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stringlengths 57
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The Slovenia women's national field hockey team represent Slovenia in women's international field hockey competitions and is controlled by the Slovenian Hockey Federation, the governing body for field hockey in Slovenia.The team competes in the Women's EuroHockey Championship III, the third level of the women's European field hockey championships.
Tournament record
EuroHockey Championship III
2017 – 5th place
2019 – 7th place
2021 – 7th place
See also
Slovenia men's national field hockey team
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Slovenia"
]
}
|
Emilio Disi (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor.Born Emilio Roberto Parada, he was active from 1968 to 2017. In 2002, he appeared in Daniel Burman's film Todas las azafatas van al cielo. Disi appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance was in 2017. He died of lung cancer, aged 75, in 2018.
Filmography
Soy tu karma (2017)
Muerte en Buenos Aires (2014)
Querida, voy a comprar cigarillos y vuelvo (2011)
"Dinamitados" (2004 TV Series) .... Various
"Tercer tiempo" (2003 TV Series)
"099 Central" (2002 TV Series) .... Fausta Brigade 099 (International: English title)
Todas las azafatas van al cielo (2002) .... Señalero
"Iturralde, Los" (2000 TV Series) .... Emilio Iturralde
"Susana Giménez" (1998 TV Series .... Emilio (unknown episodes)
"Rompeportones" (1998 TV Series)
"Stress" (1990 TV Series) .... Emiliano
Locuras del extraterrestre, Las (1988)
Pilotos más locos del mundo, Los (1988)
Matamonstruos en la mansion del terror, Los (1987)
Bañeros más locos del mundo, Los (1987) .... Emilio
Brigada explosiva contra los ninjas (1986) .... Emilio
Búsqueda, La (1985) .... Hermano del jefe
Telo y la tele, El (1985)
Reyes del sablazo, Los (1984)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Golpes bajos, Los (1974)
"Me llaman Gorrión" (1972 TV Series) .... Gaona (unknown episodes)
"Tobogán, El" (1971 TV) .... Héctor
"Alta comedia: El avaro" (1971 TV) .... Flecha
"¡Robot!" (1970; TV miniseries)
Fuiste mía un verano (1969)
Somos los mejores (1968)
External links
Emilio Disi at IMDb
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Emilio Disi"
]
}
|
Emilio Disi (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor.Born Emilio Roberto Parada, he was active from 1968 to 2017. In 2002, he appeared in Daniel Burman's film Todas las azafatas van al cielo. Disi appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance was in 2017. He died of lung cancer, aged 75, in 2018.
Filmography
Soy tu karma (2017)
Muerte en Buenos Aires (2014)
Querida, voy a comprar cigarillos y vuelvo (2011)
"Dinamitados" (2004 TV Series) .... Various
"Tercer tiempo" (2003 TV Series)
"099 Central" (2002 TV Series) .... Fausta Brigade 099 (International: English title)
Todas las azafatas van al cielo (2002) .... Señalero
"Iturralde, Los" (2000 TV Series) .... Emilio Iturralde
"Susana Giménez" (1998 TV Series .... Emilio (unknown episodes)
"Rompeportones" (1998 TV Series)
"Stress" (1990 TV Series) .... Emiliano
Locuras del extraterrestre, Las (1988)
Pilotos más locos del mundo, Los (1988)
Matamonstruos en la mansion del terror, Los (1987)
Bañeros más locos del mundo, Los (1987) .... Emilio
Brigada explosiva contra los ninjas (1986) .... Emilio
Búsqueda, La (1985) .... Hermano del jefe
Telo y la tele, El (1985)
Reyes del sablazo, Los (1984)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Golpes bajos, Los (1974)
"Me llaman Gorrión" (1972 TV Series) .... Gaona (unknown episodes)
"Tobogán, El" (1971 TV) .... Héctor
"Alta comedia: El avaro" (1971 TV) .... Flecha
"¡Robot!" (1970; TV miniseries)
Fuiste mía un verano (1969)
Somos los mejores (1968)
External links
Emilio Disi at IMDb
== References ==
|
cause of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
]
}
|
Emilio Disi (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor.Born Emilio Roberto Parada, he was active from 1968 to 2017. In 2002, he appeared in Daniel Burman's film Todas las azafatas van al cielo. Disi appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance was in 2017. He died of lung cancer, aged 75, in 2018.
Filmography
Soy tu karma (2017)
Muerte en Buenos Aires (2014)
Querida, voy a comprar cigarillos y vuelvo (2011)
"Dinamitados" (2004 TV Series) .... Various
"Tercer tiempo" (2003 TV Series)
"099 Central" (2002 TV Series) .... Fausta Brigade 099 (International: English title)
Todas las azafatas van al cielo (2002) .... Señalero
"Iturralde, Los" (2000 TV Series) .... Emilio Iturralde
"Susana Giménez" (1998 TV Series .... Emilio (unknown episodes)
"Rompeportones" (1998 TV Series)
"Stress" (1990 TV Series) .... Emiliano
Locuras del extraterrestre, Las (1988)
Pilotos más locos del mundo, Los (1988)
Matamonstruos en la mansion del terror, Los (1987)
Bañeros más locos del mundo, Los (1987) .... Emilio
Brigada explosiva contra los ninjas (1986) .... Emilio
Búsqueda, La (1985) .... Hermano del jefe
Telo y la tele, El (1985)
Reyes del sablazo, Los (1984)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Golpes bajos, Los (1974)
"Me llaman Gorrión" (1972 TV Series) .... Gaona (unknown episodes)
"Tobogán, El" (1971 TV) .... Héctor
"Alta comedia: El avaro" (1971 TV) .... Flecha
"¡Robot!" (1970; TV miniseries)
Fuiste mía un verano (1969)
Somos los mejores (1968)
External links
Emilio Disi at IMDb
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"Parada"
]
}
|
Emilio Disi (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor.Born Emilio Roberto Parada, he was active from 1968 to 2017. In 2002, he appeared in Daniel Burman's film Todas las azafatas van al cielo. Disi appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance was in 2017. He died of lung cancer, aged 75, in 2018.
Filmography
Soy tu karma (2017)
Muerte en Buenos Aires (2014)
Querida, voy a comprar cigarillos y vuelvo (2011)
"Dinamitados" (2004 TV Series) .... Various
"Tercer tiempo" (2003 TV Series)
"099 Central" (2002 TV Series) .... Fausta Brigade 099 (International: English title)
Todas las azafatas van al cielo (2002) .... Señalero
"Iturralde, Los" (2000 TV Series) .... Emilio Iturralde
"Susana Giménez" (1998 TV Series .... Emilio (unknown episodes)
"Rompeportones" (1998 TV Series)
"Stress" (1990 TV Series) .... Emiliano
Locuras del extraterrestre, Las (1988)
Pilotos más locos del mundo, Los (1988)
Matamonstruos en la mansion del terror, Los (1987)
Bañeros más locos del mundo, Los (1987) .... Emilio
Brigada explosiva contra los ninjas (1986) .... Emilio
Búsqueda, La (1985) .... Hermano del jefe
Telo y la tele, El (1985)
Reyes del sablazo, Los (1984)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Golpes bajos, Los (1974)
"Me llaman Gorrión" (1972 TV Series) .... Gaona (unknown episodes)
"Tobogán, El" (1971 TV) .... Héctor
"Alta comedia: El avaro" (1971 TV) .... Flecha
"¡Robot!" (1970; TV miniseries)
Fuiste mía un verano (1969)
Somos los mejores (1968)
External links
Emilio Disi at IMDb
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Emilio"
]
}
|
Emilio Disi (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor.Born Emilio Roberto Parada, he was active from 1968 to 2017. In 2002, he appeared in Daniel Burman's film Todas las azafatas van al cielo. Disi appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance was in 2017. He died of lung cancer, aged 75, in 2018.
Filmography
Soy tu karma (2017)
Muerte en Buenos Aires (2014)
Querida, voy a comprar cigarillos y vuelvo (2011)
"Dinamitados" (2004 TV Series) .... Various
"Tercer tiempo" (2003 TV Series)
"099 Central" (2002 TV Series) .... Fausta Brigade 099 (International: English title)
Todas las azafatas van al cielo (2002) .... Señalero
"Iturralde, Los" (2000 TV Series) .... Emilio Iturralde
"Susana Giménez" (1998 TV Series .... Emilio (unknown episodes)
"Rompeportones" (1998 TV Series)
"Stress" (1990 TV Series) .... Emiliano
Locuras del extraterrestre, Las (1988)
Pilotos más locos del mundo, Los (1988)
Matamonstruos en la mansion del terror, Los (1987)
Bañeros más locos del mundo, Los (1987) .... Emilio
Brigada explosiva contra los ninjas (1986) .... Emilio
Búsqueda, La (1985) .... Hermano del jefe
Telo y la tele, El (1985)
Reyes del sablazo, Los (1984)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Golpes bajos, Los (1974)
"Me llaman Gorrión" (1972 TV Series) .... Gaona (unknown episodes)
"Tobogán, El" (1971 TV) .... Héctor
"Alta comedia: El avaro" (1971 TV) .... Flecha
"¡Robot!" (1970; TV miniseries)
Fuiste mía un verano (1969)
Somos los mejores (1968)
External links
Emilio Disi at IMDb
== References ==
|
pseudonym
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Emilio Disi"
]
}
|
Emilio Disi (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor.Born Emilio Roberto Parada, he was active from 1968 to 2017. In 2002, he appeared in Daniel Burman's film Todas las azafatas van al cielo. Disi appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance was in 2017. He died of lung cancer, aged 75, in 2018.
Filmography
Soy tu karma (2017)
Muerte en Buenos Aires (2014)
Querida, voy a comprar cigarillos y vuelvo (2011)
"Dinamitados" (2004 TV Series) .... Various
"Tercer tiempo" (2003 TV Series)
"099 Central" (2002 TV Series) .... Fausta Brigade 099 (International: English title)
Todas las azafatas van al cielo (2002) .... Señalero
"Iturralde, Los" (2000 TV Series) .... Emilio Iturralde
"Susana Giménez" (1998 TV Series .... Emilio (unknown episodes)
"Rompeportones" (1998 TV Series)
"Stress" (1990 TV Series) .... Emiliano
Locuras del extraterrestre, Las (1988)
Pilotos más locos del mundo, Los (1988)
Matamonstruos en la mansion del terror, Los (1987)
Bañeros más locos del mundo, Los (1987) .... Emilio
Brigada explosiva contra los ninjas (1986) .... Emilio
Búsqueda, La (1985) .... Hermano del jefe
Telo y la tele, El (1985)
Reyes del sablazo, Los (1984)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Golpes bajos, Los (1974)
"Me llaman Gorrión" (1972 TV Series) .... Gaona (unknown episodes)
"Tobogán, El" (1971 TV) .... Héctor
"Alta comedia: El avaro" (1971 TV) .... Flecha
"¡Robot!" (1970; TV miniseries)
Fuiste mía un verano (1969)
Somos los mejores (1968)
External links
Emilio Disi at IMDb
== References ==
|
birth name
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Emilio Roberto Parada"
]
}
|
Cassius Dionysius of Utica (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Ἰτυκαῖος) was an ancient Greek agricultural writer of the 2nd century BC. The Roman nomen, Cassius, combined with the Greek cognomen, Dionysius, make it likely that he was a slave (perhaps a prisoner of war), originally Greek-speaking, who was owned and afterwards freed by a Roman of the gens Cassia. Cassius Dionysius compiled a farming manual in Greek, now lost. Its title was Georgika ("Agriculture"); it was divided into twenty books, and was dedicated by its author to the Roman praetor Sextilius.
According to Columella, who referred to the work in his own surviving De Agricultura ("On Farming"), an amount equivalent to eight books of Cassius Dionysius' work, two-fifths of the whole, was translated from a preceding work in Punic by Mago. After Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but Mago's work was considered too important to lose. It was brought to Rome and Decimus Junius Silanus was commissioned by the Roman Senate to translate it into Latin. Whether Cassius Dionysius worked independently, or on the basis of Silanus's work, is not known; however, his residence in Utica, in formerly Carthaginian north Africa, leads to the suggestion that he knew Punic as well as Greek and Latin.
Cassius Dionysius's compilation is occasionally cited by later authors, but its length rendered it unpopular. It was soon afterwards abridged by Diophanes of Nicaea, whose version was divided into six books.The following is a partial list of fragments of Cassius Dionysius' work:
Greek names of the winds and their importance to the farmer.
How to select labourers for hire.
Types of manure.
Mules sometimes foal in Africa. Mules and mares foal in the twelfth month after conception.
Notes on farmyard animals.
Two names for leeks.
== Footnotes ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"Utica"
]
}
|
Cassius Dionysius of Utica (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Ἰτυκαῖος) was an ancient Greek agricultural writer of the 2nd century BC. The Roman nomen, Cassius, combined with the Greek cognomen, Dionysius, make it likely that he was a slave (perhaps a prisoner of war), originally Greek-speaking, who was owned and afterwards freed by a Roman of the gens Cassia. Cassius Dionysius compiled a farming manual in Greek, now lost. Its title was Georgika ("Agriculture"); it was divided into twenty books, and was dedicated by its author to the Roman praetor Sextilius.
According to Columella, who referred to the work in his own surviving De Agricultura ("On Farming"), an amount equivalent to eight books of Cassius Dionysius' work, two-fifths of the whole, was translated from a preceding work in Punic by Mago. After Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but Mago's work was considered too important to lose. It was brought to Rome and Decimus Junius Silanus was commissioned by the Roman Senate to translate it into Latin. Whether Cassius Dionysius worked independently, or on the basis of Silanus's work, is not known; however, his residence in Utica, in formerly Carthaginian north Africa, leads to the suggestion that he knew Punic as well as Greek and Latin.
Cassius Dionysius's compilation is occasionally cited by later authors, but its length rendered it unpopular. It was soon afterwards abridged by Diophanes of Nicaea, whose version was divided into six books.The following is a partial list of fragments of Cassius Dionysius' work:
Greek names of the winds and their importance to the farmer.
How to select labourers for hire.
Types of manure.
Mules sometimes foal in Africa. Mules and mares foal in the twelfth month after conception.
Notes on farmyard animals.
Two names for leeks.
== Footnotes ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Cassius Dionysius of Utica (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Ἰτυκαῖος) was an ancient Greek agricultural writer of the 2nd century BC. The Roman nomen, Cassius, combined with the Greek cognomen, Dionysius, make it likely that he was a slave (perhaps a prisoner of war), originally Greek-speaking, who was owned and afterwards freed by a Roman of the gens Cassia. Cassius Dionysius compiled a farming manual in Greek, now lost. Its title was Georgika ("Agriculture"); it was divided into twenty books, and was dedicated by its author to the Roman praetor Sextilius.
According to Columella, who referred to the work in his own surviving De Agricultura ("On Farming"), an amount equivalent to eight books of Cassius Dionysius' work, two-fifths of the whole, was translated from a preceding work in Punic by Mago. After Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but Mago's work was considered too important to lose. It was brought to Rome and Decimus Junius Silanus was commissioned by the Roman Senate to translate it into Latin. Whether Cassius Dionysius worked independently, or on the basis of Silanus's work, is not known; however, his residence in Utica, in formerly Carthaginian north Africa, leads to the suggestion that he knew Punic as well as Greek and Latin.
Cassius Dionysius's compilation is occasionally cited by later authors, but its length rendered it unpopular. It was soon afterwards abridged by Diophanes of Nicaea, whose version was divided into six books.The following is a partial list of fragments of Cassius Dionysius' work:
Greek names of the winds and their importance to the farmer.
How to select labourers for hire.
Types of manure.
Mules sometimes foal in Africa. Mules and mares foal in the twelfth month after conception.
Notes on farmyard animals.
Two names for leeks.
== Footnotes ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Ancient Greek"
]
}
|
Cassius Dionysius of Utica (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Ἰτυκαῖος) was an ancient Greek agricultural writer of the 2nd century BC. The Roman nomen, Cassius, combined with the Greek cognomen, Dionysius, make it likely that he was a slave (perhaps a prisoner of war), originally Greek-speaking, who was owned and afterwards freed by a Roman of the gens Cassia. Cassius Dionysius compiled a farming manual in Greek, now lost. Its title was Georgika ("Agriculture"); it was divided into twenty books, and was dedicated by its author to the Roman praetor Sextilius.
According to Columella, who referred to the work in his own surviving De Agricultura ("On Farming"), an amount equivalent to eight books of Cassius Dionysius' work, two-fifths of the whole, was translated from a preceding work in Punic by Mago. After Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but Mago's work was considered too important to lose. It was brought to Rome and Decimus Junius Silanus was commissioned by the Roman Senate to translate it into Latin. Whether Cassius Dionysius worked independently, or on the basis of Silanus's work, is not known; however, his residence in Utica, in formerly Carthaginian north Africa, leads to the suggestion that he knew Punic as well as Greek and Latin.
Cassius Dionysius's compilation is occasionally cited by later authors, but its length rendered it unpopular. It was soon afterwards abridged by Diophanes of Nicaea, whose version was divided into six books.The following is a partial list of fragments of Cassius Dionysius' work:
Greek names of the winds and their importance to the farmer.
How to select labourers for hire.
Types of manure.
Mules sometimes foal in Africa. Mules and mares foal in the twelfth month after conception.
Notes on farmyard animals.
Two names for leeks.
== Footnotes ==
|
Roman nomen gentilicium
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cassius"
]
}
|
Cassius Dionysius of Utica (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Ἰτυκαῖος) was an ancient Greek agricultural writer of the 2nd century BC. The Roman nomen, Cassius, combined with the Greek cognomen, Dionysius, make it likely that he was a slave (perhaps a prisoner of war), originally Greek-speaking, who was owned and afterwards freed by a Roman of the gens Cassia. Cassius Dionysius compiled a farming manual in Greek, now lost. Its title was Georgika ("Agriculture"); it was divided into twenty books, and was dedicated by its author to the Roman praetor Sextilius.
According to Columella, who referred to the work in his own surviving De Agricultura ("On Farming"), an amount equivalent to eight books of Cassius Dionysius' work, two-fifths of the whole, was translated from a preceding work in Punic by Mago. After Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but Mago's work was considered too important to lose. It was brought to Rome and Decimus Junius Silanus was commissioned by the Roman Senate to translate it into Latin. Whether Cassius Dionysius worked independently, or on the basis of Silanus's work, is not known; however, his residence in Utica, in formerly Carthaginian north Africa, leads to the suggestion that he knew Punic as well as Greek and Latin.
Cassius Dionysius's compilation is occasionally cited by later authors, but its length rendered it unpopular. It was soon afterwards abridged by Diophanes of Nicaea, whose version was divided into six books.The following is a partial list of fragments of Cassius Dionysius' work:
Greek names of the winds and their importance to the farmer.
How to select labourers for hire.
Types of manure.
Mules sometimes foal in Africa. Mules and mares foal in the twelfth month after conception.
Notes on farmyard animals.
Two names for leeks.
== Footnotes ==
|
writing language
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Ancient Greek"
]
}
|
William Heygate may refer to:
Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet, British member of parliament
William Unwin Heygate, British member of parliament
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Heygate"
]
}
|
William Heygate may refer to:
Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet, British member of parliament
William Unwin Heygate, British member of parliament
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"William"
]
}
|
Yan Huo(Chinese:霍焱) (born 1968) is managing partner and chief investment officer of Capula Investment Management. Prior to co-founding Capula in 2005, Yan spent most of his professional career at JPMorgan, where he worked in its derivatives research and proprietary positioning business.In 2018, Huo earned £36.4 million, half of what he received in 2017.Huo donated £200,000 to the British Conservative Party during the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Yan Huo is a trustee of Fudan University and Princeton University. He holds a PhD and an MA in electrical engineering from Princeton University and a BS in physics from Fudan University.
Philanthropy
In 2009, Huo set up the Huo Family Foundation with a mission to support education, communities and the pursuit of knowledge. Since its inception, the Foundation has given or pledged $55m to charitable causes. The foundation was recently credited with supporting the Oxford Internet Institute's study into the effect of prolonged game-time on adolescent mental health As a response to the Coronavirus pandemic, the Huo Family Foundation made a number of donations to UK universities to fund research into testing and tracing the virus. This included donations to Imperial College's REACT study, King's College's investigation into the longevity of coronavirus antibodies, and Oxford University's work in partnership with the Office for National Statistics looking into how immunity in the population changes with infection and vaccination.In December 2020 Huo became a signatory of the Giving Pledge, affirming his commitment to giving the majority of his wealth to charitable causes
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"Princeton University"
]
}
|
Yan Huo(Chinese:霍焱) (born 1968) is managing partner and chief investment officer of Capula Investment Management. Prior to co-founding Capula in 2005, Yan spent most of his professional career at JPMorgan, where he worked in its derivatives research and proprietary positioning business.In 2018, Huo earned £36.4 million, half of what he received in 2017.Huo donated £200,000 to the British Conservative Party during the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Yan Huo is a trustee of Fudan University and Princeton University. He holds a PhD and an MA in electrical engineering from Princeton University and a BS in physics from Fudan University.
Philanthropy
In 2009, Huo set up the Huo Family Foundation with a mission to support education, communities and the pursuit of knowledge. Since its inception, the Foundation has given or pledged $55m to charitable causes. The foundation was recently credited with supporting the Oxford Internet Institute's study into the effect of prolonged game-time on adolescent mental health As a response to the Coronavirus pandemic, the Huo Family Foundation made a number of donations to UK universities to fund research into testing and tracing the virus. This included donations to Imperial College's REACT study, King's College's investigation into the longevity of coronavirus antibodies, and Oxford University's work in partnership with the Office for National Statistics looking into how immunity in the population changes with infection and vaccination.In December 2020 Huo became a signatory of the Giving Pledge, affirming his commitment to giving the majority of his wealth to charitable causes
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Huo"
]
}
|
Yan Huo(Chinese:霍焱) (born 1968) is managing partner and chief investment officer of Capula Investment Management. Prior to co-founding Capula in 2005, Yan spent most of his professional career at JPMorgan, where he worked in its derivatives research and proprietary positioning business.In 2018, Huo earned £36.4 million, half of what he received in 2017.Huo donated £200,000 to the British Conservative Party during the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Yan Huo is a trustee of Fudan University and Princeton University. He holds a PhD and an MA in electrical engineering from Princeton University and a BS in physics from Fudan University.
Philanthropy
In 2009, Huo set up the Huo Family Foundation with a mission to support education, communities and the pursuit of knowledge. Since its inception, the Foundation has given or pledged $55m to charitable causes. The foundation was recently credited with supporting the Oxford Internet Institute's study into the effect of prolonged game-time on adolescent mental health As a response to the Coronavirus pandemic, the Huo Family Foundation made a number of donations to UK universities to fund research into testing and tracing the virus. This included donations to Imperial College's REACT study, King's College's investigation into the longevity of coronavirus antibodies, and Oxford University's work in partnership with the Office for National Statistics looking into how immunity in the population changes with infection and vaccination.In December 2020 Huo became a signatory of the Giving Pledge, affirming his commitment to giving the majority of his wealth to charitable causes
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Yan"
]
}
|
Yan Huo(Chinese:霍焱) (born 1968) is managing partner and chief investment officer of Capula Investment Management. Prior to co-founding Capula in 2005, Yan spent most of his professional career at JPMorgan, where he worked in its derivatives research and proprietary positioning business.In 2018, Huo earned £36.4 million, half of what he received in 2017.Huo donated £200,000 to the British Conservative Party during the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Yan Huo is a trustee of Fudan University and Princeton University. He holds a PhD and an MA in electrical engineering from Princeton University and a BS in physics from Fudan University.
Philanthropy
In 2009, Huo set up the Huo Family Foundation with a mission to support education, communities and the pursuit of knowledge. Since its inception, the Foundation has given or pledged $55m to charitable causes. The foundation was recently credited with supporting the Oxford Internet Institute's study into the effect of prolonged game-time on adolescent mental health As a response to the Coronavirus pandemic, the Huo Family Foundation made a number of donations to UK universities to fund research into testing and tracing the virus. This included donations to Imperial College's REACT study, King's College's investigation into the longevity of coronavirus antibodies, and Oxford University's work in partnership with the Office for National Statistics looking into how immunity in the population changes with infection and vaccination.In December 2020 Huo became a signatory of the Giving Pledge, affirming his commitment to giving the majority of his wealth to charitable causes
== References ==
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"霍焱"
]
}
|
Juncus bulbosus, the bulbous rush, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Juncus, native to Iceland, the Faroes, Europe, Macaronesia, and northwest Africa. It has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and some locations in northern North America. It is capable of nuisance growth in lakes and streams.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
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Juncus bulbosus, the bulbous rush, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Juncus, native to Iceland, the Faroes, Europe, Macaronesia, and northwest Africa. It has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and some locations in northern North America. It is capable of nuisance growth in lakes and streams.
== References ==
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parent taxon
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Juncus bulbosus, the bulbous rush, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Juncus, native to Iceland, the Faroes, Europe, Macaronesia, and northwest Africa. It has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and some locations in northern North America. It is capable of nuisance growth in lakes and streams.
== References ==
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taxon name
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0
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Juncus bulbosus, the bulbous rush, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Juncus, native to Iceland, the Faroes, Europe, Macaronesia, and northwest Africa. It has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and some locations in northern North America. It is capable of nuisance growth in lakes and streams.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
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0
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Juncus bulbosus, the bulbous rush, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Juncus, native to Iceland, the Faroes, Europe, Macaronesia, and northwest Africa. It has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and some locations in northern North America. It is capable of nuisance growth in lakes and streams.
== References ==
|
taxon common name
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Juncus bulbosus, the bulbous rush, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Juncus, native to Iceland, the Faroes, Europe, Macaronesia, and northwest Africa. It has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and some locations in northern North America. It is capable of nuisance growth in lakes and streams.
== References ==
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Burke Herbarium Image Collection ID
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In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing.
Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Motivation
In concurrent programming, synchronization is required when parallel threads attempt to access a shared resource. Low-level thread synchronization constructs such as locks are pessimistic and prohibit threads that are outside a critical section from making any changes. The process of applying and releasing locks often functions as additional overhead in workloads with little conflict among threads. Transactional memory provides optimistic concurrency control by allowing threads to run in parallel with minimal interference. The goal of transactional memory systems is to transparently support regions of code marked as transactions by enforcing atomicity, consistency and isolation.
A transaction is a collection of operations that can execute and commit changes as long as a conflict is not present. When a conflict is detected, a transaction will revert to its initial state (prior to any changes) and will rerun until all conflicts are removed. Before a successful commit, the outcome of any operation is purely speculative inside a transaction. In contrast to lock-based synchronization where operations are serialized to prevent data corruption, transactions allow for additional parallelism as long as few operations attempt to modify a shared resource. Since the programmer is not responsible for explicitly identifying locks or the order in which they are acquired, programs that utilize transactional memory cannot produce a deadlock.With these constructs in place, transactional memory provides a high-level programming abstraction by allowing programmers to enclose their methods within transactional blocks. Correct implementations ensure that data cannot be shared between threads without going through a transaction and produce a serializable outcome. For example, code can be written as:
In the code, the block defined by "transaction" is guaranteed atomicity, consistency and isolation by the underlying transactional memory implementation and is transparent to the programmer. The variables within the transaction are protected from external conflicts, ensuring that either the correct amount is transferred or no action is taken at all. Note that concurrency related bugs are still possible in programs that use a large number of transactions, especially in software implementations where the library provided by the language is unable to enforce correct use. Bugs introduced through transactions can often be difficult to debug since breakpoints cannot be placed within a transaction.Transactional memory is limited in that it requires a shared-memory abstraction. Although transactional memory programs cannot produce a deadlock, programs may still suffer from a livelock or resource starvation. For example, longer transactions may repeatedly revert in response to multiple smaller transactions, wasting both time and energy.
Hardware vs. software
The abstraction of atomicity in transactional memory requires a hardware mechanism to detect conflicts and undo any changes made to shared data. Hardware transactional memory systems may comprise modifications in processors, cache and bus protocol to support transactions. Speculative values in a transaction must be buffered and remain unseen by other threads until commit time. Large buffers are used to store speculative values while avoiding write propagation through the underlying cache coherence protocol. Traditionally, buffers have been implemented using different structures within the memory hierarchy such as store queues or caches. Buffers further away from the processor, such as the L2 cache, can hold more speculative values (up to a few megabytes). The optimal size of a buffer is still under debate due to the limited use of transactions in commercial programs. In a cache implementation, the cache lines are generally augmented with read and write bits. When the hardware controller receives a request, the controller uses these bits to detect a conflict. If a serializability conflict is detected from a parallel transaction, then the speculative values are discarded. When caches are used, the system may introduce the risk of false conflicts due to the use of cache line granularity. Load-link/store-conditional (LL/SC) offered by many RISC processors can be viewed as the most basic transactional memory support; however, LL/SC usually operates on data that is the size of a native machine word, so only single-word transactions are supported. Although hardware transactional memory provides maximal performance compared to software alternatives, limited use has been seen at this time.
Software transactional memory provides transactional memory semantics in a software runtime library or the programming language, and requires minimal hardware support (typically an atomic compare and swap operation, or equivalent). As the downside, software implementations usually come with a performance penalty, when compared to hardware solutions. Hardware acceleration can reduce some of the overheads associated with software transactional memory.
Owing to the more limited nature of hardware transactional memory (in current implementations), software using it may require fairly extensive tuning to fully benefit from it. For example, the dynamic memory allocator may have a significant influence on performance and likewise structure padding may affect performance (owing to cache alignment and false sharing issues); in the context of a virtual machine, various background threads may cause unexpected transaction aborts.
History
One of the earliest implementations of transactional memory was the gated store buffer used in Transmeta's Crusoe and Efficeon processors. However, this was only used to facilitate speculative optimizations for binary translation, rather than any form of speculative multithreading, or exposing it directly to programmers. Azul Systems also implemented hardware transactional memory to accelerate their Java appliances, but this was similarly hidden from outsiders.Sun Microsystems implemented hardware transactional memory and a limited form of speculative multithreading in its high-end Rock processor. This implementation proved that it could be used for lock elision and more complex hybrid transactional memory systems, where transactions are handled with a combination of hardware and software. The Rock processor was canceled in 2009, just before the acquisition by Oracle; while the actual products were never released, a number of prototype systems were available to researchers.In 2009, AMD proposed the Advanced Synchronization Facility (ASF), a set of x86 extensions that provide a very limited form of hardware transactional memory support. The goal was to provide hardware primitives that could be used for higher-level synchronization, such as software transactional memory or lock-free algorithms. However, AMD has not announced whether ASF will be used in products, and if so, in what timeframe.More recently, IBM announced in 2011 that Blue Gene/Q had hardware support for both transactional memory and speculative multithreading. The transactional memory could be configured in two modes; the first is an unordered and single-version mode, where a write from one transaction causes a conflict with any transactions reading the same memory address. The second mode is for speculative multithreading, providing an ordered, multi-versioned transactional memory. Speculative threads can have different versions of the same memory address, and hardware implementation keeps track of the age for each thread. The younger threads can access data from older threads (but not the other way around), and writes to the same address are based on the thread order. In some cases, dependencies between threads can cause the younger versions to abort.Intel's Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) is available in some of the Skylake processors. It was earlier implemented in Haswell and Broadwell processors as well, but the implementations turned out both times to be defective and support for TSX was disabled. The TSX specification describes the transactional memory API for use by software developers, but withholds details on technical implementation. ARM architecture has a similar extension.As of GCC 4.7, an experimental library for transactional memory is available which utilizes a hybrid implementation. The PyPy variant of Python also introduces transactional memory to the language.
Available implementations
See also
Memory semantics
Automatic mutual exclusion
References
Further reading
Harris, Tim; Larus, James R.; Rajwar, Ravi (December 2010), Transactional Memory, 2nd edition, Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture, vol. 5, Morgan & Claypool, pp. 1–263, doi:10.2200/S00272ED1V01Y201006CAC011
McKenney, Paul E.; Michael, Maged M.; Triplett, Josh; Walpole, Jonathan (July 2010). "Why the grass may not be greener on the other side: a comparison of locking vs. transactional memory". SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. New York, NY, USA: ACM. 44 (3): 93–101. doi:10.1145/1842733.1842749. ISSN 0163-5980. S2CID 1917393.Dave Dice, Yossi Lev, Mark Moir, Dan Nussbaum, and Marek Olszewski. (2009) "Early experience with a commercial hardware transactional memory implementation." Sun Microsystems technical report (60 pp.) SMLI TR-2009-180. A short version appeared at ASPLOS’09 doi:10.1145/1508244.1508263
Amy Wang, Matthew Gaudet, Peng Wu, José Nelson Amaral, Martin Ohmacht, Christopher Barton, Raul Silvera, and Maged Michael. "Evaluation of Blue Gene/Q hardware support for transactional memories Archived 2013-06-27 at the Wayback Machine". In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques, pp. 127–136. ACM, 2012.
Jacobi, C., Slegel, T., & Greiner, D. (2012, December). "Transactional memory architecture and implementation for IBM System z Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine". In Microarchitecture (MICRO), 2012 45th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (pp. 25–36). IEEE.
Harold W. Cain, Maged M. Michael, Brad Frey, Cathy May, Derek Williams, and Hung Le. "Robust Architectural Support for Transactional Memory in the Power Architecture." In ISCA '13 Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, pp. 225–236, ACM, 2013. doi:10.1145/2485922.2485942
External links
Michael Neuling (IBM), "What's the deal with Hardware Transactional Memory!?!" introductory talk at linux.conf.au 2014
Transactional Memory Online: Categorized bibliography about transactional memory
|
issue
|
{
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4135
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"text": [
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In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing.
Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Motivation
In concurrent programming, synchronization is required when parallel threads attempt to access a shared resource. Low-level thread synchronization constructs such as locks are pessimistic and prohibit threads that are outside a critical section from making any changes. The process of applying and releasing locks often functions as additional overhead in workloads with little conflict among threads. Transactional memory provides optimistic concurrency control by allowing threads to run in parallel with minimal interference. The goal of transactional memory systems is to transparently support regions of code marked as transactions by enforcing atomicity, consistency and isolation.
A transaction is a collection of operations that can execute and commit changes as long as a conflict is not present. When a conflict is detected, a transaction will revert to its initial state (prior to any changes) and will rerun until all conflicts are removed. Before a successful commit, the outcome of any operation is purely speculative inside a transaction. In contrast to lock-based synchronization where operations are serialized to prevent data corruption, transactions allow for additional parallelism as long as few operations attempt to modify a shared resource. Since the programmer is not responsible for explicitly identifying locks or the order in which they are acquired, programs that utilize transactional memory cannot produce a deadlock.With these constructs in place, transactional memory provides a high-level programming abstraction by allowing programmers to enclose their methods within transactional blocks. Correct implementations ensure that data cannot be shared between threads without going through a transaction and produce a serializable outcome. For example, code can be written as:
In the code, the block defined by "transaction" is guaranteed atomicity, consistency and isolation by the underlying transactional memory implementation and is transparent to the programmer. The variables within the transaction are protected from external conflicts, ensuring that either the correct amount is transferred or no action is taken at all. Note that concurrency related bugs are still possible in programs that use a large number of transactions, especially in software implementations where the library provided by the language is unable to enforce correct use. Bugs introduced through transactions can often be difficult to debug since breakpoints cannot be placed within a transaction.Transactional memory is limited in that it requires a shared-memory abstraction. Although transactional memory programs cannot produce a deadlock, programs may still suffer from a livelock or resource starvation. For example, longer transactions may repeatedly revert in response to multiple smaller transactions, wasting both time and energy.
Hardware vs. software
The abstraction of atomicity in transactional memory requires a hardware mechanism to detect conflicts and undo any changes made to shared data. Hardware transactional memory systems may comprise modifications in processors, cache and bus protocol to support transactions. Speculative values in a transaction must be buffered and remain unseen by other threads until commit time. Large buffers are used to store speculative values while avoiding write propagation through the underlying cache coherence protocol. Traditionally, buffers have been implemented using different structures within the memory hierarchy such as store queues or caches. Buffers further away from the processor, such as the L2 cache, can hold more speculative values (up to a few megabytes). The optimal size of a buffer is still under debate due to the limited use of transactions in commercial programs. In a cache implementation, the cache lines are generally augmented with read and write bits. When the hardware controller receives a request, the controller uses these bits to detect a conflict. If a serializability conflict is detected from a parallel transaction, then the speculative values are discarded. When caches are used, the system may introduce the risk of false conflicts due to the use of cache line granularity. Load-link/store-conditional (LL/SC) offered by many RISC processors can be viewed as the most basic transactional memory support; however, LL/SC usually operates on data that is the size of a native machine word, so only single-word transactions are supported. Although hardware transactional memory provides maximal performance compared to software alternatives, limited use has been seen at this time.
Software transactional memory provides transactional memory semantics in a software runtime library or the programming language, and requires minimal hardware support (typically an atomic compare and swap operation, or equivalent). As the downside, software implementations usually come with a performance penalty, when compared to hardware solutions. Hardware acceleration can reduce some of the overheads associated with software transactional memory.
Owing to the more limited nature of hardware transactional memory (in current implementations), software using it may require fairly extensive tuning to fully benefit from it. For example, the dynamic memory allocator may have a significant influence on performance and likewise structure padding may affect performance (owing to cache alignment and false sharing issues); in the context of a virtual machine, various background threads may cause unexpected transaction aborts.
History
One of the earliest implementations of transactional memory was the gated store buffer used in Transmeta's Crusoe and Efficeon processors. However, this was only used to facilitate speculative optimizations for binary translation, rather than any form of speculative multithreading, or exposing it directly to programmers. Azul Systems also implemented hardware transactional memory to accelerate their Java appliances, but this was similarly hidden from outsiders.Sun Microsystems implemented hardware transactional memory and a limited form of speculative multithreading in its high-end Rock processor. This implementation proved that it could be used for lock elision and more complex hybrid transactional memory systems, where transactions are handled with a combination of hardware and software. The Rock processor was canceled in 2009, just before the acquisition by Oracle; while the actual products were never released, a number of prototype systems were available to researchers.In 2009, AMD proposed the Advanced Synchronization Facility (ASF), a set of x86 extensions that provide a very limited form of hardware transactional memory support. The goal was to provide hardware primitives that could be used for higher-level synchronization, such as software transactional memory or lock-free algorithms. However, AMD has not announced whether ASF will be used in products, and if so, in what timeframe.More recently, IBM announced in 2011 that Blue Gene/Q had hardware support for both transactional memory and speculative multithreading. The transactional memory could be configured in two modes; the first is an unordered and single-version mode, where a write from one transaction causes a conflict with any transactions reading the same memory address. The second mode is for speculative multithreading, providing an ordered, multi-versioned transactional memory. Speculative threads can have different versions of the same memory address, and hardware implementation keeps track of the age for each thread. The younger threads can access data from older threads (but not the other way around), and writes to the same address are based on the thread order. In some cases, dependencies between threads can cause the younger versions to abort.Intel's Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) is available in some of the Skylake processors. It was earlier implemented in Haswell and Broadwell processors as well, but the implementations turned out both times to be defective and support for TSX was disabled. The TSX specification describes the transactional memory API for use by software developers, but withholds details on technical implementation. ARM architecture has a similar extension.As of GCC 4.7, an experimental library for transactional memory is available which utilizes a hybrid implementation. The PyPy variant of Python also introduces transactional memory to the language.
Available implementations
See also
Memory semantics
Automatic mutual exclusion
References
Further reading
Harris, Tim; Larus, James R.; Rajwar, Ravi (December 2010), Transactional Memory, 2nd edition, Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture, vol. 5, Morgan & Claypool, pp. 1–263, doi:10.2200/S00272ED1V01Y201006CAC011
McKenney, Paul E.; Michael, Maged M.; Triplett, Josh; Walpole, Jonathan (July 2010). "Why the grass may not be greener on the other side: a comparison of locking vs. transactional memory". SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. New York, NY, USA: ACM. 44 (3): 93–101. doi:10.1145/1842733.1842749. ISSN 0163-5980. S2CID 1917393.Dave Dice, Yossi Lev, Mark Moir, Dan Nussbaum, and Marek Olszewski. (2009) "Early experience with a commercial hardware transactional memory implementation." Sun Microsystems technical report (60 pp.) SMLI TR-2009-180. A short version appeared at ASPLOS’09 doi:10.1145/1508244.1508263
Amy Wang, Matthew Gaudet, Peng Wu, José Nelson Amaral, Martin Ohmacht, Christopher Barton, Raul Silvera, and Maged Michael. "Evaluation of Blue Gene/Q hardware support for transactional memories Archived 2013-06-27 at the Wayback Machine". In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques, pp. 127–136. ACM, 2012.
Jacobi, C., Slegel, T., & Greiner, D. (2012, December). "Transactional memory architecture and implementation for IBM System z Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine". In Microarchitecture (MICRO), 2012 45th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (pp. 25–36). IEEE.
Harold W. Cain, Maged M. Michael, Brad Frey, Cathy May, Derek Williams, and Hung Le. "Robust Architectural Support for Transactional Memory in the Power Architecture." In ISCA '13 Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, pp. 225–236, ACM, 2013. doi:10.1145/2485922.2485942
External links
Michael Neuling (IBM), "What's the deal with Hardware Transactional Memory!?!" introductory talk at linux.conf.au 2014
Transactional Memory Online: Categorized bibliography about transactional memory
|
volume
|
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10192
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In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing.
Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Motivation
In concurrent programming, synchronization is required when parallel threads attempt to access a shared resource. Low-level thread synchronization constructs such as locks are pessimistic and prohibit threads that are outside a critical section from making any changes. The process of applying and releasing locks often functions as additional overhead in workloads with little conflict among threads. Transactional memory provides optimistic concurrency control by allowing threads to run in parallel with minimal interference. The goal of transactional memory systems is to transparently support regions of code marked as transactions by enforcing atomicity, consistency and isolation.
A transaction is a collection of operations that can execute and commit changes as long as a conflict is not present. When a conflict is detected, a transaction will revert to its initial state (prior to any changes) and will rerun until all conflicts are removed. Before a successful commit, the outcome of any operation is purely speculative inside a transaction. In contrast to lock-based synchronization where operations are serialized to prevent data corruption, transactions allow for additional parallelism as long as few operations attempt to modify a shared resource. Since the programmer is not responsible for explicitly identifying locks or the order in which they are acquired, programs that utilize transactional memory cannot produce a deadlock.With these constructs in place, transactional memory provides a high-level programming abstraction by allowing programmers to enclose their methods within transactional blocks. Correct implementations ensure that data cannot be shared between threads without going through a transaction and produce a serializable outcome. For example, code can be written as:
In the code, the block defined by "transaction" is guaranteed atomicity, consistency and isolation by the underlying transactional memory implementation and is transparent to the programmer. The variables within the transaction are protected from external conflicts, ensuring that either the correct amount is transferred or no action is taken at all. Note that concurrency related bugs are still possible in programs that use a large number of transactions, especially in software implementations where the library provided by the language is unable to enforce correct use. Bugs introduced through transactions can often be difficult to debug since breakpoints cannot be placed within a transaction.Transactional memory is limited in that it requires a shared-memory abstraction. Although transactional memory programs cannot produce a deadlock, programs may still suffer from a livelock or resource starvation. For example, longer transactions may repeatedly revert in response to multiple smaller transactions, wasting both time and energy.
Hardware vs. software
The abstraction of atomicity in transactional memory requires a hardware mechanism to detect conflicts and undo any changes made to shared data. Hardware transactional memory systems may comprise modifications in processors, cache and bus protocol to support transactions. Speculative values in a transaction must be buffered and remain unseen by other threads until commit time. Large buffers are used to store speculative values while avoiding write propagation through the underlying cache coherence protocol. Traditionally, buffers have been implemented using different structures within the memory hierarchy such as store queues or caches. Buffers further away from the processor, such as the L2 cache, can hold more speculative values (up to a few megabytes). The optimal size of a buffer is still under debate due to the limited use of transactions in commercial programs. In a cache implementation, the cache lines are generally augmented with read and write bits. When the hardware controller receives a request, the controller uses these bits to detect a conflict. If a serializability conflict is detected from a parallel transaction, then the speculative values are discarded. When caches are used, the system may introduce the risk of false conflicts due to the use of cache line granularity. Load-link/store-conditional (LL/SC) offered by many RISC processors can be viewed as the most basic transactional memory support; however, LL/SC usually operates on data that is the size of a native machine word, so only single-word transactions are supported. Although hardware transactional memory provides maximal performance compared to software alternatives, limited use has been seen at this time.
Software transactional memory provides transactional memory semantics in a software runtime library or the programming language, and requires minimal hardware support (typically an atomic compare and swap operation, or equivalent). As the downside, software implementations usually come with a performance penalty, when compared to hardware solutions. Hardware acceleration can reduce some of the overheads associated with software transactional memory.
Owing to the more limited nature of hardware transactional memory (in current implementations), software using it may require fairly extensive tuning to fully benefit from it. For example, the dynamic memory allocator may have a significant influence on performance and likewise structure padding may affect performance (owing to cache alignment and false sharing issues); in the context of a virtual machine, various background threads may cause unexpected transaction aborts.
History
One of the earliest implementations of transactional memory was the gated store buffer used in Transmeta's Crusoe and Efficeon processors. However, this was only used to facilitate speculative optimizations for binary translation, rather than any form of speculative multithreading, or exposing it directly to programmers. Azul Systems also implemented hardware transactional memory to accelerate their Java appliances, but this was similarly hidden from outsiders.Sun Microsystems implemented hardware transactional memory and a limited form of speculative multithreading in its high-end Rock processor. This implementation proved that it could be used for lock elision and more complex hybrid transactional memory systems, where transactions are handled with a combination of hardware and software. The Rock processor was canceled in 2009, just before the acquisition by Oracle; while the actual products were never released, a number of prototype systems were available to researchers.In 2009, AMD proposed the Advanced Synchronization Facility (ASF), a set of x86 extensions that provide a very limited form of hardware transactional memory support. The goal was to provide hardware primitives that could be used for higher-level synchronization, such as software transactional memory or lock-free algorithms. However, AMD has not announced whether ASF will be used in products, and if so, in what timeframe.More recently, IBM announced in 2011 that Blue Gene/Q had hardware support for both transactional memory and speculative multithreading. The transactional memory could be configured in two modes; the first is an unordered and single-version mode, where a write from one transaction causes a conflict with any transactions reading the same memory address. The second mode is for speculative multithreading, providing an ordered, multi-versioned transactional memory. Speculative threads can have different versions of the same memory address, and hardware implementation keeps track of the age for each thread. The younger threads can access data from older threads (but not the other way around), and writes to the same address are based on the thread order. In some cases, dependencies between threads can cause the younger versions to abort.Intel's Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) is available in some of the Skylake processors. It was earlier implemented in Haswell and Broadwell processors as well, but the implementations turned out both times to be defective and support for TSX was disabled. The TSX specification describes the transactional memory API for use by software developers, but withholds details on technical implementation. ARM architecture has a similar extension.As of GCC 4.7, an experimental library for transactional memory is available which utilizes a hybrid implementation. The PyPy variant of Python also introduces transactional memory to the language.
Available implementations
See also
Memory semantics
Automatic mutual exclusion
References
Further reading
Harris, Tim; Larus, James R.; Rajwar, Ravi (December 2010), Transactional Memory, 2nd edition, Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture, vol. 5, Morgan & Claypool, pp. 1–263, doi:10.2200/S00272ED1V01Y201006CAC011
McKenney, Paul E.; Michael, Maged M.; Triplett, Josh; Walpole, Jonathan (July 2010). "Why the grass may not be greener on the other side: a comparison of locking vs. transactional memory". SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. New York, NY, USA: ACM. 44 (3): 93–101. doi:10.1145/1842733.1842749. ISSN 0163-5980. S2CID 1917393.Dave Dice, Yossi Lev, Mark Moir, Dan Nussbaum, and Marek Olszewski. (2009) "Early experience with a commercial hardware transactional memory implementation." Sun Microsystems technical report (60 pp.) SMLI TR-2009-180. A short version appeared at ASPLOS’09 doi:10.1145/1508244.1508263
Amy Wang, Matthew Gaudet, Peng Wu, José Nelson Amaral, Martin Ohmacht, Christopher Barton, Raul Silvera, and Maged Michael. "Evaluation of Blue Gene/Q hardware support for transactional memories Archived 2013-06-27 at the Wayback Machine". In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques, pp. 127–136. ACM, 2012.
Jacobi, C., Slegel, T., & Greiner, D. (2012, December). "Transactional memory architecture and implementation for IBM System z Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine". In Microarchitecture (MICRO), 2012 45th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (pp. 25–36). IEEE.
Harold W. Cain, Maged M. Michael, Brad Frey, Cathy May, Derek Williams, and Hung Le. "Robust Architectural Support for Transactional Memory in the Power Architecture." In ISCA '13 Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, pp. 225–236, ACM, 2013. doi:10.1145/2485922.2485942
External links
Michael Neuling (IBM), "What's the deal with Hardware Transactional Memory!?!" introductory talk at linux.conf.au 2014
Transactional Memory Online: Categorized bibliography about transactional memory
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"Transactional memory"
]
}
|
Matti Klinga (born 10 December 1994) is a Finnish footballer currently playing for FC Lahti.
Career
Klinga is a youth prospect of Reipas Lahti. As a youth player, Klinga has also played for HIFK Fotboll and Pallokerho-35.Klinga made his professional debut in a match against Porin Palloilijat in Ykkönen on 30 May 2011. After signing for FC Lahti, he played three seasons for the team and signed for HJK Helsinki in the season 2015 . In March 2016, Klinga signed a contract with SJK Seinäjoki.
Return to FC Lahti
Klinga returned to FC Lahti for the 2019 season.
References
External links
FC Lahti Profile
Guardian Football at archive.today (archived 2013-02-04)
Matti Klinga at Soccerway
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"FC Lahti"
]
}
|
Matti Klinga (born 10 December 1994) is a Finnish footballer currently playing for FC Lahti.
Career
Klinga is a youth prospect of Reipas Lahti. As a youth player, Klinga has also played for HIFK Fotboll and Pallokerho-35.Klinga made his professional debut in a match against Porin Palloilijat in Ykkönen on 30 May 2011. After signing for FC Lahti, he played three seasons for the team and signed for HJK Helsinki in the season 2015 . In March 2016, Klinga signed a contract with SJK Seinäjoki.
Return to FC Lahti
Klinga returned to FC Lahti for the 2019 season.
References
External links
FC Lahti Profile
Guardian Football at archive.today (archived 2013-02-04)
Matti Klinga at Soccerway
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Matti Klinga"
]
}
|
Matti Klinga (born 10 December 1994) is a Finnish footballer currently playing for FC Lahti.
Career
Klinga is a youth prospect of Reipas Lahti. As a youth player, Klinga has also played for HIFK Fotboll and Pallokerho-35.Klinga made his professional debut in a match against Porin Palloilijat in Ykkönen on 30 May 2011. After signing for FC Lahti, he played three seasons for the team and signed for HJK Helsinki in the season 2015 . In March 2016, Klinga signed a contract with SJK Seinäjoki.
Return to FC Lahti
Klinga returned to FC Lahti for the 2019 season.
References
External links
FC Lahti Profile
Guardian Football at archive.today (archived 2013-02-04)
Matti Klinga at Soccerway
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Klinga"
]
}
|
Matti Klinga (born 10 December 1994) is a Finnish footballer currently playing for FC Lahti.
Career
Klinga is a youth prospect of Reipas Lahti. As a youth player, Klinga has also played for HIFK Fotboll and Pallokerho-35.Klinga made his professional debut in a match against Porin Palloilijat in Ykkönen on 30 May 2011. After signing for FC Lahti, he played three seasons for the team and signed for HJK Helsinki in the season 2015 . In March 2016, Klinga signed a contract with SJK Seinäjoki.
Return to FC Lahti
Klinga returned to FC Lahti for the 2019 season.
References
External links
FC Lahti Profile
Guardian Football at archive.today (archived 2013-02-04)
Matti Klinga at Soccerway
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Matti"
]
}
|
Ficus depressa is a banyan fig species in the family Moraceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. The species can be found in Indo-China and Malesia. In Vietnam it may be called sung xoài or đa nước.
References
External links
Data related to Ficus at Wikispecies
Media related to Ficus depressa at Wikimedia Commons
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Ficus depressa is a banyan fig species in the family Moraceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. The species can be found in Indo-China and Malesia. In Vietnam it may be called sung xoài or đa nước.
References
External links
Data related to Ficus at Wikispecies
Media related to Ficus depressa at Wikimedia Commons
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ficus"
]
}
|
Ficus depressa is a banyan fig species in the family Moraceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. The species can be found in Indo-China and Malesia. In Vietnam it may be called sung xoài or đa nước.
References
External links
Data related to Ficus at Wikispecies
Media related to Ficus depressa at Wikimedia Commons
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ficus depressa"
]
}
|
Ficus depressa is a banyan fig species in the family Moraceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. The species can be found in Indo-China and Malesia. In Vietnam it may be called sung xoài or đa nước.
References
External links
Data related to Ficus at Wikispecies
Media related to Ficus depressa at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ficus depressa"
]
}
|
Ben Sveinson (born August 4, 1945) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a member of the Manitoba legislature from 1990 to 1999 as a Progressive Conservative.The son of August Sveinson and Mary Gibson, he was born in Spearhill, Manitoba. He attended secondary school in Moosehorn, and did not attend university. He subsequently worked as a federal meat inspector, and operated businesses in towing, security and TV antenna installation. In 1967, Sveinson married Millie Prokopich.Sveinson was elected as a school trustee in Seine River in 1986, and re-elected in 1989. He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the general election of 1990, beating his nearest opponent by about 1000 votes in the rural southeastern riding of La Verendrye.Sveinson was re-elected in the 1995 election by about 2000 votes over his nearest opponent. He was never appointed to cabinet, though he did serve as Deputy Chair of Committees for a time.
The Progressive Conservatives were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1999 provincial election. Sveinson was upset in La Verendrye, losing to NDP candidate Ron Lemieux by 166 votes. Sveinson did not seek a return to office in 2003.Following his defeat, Sveinson joined the real estate firm Century 21. He also joined the federal Progressive Conservative riding association executive in the riding of Provencher. In 2003, he led the executive in a unanimous vote against a political merger with the Canadian Alliance, and declared his support for Joe Clark's (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to prevent the merger.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
}
|
Ben Sveinson (born August 4, 1945) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a member of the Manitoba legislature from 1990 to 1999 as a Progressive Conservative.The son of August Sveinson and Mary Gibson, he was born in Spearhill, Manitoba. He attended secondary school in Moosehorn, and did not attend university. He subsequently worked as a federal meat inspector, and operated businesses in towing, security and TV antenna installation. In 1967, Sveinson married Millie Prokopich.Sveinson was elected as a school trustee in Seine River in 1986, and re-elected in 1989. He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the general election of 1990, beating his nearest opponent by about 1000 votes in the rural southeastern riding of La Verendrye.Sveinson was re-elected in the 1995 election by about 2000 votes over his nearest opponent. He was never appointed to cabinet, though he did serve as Deputy Chair of Committees for a time.
The Progressive Conservatives were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1999 provincial election. Sveinson was upset in La Verendrye, losing to NDP candidate Ron Lemieux by 166 votes. Sveinson did not seek a return to office in 2003.Following his defeat, Sveinson joined the real estate firm Century 21. He also joined the federal Progressive Conservative riding association executive in the riding of Provencher. In 2003, he led the executive in a unanimous vote against a political merger with the Canadian Alliance, and declared his support for Joe Clark's (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to prevent the merger.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Ben Sveinson (born August 4, 1945) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a member of the Manitoba legislature from 1990 to 1999 as a Progressive Conservative.The son of August Sveinson and Mary Gibson, he was born in Spearhill, Manitoba. He attended secondary school in Moosehorn, and did not attend university. He subsequently worked as a federal meat inspector, and operated businesses in towing, security and TV antenna installation. In 1967, Sveinson married Millie Prokopich.Sveinson was elected as a school trustee in Seine River in 1986, and re-elected in 1989. He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the general election of 1990, beating his nearest opponent by about 1000 votes in the rural southeastern riding of La Verendrye.Sveinson was re-elected in the 1995 election by about 2000 votes over his nearest opponent. He was never appointed to cabinet, though he did serve as Deputy Chair of Committees for a time.
The Progressive Conservatives were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1999 provincial election. Sveinson was upset in La Verendrye, losing to NDP candidate Ron Lemieux by 166 votes. Sveinson did not seek a return to office in 2003.Following his defeat, Sveinson joined the real estate firm Century 21. He also joined the federal Progressive Conservative riding association executive in the riding of Provencher. In 2003, he led the executive in a unanimous vote against a political merger with the Canadian Alliance, and declared his support for Joe Clark's (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to prevent the merger.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ben"
]
}
|
"Street Dancer" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It was released on 17 January 2011 in South Africa, 26 February 2011 in the Netherlands, 29 March 2011 in the US, and on 5 June 2011 in the UK. It was written by Avicii and samples the Break Machine's 1983 breakdance hit "Street Dance".
Track listing
Charts
Release history
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Avicii"
]
}
|
"Street Dancer" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It was released on 17 January 2011 in South Africa, 26 February 2011 in the Netherlands, 29 March 2011 in the US, and on 5 June 2011 in the UK. It was written by Avicii and samples the Break Machine's 1983 breakdance hit "Street Dance".
Track listing
Charts
Release history
== References ==
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"Street Dancer"
]
}
|
Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
|
place of birth
|
{
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Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
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Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
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Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
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sport
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Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
|
given name
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Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
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Carl Martin Froch, (; born 2 July 1977) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2014, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held multiple super-middleweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2008 and 2011, the IBF title from 2012 to 2015, and the WBA (Unified) title from 2013 to 2015. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth super-middleweight titles between 2004 to 2008, and won the Lonsdale Belt in 2006. As an amateur, in the middleweight division, Froch won a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships, and the ABA title twice.
Froch was voted Fighter of the Year for 2012 by BoxRec. In 2013, the UK edition of GQ magazine voted him Sportsman of the Year. He reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by BoxRec and The Ring magazine, and in 2013 was listed by the BBC as the best active British boxer, pound for pound. BoxRec ranks Froch as the third greatest British fighter of all time, pound for pound. Froch will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Early and personal life
Carl Martin Froch was born in Colwick, Nottingham, in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch. His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English. Froch is a fan of Johnny Cash. His wife Rachael Froch, whom he married in May 2019, is a British glamour model. Together they have a son and two daughters. Early in his life Froch wanted to become a footballer and play for Nottingham Forest, his local football team, and has stated that he would have loved to fight at the City Ground. He is a supporter of the club and occasionally trained at its training ground before fights. He has also appeared on the Sky Sports Saturday morning football show Soccer AM the week before a fight. Froch has publicly stated his belief in a flat Earth on numerous occasions.
Amateur career
Froch began boxing at the Phoenix ABC in Gedling, Nottingham. As an amateur, he won two ABA middleweight titles in 1999 and 2001 and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships before turning pro and having his first pro fight in March 2002. As an amateur, Froch lost to American Peter Manfredo Jr.
Professional career
Coach and promoter
Froch was trained by Robert McCracken throughout his professional career. He was managed and promoted by Mick Hennessy until 2011, and from thereon by Eddie Hearn.
Early career
Froch made his debut at the age of 24 in March 2002. He fought at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London against veteran 36 year old journeyman Michael Pinnock (4–52–8, 2 KOs), who weighed 10 pounds more than Froch, in a scheduled six-round bout. Froch won the fight via a fourth-round technical knockout. Froch fought a further four times that year, winning them all with three coming by first-round knockout against Ojay Abrahams, Darren Covill and Mike Duffield and one victory coming by a points decision win against Paul Bonson.
Froch started 2003 with a knockout win against Valery Odin, fighting for the first time at the Nottingham Arena, the same arena he would win his first world title five years later. Froch would next fight in March, April and October of that year defeating Varujan Davtyan and Michael Monaghan by knockout and Vage Kocharyan via points decision, respectively. At this point in his career, Froch racked up nine wins in as many fights, with seven coming by way of knockout.
Domestic success
In November 2003, Froch fought fellow unbeaten British contender Alan Page (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Derby Storm Arena in Derby for the vacant English super-middleweight title. In round seven, Froch landed a hard right followed by an uppercut, although Page didn't go down, referee John Keane stepped in to call an end to the fight. In 2004, Froch won the Commonwealth and vacant British super-middleweight titles by defeating Charles Adamu and Damon Hague respectively. He has defended both against Matthew Barney, Brian Magee and Tony Dodson and the Commonwealth belt alone against Ruben Groenewald and Dale Westerman.
Following a victory over the Russian Sergey Tatevosyan, on 9 November 2007 at Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, he stopped the veteran former world champion Robin Reid, after which Reid retired from the sport for four years.
WBC super-middleweight champion
Froch vs. Pascal
On 6 December 2008, Froch fought Canadian Jean Pascal for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title and won by unanimous decision a hard-fought twelve-round brawl. Both combatants showed enormous grit and determination, landing and taking huge shots from one another without even flinching. After the fight, it was revealed that Froch had sustained a perforated eardrum and a cracked rib in his final sparring session before the fight. Froch's promoter Mick Hennessy gave Froch the opportunity to withdraw from the fight, but Froch refused.
Since the fight, Froch and Pascal (who has since become a light-heavyweight champion) have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future, though this seems unlikely given Froch's retirement.
Froch vs. Taylor
On 25 April 2009, Froch fought Jermain Taylor in his first defence of his WBC super-middleweight title, at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. Froch survived a third-round knockdown – the first of his entire career, amateur and professional – and, behind on two of the three judges' scorecards coming into the final round, he managed to stop his opponent with 14 seconds remaining in the twelfth round to retain his WBC super-middleweight title.
After the fight, Froch was quick to send out a verbal challenge to unbeaten Welsh boxer Joe Calzaghe and was also quoted as saying "Kessler, Pavlik, Hopkins, I want them all to feel the force."
Super Six World Boxing Classic
On 13 July 2009, Froch agreed to take part in the Super Six World Boxing Classic super-middleweight tournament devised by Showtime, with the winner of the tournament winning the WBA, and WBC super-middleweight titles. The tournament featured six boxers including Andre Dirrell, Mikkel Kessler, Arthur Abraham, Jermain Taylor, Andre Ward and Froch. Froch's first opponent in the Super Six was Andre Dirrell.
Froch vs. Dirrell
The bout took place in Nottingham on 17 October and Froch's WBC title was on the line. Froch won the fight and retained his title with a split decision victory over the previously undefeated Dirrell. Two of the judges scored the bout 115–112 in favour of Froch, with the other scoring the bout 114–113 in favour of Dirrell.
Froch vs. Kessler
Froch's next fight was against Mikkel Kessler, who lost the WBA super-middleweight title to Andre Ward. Froch's WBC title was again on the line. In a closely fought contest in Kessler's home country of Denmark where both men had great moments throughout the fight, Kessler took Froch's title and inflicted Froch's first professional defeat via unanimous decision, the judges scoring the contest by margins of 116–112, 115–113, and 117–111. The scoring was somewhat controversial, as some boxing announcers had scored the fight much closer, with some awarding Froch the win and others scoring it a draw. Froch later stated that the fight was close and that he believes the decision would have gone his way if the event had been held in Nottingham. The fight was a contender for the 2010 Fight of the Year.
Froch vs. Abraham
Froch faced former IBF middleweight champion Arthur Abraham in the third stage in Helsinki, Finland at the Hartwall Finland. Froch feared that if he fought in Abraham's adoptive home country there was a possibility of receiving a bad decision. However, since an eye injury forced Mikkel Kessler to relinquish his WBC title and resign from the tournament, Froch-Abraham was for the vacant WBC super-middleweight title. Both Froch and Abraham came off of a loss in stage two of the Super Six. Abraham lost after a disqualification against former Froch victim Andre Dirrell.
Froch regained the WBC super-middleweight title by gaining a unanimous decision victory over Abraham, with the judges' scorecards reading the 120–108 twice, and 119–109, reflecting the one-sided nature of the bout.
Froch vs. Johnson
Following his victory over Abraham, Froch entered the semi-final stage of the tournament. His opponent on 4 June 2011 in Atlantic City, New Jersey was Glen Johnson. Froch retained his title with a majority decision victory, with the judges' scorecards reading 117–111, 116–112, and 114–114.
Froch vs. Ward
Carl Froch lost in the final of the Super Six tournament in a bout against undefeated WBA super-middleweight champion Andre Ward. The vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title was on the line in the fight, as well as Froch's and Ward's super-middleweight titles. In the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralise Froch and beating him to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple of rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and competitive rounds. The judges' scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110, all in favour of Ward. Ward won the vacant Ring magazine super-middleweight title and is also regarded as becoming lineal champion with the win, despite some independent sources rating undefeated IBF title holder Lucian Bute #1 or 2. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.
IBF super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Bute
The IBF officially enforced Carl Froch as Lucian Bute's number one mandatory challenger. The fight, billed as "No Easy Way Out", took place on 26 May 2012 in Froch's hometown of Nottingham. Despite being the underdog with bookmakers, critics and fans around the world, Froch dominated Bute throughout the fight to become the new IBF super-middleweight champion via TKO in round five, making Froch a three-time world champion.After the Bute fight and acquiring the IBF title, Froch defeated Yusaf Mack via knockout. The British website BoxRec named Froch the "Fighter of the Year" in the end of 2012.
Unified super middleweight champion
Froch vs. Kessler II
On 26 May 2013 (the match was scheduled for 25 May, but started after midnight BST), Froch faced WBA champion Kessler in a rematch of their fight in 2010. This time it was Froch that was victorious via unanimous decision at The O2 Arena in London, with the judges scoring the bout 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113.
Froch vs. Groves
The IBF installed George Groves as Froch's mandatory challenger, their bout taking place on 23 November at the Phones4u Arena in Manchester, with Froch's WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles on the line. Despite being floored for only the second time in his career by a left hook right hand from Groves in the first round, Froch retained his titles with a TKO victory in round nine. There was significant controversy as many observers felt that referee Howard Foster stepped in to end the contest prematurely. The three scoring judges had scored Groves ahead of Froch before Groves was shaken by some powerful Froch blows in the ninth. The controversial ending prompted a widespread demand for a rematch to be fought between the two.On 24 January 2014, the IBF ordered a rematch between Froch and Groves, giving Froch 90 days to fight Groves or relinquish his IBF title.
Froch vs. Groves II
On 13 February 2014, it was announced by Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing that Froch v Groves II would take place on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. Froch was quoted that the fight was what the "British public want to see" and that was his reason for taking the option to give Groves a rematch while defending his WBA and IBF super-middleweight titles. As soon as tickets went on sale, 60,000 tickets were sold in under an hour and a further 20,000 tickets were made available, making this the biggest ever attendance for a boxing match in Britain since the Second World War.The fight was a more cagey affair than the first match, with both fighters initially looking to outbox each other. Froch was stronger in the earlier rounds, with Jim Watt unofficially scoring the earlier rounds in favour of the champion on his Sky Sports scorecard. By the end of the seventh round, both Richie Woodhall and Steve Bunce had the fight scored four rounds to three for Froch on the BBC scorecards. Groves came out fighting in the eighth round before Froch got him pinned against the ropes and delivered a right hand blow which knocked Groves out. It was later named Knockout of the Year by The Ring for 2014.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Boxing record for Carl Froch from BoxRec (registration required)
|
sports discipline competed in
|
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Dimiter Skordev (Bulgarian: Димитър Скордев) (born 1936 in Sofia) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Logic and Applications, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Sofia. Chairman of the department in 1972-2000. Doyen and pioneer of mathematical logic research in Bulgaria who developed a Bulgarian school in the theory of computability, namely the algebraic (or axiomatic) recursion theory. He was the 1981 winner of Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics, bestowed for his monograph Combinatory Spaces and Recursiveness in Them.Skordev's field of scientific interests include computability and complexity in analysis, mathematical logic, generalized recursion theory, and theory of programs and computation.
Skordev has more than 45 years of lecturing experience in calculus, mathematical logic, logic programming, discrete mathematics, and computer science. He has authored about 90 scientific publications including two monographs, and was one of the authors of the new Bulgarian phonetic keyboard layout proposed (but rejected) to become a state standard in 2006.
Notes
References
Dimiter Skordev
Historical notes on the development of mathematical logic in Sofia
|
place of birth
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}
|
Dimiter Skordev (Bulgarian: Димитър Скордев) (born 1936 in Sofia) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Logic and Applications, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Sofia. Chairman of the department in 1972-2000. Doyen and pioneer of mathematical logic research in Bulgaria who developed a Bulgarian school in the theory of computability, namely the algebraic (or axiomatic) recursion theory. He was the 1981 winner of Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics, bestowed for his monograph Combinatory Spaces and Recursiveness in Them.Skordev's field of scientific interests include computability and complexity in analysis, mathematical logic, generalized recursion theory, and theory of programs and computation.
Skordev has more than 45 years of lecturing experience in calculus, mathematical logic, logic programming, discrete mathematics, and computer science. He has authored about 90 scientific publications including two monographs, and was one of the authors of the new Bulgarian phonetic keyboard layout proposed (but rejected) to become a state standard in 2006.
Notes
References
Dimiter Skordev
Historical notes on the development of mathematical logic in Sofia
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"Bulgaria"
]
}
|
Dimiter Skordev (Bulgarian: Димитър Скордев) (born 1936 in Sofia) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Logic and Applications, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Sofia. Chairman of the department in 1972-2000. Doyen and pioneer of mathematical logic research in Bulgaria who developed a Bulgarian school in the theory of computability, namely the algebraic (or axiomatic) recursion theory. He was the 1981 winner of Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics, bestowed for his monograph Combinatory Spaces and Recursiveness in Them.Skordev's field of scientific interests include computability and complexity in analysis, mathematical logic, generalized recursion theory, and theory of programs and computation.
Skordev has more than 45 years of lecturing experience in calculus, mathematical logic, logic programming, discrete mathematics, and computer science. He has authored about 90 scientific publications including two monographs, and was one of the authors of the new Bulgarian phonetic keyboard layout proposed (but rejected) to become a state standard in 2006.
Notes
References
Dimiter Skordev
Historical notes on the development of mathematical logic in Sofia
|
field of work
|
{
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"mathematical logic"
]
}
|
Inbung is a village in the Peren district of Nagaland, India. It is located in the Athibung Circle.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Inbung has 129 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 78.85%.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Inbung is a village in the Peren district of Nagaland, India. It is located in the Athibung Circle.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Inbung has 129 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 78.85%.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Peren district"
]
}
|
Maria Bernardita "Ditas" Bañares Ramos (February 17, 1944 – September 8, 2020) was a Filipina high school teacher, travel agent and legislator from Sorsogon, Philippines. She served in the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing Sorsogon's 2nd congressional district in the 18th Congress from 2019 until her death in 2020. She was the youngest sister of three-term Sorsogon representative Deogracias B. Ramos Jr.
Early life and education
Ramos was born on February 17, 1944, in the municipality of Gubat in Sorsogon, the youngest of six children born to Gubat native Deogracias Pura Ramos Sr. and Vicenta Bañares from Barcelona. Her father was a Philippine Army veteran who retired as a colonel and her maternal grandfather, Donato Bañares, worked as a judge in Barcelona. She attended primary school, initially at Gubat Elementary School and then at Lourdes College in Cagayan de Oro where the family moved when her father was stationed briefly in Mindanao. She finished her elementary education at Albert Elementary School in Sampaloc, Manila.Ramos stayed in Manila where she completed both her secondary and college education at Santa Isabel College. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English language in 1965. Ramos also took lessons in English drama, speech and diction at the Philippine Women's University and later enrolled in Japanese language classes.
Career
Ramos returned to her hometown of Gubat, Sorsogon, in 1965 and started her career as a high school teacher of English literature at Saint Louise de Marillac College. In 1974, she joined the tourism industry and worked as an English speaking tour guide for the Department of Tourism during the administration of Secretary Jose Aspiras, which also required her to learn Japanese.In 1976, Ramos embarked on a long professional career as a travel agent, starting with C.F. Sharp shipping company. A year later, she was hired as an inbound tour manager for the Philippine unit of Lufthansa and Hapag-Lloyd, a position she held for 29 years. She retired from those companies in 2006 at age 60.
Politics
Ramos entered politics in the 2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections as a candidate of the Nationalist People's Coalition for Sorsogon-2nd district representative to replace her term-limited brother, Deogracias "Ding" Ramos Jr., who also previously served as Gubat mayor. She won the district race with 110,264 votes, beating former Sorsogon governor Robert Rodrigueza Lee of PDP–Laban, Randy Medina of Lakas and independent candidate Juan Escandor.As a member of the 18th Congress, Ramos filed 29 legislative proposals relating to her work as a member of the majority bloc in the following House committees: Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources, Health, Human Rights, Public Works and Highways and Tourism. Among them was the consolidated House bill raising the age of sexual consent for statutory rape cases from 12 to 16 years old. She voted to pass the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 in Congress in June 2020. She also co-authored Republic Act 11478 that converted the Bicol Medical Center in Naga, Camarines Sur into a 1,000-bed capacity hospital.
Personal life
Ramos was unmarried and had no children. She had five siblings: Deogracias Jr., a politician; Joe, a lawyer; Antonio; Carmen, a medical doctor; and Maria Paz, a chemical engineer and editor.
Death
Ramos died on September 8, 2020, at the age of 76 from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sorsogon. She was earlier diagnosed with cancer but had tested positive for coronavirus just two days prior to her death. She was identified as COVID-19 Bicol patient #1467.Ramos was the second member of the Philippine Congress to have died from the disease, after Senior Citizens Partylist representative Francisco Datol Jr. who died the previous month. Sorsogon Governor Francis Escudero declared three days of mourning until September 11 during which all Philippine flags in the province were flown at half-mast.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
517
],
"text": [
"Gubat"
]
}
|
Maria Bernardita "Ditas" Bañares Ramos (February 17, 1944 – September 8, 2020) was a Filipina high school teacher, travel agent and legislator from Sorsogon, Philippines. She served in the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing Sorsogon's 2nd congressional district in the 18th Congress from 2019 until her death in 2020. She was the youngest sister of three-term Sorsogon representative Deogracias B. Ramos Jr.
Early life and education
Ramos was born on February 17, 1944, in the municipality of Gubat in Sorsogon, the youngest of six children born to Gubat native Deogracias Pura Ramos Sr. and Vicenta Bañares from Barcelona. Her father was a Philippine Army veteran who retired as a colonel and her maternal grandfather, Donato Bañares, worked as a judge in Barcelona. She attended primary school, initially at Gubat Elementary School and then at Lourdes College in Cagayan de Oro where the family moved when her father was stationed briefly in Mindanao. She finished her elementary education at Albert Elementary School in Sampaloc, Manila.Ramos stayed in Manila where she completed both her secondary and college education at Santa Isabel College. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English language in 1965. Ramos also took lessons in English drama, speech and diction at the Philippine Women's University and later enrolled in Japanese language classes.
Career
Ramos returned to her hometown of Gubat, Sorsogon, in 1965 and started her career as a high school teacher of English literature at Saint Louise de Marillac College. In 1974, she joined the tourism industry and worked as an English speaking tour guide for the Department of Tourism during the administration of Secretary Jose Aspiras, which also required her to learn Japanese.In 1976, Ramos embarked on a long professional career as a travel agent, starting with C.F. Sharp shipping company. A year later, she was hired as an inbound tour manager for the Philippine unit of Lufthansa and Hapag-Lloyd, a position she held for 29 years. She retired from those companies in 2006 at age 60.
Politics
Ramos entered politics in the 2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections as a candidate of the Nationalist People's Coalition for Sorsogon-2nd district representative to replace her term-limited brother, Deogracias "Ding" Ramos Jr., who also previously served as Gubat mayor. She won the district race with 110,264 votes, beating former Sorsogon governor Robert Rodrigueza Lee of PDP–Laban, Randy Medina of Lakas and independent candidate Juan Escandor.As a member of the 18th Congress, Ramos filed 29 legislative proposals relating to her work as a member of the majority bloc in the following House committees: Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources, Health, Human Rights, Public Works and Highways and Tourism. Among them was the consolidated House bill raising the age of sexual consent for statutory rape cases from 12 to 16 years old. She voted to pass the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 in Congress in June 2020. She also co-authored Republic Act 11478 that converted the Bicol Medical Center in Naga, Camarines Sur into a 1,000-bed capacity hospital.
Personal life
Ramos was unmarried and had no children. She had five siblings: Deogracias Jr., a politician; Joe, a lawyer; Antonio; Carmen, a medical doctor; and Maria Paz, a chemical engineer and editor.
Death
Ramos died on September 8, 2020, at the age of 76 from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sorsogon. She was earlier diagnosed with cancer but had tested positive for coronavirus just two days prior to her death. She was identified as COVID-19 Bicol patient #1467.Ramos was the second member of the Philippine Congress to have died from the disease, after Senior Citizens Partylist representative Francisco Datol Jr. who died the previous month. Sorsogon Governor Francis Escudero declared three days of mourning until September 11 during which all Philippine flags in the province were flown at half-mast.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
1637
],
"text": [
"tour guide"
]
}
|
Maria Bernardita "Ditas" Bañares Ramos (February 17, 1944 – September 8, 2020) was a Filipina high school teacher, travel agent and legislator from Sorsogon, Philippines. She served in the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing Sorsogon's 2nd congressional district in the 18th Congress from 2019 until her death in 2020. She was the youngest sister of three-term Sorsogon representative Deogracias B. Ramos Jr.
Early life and education
Ramos was born on February 17, 1944, in the municipality of Gubat in Sorsogon, the youngest of six children born to Gubat native Deogracias Pura Ramos Sr. and Vicenta Bañares from Barcelona. Her father was a Philippine Army veteran who retired as a colonel and her maternal grandfather, Donato Bañares, worked as a judge in Barcelona. She attended primary school, initially at Gubat Elementary School and then at Lourdes College in Cagayan de Oro where the family moved when her father was stationed briefly in Mindanao. She finished her elementary education at Albert Elementary School in Sampaloc, Manila.Ramos stayed in Manila where she completed both her secondary and college education at Santa Isabel College. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English language in 1965. Ramos also took lessons in English drama, speech and diction at the Philippine Women's University and later enrolled in Japanese language classes.
Career
Ramos returned to her hometown of Gubat, Sorsogon, in 1965 and started her career as a high school teacher of English literature at Saint Louise de Marillac College. In 1974, she joined the tourism industry and worked as an English speaking tour guide for the Department of Tourism during the administration of Secretary Jose Aspiras, which also required her to learn Japanese.In 1976, Ramos embarked on a long professional career as a travel agent, starting with C.F. Sharp shipping company. A year later, she was hired as an inbound tour manager for the Philippine unit of Lufthansa and Hapag-Lloyd, a position she held for 29 years. She retired from those companies in 2006 at age 60.
Politics
Ramos entered politics in the 2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections as a candidate of the Nationalist People's Coalition for Sorsogon-2nd district representative to replace her term-limited brother, Deogracias "Ding" Ramos Jr., who also previously served as Gubat mayor. She won the district race with 110,264 votes, beating former Sorsogon governor Robert Rodrigueza Lee of PDP–Laban, Randy Medina of Lakas and independent candidate Juan Escandor.As a member of the 18th Congress, Ramos filed 29 legislative proposals relating to her work as a member of the majority bloc in the following House committees: Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources, Health, Human Rights, Public Works and Highways and Tourism. Among them was the consolidated House bill raising the age of sexual consent for statutory rape cases from 12 to 16 years old. She voted to pass the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 in Congress in June 2020. She also co-authored Republic Act 11478 that converted the Bicol Medical Center in Naga, Camarines Sur into a 1,000-bed capacity hospital.
Personal life
Ramos was unmarried and had no children. She had five siblings: Deogracias Jr., a politician; Joe, a lawyer; Antonio; Carmen, a medical doctor; and Maria Paz, a chemical engineer and editor.
Death
Ramos died on September 8, 2020, at the age of 76 from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sorsogon. She was earlier diagnosed with cancer but had tested positive for coronavirus just two days prior to her death. She was identified as COVID-19 Bicol patient #1467.Ramos was the second member of the Philippine Congress to have died from the disease, after Senior Citizens Partylist representative Francisco Datol Jr. who died the previous month. Sorsogon Governor Francis Escudero declared three days of mourning until September 11 during which all Philippine flags in the province were flown at half-mast.
== References ==
|
cause of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
3439
],
"text": [
"COVID-19"
]
}
|
Merkert Gymnasium is a multi-purpose arena in Easton, Massachusetts, USA. It is home to the Stonehill College Skyhawks men's and women's basketball and volleyball teams.The basketball court is called the Paula Sullivan Court, named after the longtime women's basketball head coach for 25 years (1971–1996), when the Skyhawks posted an overall record of 479–159 (.751) and captured six Northeast-10 Conference championships.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"arena"
]
}
|
Beginning in May 2003, by July a total of 71 cases of human monkeypox were found in six Midwestern states including Wisconsin (39 cases), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), Kansas (1), Missouri (2), and Ohio (1). The cause of the outbreak was traced to three species of African rodents (Gambian pouched rat, dormice, rope squirrels) imported from Ghana on April 9, 2003, into the United States by an exotic animal importer in Texas. These were shipped from Texas to an Illinois distributor, who housed them with prairie dogs, which then became infected.
The outbreak marked the first time monkeypox infection appeared in the United States, and the first time in the Western Hemisphere. No deaths were reported, and no human-to-human transmission was found. All cases involved direct contact with infected prairie dogs. Electron microscopy and testing by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the causative agent was human monkeypox.
Timeline
In May, 2003, a three-year-old Wisconsin resident was bitten by a prairie dog purchased from a local pet store. The child was hospitalized after developing fever of unknown origin (103 °F (39 °C)), swollen eyes, and a red vesicular skin rash. The child's parents also developed a rash, but no other symptoms. Physicians immediately associated the symptoms with the animal bite and reported the case to the Milwaukee Health Department. Testing of both the child and the prairie dog confirmed the monkeypox virus as the causative agent.Between May 15, 2003, when the three-year-old index patient was first diagnosed through June 20, the date of the last patient with a laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox, a total of 71 people ranging in age from 1 to 51 were infected.
Source
On April 9, 2003, a Texas importer received a shipment of 762 African rodents from Accra, Ghana, which included rope squirrels (Funiscuirus sp.), tree squirrels (Heliosciurus sp.), Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys sp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus sp.), dormice (Graphiurus sp.), and striped mice (Hybomys sp.). Of these 762 rodents, 584 (77%) were shipped to distributors in six US states: Texas (9), New Jersey (1), Iowa (1), Japan (1), Illinois (2), Minnesota (1) and Wisconsin (1). The remaining 178 (23%) rodents could not be traced due to lack of documentation. CDC laboratory testing of animals from this shipment confirmed monkeypox by PCR and virus isolation in one Gambian rat, three dormice, and two rope squirrels.Illinois distributor number one received Gambian rats and dormice and housed the rodents with 200 prairie dogs. This distributor shipped prairie dogs to pet stores in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, South Carolina, and Michigan. No human cases of monkeypox were reported in Japan, Michigan, and South Carolina. Laboratory-confirmed cases occurred only in Kansas (1), Missouri (2), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), and Wisconsin (22).Of the 200 prairie dogs housed with the Gambian rats and dormice, 94 tested positive for monkeypox virus, including prairie dogs in pet stores in Wisconsin (44 cases), Indiana (24), Illinois (19), Ohio (4), Kansas (1), Missouri (1), and one case in the eastern seaboard state of New Jersey. The Gambian rats and dormice housed with the prairie dogs at Illinois distributor number one tested positive for monkeypox virus.The most recent incidence of monkeypox prior to the Midwest outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1996–1997, with a reported 88 cases. No deaths occurred in the Midwest outbreak. This was attributed to the prompt medical care received and the standard of living in the United States, which includes soap, running water, washing machines, sterile dressing materials, and hospital use of universal precautions, including isolation, gown, mask, gloves, and handwashing.
Transmission
No human-to-human transmission was found during this outbreak. All cases were found to be the direct result of contact with infected prairie dogs. Human-to-human transmission has been reported in Central and West Africa.
Signs and symptoms
The onset of the illness among affected persons in the United States began in early May 2003. People typically experienced fever, headaches, muscle aches, chills, and nonproductive coughs, followed 1–10 days later by a generalized papular rash which developed first on the trunk, then limbs and head. The papules evolved through phases of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. All persons reported direct or close contact with recently acquired prairie dogs.
Treatment
As no direct antiviral treatment for monkeypox was known, only supportive care and prevention of secondary infection was recommended. Universal precautions in the care of those with the disease had been shown to prevent human-to-human transmission and inoculation with the smallpox vaccine has shown to be effective in abating the progression of the disease in those with active infection, and in the prevention of the disease in the general population.
Use of smallpox vaccine
In the Midwest outbreak, the CDC issued guidance on the use of smallpox vaccine, Cidofovir, and Vaccinia immune globulin. Thirty residents in six states received the smallpox vaccination. This included 28 adults and two children. Vaccine was given before exposure to seven persons (three veterinarians, two laboratory workers, and two health-care workers) and after exposure to 23 persons (10 health-care workers, seven household contacts, three laboratory workers, one public health veterinarian, one public health epidemiologist, and one work contact). Three (10%) reported rash within 2 weeks of vaccination.
One adult who was vaccinated as a child did not have a major vaccine reaction or "take" 7 days after vaccination and required revaccination.No adverse reactions to the smallpox vaccine were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.
Further action
To prevent monkeypox virus from entering into the United States again, the Centers for Disease Control banned the importation of implicated African rodents.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued orders banning the interstate shipment of prairie dogs and all African rodents. These were lifted in 2008.
See also
Monkeypox virus
2022 monkeypox outbreak
Zoonosis
Fomite
References
External links
Viralzone: Orthopoxvirus
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae
CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet
CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox
Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox
|
number of deaths
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"0"
]
}
|
Beginning in May 2003, by July a total of 71 cases of human monkeypox were found in six Midwestern states including Wisconsin (39 cases), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), Kansas (1), Missouri (2), and Ohio (1). The cause of the outbreak was traced to three species of African rodents (Gambian pouched rat, dormice, rope squirrels) imported from Ghana on April 9, 2003, into the United States by an exotic animal importer in Texas. These were shipped from Texas to an Illinois distributor, who housed them with prairie dogs, which then became infected.
The outbreak marked the first time monkeypox infection appeared in the United States, and the first time in the Western Hemisphere. No deaths were reported, and no human-to-human transmission was found. All cases involved direct contact with infected prairie dogs. Electron microscopy and testing by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the causative agent was human monkeypox.
Timeline
In May, 2003, a three-year-old Wisconsin resident was bitten by a prairie dog purchased from a local pet store. The child was hospitalized after developing fever of unknown origin (103 °F (39 °C)), swollen eyes, and a red vesicular skin rash. The child's parents also developed a rash, but no other symptoms. Physicians immediately associated the symptoms with the animal bite and reported the case to the Milwaukee Health Department. Testing of both the child and the prairie dog confirmed the monkeypox virus as the causative agent.Between May 15, 2003, when the three-year-old index patient was first diagnosed through June 20, the date of the last patient with a laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox, a total of 71 people ranging in age from 1 to 51 were infected.
Source
On April 9, 2003, a Texas importer received a shipment of 762 African rodents from Accra, Ghana, which included rope squirrels (Funiscuirus sp.), tree squirrels (Heliosciurus sp.), Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys sp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus sp.), dormice (Graphiurus sp.), and striped mice (Hybomys sp.). Of these 762 rodents, 584 (77%) were shipped to distributors in six US states: Texas (9), New Jersey (1), Iowa (1), Japan (1), Illinois (2), Minnesota (1) and Wisconsin (1). The remaining 178 (23%) rodents could not be traced due to lack of documentation. CDC laboratory testing of animals from this shipment confirmed monkeypox by PCR and virus isolation in one Gambian rat, three dormice, and two rope squirrels.Illinois distributor number one received Gambian rats and dormice and housed the rodents with 200 prairie dogs. This distributor shipped prairie dogs to pet stores in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, South Carolina, and Michigan. No human cases of monkeypox were reported in Japan, Michigan, and South Carolina. Laboratory-confirmed cases occurred only in Kansas (1), Missouri (2), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), and Wisconsin (22).Of the 200 prairie dogs housed with the Gambian rats and dormice, 94 tested positive for monkeypox virus, including prairie dogs in pet stores in Wisconsin (44 cases), Indiana (24), Illinois (19), Ohio (4), Kansas (1), Missouri (1), and one case in the eastern seaboard state of New Jersey. The Gambian rats and dormice housed with the prairie dogs at Illinois distributor number one tested positive for monkeypox virus.The most recent incidence of monkeypox prior to the Midwest outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1996–1997, with a reported 88 cases. No deaths occurred in the Midwest outbreak. This was attributed to the prompt medical care received and the standard of living in the United States, which includes soap, running water, washing machines, sterile dressing materials, and hospital use of universal precautions, including isolation, gown, mask, gloves, and handwashing.
Transmission
No human-to-human transmission was found during this outbreak. All cases were found to be the direct result of contact with infected prairie dogs. Human-to-human transmission has been reported in Central and West Africa.
Signs and symptoms
The onset of the illness among affected persons in the United States began in early May 2003. People typically experienced fever, headaches, muscle aches, chills, and nonproductive coughs, followed 1–10 days later by a generalized papular rash which developed first on the trunk, then limbs and head. The papules evolved through phases of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. All persons reported direct or close contact with recently acquired prairie dogs.
Treatment
As no direct antiviral treatment for monkeypox was known, only supportive care and prevention of secondary infection was recommended. Universal precautions in the care of those with the disease had been shown to prevent human-to-human transmission and inoculation with the smallpox vaccine has shown to be effective in abating the progression of the disease in those with active infection, and in the prevention of the disease in the general population.
Use of smallpox vaccine
In the Midwest outbreak, the CDC issued guidance on the use of smallpox vaccine, Cidofovir, and Vaccinia immune globulin. Thirty residents in six states received the smallpox vaccination. This included 28 adults and two children. Vaccine was given before exposure to seven persons (three veterinarians, two laboratory workers, and two health-care workers) and after exposure to 23 persons (10 health-care workers, seven household contacts, three laboratory workers, one public health veterinarian, one public health epidemiologist, and one work contact). Three (10%) reported rash within 2 weeks of vaccination.
One adult who was vaccinated as a child did not have a major vaccine reaction or "take" 7 days after vaccination and required revaccination.No adverse reactions to the smallpox vaccine were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.
Further action
To prevent monkeypox virus from entering into the United States again, the Centers for Disease Control banned the importation of implicated African rodents.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued orders banning the interstate shipment of prairie dogs and all African rodents. These were lifted in 2008.
See also
Monkeypox virus
2022 monkeypox outbreak
Zoonosis
Fomite
References
External links
Viralzone: Orthopoxvirus
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae
CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet
CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox
Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox
|
number of cases
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"71"
]
}
|
Beginning in May 2003, by July a total of 71 cases of human monkeypox were found in six Midwestern states including Wisconsin (39 cases), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), Kansas (1), Missouri (2), and Ohio (1). The cause of the outbreak was traced to three species of African rodents (Gambian pouched rat, dormice, rope squirrels) imported from Ghana on April 9, 2003, into the United States by an exotic animal importer in Texas. These were shipped from Texas to an Illinois distributor, who housed them with prairie dogs, which then became infected.
The outbreak marked the first time monkeypox infection appeared in the United States, and the first time in the Western Hemisphere. No deaths were reported, and no human-to-human transmission was found. All cases involved direct contact with infected prairie dogs. Electron microscopy and testing by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the causative agent was human monkeypox.
Timeline
In May, 2003, a three-year-old Wisconsin resident was bitten by a prairie dog purchased from a local pet store. The child was hospitalized after developing fever of unknown origin (103 °F (39 °C)), swollen eyes, and a red vesicular skin rash. The child's parents also developed a rash, but no other symptoms. Physicians immediately associated the symptoms with the animal bite and reported the case to the Milwaukee Health Department. Testing of both the child and the prairie dog confirmed the monkeypox virus as the causative agent.Between May 15, 2003, when the three-year-old index patient was first diagnosed through June 20, the date of the last patient with a laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox, a total of 71 people ranging in age from 1 to 51 were infected.
Source
On April 9, 2003, a Texas importer received a shipment of 762 African rodents from Accra, Ghana, which included rope squirrels (Funiscuirus sp.), tree squirrels (Heliosciurus sp.), Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys sp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus sp.), dormice (Graphiurus sp.), and striped mice (Hybomys sp.). Of these 762 rodents, 584 (77%) were shipped to distributors in six US states: Texas (9), New Jersey (1), Iowa (1), Japan (1), Illinois (2), Minnesota (1) and Wisconsin (1). The remaining 178 (23%) rodents could not be traced due to lack of documentation. CDC laboratory testing of animals from this shipment confirmed monkeypox by PCR and virus isolation in one Gambian rat, three dormice, and two rope squirrels.Illinois distributor number one received Gambian rats and dormice and housed the rodents with 200 prairie dogs. This distributor shipped prairie dogs to pet stores in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, South Carolina, and Michigan. No human cases of monkeypox were reported in Japan, Michigan, and South Carolina. Laboratory-confirmed cases occurred only in Kansas (1), Missouri (2), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), and Wisconsin (22).Of the 200 prairie dogs housed with the Gambian rats and dormice, 94 tested positive for monkeypox virus, including prairie dogs in pet stores in Wisconsin (44 cases), Indiana (24), Illinois (19), Ohio (4), Kansas (1), Missouri (1), and one case in the eastern seaboard state of New Jersey. The Gambian rats and dormice housed with the prairie dogs at Illinois distributor number one tested positive for monkeypox virus.The most recent incidence of monkeypox prior to the Midwest outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1996–1997, with a reported 88 cases. No deaths occurred in the Midwest outbreak. This was attributed to the prompt medical care received and the standard of living in the United States, which includes soap, running water, washing machines, sterile dressing materials, and hospital use of universal precautions, including isolation, gown, mask, gloves, and handwashing.
Transmission
No human-to-human transmission was found during this outbreak. All cases were found to be the direct result of contact with infected prairie dogs. Human-to-human transmission has been reported in Central and West Africa.
Signs and symptoms
The onset of the illness among affected persons in the United States began in early May 2003. People typically experienced fever, headaches, muscle aches, chills, and nonproductive coughs, followed 1–10 days later by a generalized papular rash which developed first on the trunk, then limbs and head. The papules evolved through phases of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. All persons reported direct or close contact with recently acquired prairie dogs.
Treatment
As no direct antiviral treatment for monkeypox was known, only supportive care and prevention of secondary infection was recommended. Universal precautions in the care of those with the disease had been shown to prevent human-to-human transmission and inoculation with the smallpox vaccine has shown to be effective in abating the progression of the disease in those with active infection, and in the prevention of the disease in the general population.
Use of smallpox vaccine
In the Midwest outbreak, the CDC issued guidance on the use of smallpox vaccine, Cidofovir, and Vaccinia immune globulin. Thirty residents in six states received the smallpox vaccination. This included 28 adults and two children. Vaccine was given before exposure to seven persons (three veterinarians, two laboratory workers, and two health-care workers) and after exposure to 23 persons (10 health-care workers, seven household contacts, three laboratory workers, one public health veterinarian, one public health epidemiologist, and one work contact). Three (10%) reported rash within 2 weeks of vaccination.
One adult who was vaccinated as a child did not have a major vaccine reaction or "take" 7 days after vaccination and required revaccination.No adverse reactions to the smallpox vaccine were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.
Further action
To prevent monkeypox virus from entering into the United States again, the Centers for Disease Control banned the importation of implicated African rodents.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued orders banning the interstate shipment of prairie dogs and all African rodents. These were lifted in 2008.
See also
Monkeypox virus
2022 monkeypox outbreak
Zoonosis
Fomite
References
External links
Viralzone: Orthopoxvirus
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae
CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet
CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox
Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
6278
],
"text": [
"2022 monkeypox outbreak"
]
}
|
Kraskowo [krasˈkɔvɔ] (German: Schönfließ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Młynary, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Młynary, 28 km (17 mi) north-east of Elbląg, and 70 km (43 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
}
|
Kraskowo [krasˈkɔvɔ] (German: Schönfließ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Młynary, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Młynary, 28 km (17 mi) north-east of Elbląg, and 70 km (43 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"Gmina Młynary"
]
}
|
Golla may refer to:
Golla (caste), a caste from Andhra Pradesh, India
Golla (company), a Finnish design company making cases and bags for portable electronics
People with the surname
George Golla, Australian jazz guitarist
Victor Golla, American linguist
Wojciech Golla, Polish footballer
Frank Golla, Filipino basketball player
See also
Gola (disambiguation)
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"caste"
]
}
|
Golla may refer to:
Golla (caste), a caste from Andhra Pradesh, India
Golla (company), a Finnish design company making cases and bags for portable electronics
People with the surname
George Golla, Australian jazz guitarist
Victor Golla, American linguist
Wojciech Golla, Polish footballer
Frank Golla, Filipino basketball player
See also
Gola (disambiguation)
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Golla"
]
}
|
Golla may refer to:
Golla (caste), a caste from Andhra Pradesh, India
Golla (company), a Finnish design company making cases and bags for portable electronics
People with the surname
George Golla, Australian jazz guitarist
Victor Golla, American linguist
Wojciech Golla, Polish footballer
Frank Golla, Filipino basketball player
See also
Gola (disambiguation)
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Golla"
]
}
|
The Planck postulate (or Planck's postulate), one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, is the postulate that the energy of oscillators in a black body is quantized, and is given by
E
=
n
h
ν
{\displaystyle E=nh\nu \,}
,where
n
{\displaystyle n}
is an integer (1, 2, 3, ...),
h
{\displaystyle h}
is Planck's constant, and
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
(the Greek letter nu, not the Latin letter v) is the frequency of the oscillator.
The postulate was introduced by Max Planck in his derivation of his law of black body radiation in 1900. This assumption allowed Planck to derive a formula for the entire spectrum of the radiation emitted by a black body. Planck was unable to justify this assumption based on classical physics; he considered quantization as being purely a mathematical trick, rather than (as is now known) a fundamental change in the understanding of the world. In other words, Planck then contemplated virtual oscillators.
In 1905, Albert Einstein adapted the Planck postulate to explain the photoelectric effect, but Einstein proposed that the energy of photons themselves was quantized (with photon energy given by the Planck–Einstein relation), and that quantization was not merely a feature of microscopic oscillators. Planck's postulate was further applied to understanding the Compton effect, and was applied by Niels Bohr to explain the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom and derive the correct value of the Rydberg constant.
Notes
References
Tipler, Paul A. (1978). Modern Physics. Worth Publishers, Inc.
Planck Postulate—from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
|
named after
|
{
"answer_start": [
685
],
"text": [
"Max Planck"
]
}
|
Leslie Norman or Les Norman is the name of:
Leslie Norman (director) (1911–1993), British film director
Les Norman (politician) (1913–1997), Australian politician
Les Norman (baseball) (born 1969), former Major League Baseball outfielder
Les Norman (lacrosse) (1935–2010), former professional lacrosse player
See also
Norman (name)
Norman Leslie (disambiguation)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Norman"
]
}
|
Leslie Norman or Les Norman is the name of:
Leslie Norman (director) (1911–1993), British film director
Les Norman (politician) (1913–1997), Australian politician
Les Norman (baseball) (born 1969), former Major League Baseball outfielder
Les Norman (lacrosse) (1935–2010), former professional lacrosse player
See also
Norman (name)
Norman Leslie (disambiguation)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Leslie"
]
}
|
Leslie Norman or Les Norman is the name of:
Leslie Norman (director) (1911–1993), British film director
Les Norman (politician) (1913–1997), Australian politician
Les Norman (baseball) (born 1969), former Major League Baseball outfielder
Les Norman (lacrosse) (1935–2010), former professional lacrosse player
See also
Norman (name)
Norman Leslie (disambiguation)
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"film director"
]
}
|
The Sarmiento House is a National Historic Monument in the northern suburb of Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was the former residence from 1855 until his death in 1888 of Domingo Sarmiento, the 7th President of Argentina. It was declared a National Historic Monument in 1966 and is now a museum.
See also
Sarmiento historic museum
External links
Media related to Casa Museo Sarmiento at Wikimedia Commons
welcomeargentina.com (in Spanish)
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Argentina"
]
}
|
The Sarmiento House is a National Historic Monument in the northern suburb of Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was the former residence from 1855 until his death in 1888 of Domingo Sarmiento, the 7th President of Argentina. It was declared a National Historic Monument in 1966 and is now a museum.
See also
Sarmiento historic museum
External links
Media related to Casa Museo Sarmiento at Wikimedia Commons
welcomeargentina.com (in Spanish)
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Tigre"
]
}
|
The Sarmiento House is a National Historic Monument in the northern suburb of Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was the former residence from 1855 until his death in 1888 of Domingo Sarmiento, the 7th President of Argentina. It was declared a National Historic Monument in 1966 and is now a museum.
See also
Sarmiento historic museum
External links
Media related to Casa Museo Sarmiento at Wikimedia Commons
welcomeargentina.com (in Spanish)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"Casa Museo Sarmiento"
]
}
|
Mauritius competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015.
Swimming
Mauritian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):
MenWomen
References
External links
Kazan 2015 Official Site
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mauritius"
]
}
|
Mauritius competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015.
Swimming
Mauritian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):
MenWomen
References
External links
Kazan 2015 Official Site
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"2015 World Aquatics Championships"
]
}
|
Marián Miezga (born 30 October 1974) is a Slovak actor. He was recognised at the 1998 DOSKY Awards as Discovery of the Year as part of the performance of Na koho to slovo padne. Although mainly known for his television roles on Slovak TV channels RTVS and TV JOJ, he joined the cast of Markíza's Oteckovia in 2018 as Juraj Šípka.
Selected filmography
S.O.S. (television, 2004)
Panelák (television, 2008–2014)
Mesto tieňov (television, 2008)
Partička (television, 2009)
Oteckovia (television, 2018)
Přes prsty (2019)
References
External links
Marián Miezga at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"actor"
]
}
|
Marián Miezga (born 30 October 1974) is a Slovak actor. He was recognised at the 1998 DOSKY Awards as Discovery of the Year as part of the performance of Na koho to slovo padne. Although mainly known for his television roles on Slovak TV channels RTVS and TV JOJ, he joined the cast of Markíza's Oteckovia in 2018 as Juraj Šípka.
Selected filmography
S.O.S. (television, 2004)
Panelák (television, 2008–2014)
Mesto tieňov (television, 2008)
Partička (television, 2009)
Oteckovia (television, 2018)
Přes prsty (2019)
References
External links
Marián Miezga at IMDb
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marián Miezga"
]
}
|
Marián Miezga (born 30 October 1974) is a Slovak actor. He was recognised at the 1998 DOSKY Awards as Discovery of the Year as part of the performance of Na koho to slovo padne. Although mainly known for his television roles on Slovak TV channels RTVS and TV JOJ, he joined the cast of Markíza's Oteckovia in 2018 as Juraj Šípka.
Selected filmography
S.O.S. (television, 2004)
Panelák (television, 2008–2014)
Mesto tieňov (television, 2008)
Partička (television, 2009)
Oteckovia (television, 2018)
Přes prsty (2019)
References
External links
Marián Miezga at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marián"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
412
],
"text": [
"Wilson"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
933
],
"text": [
"McKeesport"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"female"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
806
],
"text": [
"Frank Buchanan"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
place of burial
|
{
"answer_start": [
3325
],
"text": [
"Mount Vernon Cemetery"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
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"text": [
"Buchanan"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vera"
]
}
|
Vera Daerr Buchanan (July 20, 1902 – November 26, 1955) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. She was the first female member of the U.S. Congress to ever die while holding office, and she and her husband, who had also died in office, were the first congressional wife and husband to both die while still in office.
Early life and educational
Born in Wilson, Pennsylvania (later part of Clairton) on July 20, 1902, Vera Daerr was a daughter of John Daerr and Jennie Leasure Daerr. A student of the public and parochial schools in Duquesne, Pennsylvania during her formative years, she graduated from high school there, and went on to secure employment as a secretary for that community's steel mill. After marrying automobile dealer and teacher Frank Buchanan in 1929, she and her husband raised twin daughters.
In 1942, she helped her husband win the mayoral election in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. According to historians at the U.S. House of Representatives, as McKeesport's first lady, Vera Daerr Buchanan then initiated "a listening campaign to familiarize herself with the needs of constituents and began cultivating a support base for future election campaigns." Four years later, her husband won the May 1946 special election, filling a vacancy left in the 79th Congress (1945–1947) Representative Samuel Weis's resignation.
Tenure
Serving as her husband's secretary during his five-year tenure, she was then won the special election to fill his seat after her husband died suddenly on April 27, 1951. Running as a Democrat and garnering roughly 62 percent of the vote to defeat Clifford W. Flegal in the July 24, 1951 special election, Buchanan won and was subsequently sworn in to the 82nd United States Congress on August 1 by Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Reelected to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, she served until her death in McKeesport at the age of 53.During her tenure, she served on the House Banking and Currency, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Public Works committees, but resigned from the Merchant Marine Committee in 1952 in order to devote more energy to the other two committee roles. She was supported in her efforts by her daughter Jane Buchanan, who served as her secretary.Safe, affordable housing and affordable groceries for working people became two of her priorities, as did flood protection initiatives for her district. During one speech on the floor of the U.S. House, she pressed her colleagues to understand that American families "should have a chance to live in decent housing," adding that safe, stable housing "is one of the most important factors in a child's environment."
Illness, death and interment
During her third and final term in Congress, Buchanan was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Initially committed to working from her hospital bed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital when she received the diagnosis in June 1955, she continued to do so until she was forced by her failing health to move closer to home. Hospitalized for the final three months of her life at the McKeesport Hospital, she continued working for much of that time until she finally died on November 26, 1955. The first female member of Congress ever to die while still serving, she was buried at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sources
United States Congress. "Vera Buchanan (id: B001009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
== References ==
|
US Congress Bio ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
3559
],
"text": [
"B001009"
]
}
|
The Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway (Chinese: 十堰—天水高速公路), designated as G7011 and commonly referred to as the Shitian Expressway (Chinese: 十天高速公路) is an expressway that connects Shiyan, Hubei, China and Tianshui, Gansu. It is a spur of G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway.
Overview
Hubei Province
The section in Hubei is 58.3 kilometres (36.2 mi) long.
Shaanxi Province
The 189 kilometres (117 mi) long section between Ankang and Hanzhong was opened on 27 December 2010 after a 2 year construction period at a cost of 13.77 billion Yuan.
Gansu Province
The Gansu section is 188.7 kilometres (117.3 mi) long and the investment cost was 20.621 billion Yuan. The section opened on October 1 2015.
Route table
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"Gansu"
]
}
|
The Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway (Chinese: 十堰—天水高速公路), designated as G7011 and commonly referred to as the Shitian Expressway (Chinese: 十天高速公路) is an expressway that connects Shiyan, Hubei, China and Tianshui, Gansu. It is a spur of G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway.
Overview
Hubei Province
The section in Hubei is 58.3 kilometres (36.2 mi) long.
Shaanxi Province
The 189 kilometres (117 mi) long section between Ankang and Hanzhong was opened on 27 December 2010 after a 2 year construction period at a cost of 13.77 billion Yuan.
Gansu Province
The Gansu section is 188.7 kilometres (117.3 mi) long and the investment cost was 20.621 billion Yuan. The section opened on October 1 2015.
Route table
== References ==
|
terminus location
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Shiyan"
]
}
|
The Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway (Chinese: 十堰—天水高速公路), designated as G7011 and commonly referred to as the Shitian Expressway (Chinese: 十天高速公路) is an expressway that connects Shiyan, Hubei, China and Tianshui, Gansu. It is a spur of G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway.
Overview
Hubei Province
The section in Hubei is 58.3 kilometres (36.2 mi) long.
Shaanxi Province
The 189 kilometres (117 mi) long section between Ankang and Hanzhong was opened on 27 December 2010 after a 2 year construction period at a cost of 13.77 billion Yuan.
Gansu Province
The Gansu section is 188.7 kilometres (117.3 mi) long and the investment cost was 20.621 billion Yuan. The section opened on October 1 2015.
Route table
== References ==
|
primary destinations
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Shiyan"
]
}
|
The Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway (Chinese: 十堰—天水高速公路), designated as G7011 and commonly referred to as the Shitian Expressway (Chinese: 十天高速公路) is an expressway that connects Shiyan, Hubei, China and Tianshui, Gansu. It is a spur of G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway.
Overview
Hubei Province
The section in Hubei is 58.3 kilometres (36.2 mi) long.
Shaanxi Province
The 189 kilometres (117 mi) long section between Ankang and Hanzhong was opened on 27 December 2010 after a 2 year construction period at a cost of 13.77 billion Yuan.
Gansu Province
The Gansu section is 188.7 kilometres (117.3 mi) long and the investment cost was 20.621 billion Yuan. The section opened on October 1 2015.
Route table
== References ==
|
short name
|
{
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"十天高速"
]
}
|
The Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway (Chinese: 十堰—天水高速公路), designated as G7011 and commonly referred to as the Shitian Expressway (Chinese: 十天高速公路) is an expressway that connects Shiyan, Hubei, China and Tianshui, Gansu. It is a spur of G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway.
Overview
Hubei Province
The section in Hubei is 58.3 kilometres (36.2 mi) long.
Shaanxi Province
The 189 kilometres (117 mi) long section between Ankang and Hanzhong was opened on 27 December 2010 after a 2 year construction period at a cost of 13.77 billion Yuan.
Gansu Province
The Gansu section is 188.7 kilometres (117.3 mi) long and the investment cost was 20.621 billion Yuan. The section opened on October 1 2015.
Route table
== References ==
|
road number
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"G7011"
]
}
|
The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. ISBN 0-19-866255-6.
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
|
country
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{
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174
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"text": [
"France"
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|
The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. ISBN 0-19-866255-6.
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
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"text": [
"botanical garden"
]
}
|
The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. ISBN 0-19-866255-6.
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
|
founded by
|
{
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353
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"Eugène Mazel"
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The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. ISBN 0-19-866255-6.
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
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"text": [
"Générargues"
]
}
|
The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. ISBN 0-19-866255-6.
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Bambouseraie de Prafrance"
]
}
|
Rusnak is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Rusnák (disambiguation), several people
Albert Rusnak (footballer, born 1994), Slovak footballer
Darius Rusnak, Slovak ice hockey player
Don Rusnak, Canadian politician
John Rusnak, former currency trader
Josef Rusnak, German screenwriter and director
Michael Rusnak, member of the Redemptorist Fathers
Nikolay Stepanovich Rusnak, better known as Metropolitan Nicodemus, former Ukrainian Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv
Ondrej Rusnak, Slovak professional ice hockey player
Peter Rusnak, bishop of the Eparchy of Bratislava
Ron Rusnak, former American football player
Rudolf Gerlach-Rusnak, born: Orest Rusnak, Ukrainian-born German tenor
Stefan Rusnak, former football player from Slovakia and manager
Thom Rusnak, bassist
Urban Rusnak, Slovak diplomat and academic
Vladimir Rusnak, former football player from Slovakia and manager
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said to be the same as
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{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"Rusnák"
]
}
|
Arctosa is a wolf spider species found in Europe and Russia.
See also
List of Lycosidae species
References
== External links ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Arctosa is a wolf spider species found in Europe and Russia.
See also
List of Lycosidae species
References
== External links ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Arctosa"
]
}
|
Le Guide du Dahomey was a short-lived but influential newspaper in Dahomey. The paper was published weekly from Cotonou between 1920 and 1922 over 88 issues under the editorship of Dorothée Lima and Jean Adjovi. Its critical tone and regular production paved the way for the expansion of Dahomean media from the 1920s onwards.
See also
La Voix du Dahomey
List of newspapers in Benin
== References ==
|
editor
|
{
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"Dorothée Lima"
]
}
|
Le Guide du Dahomey was a short-lived but influential newspaper in Dahomey. The paper was published weekly from Cotonou between 1920 and 1922 over 88 issues under the editorship of Dorothée Lima and Jean Adjovi. Its critical tone and regular production paved the way for the expansion of Dahomean media from the 1920s onwards.
See also
La Voix du Dahomey
List of newspapers in Benin
== References ==
|
place of publication
|
{
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"Cotonou"
]
}
|
Le Guide du Dahomey was a short-lived but influential newspaper in Dahomey. The paper was published weekly from Cotonou between 1920 and 1922 over 88 issues under the editorship of Dorothée Lima and Jean Adjovi. Its critical tone and regular production paved the way for the expansion of Dahomean media from the 1920s onwards.
See also
La Voix du Dahomey
List of newspapers in Benin
== References ==
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Le Guide du Dahomey"
]
}
|
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