka tree. He is said to have 18 ganadharas headed by Malli. Puspavati or Puspadatta is believed to be the head-nun of his order. Samayavayanga sutra, however, names Kumbha and Amila as the head ganadhara and head nun respectively.Munisuvrata is said to have lived for over 30,000 years and attained liberation (nirvāña) from Sammeda śikhara on the twelfth day of the dark half of the month of phālguna – phālguna kṛṣna dvādaśi. Varuna is mentioned to be his yaksha and his yakhsini is named Bahurupini in Digambara tradition and Naradatta in Svetambara tradition.Munisuvrata finds mentions in Jain texts like Uttarapurana and Tiloyapannati.
Adoration
Svayambhustotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four tirthankaras. Its five slokas (aphorisms) adore the qualities of Munisuvrata.
O Lord Munisuvratanātha! You had attained the excellent observance of the vows of the sages; you are the ascetic supreme, and utterly pristine (having destroyed the inimical karmas). You stood out in the assembly of the sages like the moon in the midst of the constellations of stars.
An idol of Munisuvrata was installed in 127 AD or 157 AD in the Devanirmita stupa, Mathura.
Iconography
Munisuvrata is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a tortoise symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Jivantasvami represents Munisuvrata as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Colossal statues
Statue of Purity is a 151 feet (46 m) statue dedicated to Munisuvrata under construction in Bhora Kalan, Haryana.
A 54 feet (16 m) black stone statue of Munisuvrata was installed in Jainaragutti near Adagur in the state of Karnataka.
A 27 feet (8.2 m) idolf of Munisuvrata is installed near the Shantinath Jain Teerth, Maharashtra.
Main Temples
Chaturmukha Basadi is a famous Jain temple located at Karkala in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to Tirthankara Aranatha, Māllīnātha and Munisuvrata.
Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya located at Santhu, Rajasthan
Paithan Jain Tirth
Keshoraipatan Jain temple
Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra SwastiDham
See also
God in Jainism
Arihant (Jainism)
Jainism and non-creationism
References
Citations
Sources
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, archived from the original on 16 September 2015, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda (1970), An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6
Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) [1968], Jaina Shrines in India (1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 81-230-1013-3
Tukol, T. K. (1980), Compendium of Jainism, Dharwad: University of Karnataka
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Netherlands, ISBN 90-04-09365-6
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Munisuvrat(Munisuvratnath) (IAST: Munisuvratanāth) (Devanagari: मुनिसुव्रतनाथ) (Sanskrit: मुनिसुव्रतः) was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. He became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of his karma. Events of the Jaina version of Ramayana are placed at the time of Munisuvrata. Munisuvrata lived for over 30,000 years. His chief apostle (gaṇadhara) was sage Malli Svāmi.
Legends
Munisuvrata was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. Jain texts like padmapurana place him as a contemporary of Rama. According to Jain texts, Munisuvrata was born as 54 lakh years passed after the birth of the nineteenth tirthankara, Mallinātha. According to Jain beliefs, Munisuvrata descended from the heaven called Ānata kalpa on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Āśvina – āśvina śukla dvādaśi– to queen Padmavati and king Sumitra. On the third day of Shraavana (month) Krishna (dark fortnight) according to Hindu calendar, queen Padmavati of Rajgir saw sixteen auspicious dreams. When she shared her dreams with her husband, king Sumitra of the Harivamsa clan, he explained that a tirthankara will be born to them soon. Then, Munisuvrata was born to them on the fifteenth day of the Shraavana Shukla (bright fortnight) in 1,184,980 BC. His height is mentioned to be 20 bows (60 metres) and complexion as a dark one.According to Jain texts, after spending 7,500 years as a youth, Munisuvrata is believed to have ruled his kingdom for 15,000 years (rājyakāla). He then renounced all worldly pursuits and became a monk. According to Jain beliefs, he spent 11 months performing karma-destroying austerities and then attained the all-embracing knowledge – Omniscience (kevala jñāna) under a Champaka tree. He is said to have 18 ganadharas headed by Malli. Puspavati or Puspadatta is believed to be the head-nun of his order. Samayavayanga sutra, however, names Kumbha and Amila as the head ganadhara and head nun respectively.Munisuvrata is said to have lived for over 30,000 years and attained liberation (nirvāña) from Sammeda śikhara on the twelfth day of the dark half of the month of phālguna – phālguna kṛṣna dvādaśi. Varuna is mentioned to be his yaksha and his yakhsini is named Bahurupini in Digambara tradition and Naradatta in Svetambara tradition.Munisuvrata finds mentions in Jain texts like Uttarapurana and Tiloyapannati.
Adoration
Svayambhustotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four tirthankaras. Its five slokas (aphorisms) adore the qualities of Munisuvrata.
O Lord Munisuvratanātha! You had attained the excellent observance of the vows of the sages; you are the ascetic supreme, and utterly pristine (having destroyed the inimical karmas). You stood out in the assembly of the sages like the moon in the midst of the constellations of stars.
An idol of Munisuvrata was installed in 127 AD or 157 AD in the Devanirmita stupa, Mathura.
Iconography
Munisuvrata is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a tortoise symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Jivantasvami represents Munisuvrata as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Colossal statues
Statue of Purity is a 151 feet (46 m) statue dedicated to Munisuvrata under construction in Bhora Kalan, Haryana.
A 54 feet (16 m) black stone statue of Munisuvrata was installed in Jainaragutti near Adagur in the state of Karnataka.
A 27 feet (8.2 m) idolf of Munisuvrata is installed near the Shantinath Jain Teerth, Maharashtra.
Main Temples
Chaturmukha Basadi is a famous Jain temple located at Karkala in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to Tirthankara Aranatha, Māllīnātha and Munisuvrata.
Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya located at Santhu, Rajasthan
Paithan Jain Tirth
Keshoraipatan Jain temple
Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra SwastiDham
See also
God in Jainism
Arihant (Jainism)
Jainism and non-creationism
References
Citations
Sources
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, archived from the original on 16 September 2015, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda (1970), An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6
Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) [1968], Jaina Shrines in India (1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 81-230-1013-3
Tukol, T. K. (1980), Compendium of Jainism, Dharwad: University of Karnataka
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Netherlands, ISBN 90-04-09365-6
|
Commons category
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Munisuvrat(Munisuvratnath) (IAST: Munisuvratanāth) (Devanagari: मुनिसुव्रतनाथ) (Sanskrit: मुनिसुव्रतः) was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. He became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of his karma. Events of the Jaina version of Ramayana are placed at the time of Munisuvrata. Munisuvrata lived for over 30,000 years. His chief apostle (gaṇadhara) was sage Malli Svāmi.
Legends
Munisuvrata was the twentieth tirthankara of the present half time cycle (avasarpini) in Jain cosmology. Jain texts like padmapurana place him as a contemporary of Rama. According to Jain texts, Munisuvrata was born as 54 lakh years passed after the birth of the nineteenth tirthankara, Mallinātha. According to Jain beliefs, Munisuvrata descended from the heaven called Ānata kalpa on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Āśvina – āśvina śukla dvādaśi– to queen Padmavati and king Sumitra. On the third day of Shraavana (month) Krishna (dark fortnight) according to Hindu calendar, queen Padmavati of Rajgir saw sixteen auspicious dreams. When she shared her dreams with her husband, king Sumitra of the Harivamsa clan, he explained that a tirthankara will be born to them soon. Then, Munisuvrata was born to them on the fifteenth day of the Shraavana Shukla (bright fortnight) in 1,184,980 BC. His height is mentioned to be 20 bows (60 metres) and complexion as a dark one.According to Jain texts, after spending 7,500 years as a youth, Munisuvrata is believed to have ruled his kingdom for 15,000 years (rājyakāla). He then renounced all worldly pursuits and became a monk. According to Jain beliefs, he spent 11 months performing karma-destroying austerities and then attained the all-embracing knowledge – Omniscience (kevala jñāna) under a Champaka tree. He is said to have 18 ganadharas headed by Malli. Puspavati or Puspadatta is believed to be the head-nun of his order. Samayavayanga sutra, however, names Kumbha and Amila as the head ganadhara and head nun respectively.Munisuvrata is said to have lived for over 30,000 years and attained liberation (nirvāña) from Sammeda śikhara on the twelfth day of the dark half of the month of phālguna – phālguna kṛṣna dvādaśi. Varuna is mentioned to be his yaksha and his yakhsini is named Bahurupini in Digambara tradition and Naradatta in Svetambara tradition.Munisuvrata finds mentions in Jain texts like Uttarapurana and Tiloyapannati.
Adoration
Svayambhustotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four tirthankaras. Its five slokas (aphorisms) adore the qualities of Munisuvrata.
O Lord Munisuvratanātha! You had attained the excellent observance of the vows of the sages; you are the ascetic supreme, and utterly pristine (having destroyed the inimical karmas). You stood out in the assembly of the sages like the moon in the midst of the constellations of stars.
An idol of Munisuvrata was installed in 127 AD or 157 AD in the Devanirmita stupa, Mathura.
Iconography
Munisuvrata is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a tortoise symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Jivantasvami represents Munisuvrata as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Colossal statues
Statue of Purity is a 151 feet (46 m) statue dedicated to Munisuvrata under construction in Bhora Kalan, Haryana.
A 54 feet (16 m) black stone statue of Munisuvrata was installed in Jainaragutti near Adagur in the state of Karnataka.
A 27 feet (8.2 m) idolf of Munisuvrata is installed near the Shantinath Jain Teerth, Maharashtra.
Main Temples
Chaturmukha Basadi is a famous Jain temple located at Karkala in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to Tirthankara Aranatha, Māllīnātha and Munisuvrata.
Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya located at Santhu, Rajasthan
Paithan Jain Tirth
Keshoraipatan Jain temple
Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra SwastiDham
See also
God in Jainism
Arihant (Jainism)
Jainism and non-creationism
References
Citations
Sources
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, archived from the original on 16 September 2015, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda (1970), An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6
Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) [1968], Jaina Shrines in India (1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 81-230-1013-3
Tukol, T. K. (1980), Compendium of Jainism, Dharwad: University of Karnataka
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Netherlands, ISBN 90-04-09365-6
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height
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Manju Balkrishna Naik Gaonkar (9 September 1931 – 15 February 2001) was an Indian politician from Goa. He was a former member of the Goa Legislative Assembly, representing the Canacona Assembly constituency from 1967 to 1972. He also served as the Deputy speaker in the Goa Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1971.
Early and personal life
Manju Balkrishna Naik Gaonkar was born at Kanacona, Goa (now Canacona). He completed his Bachelor of Arts from Karnataka University, he was also an alumnus of Rani Parvati Devi College of Arts & Commerce, Belgaum. Gaonkar was also a polyglot and spoke Marathi, Portuguese, English and Hindi. He was married to Kamala Gaonkar and resided at Nagarcem, Canacona, Goa.
Positions held
Member of the Business Advisory Committee, 1967
Member of the Rules Committee, 1967
Chairman of the Privileges Committee, 1967
Chairman of Public Accounts Committee, 1971–72
Member of Rules Committee, 1971–72
Member of Library Committee, 1971–72
== References ==
|
occupation
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{
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82
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"politician"
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|
Andrea Lázaro García (born 4 November 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
Lázaro García has career-high WTA rankings of 180 in singles, achieved on 23 May 2022, and world No. 162 in doubles, set on 31 October 2022. She has won six singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Lázaro García made her WTA Tour debut at the 2021 Internationaux de Strasbourg, where she qualified for the main draw.
Performance timeline
Singles
Current after the 2023 Australian Open.
ITF finals
Singles: 12 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups, 1 canc.)
Doubles: 14 (8 titles, 6 runner–ups)
Notes
References
External links
Andrea Lázaro García at the Women's Tennis Association
Andrea Lázaro García at the International Tennis Federation
Andrea Lázaro García at FIU Panthers
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
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"text": [
"tennis player"
]
}
|
Andrea Lázaro García (born 4 November 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
Lázaro García has career-high WTA rankings of 180 in singles, achieved on 23 May 2022, and world No. 162 in doubles, set on 31 October 2022. She has won six singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Lázaro García made her WTA Tour debut at the 2021 Internationaux de Strasbourg, where she qualified for the main draw.
Performance timeline
Singles
Current after the 2023 Australian Open.
ITF finals
Singles: 12 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups, 1 canc.)
Doubles: 14 (8 titles, 6 runner–ups)
Notes
References
External links
Andrea Lázaro García at the Women's Tennis Association
Andrea Lázaro García at the International Tennis Federation
Andrea Lázaro García at FIU Panthers
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Andrea Lázaro García"
]
}
|
Andrea Lázaro García (born 4 November 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
Lázaro García has career-high WTA rankings of 180 in singles, achieved on 23 May 2022, and world No. 162 in doubles, set on 31 October 2022. She has won six singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Lázaro García made her WTA Tour debut at the 2021 Internationaux de Strasbourg, where she qualified for the main draw.
Performance timeline
Singles
Current after the 2023 Australian Open.
ITF finals
Singles: 12 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups, 1 canc.)
Doubles: 14 (8 titles, 6 runner–ups)
Notes
References
External links
Andrea Lázaro García at the Women's Tennis Association
Andrea Lázaro García at the International Tennis Federation
Andrea Lázaro García at FIU Panthers
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"tennis"
]
}
|
Andrea Lázaro García (born 4 November 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
Lázaro García has career-high WTA rankings of 180 in singles, achieved on 23 May 2022, and world No. 162 in doubles, set on 31 October 2022. She has won six singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Lázaro García made her WTA Tour debut at the 2021 Internationaux de Strasbourg, where she qualified for the main draw.
Performance timeline
Singles
Current after the 2023 Australian Open.
ITF finals
Singles: 12 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups, 1 canc.)
Doubles: 14 (8 titles, 6 runner–ups)
Notes
References
External links
Andrea Lázaro García at the Women's Tennis Association
Andrea Lázaro García at the International Tennis Federation
Andrea Lázaro García at FIU Panthers
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"García"
]
}
|
Andrea Lázaro García (born 4 November 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
Lázaro García has career-high WTA rankings of 180 in singles, achieved on 23 May 2022, and world No. 162 in doubles, set on 31 October 2022. She has won six singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Lázaro García made her WTA Tour debut at the 2021 Internationaux de Strasbourg, where she qualified for the main draw.
Performance timeline
Singles
Current after the 2023 Australian Open.
ITF finals
Singles: 12 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups, 1 canc.)
Doubles: 14 (8 titles, 6 runner–ups)
Notes
References
External links
Andrea Lázaro García at the Women's Tennis Association
Andrea Lázaro García at the International Tennis Federation
Andrea Lázaro García at FIU Panthers
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
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|
Kobeřice u Brna is a municipality and village in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Kobeřice u Brna lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south of Vyškov, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Brno, and 210 km (130 mi) south-east of Prague.
Notable people
Hubert Ripka (1895–1958), politician and historian
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
101
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"text": [
"Czech Republic"
]
}
|
Kobeřice u Brna is a municipality and village in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Kobeřice u Brna lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south of Vyškov, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Brno, and 210 km (130 mi) south-east of Prague.
Notable people
Hubert Ripka (1895–1958), politician and historian
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Vyškov District"
]
}
|
Kobeřice u Brna is a municipality and village in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Kobeřice u Brna lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south of Vyškov, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Brno, and 210 km (130 mi) south-east of Prague.
Notable people
Hubert Ripka (1895–1958), politician and historian
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kobeřice u Brna"
]
}
|
Kobeřice u Brna is a municipality and village in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Kobeřice u Brna lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south of Vyškov, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Brno, and 210 km (130 mi) south-east of Prague.
Notable people
Hubert Ripka (1895–1958), politician and historian
== References ==
|
historical region
|
{
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Moravia"
]
}
|
The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
instance of
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The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
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"text": [
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|
The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"heist film"
]
}
|
The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
4742
],
"text": [
"Matthew Lillard"
]
}
|
The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
producer
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Brian Robbins"
]
}
|
The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
review score
|
{
"answer_start": [
5093
],
"text": [
"16%"
]
}
|
The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
|
narrative location
|
{
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"New Jersey"
]
}
|
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