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Decades of experiments have found that the offspring of nervous mothers are biologically
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programmed to also be nervous Mothers exposed to adversity before during or after
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pregnancy upregulate their babies stressresponse systems permanently Mammals from mice
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to monkeys with stressedout moms exhibit increased adrenal activity which causes higher
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concentrations of stress hormones Mammals with more active adrenal systems are more
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susceptible to stress responding to mildly threatening events in exaggerated and
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inappropriate ways
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These responses often last for the animals entire lifetime They are a specific type of
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developmental plasticity called predictive adaptive responses The idea is that if a mothers
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environment is hostile then her offspring are likely to face that same environment and ought
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to be prepared for it For the same reason rat pups born to calm mothers tend to be calm
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themselves Those that received high levels of maternal care in the form of licking grooming
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and nursing show increased resilience to stress even in adulthood All mammals begin to
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adapt plastically to stress in the womb and continue to do so throughout life This is why it is so
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important to take control of your reactions to stress you have the power to steer yourself away
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from suffering
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We were all born with the capacity for unmitigated strength consummate confidence and
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unconditional dominance Despite this our bodys cells are constantly searching for cues about
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predation and social competition Upon encountering these cues stress hormones are turned
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up the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are strained muscles grow tense and the brain
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is adjusted to make us angry fearful and paranoid Again these responses may result in
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subtle microscopic changes or profound visible ones The Program Peace method aims to
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reverse the negative changes and create lasting positive ones by providing your bodys cells
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with the cues necessary to cause them to interpret their environment as advantageous
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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The autonomic nervous system controls the function of our internal organs It affects the heart
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lungs various organs in our abdomen skin muscles and many areas of the brain It generally
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influences our organs to either prepare for stress as in the fightorflight state or for calm as
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in the restinganddigesting state The fightorflight state is associated with the sympathetic
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PROGRAM PEACE Self Care Exercises to Reprogram Your Mind and Body
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branch of the autonomic nervous system while the restanddigest state is associated with
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the parasympathetic branch These two systems are constantly working together to maintain
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homeostasis to meet organismic needs Both are necessary for health and normal functioning
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They work in unison but at any given time one is usually more active than the other
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The activity of the sympathetic nervous system rises when we feel stressed and lowers
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when we feel calm The sympathetic nervous system becomes toxic when it is augmented by
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developmental plasticity This is when the body builds stressadapted proteins into various
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organ systems This keeps a person locked in a perpetual state of stress that scientists call
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hyperarousal
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Specialists describe the retuning of the autonomic system toward stress as an imbalance
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that equates to a shift toward sympathetic upregulation This is the antagonist of our story
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and it is an adversary for each of us to different extents It is important to point out that the
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sympathetic nervous system itself is not our enemy the problem comes only from longterm
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persistent sympathetic overactivation This happens when fear and intimidation are regular
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occurrences As you might expect inferior and submissive mammals have greater sympathetic
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upregulation For example lowranking baboons have the highest blood pressure stress
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hormones and heart rates
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Moreover the upregulation of the sympathetic system is almost always a ratchet meaning
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that shifts toward stress are generally steady and irreversible This is partly because many
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experiences coerce us to breathe more shallowly but very few convince us that it is safe to
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breathe more deeply The table below details the physiological changes associated with both
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branches of the autonomic system
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Sympathetic Parasympathetic
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Nickname Fight or Flight Rest and Digest
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Breath Volume Shallow Full
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Breathing Rate Faster Slower
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Muscles Tense Relaxed
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Average Heart Rate Higher Lower
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Blood Pressure Higher Lower
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Stress Hormones High Low
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Shortterm Memory Poor Good
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Thinking Muddled Clear
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Emotion Anxious Calm
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Immune System Weakened Strong
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Social Defensive or Receptive or
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Communication aggressive assertive
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Table The Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches
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If were to walk over to my cat and bang my fist on the counter next to him his autonomic
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nervous system would react strongly raising his sympathetic activity This would be very
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apparent in the form of a fullbody startle and increased defensive activity After a few minutes
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his autonomic activity would go back to baseline but repeated threatening surprises would
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Chapter Persistent Adaptation to Chronic Stress
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shift his baseline toward sympathetic upregulation If someone were to make a loud
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unexpected noise next to me would also experience transiently increased autonomic arousal
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Humans share a common ancestor with cats million years ago This funnylooking little
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mammal would have shared its habitat with dinosaurs and would have had an autonomic
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nervous system very similar to ours But the autonomic nervous system is much more ancient
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than this
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If you were to find a group of ants walking around on a tabletop then strike the surface
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they were walking on they would freeze for an instant before running about their business in a
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frenzy The neural components that receive and interpret the quick blow to the tabletop are
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very similar in structure to our own Mammals and insects both inherit their autonomic nervous
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systems from a common aquatic ancestor that lived around million years ago near the end
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of the Precambrian supereon Yet we still share this same basic structure
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Not all animals have an autonomic stress system Animals that live their lives attached to
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rocks including corals sea squirts and anemones have no use for it Even some primitive
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mobile animals such as jellyfish also lack this system We should consider ourselves blessed to
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have it We just have to teach ourselves how to bring it under control because it is a great
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servant but a terrible master
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Ilustration Many orders of animals share similar stress responses and adapt to chronic stress in similar ways
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know a man who is a psychopathic bully He is friendly to people at first to gain their trust
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Then he says whatever he can to confuse upset and undermine them for his amusement
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Before long his victims are breathless trying desperately to mount defensive arguments
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against his red herrings Eventually he points at them laughs and says This man is fighting for
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his life right now We are no different We overuse the sympathetic system during simple
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social confrontations as if we were fighting for our very lives
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The sympathetic system retunes our organs for intense uninterrupted physical exertion
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This might be appropriate for a person forced to defend themselves against death on a minute
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tominute basis But none of us do this in modern times Our stress system is set to overdrive
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even though most of us sit on our butts throughout the day and the most upsetting things that
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