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The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
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The Perfect Score is a 2004 American teen comedy-heist film directed by Brian Robbins and starring Chris Evans, Erika Christensen, Bryan Greenberg, Scarlett Johansson, Darius Miles, and Leonardo Nam.
The film focuses on a group of six New Jersey high school students whose futures will be jeopardized if they fail the upcoming SAT exam. They conspire to break into a regional office of the Lawrence Township, New Jersey-based Educational Testing Service (ETS), which prepares and distributes the SAT, and steal the answers to the exam, so they can all get perfect scores. The film deals with themes of one's future, morality, individuality, and feelings.
The Perfect Score has similarities to other high school films, including The Breakfast Club (1985) and Dazed and Confused (1993), which are often referenced throughout the film. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $10 million.
Plot
The film revolves around everyman high school student Kyle, who needs a high score on the SAT to get into Cornell University's architecture program. He constantly compares himself to his older brother Larry, who is now living above his parents' garage. Kyle's best friend, Matty, wants to get a high score to go to the same college as his girlfriend, but he is an underachiever who had previously received a low score on his PSAT. They feel the SAT is blocking their futures.
The two boys realize fellow student Francesca Curtis' father owns the building that houses the regional office of ETS, where the SAT answers are located. She initially doesn't want to help but reconsiders, saying "What the hell? It sounds like fun." Meanwhile, Kyle attracted to Anna Ross, the second-highest ranked student in the school, he tells her about the plan. Anna had bombed a previous SAT and needs a good score to get into Brown University.
Matty doesn't like the fact that Anna now knows about the plan and rants, right in front of stoner Roy, who then has to be included in the heist. Finally, Anna tells the school basketball star Desmond Rhodes, who needs a score of 900 or better to join the basketball team at St. John's University.
An early attempt to break into the ETS offices fails, but they then devise another plan. On the eve of the exam, Francesca will arrange for Kyle and Matty to have a meeting near the top floor, staying after closing. The other three will wait outside and watch the night guard until Francesca, Kyle, and Matty have successfully stolen the answers.
The plan initially goes well, with Francesca, Kyle, and Matty successfully avoiding security cameras and the night guard. However, the answers are located on a computer, and only the technical genius Roy can crack the password; he and the other two get into the building, and Roy correctly guesses the password after seeing a photograph of an employee. Still, the answers can't be printed, so the group decides to take the test with their combined knowledge and get the answers that way. In the early hours of morning, they are finished and have all the answers written down.
Just then, the guard comes up the stairs, and they try to escape through the ceiling; however, Francesca is left behind and is about to be discovered, so Matty sacrifices himself to save her. Everyone else escapes, but each faces a certain confrontation before the exam: Kyle's brother asks him if he's really worse than a thief, Matty is bailed out by Francesca, Anna finds independence from her parents, and Desmond's mother convinces Roy to quit drugs.
Before the SAT testing begins, the group realizes that, although it will help get them what they want, they would be better off without cheating. Roy grabs the answers and randomly distributes them in the bathroom. After the decision, Matty comments that "this whole thing was for nothing." Kyle replies, "I wouldn't say nothing", as he glances at Anna. Matty and Francesca also share a look, as they have also presumably started a relationship.
Each person eventually gets their desired test score without the answers: Kyle's dream of becoming an architect is still alive by attending Syracuse University, Desmond ends up going to St. John's, Matty becomes an actor, Francesca writes a novel (which is about six kids who conspire to steal the answers to the SAT), and Anna decides to travel to Europe for a while before starting college. Roy explains that he earned the highest SAT in the county, and, guided by Desmond's mom, he gets a GED. He then puts his untapped intelligence to use through programming, becoming a successful video game designer.
Cast
Chris Evans as Kyle
Erika Christensen as Anna Ross
Bryan Greenberg as Matty
Scarlett Johansson as Francesca Curtis
Darius Miles as Desmond Rhodes
Leonardo Nam as Roy
Matthew Lillard as Larry
Fulvio Cecere as Mr. Curtis
Vanessa Angel as Anita Donlee
Lorena Gale as Ms. Proctor
Tyra Ferrell as Mrs. Rhodes
Production
In February 1998, it was announced Paramount had acquired the project from Caravan Pictures for a low six figures.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "Neither funny nor suspenseful, this heist / teen flick also fails to explore its potentially socially relevant premise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.Slant Magazine critic Keith Uhlich called it an "MTV film that extreme right-wing moralists can be proud of, as it posits a quintessentially American world of racial, intellectual, and sexual conformity." Many compared the film unfavorably with The Breakfast Club, and many even called it a rip-off. Entertainment Weekly wrote the film off as being "like The Breakfast Club recast as a video game for simpletons." Likewise, Roger Ebert awarded the film two stars out of four, calling the film "too palatable. It maintains a tone of light seriousness, and it depends on the caper for too much of its entertainment value." Ebert's review went on to point out that The Perfect Score was given a wide release, but that Better Luck Tomorrow, a teen drama film that received much more acclaim, was given a very limited release.
Box office
The film opened in 2,208 theaters and grossed $4.8 million, making for a $2,207 per-theater average. Placing fifth over the weekend, the film saw sharp declines in following weeks and ended its domestic run with $10.3 million.
Soundtrack
References
External links
The Perfect Score at IMDb
The Perfect Score at AllMovie
The Perfect Score film trailer on YouTube
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Peter Kuhl Martin IV (born March 30, 1977) is an American politician. He was a member of the Georgia State Senate from the 9th district, from 2015 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party.
== References ==
|
member of political party
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Peter Kuhl Martin IV (born March 30, 1977) is an American politician. He was a member of the Georgia State Senate from the 9th district, from 2015 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
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58
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"politician"
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}
|
Handbook of the New Zealand Flora (abbreviated Handb. N. Zeal. Fl.) is a two volume work by English botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker with systematic botanical descriptions of plants native to New Zealand. The first part published in 1864 covers flowering plants, and the second part published in 1867 covers Hepaticae, mosses, lichens, fungi and algae.
References
Further reading
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1864). Handbook of the New Zealand Flora: A Systematic Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1867). Handbook of the New Zealand Flora: A Systematic Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand and the Chatham, Kermadec's, Lord Auckland's, and Macquarrie's Islands. Reeve & Company.
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author
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|
Handbook of the New Zealand Flora (abbreviated Handb. N. Zeal. Fl.) is a two volume work by English botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker with systematic botanical descriptions of plants native to New Zealand. The first part published in 1864 covers flowering plants, and the second part published in 1867 covers Hepaticae, mosses, lichens, fungi and algae.
References
Further reading
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1864). Handbook of the New Zealand Flora: A Systematic Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1867). Handbook of the New Zealand Flora: A Systematic Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand and the Chatham, Kermadec's, Lord Auckland's, and Macquarrie's Islands. Reeve & Company.
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title
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Lelei Alofa Fonoimoana (born November 4, 1958), also known by her married name Lelei Moore, is an American former swimmer who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. She earned a silver medal as a member of the second-place U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and also finished seventh in the 100-meter butterfly.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
114
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"text": [
"swimmer"
]
}
|
Lelei Alofa Fonoimoana (born November 4, 1958), also known by her married name Lelei Moore, is an American former swimmer who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. She earned a silver medal as a member of the second-place U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and also finished seventh in the 100-meter butterfly.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
379
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"text": [
"swimming"
]
}
|
Lelei Alofa Fonoimoana (born November 4, 1958), also known by her married name Lelei Moore, is an American former swimmer who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. She earned a silver medal as a member of the second-place U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and also finished seventh in the 100-meter butterfly.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
participant in
|
{
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"text": [
"1976 Summer Olympics"
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}
|
The 1894 Kentucky Derby was the 20th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 15, 1894.
Full results
Winning Breeder: H. Eugene Leigh & Robert L. Rose; (KY)
Payout
The winner received a purse of $4,020.
Second place received $300.
Third place received $150.
Fourth place received $100.
== References ==
|
instance of
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|
Ethmia quadrinotella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Bahrain, Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Cape Verde and northern Sudan.The larvae have been recorded feeding on Heliotropium undulatum.
Subspecies
Ethmia quadrinotella quadrinotella (Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Palestinian Territories, Iran)
Ethmia quadrinotella quiquenotella Chrétien, 1915 (Cape Verde, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, northern Sudan, Arabia, Bahrain, south-western Iraq, southern Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Tunisia)
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
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"text": [
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Ethmia quadrinotella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Bahrain, Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Cape Verde and northern Sudan.The larvae have been recorded feeding on Heliotropium undulatum.
Subspecies
Ethmia quadrinotella quadrinotella (Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Palestinian Territories, Iran)
Ethmia quadrinotella quiquenotella Chrétien, 1915 (Cape Verde, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, northern Sudan, Arabia, Bahrain, south-western Iraq, southern Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Tunisia)
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ethmia"
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}
|
Ethmia quadrinotella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Bahrain, Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Cape Verde and northern Sudan.The larvae have been recorded feeding on Heliotropium undulatum.
Subspecies
Ethmia quadrinotella quadrinotella (Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Palestinian Territories, Iran)
Ethmia quadrinotella quiquenotella Chrétien, 1915 (Cape Verde, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, northern Sudan, Arabia, Bahrain, south-western Iraq, southern Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Tunisia)
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ethmia quadrinotella"
]
}
|
Ethmia quadrinotella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Bahrain, Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Cape Verde and northern Sudan.The larvae have been recorded feeding on Heliotropium undulatum.
Subspecies
Ethmia quadrinotella quadrinotella (Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Palestinian Territories, Iran)
Ethmia quadrinotella quiquenotella Chrétien, 1915 (Cape Verde, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, northern Sudan, Arabia, Bahrain, south-western Iraq, southern Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Tunisia)
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
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0
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}
|
The 1950–51 Swedish Division I season was the seventh season of the Swedish Division I. Djurgardens IF defeated AIK in the league final, 2 games to none.
Regular season
Northern Group
Southern Group
Final
Djurgårdens IF – AIK 10–2, 6–2
External links
1950–51 season
|
sports season of league or competition
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
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"text": [
"Swedish Division I"
]
}
|
Henry Siebers was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly representing the 5th District of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. A Republican, Siebers was elected in 1888. He was born on October 5, 1844.
== References ==
|
position held
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"member of the Wisconsin State Assembly"
]
}
|
Henry Siebers was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly representing the 5th District of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. A Republican, Siebers was elected in 1888. He was born on October 5, 1844.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
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"text": [
"Siebers"
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}
|
Henry Siebers was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly representing the 5th District of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. A Republican, Siebers was elected in 1888. He was born on October 5, 1844.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Henry"
]
}
|
Chambo Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Chimborazo Province. Its capital is the town of Chambo. Its population at the 2001 census was 10,541.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"Ecuador"
]
}
|
Chambo Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Chimborazo Province. Its capital is the town of Chambo. Its population at the 2001 census was 10,541.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
53
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"text": [
"Chimborazo Province"
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|
Kamil Patel (born 3 April 1979) is a Mauritian former professional tennis player.Patel, a three-time gold medalist at the Indian Ocean Island Games, played Davis Cup for Mauritius between 2000 and 2007, for a team record 18 career wins. In 2010 he represented Mauritius at the Commonwealth Games in both singles and mixed doubles, reaching the quarter-finals of the latter. While competing on the professional tour he had best rankings of 570 in singles and 328 in doubles. He won two ITF Futures titles in doubles.Since 2013 he has served as president of the Mauritius Tennis Federation. He retired from competition after the 2015 Indian Ocean Island Games, where he served as the Mauritian flag bearer.
ITF Futures titles
Doubles: (2)
References
External links
Kamil Patel at the Association of Tennis Professionals
Kamil Patel at the Davis Cup
Kamil Patel at the International Tennis Federation
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"tennis player"
]
}
|
Kamil Patel (born 3 April 1979) is a Mauritian former professional tennis player.Patel, a three-time gold medalist at the Indian Ocean Island Games, played Davis Cup for Mauritius between 2000 and 2007, for a team record 18 career wins. In 2010 he represented Mauritius at the Commonwealth Games in both singles and mixed doubles, reaching the quarter-finals of the latter. While competing on the professional tour he had best rankings of 570 in singles and 328 in doubles. He won two ITF Futures titles in doubles.Since 2013 he has served as president of the Mauritius Tennis Federation. He retired from competition after the 2015 Indian Ocean Island Games, where he served as the Mauritian flag bearer.
ITF Futures titles
Doubles: (2)
References
External links
Kamil Patel at the Association of Tennis Professionals
Kamil Patel at the Davis Cup
Kamil Patel at the International Tennis Federation
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
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"text": [
"tennis"
]
}
|
David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
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"text": [
"Danforth"
]
}
|
David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
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"text": [
"Dave"
]
}
|
David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
place of birth
|
{
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"Granger"
]
}
|
David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
place of death
|
{
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David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
member of sports team
|
{
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249
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"Chicago White Sox"
]
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David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
educated at
|
{
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643
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"text": [
"Baylor University"
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David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
league
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{
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138
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"Major League Baseball"
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David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
place of burial
|
{
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1510
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David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
position played on team / speciality
|
{
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David Charles "Dauntless Dave" Danforth (March 7, 1890 – September 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons (1911–1912, 1916–1919, 1922–1925) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Browns. For his career, he compiled a 71–66 record in 286 appearances, with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts. Danforth played on two World Series championship teams, the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox. He appeared in one World Series game (in 1917), pitching one inning, giving up two runs and striking out two.
Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University. He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate. In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win–loss record. He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910–11, but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor, joining the Athletics in July. The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a "clever young pitcher" and said that the Athletics were "fortunate" in his "gradual development" in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship.He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing "shiners". A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth's career suffered following the rule change. After retiring from baseball, he worked as a dentist.He was born in Granger, Texas and died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 80. He is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
sport
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{
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Ramón Álvarez may refer to:
Ramón Álvarez (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Ramón Álvarez (wrestler), Dominican wrestler
Ramón Álvarez Valdés (1866–1936), Spanish politician and lawyer
Ramón Álvarez Palomo, Asturian anarcho-syndicalist
See also
Ramón Álvarez de Mon, Spanish sports broadcaster
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Ramón Álvarez"
]
}
|
Ramón Álvarez may refer to:
Ramón Álvarez (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Ramón Álvarez (wrestler), Dominican wrestler
Ramón Álvarez Valdés (1866–1936), Spanish politician and lawyer
Ramón Álvarez Palomo, Asturian anarcho-syndicalist
See also
Ramón Álvarez de Mon, Spanish sports broadcaster
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Álvarez"
]
}
|
Ramón Álvarez may refer to:
Ramón Álvarez (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Ramón Álvarez (wrestler), Dominican wrestler
Ramón Álvarez Valdés (1866–1936), Spanish politician and lawyer
Ramón Álvarez Palomo, Asturian anarcho-syndicalist
See also
Ramón Álvarez de Mon, Spanish sports broadcaster
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
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"Ramón"
]
}
|
Ramón Álvarez may refer to:
Ramón Álvarez (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Ramón Álvarez (wrestler), Dominican wrestler
Ramón Álvarez Valdés (1866–1936), Spanish politician and lawyer
Ramón Álvarez Palomo, Asturian anarcho-syndicalist
See also
Ramón Álvarez de Mon, Spanish sports broadcaster
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
Ramón Álvarez may refer to:
Ramón Álvarez (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Ramón Álvarez (wrestler), Dominican wrestler
Ramón Álvarez Valdés (1866–1936), Spanish politician and lawyer
Ramón Álvarez Palomo, Asturian anarcho-syndicalist
See also
Ramón Álvarez de Mon, Spanish sports broadcaster
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Ramón Álvarez"
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Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.
History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.
Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.
In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.
Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".
Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records
References
External links
Kiddo discography at Discogs
Donnie Sterling discography at Discogs
Sterling Silver Starship discography at Discogs
|
record label
|
{
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"A&M Records"
]
}
|
Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.
History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.
Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.
In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.
Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".
Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records
References
External links
Kiddo discography at Discogs
Donnie Sterling discography at Discogs
Sterling Silver Starship discography at Discogs
|
has part(s)
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"Donnie Sterling"
]
}
|
Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.
History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.
Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.
In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.
Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".
Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records
References
External links
Kiddo discography at Discogs
Donnie Sterling discography at Discogs
Sterling Silver Starship discography at Discogs
|
occupation
|
{
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83
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"text": [
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]
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|
Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.
History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.
Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.
In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.
Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".
Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records
References
External links
Kiddo discography at Discogs
Donnie Sterling discography at Discogs
Sterling Silver Starship discography at Discogs
|
instrument
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"guitar"
]
}
|
Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.
History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.
Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.
In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.
Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".
Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records
References
External links
Kiddo discography at Discogs
Donnie Sterling discography at Discogs
Sterling Silver Starship discography at Discogs
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.
History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.
Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.
In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.
Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".
Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records
References
External links
Kiddo discography at Discogs
Donnie Sterling discography at Discogs
Sterling Silver Starship discography at Discogs
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kiddo"
]
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|
Ningyo (人魚, "human fish") as the name suggests, is a creature with both human and fish-like features, described in various pieces of Japanese literature.
Though often translated as "mermaid", the term is technically not gender-specific and may include the "mermen". The literal translation "human-fish" has also been applied.
Overview
The earliest records of the ningyo attested in written Japanese sources are freshwater beings allegedly captured in the 7th century (§Asuka period), documented later in the Nihon Shoki. But subsequent examples are usually seawater beings.In later medieval times (§Kamakura and Muromachi periods)), it was held to be a sign of ill omen, and its beaching (§Omens in Michinoku) was blamed for subsequent bloody battles or calamity.
The notion that eating its flesh imparts longevity is attached to the legend of the Yao Bikuni ('eight hundred [year old] Buddhist priestess', cf. §Yao Bikuni)
During the Edo period, the ningyo was made the subject of burlesque gesaku novels (cf. §Saikaku, 1687 and Santō Kyōden's §Hakoiri musume, 1791). There were also preserved ningyo being manufactured using fish parts (§Mummies or Feejee mermaids), and illustrated by some scholars of the period (e.g. §Baien gyofu); some such mummies are held by certain temples that have ningyo legend attached to them (cf. §Prince Shōtoku).
The description of the ningyo as having a red cockscomb (§Shokoku rijindan, and Saikaku) or light red hair (§Kasshi yawa) corroborates the hypothesis that oarfish sightings led to ningyo lore.One giant ningyo was allegedly shot in 1805, even though it was held to be lucky, according to the news circulated in kawaraban pamphlet form (§Kairai)
Terminology
The Japanese ningyo (人魚, literally "human-fish") has been glossed in a noted dictionary (Kojien) as a "fabulous creature" which is "half woman, half fish", later revised to "half human (usually woman) and half fish". Hence the term ningyo includes not just the mermaid but the merman also.
Accordingly, the ningyo is sometimes referred to by the verbatim translation "human-fish" in English-language scholarship, thus allowing for the gender ambiguity.
The term ningyo was not explicitly used in the earliest accounts (cf. §Asuka period, year 619) recorded in the Nihon shoki (720 AD). A later embellished account in
Shōtoku Taishi Denryaku involving Prince Shōtoku claims that the Prince Regent knew the term ningyo, though this is regarded with skepticism. The term ningyo was likely absent from any of the primary sources used in compiling the Shoki, and nonexistent in the Japanese vocabulary during the Prince's time.The term ningyo was also absent in medieval sources describing the Kamakura Period strandings in northern Japan §Omens in Michinoku) considered ominous. For example, a "large fish" washed ashore in the Hōji 1 (1247) according to 13th and 14th century texts. But these were called ningyo in a 17th-century recompilation.
Zoological hypotheses
The earliest examples (cf. §Asuka period) were caught in fresh waters, and it has been hypothesized they must have actually been giant salamanders.Another prominent theory is that the misidentification of the dugong led to mermaid lore, but detractors pointed out that the dugong's range reaches only as far north as Okinawa (formerly the Kingdom of Ryūkyū), and so was not likely to have been seen during premodern times in various locations in Japan where mermaid legend (priestess who ate the mermaid) is known to occur. However, this argument is flawed, since there were other sea mammals of the Sirenia order, namely Steller's sea cows which were native to the Bering Sea, and could have plausibly wandered into northern Japanese seas. Other sea mammals such as seals and dolphins are also candidates to have been mistaken for human-fish.An inscribed wooden slat (mokkan) containing drawings of ningyo (13th century) suggest the actual animal captured may have been a pinniped, such as a seal (cf. §Ritual offering tablet).
The ichthyologist's hypothesis that the ningyo legend originated from sightings of the red-crested oarfish is bolstered by the lore or reports that the ningyo has red cockscomb (§Shokoku rijindan) or light red hair (§Kasshi yawa). This cockscomb also is mentioned in the novel by §Saikaku.
Iconography
Despite the ningyo being defined as half-woman, half-fish in some modern dictionaries, the ningyo has been also depicted as having a human female head resting on a fish-like body, as in the well known Japanese woodblock print kawaraban pamphlet example (shown right, q.v. §Kairai).The ningyo reportedly caught in the 7th century became associated with then Prince Regent Shōtōku, and the creature has been depicted as a gift presented to him in picture scrolls entitled Shōtōku Taishi eden, the oldest surviving copy of this (1069) being the earliest piece of ningyo art in Japan. There are multiple copies of the scrolls in existence. Also, much later in the 19th century. An example is the ningyo represented as a composite of the goddess Kannon and a fish (cf. §Prince Shōtoku and fig.).
The ningyo was human-headed in the 11th century anecdote involving the head of the Taira clan (cf. §Presented to Tadamori), The stranded ningyo had "four limbs" like a human or had hands and feet but was scaly and fish-headed. which were reported in Northern Japan in the 12th and 13th centuries and interpreted as omens (cf. §Omens in Michinoku) There has also been unearthed a wooden tablet with an illustration of such an ill-omened ningyo date to this period (c. 1286) (cf. )
But during the Edo period, illustrations of ningyo were varied, and in popular literature for entertainment (such as the kibyōshi genre), both human-headed fish type (armless) and half-human type with arms were illustrated (cf. §Two archetypes). One theory is that the two types derive from Classical Chinese literature, in particular the limbed lingyu ("hill-fish") and the limbless chiru ("red ru fish") passed down from the ancient Shan hai jing ("Classic of Mountains and Seas") (cf. § Chinese lingyu and chiru).
Chinese literature
However, this explanation is compromised by the fact that the Chinese "hill-fish" is considered four-limbed, and illustrated as such, whereas it was actually the Japanese work Wakan sansai zue (1712) which transformed the image of the Chinese "hill-fish" to that of a two-armed legless one (cf. fig. right), while equating it with the Japanese ningyo. And this illustration has struck commentators as closely resembling the Western mermaid. (cf. § Ningyo in Wakan sansai zue) The Wakan sansai zue did also give notice and print the facsimile illustration of the merfolk pronounced Teijin in Japanese (Diren or Di peoplein Chinese) mentioned in the classic Shan hai jing, which were indeed illustrated as two-armed merfolk in Chinese sources.Also, what the yōkai wood-block print illustrator Toriyama Sekien drew (1781, fig. left) was not a Japanese ningyo but one dwelling in the far reaches of China west of a World tree (kenboku; pinyin: jianmu 建木). The caption adds that such ningyo was also known as the people of the Di Nation.
Siren-mermaids recorded by Europeans
The Japanese Shogunate had acquired a copy of Johannes Jonston's Natural History in Dutch (1660) already by 1663, containing illustrations of the Western siren-mermaid. But it is not clear whether such "Dutch" (Rangaku, Western learning) images got widely disseminated in Japan before Ōtsuki Gentaku's Rokumotsu shinshi (六物新志, 'New Treatise on Six Things', 1786), which digested this and other works on the topic of mermaid, with reproduced illustrations.By the late Edo Period (mid to late 19th century), the visual iconography of the ningyo came gradually to match the half-human half-fish of the European mermaid.
Yao Bikuni
One of the most famous folk stories involving ningyo (or rather the flesh of the human-fish), purports that a girl who ate it acquired everlasting youth and longevity, and became the nun Yao Bikuni (八百比丘尼, "eight-hundred (years) Buddhist priestess") also read Happyaku Bikuni, living to the age of 800 years.
Summary
In the typical version the girl who ate the ningyo was from Obama, Wakasa Province, and as a nun dwelled in a iori grass hut on the mountain at Kūin-ji temple in the region. She traveled all over Japan in her life, but then she resolves to end her life in her home country, and sealed herself in a cave where she dwelled or has herself buried alive on the mountain at the temple, and requests a camellia tree be planted at the site as indicator of whether she still remains alive.In a version passed down at Obama, Wakasa, the sixteen-year-old girl eats the ningyo inadvertently, after her father receives the prepared dish as a guest, so that the family is not implicated in knowingly eating the ningyo or butchering it. The Kūin-ji temple history claims the father to have been a rich man named Takahashi, descended from the founder of the province, and when the daughter turned 16, the dragon king appeared in the guise of a white-bearded man and gave her the flesh as a gift. But there are versions known all over Japan, and the father is often identified as a fisherman. A fisherman reeled in the ningyo but discarded it due to its strangeness, but the young daughter had picked it up and eaten it, according to one telling.
Time period
The oldest written sources of the legend date from the 15th century, and one of these sources relate that the Shira Bikuni (白比丘尼, "white nun") appeared in Kyoto in the middle of that century (year 1449) at age 800.Assuming age 800 in keeping with her commonly used name, her birth can be back dated to around the mid-7th century, during the Asuka Period.Folklorist Morihiko Fujisawa's chronology makes her a survivor from an even older age. He dated Yao Bikuni eating ningyo flesh in the year 480 AD during the Kofun Period (Tumulus Period). However, no written source for this could be evinced, according to a recent researcher, and an oral tradition is presumed.
Asuka period
In the 27th year of Empress Suiko (619, man-like fish were supposedly netted twice: on Gamō River (蒲生河) in Ōmi Province during the 4th month, and in Horie, Settsu Province (Horie River, an artificial canal no longer extant), according to the Nihon shoki.They were freshwater creatures, and the description of it being "childlike" suggested its true identity to be the Japanese giant salamander according to Minakata Kumagusu.
Prince Shōtoku
Crown Prince Shōtoku at age 48 was allegedly was presented with a ningyo from Settsu Province, but he abhorred the unlucky gift and ordered it to be discarded immediately. This account occurs in a picture scroll called Shōtoku Taishi eden. There were some 40 copies of this made, of which the copy held by Hōryū-ji temple, dated to 1069 is the oldest known pictorial depiction of the Japanese ningyo.While Shoki never used the term ningyo explicitly, Prince Shōtoku had been involved in the Gamō River incident and knew to use the term, according to the prince's abridged history or Denryaku. Shōtoku also knew the ningyo to bring forth disaster according to the Denryaku, and an annotation provides that it was customary for fishermen at the time to release a ningyo if ever caught in the net. When the prince was alarmed by the ill omen of a ningyo appearing in Ōmi Province, he had a statue of the Kannon goddess placed in the vicinity, according to document preserved at Ganjō-ji temple.According to the engi or foundation myth of Kannonshō-ji, Prince Shōtoku met a ningyo in a pool near Lake Biwa who confessed to have been reborn in its shape due to poor deeds in past life, and the prince performed service to provide it salvation by building a temple to house a Kannon goddess statue, which was the origins of this temple.
Late Nara period
After the Asuka Period, the two oldest appearances of the ningyo are dated to the mid- to late Nara Period, and these were situated by the sea.An ningyo beached on Yasui-no-ura in Izumo Province (a bay in present-day Yasugi, Shimane) in the Tenpyō-shōhō 8 or the year 756 AD, and later, another one appeared in Susu-no-misaki in Noto Province (a peninsula in present-day Suzu, Ishikawa) in the year Hōki 9/778. These reports are preserved in a Kagenki (嘉元記, Jōji 2/1363), an old document concerning Hōryū-ji, the temple closely associated with Prince Shōtoku.
Heian period
Presented to Tadamori
(Ise Province. c. 1140s. In Kokon Chomonjū)An anecdote of three presumed "ningyo" caught in a net in Beppo (別保) in Ise Province, is found in the Kokon Chomonjū ("Collection of Tales Heard, Present and Past", 1254) from the mid-Kamakura Period.The event dates a century earlier than the anthology: when Taira no Tadamori (d. 1153; father of Kiyomori) had moved his residence to this place, populated by "bayside villagers" (fishermen).The big fish had human-like heads (but also sets of fine teeth like fish, and a protruding mouths like a monkey's), with fish-like bodies. When hauled to land and carried (by pairs of fishermen) with the tails dragging, the creatures screamed in high-pitched voice and shed tears like a human. The tale concludes with the presumption that creatures must have been ningyo (human-fish). The three ningyo were presented to Tadamori, but one was returned to the bay's villagers (fishermen), who carved it up and ate it. It was exquisitely delicious, and no special effects came of it.
Kamakura and Muromachi periods
Omens in Michinoku
(Mutsu and Dewa Provinces . Hōjō kudai ki, Azuma kagami, etc.)There had been frequent beachings of ningyo in Mutsu or Dewa Province (Michinoku region) according to the Hōjō godai ki (printed 1641),, and each sighting is treated as an omen, associated with some armed conflict or ill fortune which struck afterwards:
Bunji 5 (1189) summer. Beaching at Soto-no-hama (in Mutsu). Presaging extermination of Fujiwara no Hidehira's sons
Kennin 3 (1203), 4th month. Tsugaru-no-ura. Minamoto no Sanetomo harmed by evil zen priest.
Kenpo 1 (1213). Akita-no-ura, Dewa. Same year, Wada Conflict.
Hōji 1 (1247). 11th day of 3rd month. A fish-headed but human cadaver like fish. Tsugaru-no-ura. Same year, Miura no Yasumura's uprising (i.e., the Hōji Conflict) ）Actually all these cases, culminating in the Hōji 1 event, were recorded in much older Azuma kagami (chronicle up to year 1266) and the Hōjō kudai ki (aka Kamakura nendai ki, 1331) except that the creature is not called a "ningyo" but rather a "large fish" (which was human cadaver-like with "four limbs"), or a creature "having hands and feet, covered in overlapping scales, and a head no different than a fish's". And these near-contemporary sources also interpret the ningyo ("big fish") appearances as presaging major warfare occurring within that year.In Hōji 1, on the very same day (11th of 3rd month) when "big fish" was beached up north in Tsugaru, Michinoku (or perhaps the day preceding) the ocean by the Yuigahama (beach) was bright scarlet, and reported to have changed to blood. Yuigahama was the location of bloodshed on a number of occasion. The reason it may have indeed turned scarlet was possibly due to a red tide occurrence.)
The Hōji 1 event was discussed in one late source, called the Honchō nendaiki (本朝年代記) (published Jōkyō1/1684), but this miscopies the day to the "20th of the 3rd month", which makes it the probably direct source of Ihara Saikaku's fictional piece in which a ningyo appears.There are two later sightings in the 14th century recorded in the aforementioned Kagenki. The second sighting occurred after the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate, and belongs in the Muromachi Period.
Enkyō 3 (1310), 11th of 4th month. In Obama-no-tsu Obama Bay in Wakasa Province. It was considered "auspicious" (目出度（めでた）かり, medetakari) to the land, and was named Shinsen (真仙, 'True Immortal').
Enbun2 (1357), 3rd of rabbit(2nd/4th) month.. Appeared in Futami-ura, Ise Province. It seemed to bestow "longevity" (長久なるべし, chōkyū naru beshi), and was named Enmeiju (延命寿, 'Life-extended Lifespan').Although these two cases appear to be auspicious omens, Fujisawa insists these examples do not corroborate the notion that the ningyō itself was seen as an auspicious object, since the attributions of good luck were consigned here via association with the Yao-bikuni's longevity or the sacredness of Futami-ura bay.There is subsequently a gap, and the next record listed occurred in the warring period (Sengoku period) part of the Muromachi Period:
Tenbun19 (1550), 21st of 4th month. A ningyo was caught in the sea off Ōno-no-kōri (ancient district), Bungo Province (current-day Ōita Prefecture). It was presented to the shogun's household. It cried like a deer, and died after 10 days.A description of deer-like voice is unusual, since the ningyo is typically said to sound like a human child or infant.The archeological find in Akita (cf. §Ritual offering tablet) from the same era as listed above also can be counted as another example of the Michinoku region. There are also later anecdotes in the Tsugaru Province occurring in the Edo Period, but these will be discussed below under (§Tsugaru domain).
Ritual offering tablet
A drawings of a ningyo was found on a piece of wooden tablet excavated in the Suzaki archaeological site at Ikawa, Akita. It was discovered at the remains of a well, The tablet measures 80.6 cm×14.5 cm×0.5 cm), and dated to some time close to 1286.The ningyo is human-headed and fish-bodied, except it has two arms and two legs alongside a finned tail. Except for the face its entirety is covered with marks which apparently represent scales. The actual animal was probably a seal, or some sort of pinniped, according to the archaeologists' report.The inscriptions have been transcribed as "Ara, tsutanaya, teuchi ni tote sōrō, sowaka (Oh, pity, but let it be killed, sowaka)" and similarly "Oh, pity, bound up like that even though a human, sowaka". Since the beast was considered ill omen, the Buddhist priest (also illustrated on the tablet) probably made offering in the form of prayer, "sowaka" being a Sanskrit word often chanted at the end of the mantra.
Edo period
Certainly by the Edo Period, there developed a gender bias towards the ningyo being mostly female, due to European influence, though there might have Buddhist influence (daughters of the dragon-king of the sea) that may have contributed as well. Still, there have been preserved some illustrated examples of mermen in the Edo Period (§Male ningyo).
Alleged sightings
Shokoku rijindan
A sighting of a ningyo alleged in Wakasa Province in the Hōei (era), probably c. 1705, was recorded by Kikuoka Senryō in Shokoku rijindan ("Stories of Common Folk [from the Provinces]", 1740s). It reportedly had a red cockscomb-like appendage at the collar, which parallels what Saikaku stated in his novel (1674, cf. below) regarding the ningyo possessing a cockscomb on its head.
Kasshi yawa
An mid-18th century account of a ningyo sighting was recorded by samurai daimyo essayist Matsura Seizan, in his Kasshi yawa. It occurred early part of the Enkyō era (1744–1748), and his named sources were his own uncle Hongaku-in (本学院, Matsura Kunishi) and aunt Kōshō-in (光照院). On their journey by sea from Hirado Domain en route to Edo, they encountered a ningyo around the Genkai Sea, in an area where no ama (female diving fishermen) could be expected to operate. It surfaced more than 10 ken (≈20 meters) ahead of the vessel, and at first, its lower half could not be seen, but its "guise was woman-like, with pale bluish hue, and light red hair which was long"; then it smiled and dove down, at which point the fish-like tail-end made its appearance, allowing the witnesses to determine it was a ningyo.
Nagasaki bunkenroku
Though written much later, a work by Hirakawa Kai (廣川獬) called Nagasaki bunkenroku/kenbunroku (長崎聞見録/見聞録, "Records of Things Heard and Seen in Nagasaki", pub. Kansei12/1800), reports side-by-side on both a kaijin "mer-human" and a kaijo ("mer-woman", glossed as being a ningyo). The text for the kaijo aka ningyo reads "Above the body's midsection it is a sort of female human, and below midsection a type of fish. The ningyo bones are remarkable medicine with the effect of stemming the flow of anal blood. The Europeans call it ペイシムトル[ト] (peishimutoru[to]), and the Dutch sometimes carry it around".。
Tsugaru domain
The ningyo was reported captured in the Tsugaru Domain in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the latter case (given various years during the Hōreki era), ink drawings of the creature have been preserved, and is shown as wearing an apron-like kesa of Buddhist priests. Its capture was embellished into a tall tale, by way of linking it with the incident of an apprentice priest who was lost at sea a century before (explained further below).
The earlier record is that in Genroku 1/1688, a ningyo was captured at Nouchi-no-ura., according to the Tsugaru ittōshi (津軽一統志)Then in Hōreki 9 (1759), on the 3rd month at the port of Ishizaki village, a fish of "this shape" (i.e., as depicted in the fig. right) was reported caught, according to the Tsugaru nikki (津軽日記, 'Tsugaru diary') or Tsugaru ke henran nikki (津軽家編覧日記) (excerpted in the Tsugaru han kyūki denrui (津軽藩旧記伝類)?). About a hundred years before the capture, when a certain apprentice monk from Tōkō-ji (藤光寺) temple in Tsugaru was faring across the sea towards Matsumae Domain, and fell off the boat. This incident was connected to the fish catch, and when questioned the storytellers confessed they enlarged (embellished) the tall tale. A similar account with illustration is found in the Mitsuhashi nikki (三橋日記, 'Mitsuhashi diary') in the entry for Hōreki 7 (1757), later part of the 3rd month, and the creature drawn is observed to be wearing a wagesa or "ring surplice", and the text describes it as an "Light-black strange formed fish (薄黒い異形の魚)" The Hirayama nikki (平山日記, 'Hirayama diary') is yet another source, stating that in Hōreki 8, "a human-faced fish (人面魚, jinmengyo) appeared in the sea of Ishizaki village, and all manners of people went to spectate".
Etchū Province ningyo, aka Kairai
The aforementioned woodblock print from Bunka 2 (1805), entitled "Ningyo no zu. Ichimei, Kairai (人魚図。一名海雷)" publicized the appearance of a ningyo also called Kairai (海雷, "sea lightning"). It happened on the 5th month of the year, in Yokata-ura, in what is now Toyama Bay.This ningyo was a creature with head of a long-haired young woman's, a pair of golden horns, a red belly, three eyes on each side of its torso, and a carp-like tail end, according the text of the flier. This mermaid purportedly measured 3 jō 5 shaku or 10.6 metres (35 ft).While the printed illustration only shows one side of the ningyo, the text itself confirms it had 3 eyes on each side of the body. The feature of eyes on the torso is shared by the prediction beast kudan, also known to have appeared in Etchū Province, and the hakutaku (or baize, of Chinese origin), as scholars have pointed out.The flier reports that the people grew frightened, and destroyed it with 450 rifles. Yet the flier also states that "A person who views this fish once will enjoy great longevity, avoid bad turns of events and disasters, and gain luck and virtue".
Male ningyo
There is a picture entitled "Honrable picture of male human-fish" (男人魚, onga toko ningyo) survives which was copied by the young lord of Hirosaki Domain, to be shown to his mother, wishing to impart longevity upon her. Thus this is another example of ningyo localized in the area of the Hirosaki aka Tsugaru Domain.
There is also a "Picture of ningyo that crossed to here from Holland" (阿蘭陀渡り人魚の図, Oranda watari ningyo no zu) printed on kawaraban newspaper, with the facial features of an old man. The newspaper described the creature as having "hair that was redhaired, hand like a monkey with webbings, and shaped like a snake," and purported that eating its flesh imparts longevity of 100 years, and even looking at it had the effect of warding sickness and extending lifespan.
Edo popular fiction
Saikaku
The ningyo according to Saikaku's reckoning was first washed ashore during Emperor Go-Fukakusa's first era year (1247), and he claims it was remembered as having "a scarlet cockscomb on its head, and a face of a beautiful woman. Four limbs like they were wrought out of jewels, golden-gleaming scales, the flesh most fragrant, and serene voice like the skylark-whistle" according to Ihara Saikaku's Budō denraiki ("Exemplary Tales of the Way of the Warrior", 1674), which features a ningyo as noted above.The text describes the ningyo as being equipped with four limbs but the illustration draws a mermaid without legs, and having a tail-fin instead; she also is drawn without any cockscomb-like appendage on the head. Another discrepancy is that the samurai named Kinnai had shot the ningyo with a bow (half-bow) according to the text, but the weapon has been swapped with a firearm in the illustration.
Hakoiri musume
Santō Kyōden's Hakoiri musume menya ningyō (箱入娘面屋人魚, , "Daughter in a Box: Shopfront Mermaid", 1791). is also well known as a work during the Tokugawa era which dealt with the ningyo mermaid topic.It is an example of work in the genre of kibyōshi or "yellow jacket", and a humorous, satirical piece, whose cast of characters include Urashima Tarō, who has an affair with a carp mistress producing a mermaid daughter in the process. The abandoned mermaid is netted by a fisherman named Heiji. To make ends meet she engages in miuri, i.e., selling herself into prostitution, but her fish-bodied oiran repulses customers. After discovering that licking a mermaid imparts longevity, Heiji opens a mermaid-licking shoppe, gains great wealth, and decides to marry her. She grows out of her outer skin, metamorphosing into a full-fledged woman with both arms and legs. Heiji sells the mermaid's skin slough (nukegara) for profit.
Two archetypes
In the mid-Edo period, illustrations of the ningyo consisted of two broad types, as exemplified in illustrated fictional tales.Where she is depicted as half-human with a pair of arms/hands, examples are readily given from works of fiction writers.One example is the Tatsu no miyako namagusa hachi no ki (竜宮羶鉢木, "The Flowerpot in the Sea-Queen's Palace", 1793), co-authored by Santō Kyōden and Takizawa Bakin and illustrated by Kitao Shigemasa.Another is the depiction of a ningyo in the famous work by Bakin, the Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1814–42), though this work does not centrally revolve around denizens of the sea.
The other type consists of examples where she is depicted as human-headed and armless, as in the case of Kyōden's Hakoiri musume just described (cf. fig., top of page), or the Etchū Province example above.
Chinese lingyu and chiru
The dual visual representation has been attributed to the Japanese familiarity with Chinese sources that depict both types, specifically, a human-armed type of mermaid called the ryōgyo (鯪魚, pinyin: lingyu, "hill-fish") and an armless (finned) type of mermaid called the sekiju (赤鱬, pinyin: chiru, "red ru fish").However this formulation for explaining Chinese origin does not quite succeed, since, as its proponent points out, the Chinese lingyu is actually four-legged, as is the renyu (人魚, "human fish") aka tiyu (䱱魚; Japanese:teigyo) and it was the Japanese Wakan sansai zue ("Illustrated Sino-Japanese [Encyclopedia] of the Three Realms", 1712) which for some reason altered the image of the ningyo/renyu 人魚 (aka ryōgyo/lingyu 鯪魚) into a two-armed but legless mermaid.A different commentator also regards the pictorialization of the ningyo in Wakan sansai zue to be an "addition.. with an illustration.. much like the Western idea of a mermaid".
Chinese vs. Western sources
As to the knowledge people held about the ningyo during the Edo Period, the influence of Classical Chinese literature is palpable. Even Kyōden's Hakoiri musume reveals the writer's literacy, as the work discusses the distinction between the teigyo (Chinese: tiyu) and the geigyo (Chinese:niyu, 鯢魚).
Japanese scholars writing on the ningyo drew much from Chinese sources, for example, the Bencao Gangmu (1596), the compendium of Chinese materia medica, which was introduced into Japan in 1607, and was frequently quoted on the subject of the mermaid. Thus Kaibara Ekiken (1709) cited it, and distinguishes the teigyo ("ningyo" in small print) from the geigyo ("salamander").
Ningyo in Wakan sansai zue
The influential Wakan sansai zue was modeled after the Three Realms encyclopedia (Sancai Tuhui, 1609) of China, and also drew from such Chinese material on the topic of ningyo. But as already noted the image of the ningyo was not faithful to Chinese sources. The work also equates the ningyo with the ryōgyo (鯪魚) (Chinese: 鯪魚/陵魚, but this synonymy is based on the gloss in the Japanese lexicon Wamyō Ruijushō, not Chinese sources.
Peixe muller or heiushimureru
Since the Wakan sansai zue also describes the medical use of peixe muller (Japanese transliteration: heishmure[ru], "woman fish") according to the Dutch, it was using information derived ultimately from a European. However, its claim that the woman-fish bones works as a detoxicant differs from known accounts, and stymies identification of any possible source.A number of other Japanese scholarship on the ningyo also discussed the supposed siren-mermaid bones being trafficked by the Europeans as heishimureru (Spanish/Portuguese: peixe mulher; Galician: peixe muller, 'woman fish') One identifiable source was the Flemish Jesuit Verbiest aka Nan Huairen (mid-17c.) who wrote in Chinese, cited Ono Ranzan (1803), and possibly even used earlier by Kaibara Ekiken (1709), to describe the effects of the peixe muller medicine.
Ōtsuki Gentaku
In the interim, many other European works referring to the siren-mermaid were introduced to the Japanese literati: Johannes Jonston (Latin 1657, Dutch tr. 1660), Ambrose Paré (Œuvres, 1575; Dutch tr. 1593), and François Valentyn (1724–26, in Dutch), thanks to the efforts of Ōtsuki Gentaku's Rokumotsu shinshi (六物新志, 'New Treatise on Six Things', 1786), who gave translated digests from these works, accompanied by reproductions of siren-mermaid illustrations. And this endeavor was instrumental in forging the image/iconography of the ningyo during the era that was influenced by the European siren-mermaid.
Mummies or Feejee mermaids
Specimens of taxidermically crafted ningyo have been observed and illustrated during the Edo Period, including the painting in ''Baien gyofu (cf. below) and the sketch by natural historian Matsumori Taneyasu dated Ansei 3/1856.
Baien gyofu
Mōri Baien's Baien gyofu (梅園魚譜, 'Baien's catalog of fishes', Bunsei 8/1825) contains a full-color hand-painted illustrations of a ningyo in frontal and side views. This has been determined to represent a so-called "stuffed" ningyo crafted by joining the tail-end of a fish, also called a Feejee mermaid in the West.
In popular culture
Fishmen (魚人, Gyojin), often incorrectly referred to as Mermen, are a race who appear throughout the entire anime/manga series of One Piece on a regular basis. They look like humans with fish features and are obviously inspired by the ningyo. Fishman is written like ningyo but with the characters switched (人魚, Ningyo -> 魚人, Gyojin). Merfolk (人魚, Ningyo) appear in the series too. These are more peaceful of nature than the Fishmen and, like the mermaids and mermen of folklore, their upper half is that of a human while the lower half is that of a fish, though male Merfolk are somewhat uncommon.
The manga/anime series Mermaid Saga by Rumiko Takahashi is based on the Yao Bikuni myth, in which the main characters become immortal by consuming the flesh of a mermaid.
There is a fake "ningyo" in the National Museum of Ethnology.
The character Serilly from the Puyo Puyo series of games is a lonely ningyo who desires to make friends, but is often paranoid that everyone who approaches her wants to eat her.
In Okinawa, people have believed that eating ningyo would be unlucky. They also do not eat dugong.
The character "Ponyo" in the film of the same name is a ningyo or "human-faced fish".
The primary antagonist of the video game Siren is based on the character Yao Bikuni, and the background of the story is loosely based on the Yao Bikuni legend.
The 2010 Super Sentai series, Tensou Sentai Goseiger featured the antagonistic cryptid-themed monster group Yuumajuu. One of their members is Jogon of the Ningyo, who has the secondary theme of silverfish.
The CCG and roleplaying game Legend of the Five Rings has ningyo characters as members of the Mantis Clan.
The video game Mermaid Swamp is based on the myth of Yao Bikuni and the ningyo myth.
A host of ningyo characters feature prominently in the manga and anime series Namiuchigiwa no Muromi-san.
In Yo-kai Watch, Ningyo appears where its English dub name is Mermaidyn. She is depicted as a mermaid who is constantly caught on the hook of Nate Adams' fishing pole much to his annoyance. Yao Bikuni also appears as Mermadonna, who is Mermaidyn's evolved form.
Bikuni appears in the anime Konohana Kitan as a secondary character.
The film Lu Over the Wall revolves around an idiosyncratic interpretation of ningyo in which they can manipulate water and turn humans into immortal ningyo by biting them.
Yaobikuni is a playable character in the mobile RPG Onmyōji.
Yaobikuni is a character in the manga series Blade of the Immortal.
Mermaid, a short film by Osamu Tezuka released on September 21, 1964. In a fictional place where using the imagination is banned, a boy saves a fish, which surprises everyone by turning into a mermaid and playing with him. The boy is arrested for imagining this "nonsense", and is robbed of his imagination as punishment. However, he regains this ability and turns himself into a mermaid, so they happily leave forever that totalitarian society to live their eternal love alone in the deep abyss.
In episode 15 of Vampire Princess Miyu, the action presents a ningyo and a Yao Bikuni as well, where the protagonist (a Vampire) kills the ningyo which is discovered to be a Shinma. The protagonist ignores Yao Bikuni's plea to make her live eternal happy dreams until the end of her life and instead lets her live the next 100 years to experience human suffering.
In the PC game Return of the Obra Dinn, three Ningyos are captured and held captive by the crew of the ship, causing spider crabs (another Japanese game culture reference) and a giant kraken to attack in retaliation, resulting in the death of several crew members.
In the PC game Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, there are 3 Ningyos: one dead at the bottom of the fountainhead palace lake, one alive in the fountainhead palace lake and the Dragon is officially titled in the native Japanese version 'Ningyo Dragon'. There is also an incarnation of Yao Bikuni who is the True/Corrupted Monk whose official title in the native Japanese version of the game is 'Princess Yao'. The game writers directly drew the connection via demonstrating that a parasitic bug that existed in the Ningyo was the reason for the immortality, and this parasite is the cause of the True/Corrupted Monks immortality as well as a significant amount of others in the game.
In the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, the character Sessyoin Kiara obtains a mermaid-like appearance and powers after having eaten Yao Bikuni.
See also
Amabie
Fiji mermaid
Jenny Haniver
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
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subclass of
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Ningyo (人魚, "human fish") as the name suggests, is a creature with both human and fish-like features, described in various pieces of Japanese literature.
Though often translated as "mermaid", the term is technically not gender-specific and may include the "mermen". The literal translation "human-fish" has also been applied.
Overview
The earliest records of the ningyo attested in written Japanese sources are freshwater beings allegedly captured in the 7th century (§Asuka period), documented later in the Nihon Shoki. But subsequent examples are usually seawater beings.In later medieval times (§Kamakura and Muromachi periods)), it was held to be a sign of ill omen, and its beaching (§Omens in Michinoku) was blamed for subsequent bloody battles or calamity.
The notion that eating its flesh imparts longevity is attached to the legend of the Yao Bikuni ('eight hundred [year old] Buddhist priestess', cf. §Yao Bikuni)
During the Edo period, the ningyo was made the subject of burlesque gesaku novels (cf. §Saikaku, 1687 and Santō Kyōden's §Hakoiri musume, 1791). There were also preserved ningyo being manufactured using fish parts (§Mummies or Feejee mermaids), and illustrated by some scholars of the period (e.g. §Baien gyofu); some such mummies are held by certain temples that have ningyo legend attached to them (cf. §Prince Shōtoku).
The description of the ningyo as having a red cockscomb (§Shokoku rijindan, and Saikaku) or light red hair (§Kasshi yawa) corroborates the hypothesis that oarfish sightings led to ningyo lore.One giant ningyo was allegedly shot in 1805, even though it was held to be lucky, according to the news circulated in kawaraban pamphlet form (§Kairai)
Terminology
The Japanese ningyo (人魚, literally "human-fish") has been glossed in a noted dictionary (Kojien) as a "fabulous creature" which is "half woman, half fish", later revised to "half human (usually woman) and half fish". Hence the term ningyo includes not just the mermaid but the merman also.
Accordingly, the ningyo is sometimes referred to by the verbatim translation "human-fish" in English-language scholarship, thus allowing for the gender ambiguity.
The term ningyo was not explicitly used in the earliest accounts (cf. §Asuka period, year 619) recorded in the Nihon shoki (720 AD). A later embellished account in
Shōtoku Taishi Denryaku involving Prince Shōtoku claims that the Prince Regent knew the term ningyo, though this is regarded with skepticism. The term ningyo was likely absent from any of the primary sources used in compiling the Shoki, and nonexistent in the Japanese vocabulary during the Prince's time.The term ningyo was also absent in medieval sources describing the Kamakura Period strandings in northern Japan §Omens in Michinoku) considered ominous. For example, a "large fish" washed ashore in the Hōji 1 (1247) according to 13th and 14th century texts. But these were called ningyo in a 17th-century recompilation.
Zoological hypotheses
The earliest examples (cf. §Asuka period) were caught in fresh waters, and it has been hypothesized they must have actually been giant salamanders.Another prominent theory is that the misidentification of the dugong led to mermaid lore, but detractors pointed out that the dugong's range reaches only as far north as Okinawa (formerly the Kingdom of Ryūkyū), and so was not likely to have been seen during premodern times in various locations in Japan where mermaid legend (priestess who ate the mermaid) is known to occur. However, this argument is flawed, since there were other sea mammals of the Sirenia order, namely Steller's sea cows which were native to the Bering Sea, and could have plausibly wandered into northern Japanese seas. Other sea mammals such as seals and dolphins are also candidates to have been mistaken for human-fish.An inscribed wooden slat (mokkan) containing drawings of ningyo (13th century) suggest the actual animal captured may have been a pinniped, such as a seal (cf. §Ritual offering tablet).
The ichthyologist's hypothesis that the ningyo legend originated from sightings of the red-crested oarfish is bolstered by the lore or reports that the ningyo has red cockscomb (§Shokoku rijindan) or light red hair (§Kasshi yawa). This cockscomb also is mentioned in the novel by §Saikaku.
Iconography
Despite the ningyo being defined as half-woman, half-fish in some modern dictionaries, the ningyo has been also depicted as having a human female head resting on a fish-like body, as in the well known Japanese woodblock print kawaraban pamphlet example (shown right, q.v. §Kairai).The ningyo reportedly caught in the 7th century became associated with then Prince Regent Shōtōku, and the creature has been depicted as a gift presented to him in picture scrolls entitled Shōtōku Taishi eden, the oldest surviving copy of this (1069) being the earliest piece of ningyo art in Japan. There are multiple copies of the scrolls in existence. Also, much later in the 19th century. An example is the ningyo represented as a composite of the goddess Kannon and a fish (cf. §Prince Shōtoku and fig.).
The ningyo was human-headed in the 11th century anecdote involving the head of the Taira clan (cf. §Presented to Tadamori), The stranded ningyo had "four limbs" like a human or had hands and feet but was scaly and fish-headed. which were reported in Northern Japan in the 12th and 13th centuries and interpreted as omens (cf. §Omens in Michinoku) There has also been unearthed a wooden tablet with an illustration of such an ill-omened ningyo date to this period (c. 1286) (cf. )
But during the Edo period, illustrations of ningyo were varied, and in popular literature for entertainment (such as the kibyōshi genre), both human-headed fish type (armless) and half-human type with arms were illustrated (cf. §Two archetypes). One theory is that the two types derive from Classical Chinese literature, in particular the limbed lingyu ("hill-fish") and the limbless chiru ("red ru fish") passed down from the ancient Shan hai jing ("Classic of Mountains and Seas") (cf. § Chinese lingyu and chiru).
Chinese literature
However, this explanation is compromised by the fact that the Chinese "hill-fish" is considered four-limbed, and illustrated as such, whereas it was actually the Japanese work Wakan sansai zue (1712) which transformed the image of the Chinese "hill-fish" to that of a two-armed legless one (cf. fig. right), while equating it with the Japanese ningyo. And this illustration has struck commentators as closely resembling the Western mermaid. (cf. § Ningyo in Wakan sansai zue) The Wakan sansai zue did also give notice and print the facsimile illustration of the merfolk pronounced Teijin in Japanese (Diren or Di peoplein Chinese) mentioned in the classic Shan hai jing, which were indeed illustrated as two-armed merfolk in Chinese sources.Also, what the yōkai wood-block print illustrator Toriyama Sekien drew (1781, fig. left) was not a Japanese ningyo but one dwelling in the far reaches of China west of a World tree (kenboku; pinyin: jianmu 建木). The caption adds that such ningyo was also known as the people of the Di Nation.
Siren-mermaids recorded by Europeans
The Japanese Shogunate had acquired a copy of Johannes Jonston's Natural History in Dutch (1660) already by 1663, containing illustrations of the Western siren-mermaid. But it is not clear whether such "Dutch" (Rangaku, Western learning) images got widely disseminated in Japan before Ōtsuki Gentaku's Rokumotsu shinshi (六物新志, 'New Treatise on Six Things', 1786), which digested this and other works on the topic of mermaid, with reproduced illustrations.By the late Edo Period (mid to late 19th century), the visual iconography of the ningyo came gradually to match the half-human half-fish of the European mermaid.
Yao Bikuni
One of the most famous folk stories involving ningyo (or rather the flesh of the human-fish), purports that a girl who ate it acquired everlasting youth and longevity, and became the nun Yao Bikuni (八百比丘尼, "eight-hundred (years) Buddhist priestess") also read Happyaku Bikuni, living to the age of 800 years.
Summary
In the typical version the girl who ate the ningyo was from Obama, Wakasa Province, and as a nun dwelled in a iori grass hut on the mountain at Kūin-ji temple in the region. She traveled all over Japan in her life, but then she resolves to end her life in her home country, and sealed herself in a cave where she dwelled or has herself buried alive on the mountain at the temple, and requests a camellia tree be planted at the site as indicator of whether she still remains alive.In a version passed down at Obama, Wakasa, the sixteen-year-old girl eats the ningyo inadvertently, after her father receives the prepared dish as a guest, so that the family is not implicated in knowingly eating the ningyo or butchering it. The Kūin-ji temple history claims the father to have been a rich man named Takahashi, descended from the founder of the province, and when the daughter turned 16, the dragon king appeared in the guise of a white-bearded man and gave her the flesh as a gift. But there are versions known all over Japan, and the father is often identified as a fisherman. A fisherman reeled in the ningyo but discarded it due to its strangeness, but the young daughter had picked it up and eaten it, according to one telling.
Time period
The oldest written sources of the legend date from the 15th century, and one of these sources relate that the Shira Bikuni (白比丘尼, "white nun") appeared in Kyoto in the middle of that century (year 1449) at age 800.Assuming age 800 in keeping with her commonly used name, her birth can be back dated to around the mid-7th century, during the Asuka Period.Folklorist Morihiko Fujisawa's chronology makes her a survivor from an even older age. He dated Yao Bikuni eating ningyo flesh in the year 480 AD during the Kofun Period (Tumulus Period). However, no written source for this could be evinced, according to a recent researcher, and an oral tradition is presumed.
Asuka period
In the 27th year of Empress Suiko (619, man-like fish were supposedly netted twice: on Gamō River (蒲生河) in Ōmi Province during the 4th month, and in Horie, Settsu Province (Horie River, an artificial canal no longer extant), according to the Nihon shoki.They were freshwater creatures, and the description of it being "childlike" suggested its true identity to be the Japanese giant salamander according to Minakata Kumagusu.
Prince Shōtoku
Crown Prince Shōtoku at age 48 was allegedly was presented with a ningyo from Settsu Province, but he abhorred the unlucky gift and ordered it to be discarded immediately. This account occurs in a picture scroll called Shōtoku Taishi eden. There were some 40 copies of this made, of which the copy held by Hōryū-ji temple, dated to 1069 is the oldest known pictorial depiction of the Japanese ningyo.While Shoki never used the term ningyo explicitly, Prince Shōtoku had been involved in the Gamō River incident and knew to use the term, according to the prince's abridged history or Denryaku. Shōtoku also knew the ningyo to bring forth disaster according to the Denryaku, and an annotation provides that it was customary for fishermen at the time to release a ningyo if ever caught in the net. When the prince was alarmed by the ill omen of a ningyo appearing in Ōmi Province, he had a statue of the Kannon goddess placed in the vicinity, according to document preserved at Ganjō-ji temple.According to the engi or foundation myth of Kannonshō-ji, Prince Shōtoku met a ningyo in a pool near Lake Biwa who confessed to have been reborn in its shape due to poor deeds in past life, and the prince performed service to provide it salvation by building a temple to house a Kannon goddess statue, which was the origins of this temple.
Late Nara period
After the Asuka Period, the two oldest appearances of the ningyo are dated to the mid- to late Nara Period, and these were situated by the sea.An ningyo beached on Yasui-no-ura in Izumo Province (a bay in present-day Yasugi, Shimane) in the Tenpyō-shōhō 8 or the year 756 AD, and later, another one appeared in Susu-no-misaki in Noto Province (a peninsula in present-day Suzu, Ishikawa) in the year Hōki 9/778. These reports are preserved in a Kagenki (嘉元記, Jōji 2/1363), an old document concerning Hōryū-ji, the temple closely associated with Prince Shōtoku.
Heian period
Presented to Tadamori
(Ise Province. c. 1140s. In Kokon Chomonjū)An anecdote of three presumed "ningyo" caught in a net in Beppo (別保) in Ise Province, is found in the Kokon Chomonjū ("Collection of Tales Heard, Present and Past", 1254) from the mid-Kamakura Period.The event dates a century earlier than the anthology: when Taira no Tadamori (d. 1153; father of Kiyomori) had moved his residence to this place, populated by "bayside villagers" (fishermen).The big fish had human-like heads (but also sets of fine teeth like fish, and a protruding mouths like a monkey's), with fish-like bodies. When hauled to land and carried (by pairs of fishermen) with the tails dragging, the creatures screamed in high-pitched voice and shed tears like a human. The tale concludes with the presumption that creatures must have been ningyo (human-fish). The three ningyo were presented to Tadamori, but one was returned to the bay's villagers (fishermen), who carved it up and ate it. It was exquisitely delicious, and no special effects came of it.
Kamakura and Muromachi periods
Omens in Michinoku
(Mutsu and Dewa Provinces . Hōjō kudai ki, Azuma kagami, etc.)There had been frequent beachings of ningyo in Mutsu or Dewa Province (Michinoku region) according to the Hōjō godai ki (printed 1641),, and each sighting is treated as an omen, associated with some armed conflict or ill fortune which struck afterwards:
Bunji 5 (1189) summer. Beaching at Soto-no-hama (in Mutsu). Presaging extermination of Fujiwara no Hidehira's sons
Kennin 3 (1203), 4th month. Tsugaru-no-ura. Minamoto no Sanetomo harmed by evil zen priest.
Kenpo 1 (1213). Akita-no-ura, Dewa. Same year, Wada Conflict.
Hōji 1 (1247). 11th day of 3rd month. A fish-headed but human cadaver like fish. Tsugaru-no-ura. Same year, Miura no Yasumura's uprising (i.e., the Hōji Conflict) ）Actually all these cases, culminating in the Hōji 1 event, were recorded in much older Azuma kagami (chronicle up to year 1266) and the Hōjō kudai ki (aka Kamakura nendai ki, 1331) except that the creature is not called a "ningyo" but rather a "large fish" (which was human cadaver-like with "four limbs"), or a creature "having hands and feet, covered in overlapping scales, and a head no different than a fish's". And these near-contemporary sources also interpret the ningyo ("big fish") appearances as presaging major warfare occurring within that year.In Hōji 1, on the very same day (11th of 3rd month) when "big fish" was beached up north in Tsugaru, Michinoku (or perhaps the day preceding) the ocean by the Yuigahama (beach) was bright scarlet, and reported to have changed to blood. Yuigahama was the location of bloodshed on a number of occasion. The reason it may have indeed turned scarlet was possibly due to a red tide occurrence.)
The Hōji 1 event was discussed in one late source, called the Honchō nendaiki (本朝年代記) (published Jōkyō1/1684), but this miscopies the day to the "20th of the 3rd month", which makes it the probably direct source of Ihara Saikaku's fictional piece in which a ningyo appears.There are two later sightings in the 14th century recorded in the aforementioned Kagenki. The second sighting occurred after the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate, and belongs in the Muromachi Period.
Enkyō 3 (1310), 11th of 4th month. In Obama-no-tsu Obama Bay in Wakasa Province. It was considered "auspicious" (目出度（めでた）かり, medetakari) to the land, and was named Shinsen (真仙, 'True Immortal').
Enbun2 (1357), 3rd of rabbit(2nd/4th) month.. Appeared in Futami-ura, Ise Province. It seemed to bestow "longevity" (長久なるべし, chōkyū naru beshi), and was named Enmeiju (延命寿, 'Life-extended Lifespan').Although these two cases appear to be auspicious omens, Fujisawa insists these examples do not corroborate the notion that the ningyō itself was seen as an auspicious object, since the attributions of good luck were consigned here via association with the Yao-bikuni's longevity or the sacredness of Futami-ura bay.There is subsequently a gap, and the next record listed occurred in the warring period (Sengoku period) part of the Muromachi Period:
Tenbun19 (1550), 21st of 4th month. A ningyo was caught in the sea off Ōno-no-kōri (ancient district), Bungo Province (current-day Ōita Prefecture). It was presented to the shogun's household. It cried like a deer, and died after 10 days.A description of deer-like voice is unusual, since the ningyo is typically said to sound like a human child or infant.The archeological find in Akita (cf. §Ritual offering tablet) from the same era as listed above also can be counted as another example of the Michinoku region. There are also later anecdotes in the Tsugaru Province occurring in the Edo Period, but these will be discussed below under (§Tsugaru domain).
Ritual offering tablet
A drawings of a ningyo was found on a piece of wooden tablet excavated in the Suzaki archaeological site at Ikawa, Akita. It was discovered at the remains of a well, The tablet measures 80.6 cm×14.5 cm×0.5 cm), and dated to some time close to 1286.The ningyo is human-headed and fish-bodied, except it has two arms and two legs alongside a finned tail. Except for the face its entirety is covered with marks which apparently represent scales. The actual animal was probably a seal, or some sort of pinniped, according to the archaeologists' report.The inscriptions have been transcribed as "Ara, tsutanaya, teuchi ni tote sōrō, sowaka (Oh, pity, but let it be killed, sowaka)" and similarly "Oh, pity, bound up like that even though a human, sowaka". Since the beast was considered ill omen, the Buddhist priest (also illustrated on the tablet) probably made offering in the form of prayer, "sowaka" being a Sanskrit word often chanted at the end of the mantra.
Edo period
Certainly by the Edo Period, there developed a gender bias towards the ningyo being mostly female, due to European influence, though there might have Buddhist influence (daughters of the dragon-king of the sea) that may have contributed as well. Still, there have been preserved some illustrated examples of mermen in the Edo Period (§Male ningyo).
Alleged sightings
Shokoku rijindan
A sighting of a ningyo alleged in Wakasa Province in the Hōei (era), probably c. 1705, was recorded by Kikuoka Senryō in Shokoku rijindan ("Stories of Common Folk [from the Provinces]", 1740s). It reportedly had a red cockscomb-like appendage at the collar, which parallels what Saikaku stated in his novel (1674, cf. below) regarding the ningyo possessing a cockscomb on its head.
Kasshi yawa
An mid-18th century account of a ningyo sighting was recorded by samurai daimyo essayist Matsura Seizan, in his Kasshi yawa. It occurred early part of the Enkyō era (1744–1748), and his named sources were his own uncle Hongaku-in (本学院, Matsura Kunishi) and aunt Kōshō-in (光照院). On their journey by sea from Hirado Domain en route to Edo, they encountered a ningyo around the Genkai Sea, in an area where no ama (female diving fishermen) could be expected to operate. It surfaced more than 10 ken (≈20 meters) ahead of the vessel, and at first, its lower half could not be seen, but its "guise was woman-like, with pale bluish hue, and light red hair which was long"; then it smiled and dove down, at which point the fish-like tail-end made its appearance, allowing the witnesses to determine it was a ningyo.
Nagasaki bunkenroku
Though written much later, a work by Hirakawa Kai (廣川獬) called Nagasaki bunkenroku/kenbunroku (長崎聞見録/見聞録, "Records of Things Heard and Seen in Nagasaki", pub. Kansei12/1800), reports side-by-side on both a kaijin "mer-human" and a kaijo ("mer-woman", glossed as being a ningyo). The text for the kaijo aka ningyo reads "Above the body's midsection it is a sort of female human, and below midsection a type of fish. The ningyo bones are remarkable medicine with the effect of stemming the flow of anal blood. The Europeans call it ペイシムトル[ト] (peishimutoru[to]), and the Dutch sometimes carry it around".。
Tsugaru domain
The ningyo was reported captured in the Tsugaru Domain in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the latter case (given various years during the Hōreki era), ink drawings of the creature have been preserved, and is shown as wearing an apron-like kesa of Buddhist priests. Its capture was embellished into a tall tale, by way of linking it with the incident of an apprentice priest who was lost at sea a century before (explained further below).
The earlier record is that in Genroku 1/1688, a ningyo was captured at Nouchi-no-ura., according to the Tsugaru ittōshi (津軽一統志)Then in Hōreki 9 (1759), on the 3rd month at the port of Ishizaki village, a fish of "this shape" (i.e., as depicted in the fig. right) was reported caught, according to the Tsugaru nikki (津軽日記, 'Tsugaru diary') or Tsugaru ke henran nikki (津軽家編覧日記) (excerpted in the Tsugaru han kyūki denrui (津軽藩旧記伝類)?). About a hundred years before the capture, when a certain apprentice monk from Tōkō-ji (藤光寺) temple in Tsugaru was faring across the sea towards Matsumae Domain, and fell off the boat. This incident was connected to the fish catch, and when questioned the storytellers confessed they enlarged (embellished) the tall tale. A similar account with illustration is found in the Mitsuhashi nikki (三橋日記, 'Mitsuhashi diary') in the entry for Hōreki 7 (1757), later part of the 3rd month, and the creature drawn is observed to be wearing a wagesa or "ring surplice", and the text describes it as an "Light-black strange formed fish (薄黒い異形の魚)" The Hirayama nikki (平山日記, 'Hirayama diary') is yet another source, stating that in Hōreki 8, "a human-faced fish (人面魚, jinmengyo) appeared in the sea of Ishizaki village, and all manners of people went to spectate".
Etchū Province ningyo, aka Kairai
The aforementioned woodblock print from Bunka 2 (1805), entitled "Ningyo no zu. Ichimei, Kairai (人魚図。一名海雷)" publicized the appearance of a ningyo also called Kairai (海雷, "sea lightning"). It happened on the 5th month of the year, in Yokata-ura, in what is now Toyama Bay.This ningyo was a creature with head of a long-haired young woman's, a pair of golden horns, a red belly, three eyes on each side of its torso, and a carp-like tail end, according the text of the flier. This mermaid purportedly measured 3 jō 5 shaku or 10.6 metres (35 ft).While the printed illustration only shows one side of the ningyo, the text itself confirms it had 3 eyes on each side of the body. The feature of eyes on the torso is shared by the prediction beast kudan, also known to have appeared in Etchū Province, and the hakutaku (or baize, of Chinese origin), as scholars have pointed out.The flier reports that the people grew frightened, and destroyed it with 450 rifles. Yet the flier also states that "A person who views this fish once will enjoy great longevity, avoid bad turns of events and disasters, and gain luck and virtue".
Male ningyo
There is a picture entitled "Honrable picture of male human-fish" (男人魚, onga toko ningyo) survives which was copied by the young lord of Hirosaki Domain, to be shown to his mother, wishing to impart longevity upon her. Thus this is another example of ningyo localized in the area of the Hirosaki aka Tsugaru Domain.
There is also a "Picture of ningyo that crossed to here from Holland" (阿蘭陀渡り人魚の図, Oranda watari ningyo no zu) printed on kawaraban newspaper, with the facial features of an old man. The newspaper described the creature as having "hair that was redhaired, hand like a monkey with webbings, and shaped like a snake," and purported that eating its flesh imparts longevity of 100 years, and even looking at it had the effect of warding sickness and extending lifespan.
Edo popular fiction
Saikaku
The ningyo according to Saikaku's reckoning was first washed ashore during Emperor Go-Fukakusa's first era year (1247), and he claims it was remembered as having "a scarlet cockscomb on its head, and a face of a beautiful woman. Four limbs like they were wrought out of jewels, golden-gleaming scales, the flesh most fragrant, and serene voice like the skylark-whistle" according to Ihara Saikaku's Budō denraiki ("Exemplary Tales of the Way of the Warrior", 1674), which features a ningyo as noted above.The text describes the ningyo as being equipped with four limbs but the illustration draws a mermaid without legs, and having a tail-fin instead; she also is drawn without any cockscomb-like appendage on the head. Another discrepancy is that the samurai named Kinnai had shot the ningyo with a bow (half-bow) according to the text, but the weapon has been swapped with a firearm in the illustration.
Hakoiri musume
Santō Kyōden's Hakoiri musume menya ningyō (箱入娘面屋人魚, , "Daughter in a Box: Shopfront Mermaid", 1791). is also well known as a work during the Tokugawa era which dealt with the ningyo mermaid topic.It is an example of work in the genre of kibyōshi or "yellow jacket", and a humorous, satirical piece, whose cast of characters include Urashima Tarō, who has an affair with a carp mistress producing a mermaid daughter in the process. The abandoned mermaid is netted by a fisherman named Heiji. To make ends meet she engages in miuri, i.e., selling herself into prostitution, but her fish-bodied oiran repulses customers. After discovering that licking a mermaid imparts longevity, Heiji opens a mermaid-licking shoppe, gains great wealth, and decides to marry her. She grows out of her outer skin, metamorphosing into a full-fledged woman with both arms and legs. Heiji sells the mermaid's skin slough (nukegara) for profit.
Two archetypes
In the mid-Edo period, illustrations of the ningyo consisted of two broad types, as exemplified in illustrated fictional tales.Where she is depicted as half-human with a pair of arms/hands, examples are readily given from works of fiction writers.One example is the Tatsu no miyako namagusa hachi no ki (竜宮羶鉢木, "The Flowerpot in the Sea-Queen's Palace", 1793), co-authored by Santō Kyōden and Takizawa Bakin and illustrated by Kitao Shigemasa.Another is the depiction of a ningyo in the famous work by Bakin, the Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1814–42), though this work does not centrally revolve around denizens of the sea.
The other type consists of examples where she is depicted as human-headed and armless, as in the case of Kyōden's Hakoiri musume just described (cf. fig., top of page), or the Etchū Province example above.
Chinese lingyu and chiru
The dual visual representation has been attributed to the Japanese familiarity with Chinese sources that depict both types, specifically, a human-armed type of mermaid called the ryōgyo (鯪魚, pinyin: lingyu, "hill-fish") and an armless (finned) type of mermaid called the sekiju (赤鱬, pinyin: chiru, "red ru fish").However this formulation for explaining Chinese origin does not quite succeed, since, as its proponent points out, the Chinese lingyu is actually four-legged, as is the renyu (人魚, "human fish") aka tiyu (䱱魚; Japanese:teigyo) and it was the Japanese Wakan sansai zue ("Illustrated Sino-Japanese [Encyclopedia] of the Three Realms", 1712) which for some reason altered the image of the ningyo/renyu 人魚 (aka ryōgyo/lingyu 鯪魚) into a two-armed but legless mermaid.A different commentator also regards the pictorialization of the ningyo in Wakan sansai zue to be an "addition.. with an illustration.. much like the Western idea of a mermaid".
Chinese vs. Western sources
As to the knowledge people held about the ningyo during the Edo Period, the influence of Classical Chinese literature is palpable. Even Kyōden's Hakoiri musume reveals the writer's literacy, as the work discusses the distinction between the teigyo (Chinese: tiyu) and the geigyo (Chinese:niyu, 鯢魚).
Japanese scholars writing on the ningyo drew much from Chinese sources, for example, the Bencao Gangmu (1596), the compendium of Chinese materia medica, which was introduced into Japan in 1607, and was frequently quoted on the subject of the mermaid. Thus Kaibara Ekiken (1709) cited it, and distinguishes the teigyo ("ningyo" in small print) from the geigyo ("salamander").
Ningyo in Wakan sansai zue
The influential Wakan sansai zue was modeled after the Three Realms encyclopedia (Sancai Tuhui, 1609) of China, and also drew from such Chinese material on the topic of ningyo. But as already noted the image of the ningyo was not faithful to Chinese sources. The work also equates the ningyo with the ryōgyo (鯪魚) (Chinese: 鯪魚/陵魚, but this synonymy is based on the gloss in the Japanese lexicon Wamyō Ruijushō, not Chinese sources.
Peixe muller or heiushimureru
Since the Wakan sansai zue also describes the medical use of peixe muller (Japanese transliteration: heishmure[ru], "woman fish") according to the Dutch, it was using information derived ultimately from a European. However, its claim that the woman-fish bones works as a detoxicant differs from known accounts, and stymies identification of any possible source.A number of other Japanese scholarship on the ningyo also discussed the supposed siren-mermaid bones being trafficked by the Europeans as heishimureru (Spanish/Portuguese: peixe mulher; Galician: peixe muller, 'woman fish') One identifiable source was the Flemish Jesuit Verbiest aka Nan Huairen (mid-17c.) who wrote in Chinese, cited Ono Ranzan (1803), and possibly even used earlier by Kaibara Ekiken (1709), to describe the effects of the peixe muller medicine.
Ōtsuki Gentaku
In the interim, many other European works referring to the siren-mermaid were introduced to the Japanese literati: Johannes Jonston (Latin 1657, Dutch tr. 1660), Ambrose Paré (Œuvres, 1575; Dutch tr. 1593), and François Valentyn (1724–26, in Dutch), thanks to the efforts of Ōtsuki Gentaku's Rokumotsu shinshi (六物新志, 'New Treatise on Six Things', 1786), who gave translated digests from these works, accompanied by reproductions of siren-mermaid illustrations. And this endeavor was instrumental in forging the image/iconography of the ningyo during the era that was influenced by the European siren-mermaid.
Mummies or Feejee mermaids
Specimens of taxidermically crafted ningyo have been observed and illustrated during the Edo Period, including the painting in ''Baien gyofu (cf. below) and the sketch by natural historian Matsumori Taneyasu dated Ansei 3/1856.
Baien gyofu
Mōri Baien's Baien gyofu (梅園魚譜, 'Baien's catalog of fishes', Bunsei 8/1825) contains a full-color hand-painted illustrations of a ningyo in frontal and side views. This has been determined to represent a so-called "stuffed" ningyo crafted by joining the tail-end of a fish, also called a Feejee mermaid in the West.
In popular culture
Fishmen (魚人, Gyojin), often incorrectly referred to as Mermen, are a race who appear throughout the entire anime/manga series of One Piece on a regular basis. They look like humans with fish features and are obviously inspired by the ningyo. Fishman is written like ningyo but with the characters switched (人魚, Ningyo -> 魚人, Gyojin). Merfolk (人魚, Ningyo) appear in the series too. These are more peaceful of nature than the Fishmen and, like the mermaids and mermen of folklore, their upper half is that of a human while the lower half is that of a fish, though male Merfolk are somewhat uncommon.
The manga/anime series Mermaid Saga by Rumiko Takahashi is based on the Yao Bikuni myth, in which the main characters become immortal by consuming the flesh of a mermaid.
There is a fake "ningyo" in the National Museum of Ethnology.
The character Serilly from the Puyo Puyo series of games is a lonely ningyo who desires to make friends, but is often paranoid that everyone who approaches her wants to eat her.
In Okinawa, people have believed that eating ningyo would be unlucky. They also do not eat dugong.
The character "Ponyo" in the film of the same name is a ningyo or "human-faced fish".
The primary antagonist of the video game Siren is based on the character Yao Bikuni, and the background of the story is loosely based on the Yao Bikuni legend.
The 2010 Super Sentai series, Tensou Sentai Goseiger featured the antagonistic cryptid-themed monster group Yuumajuu. One of their members is Jogon of the Ningyo, who has the secondary theme of silverfish.
The CCG and roleplaying game Legend of the Five Rings has ningyo characters as members of the Mantis Clan.
The video game Mermaid Swamp is based on the myth of Yao Bikuni and the ningyo myth.
A host of ningyo characters feature prominently in the manga and anime series Namiuchigiwa no Muromi-san.
In Yo-kai Watch, Ningyo appears where its English dub name is Mermaidyn. She is depicted as a mermaid who is constantly caught on the hook of Nate Adams' fishing pole much to his annoyance. Yao Bikuni also appears as Mermadonna, who is Mermaidyn's evolved form.
Bikuni appears in the anime Konohana Kitan as a secondary character.
The film Lu Over the Wall revolves around an idiosyncratic interpretation of ningyo in which they can manipulate water and turn humans into immortal ningyo by biting them.
Yaobikuni is a playable character in the mobile RPG Onmyōji.
Yaobikuni is a character in the manga series Blade of the Immortal.
Mermaid, a short film by Osamu Tezuka released on September 21, 1964. In a fictional place where using the imagination is banned, a boy saves a fish, which surprises everyone by turning into a mermaid and playing with him. The boy is arrested for imagining this "nonsense", and is robbed of his imagination as punishment. However, he regains this ability and turns himself into a mermaid, so they happily leave forever that totalitarian society to live their eternal love alone in the deep abyss.
In episode 15 of Vampire Princess Miyu, the action presents a ningyo and a Yao Bikuni as well, where the protagonist (a Vampire) kills the ningyo which is discovered to be a Shinma. The protagonist ignores Yao Bikuni's plea to make her live eternal happy dreams until the end of her life and instead lets her live the next 100 years to experience human suffering.
In the PC game Return of the Obra Dinn, three Ningyos are captured and held captive by the crew of the ship, causing spider crabs (another Japanese game culture reference) and a giant kraken to attack in retaliation, resulting in the death of several crew members.
In the PC game Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, there are 3 Ningyos: one dead at the bottom of the fountainhead palace lake, one alive in the fountainhead palace lake and the Dragon is officially titled in the native Japanese version 'Ningyo Dragon'. There is also an incarnation of Yao Bikuni who is the True/Corrupted Monk whose official title in the native Japanese version of the game is 'Princess Yao'. The game writers directly drew the connection via demonstrating that a parasitic bug that existed in the Ningyo was the reason for the immortality, and this parasite is the cause of the True/Corrupted Monks immortality as well as a significant amount of others in the game.
In the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, the character Sessyoin Kiara obtains a mermaid-like appearance and powers after having eaten Yao Bikuni.
See also
Amabie
Fiji mermaid
Jenny Haniver
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"人魚"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"Vișinelu"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
501
],
"text": [
"Bucharest"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"Romania"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"actor"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
place of burial
|
{
"answer_start": [
558
],
"text": [
"Bellu Cemetery"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
award received
|
{
"answer_start": [
820
],
"text": [
"Order of the Star of Romania"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ovidiu"
]
}
|
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan (Romanian: [oˈvidju ˈjulju moldoˈvan]; January 1, 1942 – March 12, 2008) was a Romanian actor known for his work in Romanian film and television roles. However, Moldovan focused almost exclusively on theater and stage roles during the later years of his career.Moldovan was born on January 1, 1942, in Vișinelu, Mureș County. He was awarded the UNITER prize for his career achievements as a Romanian actor in 2004.He died of cancer at the age of 66 at the University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, on March 12, 2008, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.His last theater role was in the Romanian play, Celălalt Cioran, which means The Other Cioran. Moldovan's final play was named after Romanian philosopher, Emil Cioran.Romanian President Traian Băsescu posthumously appointed Moldovan Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania on March 15, 2008.
Selected filmography
1973 - Despre o anume fericire, directed by Mihai Constantinescu
1975 - Actorul și sălbaticii
1975 - Hyperion
1975 - Cercul magic, regia David Reu
1976 - Dincolo de pod
1976 - Ultimele zile ale verii
1976 - Misterul lui Herodot
1976 - Bunicul și doi delincvenți minori
1976 - Trei zile și trei nopți
1977 - Tufă de Veneția
1978 - Profetul, aurul și ardelenii
1978 - Avaria - Hristu
1978 - Buzduganul cu trei peceți
1979 - Între oglinzi paralele
1979 - Un om în loden
1979 - Cumpăna
1980 - Artista, dolarii și ardelenii
1980 - Bietul Ioanide
1981 - Pruncul, petrolul și ardelenii
1981 - Castelul din Carpați
1981 - Detașamentul „Concordia”
1981 - Duelul
1982 - Semnul șarpelui
1982 - Întîlnirea
1982 - Cucerirea Angliei
1983 - Viraj periculos
1983 - Misterele Bucureștilor
1983 - Dreptate în lanțuri
1983 - Acțiunea Zuzuc, directed by Gheorghe Naghi
1984 - Sosesc păsările călătoare
1984 - Vreau să știu de ce am aripi, directed by Nicu Stan
1984 - Horea
1985 - Masca de argint
1985 - Din prea multă dragoste
1986 - Punct și de la capăt, directed by Alexa Visarion
1986 - Cuibul de viespi, directed by Horea Popescu
1987 - Egreta de fildeș
1989 - Flori de gheață, directed by Anghel Mira
1989 - Misiunea - TV series, directed by Virgil Calotescu
1992 - Krystallines nyhtes
1994 - Somnul insulei
1994 - Nopți de cristal, directed by Tonia Marketaki
1995 - Craii de Curtea-Veche, directed by Mircea Veroiu
1996 - Crăciun însângerat, directed by Claudio Nasso
1999 - Anii tinereții noastre (1999) - as Narrator
References
External links
Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan at IMDb
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"Romanian"
]
}
|
Mary Matsuda Gruenewald (January 23, 1925 – February 11, 2021) was an American writer. She is best known for her autobiographical novel Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps, which details her own experiences as a Japanese American in World War II internment camps.
Biography
Early life
Gruenewald was born in 1925 in Washington to Heisuke and Mitsuno Matsuda, Japanese immigrants and farmers. She and her brother grew up in the small community of Vashon Island under idyllic circumstances. Her family owned a strawberry farm and attended a local Methodist congregation.
Internment experience
Upon learning about the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, her family destroyed their Japanese possessions.In May 1942, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, she and her family were forced from their home and placed in a series of camps, starting with Pinedale Assembly Center and progressing through Tule Lake and Heart Mountain. She graduated from high school during camp. In September 1944, after transferring her parents to Minidoka to be closer to friends from Washington state, she left to join the Cadet Nurse Corps in Clinton, Iowa.
Postwar life
After the war, Gruenewald lived in Seattle and worked in the nursing field. She met and married Charles Gruenewald, a minister, in 1951. By 1970, she had become the nurse manager of the Emergency Room of the Group Health Cooperative Hospital in Seattle.During the post-war years, she was initially reticent to discuss or write stories about her wartime experiences. However, in 1999, she decided to write down her experiences, primarily so that her children would know the details of her experience. These were published in 2005 as Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps. Gruenewald was 80 years old at the time.
Later years and death
In 2017, she received a diploma from Vashon Island High School, which she had attended prior to being interned.Gruenewald died from non-COVID related pneumonia in February 2021.
List of works
Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps (2005)
Becoming Mama-San: 80 Years of Wisdom (2012)
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"Vashon"
]
}
|
Mary Matsuda Gruenewald (January 23, 1925 – February 11, 2021) was an American writer. She is best known for her autobiographical novel Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps, which details her own experiences as a Japanese American in World War II internment camps.
Biography
Early life
Gruenewald was born in 1925 in Washington to Heisuke and Mitsuno Matsuda, Japanese immigrants and farmers. She and her brother grew up in the small community of Vashon Island under idyllic circumstances. Her family owned a strawberry farm and attended a local Methodist congregation.
Internment experience
Upon learning about the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, her family destroyed their Japanese possessions.In May 1942, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, she and her family were forced from their home and placed in a series of camps, starting with Pinedale Assembly Center and progressing through Tule Lake and Heart Mountain. She graduated from high school during camp. In September 1944, after transferring her parents to Minidoka to be closer to friends from Washington state, she left to join the Cadet Nurse Corps in Clinton, Iowa.
Postwar life
After the war, Gruenewald lived in Seattle and worked in the nursing field. She met and married Charles Gruenewald, a minister, in 1951. By 1970, she had become the nurse manager of the Emergency Room of the Group Health Cooperative Hospital in Seattle.During the post-war years, she was initially reticent to discuss or write stories about her wartime experiences. However, in 1999, she decided to write down her experiences, primarily so that her children would know the details of her experience. These were published in 2005 as Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps. Gruenewald was 80 years old at the time.
Later years and death
In 2017, she received a diploma from Vashon Island High School, which she had attended prior to being interned.Gruenewald died from non-COVID related pneumonia in February 2021.
List of works
Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps (2005)
Becoming Mama-San: 80 Years of Wisdom (2012)
== References ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
1249
],
"text": [
"Seattle"
]
}
|
Mary Matsuda Gruenewald (January 23, 1925 – February 11, 2021) was an American writer. She is best known for her autobiographical novel Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps, which details her own experiences as a Japanese American in World War II internment camps.
Biography
Early life
Gruenewald was born in 1925 in Washington to Heisuke and Mitsuno Matsuda, Japanese immigrants and farmers. She and her brother grew up in the small community of Vashon Island under idyllic circumstances. Her family owned a strawberry farm and attended a local Methodist congregation.
Internment experience
Upon learning about the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, her family destroyed their Japanese possessions.In May 1942, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, she and her family were forced from their home and placed in a series of camps, starting with Pinedale Assembly Center and progressing through Tule Lake and Heart Mountain. She graduated from high school during camp. In September 1944, after transferring her parents to Minidoka to be closer to friends from Washington state, she left to join the Cadet Nurse Corps in Clinton, Iowa.
Postwar life
After the war, Gruenewald lived in Seattle and worked in the nursing field. She met and married Charles Gruenewald, a minister, in 1951. By 1970, she had become the nurse manager of the Emergency Room of the Group Health Cooperative Hospital in Seattle.During the post-war years, she was initially reticent to discuss or write stories about her wartime experiences. However, in 1999, she decided to write down her experiences, primarily so that her children would know the details of her experience. These were published in 2005 as Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps. Gruenewald was 80 years old at the time.
Later years and death
In 2017, she received a diploma from Vashon Island High School, which she had attended prior to being interned.Gruenewald died from non-COVID related pneumonia in February 2021.
List of works
Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps (2005)
Becoming Mama-San: 80 Years of Wisdom (2012)
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
1935
],
"text": [
"Vashon Island High School"
]
}
|
Mary Matsuda Gruenewald (January 23, 1925 – February 11, 2021) was an American writer. She is best known for her autobiographical novel Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps, which details her own experiences as a Japanese American in World War II internment camps.
Biography
Early life
Gruenewald was born in 1925 in Washington to Heisuke and Mitsuno Matsuda, Japanese immigrants and farmers. She and her brother grew up in the small community of Vashon Island under idyllic circumstances. Her family owned a strawberry farm and attended a local Methodist congregation.
Internment experience
Upon learning about the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, her family destroyed their Japanese possessions.In May 1942, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, she and her family were forced from their home and placed in a series of camps, starting with Pinedale Assembly Center and progressing through Tule Lake and Heart Mountain. She graduated from high school during camp. In September 1944, after transferring her parents to Minidoka to be closer to friends from Washington state, she left to join the Cadet Nurse Corps in Clinton, Iowa.
Postwar life
After the war, Gruenewald lived in Seattle and worked in the nursing field. She met and married Charles Gruenewald, a minister, in 1951. By 1970, she had become the nurse manager of the Emergency Room of the Group Health Cooperative Hospital in Seattle.During the post-war years, she was initially reticent to discuss or write stories about her wartime experiences. However, in 1999, she decided to write down her experiences, primarily so that her children would know the details of her experience. These were published in 2005 as Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps. Gruenewald was 80 years old at the time.
Later years and death
In 2017, she received a diploma from Vashon Island High School, which she had attended prior to being interned.Gruenewald died from non-COVID related pneumonia in February 2021.
List of works
Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese American Internment Camps (2005)
Becoming Mama-San: 80 Years of Wisdom (2012)
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Tintay Puncu District is one of sixteen districts of the Tayacaja Province in Peru.
Geography
One of the highest peaks of the district is Kuntur Qaqa at approximately 4,600 m (15,100 ft). Other mountains are listed below:
Ethnic groups
The people in the district are mainly Indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (94.36%) learnt to speak in childhood, 5.04% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Peru"
]
}
|
Tintay Puncu District is one of sixteen districts of the Tayacaja Province in Peru.
Geography
One of the highest peaks of the district is Kuntur Qaqa at approximately 4,600 m (15,100 ft). Other mountains are listed below:
Ethnic groups
The people in the district are mainly Indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (94.36%) learnt to speak in childhood, 5.04% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"Tayacaja Province"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
806
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Albert Rupprecht"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Rupprecht"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Albert"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
Albert Rupprecht (born 10 June 1968) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002.
He represents Weiden.
Political career
Rupprecht first became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. He is a member of the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment. Since 2009, he has been the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on education and research.
In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Rupprecht was part of the working group on education policy, led by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Stefan Müller and Hubertus Heil.
Political positions
In June 2017, Rupprecht voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
References
External links
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Albert Rupprecht"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"Calvin Hoe"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
position held
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"delegate"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"Macalester College"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"activist"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
1162
],
"text": [
"Kamehameha Schools"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
movement
|
{
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
partner in business or sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"Calvin Hoe"
]
}
|
Charlene Hoe (born circa 1947) is the founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center, a delegate for the historic 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention, educator, and activist.Hoe was born in Minnesota. She graduated from Macalester College, where she met her husband, Calvin Hoe. In 1968, Calvin and Charlene got married in Minnesota. After getting married, Charlene and Calvin volunteered with the Peace Corps to taught English as a second language in Micronesia. In 1970 Charlene and Calvin returned to Hawaii and Charlene gave birth to their first son Kala. Charlene would go onto have two other children, Liko and Kawai.In the 1970s, Hoe participated in the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle. In 1971, Charlene and Calvin bought the Waiahole Poi Factory and continued to serve food while also using the space as a gallery for native Hawaiians artists. In 1978, Hoe was a delegate for the historic Hawaii State Constitutional Convention that worked toward getting native Hawaiians more political power over Hawaiian affairs from the U.S. Federal Government.In 2001, Hoe, in collaboration with Judy Layfield, oversaw the Strategic Planning Enhancement Group (SPEG) in the Kamehameha Schools that sought to find and analyze the potential ways that Kamehameha Schools could expand and/or improve its educational efforts among Native Hawaiians. Also in 2001, Charlene founded the Hakipuʻu Learning Center charter school that focuses on hands-on learning and prioritizing Hawaiian culture. Aside from being the founder, Hoe was also Hakipuʻu Learning Center's resource specialist and administrator.Charlene Hoe is also featured in the 2022 anthology We Are Here: 30 Inspiring Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Who Have Shaped the United States by Naomi Hirahara and published by the Smithsonian Institution and Running Press Kids.
== Resources ==
|
number of children
|
{
"answer_start": [
1649
],
"text": [
"3"
]
}
|
Polypoid melanoma is a rare cutaneous condition, a virulent variant of nodular melanoma.: 696 Polypoid melanoma is a subtype of nodular melanoma, the most aggressive form of melanoma (a skin cancer).
Polypoid melanoma, like all types of melanoma, starts in the cells that make melanin, which is the protective pigment that gives skin color. Polypoid melanoma is most commonly found on the torso but may be found in unexpected places like the nasal mucous membranes and the rectum. Sometimes polypoid melanoma may develop on moles on the skin, but it usually occurs out of nowhere on normal skin. Polypoid melanoma can be treated if it is diagnosed early, but the disease progresses very rapidly and has a worse prognosis than many other types of melanoma.
Treatment
Therapies for metastatic melanoma include the biologic immunotherapy agents ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab; BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib; and a MEK inhibitor trametinib.
See also
Melanoma
List of cutaneous conditions
== References ==
|
subclass of
|
{
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"nodular melanoma"
]
}
|
The Tāneatua Branch is a 25 kilometres (16 mi) long branch railway line in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, running from Hawkens Junction, west of Edgecumbe, to Tāneatua.
History
From 2 September 1928 to 1978 the line was part of the East Coast Main Trunk (ECMT) line from Hamilton. The original intention was for the ECMT to connect to Gisborne via Paeroa, Tauranga, Opotiki and through the Waioeka Gorge, connecting with the Moutohora Branch to Gisborne; creating a link from the isolated Gisborne section line to Auckland via the Bay of Plenty.With the opening of the Kaimai tunnel in 1978, the terminus of the East Coast Main Trunk line was changed to Kawerau and the section of line between Hawkens Junction and Tāneatua became the Tāneatua Branch line.This line across the Rangitaiki Plains follows an inland or southerly route to avoid areas which were swampy at the time of construction, therefore bypassing Whakatāne, the largest town in the area. The intention was for the line to be extended from Tāneatua to Opotiki, then onwards east to connect with the isolated Gisborne Section line from Gisborne.Some construction work was carried out beyond Tāneatua towards Opotiki in 1928, and an opening ceremony was held for the new line (the ECMT) in Tauranga on 28 March 1928. When the Minister of Public Works Bob Semple turned the first sod for building the Paeroa–Pokeno Line on 28 January 1938, it was said that the proposed 47 km (29 mi) line would shorten the distance from Auckland to towns on the ECMT by nearly 80 km (50 mi). Work was stopped in July 1928 when the Government of the day transferred the construction workers to the Rotorua-Taupo line which it had just approved the construction of. As late as 1939 £45,000 was provided for extension from Taneatua to Opotiki.Various routes were investigated and surveyed to link the difficult section between Tāneatua and Moutohora, but all were found to be difficult and expensive. Following the Great Depression, the Second World War and the greater availability of road vehicles in the period after the war, the proposal was dropped and Tāneatua remained the eastern terminus of the railway line in the Bay of Plenty. Gisborne was subsequently linked to the south with Wellington by way of Napier and Palmerston North with the Palmerston North – Gisborne Line in 1942. The isolated Gisborne Section line became the Moutohora Branch line, which closed in 1959.A passenger service was provided on the line with the Taneatua Express from Auckland between 1928 and 1959. In 1959 railcars replaced this service, but they only operated between Auckland and Te Puke, due to negligible passenger traffic between Te Puke and Tāneatua.The Whakatane Board Mills Line, a private line, was built and operated by the Whakatane Board Mills from Awakeri to their mill in 1939 to serve their large operation. This line was privately operated by the mill until 1999 when the then national rail operator Tranz Rail took over the operation of the line. Tranz Rail discontinued operating the line in 2001. The line was closed in 2003, together with the mothballing of the entire Tāneatua Branch line.
In 2015 a rail cart operation, Awakeri Rail Adventures, was established on the section of the line from Awakeri eastward to Rewatu Road. Some of the track further east was removed in 2017.
See Also
East Coast Main Trunk
Mount Maunganui Branch
Murupara Branch
Whakatane Board Mills Line
References
Citations
=== Bibliography ===
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"New Zealand"
]
}
|
The Tāneatua Branch is a 25 kilometres (16 mi) long branch railway line in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, running from Hawkens Junction, west of Edgecumbe, to Tāneatua.
History
From 2 September 1928 to 1978 the line was part of the East Coast Main Trunk (ECMT) line from Hamilton. The original intention was for the ECMT to connect to Gisborne via Paeroa, Tauranga, Opotiki and through the Waioeka Gorge, connecting with the Moutohora Branch to Gisborne; creating a link from the isolated Gisborne section line to Auckland via the Bay of Plenty.With the opening of the Kaimai tunnel in 1978, the terminus of the East Coast Main Trunk line was changed to Kawerau and the section of line between Hawkens Junction and Tāneatua became the Tāneatua Branch line.This line across the Rangitaiki Plains follows an inland or southerly route to avoid areas which were swampy at the time of construction, therefore bypassing Whakatāne, the largest town in the area. The intention was for the line to be extended from Tāneatua to Opotiki, then onwards east to connect with the isolated Gisborne Section line from Gisborne.Some construction work was carried out beyond Tāneatua towards Opotiki in 1928, and an opening ceremony was held for the new line (the ECMT) in Tauranga on 28 March 1928. When the Minister of Public Works Bob Semple turned the first sod for building the Paeroa–Pokeno Line on 28 January 1938, it was said that the proposed 47 km (29 mi) line would shorten the distance from Auckland to towns on the ECMT by nearly 80 km (50 mi). Work was stopped in July 1928 when the Government of the day transferred the construction workers to the Rotorua-Taupo line which it had just approved the construction of. As late as 1939 £45,000 was provided for extension from Taneatua to Opotiki.Various routes were investigated and surveyed to link the difficult section between Tāneatua and Moutohora, but all were found to be difficult and expensive. Following the Great Depression, the Second World War and the greater availability of road vehicles in the period after the war, the proposal was dropped and Tāneatua remained the eastern terminus of the railway line in the Bay of Plenty. Gisborne was subsequently linked to the south with Wellington by way of Napier and Palmerston North with the Palmerston North – Gisborne Line in 1942. The isolated Gisborne Section line became the Moutohora Branch line, which closed in 1959.A passenger service was provided on the line with the Taneatua Express from Auckland between 1928 and 1959. In 1959 railcars replaced this service, but they only operated between Auckland and Te Puke, due to negligible passenger traffic between Te Puke and Tāneatua.The Whakatane Board Mills Line, a private line, was built and operated by the Whakatane Board Mills from Awakeri to their mill in 1939 to serve their large operation. This line was privately operated by the mill until 1999 when the then national rail operator Tranz Rail took over the operation of the line. Tranz Rail discontinued operating the line in 2001. The line was closed in 2003, together with the mothballing of the entire Tāneatua Branch line.
In 2015 a rail cart operation, Awakeri Rail Adventures, was established on the section of the line from Awakeri eastward to Rewatu Road. Some of the track further east was removed in 2017.
See Also
East Coast Main Trunk
Mount Maunganui Branch
Murupara Branch
Whakatane Board Mills Line
References
Citations
=== Bibliography ===
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"railway line"
]
}
|
Samantha "Sammy" Cools (born March 3, 1986) is a Canadian BMX (bicycle motocross) racer. Born in Calgary, Alberta, she was introduced to the sport by her brothers Ken Cools, coach of the New Zealand BMX team, and Greg. She currently lives in Ganddal, Norway.
Winning her very first race at three years of age and her first international race at age 10, she is now a 13-time Canadian national champion and five-time world junior champion. She was coached by Hervé Krebs. At the 2008 UCI BMX World Championships she finished fifth in the elite women event.Cools competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the women's BMX. She qualified for the final in the event, but crashed after colliding midair with Gabriela Diaz seconds into the race. Although she did cross the finish line, she was officially classified as "Did not finish" and was ranked seventh.
References
External links
Samantha Cools at UCI BMX Supercross World Cup
Samantha Cools at Cycling Archives
Samantha Cools at Olympedia
Samantha Cools at Olympics.com
Samantha Cools at the Canadian Olympic Committee
Profile at Canadian Cycling Association
bmxcanada.ca article
Samantha Cools detailed CV
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"Calgary"
]
}
|
Samantha "Sammy" Cools (born March 3, 1986) is a Canadian BMX (bicycle motocross) racer. Born in Calgary, Alberta, she was introduced to the sport by her brothers Ken Cools, coach of the New Zealand BMX team, and Greg. She currently lives in Ganddal, Norway.
Winning her very first race at three years of age and her first international race at age 10, she is now a 13-time Canadian national champion and five-time world junior champion. She was coached by Hervé Krebs. At the 2008 UCI BMX World Championships she finished fifth in the elite women event.Cools competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the women's BMX. She qualified for the final in the event, but crashed after colliding midair with Gabriela Diaz seconds into the race. Although she did cross the finish line, she was officially classified as "Did not finish" and was ranked seventh.
References
External links
Samantha Cools at UCI BMX Supercross World Cup
Samantha Cools at Cycling Archives
Samantha Cools at Olympedia
Samantha Cools at Olympics.com
Samantha Cools at the Canadian Olympic Committee
Profile at Canadian Cycling Association
bmxcanada.ca article
Samantha Cools detailed CV
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"Cools"
]
}
|
Samantha "Sammy" Cools (born March 3, 1986) is a Canadian BMX (bicycle motocross) racer. Born in Calgary, Alberta, she was introduced to the sport by her brothers Ken Cools, coach of the New Zealand BMX team, and Greg. She currently lives in Ganddal, Norway.
Winning her very first race at three years of age and her first international race at age 10, she is now a 13-time Canadian national champion and five-time world junior champion. She was coached by Hervé Krebs. At the 2008 UCI BMX World Championships she finished fifth in the elite women event.Cools competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the women's BMX. She qualified for the final in the event, but crashed after colliding midair with Gabriela Diaz seconds into the race. Although she did cross the finish line, she was officially classified as "Did not finish" and was ranked seventh.
References
External links
Samantha Cools at UCI BMX Supercross World Cup
Samantha Cools at Cycling Archives
Samantha Cools at Olympedia
Samantha Cools at Olympics.com
Samantha Cools at the Canadian Olympic Committee
Profile at Canadian Cycling Association
bmxcanada.ca article
Samantha Cools detailed CV
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Samantha"
]
}
|
Samantha "Sammy" Cools (born March 3, 1986) is a Canadian BMX (bicycle motocross) racer. Born in Calgary, Alberta, she was introduced to the sport by her brothers Ken Cools, coach of the New Zealand BMX team, and Greg. She currently lives in Ganddal, Norway.
Winning her very first race at three years of age and her first international race at age 10, she is now a 13-time Canadian national champion and five-time world junior champion. She was coached by Hervé Krebs. At the 2008 UCI BMX World Championships she finished fifth in the elite women event.Cools competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the women's BMX. She qualified for the final in the event, but crashed after colliding midair with Gabriela Diaz seconds into the race. Although she did cross the finish line, she was officially classified as "Did not finish" and was ranked seventh.
References
External links
Samantha Cools at UCI BMX Supercross World Cup
Samantha Cools at Cycling Archives
Samantha Cools at Olympedia
Samantha Cools at Olympics.com
Samantha Cools at the Canadian Olympic Committee
Profile at Canadian Cycling Association
bmxcanada.ca article
Samantha Cools detailed CV
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
576
],
"text": [
"2008 Summer Olympics"
]
}
|
Hashem B. El-Serag is a Palestinian-American physician and medical researcher best known for his research in liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the hepatitis C virus. He serves as the Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine as well as the Director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center. El-Serag previously served as president of the American Gastroenterological Association and Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
Early life and education
El-Serag was born in 1966 in Libya to Palestinian parents from the Gaza Strip. He received his M.D. with Honors from Al-Arab Medical University in Benghazi, Libya in 1991. He then moved to the United States, where he performed his residency in internal medicine at Yale University Greenwich Hospital (Connecticut) (1993-1995) and received a gastroenterology fellowship in clinical gastroenterology at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (1995-1997), before earning his Master of Public Health from the University of New Mexico in 1998.
Research and career
Most of the research on hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States can be attributed to El-Serag, who has published more than 300 scholarly papers on the subject. Dr. El-Serag also has become a leading expert on chronic liver disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease. His research also focuses on the clinical epidemiology and outcomes of several digestive disorders, including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma and hepatitis C. He has obtained more than 60 funded research grants, including those from the National Institutes of Health, the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, the VA and professional societies.
Dr. El-Serag joined the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas in 1999, where he later became Chief of the Baylor College of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007-2016) in the Department of Medicine. He also served as Leader, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Program, at the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, and as Chief of Clinical Epidemiology and Outcomes Division at Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center. In 2014, he became the Director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, funded by a P-30 NIH Grant and one of only six successful centers in the United States. In 2017, he was selected to serve as the Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, where he also serves as a professor, researcher and clinician. He also is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center. El-Serag has given more than 300 local, regional, national and international presentations.
Awards and memberships
Selected awards include:
2019 - “World's Most Influential Scientific Minds” in the area of Clinical Medicine by Thomson Reuters
2016 - Michael E. DeBakey Excellence in Research Award
2016 - NAAMA Local Chapter Prestigious Award
2016 - Ben Qurrah Award
2011 - Blue Faery Award for Excellence in Liver Cancer Research
2005 - American Gastroenterological Association's Masters Award in Clinical Research
2003 - American Gastroenterological Association's Young Clinical Investigator Award
1997 - GlaxoWellcome Digestive Health Foundation Award for Health Care AdvancementHis leadership roles and honors have included President-Elect and president of the American Gastroenterological Association (2018-2019), the leading professional society for gastroenterologists. El-Serag has been selected into the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) and the American Association of Physicians (AAP).
Additional selected memberships include:
St. Luke's Health System Board of Directors
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology Editorial Board
Digestive and Liver Disease Editorial Board
American Gastroenterological Association Member
American Association for the Study of Liver Disease Member
Publications and media
El-Serag has more than 550 published papers to his credit, including in notable journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and GUT. The seminal work on HCC, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Rising Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States, has been cited approximately 3400 times. He has a H. index of 137. In addition, he was the Associate Editor of Gastroenterology, the leading specialty journal, and Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012-2017).
Dr. El-Serag is co-author of the book Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Upper GI Disorders.
References
External links
Selected publications by Dr. Hashem El-Serag at The National Center for Biotechnology Information
Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Center for Advanced Endoscopy
Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center
Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine
Biography of Hashem El-Serag at the United States Department of Veterans Affairs
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"Libya"
]
}
|
Hashem B. El-Serag is a Palestinian-American physician and medical researcher best known for his research in liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the hepatitis C virus. He serves as the Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine as well as the Director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center. El-Serag previously served as president of the American Gastroenterological Association and Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
Early life and education
El-Serag was born in 1966 in Libya to Palestinian parents from the Gaza Strip. He received his M.D. with Honors from Al-Arab Medical University in Benghazi, Libya in 1991. He then moved to the United States, where he performed his residency in internal medicine at Yale University Greenwich Hospital (Connecticut) (1993-1995) and received a gastroenterology fellowship in clinical gastroenterology at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (1995-1997), before earning his Master of Public Health from the University of New Mexico in 1998.
Research and career
Most of the research on hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States can be attributed to El-Serag, who has published more than 300 scholarly papers on the subject. Dr. El-Serag also has become a leading expert on chronic liver disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease. His research also focuses on the clinical epidemiology and outcomes of several digestive disorders, including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma and hepatitis C. He has obtained more than 60 funded research grants, including those from the National Institutes of Health, the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, the VA and professional societies.
Dr. El-Serag joined the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas in 1999, where he later became Chief of the Baylor College of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007-2016) in the Department of Medicine. He also served as Leader, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Program, at the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, and as Chief of Clinical Epidemiology and Outcomes Division at Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center. In 2014, he became the Director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, funded by a P-30 NIH Grant and one of only six successful centers in the United States. In 2017, he was selected to serve as the Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, where he also serves as a professor, researcher and clinician. He also is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center. El-Serag has given more than 300 local, regional, national and international presentations.
Awards and memberships
Selected awards include:
2019 - “World's Most Influential Scientific Minds” in the area of Clinical Medicine by Thomson Reuters
2016 - Michael E. DeBakey Excellence in Research Award
2016 - NAAMA Local Chapter Prestigious Award
2016 - Ben Qurrah Award
2011 - Blue Faery Award for Excellence in Liver Cancer Research
2005 - American Gastroenterological Association's Masters Award in Clinical Research
2003 - American Gastroenterological Association's Young Clinical Investigator Award
1997 - GlaxoWellcome Digestive Health Foundation Award for Health Care AdvancementHis leadership roles and honors have included President-Elect and president of the American Gastroenterological Association (2018-2019), the leading professional society for gastroenterologists. El-Serag has been selected into the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) and the American Association of Physicians (AAP).
Additional selected memberships include:
St. Luke's Health System Board of Directors
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology Editorial Board
Digestive and Liver Disease Editorial Board
American Gastroenterological Association Member
American Association for the Study of Liver Disease Member
Publications and media
El-Serag has more than 550 published papers to his credit, including in notable journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and GUT. The seminal work on HCC, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Rising Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States, has been cited approximately 3400 times. He has a H. index of 137. In addition, he was the Associate Editor of Gastroenterology, the leading specialty journal, and Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012-2017).
Dr. El-Serag is co-author of the book Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Upper GI Disorders.
References
External links
Selected publications by Dr. Hashem El-Serag at The National Center for Biotechnology Information
Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Center for Advanced Endoscopy
Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center
Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine
Biography of Hashem El-Serag at the United States Department of Veterans Affairs
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
673
],
"text": [
"Al-Arab Medical University"
]
}
|
Hashem B. El-Serag is a Palestinian-American physician and medical researcher best known for his research in liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the hepatitis C virus. He serves as the Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine as well as the Director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center. El-Serag previously served as president of the American Gastroenterological Association and Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
Early life and education
El-Serag was born in 1966 in Libya to Palestinian parents from the Gaza Strip. He received his M.D. with Honors from Al-Arab Medical University in Benghazi, Libya in 1991. He then moved to the United States, where he performed his residency in internal medicine at Yale University Greenwich Hospital (Connecticut) (1993-1995) and received a gastroenterology fellowship in clinical gastroenterology at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (1995-1997), before earning his Master of Public Health from the University of New Mexico in 1998.
Research and career
Most of the research on hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States can be attributed to El-Serag, who has published more than 300 scholarly papers on the subject. Dr. El-Serag also has become a leading expert on chronic liver disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease. His research also focuses on the clinical epidemiology and outcomes of several digestive disorders, including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma and hepatitis C. He has obtained more than 60 funded research grants, including those from the National Institutes of Health, the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, the VA and professional societies.
Dr. El-Serag joined the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas in 1999, where he later became Chief of the Baylor College of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007-2016) in the Department of Medicine. He also served as Leader, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Program, at the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, and as Chief of Clinical Epidemiology and Outcomes Division at Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center. In 2014, he became the Director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, funded by a P-30 NIH Grant and one of only six successful centers in the United States. In 2017, he was selected to serve as the Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, where he also serves as a professor, researcher and clinician. He also is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center. El-Serag has given more than 300 local, regional, national and international presentations.
Awards and memberships
Selected awards include:
2019 - “World's Most Influential Scientific Minds” in the area of Clinical Medicine by Thomson Reuters
2016 - Michael E. DeBakey Excellence in Research Award
2016 - NAAMA Local Chapter Prestigious Award
2016 - Ben Qurrah Award
2011 - Blue Faery Award for Excellence in Liver Cancer Research
2005 - American Gastroenterological Association's Masters Award in Clinical Research
2003 - American Gastroenterological Association's Young Clinical Investigator Award
1997 - GlaxoWellcome Digestive Health Foundation Award for Health Care AdvancementHis leadership roles and honors have included President-Elect and president of the American Gastroenterological Association (2018-2019), the leading professional society for gastroenterologists. El-Serag has been selected into the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) and the American Association of Physicians (AAP).
Additional selected memberships include:
St. Luke's Health System Board of Directors
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology Editorial Board
Digestive and Liver Disease Editorial Board
American Gastroenterological Association Member
American Association for the Study of Liver Disease Member
Publications and media
El-Serag has more than 550 published papers to his credit, including in notable journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and GUT. The seminal work on HCC, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Rising Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States, has been cited approximately 3400 times. He has a H. index of 137. In addition, he was the Associate Editor of Gastroenterology, the leading specialty journal, and Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012-2017).
Dr. El-Serag is co-author of the book Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Upper GI Disorders.
References
External links
Selected publications by Dr. Hashem El-Serag at The National Center for Biotechnology Information
Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Center for Advanced Endoscopy
Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center
Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine
Biography of Hashem El-Serag at the United States Department of Veterans Affairs
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"Baylor College of Medicine"
]
}
|
The 1978 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Strasbourg, France from January 31 to February 5. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Competition notes
15-year-old Denise Biellmann became the first female skater to land the triple lutz in competition. She underrotated it, with two-foot landing. At the same event, she became the first woman to receive a 6.0 in technical merit, receiving the score from British judge Pauline Borrajo. She was 12th in figures, first in the free skating, and finished fourth overall. Another triple lutz was performed only by Jan Hoffmann.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
results
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
The 1978 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Strasbourg, France from January 31 to February 5. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Competition notes
15-year-old Denise Biellmann became the first female skater to land the triple lutz in competition. She underrotated it, with two-foot landing. At the same event, she became the first woman to receive a 6.0 in technical merit, receiving the score from British judge Pauline Borrajo. She was 12th in figures, first in the free skating, and finished fourth overall. Another triple lutz was performed only by Jan Hoffmann.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
results
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Strasbourg"
]
}
|
The 1978 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Strasbourg, France from January 31 to February 5. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Competition notes
15-year-old Denise Biellmann became the first female skater to land the triple lutz in competition. She underrotated it, with two-foot landing. At the same event, she became the first woman to receive a 6.0 in technical merit, receiving the score from British judge Pauline Borrajo. She was 12th in figures, first in the free skating, and finished fourth overall. Another triple lutz was performed only by Jan Hoffmann.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
results
|
competition class
|
{
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"senior"
]
}
|
The 1978 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Strasbourg, France from January 31 to February 5. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Competition notes
15-year-old Denise Biellmann became the first female skater to land the triple lutz in competition. She underrotated it, with two-foot landing. At the same event, she became the first woman to receive a 6.0 in technical merit, receiving the score from British judge Pauline Borrajo. She was 12th in figures, first in the free skating, and finished fourth overall. Another triple lutz was performed only by Jan Hoffmann.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
results
|
sports season of league or competition
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"European Figure Skating Championships"
]
}
|
Sanamacha Thingbaijam Chanu (born 1 February 1975) is an Indian weightlifter who competed in the women's 53 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
She had also won three golds at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and was a part of the core team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games at New Delhi, during the trials for which, she was tested positive for methylhexanamine; a stimulant commonly used as a nasal decongestant.
Major results
See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
References
Yahoo! Sports
== External links ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Sanamacha Thingbaijam Chanu (born 1 February 1975) is an Indian weightlifter who competed in the women's 53 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
She had also won three golds at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and was a part of the core team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games at New Delhi, during the trials for which, she was tested positive for methylhexanamine; a stimulant commonly used as a nasal decongestant.
Major results
See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
References
Yahoo! Sports
== External links ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"weightlifter"
]
}
|
Sanamacha Thingbaijam Chanu (born 1 February 1975) is an Indian weightlifter who competed in the women's 53 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
She had also won three golds at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and was a part of the core team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games at New Delhi, during the trials for which, she was tested positive for methylhexanamine; a stimulant commonly used as a nasal decongestant.
Major results
See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
References
Yahoo! Sports
== External links ==
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"2004 Summer Olympics"
]
}
|
Sanamacha Thingbaijam Chanu (born 1 February 1975) is an Indian weightlifter who competed in the women's 53 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
She had also won three golds at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and was a part of the core team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games at New Delhi, during the trials for which, she was tested positive for methylhexanamine; a stimulant commonly used as a nasal decongestant.
Major results
See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
References
Yahoo! Sports
== External links ==
|
country for sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Antonio Nitto (born 2 December 1938) is an Italian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"speed skater"
]
}
|
Antonio Nitto (born 2 December 1938) is an Italian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Nitto"
]
}
|
Antonio Nitto (born 2 December 1938) is an Italian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Antonio"
]
}
|
Antonio Nitto (born 2 December 1938) is an Italian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
== References ==
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"1960 Winter Olympics"
]
}
|
Antonio Nitto (born 2 December 1938) is an Italian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Francesco Venier was the Doge of Venice from 1554 to 1556.
See also
House of Venier
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Venice"
]
}
|
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