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Lawrence E. Blume is the Distinguished Arts and Sciences Professor of Economics and Professor of Information Science at Cornell University, US.
He is a visiting research professor at IHS Vienna and a member of the external faculty at the Santa Fe Institute, where he has served as co-director of the economics program and on the institute's steering committee. He teaches and conducts research in general equilibrium theory and game theory, and also has research projects on natural resource management, network design, and evolutionary processes in markets and games. A Fellow of the Econometric Society, he received a BA in economics from Washington University in St. Louis and a PhD in economics from the University of California, Berkeley.
Blume was one of the general editors of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, to which he contributed several articles on mathematical economics: Convexity, convex programming, and duality. Currently he is the associate editor of the Journal of Economic Literature.
Selected publications
Simon, Carl P.; Blume, Lawrence (1994). Mathematics for Economists. Norton.
Blume, Lawrence E. (2008b). "Convex programming". In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E (eds.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 220–225. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0314. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
Blume, Lawrence E. (2008c). "Convexity". In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E (eds.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 225–226. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0315. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
Blume, Lawrence E. (2008d). "Duality". In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E (eds.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 551–555. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0411. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
References
External links
Larry Blume's Home Page
"Citations". Google Scholar.
Steven N. Durlauf; Lawrence E. Blume (14 July 2016). Game Theory. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-28084-7.
|
given name
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{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
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|
General elections were held in Sark on 12 December 2012 to elect half of the 28 members of the Chief Pleas. Ten conseillers were re-elected, four candidates were elected for the first time, and two sitting conseillers lost their seats.
Electoral system
The 28 members of the Chief Pleas were elected via plurality block voting for four-year terms in two tranches. The 2012 election was held to replace members who had been elected for a four-year term in 2008.
Campaign
A total of 22 candidates contested the elections, vying for the 14 available seats.
Conduct
The Sark Government appointed Norman Browse to serve as an observer of the elections. Browse reported that the elections were "open and transparent".
Results
== References ==
|
applies to jurisdiction
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"Sark"
]
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|
Sannantha papillosa is a species in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a shrub with egg-shaped leaves, the narrower end towards the base, and groups of usually 7 white flowers arranged in leaf axils.
Description
Sannantha papillosa is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and has grey, scaly to fibrous bark. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 8.0–11.5 mm (0.31–0.45 in) long and 2.2–3.8 mm (0.087–0.150 in) wide on a petiole about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The flowers are up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter and arranged in leaf axils, usually in groups of 7 on a peduncle 10.0–12.5 mm (0.39–0.49 in) long. Each flower is on a pedicel 2.0–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long with 2 bracts at the base, but that fall off as the flowers develop. The floral tube is broadly bell-shaped and 1.8–2.2 mm (0.071–0.087 in) long, the sepal lobes about 0.6 mm (0.024 in) long. The petals are white, 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and wide and there are 11 to 14 stamens. Flowering have been observed in January, and the fruit is a hemispherical, capsule about 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1999 by Anthony Bean who gave it the name Babingtonia papillosa in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens he collected near the headwaters of Cockatoo Creek in Mount Elliott National Park in 1997. In 2007, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Sannantha as S. papillosa in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (papillosa) means "covered with short papilli", referring to the raised glands on the young branchlets.
Distribution and habitat
Sannantha papillosa is only known from Frederick Peak and Bowling Green Bay National Park near Townsville, and in Homevale National Park near Mackay in north Queensland, where it grows in shrubland on granite outcrops.
Conservation status
This species is listed as "vulnerable" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
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"answer_start": [
25
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"text": [
"species"
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|
Sannantha papillosa is a species in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a shrub with egg-shaped leaves, the narrower end towards the base, and groups of usually 7 white flowers arranged in leaf axils.
Description
Sannantha papillosa is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and has grey, scaly to fibrous bark. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 8.0–11.5 mm (0.31–0.45 in) long and 2.2–3.8 mm (0.087–0.150 in) wide on a petiole about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The flowers are up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter and arranged in leaf axils, usually in groups of 7 on a peduncle 10.0–12.5 mm (0.39–0.49 in) long. Each flower is on a pedicel 2.0–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long with 2 bracts at the base, but that fall off as the flowers develop. The floral tube is broadly bell-shaped and 1.8–2.2 mm (0.071–0.087 in) long, the sepal lobes about 0.6 mm (0.024 in) long. The petals are white, 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and wide and there are 11 to 14 stamens. Flowering have been observed in January, and the fruit is a hemispherical, capsule about 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1999 by Anthony Bean who gave it the name Babingtonia papillosa in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens he collected near the headwaters of Cockatoo Creek in Mount Elliott National Park in 1997. In 2007, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Sannantha as S. papillosa in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (papillosa) means "covered with short papilli", referring to the raised glands on the young branchlets.
Distribution and habitat
Sannantha papillosa is only known from Frederick Peak and Bowling Green Bay National Park near Townsville, and in Homevale National Park near Mackay in north Queensland, where it grows in shrubland on granite outcrops.
Conservation status
This species is listed as "vulnerable" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Sannantha"
]
}
|
Sannantha papillosa is a species in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a shrub with egg-shaped leaves, the narrower end towards the base, and groups of usually 7 white flowers arranged in leaf axils.
Description
Sannantha papillosa is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and has grey, scaly to fibrous bark. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 8.0–11.5 mm (0.31–0.45 in) long and 2.2–3.8 mm (0.087–0.150 in) wide on a petiole about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The flowers are up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter and arranged in leaf axils, usually in groups of 7 on a peduncle 10.0–12.5 mm (0.39–0.49 in) long. Each flower is on a pedicel 2.0–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long with 2 bracts at the base, but that fall off as the flowers develop. The floral tube is broadly bell-shaped and 1.8–2.2 mm (0.071–0.087 in) long, the sepal lobes about 0.6 mm (0.024 in) long. The petals are white, 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and wide and there are 11 to 14 stamens. Flowering have been observed in January, and the fruit is a hemispherical, capsule about 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1999 by Anthony Bean who gave it the name Babingtonia papillosa in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens he collected near the headwaters of Cockatoo Creek in Mount Elliott National Park in 1997. In 2007, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Sannantha as S. papillosa in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (papillosa) means "covered with short papilli", referring to the raised glands on the young branchlets.
Distribution and habitat
Sannantha papillosa is only known from Frederick Peak and Bowling Green Bay National Park near Townsville, and in Homevale National Park near Mackay in north Queensland, where it grows in shrubland on granite outcrops.
Conservation status
This species is listed as "vulnerable" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Sannantha papillosa"
]
}
|
Sannantha papillosa is a species in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a shrub with egg-shaped leaves, the narrower end towards the base, and groups of usually 7 white flowers arranged in leaf axils.
Description
Sannantha papillosa is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and has grey, scaly to fibrous bark. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 8.0–11.5 mm (0.31–0.45 in) long and 2.2–3.8 mm (0.087–0.150 in) wide on a petiole about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The flowers are up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter and arranged in leaf axils, usually in groups of 7 on a peduncle 10.0–12.5 mm (0.39–0.49 in) long. Each flower is on a pedicel 2.0–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long with 2 bracts at the base, but that fall off as the flowers develop. The floral tube is broadly bell-shaped and 1.8–2.2 mm (0.071–0.087 in) long, the sepal lobes about 0.6 mm (0.024 in) long. The petals are white, 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and wide and there are 11 to 14 stamens. Flowering have been observed in January, and the fruit is a hemispherical, capsule about 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1999 by Anthony Bean who gave it the name Babingtonia papillosa in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens he collected near the headwaters of Cockatoo Creek in Mount Elliott National Park in 1997. In 2007, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Sannantha as S. papillosa in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (papillosa) means "covered with short papilli", referring to the raised glands on the young branchlets.
Distribution and habitat
Sannantha papillosa is only known from Frederick Peak and Bowling Green Bay National Park near Townsville, and in Homevale National Park near Mackay in north Queensland, where it grows in shrubland on granite outcrops.
Conservation status
This species is listed as "vulnerable" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
== References ==
|
basionym
|
{
"answer_start": [
1265
],
"text": [
"Babingtonia papillosa"
]
}
|
Sannantha papillosa is a species in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a shrub with egg-shaped leaves, the narrower end towards the base, and groups of usually 7 white flowers arranged in leaf axils.
Description
Sannantha papillosa is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and has grey, scaly to fibrous bark. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 8.0–11.5 mm (0.31–0.45 in) long and 2.2–3.8 mm (0.087–0.150 in) wide on a petiole about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The flowers are up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter and arranged in leaf axils, usually in groups of 7 on a peduncle 10.0–12.5 mm (0.39–0.49 in) long. Each flower is on a pedicel 2.0–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long with 2 bracts at the base, but that fall off as the flowers develop. The floral tube is broadly bell-shaped and 1.8–2.2 mm (0.071–0.087 in) long, the sepal lobes about 0.6 mm (0.024 in) long. The petals are white, 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and wide and there are 11 to 14 stamens. Flowering have been observed in January, and the fruit is a hemispherical, capsule about 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1999 by Anthony Bean who gave it the name Babingtonia papillosa in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens he collected near the headwaters of Cockatoo Creek in Mount Elliott National Park in 1997. In 2007, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Sannantha as S. papillosa in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (papillosa) means "covered with short papilli", referring to the raised glands on the young branchlets.
Distribution and habitat
Sannantha papillosa is only known from Frederick Peak and Bowling Green Bay National Park near Townsville, and in Homevale National Park near Mackay in north Queensland, where it grows in shrubland on granite outcrops.
Conservation status
This species is listed as "vulnerable" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
== References ==
|
short name
|
{
"answer_start": [
1501
],
"text": [
"S. papillosa"
]
}
|
Niklas Salo (born July 8, 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with HC TPS in the Finnish Liiga.
Salo made his Liiga debut playing with HC TPS during the 2013–14 Liiga season.
References
External links
Niklas Salo career statistics at EliteProspects.com
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"HC TPS"
]
}
|
Niklas Salo (born July 8, 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with HC TPS in the Finnish Liiga.
Salo made his Liiga debut playing with HC TPS during the 2013–14 Liiga season.
References
External links
Niklas Salo career statistics at EliteProspects.com
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"ice hockey player"
]
}
|
Niklas Salo (born July 8, 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with HC TPS in the Finnish Liiga.
Salo made his Liiga debut playing with HC TPS during the 2013–14 Liiga season.
References
External links
Niklas Salo career statistics at EliteProspects.com
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"ice hockey"
]
}
|
Niklas Salo (born July 8, 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with HC TPS in the Finnish Liiga.
Salo made his Liiga debut playing with HC TPS during the 2013–14 Liiga season.
References
External links
Niklas Salo career statistics at EliteProspects.com
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Salo"
]
}
|
Niklas Salo (born July 8, 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with HC TPS in the Finnish Liiga.
Salo made his Liiga debut playing with HC TPS during the 2013–14 Liiga season.
References
External links
Niklas Salo career statistics at EliteProspects.com
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Niklas"
]
}
|
Alexander Godfrey Macdonald, 7th Baron Macdonald, MBE (27 June 1909 – 1970) was a grandson of Ronald Bosville-Macdonald, 6th Baron Macdonald.
Born Alexander Godrey Bosville-Macdonald, he changed his surname to Macdonald on becoming Chief of the Name and Arms of Macdonald. On 14 June 1945, he married Anne Whitaker and they had three children:
Janet Ann Macdonald (born 2 November 1946)
Godfrey James Macdonald, 8th Baron Macdonald (born 28 November 1947)
Alexander Donald Archibald Macdonald (born 3 September 1953)
References
Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th Edition, edited by Charles Mosley, Wilmington, Delaware, 2003, vol II, pp. 2474–2475, ISBN 0-9711966-2-1
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"Anne Whitaker"
]
}
|
Alexander Godfrey Macdonald, 7th Baron Macdonald, MBE (27 June 1909 – 1970) was a grandson of Ronald Bosville-Macdonald, 6th Baron Macdonald.
Born Alexander Godrey Bosville-Macdonald, he changed his surname to Macdonald on becoming Chief of the Name and Arms of Macdonald. On 14 June 1945, he married Anne Whitaker and they had three children:
Janet Ann Macdonald (born 2 November 1946)
Godfrey James Macdonald, 8th Baron Macdonald (born 28 November 1947)
Alexander Donald Archibald Macdonald (born 3 September 1953)
References
Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th Edition, edited by Charles Mosley, Wilmington, Delaware, 2003, vol II, pp. 2474–2475, ISBN 0-9711966-2-1
|
child
|
{
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"Alexander Donald Archibald Macdonald"
]
}
|
Alexander Godfrey Macdonald, 7th Baron Macdonald, MBE (27 June 1909 – 1970) was a grandson of Ronald Bosville-Macdonald, 6th Baron Macdonald.
Born Alexander Godrey Bosville-Macdonald, he changed his surname to Macdonald on becoming Chief of the Name and Arms of Macdonald. On 14 June 1945, he married Anne Whitaker and they had three children:
Janet Ann Macdonald (born 2 November 1946)
Godfrey James Macdonald, 8th Baron Macdonald (born 28 November 1947)
Alexander Donald Archibald Macdonald (born 3 September 1953)
References
Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th Edition, edited by Charles Mosley, Wilmington, Delaware, 2003, vol II, pp. 2474–2475, ISBN 0-9711966-2-1
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Alexander"
]
}
|
Gorzanowice [ɡɔʐanɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Ober Hohendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolków, within Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) north-west of Bolków, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Jawor, and 71 km (44 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
The village has a population of 73.
Gallery
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
}
|
Gorzanowice [ɡɔʐanɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Ober Hohendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolków, within Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) north-west of Bolków, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Jawor, and 71 km (44 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
The village has a population of 73.
Gallery
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Gmina Bolków"
]
}
|
Gorzanowice [ɡɔʐanɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Ober Hohendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolków, within Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) north-west of Bolków, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Jawor, and 71 km (44 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
The village has a population of 73.
Gallery
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gorzanowice"
]
}
|
In the Grimoirium Verum, Agaliarept is purported to be one of two demons directly under Lucifer; Satanachia being the other. The Grimoirium Verum also states that Agalierept and Tarihimal are the rulers of Elelogap, who in turn governs matters connected with water. The Grand Grimoire holds that Agaliarept is a general with the power to uncover secrets and reveal mysteries, and commands the second legion (including Guer, Gusoyn, and Boris).
Modern fiction and games
Agaliarept is also the name given to the Demon King in two computer games published by Level 9 Computing in the 1980s as part of their Middle Earth trilogy: Adventure Quest and Dungeon Adventure.In the MMORPG Ultima Online, Agaliarept is one of the names randomly assigned to demons in various dungeons.
Agaliarept is featured in Wayne Barlowe's novel God's Demon, appearing as a bizarre gestalt entity serving as the court conjuror to Beelzebub.
The Action-Online-RPG The Ruins of the Lost Kingdom Online also has a Boss named Agaliarept (Japanese Katakana:"アガリアレプト") with 2 additional variations with added prefix "Demon-Lord [魔王]" and "Old Devil [老魔]".
Algaliarept (note spelling variation) is the name given to a demon in Kim Harrison's urban fantasy series about Rachel Morgan set in The Hollows.
In the anime Macademi Wasshoi!, Agaliarept is a highest-rank demon and ironically trying to save the world. He is also a friend of Gabriel, the archangel. She even calls him Aga-rin as a nickname.
In the game Lucius II, Agaliarept is one of the titles based on your scores that you can get at the end of every level.
Other names/variants
Agalierap
Agalierept
Resources
The Grand Grimoire [1]
Grimoirium Verum or The True Grimoire. The Most Approved Keys of Solomon The Hebrew Rabbi. Translated From The Hebrew by Plangiere, Jesuit Dominicane. Edited, With A Preface By James Banner, Gent. Originally Published By Alibeck The AEgyptian at Memphis 1517. PDF edition, 1999 Phil Legard. [2]
See also
Daemon (mythology)
List of theological demons
|
instance of
|
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"text": [
"demon"
]
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|
79 Pall Mall is a grade II listed building in Pall Mall, London. It was designed by David Brandon for the Eagle Insurance Company in 1866–68. There formerly stood on the site a brick townhouse occupied by Nell Gwynne after her retirement from the stage and a blue plaque notes the fact.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"house"
]
}
|
79 Pall Mall is a grade II listed building in Pall Mall, London. It was designed by David Brandon for the Eagle Insurance Company in 1866–68. There formerly stood on the site a brick townhouse occupied by Nell Gwynne after her retirement from the stage and a blue plaque notes the fact.
== References ==
|
architect
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"David Brandon"
]
}
|
Karalga is a village in Belgaum district in Karnataka, India.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Keina Tito is a former First Lady of the Republic of Kiribati and a noted advocate for the preservation of indigenous I-Kiribati traditions.
Tito is the wife of Teburoro Tito, who was President of Kiribati from 1994 to 2003. During that time, Keina Tito accompanied her husband at official functions, where she delivered addresses on the topic of cultural preservation. At a Micronesian sub-regional meeting in March 2000, she called upon women in particular to maintain "the good aspects of our traditions and cultures that have held us together peacefully for hundreds of years, and which are now being threatened to extinction by the sweeping tides of global economic, social and political change." The meeting was on the occasion of celebrations of the International Women's Day, and the theme, supported by the presidential couple, was "Women for the maintenance and enhancement of our culture and peace".Keina Tito had previously co-authored a chapter on "Tradition: Ancient Gilbertese Society" in the book Kiribati: Aspects of History, a compendium of articles on I-Kiribati history by I-Kiribati academics.
== References ==
|
position held
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"First Lady"
]
}
|
Tassiga is a village and seat of the Commune of Bourra in the Cercle of Ansongo in the Gao Region of south-eastern Mali. The village lies on the left (east) bank of the Niger River, 37 km southeast of the town of Ansongo.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Mali"
]
}
|
Tassiga is a village and seat of the Commune of Bourra in the Cercle of Ansongo in the Gao Region of south-eastern Mali. The village lies on the left (east) bank of the Niger River, 37 km southeast of the town of Ansongo.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Bourra"
]
}
|
The Palazzo Zabarella is a medieval, fortress-like palace with a crenellated roof-line, and corner tower, located on Via San Francesco 27 in the center of Padua, Italy. The building now houses the Fondazione Bano, and serves as a locale for cultural events and exhibition.
History
Archeologic excavations during the 1990s restoration identified centuries of habitation prior to the Roman era. The palace is located in the area housing the Roman town in Padua, and fragments of ruins were used in construction of the palace and tower. In the 14th-century, the site was acquired by the Zabarella family, which included cardinal Francesco Zabarella (1360-1417). This family would build much of the layout we see today. Brothers Giovanbattista and Lepido Zabarella in 1672 commissioned plans for reconstruction from Thomas Sforzan. The palace was again refurbished in 1818-1819 by Daniele Danieletti. At this time a large entrance atrium was built.
Three artists, Francesco Hayez, Giuseppe Borsato, and Giovanni Carlo Bevilacqua, were employed in fresco decoration.The Zabarella family sold the palace in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the palace became the offices of a bank; and then a private Society of Casino Pedrocchi who added a large ballroom. In 1996, after restoration, becomes the official home of the non-profit Fondazione Bano and an exhibition center designed to host art expositions and cultural events.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Italy"
]
}
|
The Palazzo Zabarella is a medieval, fortress-like palace with a crenellated roof-line, and corner tower, located on Via San Francesco 27 in the center of Padua, Italy. The building now houses the Fondazione Bano, and serves as a locale for cultural events and exhibition.
History
Archeologic excavations during the 1990s restoration identified centuries of habitation prior to the Roman era. The palace is located in the area housing the Roman town in Padua, and fragments of ruins were used in construction of the palace and tower. In the 14th-century, the site was acquired by the Zabarella family, which included cardinal Francesco Zabarella (1360-1417). This family would build much of the layout we see today. Brothers Giovanbattista and Lepido Zabarella in 1672 commissioned plans for reconstruction from Thomas Sforzan. The palace was again refurbished in 1818-1819 by Daniele Danieletti. At this time a large entrance atrium was built.
Three artists, Francesco Hayez, Giuseppe Borsato, and Giovanni Carlo Bevilacqua, were employed in fresco decoration.The Zabarella family sold the palace in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the palace became the offices of a bank; and then a private Society of Casino Pedrocchi who added a large ballroom. In 1996, after restoration, becomes the official home of the non-profit Fondazione Bano and an exhibition center designed to host art expositions and cultural events.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"palace"
]
}
|
The Palazzo Zabarella is a medieval, fortress-like palace with a crenellated roof-line, and corner tower, located on Via San Francesco 27 in the center of Padua, Italy. The building now houses the Fondazione Bano, and serves as a locale for cultural events and exhibition.
History
Archeologic excavations during the 1990s restoration identified centuries of habitation prior to the Roman era. The palace is located in the area housing the Roman town in Padua, and fragments of ruins were used in construction of the palace and tower. In the 14th-century, the site was acquired by the Zabarella family, which included cardinal Francesco Zabarella (1360-1417). This family would build much of the layout we see today. Brothers Giovanbattista and Lepido Zabarella in 1672 commissioned plans for reconstruction from Thomas Sforzan. The palace was again refurbished in 1818-1819 by Daniele Danieletti. At this time a large entrance atrium was built.
Three artists, Francesco Hayez, Giuseppe Borsato, and Giovanni Carlo Bevilacqua, were employed in fresco decoration.The Zabarella family sold the palace in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the palace became the offices of a bank; and then a private Society of Casino Pedrocchi who added a large ballroom. In 1996, after restoration, becomes the official home of the non-profit Fondazione Bano and an exhibition center designed to host art expositions and cultural events.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Padua"
]
}
|
Vancouver Mall is a shopping mall owned by Cenntenial Real Estate, and located in the city of Vancouver, Washington, U.S., which is within the Portland (Oregon) metropolitan area. It is anchored by Gold's Gym, H&M, JCPenney, Macy's, AMC, Hobby Lobby, Round One, and Old Navy. Longtime past anchor stores included Meier & Frank, Sears, Nordstrom and Mervyn's. Opened in 1977, it was known as Westfield Vancouver from 1998 to 2015. It is located near an interchange between Interstate 205 and State Route 500.
History
Plans for the mall were announced by California-based developer Newman Properties and St. Louis-based May Centers in December 1972. At the price of $50 million, Vancouver Mall would be a fully-enclosed structure, comprising two retail levels, at the intersection of then-unfinished Interstate 205 and State Route 500. It would be constructed in two phases.Vancouver Mall opened in August 1977 with Meier & Frank, Nordstrom and Sears as anchors. During phase two of mall expansion, a JCPenney was added. A Lipman's was also planned, but was not built. Eventually, Mervyns would open where the Lipman's had been planned. A 50-foot oak tree was planted on the southwest side of the property to commemorate the grand opening. This tree still exists to this day.
While the mall is now located within the Vancouver city limits, until 1993 the property was in an unincorporated part of Clark County.In 1993, the mall added a new food court and underwent a renovation of its interior. The mall was sold by May Centers in 1994 to Westfield America, Inc after all 19 of the remaining May owned malls were sold to Westfield.
In 1998, the mall was renamed "Westfield Shoppingtown Vancouver", at which time the mall had 146 stores using 870,000 square feet (81,000 m2) of space. However, "Shoppingtown" was dropped from the name in September 2005, making it Westfield Vancouver.2003 would see a full interior and minor exterior renovations to the Sears store at the mall. In mid-2005, work was started on a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) expansion to the Meier & Frank store by its then-owner, the May Department Stores Company, adding 30,000 square feet on each of two levels, completed in 2006. Following the acquisition of the May Company by Federated Department Stores, the Meier & Frank store was renamed Macy's in September 2006.The 82,225-square-foot (7,639.0 m2) Mervyn's closed in January 2007. On June 1, 2012, it was converted to the Cinetopia "Vancouver Mall 23" video movie theater. In 2009, Westfield looked into expanding the mall. These plans would have demolished the former Mervyn's and added additional retail space. By this point the mall was 17% vacant. Prior to this, Westfield intended to add a lifestyle district to the southwest corner of the property. Neither of these plans came into fruition.In 2011, plans were announced to renovate the shopping center. These renovations included new floors, lighting, exterior entrances, escalators, and new tenants. Renovations were completed in July 2012. Cinetopia opened their new multiplex cinema just a month after renovations were finished.
In February 2014, it was announced that Nordstrom would be closing its store at the mall. The store closed in January 2015, at which time the mall managers announced that Gold's Gym would move into the upper level and H&M would move into the lower level of the former-Nordstrom space.In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Westfield Vancouver, into Seritage Growth Properties.On December 18, 2015, Vancouver Mall along with some other U.S. Westfield properties were sold to Centennial Real Estate Company. Vancouver Mall was sold to Centennial for 45 million dollars. "Westfield" was removed from the mall's name. Any other references to Westfield online or at the property were removed the same day. Mall management was retained.On August 22, 2018, Sears announced that its store would also be closing as part of a plan to close 46 stores nationwide. The store officially closed after 41 years on November 25, 2018 After the store closed, Macy’s, JCPenney, Gold's Gym, Old Navy, Cinetopia, and H&M are the remaining anchors left.In March 2019 it was announced that Hobby Lobby and Round One Entertainment would move into the vacant Sears space. Construction on the Round One and Hobby Lobby commenced in September 2019 with an estimated opening date of August 2020. This date was pushed back to September 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic related construction delays. Hobby Lobby opened its doors on September 14, 2020. Round One hosted its grand opening on April 3, 2021. In 2022, Sephora opened a second mall location inside the former Sears auto center. This comes after Sephora and JCPenney ended their exclusive partnership in December 2020. Also in the former Sears, FitNation plans to open a gym branch in the space in 2022. The Sears building and its respective land were sold to Allen Properties of Oregon in 2022.Shoe Dept. Encore opened a 15,000 square foot store in April 2019. On May 23, 2019, AMC Theatres purchased the Cinetopia theater chain. All Cinetopia locations including the Vancouver Mall theater were rebranded under AMC. In June, Chick-fil-A and Five Guys announced plans to open in a freestanding building in the malls southwest parking lot. Five Guys opened on September 9, 2020, with Chick-Fil-A opening on January 7, 2021.On March 17, 2020, the mall temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with an estimated re-opening in June. Select retailers began offering curbside pickup in late May. All ongoing construction projects at the mall were put on hold due to governor Jay Inslees pandemic related halt to all construction. This ban was lifted the next month. On June 8, 2020, the Vancouver Mall announced they would be reopening on the 10th with restrictions and new safety measures in place to combat the spread of COVID-19.Beginning in 2020, the mall lost many national retailers. Those included: Michael Kors, GNC, The Walking Company, Kay Jewelers, Aveda, The Children's Place, Gymboree, Charlotte Russe, Christopher & Banks, Justice, Aldo, Loft, Aeropostale, and See's Candies. National retailers that have joined the mall since 2020 are Tillys, Windsor, Sephora, The Good Feet Store, Hobby Lobby, Round1, and BoxLunch.On October 6, 2020, the mall announced that it would embark on a minor interior renovation. These renovations include new carpets, new seating areas, and minor cosmetic changes throughout the property.
References
External links
Official website
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
2875
],
"text": [
"shopping center"
]
}
|
Vancouver Mall is a shopping mall owned by Cenntenial Real Estate, and located in the city of Vancouver, Washington, U.S., which is within the Portland (Oregon) metropolitan area. It is anchored by Gold's Gym, H&M, JCPenney, Macy's, AMC, Hobby Lobby, Round One, and Old Navy. Longtime past anchor stores included Meier & Frank, Sears, Nordstrom and Mervyn's. Opened in 1977, it was known as Westfield Vancouver from 1998 to 2015. It is located near an interchange between Interstate 205 and State Route 500.
History
Plans for the mall were announced by California-based developer Newman Properties and St. Louis-based May Centers in December 1972. At the price of $50 million, Vancouver Mall would be a fully-enclosed structure, comprising two retail levels, at the intersection of then-unfinished Interstate 205 and State Route 500. It would be constructed in two phases.Vancouver Mall opened in August 1977 with Meier & Frank, Nordstrom and Sears as anchors. During phase two of mall expansion, a JCPenney was added. A Lipman's was also planned, but was not built. Eventually, Mervyns would open where the Lipman's had been planned. A 50-foot oak tree was planted on the southwest side of the property to commemorate the grand opening. This tree still exists to this day.
While the mall is now located within the Vancouver city limits, until 1993 the property was in an unincorporated part of Clark County.In 1993, the mall added a new food court and underwent a renovation of its interior. The mall was sold by May Centers in 1994 to Westfield America, Inc after all 19 of the remaining May owned malls were sold to Westfield.
In 1998, the mall was renamed "Westfield Shoppingtown Vancouver", at which time the mall had 146 stores using 870,000 square feet (81,000 m2) of space. However, "Shoppingtown" was dropped from the name in September 2005, making it Westfield Vancouver.2003 would see a full interior and minor exterior renovations to the Sears store at the mall. In mid-2005, work was started on a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) expansion to the Meier & Frank store by its then-owner, the May Department Stores Company, adding 30,000 square feet on each of two levels, completed in 2006. Following the acquisition of the May Company by Federated Department Stores, the Meier & Frank store was renamed Macy's in September 2006.The 82,225-square-foot (7,639.0 m2) Mervyn's closed in January 2007. On June 1, 2012, it was converted to the Cinetopia "Vancouver Mall 23" video movie theater. In 2009, Westfield looked into expanding the mall. These plans would have demolished the former Mervyn's and added additional retail space. By this point the mall was 17% vacant. Prior to this, Westfield intended to add a lifestyle district to the southwest corner of the property. Neither of these plans came into fruition.In 2011, plans were announced to renovate the shopping center. These renovations included new floors, lighting, exterior entrances, escalators, and new tenants. Renovations were completed in July 2012. Cinetopia opened their new multiplex cinema just a month after renovations were finished.
In February 2014, it was announced that Nordstrom would be closing its store at the mall. The store closed in January 2015, at which time the mall managers announced that Gold's Gym would move into the upper level and H&M would move into the lower level of the former-Nordstrom space.In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Westfield Vancouver, into Seritage Growth Properties.On December 18, 2015, Vancouver Mall along with some other U.S. Westfield properties were sold to Centennial Real Estate Company. Vancouver Mall was sold to Centennial for 45 million dollars. "Westfield" was removed from the mall's name. Any other references to Westfield online or at the property were removed the same day. Mall management was retained.On August 22, 2018, Sears announced that its store would also be closing as part of a plan to close 46 stores nationwide. The store officially closed after 41 years on November 25, 2018 After the store closed, Macy’s, JCPenney, Gold's Gym, Old Navy, Cinetopia, and H&M are the remaining anchors left.In March 2019 it was announced that Hobby Lobby and Round One Entertainment would move into the vacant Sears space. Construction on the Round One and Hobby Lobby commenced in September 2019 with an estimated opening date of August 2020. This date was pushed back to September 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic related construction delays. Hobby Lobby opened its doors on September 14, 2020. Round One hosted its grand opening on April 3, 2021. In 2022, Sephora opened a second mall location inside the former Sears auto center. This comes after Sephora and JCPenney ended their exclusive partnership in December 2020. Also in the former Sears, FitNation plans to open a gym branch in the space in 2022. The Sears building and its respective land were sold to Allen Properties of Oregon in 2022.Shoe Dept. Encore opened a 15,000 square foot store in April 2019. On May 23, 2019, AMC Theatres purchased the Cinetopia theater chain. All Cinetopia locations including the Vancouver Mall theater were rebranded under AMC. In June, Chick-fil-A and Five Guys announced plans to open in a freestanding building in the malls southwest parking lot. Five Guys opened on September 9, 2020, with Chick-Fil-A opening on January 7, 2021.On March 17, 2020, the mall temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with an estimated re-opening in June. Select retailers began offering curbside pickup in late May. All ongoing construction projects at the mall were put on hold due to governor Jay Inslees pandemic related halt to all construction. This ban was lifted the next month. On June 8, 2020, the Vancouver Mall announced they would be reopening on the 10th with restrictions and new safety measures in place to combat the spread of COVID-19.Beginning in 2020, the mall lost many national retailers. Those included: Michael Kors, GNC, The Walking Company, Kay Jewelers, Aveda, The Children's Place, Gymboree, Charlotte Russe, Christopher & Banks, Justice, Aldo, Loft, Aeropostale, and See's Candies. National retailers that have joined the mall since 2020 are Tillys, Windsor, Sephora, The Good Feet Store, Hobby Lobby, Round1, and BoxLunch.On October 6, 2020, the mall announced that it would embark on a minor interior renovation. These renovations include new carpets, new seating areas, and minor cosmetic changes throughout the property.
References
External links
Official website
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vancouver"
]
}
|
Vancouver Mall is a shopping mall owned by Cenntenial Real Estate, and located in the city of Vancouver, Washington, U.S., which is within the Portland (Oregon) metropolitan area. It is anchored by Gold's Gym, H&M, JCPenney, Macy's, AMC, Hobby Lobby, Round One, and Old Navy. Longtime past anchor stores included Meier & Frank, Sears, Nordstrom and Mervyn's. Opened in 1977, it was known as Westfield Vancouver from 1998 to 2015. It is located near an interchange between Interstate 205 and State Route 500.
History
Plans for the mall were announced by California-based developer Newman Properties and St. Louis-based May Centers in December 1972. At the price of $50 million, Vancouver Mall would be a fully-enclosed structure, comprising two retail levels, at the intersection of then-unfinished Interstate 205 and State Route 500. It would be constructed in two phases.Vancouver Mall opened in August 1977 with Meier & Frank, Nordstrom and Sears as anchors. During phase two of mall expansion, a JCPenney was added. A Lipman's was also planned, but was not built. Eventually, Mervyns would open where the Lipman's had been planned. A 50-foot oak tree was planted on the southwest side of the property to commemorate the grand opening. This tree still exists to this day.
While the mall is now located within the Vancouver city limits, until 1993 the property was in an unincorporated part of Clark County.In 1993, the mall added a new food court and underwent a renovation of its interior. The mall was sold by May Centers in 1994 to Westfield America, Inc after all 19 of the remaining May owned malls were sold to Westfield.
In 1998, the mall was renamed "Westfield Shoppingtown Vancouver", at which time the mall had 146 stores using 870,000 square feet (81,000 m2) of space. However, "Shoppingtown" was dropped from the name in September 2005, making it Westfield Vancouver.2003 would see a full interior and minor exterior renovations to the Sears store at the mall. In mid-2005, work was started on a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) expansion to the Meier & Frank store by its then-owner, the May Department Stores Company, adding 30,000 square feet on each of two levels, completed in 2006. Following the acquisition of the May Company by Federated Department Stores, the Meier & Frank store was renamed Macy's in September 2006.The 82,225-square-foot (7,639.0 m2) Mervyn's closed in January 2007. On June 1, 2012, it was converted to the Cinetopia "Vancouver Mall 23" video movie theater. In 2009, Westfield looked into expanding the mall. These plans would have demolished the former Mervyn's and added additional retail space. By this point the mall was 17% vacant. Prior to this, Westfield intended to add a lifestyle district to the southwest corner of the property. Neither of these plans came into fruition.In 2011, plans were announced to renovate the shopping center. These renovations included new floors, lighting, exterior entrances, escalators, and new tenants. Renovations were completed in July 2012. Cinetopia opened their new multiplex cinema just a month after renovations were finished.
In February 2014, it was announced that Nordstrom would be closing its store at the mall. The store closed in January 2015, at which time the mall managers announced that Gold's Gym would move into the upper level and H&M would move into the lower level of the former-Nordstrom space.In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Westfield Vancouver, into Seritage Growth Properties.On December 18, 2015, Vancouver Mall along with some other U.S. Westfield properties were sold to Centennial Real Estate Company. Vancouver Mall was sold to Centennial for 45 million dollars. "Westfield" was removed from the mall's name. Any other references to Westfield online or at the property were removed the same day. Mall management was retained.On August 22, 2018, Sears announced that its store would also be closing as part of a plan to close 46 stores nationwide. The store officially closed after 41 years on November 25, 2018 After the store closed, Macy’s, JCPenney, Gold's Gym, Old Navy, Cinetopia, and H&M are the remaining anchors left.In March 2019 it was announced that Hobby Lobby and Round One Entertainment would move into the vacant Sears space. Construction on the Round One and Hobby Lobby commenced in September 2019 with an estimated opening date of August 2020. This date was pushed back to September 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic related construction delays. Hobby Lobby opened its doors on September 14, 2020. Round One hosted its grand opening on April 3, 2021. In 2022, Sephora opened a second mall location inside the former Sears auto center. This comes after Sephora and JCPenney ended their exclusive partnership in December 2020. Also in the former Sears, FitNation plans to open a gym branch in the space in 2022. The Sears building and its respective land were sold to Allen Properties of Oregon in 2022.Shoe Dept. Encore opened a 15,000 square foot store in April 2019. On May 23, 2019, AMC Theatres purchased the Cinetopia theater chain. All Cinetopia locations including the Vancouver Mall theater were rebranded under AMC. In June, Chick-fil-A and Five Guys announced plans to open in a freestanding building in the malls southwest parking lot. Five Guys opened on September 9, 2020, with Chick-Fil-A opening on January 7, 2021.On March 17, 2020, the mall temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with an estimated re-opening in June. Select retailers began offering curbside pickup in late May. All ongoing construction projects at the mall were put on hold due to governor Jay Inslees pandemic related halt to all construction. This ban was lifted the next month. On June 8, 2020, the Vancouver Mall announced they would be reopening on the 10th with restrictions and new safety measures in place to combat the spread of COVID-19.Beginning in 2020, the mall lost many national retailers. Those included: Michael Kors, GNC, The Walking Company, Kay Jewelers, Aveda, The Children's Place, Gymboree, Charlotte Russe, Christopher & Banks, Justice, Aldo, Loft, Aeropostale, and See's Candies. National retailers that have joined the mall since 2020 are Tillys, Windsor, Sephora, The Good Feet Store, Hobby Lobby, Round1, and BoxLunch.On October 6, 2020, the mall announced that it would embark on a minor interior renovation. These renovations include new carpets, new seating areas, and minor cosmetic changes throughout the property.
References
External links
Official website
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vancouver Mall"
]
}
|
Activant Solutions Inc. was a privately held American technology company specializing in business management, software serving retail and wholesale distribution businesses headquartered in Livermore, California.
Activant provided tailored proprietary software, professional services, content, supply chain connectivity, and analytics to the automotive, hardlines and lumber, and wholesale distribution industries.
The company employed more than 1,700 people in California, Texas, Colorado, Illinois, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.
Activant Solutions was acquired by Apax Partners and merged with Epicor in May 2011. The combined entity is continuing as Epicor.
History
Activant was incorporated in 1971 as Triad Systems by Henry M. Gay, William W. Stevens and Donald J. Ruder. It was incorporated in 1972. The company installed its first system at Northgate Auto Parts in Mill Valley, California, on July 7, 1973. It retained the Triad name until 2003.
Automotive aftermarket
Prior to automation, the automotive aftermarket—involving the distribution of automotive replacement parts—used 3x5 index cards for inventory control. The founders of Activant created a computer, the Series 10, that used new, cost-effective disk drives to store the inventory information for the automotive parts distributors. The Series 10 gave the automotive parts distributors, also known as jobbers, inventory control. It was offered at $50,000–100,000 per unit.In the 1980s, the Series 10 was followed by the faster Series 12. The increased storage capacity of the Series 12 enabled Triad to offer customers the first computer based parts catalog, eliminating the racks of parts catalogs used in auto parts retailers. The company also created a system for larger warehouse distributors, the Triad 80. These systems helped enable communication capabilities between jobbers and warehouse distributors and suppliers.
Expansion to new markets
In 1980, Francisco Ramiro Diaz, Activant's founder, observed that the hardlines market had similar inventory management and accounts receivable requirements as jobbers and warehouse distributors. To cater to the hardware retailers, the company created a point-of-sale (POS) cash terminal system. In 1984, the company modified the POS system to serve lumberyards.By 1984, Activant (then Triad) launched the first electronic parts catalog (simply called Electronic Catalog) paper catalogs, and by 1990, provided customers with more than 8.8 million automobile parts available electronically. In 1987, the company began selling a stand-alone Electronic Catalog on CD-Rom (renamed as Triad LaserCat) to smaller automotive jobbers who did not have an Triad system. In 1989, the company began to develop the Triad Prism system as a future replacement for the Series 12 for the automotive aftermarket. The system for the hardlines and lumber industry was upgraded, including a new UNIX operating system, and became Triad Eagle by 1992.
Activant Vista
In 1993, Triad released Triad Vista, a product movement service which compiled monthly point-of-sale movement reports and showed how products performed against their competition and in the market in general. Vista brought in over $12 million annually.In the mid-1990s, Triad acquired assets from the companies of Gemini, CSD, Eclipse, and Ultimate to aid the company in the lumber and automotive industries. The Radio Frequency (RF) Suite was also launched during the mid-1990s. RF-enabled barcode scanning.
The company launched Triad Eagle for Windows in 1997.
By 1997, CCI purchased Triad. Glen Staats became CEO of CCITRIAD. One year later, the owners of the company, Hicks, Muse, Tate and Furst brought in a new CEO, Mike Aviles, to replace Staats. Aviles was CEO from late 1999–2004. Over the next five years, the company's customer base continued to expand and entered into partnerships with TrueValue, ACE, and Do It Best hardware stores.
21st century
Under Mike Aviles, Activant’s revenue grew to over $225M.
In 2003, the company changed its name from CCITRIAD to Activant Solutions Inc. In 2004, the board of directors brought in Larry Jones as CEO to drive an aggressive growth strategy. Pervez Qureshi, current president and CEO, took over in May 2006.Activant purchased Speedware Corporation Inc., including its operating divisions, Enterprise Computer Systems (ECS) Inc., Prelude Systems Inc., OpenERP Solutions and Speedware Ltd., in 2005. That same year Activant acquired The Systems House Inc., a technology company for distributors primarily in the automotive aftermarket and office products industries, and Prophet 21, which aided Activant in the wholesale distribution market.In May 2006, Activant was purchased by the private equity firms Hellman & Friedman, Thoma Cressey, and JMI Equity.In 2007, Activant acquired Silk Systems Inc., including its wholly owned subsidiary Silk Dimensions Systems Inc., a software company for the Canadian home improvement, wholesale distribution and building materials markets. This was followed by the acquisition of Intuit Eclipse Distribution Management Solutions Business, an enterprise software provider in wholesale distribution.
References
External links
Activant's Official Web Site
Activant's Wholesale Distribution Web Site
Activant's UK Web Site
Activant's UK Supplier/Services portal
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"business"
]
}
|
Activant Solutions Inc. was a privately held American technology company specializing in business management, software serving retail and wholesale distribution businesses headquartered in Livermore, California.
Activant provided tailored proprietary software, professional services, content, supply chain connectivity, and analytics to the automotive, hardlines and lumber, and wholesale distribution industries.
The company employed more than 1,700 people in California, Texas, Colorado, Illinois, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.
Activant Solutions was acquired by Apax Partners and merged with Epicor in May 2011. The combined entity is continuing as Epicor.
History
Activant was incorporated in 1971 as Triad Systems by Henry M. Gay, William W. Stevens and Donald J. Ruder. It was incorporated in 1972. The company installed its first system at Northgate Auto Parts in Mill Valley, California, on July 7, 1973. It retained the Triad name until 2003.
Automotive aftermarket
Prior to automation, the automotive aftermarket—involving the distribution of automotive replacement parts—used 3x5 index cards for inventory control. The founders of Activant created a computer, the Series 10, that used new, cost-effective disk drives to store the inventory information for the automotive parts distributors. The Series 10 gave the automotive parts distributors, also known as jobbers, inventory control. It was offered at $50,000–100,000 per unit.In the 1980s, the Series 10 was followed by the faster Series 12. The increased storage capacity of the Series 12 enabled Triad to offer customers the first computer based parts catalog, eliminating the racks of parts catalogs used in auto parts retailers. The company also created a system for larger warehouse distributors, the Triad 80. These systems helped enable communication capabilities between jobbers and warehouse distributors and suppliers.
Expansion to new markets
In 1980, Francisco Ramiro Diaz, Activant's founder, observed that the hardlines market had similar inventory management and accounts receivable requirements as jobbers and warehouse distributors. To cater to the hardware retailers, the company created a point-of-sale (POS) cash terminal system. In 1984, the company modified the POS system to serve lumberyards.By 1984, Activant (then Triad) launched the first electronic parts catalog (simply called Electronic Catalog) paper catalogs, and by 1990, provided customers with more than 8.8 million automobile parts available electronically. In 1987, the company began selling a stand-alone Electronic Catalog on CD-Rom (renamed as Triad LaserCat) to smaller automotive jobbers who did not have an Triad system. In 1989, the company began to develop the Triad Prism system as a future replacement for the Series 12 for the automotive aftermarket. The system for the hardlines and lumber industry was upgraded, including a new UNIX operating system, and became Triad Eagle by 1992.
Activant Vista
In 1993, Triad released Triad Vista, a product movement service which compiled monthly point-of-sale movement reports and showed how products performed against their competition and in the market in general. Vista brought in over $12 million annually.In the mid-1990s, Triad acquired assets from the companies of Gemini, CSD, Eclipse, and Ultimate to aid the company in the lumber and automotive industries. The Radio Frequency (RF) Suite was also launched during the mid-1990s. RF-enabled barcode scanning.
The company launched Triad Eagle for Windows in 1997.
By 1997, CCI purchased Triad. Glen Staats became CEO of CCITRIAD. One year later, the owners of the company, Hicks, Muse, Tate and Furst brought in a new CEO, Mike Aviles, to replace Staats. Aviles was CEO from late 1999–2004. Over the next five years, the company's customer base continued to expand and entered into partnerships with TrueValue, ACE, and Do It Best hardware stores.
21st century
Under Mike Aviles, Activant’s revenue grew to over $225M.
In 2003, the company changed its name from CCITRIAD to Activant Solutions Inc. In 2004, the board of directors brought in Larry Jones as CEO to drive an aggressive growth strategy. Pervez Qureshi, current president and CEO, took over in May 2006.Activant purchased Speedware Corporation Inc., including its operating divisions, Enterprise Computer Systems (ECS) Inc., Prelude Systems Inc., OpenERP Solutions and Speedware Ltd., in 2005. That same year Activant acquired The Systems House Inc., a technology company for distributors primarily in the automotive aftermarket and office products industries, and Prophet 21, which aided Activant in the wholesale distribution market.In May 2006, Activant was purchased by the private equity firms Hellman & Friedman, Thoma Cressey, and JMI Equity.In 2007, Activant acquired Silk Systems Inc., including its wholly owned subsidiary Silk Dimensions Systems Inc., a software company for the Canadian home improvement, wholesale distribution and building materials markets. This was followed by the acquisition of Intuit Eclipse Distribution Management Solutions Business, an enterprise software provider in wholesale distribution.
References
External links
Activant's Official Web Site
Activant's Wholesale Distribution Web Site
Activant's UK Web Site
Activant's UK Supplier/Services portal
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"Livermore"
]
}
|
Martha Abelsen (born 1957) is a Greenlandic politician.
She was born in Nuuk and trained as a kindergarten teacher. She also received management training. Abelsen worked for the KANUKOKA, the association of Greenland municipalities, for 15 years. She began work there as a consultant and, in 1999, became director. Abelsen was elected chairman in 2010. She resigned effective September 1, 2013. In October 2011, she was named second deputy mayor for Sermersooq municipality. In 2014, she was named a representative for Greenland on the Executive Council of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Nuuk"
]
}
|
Martha Abelsen (born 1957) is a Greenlandic politician.
She was born in Nuuk and trained as a kindergarten teacher. She also received management training. Abelsen worked for the KANUKOKA, the association of Greenland municipalities, for 15 years. She began work there as a consultant and, in 1999, became director. Abelsen was elected chairman in 2010. She resigned effective September 1, 2013. In October 2011, she was named second deputy mayor for Sermersooq municipality. In 2014, she was named a representative for Greenland on the Executive Council of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Greenland"
]
}
|
Martha Abelsen (born 1957) is a Greenlandic politician.
She was born in Nuuk and trained as a kindergarten teacher. She also received management training. Abelsen worked for the KANUKOKA, the association of Greenland municipalities, for 15 years. She began work there as a consultant and, in 1999, became director. Abelsen was elected chairman in 2010. She resigned effective September 1, 2013. In October 2011, she was named second deputy mayor for Sermersooq municipality. In 2014, she was named a representative for Greenland on the Executive Council of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Martha Abelsen (born 1957) is a Greenlandic politician.
She was born in Nuuk and trained as a kindergarten teacher. She also received management training. Abelsen worked for the KANUKOKA, the association of Greenland municipalities, for 15 years. She began work there as a consultant and, in 1999, became director. Abelsen was elected chairman in 2010. She resigned effective September 1, 2013. In October 2011, she was named second deputy mayor for Sermersooq municipality. In 2014, she was named a representative for Greenland on the Executive Council of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Abelsen"
]
}
|
Martha Abelsen (born 1957) is a Greenlandic politician.
She was born in Nuuk and trained as a kindergarten teacher. She also received management training. Abelsen worked for the KANUKOKA, the association of Greenland municipalities, for 15 years. She began work there as a consultant and, in 1999, became director. Abelsen was elected chairman in 2010. She resigned effective September 1, 2013. In October 2011, she was named second deputy mayor for Sermersooq municipality. In 2014, she was named a representative for Greenland on the Executive Council of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Martha"
]
}
|
An Túr Gloine (pronounced [ənˠ ˌt̪ˠuːɾˠ ˈɡlˠɪnʲə]; Irish for "The Glass Tower") was a cooperative studio for stained glass and opus sectile artists from 1903 until 1944, based in Dublin, Ireland.
History
An Túr Gloine was conceived of in late 1901 and established January 1903 at 24 Pembroke Street, Dublin, Ireland, on the site of two former tennis courts. It was active throughout the first half of the 20th century. Affiliated artists included Michael Healy, Evie Hone, Beatrice Elvery, Wilhelmina Geddes, Catherine O'Brien, Kathleen Quigly, and founder Sarah Purser. The original impetus for the project, spurred by the Irish cultural activist Edward Martyn, was the building of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway, which was to become St. Brendan's. Purser and Martyn hoped to provide an alternative to the commercial stained glass imported from England and Germany for Irish churches and other architectural projects. Purser's knowledge of French and English medieval glass, together with her social connections and organizational skills, were crucial to the success of the cooperative.A writer for The Studio, a magazine of fine and applied art, called the recently formed An Túr Gloine "perhaps the most noteworthy example of the newly awakened desire to foster Irish genius," describing it as "at once a craft school, where instruction in every detail connected with the designing and production of stained glass is given to the workers, and a factory from which some beautiful work has already appeared." The writer also extolled the economic benefits of an Irish glass industry to supply churches. The studio is regarded as part of the Arts and Crafts Movement, but was infused also with the contemporary spirit of Irish revivalism and drew on the artistic tradition of Celtic manuscript illumination. Ireland became an internationally renowned center of stained-glass art at this time, to a large extent as a result of An Túr Gloine. The studio was run by Purser until 1940, and she was succeeded by Catherine O'Brien who ran it until 1944. After which time O'Brien bought the studio and leased a large section of it to Patrick Pollen.
Relation to literary culture
A commission for An Túr Gloine occasioned an outburst of criticism in Samhain magazine from the Irish poet W.B. Yeats on how the "bourgeois mind is never sincere in the arts":
Galway convent a little time ago refused a fine design for stained glass, sent from Miss Sarah Purser's studio, because of the personal life in the faces and in the attitudes, which seemed to them ugly, perhaps even impious. They sent to Miss Purser an insipid German chromo-lithograph, full of faces without expression or dignity, and gestures without personal distinction, and Miss Purser, doubtless because her enterprise was too new, too anxious for success, to reject any order, has carried out this ignoble design in glass of beautiful colour and quality.
Works
The following table provides examples of work commissioned from the studio or created by individual artists associated with An Túr Gloine.
References
Sources
Teehan, Virginia; Heckett, Elizabeth (2005). The Honan Chapel: A Golden Vision. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-8591-8346-5.
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"cooperative"
]
}
|
An Túr Gloine (pronounced [ənˠ ˌt̪ˠuːɾˠ ˈɡlˠɪnʲə]; Irish for "The Glass Tower") was a cooperative studio for stained glass and opus sectile artists from 1903 until 1944, based in Dublin, Ireland.
History
An Túr Gloine was conceived of in late 1901 and established January 1903 at 24 Pembroke Street, Dublin, Ireland, on the site of two former tennis courts. It was active throughout the first half of the 20th century. Affiliated artists included Michael Healy, Evie Hone, Beatrice Elvery, Wilhelmina Geddes, Catherine O'Brien, Kathleen Quigly, and founder Sarah Purser. The original impetus for the project, spurred by the Irish cultural activist Edward Martyn, was the building of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway, which was to become St. Brendan's. Purser and Martyn hoped to provide an alternative to the commercial stained glass imported from England and Germany for Irish churches and other architectural projects. Purser's knowledge of French and English medieval glass, together with her social connections and organizational skills, were crucial to the success of the cooperative.A writer for The Studio, a magazine of fine and applied art, called the recently formed An Túr Gloine "perhaps the most noteworthy example of the newly awakened desire to foster Irish genius," describing it as "at once a craft school, where instruction in every detail connected with the designing and production of stained glass is given to the workers, and a factory from which some beautiful work has already appeared." The writer also extolled the economic benefits of an Irish glass industry to supply churches. The studio is regarded as part of the Arts and Crafts Movement, but was infused also with the contemporary spirit of Irish revivalism and drew on the artistic tradition of Celtic manuscript illumination. Ireland became an internationally renowned center of stained-glass art at this time, to a large extent as a result of An Túr Gloine. The studio was run by Purser until 1940, and she was succeeded by Catherine O'Brien who ran it until 1944. After which time O'Brien bought the studio and leased a large section of it to Patrick Pollen.
Relation to literary culture
A commission for An Túr Gloine occasioned an outburst of criticism in Samhain magazine from the Irish poet W.B. Yeats on how the "bourgeois mind is never sincere in the arts":
Galway convent a little time ago refused a fine design for stained glass, sent from Miss Sarah Purser's studio, because of the personal life in the faces and in the attitudes, which seemed to them ugly, perhaps even impious. They sent to Miss Purser an insipid German chromo-lithograph, full of faces without expression or dignity, and gestures without personal distinction, and Miss Purser, doubtless because her enterprise was too new, too anxious for success, to reject any order, has carried out this ignoble design in glass of beautiful colour and quality.
Works
The following table provides examples of work commissioned from the studio or created by individual artists associated with An Túr Gloine.
References
Sources
Teehan, Virginia; Heckett, Elizabeth (2005). The Honan Chapel: A Golden Vision. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-8591-8346-5.
|
founded by
|
{
"answer_start": [
558
],
"text": [
"Sarah Purser"
]
}
|
An Túr Gloine (pronounced [ənˠ ˌt̪ˠuːɾˠ ˈɡlˠɪnʲə]; Irish for "The Glass Tower") was a cooperative studio for stained glass and opus sectile artists from 1903 until 1944, based in Dublin, Ireland.
History
An Túr Gloine was conceived of in late 1901 and established January 1903 at 24 Pembroke Street, Dublin, Ireland, on the site of two former tennis courts. It was active throughout the first half of the 20th century. Affiliated artists included Michael Healy, Evie Hone, Beatrice Elvery, Wilhelmina Geddes, Catherine O'Brien, Kathleen Quigly, and founder Sarah Purser. The original impetus for the project, spurred by the Irish cultural activist Edward Martyn, was the building of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway, which was to become St. Brendan's. Purser and Martyn hoped to provide an alternative to the commercial stained glass imported from England and Germany for Irish churches and other architectural projects. Purser's knowledge of French and English medieval glass, together with her social connections and organizational skills, were crucial to the success of the cooperative.A writer for The Studio, a magazine of fine and applied art, called the recently formed An Túr Gloine "perhaps the most noteworthy example of the newly awakened desire to foster Irish genius," describing it as "at once a craft school, where instruction in every detail connected with the designing and production of stained glass is given to the workers, and a factory from which some beautiful work has already appeared." The writer also extolled the economic benefits of an Irish glass industry to supply churches. The studio is regarded as part of the Arts and Crafts Movement, but was infused also with the contemporary spirit of Irish revivalism and drew on the artistic tradition of Celtic manuscript illumination. Ireland became an internationally renowned center of stained-glass art at this time, to a large extent as a result of An Túr Gloine. The studio was run by Purser until 1940, and she was succeeded by Catherine O'Brien who ran it until 1944. After which time O'Brien bought the studio and leased a large section of it to Patrick Pollen.
Relation to literary culture
A commission for An Túr Gloine occasioned an outburst of criticism in Samhain magazine from the Irish poet W.B. Yeats on how the "bourgeois mind is never sincere in the arts":
Galway convent a little time ago refused a fine design for stained glass, sent from Miss Sarah Purser's studio, because of the personal life in the faces and in the attitudes, which seemed to them ugly, perhaps even impious. They sent to Miss Purser an insipid German chromo-lithograph, full of faces without expression or dignity, and gestures without personal distinction, and Miss Purser, doubtless because her enterprise was too new, too anxious for success, to reject any order, has carried out this ignoble design in glass of beautiful colour and quality.
Works
The following table provides examples of work commissioned from the studio or created by individual artists associated with An Túr Gloine.
References
Sources
Teehan, Virginia; Heckett, Elizabeth (2005). The Honan Chapel: A Golden Vision. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-8591-8346-5.
|
chief executive officer
|
{
"answer_start": [
558
],
"text": [
"Sarah Purser"
]
}
|
An Túr Gloine (pronounced [ənˠ ˌt̪ˠuːɾˠ ˈɡlˠɪnʲə]; Irish for "The Glass Tower") was a cooperative studio for stained glass and opus sectile artists from 1903 until 1944, based in Dublin, Ireland.
History
An Túr Gloine was conceived of in late 1901 and established January 1903 at 24 Pembroke Street, Dublin, Ireland, on the site of two former tennis courts. It was active throughout the first half of the 20th century. Affiliated artists included Michael Healy, Evie Hone, Beatrice Elvery, Wilhelmina Geddes, Catherine O'Brien, Kathleen Quigly, and founder Sarah Purser. The original impetus for the project, spurred by the Irish cultural activist Edward Martyn, was the building of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway, which was to become St. Brendan's. Purser and Martyn hoped to provide an alternative to the commercial stained glass imported from England and Germany for Irish churches and other architectural projects. Purser's knowledge of French and English medieval glass, together with her social connections and organizational skills, were crucial to the success of the cooperative.A writer for The Studio, a magazine of fine and applied art, called the recently formed An Túr Gloine "perhaps the most noteworthy example of the newly awakened desire to foster Irish genius," describing it as "at once a craft school, where instruction in every detail connected with the designing and production of stained glass is given to the workers, and a factory from which some beautiful work has already appeared." The writer also extolled the economic benefits of an Irish glass industry to supply churches. The studio is regarded as part of the Arts and Crafts Movement, but was infused also with the contemporary spirit of Irish revivalism and drew on the artistic tradition of Celtic manuscript illumination. Ireland became an internationally renowned center of stained-glass art at this time, to a large extent as a result of An Túr Gloine. The studio was run by Purser until 1940, and she was succeeded by Catherine O'Brien who ran it until 1944. After which time O'Brien bought the studio and leased a large section of it to Patrick Pollen.
Relation to literary culture
A commission for An Túr Gloine occasioned an outburst of criticism in Samhain magazine from the Irish poet W.B. Yeats on how the "bourgeois mind is never sincere in the arts":
Galway convent a little time ago refused a fine design for stained glass, sent from Miss Sarah Purser's studio, because of the personal life in the faces and in the attitudes, which seemed to them ugly, perhaps even impious. They sent to Miss Purser an insipid German chromo-lithograph, full of faces without expression or dignity, and gestures without personal distinction, and Miss Purser, doubtless because her enterprise was too new, too anxious for success, to reject any order, has carried out this ignoble design in glass of beautiful colour and quality.
Works
The following table provides examples of work commissioned from the studio or created by individual artists associated with An Túr Gloine.
References
Sources
Teehan, Virginia; Heckett, Elizabeth (2005). The Honan Chapel: A Golden Vision. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-8591-8346-5.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"An Túr Gloine"
]
}
|
Emanuel Nunes Carvalho (1771, London, England - 1817, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American Jewish religious leader and lexicographer.
Career
Emanuel Nunes Carvalho was born in London, England in 1771. In 1799, Carvalho, whose merchant father had emigrated from Portugal to Amsterdam to Britain, was hired as hazzan for the Jewish community in Bridgetown, Barbados. However, he and his wife, the former Sarah Moreira, found the climate bad for their health, so they sailed to New York in 1806, where he tried to support them by teaching oriental languages. Soon he and one of his merchant brothers, David Nunes Carvalho, immigrated to Charleston, South Carolina.
In 1811, Emanuel Nunes Carvalho became the hazzan of Charleston's Jewish community, as well as ran a Jewish school there and taught Christian clergymen Hebrew. In 1813, he became a naturalized American citizen in Charleston. In 1814, Nunes Carvalho was selected as the hazzan of Philadelphia's Congregation Mikveh Israel, where he served for three years until his death. While in Charleston, he may have owned a slave, but had none in the 1810 census, nor by his death in Philadelphia.In Philadelphia, Rabbi Nunes Carvalho published A Key to the Hebrew Tongue (Philadelphia, 1815). His A Sermon, preached on Sunday, July 7, 1816, on Occasion of the Death of the Rev. Mr. Gershom Mendes Seixas (Philadelphia, 1816) was the first Jewish sermon printed in the United States.
Family
Carvalho's brother David Nunes Carvalho helped found the first reformed congregation in the United States, the Reformed Society of Israelites, in Charleston in 1825. His nephew, Solomon Nunes Carvalho, was a famous artist, photographer, explorer and inventor. His great-nephew David Nunez Carvalho was an ink, paper and handwriting expert who helped prove the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus.
Death
Carvalho died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1817 and was buried in his congregation's cemetery.
References
Sources
Goldman, Yosef; Kinsberg, Ari (2006). Hebrew Printing in America 1735-1926: A History and Annotated Bibliography. Brooklyn, New York : Goldman. ISBN 978-1-59975-685-1.
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"London"
]
}
|
Emanuel Nunes Carvalho (1771, London, England - 1817, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American Jewish religious leader and lexicographer.
Career
Emanuel Nunes Carvalho was born in London, England in 1771. In 1799, Carvalho, whose merchant father had emigrated from Portugal to Amsterdam to Britain, was hired as hazzan for the Jewish community in Bridgetown, Barbados. However, he and his wife, the former Sarah Moreira, found the climate bad for their health, so they sailed to New York in 1806, where he tried to support them by teaching oriental languages. Soon he and one of his merchant brothers, David Nunes Carvalho, immigrated to Charleston, South Carolina.
In 1811, Emanuel Nunes Carvalho became the hazzan of Charleston's Jewish community, as well as ran a Jewish school there and taught Christian clergymen Hebrew. In 1813, he became a naturalized American citizen in Charleston. In 1814, Nunes Carvalho was selected as the hazzan of Philadelphia's Congregation Mikveh Israel, where he served for three years until his death. While in Charleston, he may have owned a slave, but had none in the 1810 census, nor by his death in Philadelphia.In Philadelphia, Rabbi Nunes Carvalho published A Key to the Hebrew Tongue (Philadelphia, 1815). His A Sermon, preached on Sunday, July 7, 1816, on Occasion of the Death of the Rev. Mr. Gershom Mendes Seixas (Philadelphia, 1816) was the first Jewish sermon printed in the United States.
Family
Carvalho's brother David Nunes Carvalho helped found the first reformed congregation in the United States, the Reformed Society of Israelites, in Charleston in 1825. His nephew, Solomon Nunes Carvalho, was a famous artist, photographer, explorer and inventor. His great-nephew David Nunez Carvalho was an ink, paper and handwriting expert who helped prove the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus.
Death
Carvalho died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1817 and was buried in his congregation's cemetery.
References
Sources
Goldman, Yosef; Kinsberg, Ari (2006). Hebrew Printing in America 1735-1926: A History and Annotated Bibliography. Brooklyn, New York : Goldman. ISBN 978-1-59975-685-1.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"lexicographer"
]
}
|
Emanuel Nunes Carvalho (1771, London, England - 1817, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American Jewish religious leader and lexicographer.
Career
Emanuel Nunes Carvalho was born in London, England in 1771. In 1799, Carvalho, whose merchant father had emigrated from Portugal to Amsterdam to Britain, was hired as hazzan for the Jewish community in Bridgetown, Barbados. However, he and his wife, the former Sarah Moreira, found the climate bad for their health, so they sailed to New York in 1806, where he tried to support them by teaching oriental languages. Soon he and one of his merchant brothers, David Nunes Carvalho, immigrated to Charleston, South Carolina.
In 1811, Emanuel Nunes Carvalho became the hazzan of Charleston's Jewish community, as well as ran a Jewish school there and taught Christian clergymen Hebrew. In 1813, he became a naturalized American citizen in Charleston. In 1814, Nunes Carvalho was selected as the hazzan of Philadelphia's Congregation Mikveh Israel, where he served for three years until his death. While in Charleston, he may have owned a slave, but had none in the 1810 census, nor by his death in Philadelphia.In Philadelphia, Rabbi Nunes Carvalho published A Key to the Hebrew Tongue (Philadelphia, 1815). His A Sermon, preached on Sunday, July 7, 1816, on Occasion of the Death of the Rev. Mr. Gershom Mendes Seixas (Philadelphia, 1816) was the first Jewish sermon printed in the United States.
Family
Carvalho's brother David Nunes Carvalho helped found the first reformed congregation in the United States, the Reformed Society of Israelites, in Charleston in 1825. His nephew, Solomon Nunes Carvalho, was a famous artist, photographer, explorer and inventor. His great-nephew David Nunez Carvalho was an ink, paper and handwriting expert who helped prove the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus.
Death
Carvalho died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1817 and was buried in his congregation's cemetery.
References
Sources
Goldman, Yosef; Kinsberg, Ari (2006). Hebrew Printing in America 1735-1926: A History and Annotated Bibliography. Brooklyn, New York : Goldman. ISBN 978-1-59975-685-1.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Emanuel"
]
}
|
Dinckley is a small village and civil parish located in the Ribble Valley, in Lancashire, England. Owing to the limited extent of the population details from the Census 2011 are maintained within the civil parish of Billington and Langho. The parish is situated on the south side of the River Ribble, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Blackburn. The northern boundary of the parish is formed by the River Ribble, and the eastern boundary by Park Brook and Dinckley Brook. The parish is part of the Langho ward, which is represented on Ribble Valley Borough Council by two councillors, both from the Conservative Party.Dinckley Ferry was a rowing boat which crossed the river connecting the village to Hurst Green. The ferry was replaced by a suspension bridge in the 1950s.
Listed building
There is one listed building in the parish; this is Dinckley Hall which is listed at Grade II*. The house basically has a cruck frame, its exterior was originally timber-framed, and it was subsequently encased in sandstone and brick. It consists of a hall and a cross wing, there are two storeys, and it contains mullioned and transomed windows.
References
External links
Media related to Dinckley at Wikimedia Commons
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"village"
]
}
|
Dinckley is a small village and civil parish located in the Ribble Valley, in Lancashire, England. Owing to the limited extent of the population details from the Census 2011 are maintained within the civil parish of Billington and Langho. The parish is situated on the south side of the River Ribble, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Blackburn. The northern boundary of the parish is formed by the River Ribble, and the eastern boundary by Park Brook and Dinckley Brook. The parish is part of the Langho ward, which is represented on Ribble Valley Borough Council by two councillors, both from the Conservative Party.Dinckley Ferry was a rowing boat which crossed the river connecting the village to Hurst Green. The ferry was replaced by a suspension bridge in the 1950s.
Listed building
There is one listed building in the parish; this is Dinckley Hall which is listed at Grade II*. The house basically has a cruck frame, its exterior was originally timber-framed, and it was subsequently encased in sandstone and brick. It consists of a hall and a cross wing, there are two storeys, and it contains mullioned and transomed windows.
References
External links
Media related to Dinckley at Wikimedia Commons
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Ribble Valley"
]
}
|
Dinckley is a small village and civil parish located in the Ribble Valley, in Lancashire, England. Owing to the limited extent of the population details from the Census 2011 are maintained within the civil parish of Billington and Langho. The parish is situated on the south side of the River Ribble, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Blackburn. The northern boundary of the parish is formed by the River Ribble, and the eastern boundary by Park Brook and Dinckley Brook. The parish is part of the Langho ward, which is represented on Ribble Valley Borough Council by two councillors, both from the Conservative Party.Dinckley Ferry was a rowing boat which crossed the river connecting the village to Hurst Green. The ferry was replaced by a suspension bridge in the 1950s.
Listed building
There is one listed building in the parish; this is Dinckley Hall which is listed at Grade II*. The house basically has a cruck frame, its exterior was originally timber-framed, and it was subsequently encased in sandstone and brick. It consists of a hall and a cross wing, there are two storeys, and it contains mullioned and transomed windows.
References
External links
Media related to Dinckley at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Dinckley"
]
}
|
Dinckley is a small village and civil parish located in the Ribble Valley, in Lancashire, England. Owing to the limited extent of the population details from the Census 2011 are maintained within the civil parish of Billington and Langho. The parish is situated on the south side of the River Ribble, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Blackburn. The northern boundary of the parish is formed by the River Ribble, and the eastern boundary by Park Brook and Dinckley Brook. The parish is part of the Langho ward, which is represented on Ribble Valley Borough Council by two councillors, both from the Conservative Party.Dinckley Ferry was a rowing boat which crossed the river connecting the village to Hurst Green. The ferry was replaced by a suspension bridge in the 1950s.
Listed building
There is one listed building in the parish; this is Dinckley Hall which is listed at Grade II*. The house basically has a cruck frame, its exterior was originally timber-framed, and it was subsequently encased in sandstone and brick. It consists of a hall and a cross wing, there are two storeys, and it contains mullioned and transomed windows.
References
External links
Media related to Dinckley at Wikimedia Commons
|
historic county
|
{
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Lancashire"
]
}
|
The 2010 IHF Women's Youth World Championship was the third edition and took place at Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic from August 2–12. The defending champion was Russia. Sweden won the title this year.
Preliminary round
Top 2 teams from each group advanced to the Quarterfinals, while the third placed team from each group competed for the places 9–12, the fourth placed teams for the place 13-16 and fifth placed team of each group for the place 17–20.
Group A
All times are local UTC-4
Group B
Ivory Coast withdrew from this Youth World Championship and all matches in which was scheduled to play will be canceled without evaluation.All times are local UTC-4
Group C
All times are local UTC-4
Group D
All times are local UTC-4
Placement matches
17th–20th
17th/18th
13th–16th
15th/16th
13th/14th
9th–12th
11th/12th
9th/10th
Final round
Quarterfinals
5th–8th
7th/8th
5th/6th
Semifinals
Bronze medal match
Gold medal match
Final standings
Awards
All-star team
Goalkeeper: Fanny Chatelet (FRA)
Left wing: Sheila Segura (ESP)
Left back: Lara Gonzalez Ortega (ESP)
Pivot: Kathrine Heindahl (DEN)
Centre back: Marie Henriksen (NOR)
Right back: Louise Burgaard (DEN)
Right wing: Linn Larsson (SWE)
References
External links
IHF Site
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Santo Domingo"
]
}
|
St. Vrain State Park, formerly known as Barbour Ponds, is a Colorado state park. The park hosts year-round camping. It is a popular birding destination, hosting the states largest rookery of Blue Heron, it is home to several other bird species as well including migrating waterfowl, songbirds and the occasional bald eagle. Other park activities include year round fishing and hiking. There are plans for a reservoir to be built at the park named Blue Heron Reservoir.
History
1800s
The land of St. Vrain State Park was originally home to Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native American tribes. Once claimed by Spain then France who sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Having just made the largest land purchase in the history of the nation, the government was eager to discover what $15,000,000 had bought. They sent out scouts, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, then Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike to explore. Although neither group traveled in the area, their descriptions of the land and a growing fur trade encouraged adventurers to head west. In 1817, the US War Department sent Stephen Long, a Major in the Topographical Engineers, to explore the upper Mississippi. Following the North and South Platte Rivers, Long likely saw the St. Vrain Valley in July 1820.In 1848, gold was discovered in California bringing a wave of eager gold-seekers headed west. A few made their fortunes, but more often prospectors headed home with empty pockets or found work in the communities that had sprung up around the prospectors. Some who left the goldfields found their fortune in land and sent word to their families. That sparked a new wave of immigrants moving west. The Oregon Trail passed by Fort Laramie, north of the St. Vrain Valley, and was a major route for the steady stream of immigrants moving from east to west. Historians estimate a combined 150,000 prospectors and immigrants traveled through Fort Laramie, north of the St Vrain Valley, between 1841 and 1853. Native Americans watching these travelers had cause for concern; their way of life was in jeopardy. The immigrants did not understand the Native American tribes any more than the Native Americans understood them. Tensions rose. Although the government tried to address the issues through treaties, the government also broke those treaties. Bison hunters actively sought hides decimating the Native Americans' food supply while settlers were encroaching on what was supposed to be their land. The Native Americans' only recourse was to push the white men out.In 1858, gold was discovered near Denver. Another wave of adventurers set off seeking their fortune. Again a few were lucky, but far more became discouraged with the search and left the goldfields. Many of them found land to their liking and made a home. Agriculture began to develop and cities were formed. Milo Smith, Perry L. Smith, and Elisha Duncan settled east of St. Vrain Creek and Boulder Creek on land that would one day become St. Vrain State Park. Life was good along the St. Vrain, but stories of trouble with Native Americas made the settlers wary. In June 1864 the Hungate family, living northeast of Denver City, was murdered by a raiding tribe. The settlers felt they needed to protect themselves, so they formed the Home Guard with 4 officers and 58 volunteers. The government provided each man a six-shooter and a rifle, and they drilled twice monthly on Elisha Duncan's homestead. Perry L. Smith donated a plot of land for a fort, and the community came together in July to build a sod fort. They cut the sod into strips one foot wide and two feet long and stacked them like bricks. The walls were two feet thick. The fort was 100 feet by 130 feet with portholes large enough to shoot through spaced every eight feet wide and eight feet high above the ground. There were sod benches two feet wide and three feet high lining the walls, so defenders could move along any wall in any direction to protect the fort from attack. Inside two structures were built in opposite corners to store supplies. Their roofs could be used as observation towers. They filled voids or gaps in the walls with mud and coated the walls from the bottom to the top both inside and out. Because it was close to where the St. Vrain and Boulder Creek join, it was called Fort Junction.In August 1864, Elbridge Gerry made a historic ride along the South Platte to warn settlers of an impending attack. Two men were sent from the Platteville station to warn settlers along the lower Boulder and St. Vrain. Community members loaded their valuables into wagons and rushed to the fort, but no attack ever came. After a few days, everyone went back home. From February 1866 to May 1867, Fort Junction was used as a post office with Perry L. Smith appointed as postmaster. Then in 1868 three other settlers were killed and the fort was used once again to protect settlers, but again there was no attack. After that, the fort was used as an occasional stopover place for travelers, and eventually, it was absorbed back into the prairie.The Chicago Colony Colorado came to the St. Vrain Valley in 1872 as one of only a few successful planned colonies in the Colorado Territory and was incorporated as Longmont in 1873. Then in the late 1800s, a coal seam was discovered in the Carbon Valley, southeast of present-day St. Vrain State Park. The McKissick Mine was opened in 1887 and others followed drawing coal miners, not just from the United States, but also from Greece, France, Bulgaria, and Italy. Those miners settled in and around three distinct towns. Frederick is in the middle and incorporated first in 1907. It was followed by Dacono in 1908 to the south, and Firestone in 1908 to the north. These towns grew up around the mines and miners. Although the mines were all shut down by the 1970s, fossil fuels continue to be a big part of the area economy. They now drill for gas.
1900s
After the turn of the century, people began depending on cars rather than wagons. The Colorado Department of Transportation first built highway 87 then as early as the late 1940s began to rebuild it as an interstate highway running from Wyoming south to New Mexico. Building roads requires a lot of gravel, so in 1958 the Department of Transportation purchased land along the St. Vrain from Edwin and Albert Anderson to mine the needed gravel. In 1961 the highway was completed north to Highway 66, and the Department of Transportation no longer needed the gravel pit. At first, they thought the Department of Wildlife might use it for a fish hatchery, but flooding changed those plans. Instead in 1962, the gravel ponds were turned over to the State Parks Department for a state recreation area. It was up to the Parks Department to turn the 50 acres of land and 80 acres of water into a recreation area named for Roy N. Barbour, an area resident and avid conservationist who was credited with helping to establish a chapter of the Izaak Walton League in Longmont. Game, Fish, and Parks improved existing roads, built new ones, and spent $6,529 to install four toilets, five shade shelters, picnic tables, and grills to prepare the area for visitors. Two of the ponds were reserved for carp. Others received species such as bluegill, sunfish, bass, and bullheads. Trout were not stocked because the water is too warm for their survival.Barbour Ponds drew visitors from the Denver area in search of fishing and seasonal duck hunting. In 1967 the area had 60,000 visitors. In 1968 the state allocated $55,000 to construct a 25 site campground with modern sanitary facilities, running water, turnouts and shade shelters, tables and grills. As visitation continued to grow the park service made more improvements. In 1975 the park roads remained closed a little later than usual as park personnel did some upgrades. When it opened in July of that year, it had received a facelift with significant improvements. There were 75 campsites, improved parking, and paving provided a better experience for visitors. In 1977 Muskrat Nature Trail was built with help from the Youth Conservation Corp. In 1980 a Boy Scouts of America Eagle project planned to raise the level of the boardwalk on the nature trail. Area newspapers sang the area's praises with articles such as, "Nearby Flatland Nature Preserve, Protects Beauty of the Prairie.In 1994, the State Department of Transportation project to rebuild the I-25 Highway 119 intersection led to a resurgence of interest in Fort Junction. A ground-penetrating radar survey revealed possible ruins. Construction was halted and archeologists were called in, but the only artifacts found were a chair leg less than 20 years old. A historical marker commemorating the fort was moved from the northwest corner of the intersection to its current location near the Park-N-Ride on the southeast corner, and construction resumed. But interest in the old fort was sparked. Johnnie St. Vrain, a columnist for the Longmont Daily Times-Call, reported on the archeological activity and got three different possible locations for the fort. The first reader said the fort was built about a mile west of the confluence of the rivers. That was supported by another who said according to a map of the Colorado Territory at the Library of Congress, the fort was just west of the confluence. That would mean it was somewhere between the current car dealership on the south side of Highway 119 and the confluence of the rivers. Another reader wrote in that area farmers had found remains, and it was just where the marker suggested about, "200 yards due east," of the original marker location, that would put the fort near the highway. Another person, who had been studying the fort for a long time and had a hand-drawn map from the time when the fort was used as a postal stop, believes the fort was built on land now owned by St. Vrain State Park. He used satellite imagery, but because the fort had been constructed of sod, there would be no foundation. He was looking for a raised area roughly 100 by 130 feet where the sod had been absorbed into the ground. He did find a promising area, but nothing definitive was ever found.
Recent history
The land was the beginning, but the plans would require almost $15 million over 10 years to develop new recreational opportunities at St. Vrain State Park. The plan included adding five more ponds from pits dug by gravel companies and a network of trails that will help connect open lands, park areas, and trails from Longmont under I-25 into Weld County. They also planned to add campsites with both water and electric bringing the total number of campsites to 160. By 2004 a new entry station was built, water and electric were installed, and preliminary work was done for improvements through 2007. In 2005 trees and bushes that would provide a buffer for and animal habitat were planted along the south and east boundaries of the park. These buffer zones would be irrigated using a ditch and playa concept. Forty-five new campsites were built with water, sewer and electricity. The road around Pelican Pond and the southern portion of the park were permanently closed to vehicular use. Americorp volunteers helped to plant 100 large cottonwoods in the new campground. Mallard pond was restored with new shoreline grading, rock fishing piers and native plantings along the shoreline. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts joined to help plant a native garden at the new camper services building. Youth Corp helped with fencing and weed control. Americorp came back later in April with 600 volunteers for another session and planted 5000 trees and shrubs to finish the wildlife habitat buffer. In 2006 dry weather put all the new plantings at risk and kept park personnel in crisis mode watering everything to keep it alive until monsoon rains dropped 1.5 inches of water in July averting a plant die-off. In the fall Pelican Pond got shoreline grading and seeding. Two Boy Scouts working on their Eagle projects helped with plant restoration activities at Pelican Pond. St. Vrain State Park had been transformed from a "little fishing park" to a restored riparian area earning praise from area newspapers.In May 2015, Blue Heron Reservoir opened helping to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the park. It is the largest Great Blue Heron rookery in the state. Visitors who came to celebrate the park's anniversary would have been able to walk nature trails around ten of the ponds, enjoy birdwatching, and photography. They could spend the night in up to date campsites, fish in stocked ponds, and enjoy views of Longs Peak.
Present day
Compared to when it was first seen by Stephen Long, St. Vrain State Park is much bigger and more natural, having been returned to a wetland area. And at the same time that it is more developed. Campsites will accommodate modern rigs, a Camper Services building with showers, miles of walking trails, and acclaimed fishing. Fish and waterfowl populations are thriving. Native vegetation is once again doing well, and visitors can now see mammals including coyote, rabbits, fox, deer, or maybe even a moose.St. Vrain State Park is working with nine other parks on 'augmented reality' to help visitors have an interactive experience in the park.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Colorado state park"
]
}
|
St. Vrain State Park, formerly known as Barbour Ponds, is a Colorado state park. The park hosts year-round camping. It is a popular birding destination, hosting the states largest rookery of Blue Heron, it is home to several other bird species as well including migrating waterfowl, songbirds and the occasional bald eagle. Other park activities include year round fishing and hiking. There are plans for a reservoir to be built at the park named Blue Heron Reservoir.
History
1800s
The land of St. Vrain State Park was originally home to Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native American tribes. Once claimed by Spain then France who sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Having just made the largest land purchase in the history of the nation, the government was eager to discover what $15,000,000 had bought. They sent out scouts, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, then Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike to explore. Although neither group traveled in the area, their descriptions of the land and a growing fur trade encouraged adventurers to head west. In 1817, the US War Department sent Stephen Long, a Major in the Topographical Engineers, to explore the upper Mississippi. Following the North and South Platte Rivers, Long likely saw the St. Vrain Valley in July 1820.In 1848, gold was discovered in California bringing a wave of eager gold-seekers headed west. A few made their fortunes, but more often prospectors headed home with empty pockets or found work in the communities that had sprung up around the prospectors. Some who left the goldfields found their fortune in land and sent word to their families. That sparked a new wave of immigrants moving west. The Oregon Trail passed by Fort Laramie, north of the St. Vrain Valley, and was a major route for the steady stream of immigrants moving from east to west. Historians estimate a combined 150,000 prospectors and immigrants traveled through Fort Laramie, north of the St Vrain Valley, between 1841 and 1853. Native Americans watching these travelers had cause for concern; their way of life was in jeopardy. The immigrants did not understand the Native American tribes any more than the Native Americans understood them. Tensions rose. Although the government tried to address the issues through treaties, the government also broke those treaties. Bison hunters actively sought hides decimating the Native Americans' food supply while settlers were encroaching on what was supposed to be their land. The Native Americans' only recourse was to push the white men out.In 1858, gold was discovered near Denver. Another wave of adventurers set off seeking their fortune. Again a few were lucky, but far more became discouraged with the search and left the goldfields. Many of them found land to their liking and made a home. Agriculture began to develop and cities were formed. Milo Smith, Perry L. Smith, and Elisha Duncan settled east of St. Vrain Creek and Boulder Creek on land that would one day become St. Vrain State Park. Life was good along the St. Vrain, but stories of trouble with Native Americas made the settlers wary. In June 1864 the Hungate family, living northeast of Denver City, was murdered by a raiding tribe. The settlers felt they needed to protect themselves, so they formed the Home Guard with 4 officers and 58 volunteers. The government provided each man a six-shooter and a rifle, and they drilled twice monthly on Elisha Duncan's homestead. Perry L. Smith donated a plot of land for a fort, and the community came together in July to build a sod fort. They cut the sod into strips one foot wide and two feet long and stacked them like bricks. The walls were two feet thick. The fort was 100 feet by 130 feet with portholes large enough to shoot through spaced every eight feet wide and eight feet high above the ground. There were sod benches two feet wide and three feet high lining the walls, so defenders could move along any wall in any direction to protect the fort from attack. Inside two structures were built in opposite corners to store supplies. Their roofs could be used as observation towers. They filled voids or gaps in the walls with mud and coated the walls from the bottom to the top both inside and out. Because it was close to where the St. Vrain and Boulder Creek join, it was called Fort Junction.In August 1864, Elbridge Gerry made a historic ride along the South Platte to warn settlers of an impending attack. Two men were sent from the Platteville station to warn settlers along the lower Boulder and St. Vrain. Community members loaded their valuables into wagons and rushed to the fort, but no attack ever came. After a few days, everyone went back home. From February 1866 to May 1867, Fort Junction was used as a post office with Perry L. Smith appointed as postmaster. Then in 1868 three other settlers were killed and the fort was used once again to protect settlers, but again there was no attack. After that, the fort was used as an occasional stopover place for travelers, and eventually, it was absorbed back into the prairie.The Chicago Colony Colorado came to the St. Vrain Valley in 1872 as one of only a few successful planned colonies in the Colorado Territory and was incorporated as Longmont in 1873. Then in the late 1800s, a coal seam was discovered in the Carbon Valley, southeast of present-day St. Vrain State Park. The McKissick Mine was opened in 1887 and others followed drawing coal miners, not just from the United States, but also from Greece, France, Bulgaria, and Italy. Those miners settled in and around three distinct towns. Frederick is in the middle and incorporated first in 1907. It was followed by Dacono in 1908 to the south, and Firestone in 1908 to the north. These towns grew up around the mines and miners. Although the mines were all shut down by the 1970s, fossil fuels continue to be a big part of the area economy. They now drill for gas.
1900s
After the turn of the century, people began depending on cars rather than wagons. The Colorado Department of Transportation first built highway 87 then as early as the late 1940s began to rebuild it as an interstate highway running from Wyoming south to New Mexico. Building roads requires a lot of gravel, so in 1958 the Department of Transportation purchased land along the St. Vrain from Edwin and Albert Anderson to mine the needed gravel. In 1961 the highway was completed north to Highway 66, and the Department of Transportation no longer needed the gravel pit. At first, they thought the Department of Wildlife might use it for a fish hatchery, but flooding changed those plans. Instead in 1962, the gravel ponds were turned over to the State Parks Department for a state recreation area. It was up to the Parks Department to turn the 50 acres of land and 80 acres of water into a recreation area named for Roy N. Barbour, an area resident and avid conservationist who was credited with helping to establish a chapter of the Izaak Walton League in Longmont. Game, Fish, and Parks improved existing roads, built new ones, and spent $6,529 to install four toilets, five shade shelters, picnic tables, and grills to prepare the area for visitors. Two of the ponds were reserved for carp. Others received species such as bluegill, sunfish, bass, and bullheads. Trout were not stocked because the water is too warm for their survival.Barbour Ponds drew visitors from the Denver area in search of fishing and seasonal duck hunting. In 1967 the area had 60,000 visitors. In 1968 the state allocated $55,000 to construct a 25 site campground with modern sanitary facilities, running water, turnouts and shade shelters, tables and grills. As visitation continued to grow the park service made more improvements. In 1975 the park roads remained closed a little later than usual as park personnel did some upgrades. When it opened in July of that year, it had received a facelift with significant improvements. There were 75 campsites, improved parking, and paving provided a better experience for visitors. In 1977 Muskrat Nature Trail was built with help from the Youth Conservation Corp. In 1980 a Boy Scouts of America Eagle project planned to raise the level of the boardwalk on the nature trail. Area newspapers sang the area's praises with articles such as, "Nearby Flatland Nature Preserve, Protects Beauty of the Prairie.In 1994, the State Department of Transportation project to rebuild the I-25 Highway 119 intersection led to a resurgence of interest in Fort Junction. A ground-penetrating radar survey revealed possible ruins. Construction was halted and archeologists were called in, but the only artifacts found were a chair leg less than 20 years old. A historical marker commemorating the fort was moved from the northwest corner of the intersection to its current location near the Park-N-Ride on the southeast corner, and construction resumed. But interest in the old fort was sparked. Johnnie St. Vrain, a columnist for the Longmont Daily Times-Call, reported on the archeological activity and got three different possible locations for the fort. The first reader said the fort was built about a mile west of the confluence of the rivers. That was supported by another who said according to a map of the Colorado Territory at the Library of Congress, the fort was just west of the confluence. That would mean it was somewhere between the current car dealership on the south side of Highway 119 and the confluence of the rivers. Another reader wrote in that area farmers had found remains, and it was just where the marker suggested about, "200 yards due east," of the original marker location, that would put the fort near the highway. Another person, who had been studying the fort for a long time and had a hand-drawn map from the time when the fort was used as a postal stop, believes the fort was built on land now owned by St. Vrain State Park. He used satellite imagery, but because the fort had been constructed of sod, there would be no foundation. He was looking for a raised area roughly 100 by 130 feet where the sod had been absorbed into the ground. He did find a promising area, but nothing definitive was ever found.
Recent history
The land was the beginning, but the plans would require almost $15 million over 10 years to develop new recreational opportunities at St. Vrain State Park. The plan included adding five more ponds from pits dug by gravel companies and a network of trails that will help connect open lands, park areas, and trails from Longmont under I-25 into Weld County. They also planned to add campsites with both water and electric bringing the total number of campsites to 160. By 2004 a new entry station was built, water and electric were installed, and preliminary work was done for improvements through 2007. In 2005 trees and bushes that would provide a buffer for and animal habitat were planted along the south and east boundaries of the park. These buffer zones would be irrigated using a ditch and playa concept. Forty-five new campsites were built with water, sewer and electricity. The road around Pelican Pond and the southern portion of the park were permanently closed to vehicular use. Americorp volunteers helped to plant 100 large cottonwoods in the new campground. Mallard pond was restored with new shoreline grading, rock fishing piers and native plantings along the shoreline. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts joined to help plant a native garden at the new camper services building. Youth Corp helped with fencing and weed control. Americorp came back later in April with 600 volunteers for another session and planted 5000 trees and shrubs to finish the wildlife habitat buffer. In 2006 dry weather put all the new plantings at risk and kept park personnel in crisis mode watering everything to keep it alive until monsoon rains dropped 1.5 inches of water in July averting a plant die-off. In the fall Pelican Pond got shoreline grading and seeding. Two Boy Scouts working on their Eagle projects helped with plant restoration activities at Pelican Pond. St. Vrain State Park had been transformed from a "little fishing park" to a restored riparian area earning praise from area newspapers.In May 2015, Blue Heron Reservoir opened helping to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the park. It is the largest Great Blue Heron rookery in the state. Visitors who came to celebrate the park's anniversary would have been able to walk nature trails around ten of the ponds, enjoy birdwatching, and photography. They could spend the night in up to date campsites, fish in stocked ponds, and enjoy views of Longs Peak.
Present day
Compared to when it was first seen by Stephen Long, St. Vrain State Park is much bigger and more natural, having been returned to a wetland area. And at the same time that it is more developed. Campsites will accommodate modern rigs, a Camper Services building with showers, miles of walking trails, and acclaimed fishing. Fish and waterfowl populations are thriving. Native vegetation is once again doing well, and visitors can now see mammals including coyote, rabbits, fox, deer, or maybe even a moose.St. Vrain State Park is working with nine other parks on 'augmented reality' to help visitors have an interactive experience in the park.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
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"text": [
"Colorado"
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}
|
St. Vrain State Park, formerly known as Barbour Ponds, is a Colorado state park. The park hosts year-round camping. It is a popular birding destination, hosting the states largest rookery of Blue Heron, it is home to several other bird species as well including migrating waterfowl, songbirds and the occasional bald eagle. Other park activities include year round fishing and hiking. There are plans for a reservoir to be built at the park named Blue Heron Reservoir.
History
1800s
The land of St. Vrain State Park was originally home to Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native American tribes. Once claimed by Spain then France who sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Having just made the largest land purchase in the history of the nation, the government was eager to discover what $15,000,000 had bought. They sent out scouts, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, then Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike to explore. Although neither group traveled in the area, their descriptions of the land and a growing fur trade encouraged adventurers to head west. In 1817, the US War Department sent Stephen Long, a Major in the Topographical Engineers, to explore the upper Mississippi. Following the North and South Platte Rivers, Long likely saw the St. Vrain Valley in July 1820.In 1848, gold was discovered in California bringing a wave of eager gold-seekers headed west. A few made their fortunes, but more often prospectors headed home with empty pockets or found work in the communities that had sprung up around the prospectors. Some who left the goldfields found their fortune in land and sent word to their families. That sparked a new wave of immigrants moving west. The Oregon Trail passed by Fort Laramie, north of the St. Vrain Valley, and was a major route for the steady stream of immigrants moving from east to west. Historians estimate a combined 150,000 prospectors and immigrants traveled through Fort Laramie, north of the St Vrain Valley, between 1841 and 1853. Native Americans watching these travelers had cause for concern; their way of life was in jeopardy. The immigrants did not understand the Native American tribes any more than the Native Americans understood them. Tensions rose. Although the government tried to address the issues through treaties, the government also broke those treaties. Bison hunters actively sought hides decimating the Native Americans' food supply while settlers were encroaching on what was supposed to be their land. The Native Americans' only recourse was to push the white men out.In 1858, gold was discovered near Denver. Another wave of adventurers set off seeking their fortune. Again a few were lucky, but far more became discouraged with the search and left the goldfields. Many of them found land to their liking and made a home. Agriculture began to develop and cities were formed. Milo Smith, Perry L. Smith, and Elisha Duncan settled east of St. Vrain Creek and Boulder Creek on land that would one day become St. Vrain State Park. Life was good along the St. Vrain, but stories of trouble with Native Americas made the settlers wary. In June 1864 the Hungate family, living northeast of Denver City, was murdered by a raiding tribe. The settlers felt they needed to protect themselves, so they formed the Home Guard with 4 officers and 58 volunteers. The government provided each man a six-shooter and a rifle, and they drilled twice monthly on Elisha Duncan's homestead. Perry L. Smith donated a plot of land for a fort, and the community came together in July to build a sod fort. They cut the sod into strips one foot wide and two feet long and stacked them like bricks. The walls were two feet thick. The fort was 100 feet by 130 feet with portholes large enough to shoot through spaced every eight feet wide and eight feet high above the ground. There were sod benches two feet wide and three feet high lining the walls, so defenders could move along any wall in any direction to protect the fort from attack. Inside two structures were built in opposite corners to store supplies. Their roofs could be used as observation towers. They filled voids or gaps in the walls with mud and coated the walls from the bottom to the top both inside and out. Because it was close to where the St. Vrain and Boulder Creek join, it was called Fort Junction.In August 1864, Elbridge Gerry made a historic ride along the South Platte to warn settlers of an impending attack. Two men were sent from the Platteville station to warn settlers along the lower Boulder and St. Vrain. Community members loaded their valuables into wagons and rushed to the fort, but no attack ever came. After a few days, everyone went back home. From February 1866 to May 1867, Fort Junction was used as a post office with Perry L. Smith appointed as postmaster. Then in 1868 three other settlers were killed and the fort was used once again to protect settlers, but again there was no attack. After that, the fort was used as an occasional stopover place for travelers, and eventually, it was absorbed back into the prairie.The Chicago Colony Colorado came to the St. Vrain Valley in 1872 as one of only a few successful planned colonies in the Colorado Territory and was incorporated as Longmont in 1873. Then in the late 1800s, a coal seam was discovered in the Carbon Valley, southeast of present-day St. Vrain State Park. The McKissick Mine was opened in 1887 and others followed drawing coal miners, not just from the United States, but also from Greece, France, Bulgaria, and Italy. Those miners settled in and around three distinct towns. Frederick is in the middle and incorporated first in 1907. It was followed by Dacono in 1908 to the south, and Firestone in 1908 to the north. These towns grew up around the mines and miners. Although the mines were all shut down by the 1970s, fossil fuels continue to be a big part of the area economy. They now drill for gas.
1900s
After the turn of the century, people began depending on cars rather than wagons. The Colorado Department of Transportation first built highway 87 then as early as the late 1940s began to rebuild it as an interstate highway running from Wyoming south to New Mexico. Building roads requires a lot of gravel, so in 1958 the Department of Transportation purchased land along the St. Vrain from Edwin and Albert Anderson to mine the needed gravel. In 1961 the highway was completed north to Highway 66, and the Department of Transportation no longer needed the gravel pit. At first, they thought the Department of Wildlife might use it for a fish hatchery, but flooding changed those plans. Instead in 1962, the gravel ponds were turned over to the State Parks Department for a state recreation area. It was up to the Parks Department to turn the 50 acres of land and 80 acres of water into a recreation area named for Roy N. Barbour, an area resident and avid conservationist who was credited with helping to establish a chapter of the Izaak Walton League in Longmont. Game, Fish, and Parks improved existing roads, built new ones, and spent $6,529 to install four toilets, five shade shelters, picnic tables, and grills to prepare the area for visitors. Two of the ponds were reserved for carp. Others received species such as bluegill, sunfish, bass, and bullheads. Trout were not stocked because the water is too warm for their survival.Barbour Ponds drew visitors from the Denver area in search of fishing and seasonal duck hunting. In 1967 the area had 60,000 visitors. In 1968 the state allocated $55,000 to construct a 25 site campground with modern sanitary facilities, running water, turnouts and shade shelters, tables and grills. As visitation continued to grow the park service made more improvements. In 1975 the park roads remained closed a little later than usual as park personnel did some upgrades. When it opened in July of that year, it had received a facelift with significant improvements. There were 75 campsites, improved parking, and paving provided a better experience for visitors. In 1977 Muskrat Nature Trail was built with help from the Youth Conservation Corp. In 1980 a Boy Scouts of America Eagle project planned to raise the level of the boardwalk on the nature trail. Area newspapers sang the area's praises with articles such as, "Nearby Flatland Nature Preserve, Protects Beauty of the Prairie.In 1994, the State Department of Transportation project to rebuild the I-25 Highway 119 intersection led to a resurgence of interest in Fort Junction. A ground-penetrating radar survey revealed possible ruins. Construction was halted and archeologists were called in, but the only artifacts found were a chair leg less than 20 years old. A historical marker commemorating the fort was moved from the northwest corner of the intersection to its current location near the Park-N-Ride on the southeast corner, and construction resumed. But interest in the old fort was sparked. Johnnie St. Vrain, a columnist for the Longmont Daily Times-Call, reported on the archeological activity and got three different possible locations for the fort. The first reader said the fort was built about a mile west of the confluence of the rivers. That was supported by another who said according to a map of the Colorado Territory at the Library of Congress, the fort was just west of the confluence. That would mean it was somewhere between the current car dealership on the south side of Highway 119 and the confluence of the rivers. Another reader wrote in that area farmers had found remains, and it was just where the marker suggested about, "200 yards due east," of the original marker location, that would put the fort near the highway. Another person, who had been studying the fort for a long time and had a hand-drawn map from the time when the fort was used as a postal stop, believes the fort was built on land now owned by St. Vrain State Park. He used satellite imagery, but because the fort had been constructed of sod, there would be no foundation. He was looking for a raised area roughly 100 by 130 feet where the sod had been absorbed into the ground. He did find a promising area, but nothing definitive was ever found.
Recent history
The land was the beginning, but the plans would require almost $15 million over 10 years to develop new recreational opportunities at St. Vrain State Park. The plan included adding five more ponds from pits dug by gravel companies and a network of trails that will help connect open lands, park areas, and trails from Longmont under I-25 into Weld County. They also planned to add campsites with both water and electric bringing the total number of campsites to 160. By 2004 a new entry station was built, water and electric were installed, and preliminary work was done for improvements through 2007. In 2005 trees and bushes that would provide a buffer for and animal habitat were planted along the south and east boundaries of the park. These buffer zones would be irrigated using a ditch and playa concept. Forty-five new campsites were built with water, sewer and electricity. The road around Pelican Pond and the southern portion of the park were permanently closed to vehicular use. Americorp volunteers helped to plant 100 large cottonwoods in the new campground. Mallard pond was restored with new shoreline grading, rock fishing piers and native plantings along the shoreline. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts joined to help plant a native garden at the new camper services building. Youth Corp helped with fencing and weed control. Americorp came back later in April with 600 volunteers for another session and planted 5000 trees and shrubs to finish the wildlife habitat buffer. In 2006 dry weather put all the new plantings at risk and kept park personnel in crisis mode watering everything to keep it alive until monsoon rains dropped 1.5 inches of water in July averting a plant die-off. In the fall Pelican Pond got shoreline grading and seeding. Two Boy Scouts working on their Eagle projects helped with plant restoration activities at Pelican Pond. St. Vrain State Park had been transformed from a "little fishing park" to a restored riparian area earning praise from area newspapers.In May 2015, Blue Heron Reservoir opened helping to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the park. It is the largest Great Blue Heron rookery in the state. Visitors who came to celebrate the park's anniversary would have been able to walk nature trails around ten of the ponds, enjoy birdwatching, and photography. They could spend the night in up to date campsites, fish in stocked ponds, and enjoy views of Longs Peak.
Present day
Compared to when it was first seen by Stephen Long, St. Vrain State Park is much bigger and more natural, having been returned to a wetland area. And at the same time that it is more developed. Campsites will accommodate modern rigs, a Camper Services building with showers, miles of walking trails, and acclaimed fishing. Fish and waterfowl populations are thriving. Native vegetation is once again doing well, and visitors can now see mammals including coyote, rabbits, fox, deer, or maybe even a moose.St. Vrain State Park is working with nine other parks on 'augmented reality' to help visitors have an interactive experience in the park.
== References ==
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
10546
],
"text": [
"Weld County"
]
}
|
St. Vrain State Park, formerly known as Barbour Ponds, is a Colorado state park. The park hosts year-round camping. It is a popular birding destination, hosting the states largest rookery of Blue Heron, it is home to several other bird species as well including migrating waterfowl, songbirds and the occasional bald eagle. Other park activities include year round fishing and hiking. There are plans for a reservoir to be built at the park named Blue Heron Reservoir.
History
1800s
The land of St. Vrain State Park was originally home to Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native American tribes. Once claimed by Spain then France who sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Having just made the largest land purchase in the history of the nation, the government was eager to discover what $15,000,000 had bought. They sent out scouts, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, then Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike to explore. Although neither group traveled in the area, their descriptions of the land and a growing fur trade encouraged adventurers to head west. In 1817, the US War Department sent Stephen Long, a Major in the Topographical Engineers, to explore the upper Mississippi. Following the North and South Platte Rivers, Long likely saw the St. Vrain Valley in July 1820.In 1848, gold was discovered in California bringing a wave of eager gold-seekers headed west. A few made their fortunes, but more often prospectors headed home with empty pockets or found work in the communities that had sprung up around the prospectors. Some who left the goldfields found their fortune in land and sent word to their families. That sparked a new wave of immigrants moving west. The Oregon Trail passed by Fort Laramie, north of the St. Vrain Valley, and was a major route for the steady stream of immigrants moving from east to west. Historians estimate a combined 150,000 prospectors and immigrants traveled through Fort Laramie, north of the St Vrain Valley, between 1841 and 1853. Native Americans watching these travelers had cause for concern; their way of life was in jeopardy. The immigrants did not understand the Native American tribes any more than the Native Americans understood them. Tensions rose. Although the government tried to address the issues through treaties, the government also broke those treaties. Bison hunters actively sought hides decimating the Native Americans' food supply while settlers were encroaching on what was supposed to be their land. The Native Americans' only recourse was to push the white men out.In 1858, gold was discovered near Denver. Another wave of adventurers set off seeking their fortune. Again a few were lucky, but far more became discouraged with the search and left the goldfields. Many of them found land to their liking and made a home. Agriculture began to develop and cities were formed. Milo Smith, Perry L. Smith, and Elisha Duncan settled east of St. Vrain Creek and Boulder Creek on land that would one day become St. Vrain State Park. Life was good along the St. Vrain, but stories of trouble with Native Americas made the settlers wary. In June 1864 the Hungate family, living northeast of Denver City, was murdered by a raiding tribe. The settlers felt they needed to protect themselves, so they formed the Home Guard with 4 officers and 58 volunteers. The government provided each man a six-shooter and a rifle, and they drilled twice monthly on Elisha Duncan's homestead. Perry L. Smith donated a plot of land for a fort, and the community came together in July to build a sod fort. They cut the sod into strips one foot wide and two feet long and stacked them like bricks. The walls were two feet thick. The fort was 100 feet by 130 feet with portholes large enough to shoot through spaced every eight feet wide and eight feet high above the ground. There were sod benches two feet wide and three feet high lining the walls, so defenders could move along any wall in any direction to protect the fort from attack. Inside two structures were built in opposite corners to store supplies. Their roofs could be used as observation towers. They filled voids or gaps in the walls with mud and coated the walls from the bottom to the top both inside and out. Because it was close to where the St. Vrain and Boulder Creek join, it was called Fort Junction.In August 1864, Elbridge Gerry made a historic ride along the South Platte to warn settlers of an impending attack. Two men were sent from the Platteville station to warn settlers along the lower Boulder and St. Vrain. Community members loaded their valuables into wagons and rushed to the fort, but no attack ever came. After a few days, everyone went back home. From February 1866 to May 1867, Fort Junction was used as a post office with Perry L. Smith appointed as postmaster. Then in 1868 three other settlers were killed and the fort was used once again to protect settlers, but again there was no attack. After that, the fort was used as an occasional stopover place for travelers, and eventually, it was absorbed back into the prairie.The Chicago Colony Colorado came to the St. Vrain Valley in 1872 as one of only a few successful planned colonies in the Colorado Territory and was incorporated as Longmont in 1873. Then in the late 1800s, a coal seam was discovered in the Carbon Valley, southeast of present-day St. Vrain State Park. The McKissick Mine was opened in 1887 and others followed drawing coal miners, not just from the United States, but also from Greece, France, Bulgaria, and Italy. Those miners settled in and around three distinct towns. Frederick is in the middle and incorporated first in 1907. It was followed by Dacono in 1908 to the south, and Firestone in 1908 to the north. These towns grew up around the mines and miners. Although the mines were all shut down by the 1970s, fossil fuels continue to be a big part of the area economy. They now drill for gas.
1900s
After the turn of the century, people began depending on cars rather than wagons. The Colorado Department of Transportation first built highway 87 then as early as the late 1940s began to rebuild it as an interstate highway running from Wyoming south to New Mexico. Building roads requires a lot of gravel, so in 1958 the Department of Transportation purchased land along the St. Vrain from Edwin and Albert Anderson to mine the needed gravel. In 1961 the highway was completed north to Highway 66, and the Department of Transportation no longer needed the gravel pit. At first, they thought the Department of Wildlife might use it for a fish hatchery, but flooding changed those plans. Instead in 1962, the gravel ponds were turned over to the State Parks Department for a state recreation area. It was up to the Parks Department to turn the 50 acres of land and 80 acres of water into a recreation area named for Roy N. Barbour, an area resident and avid conservationist who was credited with helping to establish a chapter of the Izaak Walton League in Longmont. Game, Fish, and Parks improved existing roads, built new ones, and spent $6,529 to install four toilets, five shade shelters, picnic tables, and grills to prepare the area for visitors. Two of the ponds were reserved for carp. Others received species such as bluegill, sunfish, bass, and bullheads. Trout were not stocked because the water is too warm for their survival.Barbour Ponds drew visitors from the Denver area in search of fishing and seasonal duck hunting. In 1967 the area had 60,000 visitors. In 1968 the state allocated $55,000 to construct a 25 site campground with modern sanitary facilities, running water, turnouts and shade shelters, tables and grills. As visitation continued to grow the park service made more improvements. In 1975 the park roads remained closed a little later than usual as park personnel did some upgrades. When it opened in July of that year, it had received a facelift with significant improvements. There were 75 campsites, improved parking, and paving provided a better experience for visitors. In 1977 Muskrat Nature Trail was built with help from the Youth Conservation Corp. In 1980 a Boy Scouts of America Eagle project planned to raise the level of the boardwalk on the nature trail. Area newspapers sang the area's praises with articles such as, "Nearby Flatland Nature Preserve, Protects Beauty of the Prairie.In 1994, the State Department of Transportation project to rebuild the I-25 Highway 119 intersection led to a resurgence of interest in Fort Junction. A ground-penetrating radar survey revealed possible ruins. Construction was halted and archeologists were called in, but the only artifacts found were a chair leg less than 20 years old. A historical marker commemorating the fort was moved from the northwest corner of the intersection to its current location near the Park-N-Ride on the southeast corner, and construction resumed. But interest in the old fort was sparked. Johnnie St. Vrain, a columnist for the Longmont Daily Times-Call, reported on the archeological activity and got three different possible locations for the fort. The first reader said the fort was built about a mile west of the confluence of the rivers. That was supported by another who said according to a map of the Colorado Territory at the Library of Congress, the fort was just west of the confluence. That would mean it was somewhere between the current car dealership on the south side of Highway 119 and the confluence of the rivers. Another reader wrote in that area farmers had found remains, and it was just where the marker suggested about, "200 yards due east," of the original marker location, that would put the fort near the highway. Another person, who had been studying the fort for a long time and had a hand-drawn map from the time when the fort was used as a postal stop, believes the fort was built on land now owned by St. Vrain State Park. He used satellite imagery, but because the fort had been constructed of sod, there would be no foundation. He was looking for a raised area roughly 100 by 130 feet where the sod had been absorbed into the ground. He did find a promising area, but nothing definitive was ever found.
Recent history
The land was the beginning, but the plans would require almost $15 million over 10 years to develop new recreational opportunities at St. Vrain State Park. The plan included adding five more ponds from pits dug by gravel companies and a network of trails that will help connect open lands, park areas, and trails from Longmont under I-25 into Weld County. They also planned to add campsites with both water and electric bringing the total number of campsites to 160. By 2004 a new entry station was built, water and electric were installed, and preliminary work was done for improvements through 2007. In 2005 trees and bushes that would provide a buffer for and animal habitat were planted along the south and east boundaries of the park. These buffer zones would be irrigated using a ditch and playa concept. Forty-five new campsites were built with water, sewer and electricity. The road around Pelican Pond and the southern portion of the park were permanently closed to vehicular use. Americorp volunteers helped to plant 100 large cottonwoods in the new campground. Mallard pond was restored with new shoreline grading, rock fishing piers and native plantings along the shoreline. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts joined to help plant a native garden at the new camper services building. Youth Corp helped with fencing and weed control. Americorp came back later in April with 600 volunteers for another session and planted 5000 trees and shrubs to finish the wildlife habitat buffer. In 2006 dry weather put all the new plantings at risk and kept park personnel in crisis mode watering everything to keep it alive until monsoon rains dropped 1.5 inches of water in July averting a plant die-off. In the fall Pelican Pond got shoreline grading and seeding. Two Boy Scouts working on their Eagle projects helped with plant restoration activities at Pelican Pond. St. Vrain State Park had been transformed from a "little fishing park" to a restored riparian area earning praise from area newspapers.In May 2015, Blue Heron Reservoir opened helping to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the park. It is the largest Great Blue Heron rookery in the state. Visitors who came to celebrate the park's anniversary would have been able to walk nature trails around ten of the ponds, enjoy birdwatching, and photography. They could spend the night in up to date campsites, fish in stocked ponds, and enjoy views of Longs Peak.
Present day
Compared to when it was first seen by Stephen Long, St. Vrain State Park is much bigger and more natural, having been returned to a wetland area. And at the same time that it is more developed. Campsites will accommodate modern rigs, a Camper Services building with showers, miles of walking trails, and acclaimed fishing. Fish and waterfowl populations are thriving. Native vegetation is once again doing well, and visitors can now see mammals including coyote, rabbits, fox, deer, or maybe even a moose.St. Vrain State Park is working with nine other parks on 'augmented reality' to help visitors have an interactive experience in the park.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
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St. Vrain State Park, formerly known as Barbour Ponds, is a Colorado state park. The park hosts year-round camping. It is a popular birding destination, hosting the states largest rookery of Blue Heron, it is home to several other bird species as well including migrating waterfowl, songbirds and the occasional bald eagle. Other park activities include year round fishing and hiking. There are plans for a reservoir to be built at the park named Blue Heron Reservoir.
History
1800s
The land of St. Vrain State Park was originally home to Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native American tribes. Once claimed by Spain then France who sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Having just made the largest land purchase in the history of the nation, the government was eager to discover what $15,000,000 had bought. They sent out scouts, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, then Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike to explore. Although neither group traveled in the area, their descriptions of the land and a growing fur trade encouraged adventurers to head west. In 1817, the US War Department sent Stephen Long, a Major in the Topographical Engineers, to explore the upper Mississippi. Following the North and South Platte Rivers, Long likely saw the St. Vrain Valley in July 1820.In 1848, gold was discovered in California bringing a wave of eager gold-seekers headed west. A few made their fortunes, but more often prospectors headed home with empty pockets or found work in the communities that had sprung up around the prospectors. Some who left the goldfields found their fortune in land and sent word to their families. That sparked a new wave of immigrants moving west. The Oregon Trail passed by Fort Laramie, north of the St. Vrain Valley, and was a major route for the steady stream of immigrants moving from east to west. Historians estimate a combined 150,000 prospectors and immigrants traveled through Fort Laramie, north of the St Vrain Valley, between 1841 and 1853. Native Americans watching these travelers had cause for concern; their way of life was in jeopardy. The immigrants did not understand the Native American tribes any more than the Native Americans understood them. Tensions rose. Although the government tried to address the issues through treaties, the government also broke those treaties. Bison hunters actively sought hides decimating the Native Americans' food supply while settlers were encroaching on what was supposed to be their land. The Native Americans' only recourse was to push the white men out.In 1858, gold was discovered near Denver. Another wave of adventurers set off seeking their fortune. Again a few were lucky, but far more became discouraged with the search and left the goldfields. Many of them found land to their liking and made a home. Agriculture began to develop and cities were formed. Milo Smith, Perry L. Smith, and Elisha Duncan settled east of St. Vrain Creek and Boulder Creek on land that would one day become St. Vrain State Park. Life was good along the St. Vrain, but stories of trouble with Native Americas made the settlers wary. In June 1864 the Hungate family, living northeast of Denver City, was murdered by a raiding tribe. The settlers felt they needed to protect themselves, so they formed the Home Guard with 4 officers and 58 volunteers. The government provided each man a six-shooter and a rifle, and they drilled twice monthly on Elisha Duncan's homestead. Perry L. Smith donated a plot of land for a fort, and the community came together in July to build a sod fort. They cut the sod into strips one foot wide and two feet long and stacked them like bricks. The walls were two feet thick. The fort was 100 feet by 130 feet with portholes large enough to shoot through spaced every eight feet wide and eight feet high above the ground. There were sod benches two feet wide and three feet high lining the walls, so defenders could move along any wall in any direction to protect the fort from attack. Inside two structures were built in opposite corners to store supplies. Their roofs could be used as observation towers. They filled voids or gaps in the walls with mud and coated the walls from the bottom to the top both inside and out. Because it was close to where the St. Vrain and Boulder Creek join, it was called Fort Junction.In August 1864, Elbridge Gerry made a historic ride along the South Platte to warn settlers of an impending attack. Two men were sent from the Platteville station to warn settlers along the lower Boulder and St. Vrain. Community members loaded their valuables into wagons and rushed to the fort, but no attack ever came. After a few days, everyone went back home. From February 1866 to May 1867, Fort Junction was used as a post office with Perry L. Smith appointed as postmaster. Then in 1868 three other settlers were killed and the fort was used once again to protect settlers, but again there was no attack. After that, the fort was used as an occasional stopover place for travelers, and eventually, it was absorbed back into the prairie.The Chicago Colony Colorado came to the St. Vrain Valley in 1872 as one of only a few successful planned colonies in the Colorado Territory and was incorporated as Longmont in 1873. Then in the late 1800s, a coal seam was discovered in the Carbon Valley, southeast of present-day St. Vrain State Park. The McKissick Mine was opened in 1887 and others followed drawing coal miners, not just from the United States, but also from Greece, France, Bulgaria, and Italy. Those miners settled in and around three distinct towns. Frederick is in the middle and incorporated first in 1907. It was followed by Dacono in 1908 to the south, and Firestone in 1908 to the north. These towns grew up around the mines and miners. Although the mines were all shut down by the 1970s, fossil fuels continue to be a big part of the area economy. They now drill for gas.
1900s
After the turn of the century, people began depending on cars rather than wagons. The Colorado Department of Transportation first built highway 87 then as early as the late 1940s began to rebuild it as an interstate highway running from Wyoming south to New Mexico. Building roads requires a lot of gravel, so in 1958 the Department of Transportation purchased land along the St. Vrain from Edwin and Albert Anderson to mine the needed gravel. In 1961 the highway was completed north to Highway 66, and the Department of Transportation no longer needed the gravel pit. At first, they thought the Department of Wildlife might use it for a fish hatchery, but flooding changed those plans. Instead in 1962, the gravel ponds were turned over to the State Parks Department for a state recreation area. It was up to the Parks Department to turn the 50 acres of land and 80 acres of water into a recreation area named for Roy N. Barbour, an area resident and avid conservationist who was credited with helping to establish a chapter of the Izaak Walton League in Longmont. Game, Fish, and Parks improved existing roads, built new ones, and spent $6,529 to install four toilets, five shade shelters, picnic tables, and grills to prepare the area for visitors. Two of the ponds were reserved for carp. Others received species such as bluegill, sunfish, bass, and bullheads. Trout were not stocked because the water is too warm for their survival.Barbour Ponds drew visitors from the Denver area in search of fishing and seasonal duck hunting. In 1967 the area had 60,000 visitors. In 1968 the state allocated $55,000 to construct a 25 site campground with modern sanitary facilities, running water, turnouts and shade shelters, tables and grills. As visitation continued to grow the park service made more improvements. In 1975 the park roads remained closed a little later than usual as park personnel did some upgrades. When it opened in July of that year, it had received a facelift with significant improvements. There were 75 campsites, improved parking, and paving provided a better experience for visitors. In 1977 Muskrat Nature Trail was built with help from the Youth Conservation Corp. In 1980 a Boy Scouts of America Eagle project planned to raise the level of the boardwalk on the nature trail. Area newspapers sang the area's praises with articles such as, "Nearby Flatland Nature Preserve, Protects Beauty of the Prairie.In 1994, the State Department of Transportation project to rebuild the I-25 Highway 119 intersection led to a resurgence of interest in Fort Junction. A ground-penetrating radar survey revealed possible ruins. Construction was halted and archeologists were called in, but the only artifacts found were a chair leg less than 20 years old. A historical marker commemorating the fort was moved from the northwest corner of the intersection to its current location near the Park-N-Ride on the southeast corner, and construction resumed. But interest in the old fort was sparked. Johnnie St. Vrain, a columnist for the Longmont Daily Times-Call, reported on the archeological activity and got three different possible locations for the fort. The first reader said the fort was built about a mile west of the confluence of the rivers. That was supported by another who said according to a map of the Colorado Territory at the Library of Congress, the fort was just west of the confluence. That would mean it was somewhere between the current car dealership on the south side of Highway 119 and the confluence of the rivers. Another reader wrote in that area farmers had found remains, and it was just where the marker suggested about, "200 yards due east," of the original marker location, that would put the fort near the highway. Another person, who had been studying the fort for a long time and had a hand-drawn map from the time when the fort was used as a postal stop, believes the fort was built on land now owned by St. Vrain State Park. He used satellite imagery, but because the fort had been constructed of sod, there would be no foundation. He was looking for a raised area roughly 100 by 130 feet where the sod had been absorbed into the ground. He did find a promising area, but nothing definitive was ever found.
Recent history
The land was the beginning, but the plans would require almost $15 million over 10 years to develop new recreational opportunities at St. Vrain State Park. The plan included adding five more ponds from pits dug by gravel companies and a network of trails that will help connect open lands, park areas, and trails from Longmont under I-25 into Weld County. They also planned to add campsites with both water and electric bringing the total number of campsites to 160. By 2004 a new entry station was built, water and electric were installed, and preliminary work was done for improvements through 2007. In 2005 trees and bushes that would provide a buffer for and animal habitat were planted along the south and east boundaries of the park. These buffer zones would be irrigated using a ditch and playa concept. Forty-five new campsites were built with water, sewer and electricity. The road around Pelican Pond and the southern portion of the park were permanently closed to vehicular use. Americorp volunteers helped to plant 100 large cottonwoods in the new campground. Mallard pond was restored with new shoreline grading, rock fishing piers and native plantings along the shoreline. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts joined to help plant a native garden at the new camper services building. Youth Corp helped with fencing and weed control. Americorp came back later in April with 600 volunteers for another session and planted 5000 trees and shrubs to finish the wildlife habitat buffer. In 2006 dry weather put all the new plantings at risk and kept park personnel in crisis mode watering everything to keep it alive until monsoon rains dropped 1.5 inches of water in July averting a plant die-off. In the fall Pelican Pond got shoreline grading and seeding. Two Boy Scouts working on their Eagle projects helped with plant restoration activities at Pelican Pond. St. Vrain State Park had been transformed from a "little fishing park" to a restored riparian area earning praise from area newspapers.In May 2015, Blue Heron Reservoir opened helping to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the park. It is the largest Great Blue Heron rookery in the state. Visitors who came to celebrate the park's anniversary would have been able to walk nature trails around ten of the ponds, enjoy birdwatching, and photography. They could spend the night in up to date campsites, fish in stocked ponds, and enjoy views of Longs Peak.
Present day
Compared to when it was first seen by Stephen Long, St. Vrain State Park is much bigger and more natural, having been returned to a wetland area. And at the same time that it is more developed. Campsites will accommodate modern rigs, a Camper Services building with showers, miles of walking trails, and acclaimed fishing. Fish and waterfowl populations are thriving. Native vegetation is once again doing well, and visitors can now see mammals including coyote, rabbits, fox, deer, or maybe even a moose.St. Vrain State Park is working with nine other parks on 'augmented reality' to help visitors have an interactive experience in the park.
== References ==
|
significant place
|
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"Longmont"
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Robert Winters (born 4 November 1974) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a striker. He made one appearance for the Scotland national team in 1999.
Winters started his career in Scotland and played for Dundee United between 1992 and 1997 and Aberdeen between 1998 and 2002. After a short spell at English club Luton Town, Winters played for the Norwegian club Brann between 2002 and 2008 where he won the Norwegian Cup and the Norwegian Premier League.
Winters has later played for Clyde, Ayr United, Livingston, Grindavik, Alloa Athletic, Peterhead and Albion Rovers.
Early life
Winters was born in East Kilbride on 4 November 1974, he played as a youth for Mallard Swifts and started his career with amateur club Muirend. His younger brother David, who would also become a professional footballer, was born in 1983.
Career
Club
Winters began his senior career with Dundee United in 1992 and played 118 league games for the club, scoring 27 times. A move to Aberdeen beckoned, which saw Billy Dodds and cash come to Tannadice in exchange for Winters. His time at Pittodrie was fruitful, with 41 goals from 132 league appearances. In the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, Winters came on as a 2nd-minute substitute to replace injured goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who suffered a fractured cheekbone. Playing virtually the whole match in an unfamiliar position, Winters let in four goals as Rangers beat Aberdeen 4–0.After leaving in 2002 when his contract expired, Winters played one match for Luton Town, appearing in the first half of the first match of the season, before moving to Norway with Brann. After several seasons with hints about leaving Bergen due to family issues, Winters stated on 31 October that he no longer had the motivation needed to play for SK Brann, and that he wished to leave the club in January. He was seeking a club, preferably in Scotland, but he also stated that an English Championship club would be interesting. With no contract offer, Winters returned to SK Brann to make peace with manager Mons Ivar Mjelde and fulfil his contract until December 2007. Winters' Scottish teammate Charlie Miller did leave and subsequently joined Belgian side Lierse.
Winters left Brann after the 2008 season, to join his family who had moved back to Scotland during the summer, due to his children starting school. Winters played 178 matches for Brann, scoring 70 goals. He signed a short-term deal with Clyde until the end of the season in April 2009. Winters was released by Clyde in June 2009 along with the rest of the out of contract players, due to the club's financial position.After an impressive performance as a trialist against Falkirk, Winters signed a professional contract with Livingston on 28 August 2009.
Winters played for Icelandic club Grindavík in 2011. He scored on his debut against Thor. He then played for Alloa Athletic during the 2011–12 season and helped them win the Scottish Third Division championship. In the summer of 2012, Winters signed for Peterhead, before being released in February 2013 and going on a 3-game trial with Albion Rovers. He chose not to sign a contract at the expiration of the trial. He joined Dumbarton in March 2013.Winters signed for Rossvale in August 2014 and scored two goals on his debut. He then signed for Pollok in April 2015, where he joined his younger brother David. He joined Lowland League team East Kilbride in July 2015, but left the club the following month after "a difference of opinion" with manager Billy Ogilvie. Returning to Junior football, he made one appearance assisting Kilbirnie Ladeside before rejoining Pollok in September 2015.Winters came off the substitutes bench and scored with his first touch in the 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup final for Pollok against Beith Juniors. He also scored in the penalty shootout which Pollok eventually lost. In August 2016, Winters rejoined East Kilbride for a second spell, this time in a player-coach role and was reunited with his former Rossvale manager, Martin Lauchlan. However, similarly to his first spell with the side, Winters time with the club was brief and he left in November 2016, due to a combination of work commitments and a lack of playing time.Winters joined Cumbernauld United in August 2017. He retired from playing in 2018.
International
Winters made one appearance for Scotland, in a 1–0 friendly win against Germany in Bremen, April 1999.
Career statistics
As of 15 January 2015
International
Honours
Dundee UnitedScottish Premier Division Play-offs: 1996
Scottish First Division:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish Challenge Cup:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1997–98AberdeenScottish Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000SK BrannNorwegian Premier League: 2007
Runner-up 2006
Norwegian Cup: 2004LivingstonScottish Second Division: 2010–11
Scottish Third Division: 2009–10Alloa AthleticScottish Third Division: 2011–12PollokWest of Scotland Super League First Division: 2014–15
Evening Times Cup Winners' Cup: 2014–15
Central League Cup: 2015–16
West of Scotland Junior Cup: 2016–17
Scottish Junior Cup:
Runner-up 2015–16RossvaleWest of Scotland League Central District Second Division: 2014–15IndividualSPFA Young Player of the Year: 1996–97
Verdens Gang NPL Player of the Year: 2004
PFAS Third Division Player of the Year: 2010–11
References
External links
Robbie Winters at Soccerbase
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
611
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|
Robert Winters (born 4 November 1974) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a striker. He made one appearance for the Scotland national team in 1999.
Winters started his career in Scotland and played for Dundee United between 1992 and 1997 and Aberdeen between 1998 and 2002. After a short spell at English club Luton Town, Winters played for the Norwegian club Brann between 2002 and 2008 where he won the Norwegian Cup and the Norwegian Premier League.
Winters has later played for Clyde, Ayr United, Livingston, Grindavik, Alloa Athletic, Peterhead and Albion Rovers.
Early life
Winters was born in East Kilbride on 4 November 1974, he played as a youth for Mallard Swifts and started his career with amateur club Muirend. His younger brother David, who would also become a professional footballer, was born in 1983.
Career
Club
Winters began his senior career with Dundee United in 1992 and played 118 league games for the club, scoring 27 times. A move to Aberdeen beckoned, which saw Billy Dodds and cash come to Tannadice in exchange for Winters. His time at Pittodrie was fruitful, with 41 goals from 132 league appearances. In the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, Winters came on as a 2nd-minute substitute to replace injured goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who suffered a fractured cheekbone. Playing virtually the whole match in an unfamiliar position, Winters let in four goals as Rangers beat Aberdeen 4–0.After leaving in 2002 when his contract expired, Winters played one match for Luton Town, appearing in the first half of the first match of the season, before moving to Norway with Brann. After several seasons with hints about leaving Bergen due to family issues, Winters stated on 31 October that he no longer had the motivation needed to play for SK Brann, and that he wished to leave the club in January. He was seeking a club, preferably in Scotland, but he also stated that an English Championship club would be interesting. With no contract offer, Winters returned to SK Brann to make peace with manager Mons Ivar Mjelde and fulfil his contract until December 2007. Winters' Scottish teammate Charlie Miller did leave and subsequently joined Belgian side Lierse.
Winters left Brann after the 2008 season, to join his family who had moved back to Scotland during the summer, due to his children starting school. Winters played 178 matches for Brann, scoring 70 goals. He signed a short-term deal with Clyde until the end of the season in April 2009. Winters was released by Clyde in June 2009 along with the rest of the out of contract players, due to the club's financial position.After an impressive performance as a trialist against Falkirk, Winters signed a professional contract with Livingston on 28 August 2009.
Winters played for Icelandic club Grindavík in 2011. He scored on his debut against Thor. He then played for Alloa Athletic during the 2011–12 season and helped them win the Scottish Third Division championship. In the summer of 2012, Winters signed for Peterhead, before being released in February 2013 and going on a 3-game trial with Albion Rovers. He chose not to sign a contract at the expiration of the trial. He joined Dumbarton in March 2013.Winters signed for Rossvale in August 2014 and scored two goals on his debut. He then signed for Pollok in April 2015, where he joined his younger brother David. He joined Lowland League team East Kilbride in July 2015, but left the club the following month after "a difference of opinion" with manager Billy Ogilvie. Returning to Junior football, he made one appearance assisting Kilbirnie Ladeside before rejoining Pollok in September 2015.Winters came off the substitutes bench and scored with his first touch in the 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup final for Pollok against Beith Juniors. He also scored in the penalty shootout which Pollok eventually lost. In August 2016, Winters rejoined East Kilbride for a second spell, this time in a player-coach role and was reunited with his former Rossvale manager, Martin Lauchlan. However, similarly to his first spell with the side, Winters time with the club was brief and he left in November 2016, due to a combination of work commitments and a lack of playing time.Winters joined Cumbernauld United in August 2017. He retired from playing in 2018.
International
Winters made one appearance for Scotland, in a 1–0 friendly win against Germany in Bremen, April 1999.
Career statistics
As of 15 January 2015
International
Honours
Dundee UnitedScottish Premier Division Play-offs: 1996
Scottish First Division:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish Challenge Cup:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1997–98AberdeenScottish Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000SK BrannNorwegian Premier League: 2007
Runner-up 2006
Norwegian Cup: 2004LivingstonScottish Second Division: 2010–11
Scottish Third Division: 2009–10Alloa AthleticScottish Third Division: 2011–12PollokWest of Scotland Super League First Division: 2014–15
Evening Times Cup Winners' Cup: 2014–15
Central League Cup: 2015–16
West of Scotland Junior Cup: 2016–17
Scottish Junior Cup:
Runner-up 2015–16RossvaleWest of Scotland League Central District Second Division: 2014–15IndividualSPFA Young Player of the Year: 1996–97
Verdens Gang NPL Player of the Year: 2004
PFAS Third Division Player of the Year: 2010–11
References
External links
Robbie Winters at Soccerbase
|
member of sports team
|
{
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|
Robert Winters (born 4 November 1974) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a striker. He made one appearance for the Scotland national team in 1999.
Winters started his career in Scotland and played for Dundee United between 1992 and 1997 and Aberdeen between 1998 and 2002. After a short spell at English club Luton Town, Winters played for the Norwegian club Brann between 2002 and 2008 where he won the Norwegian Cup and the Norwegian Premier League.
Winters has later played for Clyde, Ayr United, Livingston, Grindavik, Alloa Athletic, Peterhead and Albion Rovers.
Early life
Winters was born in East Kilbride on 4 November 1974, he played as a youth for Mallard Swifts and started his career with amateur club Muirend. His younger brother David, who would also become a professional footballer, was born in 1983.
Career
Club
Winters began his senior career with Dundee United in 1992 and played 118 league games for the club, scoring 27 times. A move to Aberdeen beckoned, which saw Billy Dodds and cash come to Tannadice in exchange for Winters. His time at Pittodrie was fruitful, with 41 goals from 132 league appearances. In the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, Winters came on as a 2nd-minute substitute to replace injured goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who suffered a fractured cheekbone. Playing virtually the whole match in an unfamiliar position, Winters let in four goals as Rangers beat Aberdeen 4–0.After leaving in 2002 when his contract expired, Winters played one match for Luton Town, appearing in the first half of the first match of the season, before moving to Norway with Brann. After several seasons with hints about leaving Bergen due to family issues, Winters stated on 31 October that he no longer had the motivation needed to play for SK Brann, and that he wished to leave the club in January. He was seeking a club, preferably in Scotland, but he also stated that an English Championship club would be interesting. With no contract offer, Winters returned to SK Brann to make peace with manager Mons Ivar Mjelde and fulfil his contract until December 2007. Winters' Scottish teammate Charlie Miller did leave and subsequently joined Belgian side Lierse.
Winters left Brann after the 2008 season, to join his family who had moved back to Scotland during the summer, due to his children starting school. Winters played 178 matches for Brann, scoring 70 goals. He signed a short-term deal with Clyde until the end of the season in April 2009. Winters was released by Clyde in June 2009 along with the rest of the out of contract players, due to the club's financial position.After an impressive performance as a trialist against Falkirk, Winters signed a professional contract with Livingston on 28 August 2009.
Winters played for Icelandic club Grindavík in 2011. He scored on his debut against Thor. He then played for Alloa Athletic during the 2011–12 season and helped them win the Scottish Third Division championship. In the summer of 2012, Winters signed for Peterhead, before being released in February 2013 and going on a 3-game trial with Albion Rovers. He chose not to sign a contract at the expiration of the trial. He joined Dumbarton in March 2013.Winters signed for Rossvale in August 2014 and scored two goals on his debut. He then signed for Pollok in April 2015, where he joined his younger brother David. He joined Lowland League team East Kilbride in July 2015, but left the club the following month after "a difference of opinion" with manager Billy Ogilvie. Returning to Junior football, he made one appearance assisting Kilbirnie Ladeside before rejoining Pollok in September 2015.Winters came off the substitutes bench and scored with his first touch in the 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup final for Pollok against Beith Juniors. He also scored in the penalty shootout which Pollok eventually lost. In August 2016, Winters rejoined East Kilbride for a second spell, this time in a player-coach role and was reunited with his former Rossvale manager, Martin Lauchlan. However, similarly to his first spell with the side, Winters time with the club was brief and he left in November 2016, due to a combination of work commitments and a lack of playing time.Winters joined Cumbernauld United in August 2017. He retired from playing in 2018.
International
Winters made one appearance for Scotland, in a 1–0 friendly win against Germany in Bremen, April 1999.
Career statistics
As of 15 January 2015
International
Honours
Dundee UnitedScottish Premier Division Play-offs: 1996
Scottish First Division:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish Challenge Cup:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1997–98AberdeenScottish Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000SK BrannNorwegian Premier League: 2007
Runner-up 2006
Norwegian Cup: 2004LivingstonScottish Second Division: 2010–11
Scottish Third Division: 2009–10Alloa AthleticScottish Third Division: 2011–12PollokWest of Scotland Super League First Division: 2014–15
Evening Times Cup Winners' Cup: 2014–15
Central League Cup: 2015–16
West of Scotland Junior Cup: 2016–17
Scottish Junior Cup:
Runner-up 2015–16RossvaleWest of Scotland League Central District Second Division: 2014–15IndividualSPFA Young Player of the Year: 1996–97
Verdens Gang NPL Player of the Year: 2004
PFAS Third Division Player of the Year: 2010–11
References
External links
Robbie Winters at Soccerbase
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
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"text": [
"Winters"
]
}
|
Robert Winters (born 4 November 1974) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a striker. He made one appearance for the Scotland national team in 1999.
Winters started his career in Scotland and played for Dundee United between 1992 and 1997 and Aberdeen between 1998 and 2002. After a short spell at English club Luton Town, Winters played for the Norwegian club Brann between 2002 and 2008 where he won the Norwegian Cup and the Norwegian Premier League.
Winters has later played for Clyde, Ayr United, Livingston, Grindavik, Alloa Athletic, Peterhead and Albion Rovers.
Early life
Winters was born in East Kilbride on 4 November 1974, he played as a youth for Mallard Swifts and started his career with amateur club Muirend. His younger brother David, who would also become a professional footballer, was born in 1983.
Career
Club
Winters began his senior career with Dundee United in 1992 and played 118 league games for the club, scoring 27 times. A move to Aberdeen beckoned, which saw Billy Dodds and cash come to Tannadice in exchange for Winters. His time at Pittodrie was fruitful, with 41 goals from 132 league appearances. In the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, Winters came on as a 2nd-minute substitute to replace injured goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who suffered a fractured cheekbone. Playing virtually the whole match in an unfamiliar position, Winters let in four goals as Rangers beat Aberdeen 4–0.After leaving in 2002 when his contract expired, Winters played one match for Luton Town, appearing in the first half of the first match of the season, before moving to Norway with Brann. After several seasons with hints about leaving Bergen due to family issues, Winters stated on 31 October that he no longer had the motivation needed to play for SK Brann, and that he wished to leave the club in January. He was seeking a club, preferably in Scotland, but he also stated that an English Championship club would be interesting. With no contract offer, Winters returned to SK Brann to make peace with manager Mons Ivar Mjelde and fulfil his contract until December 2007. Winters' Scottish teammate Charlie Miller did leave and subsequently joined Belgian side Lierse.
Winters left Brann after the 2008 season, to join his family who had moved back to Scotland during the summer, due to his children starting school. Winters played 178 matches for Brann, scoring 70 goals. He signed a short-term deal with Clyde until the end of the season in April 2009. Winters was released by Clyde in June 2009 along with the rest of the out of contract players, due to the club's financial position.After an impressive performance as a trialist against Falkirk, Winters signed a professional contract with Livingston on 28 August 2009.
Winters played for Icelandic club Grindavík in 2011. He scored on his debut against Thor. He then played for Alloa Athletic during the 2011–12 season and helped them win the Scottish Third Division championship. In the summer of 2012, Winters signed for Peterhead, before being released in February 2013 and going on a 3-game trial with Albion Rovers. He chose not to sign a contract at the expiration of the trial. He joined Dumbarton in March 2013.Winters signed for Rossvale in August 2014 and scored two goals on his debut. He then signed for Pollok in April 2015, where he joined his younger brother David. He joined Lowland League team East Kilbride in July 2015, but left the club the following month after "a difference of opinion" with manager Billy Ogilvie. Returning to Junior football, he made one appearance assisting Kilbirnie Ladeside before rejoining Pollok in September 2015.Winters came off the substitutes bench and scored with his first touch in the 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup final for Pollok against Beith Juniors. He also scored in the penalty shootout which Pollok eventually lost. In August 2016, Winters rejoined East Kilbride for a second spell, this time in a player-coach role and was reunited with his former Rossvale manager, Martin Lauchlan. However, similarly to his first spell with the side, Winters time with the club was brief and he left in November 2016, due to a combination of work commitments and a lack of playing time.Winters joined Cumbernauld United in August 2017. He retired from playing in 2018.
International
Winters made one appearance for Scotland, in a 1–0 friendly win against Germany in Bremen, April 1999.
Career statistics
As of 15 January 2015
International
Honours
Dundee UnitedScottish Premier Division Play-offs: 1996
Scottish First Division:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish Challenge Cup:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1997–98AberdeenScottish Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000SK BrannNorwegian Premier League: 2007
Runner-up 2006
Norwegian Cup: 2004LivingstonScottish Second Division: 2010–11
Scottish Third Division: 2009–10Alloa AthleticScottish Third Division: 2011–12PollokWest of Scotland Super League First Division: 2014–15
Evening Times Cup Winners' Cup: 2014–15
Central League Cup: 2015–16
West of Scotland Junior Cup: 2016–17
Scottish Junior Cup:
Runner-up 2015–16RossvaleWest of Scotland League Central District Second Division: 2014–15IndividualSPFA Young Player of the Year: 1996–97
Verdens Gang NPL Player of the Year: 2004
PFAS Third Division Player of the Year: 2010–11
References
External links
Robbie Winters at Soccerbase
|
given name
|
{
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5363
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"text": [
"Robbie"
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|
Robert Winters (born 4 November 1974) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a striker. He made one appearance for the Scotland national team in 1999.
Winters started his career in Scotland and played for Dundee United between 1992 and 1997 and Aberdeen between 1998 and 2002. After a short spell at English club Luton Town, Winters played for the Norwegian club Brann between 2002 and 2008 where he won the Norwegian Cup and the Norwegian Premier League.
Winters has later played for Clyde, Ayr United, Livingston, Grindavik, Alloa Athletic, Peterhead and Albion Rovers.
Early life
Winters was born in East Kilbride on 4 November 1974, he played as a youth for Mallard Swifts and started his career with amateur club Muirend. His younger brother David, who would also become a professional footballer, was born in 1983.
Career
Club
Winters began his senior career with Dundee United in 1992 and played 118 league games for the club, scoring 27 times. A move to Aberdeen beckoned, which saw Billy Dodds and cash come to Tannadice in exchange for Winters. His time at Pittodrie was fruitful, with 41 goals from 132 league appearances. In the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, Winters came on as a 2nd-minute substitute to replace injured goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who suffered a fractured cheekbone. Playing virtually the whole match in an unfamiliar position, Winters let in four goals as Rangers beat Aberdeen 4–0.After leaving in 2002 when his contract expired, Winters played one match for Luton Town, appearing in the first half of the first match of the season, before moving to Norway with Brann. After several seasons with hints about leaving Bergen due to family issues, Winters stated on 31 October that he no longer had the motivation needed to play for SK Brann, and that he wished to leave the club in January. He was seeking a club, preferably in Scotland, but he also stated that an English Championship club would be interesting. With no contract offer, Winters returned to SK Brann to make peace with manager Mons Ivar Mjelde and fulfil his contract until December 2007. Winters' Scottish teammate Charlie Miller did leave and subsequently joined Belgian side Lierse.
Winters left Brann after the 2008 season, to join his family who had moved back to Scotland during the summer, due to his children starting school. Winters played 178 matches for Brann, scoring 70 goals. He signed a short-term deal with Clyde until the end of the season in April 2009. Winters was released by Clyde in June 2009 along with the rest of the out of contract players, due to the club's financial position.After an impressive performance as a trialist against Falkirk, Winters signed a professional contract with Livingston on 28 August 2009.
Winters played for Icelandic club Grindavík in 2011. He scored on his debut against Thor. He then played for Alloa Athletic during the 2011–12 season and helped them win the Scottish Third Division championship. In the summer of 2012, Winters signed for Peterhead, before being released in February 2013 and going on a 3-game trial with Albion Rovers. He chose not to sign a contract at the expiration of the trial. He joined Dumbarton in March 2013.Winters signed for Rossvale in August 2014 and scored two goals on his debut. He then signed for Pollok in April 2015, where he joined his younger brother David. He joined Lowland League team East Kilbride in July 2015, but left the club the following month after "a difference of opinion" with manager Billy Ogilvie. Returning to Junior football, he made one appearance assisting Kilbirnie Ladeside before rejoining Pollok in September 2015.Winters came off the substitutes bench and scored with his first touch in the 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup final for Pollok against Beith Juniors. He also scored in the penalty shootout which Pollok eventually lost. In August 2016, Winters rejoined East Kilbride for a second spell, this time in a player-coach role and was reunited with his former Rossvale manager, Martin Lauchlan. However, similarly to his first spell with the side, Winters time with the club was brief and he left in November 2016, due to a combination of work commitments and a lack of playing time.Winters joined Cumbernauld United in August 2017. He retired from playing in 2018.
International
Winters made one appearance for Scotland, in a 1–0 friendly win against Germany in Bremen, April 1999.
Career statistics
As of 15 January 2015
International
Honours
Dundee UnitedScottish Premier Division Play-offs: 1996
Scottish First Division:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish Challenge Cup:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1997–98AberdeenScottish Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000SK BrannNorwegian Premier League: 2007
Runner-up 2006
Norwegian Cup: 2004LivingstonScottish Second Division: 2010–11
Scottish Third Division: 2009–10Alloa AthleticScottish Third Division: 2011–12PollokWest of Scotland Super League First Division: 2014–15
Evening Times Cup Winners' Cup: 2014–15
Central League Cup: 2015–16
West of Scotland Junior Cup: 2016–17
Scottish Junior Cup:
Runner-up 2015–16RossvaleWest of Scotland League Central District Second Division: 2014–15IndividualSPFA Young Player of the Year: 1996–97
Verdens Gang NPL Player of the Year: 2004
PFAS Third Division Player of the Year: 2010–11
References
External links
Robbie Winters at Soccerbase
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
307
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"text": [
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}
|
Robert Winters (born 4 November 1974) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a striker. He made one appearance for the Scotland national team in 1999.
Winters started his career in Scotland and played for Dundee United between 1992 and 1997 and Aberdeen between 1998 and 2002. After a short spell at English club Luton Town, Winters played for the Norwegian club Brann between 2002 and 2008 where he won the Norwegian Cup and the Norwegian Premier League.
Winters has later played for Clyde, Ayr United, Livingston, Grindavik, Alloa Athletic, Peterhead and Albion Rovers.
Early life
Winters was born in East Kilbride on 4 November 1974, he played as a youth for Mallard Swifts and started his career with amateur club Muirend. His younger brother David, who would also become a professional footballer, was born in 1983.
Career
Club
Winters began his senior career with Dundee United in 1992 and played 118 league games for the club, scoring 27 times. A move to Aberdeen beckoned, which saw Billy Dodds and cash come to Tannadice in exchange for Winters. His time at Pittodrie was fruitful, with 41 goals from 132 league appearances. In the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, Winters came on as a 2nd-minute substitute to replace injured goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who suffered a fractured cheekbone. Playing virtually the whole match in an unfamiliar position, Winters let in four goals as Rangers beat Aberdeen 4–0.After leaving in 2002 when his contract expired, Winters played one match for Luton Town, appearing in the first half of the first match of the season, before moving to Norway with Brann. After several seasons with hints about leaving Bergen due to family issues, Winters stated on 31 October that he no longer had the motivation needed to play for SK Brann, and that he wished to leave the club in January. He was seeking a club, preferably in Scotland, but he also stated that an English Championship club would be interesting. With no contract offer, Winters returned to SK Brann to make peace with manager Mons Ivar Mjelde and fulfil his contract until December 2007. Winters' Scottish teammate Charlie Miller did leave and subsequently joined Belgian side Lierse.
Winters left Brann after the 2008 season, to join his family who had moved back to Scotland during the summer, due to his children starting school. Winters played 178 matches for Brann, scoring 70 goals. He signed a short-term deal with Clyde until the end of the season in April 2009. Winters was released by Clyde in June 2009 along with the rest of the out of contract players, due to the club's financial position.After an impressive performance as a trialist against Falkirk, Winters signed a professional contract with Livingston on 28 August 2009.
Winters played for Icelandic club Grindavík in 2011. He scored on his debut against Thor. He then played for Alloa Athletic during the 2011–12 season and helped them win the Scottish Third Division championship. In the summer of 2012, Winters signed for Peterhead, before being released in February 2013 and going on a 3-game trial with Albion Rovers. He chose not to sign a contract at the expiration of the trial. He joined Dumbarton in March 2013.Winters signed for Rossvale in August 2014 and scored two goals on his debut. He then signed for Pollok in April 2015, where he joined his younger brother David. He joined Lowland League team East Kilbride in July 2015, but left the club the following month after "a difference of opinion" with manager Billy Ogilvie. Returning to Junior football, he made one appearance assisting Kilbirnie Ladeside before rejoining Pollok in September 2015.Winters came off the substitutes bench and scored with his first touch in the 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup final for Pollok against Beith Juniors. He also scored in the penalty shootout which Pollok eventually lost. In August 2016, Winters rejoined East Kilbride for a second spell, this time in a player-coach role and was reunited with his former Rossvale manager, Martin Lauchlan. However, similarly to his first spell with the side, Winters time with the club was brief and he left in November 2016, due to a combination of work commitments and a lack of playing time.Winters joined Cumbernauld United in August 2017. He retired from playing in 2018.
International
Winters made one appearance for Scotland, in a 1–0 friendly win against Germany in Bremen, April 1999.
Career statistics
As of 15 January 2015
International
Honours
Dundee UnitedScottish Premier Division Play-offs: 1996
Scottish First Division:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish Challenge Cup:
Runner up 1995–96
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1997–98AberdeenScottish Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000
Scottish League Cup:
Runner-up 1999–2000SK BrannNorwegian Premier League: 2007
Runner-up 2006
Norwegian Cup: 2004LivingstonScottish Second Division: 2010–11
Scottish Third Division: 2009–10Alloa AthleticScottish Third Division: 2011–12PollokWest of Scotland Super League First Division: 2014–15
Evening Times Cup Winners' Cup: 2014–15
Central League Cup: 2015–16
West of Scotland Junior Cup: 2016–17
Scottish Junior Cup:
Runner-up 2015–16RossvaleWest of Scotland League Central District Second Division: 2014–15IndividualSPFA Young Player of the Year: 1996–97
Verdens Gang NPL Player of the Year: 2004
PFAS Third Division Player of the Year: 2010–11
References
External links
Robbie Winters at Soccerbase
|
country for sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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|
Murehwa District is a district of the Province Mashonaland East in Zimbabwe.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
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"text": [
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
country
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
founded by
|
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
headquarters location
|
{
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412
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
location of formation
|
{
"answer_start": [
412
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"text": [
"Iwata"
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}
|
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
parent organization
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
Commons gallery
|
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
|
official name
|
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Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (ヤマハ発動機株式会社, Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation (however, Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92%, as of 2019), and is headquartered in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. The company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012.Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company's founder and first president, Yamaha Motor spun off from musical instrument manufacturer Yamaha Corporation in 1955 and began production of its first product, the YA-1 125cc motorcycle. It was quickly successful and won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class.
The company's products include motorcycles, scooters, motorized bicycles, boats, sail boats, personal water craft, swimming pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, 4-wheel ATVs, recreational off-road vehicles, go-kart engines, golf carts, multi-purpose engines, electrical generators, water pumps, snowmobiles, small snow throwers, automobile engines, surface mounters, intelligent machinery, industrial-use unmanned helicopters, electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets. The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products, development of tourist businesses and management of leisure, recreational facilities and related services. Yamaha's motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales.
History
Parent company
Yamaha Corporation (originally known as Nippon Gakki Co.) was founded by Torakusu Yamaha in 1887 to manufacture reed organs and pianos and became the largest Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments in the early 20th Century. Yamaha was contracted to manufacture wooden and (later) metal airplane propellers by the Japanese government during World War II. The company struggled in the aftermath of the war, and in the early 1950s, chairman Genichi Kawakami decided to repurpose its underutilized war-time facilities to manufacture small motorcycles for leisure use.
Beginnings: 1955
The motorcycle division of Yamaha was spun off in 1955, being incorporated on 1 July 1955 in Japan, and was headed by Genichi Kawakami. Yamaha's initial product was a 125 cc (7.6 cu in) two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT 125. The YA-1 was a competitive success at racing from the beginning, winning not only the 125cc class in the Mt. Fuji Ascent, but also sweeping the podium with first, second and third place in the All Japan Autobike Endurance Road Race that same year. Early success in racing set the tone for Yamaha, as competition in many varieties of motorcycle racing has been a key endeavor of the company throughout its history, often fueled by a strong rivalry with Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and other Japanese manufacturers.
Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, at which they placed sixth. The YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, but with a larger and more powerful motor. A performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine.
Success and growth in the 1960s
By 1963 Yamaha's dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgian GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its international subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964, and the Netherlands in 1968. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the company's lineup. It featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion (traditionally riders had to pre-mix oil into gasoline together before filling the gas tank on two stroke engines). In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, the 350cc two stroke twin R-1.
In 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. The Yamaha XS-1 was a 650cc four-stroke twin, a larger and more powerful machine that equaled the displacement and performance of the popular British bikes of the era, such as the Triumph Bonneville and BSA Gold Star. Yamaha continued on with both the two-stroke line and four-stroke twins at a time that other Japanese manufacturers were increasingly moving to four cylinder four-stroke machines, a trend led by Honda in 1969 with the legendary CB-750 four-stroke four-cylinder cycle.
Two stroke era begins: the 1970s
In early 1969, Yamaha added reed-valve induction to its previously piston-ported designs to produce the twin-cylinder RD and single-cylinder RS families, with variants in a number of capacities. There was a persistent, but apocryphal, rumour to the effect that "RD" indicated race developed. In fact, "R" appears to have indicated reed valved, "D" the twin (or double) cylinder models and "S" the single-cylinder models. The RD family would be developed through the 1970s and 1980s, gaining solid wheels, water-cooling, YPVS, and other newer technology 'til they had little in common with the original variants (before being supplanted by the TZR). The RS family was produced for many years in a large number of variants by Yamaha and then Escorts Limited in India without losing its resemblance to its progenitors. In addition to the RD and RS standards, Yamaha also manufactured small standards with stamped steel frames and rotary disc-valved motors such as the Yamaha FS1, and step-through V-50 and V-80 designs. Its Enduro trail bike was replaced by the DT models. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a multi-cylinder four stroke of their own. The XS-750 (and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing.
The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked "Monoshock" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which is still in production, making it Yamaha's longest continuous model and name.
Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats. The decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979.
1980s: diversification and innovation
By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular. Suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had considerable success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 400cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s. These bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes. The RZ-250 of 1980 was the progenitor of this series. The RZ-350, the largest displacement model, was a popular hot-rod bike of the 1980s and continued to be sold in some countries into the early 1990s.
Throughout the 1980s the motorcycle industry gradually went from building a few basic but versatile models designed to work well in many roles, to offering many more specialized machines designed to excel in particular niches. These included racing and performance street riding, touring, motocross racing, enduro and recreational off-road riding, and cruising. Yamaha branched out from the relatively small number of UJMs (Universal Japanese Motorcycle) at the start of the decade to a much larger set of offerings in several clearly defined markets at the end of the decade.
The XV750 of 1981 featured an air-cooled V-twin four-stroke engine and cruiser styling, and was one of the first Japanese cruiser style motorcycles. By the end of the 1980s Yamaha had offered dozens of cruiser styled bikes in a variety of displacements and engine configurations.
The RZV500 was one of the first "repli-racers", a near copy of Kenny Roberts competition GP bike, it featured a liquid-cooled two-stroke motor of 500cc displacement in a V4 configuration, along with a perimeter frame and full fairing.A more popular and practical high-performance model for the street was introduced in 1985, the FZ750. It was an innovative 750cc four-stroke inline four cylinder model. It was the first motorcycle to feature a five-valve cylinder head, something Yamaha became well known for. It also featured a cylinder block canted forward at 45 degrees, and a box-section steel perimeter frame. Production of the FZ continued until 1991.
Another bike that was performance-oriented was the Yamaha RX-Z, introduced in 1985 as a two-stroke naked sport bike, related to the Yamaha RX-135 and Yamaha RD-135, borrowing its chassis and platform. Originally equipped with a five speed transmission and a solid front disc brake rotor with rear drum brakes, it was popular in Malaysia and Singapore. After a few years on the market, the engine was upgraded with the installation of a six-speed transmission, together with a newer instrument panel and handlebar switches, as well as a cross-drilled front disc brake rotor, while the rear remained with the drum brakes. The design was unchanged until it was updated in 2004, with the rear lights being borrowed by the Yamaha Y125Z and a new headlight. It was also installed with a catalytic converter, which reduced its horsepower to 19bhp. However, the maximum torque remained unchanged but the low-end torque was improved compared to the early models. Some owners of the earlier RX-Z motorcycles may have problems during take-off because the engine tends to stall when an inexperienced rider tries to take off in the first gear. However, the problem was resolved in the new model. In Malaysia, this bike was associated with street racers and was featured in many Malay movies. In 2011, after 26 years, it was discontinued.
The 1990s: Performance bikes and a spin-off brand
In 1998 Yamaha marketed a 1000cc four cylinder road bike called the YZF 'R1', this model introduced a new style of gearbox design which shortened the overall length of the motor/gearbox case, to allow a more compact unit. This, in turn allowed the motor to be placed in the frame further forward, designed to improve handling in a short wheel-based frame.In 1995, Yamaha announced the creation of Star Motorcycles, a new brand name for its cruiser series of motorcycles in the American market. In other markets, Star motorcycles are still sold under the Yamaha brand. This was an attempt to create a brand identity more closely aligned with the cruiser market segment, one of the largest and most lucrative in the US.
The 2000s: Expansion and consolidation
In 2007, Yamaha established the Philippine operations and distributes Yamaha motorcycles under the corporate name of Yamaha Motor Philippines, Inc., one of more than 20 worldwide subsidiaries operating on all continents.
Yamaha purchased small engine maker Subaru Industrial Power Products from Subaru in October 2017. Subaru's engines powered lawnmowers, generators and water pumps and have since been rebranded as Yamaha.
Motorcycle racing highlights
In motorcycle racing Yamaha has won 39 world championships, including seven in MotoGP and 10 in the preceding 500 cc two-stroke class, and two in World Superbike. In addition Yamaha have recorded 210 victories at the Isle of Man TT and head the list of victories at the Sidecar TT with 40. Past Yamaha riders include: Jarno Saarinen Giacomo Agostini, Bob Hannah, Heikki Mikkola, Bruce Anstey, Kenny Roberts, Eddie Lawson, Wayne Rainey, Jeremy McGrath, Stefan Merriman, Dave Molyneux, Ian Hutchinson, Phil Read, Chad Reed, Ben Spies, Jorge Lorenzo, and nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi.
The Yamaha YZ450F won the AMA Supercross Championship two years in a row, in 2008 with Chad Reed, and 2009 James Stewart. Yamaha was the first to build a production monoshock motocross bike (1975 for 250 and 400, 1976 for 125) and one of the first to have a water-cooled motocross production bike (1977 in works bikes, 1981 in off-the-shelf bikes). Yamaha's first Motocross competition four-stroke bike, the YZ400F, won the 1998 USA outdoor national Championship with factory rider Doug Henry.
Since 1962, Yamaha made production road racing Grand Prix motorcycles that any licensed road racer could purchase. In 1970, non-factory privateer teams dominated the 250 cc World Championship with Great Britain's Rodney Gould winning the title on a Yamaha TD2.
Yamaha also sponsors several professional ATV riders in several areas of racing, such as cross country racing and motocross. Yamaha has had success in cross country with their YFZ450, ridden by Bill Ballance, winning 9 straight titles since 2000. Yamaha's other major rider, Traci Cecco, has ridden the YFZ450 to 7 titles, with the first in 2000. In ATV motocross, Yamaha has had success with Dustin Nelson and Pat Brown, both who race the YFZ450. Pat Brown's best season was a 3rd place title in 2007, while Nelson has had two 1st place titles in the Yamaha/ITP Quadcross, one in 2006 and the other in 2008.
In 2021, Yamaha has won several competitions, such as British Superbike with Tarran Mackenzie, MotoAmerica with Jake Gagne, MFJ Superbike with Katsuyuki Nakasuga, WorldSSP with Dominique Aegerter, and several other competitions.
Their 2022 MotoGP lineup consists of Fabio Quartararo and Franco Morbidelli, with Toprak Razgatlıoğlu and Andrea Locatelli in World Superbikes. Yamaha's Superbike World Championship team since 2016 has been delivered by Crescent Racing.
World Superbike
The first Yamaha rider to ever win a World Superbike was Ben Spies in 2009. Then in 2021, Toprak Razgatlıoğlu managed to become world champion.
By season results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
Formula One
Yamaha produced Formula One engines from 1989 to 1997 (with a one-year break in 1990), initially for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. The Yamaha Engines never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with Blundell achieving a surprise 3rd place at the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and Hill with 2nd at the aforementioned 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix, this partly was considered to be due to Yamaha collaborating with the John Judd Engine Organization to create a better and reliable engine however there were questions raised as to whether the Yamaha Engines used from 1993 until 1997 were just Judd engines with the Yamaha branding on top of this.
1994 was considered to be Yamaha's most successful year in terms of points accrued, apart from the Podium achieved by Blundell in Spain the Yamaha engine in the Tyrrell Car achieved 4 Fifth Place finishes and 1 Sixth Place finish over the course of the season, However, due to the inconsistency of the engine over the years they were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful, the Yamaha powered engine never secured a Fastest Lap or Pole Position despite being on the grid for nearly a decade.
After the conclusion of the 1997 Formula One Season, Yamaha decided to pull out of the sport, a possible reason for this was due to a disagreement with Arrows regarding the 1998 engine's identification, Yamaha wished to carry out work on the engine with their engineers while Arrows wished for their own engineers to work on the engine instead while still having it badged as a Yamaha engine.
Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Products
Overview
Yamaha Motor is a highly diversified company which produces products for a large number of industries and consumer market segments:
Motorcycles: Sport bikes, Star Cruiser bikes, trail bikes, road racers and motocross racersAll terrain vehiclesSnowmobiles
Commuter vehicles, including scooters
Boats: Powerboats, sailboats (e.g. Yamaha 26, a sailboat produced in the 1970s), utility boats and custom boats
Marine engines: Outboard motors, electric marine motors, marine diesel engines and stern drives
Personal watercraft – see WaveRunner
Electric bicycles
Automobile engines
Industrial-use unmanned helicopters
Golf cars
Power products: generators, multipurpose engines, water pumps and snow throwers
Swimming pools, watersliders and pool-related equipment
Intelligent machinery, including compact industrial robots
Electric wheelchairs and wheelchair electric drive units
Yamaha parts and accessories, apparel, cycle helmets and motor oil
Industrial robots and surface mounters
Automobile engines
Yamaha has built engines for other manufacturers' vehicles beginning with the development and production of the Toyota 2000GT (1967). The cylinder head from the Toyota 4A-GE engine was developed by Yamaha and built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply compact 60° 3.0 Liter DOHC V6 engines for transverse application for the 1989–95 Ford Taurus SHO. From 1993 to 1995, the SHO engine was produced in 3.0 and 3.2 Liter versions. Yamaha jointly designed the 3.4 Liter DOHC V-8 engine with Ford for the 1996–99 SHO. Ford and Yamaha also developed the Zetec-SE branded 4-cylinder engines used in several Ford cars like the small sports car Ford Puma.
From 2005 to 2010, Yamaha produced a 4.4 Litre V8 for Volvo. The B8444S engines were used in the XC90 and S80 models, whilst also adapted to 5.0L configuration for Volvo's foray into the V8 Supercars with the S60. British sportscar maker Noble also uses a bi-turbo version of the Volvo V8 in their M600.
All performance-oriented cylinder heads on Toyota/Lexus engines were designed and/or built by Yamaha. Some examples are the 1LR-GUE engine found on the 2010–2012 Lexus LFA, the 2UR-GSE found in Lexus ISF, the 3S-GTE engine found on the Toyota MR2 and Toyota Celica GT4/All-Trac, the 2ZZ-GE engine found on the 1999–2006 Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise Series 2, and the Toyota 4GR-FSE engine found on the Lexus IS250.Yamaha also tunes engines for manufacturers, such as Toyota, so Yamaha logos are on Toyota S engines.Yamaha also tried to produce a supercar in the 1990s, named the Yamaha OX99-11. It was made as a supercar to have a Yamaha Formula 1 engine as its powerplant and have Formula 1 technology in it. Even though their engines did not win a Grand Prix, by 1991 the team had produced a new engine, the OX99, and approached a German company to design an initial version of the car. Yamaha was not pleased with the result as it was too similar to sport cars of that time, so it contacted IAD to continue working on the project. By the beginning of 1992, just under 12 months after starting to work on the project, IAD came with an initial version of the car. The car's design was undertaken by Takuya Yura, and was originally conceived as a single seater; however, Yamaha requested a two-seater vehicle and a tandem seating arrangement was suggested which was in keeping with Yamaha's motorcycle expertise. This resulted in a radical and somewhat outrageous design based on Group C cars of the time, with features such as the cockpit-locking roof. It also shared the same chassis as the Formula 1 car, to try to give the consumer market a pure Formula 1 experience. Eventually disagreements with IAD over the budget made Yamaha take the project to its own Ypsilon Technology which was given six months to finish the project, otherwise it would be terminated. To make matters worse, Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, which made Yamaha believe there would be no customers for the car, and so the project was cancelled in 1994 after many delays, with only 3 prototypes in existence.
Concept cars
Beginning in 2013 Yamaha revealed a series of concept cars developed in collaboration with Gordon Murray Design utilizing the company's iStream design process. The first concept, named the MOTIV, was revealed at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013. The MOTIV was a compact city car designed to accommodate gasoline engines, EV drivetrains, hybrid systems, and range extenders.The second concept, the Sports Ride Concept, was revealed at the 44th Tokyo Motor Show in 2015. The concept was a lightweight two-seat sports car that drew inspiration from the company's motorcycles.The third concept, the Cross Hub Concept, was revealed at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in 2017. The Cross Hub was a coupé utility with a diamond-shaped sitting arrangement to allow it to carry two motorcycles in the bed while retaining compact dimensions for urban use.
Yamaha confirmed at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in 2019 that cars were no longer in the company's plans.
References
External links
Official website
Yamaha Motorcycles at Curlie
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The University of Leeds, like other universities in the United Kingdom and many other countries throughout the world, has its own unique system of academic and ceremonial dress for undergraduates, graduates and senior officials. As at most other universities (exceptions include Oxford and Cambridge), graduands will wear the gown, hood and hat appropriate to the degree they are about to receive. All of the graduates' hoods incorporate one or more shades of green, and the Doctors of Philosophy, Education and Clinical Psychology are unique in the UK in having a green full-dress gown.Doctors in full dress wear a coloured (scarlet or green) gown of Cambridge doctors' shape; doctors in undress, and masters, wear a black gown similar to that worn by Masters of Arts at Oxford, but with a crescent-shaped portion cut out of both sides of the boot of the sleeve (this is type [m7] in the Groves classification system); bachelors wear a black gown similar to that worn by Bachelors of Arts at Oxford, but with a vertical strip of Leeds lace on the forearm seam and around the yoke; and undergraduates may wear the Oxford scholars' gown. Hoods for doctors, and for Masters of Philosophy are in the full shape (that is, consisting of a cowl and a cape), while those for other graduates and licentiates are in simple shape (that is, having a cowl only, the shape used at Leeds being type [s7] in Groves).
During graduation ceremonies the University of Leeds only allows Undergraduates to wear academic dress rather than full academic dress. This means recipients of bachelor's degrees and Undergraduate Masters are not permitted to wear a mortarboard.
Academic Dress of the University
Academic UndressA black gown.
Academic Dress
Undergraduate Licentiates and First Degrees
Licentiates (Undergraduate Diplomas, Certificates and Foundation Degree): black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Bachelors: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Masters: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Postgraduate, Research and Higher Doctorates
Licentiates (Postgraduate Diplomas and Certificates): black Master's gown with appropriate hood.
Masters: black Master's gown with appropriate hood.
Doctors: black Master's gown with appropriate Doctor's hood.
Full academic dress
Undergraduate Licentiates and First Degrees
Licentiates (Undergraduate Diplomas, Certificates and Foundation Degree): black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Bachelors: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Masters: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Postgraduate, Research and Higher Doctorates
Licentiates (Postgraduate Diplomas and Certificates): black Master's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Masters: black Master's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Doctors: appropriate Doctor's gown, hood and cap.
Hoods
All hoods shall be without cape, except for Masters of Philosophy and Doctors, and the hoods of Bachelors shall be lined. The colours of hoods appropriate to licentiates and to graduates of the University shall be as follows:
Licentiates
Certificate of Higher Education: hood maroon lined with light green;
Diploma in Higher Education: hood maroon lined with middle green;
Foundation Degree: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of dark green laid on the outside;
Advanced Diploma: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Graduate Diploma/Graduate Certificate: hood maroon lined with dark green;
Postgraduate Certificate: hood maroon lined with light green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Postgraduate Diploma: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside.
Graduates
Bachelors of Arts: hood dark green;
Bachelors of Arts (Collegiate): hood dark green with a one-inch band of mid-green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Broadcasting: hood light green with a one-inch band of middle green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Commerce: hood light green lined with dark green;
Bachelors of Dental Surgery: hood dark green lined with middle green;
Bachelors of Design: hood middle green lined with light green;
Bachelors of Divinity: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of scarlet laid on the white silk;
Bachelors of Education: hood dark green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Engineering: hood middle green lined with dark green;
Bachelors of Health Science: hood middle green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Laws: hood light green;
Bachelors of Medicine and Bachelors of Surgery: hood dark green lined with light green;
Bachelors of Music: hood dark green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Performing Arts: hood light green edged with a one-inch band of dark green;
Bachelors of Science: middle green;
Bachelors of Science (Collegiate): middle green with a one-inch band of dark green laid on the outside;
Masters of Engineering: hood middle green lined with dark green with a one-inch band of middle green laid on the outside;
Masters of Chemistry, of Geography, of Geology, of Geophysics, of Mathematics, of Physics, of Design, of Informatics, of Natural Sciences, of Environment or of Geosciences: hood middle green edged with one-inch band of dark green;
Masters of Arts, of Business Studies or of Fine Art: hood dark green with white lining;
Masters of Business Administration: hood light green with white lining and edged with dark green;
Masters of Business Studies: see Master of Arts
Masters of Child Forensic Studies: see Masters of Medical Science;
Masters of Commerce: hood light green with white lining and band and one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Dental Science: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Dental Surgery: hood dark green lined with white and edged with middle green;
Masters of Education: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of middle green laid on the white silk;
Master of Fine Arts: see Master of Arts;
Masters of Health Science or of Midwifery: hood middle green with white lining and band and with one inch of light green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Laws: hood light green with white lining;
Masters of Medical Science or of Child Forensic Studies: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of light green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Midwifery: see Masters of Health Science;
Masters of Music: hood dark green with white lining with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Masters of Psychoanalytic Observational Studies or of Psychotherapy: hood dark green lined with light green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the light green;
Masters of Public Health: hood dark green lined with light green with one-inch band of dark green laid on the light green;
Masters of Science: hood middle green with white lining;
Masters of Science (Engineering): hood middle green with white lining and band and with one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Research: as for the equivalent Taught master's degree from the appropriate faculty;
Masters of Philosophy: hood black stuff on silk lined with middle green and with narrow binding of scarlet to the hood;
Masters of Surgery: hood dark green with white lining and edged with light green;
Professional Doctorates (other than Doctors of Clinical Psychology, or of Education): hood green lined with narrow bindings of scarlet;
Doctors of Clinical Psychology: hood green lined with scarlet with dark green bindings;
Doctors of Education: hood green lined with white with narrow bindings of white;
Doctors of Philosophy: hood green lined with green with narrow bindings of scarlet;
Doctors of Dental Science: hood scarlet lined with dark green and with mid-green bindings;
Doctors of Divinity: hood scarlet lined with dark green and with white bindings;
Doctors of Letters, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) and Medicine: hood scarlet lined with green of the shade or shades appropriate to the faculty;
Doctors of Music: hood scarlet lined with dark green and having a one-inch band of white watered silk laid on the green one inch from the edge.
Gowns
The colours of gowns appropriate to licentiates and to graduates of the University shall be as follows:
Licentiates in Dental Surgery: black with facings and yoke of middle green with sleeves of elbow length bordered with green outside and white inside;
Licentiates, Bachelors and Masters in all faculties: black;
Professional Doctorates, and Doctors of Clinical Psychology, of Education or of Philosophy: green with sleeve linings of green and facings of green bound with scarlet;
Doctors of Dental Science: scarlet with sleeve linings of dark green and facings of mid-green;
Doctors of Divinity: scarlet with sleeve linings of dark green and facings of white;
Doctors of Letters, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) or Medicine: scarlet with facings and sleeve linings of the shade of green appropriate to the faculty;
Doctors of Music: scarlet with sleeve linings and facings of dark green with a one-inch band of white watered silk laid on the green one inch from the outside edge;
Undergraduates of the University may wear black gowns.
Caps
The caps of licentiates, Bachelors and Masters [both men and women] shall be of the usual hard square pattern.
The caps of Doctors of Letters, Divinity, Music, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) and Medicine shall be of black velvet of the usual pattern with a gold cord and a lining of the shade of green appropriate to the faculty.
The caps of Professional Doctorates and Doctors of Clinical Psychology, Education and Philosophy shall be of black velvet of the usual pattern with a gold cord.
== References ==
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country
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The University of Leeds, like other universities in the United Kingdom and many other countries throughout the world, has its own unique system of academic and ceremonial dress for undergraduates, graduates and senior officials. As at most other universities (exceptions include Oxford and Cambridge), graduands will wear the gown, hood and hat appropriate to the degree they are about to receive. All of the graduates' hoods incorporate one or more shades of green, and the Doctors of Philosophy, Education and Clinical Psychology are unique in the UK in having a green full-dress gown.Doctors in full dress wear a coloured (scarlet or green) gown of Cambridge doctors' shape; doctors in undress, and masters, wear a black gown similar to that worn by Masters of Arts at Oxford, but with a crescent-shaped portion cut out of both sides of the boot of the sleeve (this is type [m7] in the Groves classification system); bachelors wear a black gown similar to that worn by Bachelors of Arts at Oxford, but with a vertical strip of Leeds lace on the forearm seam and around the yoke; and undergraduates may wear the Oxford scholars' gown. Hoods for doctors, and for Masters of Philosophy are in the full shape (that is, consisting of a cowl and a cape), while those for other graduates and licentiates are in simple shape (that is, having a cowl only, the shape used at Leeds being type [s7] in Groves).
During graduation ceremonies the University of Leeds only allows Undergraduates to wear academic dress rather than full academic dress. This means recipients of bachelor's degrees and Undergraduate Masters are not permitted to wear a mortarboard.
Academic Dress of the University
Academic UndressA black gown.
Academic Dress
Undergraduate Licentiates and First Degrees
Licentiates (Undergraduate Diplomas, Certificates and Foundation Degree): black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Bachelors: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Masters: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Postgraduate, Research and Higher Doctorates
Licentiates (Postgraduate Diplomas and Certificates): black Master's gown with appropriate hood.
Masters: black Master's gown with appropriate hood.
Doctors: black Master's gown with appropriate Doctor's hood.
Full academic dress
Undergraduate Licentiates and First Degrees
Licentiates (Undergraduate Diplomas, Certificates and Foundation Degree): black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Bachelors: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Masters: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Postgraduate, Research and Higher Doctorates
Licentiates (Postgraduate Diplomas and Certificates): black Master's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Masters: black Master's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Doctors: appropriate Doctor's gown, hood and cap.
Hoods
All hoods shall be without cape, except for Masters of Philosophy and Doctors, and the hoods of Bachelors shall be lined. The colours of hoods appropriate to licentiates and to graduates of the University shall be as follows:
Licentiates
Certificate of Higher Education: hood maroon lined with light green;
Diploma in Higher Education: hood maroon lined with middle green;
Foundation Degree: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of dark green laid on the outside;
Advanced Diploma: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Graduate Diploma/Graduate Certificate: hood maroon lined with dark green;
Postgraduate Certificate: hood maroon lined with light green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Postgraduate Diploma: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside.
Graduates
Bachelors of Arts: hood dark green;
Bachelors of Arts (Collegiate): hood dark green with a one-inch band of mid-green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Broadcasting: hood light green with a one-inch band of middle green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Commerce: hood light green lined with dark green;
Bachelors of Dental Surgery: hood dark green lined with middle green;
Bachelors of Design: hood middle green lined with light green;
Bachelors of Divinity: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of scarlet laid on the white silk;
Bachelors of Education: hood dark green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Engineering: hood middle green lined with dark green;
Bachelors of Health Science: hood middle green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Laws: hood light green;
Bachelors of Medicine and Bachelors of Surgery: hood dark green lined with light green;
Bachelors of Music: hood dark green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Performing Arts: hood light green edged with a one-inch band of dark green;
Bachelors of Science: middle green;
Bachelors of Science (Collegiate): middle green with a one-inch band of dark green laid on the outside;
Masters of Engineering: hood middle green lined with dark green with a one-inch band of middle green laid on the outside;
Masters of Chemistry, of Geography, of Geology, of Geophysics, of Mathematics, of Physics, of Design, of Informatics, of Natural Sciences, of Environment or of Geosciences: hood middle green edged with one-inch band of dark green;
Masters of Arts, of Business Studies or of Fine Art: hood dark green with white lining;
Masters of Business Administration: hood light green with white lining and edged with dark green;
Masters of Business Studies: see Master of Arts
Masters of Child Forensic Studies: see Masters of Medical Science;
Masters of Commerce: hood light green with white lining and band and one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Dental Science: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Dental Surgery: hood dark green lined with white and edged with middle green;
Masters of Education: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of middle green laid on the white silk;
Master of Fine Arts: see Master of Arts;
Masters of Health Science or of Midwifery: hood middle green with white lining and band and with one inch of light green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Laws: hood light green with white lining;
Masters of Medical Science or of Child Forensic Studies: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of light green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Midwifery: see Masters of Health Science;
Masters of Music: hood dark green with white lining with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Masters of Psychoanalytic Observational Studies or of Psychotherapy: hood dark green lined with light green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the light green;
Masters of Public Health: hood dark green lined with light green with one-inch band of dark green laid on the light green;
Masters of Science: hood middle green with white lining;
Masters of Science (Engineering): hood middle green with white lining and band and with one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Research: as for the equivalent Taught master's degree from the appropriate faculty;
Masters of Philosophy: hood black stuff on silk lined with middle green and with narrow binding of scarlet to the hood;
Masters of Surgery: hood dark green with white lining and edged with light green;
Professional Doctorates (other than Doctors of Clinical Psychology, or of Education): hood green lined with narrow bindings of scarlet;
Doctors of Clinical Psychology: hood green lined with scarlet with dark green bindings;
Doctors of Education: hood green lined with white with narrow bindings of white;
Doctors of Philosophy: hood green lined with green with narrow bindings of scarlet;
Doctors of Dental Science: hood scarlet lined with dark green and with mid-green bindings;
Doctors of Divinity: hood scarlet lined with dark green and with white bindings;
Doctors of Letters, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) and Medicine: hood scarlet lined with green of the shade or shades appropriate to the faculty;
Doctors of Music: hood scarlet lined with dark green and having a one-inch band of white watered silk laid on the green one inch from the edge.
Gowns
The colours of gowns appropriate to licentiates and to graduates of the University shall be as follows:
Licentiates in Dental Surgery: black with facings and yoke of middle green with sleeves of elbow length bordered with green outside and white inside;
Licentiates, Bachelors and Masters in all faculties: black;
Professional Doctorates, and Doctors of Clinical Psychology, of Education or of Philosophy: green with sleeve linings of green and facings of green bound with scarlet;
Doctors of Dental Science: scarlet with sleeve linings of dark green and facings of mid-green;
Doctors of Divinity: scarlet with sleeve linings of dark green and facings of white;
Doctors of Letters, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) or Medicine: scarlet with facings and sleeve linings of the shade of green appropriate to the faculty;
Doctors of Music: scarlet with sleeve linings and facings of dark green with a one-inch band of white watered silk laid on the green one inch from the outside edge;
Undergraduates of the University may wear black gowns.
Caps
The caps of licentiates, Bachelors and Masters [both men and women] shall be of the usual hard square pattern.
The caps of Doctors of Letters, Divinity, Music, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) and Medicine shall be of black velvet of the usual pattern with a gold cord and a lining of the shade of green appropriate to the faculty.
The caps of Professional Doctorates and Doctors of Clinical Psychology, Education and Philosophy shall be of black velvet of the usual pattern with a gold cord.
== References ==
|
subclass of
|
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The University of Leeds, like other universities in the United Kingdom and many other countries throughout the world, has its own unique system of academic and ceremonial dress for undergraduates, graduates and senior officials. As at most other universities (exceptions include Oxford and Cambridge), graduands will wear the gown, hood and hat appropriate to the degree they are about to receive. All of the graduates' hoods incorporate one or more shades of green, and the Doctors of Philosophy, Education and Clinical Psychology are unique in the UK in having a green full-dress gown.Doctors in full dress wear a coloured (scarlet or green) gown of Cambridge doctors' shape; doctors in undress, and masters, wear a black gown similar to that worn by Masters of Arts at Oxford, but with a crescent-shaped portion cut out of both sides of the boot of the sleeve (this is type [m7] in the Groves classification system); bachelors wear a black gown similar to that worn by Bachelors of Arts at Oxford, but with a vertical strip of Leeds lace on the forearm seam and around the yoke; and undergraduates may wear the Oxford scholars' gown. Hoods for doctors, and for Masters of Philosophy are in the full shape (that is, consisting of a cowl and a cape), while those for other graduates and licentiates are in simple shape (that is, having a cowl only, the shape used at Leeds being type [s7] in Groves).
During graduation ceremonies the University of Leeds only allows Undergraduates to wear academic dress rather than full academic dress. This means recipients of bachelor's degrees and Undergraduate Masters are not permitted to wear a mortarboard.
Academic Dress of the University
Academic UndressA black gown.
Academic Dress
Undergraduate Licentiates and First Degrees
Licentiates (Undergraduate Diplomas, Certificates and Foundation Degree): black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Bachelors: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Masters: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood.
Postgraduate, Research and Higher Doctorates
Licentiates (Postgraduate Diplomas and Certificates): black Master's gown with appropriate hood.
Masters: black Master's gown with appropriate hood.
Doctors: black Master's gown with appropriate Doctor's hood.
Full academic dress
Undergraduate Licentiates and First Degrees
Licentiates (Undergraduate Diplomas, Certificates and Foundation Degree): black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Bachelors: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Masters: black Bachelor's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Postgraduate, Research and Higher Doctorates
Licentiates (Postgraduate Diplomas and Certificates): black Master's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Masters: black Master's gown with appropriate hood and cap.
Doctors: appropriate Doctor's gown, hood and cap.
Hoods
All hoods shall be without cape, except for Masters of Philosophy and Doctors, and the hoods of Bachelors shall be lined. The colours of hoods appropriate to licentiates and to graduates of the University shall be as follows:
Licentiates
Certificate of Higher Education: hood maroon lined with light green;
Diploma in Higher Education: hood maroon lined with middle green;
Foundation Degree: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of dark green laid on the outside;
Advanced Diploma: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Graduate Diploma/Graduate Certificate: hood maroon lined with dark green;
Postgraduate Certificate: hood maroon lined with light green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Postgraduate Diploma: hood maroon lined with middle green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside.
Graduates
Bachelors of Arts: hood dark green;
Bachelors of Arts (Collegiate): hood dark green with a one-inch band of mid-green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Broadcasting: hood light green with a one-inch band of middle green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Commerce: hood light green lined with dark green;
Bachelors of Dental Surgery: hood dark green lined with middle green;
Bachelors of Design: hood middle green lined with light green;
Bachelors of Divinity: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of scarlet laid on the white silk;
Bachelors of Education: hood dark green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Engineering: hood middle green lined with dark green;
Bachelors of Health Science: hood middle green with a one-inch band of light green laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Laws: hood light green;
Bachelors of Medicine and Bachelors of Surgery: hood dark green lined with light green;
Bachelors of Music: hood dark green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Bachelors of Performing Arts: hood light green edged with a one-inch band of dark green;
Bachelors of Science: middle green;
Bachelors of Science (Collegiate): middle green with a one-inch band of dark green laid on the outside;
Masters of Engineering: hood middle green lined with dark green with a one-inch band of middle green laid on the outside;
Masters of Chemistry, of Geography, of Geology, of Geophysics, of Mathematics, of Physics, of Design, of Informatics, of Natural Sciences, of Environment or of Geosciences: hood middle green edged with one-inch band of dark green;
Masters of Arts, of Business Studies or of Fine Art: hood dark green with white lining;
Masters of Business Administration: hood light green with white lining and edged with dark green;
Masters of Business Studies: see Master of Arts
Masters of Child Forensic Studies: see Masters of Medical Science;
Masters of Commerce: hood light green with white lining and band and one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Dental Science: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Dental Surgery: hood dark green lined with white and edged with middle green;
Masters of Education: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of middle green laid on the white silk;
Master of Fine Arts: see Master of Arts;
Masters of Health Science or of Midwifery: hood middle green with white lining and band and with one inch of light green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Laws: hood light green with white lining;
Masters of Medical Science or of Child Forensic Studies: hood dark green with white lining and band and with one inch of light green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Midwifery: see Masters of Health Science;
Masters of Music: hood dark green with white lining with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the outside;
Masters of Psychoanalytic Observational Studies or of Psychotherapy: hood dark green lined with light green with a one-inch band of white silk laid on the light green;
Masters of Public Health: hood dark green lined with light green with one-inch band of dark green laid on the light green;
Masters of Science: hood middle green with white lining;
Masters of Science (Engineering): hood middle green with white lining and band and with one inch of dark green laid on the white silk;
Masters of Research: as for the equivalent Taught master's degree from the appropriate faculty;
Masters of Philosophy: hood black stuff on silk lined with middle green and with narrow binding of scarlet to the hood;
Masters of Surgery: hood dark green with white lining and edged with light green;
Professional Doctorates (other than Doctors of Clinical Psychology, or of Education): hood green lined with narrow bindings of scarlet;
Doctors of Clinical Psychology: hood green lined with scarlet with dark green bindings;
Doctors of Education: hood green lined with white with narrow bindings of white;
Doctors of Philosophy: hood green lined with green with narrow bindings of scarlet;
Doctors of Dental Science: hood scarlet lined with dark green and with mid-green bindings;
Doctors of Divinity: hood scarlet lined with dark green and with white bindings;
Doctors of Letters, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) and Medicine: hood scarlet lined with green of the shade or shades appropriate to the faculty;
Doctors of Music: hood scarlet lined with dark green and having a one-inch band of white watered silk laid on the green one inch from the edge.
Gowns
The colours of gowns appropriate to licentiates and to graduates of the University shall be as follows:
Licentiates in Dental Surgery: black with facings and yoke of middle green with sleeves of elbow length bordered with green outside and white inside;
Licentiates, Bachelors and Masters in all faculties: black;
Professional Doctorates, and Doctors of Clinical Psychology, of Education or of Philosophy: green with sleeve linings of green and facings of green bound with scarlet;
Doctors of Dental Science: scarlet with sleeve linings of dark green and facings of mid-green;
Doctors of Divinity: scarlet with sleeve linings of dark green and facings of white;
Doctors of Letters, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) or Medicine: scarlet with facings and sleeve linings of the shade of green appropriate to the faculty;
Doctors of Music: scarlet with sleeve linings and facings of dark green with a one-inch band of white watered silk laid on the green one inch from the outside edge;
Undergraduates of the University may wear black gowns.
Caps
The caps of licentiates, Bachelors and Masters [both men and women] shall be of the usual hard square pattern.
The caps of Doctors of Letters, Divinity, Music, Laws, Science, Science (Engineering) and Medicine shall be of black velvet of the usual pattern with a gold cord and a lining of the shade of green appropriate to the faculty.
The caps of Professional Doctorates and Doctors of Clinical Psychology, Education and Philosophy shall be of black velvet of the usual pattern with a gold cord.
== References ==
|
facet of
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"University of Leeds"
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|
Shweta Sinha is an Indian television actress best known for her portrayal of Pari Bhardwaj in Colors TV's soap opera Sasural Simar Ka. She hails from Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Television
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
150
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"text": [
"Nagpur"
]
}
|
Shweta Sinha is an Indian television actress best known for her portrayal of Pari Bhardwaj in Colors TV's soap opera Sasural Simar Ka. She hails from Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Television
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
19
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"text": [
"India"
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}
|
Tchériba is a department or commune of Mouhoun Province in western Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Tchériba. According to the 1996 census the department has a total population of 36,818.
Towns and villages
Tchériba (5 610 inhabitants) (capital)
Bankorosso (256 inhabitants)
Banouba (521 inhabitants)
Bekeyou (1 436 inhabitants)
Beneyou (170 inhabitants)
Bissanderou (1 903 inhabitants)
Da (282 inhabitants)
Didie (441 inhabitants)
Djissasso (1 196 inhabitants)
Douroukou (1 360 inhabitants)
Etouayou (573 inhabitants)
Gamadougou (732 inhabitants)
Kana (106 inhabitants)
Kari (836 inhabitants)
Labien (1 560 inhabitants)
Lan (1 135 inhabitants)
Nerekorosso (1 058 inhabitants)
Oualou (1 959 inhabitants)
Oualoubié (349 inhabitants)
Oula (1 088 inhabitants)
Ouezala (796 inhabitants)
Sao (1 991 inhabitants)
Sirakélé (775 inhabitants)
Tierkou (2 047 inhabitants)
Tikan (2 880 inhabitants)
Tissé (2 022 inhabitants)
Youlou (1 224 inhabitants)
Zehuy (2 512 inhabitants)
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"Burkina Faso"
]
}
|
Tchériba is a department or commune of Mouhoun Province in western Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Tchériba. According to the 1996 census the department has a total population of 36,818.
Towns and villages
Tchériba (5 610 inhabitants) (capital)
Bankorosso (256 inhabitants)
Banouba (521 inhabitants)
Bekeyou (1 436 inhabitants)
Beneyou (170 inhabitants)
Bissanderou (1 903 inhabitants)
Da (282 inhabitants)
Didie (441 inhabitants)
Djissasso (1 196 inhabitants)
Douroukou (1 360 inhabitants)
Etouayou (573 inhabitants)
Gamadougou (732 inhabitants)
Kana (106 inhabitants)
Kari (836 inhabitants)
Labien (1 560 inhabitants)
Lan (1 135 inhabitants)
Nerekorosso (1 058 inhabitants)
Oualou (1 959 inhabitants)
Oualoubié (349 inhabitants)
Oula (1 088 inhabitants)
Ouezala (796 inhabitants)
Sao (1 991 inhabitants)
Sirakélé (775 inhabitants)
Tierkou (2 047 inhabitants)
Tikan (2 880 inhabitants)
Tissé (2 022 inhabitants)
Youlou (1 224 inhabitants)
Zehuy (2 512 inhabitants)
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"Mouhoun"
]
}
|
Pancalia baldizzonella is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Italy.The wingspan is about 15 mm. Adults have been recorded in July.
Taxonomy
Pancalia baldizzonella might be just a form of Pancalia schwarzella.
References
External links
lepiforum.de
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pancalia"
]
}
|
Pancalia baldizzonella is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Italy.The wingspan is about 15 mm. Adults have been recorded in July.
Taxonomy
Pancalia baldizzonella might be just a form of Pancalia schwarzella.
References
External links
lepiforum.de
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pancalia baldizzonella"
]
}
|
KLKX-LP (98.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Alexandria, Minnesota, United States. The station is currently owned by Alexandria Community Radio Educational Organization, Inc.
References
External links
KLKX in the FCC FM station database
KLKX-LP on Radio-Locator
KLKX in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"radio station"
]
}
|
KLKX-LP (98.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Alexandria, Minnesota, United States. The station is currently owned by Alexandria Community Radio Educational Organization, Inc.
References
External links
KLKX in the FCC FM station database
KLKX-LP on Radio-Locator
KLKX in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Alexandria"
]
}
|
KLKX-LP (98.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Alexandria, Minnesota, United States. The station is currently owned by Alexandria Community Radio Educational Organization, Inc.
References
External links
KLKX in the FCC FM station database
KLKX-LP on Radio-Locator
KLKX in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
|
licensed to broadcast to
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Alexandria"
]
}
|
Kentucky Speedway is a now-inactive 1.5-mile (2.4 km) tri-oval speedway in Sparta, Kentucky, which hosted ARCA, NASCAR and Indy Racing League racing from its opening in 2000 until 2011 for IndyCar racing and 2020 for ARCA and NASCAR racing. The track is currently owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports, Inc. Before 2008 Jerry Carroll, along with four other investors, were the majority owners of Kentucky Speedway. Depending on layout and configuration the track facility has a grandstand capacity of 107,000.
The speedway has hosted the NASCAR Truck Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, IndyCar Series, and the NASCAR Cup Series.
Track history
Early history and construction
When Jerry Carroll had first talked about racing, he meant horse racing not NASCAR. "I went to my first race at the Daytona Speedway in Florida and got hooked," Carroll said. "I knew I had to get involved." Before Carroll took any action, he had a marketing group spend 15 months researching whether or not it would be a good location for a racing track to be put at the location they wanted. It was decided that it was a good location and soon after that they started removing 7 million cubic yards of dirt over 883 acres of land. After that decision was made Carroll decided to be a project manager for the next 20 months and get this race track up and running quickly. Another thing that was mentioned by Carroll was "Our first priority is to get the facility built and built right," to Carroll this project meant business for him. Carroll also asked other individual track owners and drivers and asked them what they would like in a track. This was the track would be perfect in all ways from racing surface to garage facility.
On January 8, 1998, Jerry Carroll announced that he and four other investors were going to build a $153 million racing facility in Sparta, Kentucky. Five months later, groundbreaking ceremonies were held on July 18, 1998. While construction continued, it was announced that the speedway would open with an ARCA race in 2000. Afterward, it was announced that the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series would promote a race following the ARCA race. Testing at the track began with Bill Baird, who participated in ARCA. In November 1999, it was announced that it would also hold a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race in 2000. The speedway continued to announce races for the 2000 racing season, one of which was a second ARCA race.Several months later, the speedway decided to resurface the track because of bumps in the surface from winter. On June 16, 2000, the speedway opened with a Slim Jim All Pro Series event. One day later, the speedway held its first major series, the Craftsman Truck Series, which was won by Greg Biffle. In August of the same year, Buddy Lazier won the inaugural IndyCar Series race. On August 29, 2000, NASCAR announced that Kentucky Speedway would also sanction a Busch Series (now Xfinity Series) race in 2001. One year after the speedway opened, it held its first Busch Series event, with Kevin Harvick emerging as the winner.
2002–2011
During the 2002 Infiniti Pro Series (now Indy Lights) race at the track, Jason Priestley suffered a concussion and fractures to his thoracic spine and feet, becoming the first major injury to occur at the speedway. Three years later, Carroll began his efforts to receive a Nextel Cup Series event at the track. While trying to do so, Kentucky Speedway filed an anti-trust lawsuit against NASCAR and the International Speedway Corporation (ISC). The reason for the lawsuit was the claim that both companies violated federal antitrust laws because of restricting the awarding of Nextel Cup Series events. The lawsuit continued for three years before concluding in January 2008 with Judge William O. Bertelsman dismissing the trial with ISC and NASCAR winning the lawsuit. Following the dismissal, Judge Bertelsman commented, "After careful consideration and a thorough review of the record, and granting Kentucky Speedway the benefit of the doubt on all reasonable inferences therefrom, the court concludes that Speedway has failed to make out its case."During May 2008, the speedway announced that Speedway Motorsports Inc. bought the speedway from Jerry Carroll. Bruton Smith invested $50 million in the speedway, and planned to move a NASCAR Cup Series event to the track by 2009. However, the speedway did not receive a NASCAR Cup Series event in the 2009 season. Also in 2009, the lawsuit against NASCAR and ISC was dropped by Carroll, but other former owners of the speedway sued Carroll, therefore extending the lawsuit even further.The speedway continued playing host to Camping World Truck Series, Nationwide Series, IndyCar, and Firestone Indy Lights Series events through 2010 and further. In 2010, both former owners of the speedway reached a settlement, ending the lawsuit. In August 2010, it was announced that the speedway would hold its inaugural NASCAR Cup Series event, the Quaker State 400, during the 2011 season. Before the first NASCAR Cup Series event, Kentucky Speedway expanded the capacity of the track of 107,000. The speedway also reconfigured pit road, and added 200 acres of camping.The inaugural Quaker State 400 was held on July 9, 2011 and was won by Kyle Busch. However, the race was overshadowed by numerous logistical problems. A massive traffic jam on Interstate 71 resulted in as many as 20,000 people being unable to get to the race. The traffic situation was so severe that at least one driver (Denny Hamlin) nearly missed the pre-race drivers' meeting. Many fans still en route by the halfway point of the race were asked to turn back in order to make it easier on those leaving the race. Speedway Motorsports admitted that it had not anticipated the sheer number of fans attending the event (the increased capacity notwithstanding) and had not made any significant upgrades to the infrastructure in and around the facility. Speedway officials apologized for the chaos and allowed those who didn't get in to redeem their tickets at Speedway Motorsports' other tracks for the rest of the season, or the 2012 Quaker State 400. In late 2011, the speedway purchased a 170-acre farm adjacent to its original property which was converted to parking. The purchase was a portion of more than 300 acres of land the speedway converted to parking. Additionally, speedway management began to work with the state government and police to improve event ingress and egress in time for the 2012 race.
2012–2020
In 2012, Kentucky Speedway did not host an IndyCar event for the first time in its history. That year, Brad Keselowski went on to win the second NASCAR Cup Series race held at Kentucky. Also in 2012, the Camping World Truck Series lost one of its two dates, focusing solely as part of the triple-header that headlines the Cup race. In 2013, the Cup race was postponed from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon due to rain; Matt Kenseth won the race, the only time it was held in daylight. In addition, the speedway also gained a second NASCAR Xfinity Series race, a 300-miler to be run that September; Ryan Blaney, the son of NASCAR driver Dave Blaney pulled off an upset by winning that event.
By 2014, NASCAR had become a staple at the track, with drivers praising the roughness and age of the surface. Brad Keselowski won the Cup race in 2014 from the pole, leading an unheard of 199 of the 267 laps to become the first driver to win two Cup races there. Kyle Busch, the inaugural winner, would become the second driver to do so in 2015, part of a three-race Kentucky win streak. The 2015 running marked the first race using NASCAR's low downforce package and the last race for Jeff Gordon there. Gordon finished seventh, leaving the track as the only facility at which he failed to win in his illustrious career.
In 2014, Stephen Cox was killed in a crash at Kentucky Speedway while participating in the Rusty Wallace Racing Experience. Cox was airlifted to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and pronounced dead seven days later at the age of 30.In December 2015, it was announced that the speedway would be repaved and partially reconfigured in 2016. This was necessary to fix drainage issues after a rain-plagued 2015 race weekend, when "weepers" — water being pushed up from below the surface —interfered with efforts to dry the track. In addition, turns 1 and 2 were narrowed from 72 to 56 feet to give cars coming out of the pits a wider apron, and the banking increased from 14 to 17 degrees. (Turns 3 and 4 remained 14 degrees.) A curing process was also used to make the new paving more "seasoned" and give the surface character. Finally, SAFER Barriers were added along the entirety of the outside wall. The completed project was first used in the July 2016 NASCAR weekend, during which Brad Keselowski scored his third win at the track by stretching his fuel to edge out Carl Edwards.
Drivers reportedly liked the repaved track in 2016. "It's a pretty challenging racetrack" said Kyle Busch, who noted that it made the track more fun.
In 2017, Martin Truex Jr. won the Cup race at Kentucky on his way to winning the NASCAR Cup Series Championship.
In 2018, NASCAR pulled Kentucky’s standalone Xfinity Series date to give the Las Vegas Motor Speedway a second triple-header race weekend in the fall. The 2018 tripleheader race weekend at Kentucky kicked off with the Thursday night NASCAR Camping World Truck Series (NCWTS) race. The race, which was won by Louisville native Ben Rhodes, marked the first Truck Series win by a driver from Kentucky since Michael Waltrip's 2011 Daytona Truck win. The other two races that weekend were both won by Toyota drivers. Christopher Bell won the Xfinity Series race after spinning in qualifying, and Martin Truex Jr. won the 2018 Quaker State 400 for back-to-back Cup Series wins at Kentucky. Truex's win also marked the last win for Furniture Row Racing before the team closed shop at the end of 2018 due to financial and sponsorship issues.
In the 2019 Quaker State 400, Kurt Busch became the first and currently only Chevrolet driver to win at Kentucky.On September 29, 2020, it was reported that Kentucky Speedway would not be on the 2021 schedule for any of NASCAR's three national touring series (Cup, Xfinity, Truck).
2021
In May 2021, Ford parked 60,000 to 70,000 newly-built Super Duty pickup trucks at the speedway due to a global shortage of semiconductor chips needed to make the vehicles fully operational.
Track length of paved oval
The track length is disputed by the two major series that have run at Kentucky Speedway. The NASCAR timing and scoring used a length of 1.50 miles (2.41 km). This length was also used by IRL in their inaugural race in 2000. Starting in 2002, the IRL timing and scoring used a remeasured track length of 1.48 miles (2.38 km).
NASCAR Cup Series winners
References
External links
Kentucky Speedway Official Site
Kentucky Speedway race results at Racing-Reference
Kentucky Speedway Page on NASCAR.com
Jayski's Kentucky Speedway Page – Current and Past Kentucky Speedway News
Super High Resolution image from Windows Live Local
Ky. Speedway death exposes gap in law (cincinnati.com)
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
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|
Kentucky Speedway is a now-inactive 1.5-mile (2.4 km) tri-oval speedway in Sparta, Kentucky, which hosted ARCA, NASCAR and Indy Racing League racing from its opening in 2000 until 2011 for IndyCar racing and 2020 for ARCA and NASCAR racing. The track is currently owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports, Inc. Before 2008 Jerry Carroll, along with four other investors, were the majority owners of Kentucky Speedway. Depending on layout and configuration the track facility has a grandstand capacity of 107,000.
The speedway has hosted the NASCAR Truck Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, IndyCar Series, and the NASCAR Cup Series.
Track history
Early history and construction
When Jerry Carroll had first talked about racing, he meant horse racing not NASCAR. "I went to my first race at the Daytona Speedway in Florida and got hooked," Carroll said. "I knew I had to get involved." Before Carroll took any action, he had a marketing group spend 15 months researching whether or not it would be a good location for a racing track to be put at the location they wanted. It was decided that it was a good location and soon after that they started removing 7 million cubic yards of dirt over 883 acres of land. After that decision was made Carroll decided to be a project manager for the next 20 months and get this race track up and running quickly. Another thing that was mentioned by Carroll was "Our first priority is to get the facility built and built right," to Carroll this project meant business for him. Carroll also asked other individual track owners and drivers and asked them what they would like in a track. This was the track would be perfect in all ways from racing surface to garage facility.
On January 8, 1998, Jerry Carroll announced that he and four other investors were going to build a $153 million racing facility in Sparta, Kentucky. Five months later, groundbreaking ceremonies were held on July 18, 1998. While construction continued, it was announced that the speedway would open with an ARCA race in 2000. Afterward, it was announced that the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series would promote a race following the ARCA race. Testing at the track began with Bill Baird, who participated in ARCA. In November 1999, it was announced that it would also hold a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race in 2000. The speedway continued to announce races for the 2000 racing season, one of which was a second ARCA race.Several months later, the speedway decided to resurface the track because of bumps in the surface from winter. On June 16, 2000, the speedway opened with a Slim Jim All Pro Series event. One day later, the speedway held its first major series, the Craftsman Truck Series, which was won by Greg Biffle. In August of the same year, Buddy Lazier won the inaugural IndyCar Series race. On August 29, 2000, NASCAR announced that Kentucky Speedway would also sanction a Busch Series (now Xfinity Series) race in 2001. One year after the speedway opened, it held its first Busch Series event, with Kevin Harvick emerging as the winner.
2002–2011
During the 2002 Infiniti Pro Series (now Indy Lights) race at the track, Jason Priestley suffered a concussion and fractures to his thoracic spine and feet, becoming the first major injury to occur at the speedway. Three years later, Carroll began his efforts to receive a Nextel Cup Series event at the track. While trying to do so, Kentucky Speedway filed an anti-trust lawsuit against NASCAR and the International Speedway Corporation (ISC). The reason for the lawsuit was the claim that both companies violated federal antitrust laws because of restricting the awarding of Nextel Cup Series events. The lawsuit continued for three years before concluding in January 2008 with Judge William O. Bertelsman dismissing the trial with ISC and NASCAR winning the lawsuit. Following the dismissal, Judge Bertelsman commented, "After careful consideration and a thorough review of the record, and granting Kentucky Speedway the benefit of the doubt on all reasonable inferences therefrom, the court concludes that Speedway has failed to make out its case."During May 2008, the speedway announced that Speedway Motorsports Inc. bought the speedway from Jerry Carroll. Bruton Smith invested $50 million in the speedway, and planned to move a NASCAR Cup Series event to the track by 2009. However, the speedway did not receive a NASCAR Cup Series event in the 2009 season. Also in 2009, the lawsuit against NASCAR and ISC was dropped by Carroll, but other former owners of the speedway sued Carroll, therefore extending the lawsuit even further.The speedway continued playing host to Camping World Truck Series, Nationwide Series, IndyCar, and Firestone Indy Lights Series events through 2010 and further. In 2010, both former owners of the speedway reached a settlement, ending the lawsuit. In August 2010, it was announced that the speedway would hold its inaugural NASCAR Cup Series event, the Quaker State 400, during the 2011 season. Before the first NASCAR Cup Series event, Kentucky Speedway expanded the capacity of the track of 107,000. The speedway also reconfigured pit road, and added 200 acres of camping.The inaugural Quaker State 400 was held on July 9, 2011 and was won by Kyle Busch. However, the race was overshadowed by numerous logistical problems. A massive traffic jam on Interstate 71 resulted in as many as 20,000 people being unable to get to the race. The traffic situation was so severe that at least one driver (Denny Hamlin) nearly missed the pre-race drivers' meeting. Many fans still en route by the halfway point of the race were asked to turn back in order to make it easier on those leaving the race. Speedway Motorsports admitted that it had not anticipated the sheer number of fans attending the event (the increased capacity notwithstanding) and had not made any significant upgrades to the infrastructure in and around the facility. Speedway officials apologized for the chaos and allowed those who didn't get in to redeem their tickets at Speedway Motorsports' other tracks for the rest of the season, or the 2012 Quaker State 400. In late 2011, the speedway purchased a 170-acre farm adjacent to its original property which was converted to parking. The purchase was a portion of more than 300 acres of land the speedway converted to parking. Additionally, speedway management began to work with the state government and police to improve event ingress and egress in time for the 2012 race.
2012–2020
In 2012, Kentucky Speedway did not host an IndyCar event for the first time in its history. That year, Brad Keselowski went on to win the second NASCAR Cup Series race held at Kentucky. Also in 2012, the Camping World Truck Series lost one of its two dates, focusing solely as part of the triple-header that headlines the Cup race. In 2013, the Cup race was postponed from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon due to rain; Matt Kenseth won the race, the only time it was held in daylight. In addition, the speedway also gained a second NASCAR Xfinity Series race, a 300-miler to be run that September; Ryan Blaney, the son of NASCAR driver Dave Blaney pulled off an upset by winning that event.
By 2014, NASCAR had become a staple at the track, with drivers praising the roughness and age of the surface. Brad Keselowski won the Cup race in 2014 from the pole, leading an unheard of 199 of the 267 laps to become the first driver to win two Cup races there. Kyle Busch, the inaugural winner, would become the second driver to do so in 2015, part of a three-race Kentucky win streak. The 2015 running marked the first race using NASCAR's low downforce package and the last race for Jeff Gordon there. Gordon finished seventh, leaving the track as the only facility at which he failed to win in his illustrious career.
In 2014, Stephen Cox was killed in a crash at Kentucky Speedway while participating in the Rusty Wallace Racing Experience. Cox was airlifted to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and pronounced dead seven days later at the age of 30.In December 2015, it was announced that the speedway would be repaved and partially reconfigured in 2016. This was necessary to fix drainage issues after a rain-plagued 2015 race weekend, when "weepers" — water being pushed up from below the surface —interfered with efforts to dry the track. In addition, turns 1 and 2 were narrowed from 72 to 56 feet to give cars coming out of the pits a wider apron, and the banking increased from 14 to 17 degrees. (Turns 3 and 4 remained 14 degrees.) A curing process was also used to make the new paving more "seasoned" and give the surface character. Finally, SAFER Barriers were added along the entirety of the outside wall. The completed project was first used in the July 2016 NASCAR weekend, during which Brad Keselowski scored his third win at the track by stretching his fuel to edge out Carl Edwards.
Drivers reportedly liked the repaved track in 2016. "It's a pretty challenging racetrack" said Kyle Busch, who noted that it made the track more fun.
In 2017, Martin Truex Jr. won the Cup race at Kentucky on his way to winning the NASCAR Cup Series Championship.
In 2018, NASCAR pulled Kentucky’s standalone Xfinity Series date to give the Las Vegas Motor Speedway a second triple-header race weekend in the fall. The 2018 tripleheader race weekend at Kentucky kicked off with the Thursday night NASCAR Camping World Truck Series (NCWTS) race. The race, which was won by Louisville native Ben Rhodes, marked the first Truck Series win by a driver from Kentucky since Michael Waltrip's 2011 Daytona Truck win. The other two races that weekend were both won by Toyota drivers. Christopher Bell won the Xfinity Series race after spinning in qualifying, and Martin Truex Jr. won the 2018 Quaker State 400 for back-to-back Cup Series wins at Kentucky. Truex's win also marked the last win for Furniture Row Racing before the team closed shop at the end of 2018 due to financial and sponsorship issues.
In the 2019 Quaker State 400, Kurt Busch became the first and currently only Chevrolet driver to win at Kentucky.On September 29, 2020, it was reported that Kentucky Speedway would not be on the 2021 schedule for any of NASCAR's three national touring series (Cup, Xfinity, Truck).
2021
In May 2021, Ford parked 60,000 to 70,000 newly-built Super Duty pickup trucks at the speedway due to a global shortage of semiconductor chips needed to make the vehicles fully operational.
Track length of paved oval
The track length is disputed by the two major series that have run at Kentucky Speedway. The NASCAR timing and scoring used a length of 1.50 miles (2.41 km). This length was also used by IRL in their inaugural race in 2000. Starting in 2002, the IRL timing and scoring used a remeasured track length of 1.48 miles (2.38 km).
NASCAR Cup Series winners
References
External links
Kentucky Speedway Official Site
Kentucky Speedway race results at Racing-Reference
Kentucky Speedway Page on NASCAR.com
Jayski's Kentucky Speedway Page – Current and Past Kentucky Speedway News
Super High Resolution image from Windows Live Local
Ky. Speedway death exposes gap in law (cincinnati.com)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Kentucky Speedway"
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|
The 2020 Poker Masters Online was the fourth season of the Poker Masters. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Poker Masters moved online to partypoker and took place from April 12-26, 2020. The event was sponsored by Poker Central and partypoker, and some final tables were streamed on PokerGO's Facebook page. There were 30 events on the schedule including 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. Buy-ins ranged from $10,000 to the $50,000 Main Event.The Main Event was won by Switzerland's Linus Loeliger, and the Poker Masters Purple Jacket was awarded to Greece's Alexandros Kolonias.
Schedule
The schedule for the 2020 Poker Masters Online included 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. All tournaments carried a prize pool guarantee of between $250,000 and $1,000,000. The $50,000 buy-in Main Event carried a $2,000,000 prize pool guarantee. Each day of play featured at least two tournaments, and would either be eight-handed or six-handed.
Purple Jacket standings
The 2020 Poker Masters Online awarded the Purple Jacket to the player that accumulated the most points during the series. Greece's Alexandros Kolonias overtook Russia's Artur Martirosian in the final event to win the Purple Jacket. Kolonias won two events and cashed 11 times on his way to accumulating $1,266,296 in winnings. Kolonias accumulated 1,191 points and was awarded the Purple Jacket.
Results
Event #1: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #2: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $551,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #3: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 99
Total Prize Pool: $989,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #4: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 102
Total Prize Pool: $1,014,900
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #5: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 83
Total Prize Pool: $830,062
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #6: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 97
Total Prize Pool: $969,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #7: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #8: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,040,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #9: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #10: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 119
Total Prize Pool: $1,190,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #11: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 94
Total Prize Pool: $939,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #12: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 87
Total Prize Pool: $868,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #13: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 68
Total Prize Pool: $679,998
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #14: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 114
Total Prize Pool: $1,140,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #15: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #16: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 72
Total Prize Pool: $1,800,000
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #17: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 92
Total Prize Pool: $919,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #18: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,039,997
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #19: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,924,999
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #20: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,299
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #21: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,574,999
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #22: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $769,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #23: $25,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,524,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #24: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $1,099,999
Number of Payouts: 18
Event #25: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,600,000
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #26: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $909,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #27: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 51
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #28: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 56
Total Prize Pool: $760,000
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #29: $50,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $3,850,000
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #30: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,459,996
Number of Payouts: 18
References
External links
Results
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"poker"
]
}
|
The 2020 Poker Masters Online was the fourth season of the Poker Masters. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Poker Masters moved online to partypoker and took place from April 12-26, 2020. The event was sponsored by Poker Central and partypoker, and some final tables were streamed on PokerGO's Facebook page. There were 30 events on the schedule including 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. Buy-ins ranged from $10,000 to the $50,000 Main Event.The Main Event was won by Switzerland's Linus Loeliger, and the Poker Masters Purple Jacket was awarded to Greece's Alexandros Kolonias.
Schedule
The schedule for the 2020 Poker Masters Online included 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. All tournaments carried a prize pool guarantee of between $250,000 and $1,000,000. The $50,000 buy-in Main Event carried a $2,000,000 prize pool guarantee. Each day of play featured at least two tournaments, and would either be eight-handed or six-handed.
Purple Jacket standings
The 2020 Poker Masters Online awarded the Purple Jacket to the player that accumulated the most points during the series. Greece's Alexandros Kolonias overtook Russia's Artur Martirosian in the final event to win the Purple Jacket. Kolonias won two events and cashed 11 times on his way to accumulating $1,266,296 in winnings. Kolonias accumulated 1,191 points and was awarded the Purple Jacket.
Results
Event #1: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #2: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $551,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #3: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 99
Total Prize Pool: $989,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #4: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 102
Total Prize Pool: $1,014,900
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #5: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 83
Total Prize Pool: $830,062
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #6: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 97
Total Prize Pool: $969,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #7: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #8: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,040,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #9: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #10: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 119
Total Prize Pool: $1,190,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #11: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 94
Total Prize Pool: $939,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #12: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 87
Total Prize Pool: $868,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #13: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 68
Total Prize Pool: $679,998
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #14: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 114
Total Prize Pool: $1,140,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #15: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #16: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 72
Total Prize Pool: $1,800,000
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #17: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 92
Total Prize Pool: $919,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #18: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,039,997
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #19: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,924,999
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #20: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,299
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #21: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,574,999
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #22: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $769,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #23: $25,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,524,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #24: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $1,099,999
Number of Payouts: 18
Event #25: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,600,000
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #26: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $909,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #27: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 51
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #28: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 56
Total Prize Pool: $760,000
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #29: $50,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $3,850,000
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #30: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,459,996
Number of Payouts: 18
References
External links
Results
|
organizer
|
{
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"Poker Central"
]
}
|
The 2020 Poker Masters Online was the fourth season of the Poker Masters. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Poker Masters moved online to partypoker and took place from April 12-26, 2020. The event was sponsored by Poker Central and partypoker, and some final tables were streamed on PokerGO's Facebook page. There were 30 events on the schedule including 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. Buy-ins ranged from $10,000 to the $50,000 Main Event.The Main Event was won by Switzerland's Linus Loeliger, and the Poker Masters Purple Jacket was awarded to Greece's Alexandros Kolonias.
Schedule
The schedule for the 2020 Poker Masters Online included 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. All tournaments carried a prize pool guarantee of between $250,000 and $1,000,000. The $50,000 buy-in Main Event carried a $2,000,000 prize pool guarantee. Each day of play featured at least two tournaments, and would either be eight-handed or six-handed.
Purple Jacket standings
The 2020 Poker Masters Online awarded the Purple Jacket to the player that accumulated the most points during the series. Greece's Alexandros Kolonias overtook Russia's Artur Martirosian in the final event to win the Purple Jacket. Kolonias won two events and cashed 11 times on his way to accumulating $1,266,296 in winnings. Kolonias accumulated 1,191 points and was awarded the Purple Jacket.
Results
Event #1: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #2: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $551,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #3: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 99
Total Prize Pool: $989,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #4: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 102
Total Prize Pool: $1,014,900
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #5: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 83
Total Prize Pool: $830,062
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #6: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 97
Total Prize Pool: $969,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #7: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #8: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,040,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #9: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #10: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 119
Total Prize Pool: $1,190,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #11: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 94
Total Prize Pool: $939,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #12: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 87
Total Prize Pool: $868,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #13: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 68
Total Prize Pool: $679,998
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #14: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 114
Total Prize Pool: $1,140,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #15: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #16: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 72
Total Prize Pool: $1,800,000
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #17: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 92
Total Prize Pool: $919,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #18: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,039,997
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #19: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,924,999
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #20: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,299
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #21: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,574,999
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #22: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $769,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #23: $25,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,524,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #24: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $1,099,999
Number of Payouts: 18
Event #25: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,600,000
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #26: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $909,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #27: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 51
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #28: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 56
Total Prize Pool: $760,000
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #29: $50,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $3,850,000
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #30: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,459,996
Number of Payouts: 18
References
External links
Results
|
winner
|
{
"answer_start": [
587
],
"text": [
"Alexandros Kolonias"
]
}
|
The 2020 Poker Masters Online was the fourth season of the Poker Masters. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Poker Masters moved online to partypoker and took place from April 12-26, 2020. The event was sponsored by Poker Central and partypoker, and some final tables were streamed on PokerGO's Facebook page. There were 30 events on the schedule including 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. Buy-ins ranged from $10,000 to the $50,000 Main Event.The Main Event was won by Switzerland's Linus Loeliger, and the Poker Masters Purple Jacket was awarded to Greece's Alexandros Kolonias.
Schedule
The schedule for the 2020 Poker Masters Online included 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. All tournaments carried a prize pool guarantee of between $250,000 and $1,000,000. The $50,000 buy-in Main Event carried a $2,000,000 prize pool guarantee. Each day of play featured at least two tournaments, and would either be eight-handed or six-handed.
Purple Jacket standings
The 2020 Poker Masters Online awarded the Purple Jacket to the player that accumulated the most points during the series. Greece's Alexandros Kolonias overtook Russia's Artur Martirosian in the final event to win the Purple Jacket. Kolonias won two events and cashed 11 times on his way to accumulating $1,266,296 in winnings. Kolonias accumulated 1,191 points and was awarded the Purple Jacket.
Results
Event #1: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #2: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $551,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #3: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 99
Total Prize Pool: $989,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #4: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 102
Total Prize Pool: $1,014,900
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #5: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 83
Total Prize Pool: $830,062
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #6: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 97
Total Prize Pool: $969,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #7: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #8: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,040,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #9: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #10: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 119
Total Prize Pool: $1,190,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #11: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 94
Total Prize Pool: $939,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #12: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 87
Total Prize Pool: $868,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #13: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 68
Total Prize Pool: $679,998
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #14: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 114
Total Prize Pool: $1,140,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #15: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #16: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 72
Total Prize Pool: $1,800,000
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #17: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 92
Total Prize Pool: $919,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #18: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,039,997
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #19: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,924,999
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #20: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,299
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #21: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,574,999
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #22: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $769,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #23: $25,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,524,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #24: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $1,099,999
Number of Payouts: 18
Event #25: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,600,000
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #26: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $909,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #27: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 51
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #28: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 56
Total Prize Pool: $760,000
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #29: $50,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $3,850,000
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #30: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,459,996
Number of Payouts: 18
References
External links
Results
|
minimum age
|
{
"answer_start": [
3304
],
"text": [
"18"
]
}
|
The 2020 Poker Masters Online was the fourth season of the Poker Masters. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Poker Masters moved online to partypoker and took place from April 12-26, 2020. The event was sponsored by Poker Central and partypoker, and some final tables were streamed on PokerGO's Facebook page. There were 30 events on the schedule including 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. Buy-ins ranged from $10,000 to the $50,000 Main Event.The Main Event was won by Switzerland's Linus Loeliger, and the Poker Masters Purple Jacket was awarded to Greece's Alexandros Kolonias.
Schedule
The schedule for the 2020 Poker Masters Online included 25 No-Limit Hold'em and five Pot-Limit Omaha tournaments. All tournaments carried a prize pool guarantee of between $250,000 and $1,000,000. The $50,000 buy-in Main Event carried a $2,000,000 prize pool guarantee. Each day of play featured at least two tournaments, and would either be eight-handed or six-handed.
Purple Jacket standings
The 2020 Poker Masters Online awarded the Purple Jacket to the player that accumulated the most points during the series. Greece's Alexandros Kolonias overtook Russia's Artur Martirosian in the final event to win the Purple Jacket. Kolonias won two events and cashed 11 times on his way to accumulating $1,266,296 in winnings. Kolonias accumulated 1,191 points and was awarded the Purple Jacket.
Results
Event #1: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #2: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 55
Total Prize Pool: $551,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #3: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 12, 2020
Number of Entrants: 99
Total Prize Pool: $989,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #4: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 102
Total Prize Pool: $1,014,900
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #5: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 13, 2020
Number of Entrants: 83
Total Prize Pool: $830,062
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #6: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 97
Total Prize Pool: $969,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #7: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 14, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #8: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,040,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #9: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 15, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #10: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 119
Total Prize Pool: $1,190,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #11: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 16, 2020
Number of Entrants: 94
Total Prize Pool: $939,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #12: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 87
Total Prize Pool: $868,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #13: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 17, 2020
Number of Entrants: 68
Total Prize Pool: $679,998
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #14: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 114
Total Prize Pool: $1,140,000
Number of Payouts: 16
Event #15: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 18, 2020
Number of Entrants: 78
Total Prize Pool: $779,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #16: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 72
Total Prize Pool: $1,800,000
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #17: $10,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 92
Total Prize Pool: $919,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #18: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 19, 2020
Number of Entrants: 104
Total Prize Pool: $1,039,997
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #19: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,924,999
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #20: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 21, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $859,299
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #21: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,574,999
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #22: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 22, 2020
Number of Entrants: 86
Total Prize Pool: $769,998
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #23: $25,000 Pot-Limit Omaha 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,524,999
Number of Payouts: 9
Event #24: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 23, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $1,099,999
Number of Payouts: 18
Event #25: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 64
Total Prize Pool: $1,600,000
Number of Payouts: 8
Event #26: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 24, 2020
Number of Entrants: 110
Total Prize Pool: $909,999
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #27: $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 51
Total Prize Pool: $1,372,875
Number of Payouts: 7
Event #28: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 56
Total Prize Pool: $760,000
Number of Payouts: 12
Event #29: $50,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $3,850,000
Number of Payouts: 10
Event #30: $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em 6-Max
1-Day Event: April 25, 2020
Number of Entrants: 77
Total Prize Pool: $1,459,996
Number of Payouts: 18
References
External links
Results
|
sports season of league or competition
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Poker Masters"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Machynlleth"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
father
|
{
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"T. Glynne Davies"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"Wales"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"Merton College"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"Welsh"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"composer"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gareth Glyn"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gareth"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"Welsh"
]
}
|
Gareth Glyn, born Gareth Glynne Davies (born 1951), is a Welsh composer and radio broadcaster.
Life and education
Born in Machynlleth, Wales, Glyn is the eldest son of the late Welsh poet T. Glynne Davies. He received his secondary education at Ysgol Maes Garmon in Mold, before attending Merton College, University of Oxford, 1969–72, studying music and specialising in composition.
Compositions
He has composed a wide range of musical pieces, including diverse vocal and orchestral work and music for television. He has produced one symphony, and many of his recorded orchestral works are in the light music genre, including A Snowdon Overture, Legend of the Lake and Anglesey Seascapes. In 2011, to coincide with his 60th birthday, a double CD of a selection of his orchestral works was released by Sain, including the substantial Enduring City celebrating the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of New Bern.
In 2012, he was selected to provide the arrangement of Elgar's Nimrod for the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games; it was played by 80 East London children, some of them beginners on their instruments and aged as young as 7, alongside a small number of London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) members. It is estimated that this broadcast was seen by a billion or more viewers worldwide.
Orchestras who have commissioned and/or performed his compositions include - in addition to the LSO - the BBC Concert Orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony, the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Ulster Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, I Musici de Montréal and the Royal Ballet Sinfonia; soloists include Bryn Terfel and Catrin Finch.
For his services to music, Gareth Glyn was made an Honorary Fellow of the Bangor University, and an Honorary Druid of the Gorsedd of Bards of the Island of Britain. He has made “a significant contribution to the music of Wales”.
Broadcasting
Glyn used to present the news and current affairs programme Post Prynhawn, broadcast on BBC Radio Cymru from Mondays to Fridays in the 5–6pm slot. He was the programme's main presenter from when it was first broadcast in 1978 until January 2013.
References
External links
BBC website biography (in Welsh)
Biography on Sibeliusmusic.com
Gareth Glyn's personal website
Biography at publishers Curiad
Biography at publishers Gwynn
|
birth name
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Gareth Glynne Davies"
]
}
|
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