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biochemistry In mammals social defeat routinely leads to social withdrawal lethargy
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reduced exploratory behavior anhedonia decreased sexual drive and reduced levels of
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testosterone in males and females In humans it is linked to low selfesteem feelings of
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depression avoidance anxiety and increased levels of stressrelated hormones One of the
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most dramatic changes is the attenuation of the breath You may have noticed that after a soul
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crushing defeat the most notable change is that it sucks the wind right out of you
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There is good evidence that social defeat in humans leads to poor health and goes hand
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inhand with sympathetic upregulation Low social status is a robust predictor of death and
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disease in humans Several largescale public health studies have found that low
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socioeconomic status is strongly related to illness disease and mortality The lower a
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persons status the more likely they are to have cardiovascular gastrointestinal
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musculoskeletal neoplastic pulmonary renal or other diseases This association between
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disease and social status cannot be explained away by related factors such as age income
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health behavior race sex or access to healthcare and is thought to be a direct effect of
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stress In places where everyone is poor the effect is nowhere near as strong It is the
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inequality that affects health and it seems that social stress is the real culprit as socially
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isolated people and those who receive less social care and inclusion have a greater risk of dying
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from any cause
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Experiences of social defeat cause us to become preoccupied with matters of status Male
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chimps are obsessed with it They organize most of their lives around issues of rank allowing
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social struggles to consume their time energy and mental lives Chimps use intimidation
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bluffs isolation tactics and obtrusive social maneuvers to challenge and undermine others and
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dethrone the leader Similarly human gloryseeking behaviors personal vendettas crimes
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and even largescale political conflicts almost always involve efforts by individuals to improve
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their rank Innate tendencies to resist social defeat form the basis of human egotism hubris
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false pride and insecurity The primate ego is the source of much of our existential suffering
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Our egos reflect the place in the pecking order in which we imagine ourselves This is why
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the ego plays such a pivotal role in our mental lives The ego is a neurological mechanism
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designed to help us navigate the primate social hierarchy while avoiding defeat It causes us to
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compulsively compare our attributes to those of others and to use these comparisons to guide
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our use of dominance and subordination displays After using the exercises in this book to
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rehabilitate your breathing and other bodily functions hope you feel divested of your
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submissive inclinations and with them your susceptibility to defeat When this happens you
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should feel that your ego expands to include others rather than exclude them
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We want to develop egalitarian relationships in which there is no vying for dominion Dont
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bother subjecting yourself to the neverending backandforth game of status displays Rise
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above them To do this you must respond to other peoples aggressive and submissive displays
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toward you without feeling compelled to respond with those of your own Doing so involves
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PROGRAM PEACE Self Care Exercises to Reprogram Your Mind and Body
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subduing four central mammalian instincts This means that whether they play submissive or
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aggressive you choose not to respond with either aggression or submission You will find that
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virtually anything else you respond with will be perfect
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Trauma Devalues Us
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We may encounter many defeats but we must not be defeated It may even be necessary to encounter the defeat
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so that we can know who we are Maya Angelou
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This books premise is that due to our molecular heritage and primate ancestors
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preoccupation with social competition we are highly susceptible to becoming stress adapted
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This causes us to hold various lesions in modules throughout the body It poisons our minds and
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causes our behavior to be desperate combative and vindictive It causes us to perceive threat
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when it is not intended and appraise real threat as more dire than it really is The resulting
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tendencies cause unnecessary negativity that significantly impedes humanitys cultural and
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intellectual progress
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Stephen Hawking once argued that the human race is equivalent to chemical scum ona
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moderatesized planet used to think that we were scum in both senses of the world
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grotesque biological waste and miserable immoral miscreants Now think it is the
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symptoms and physical stigmata of stress that cause us to act reprehensibly For that reason
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think that they make us scum In my mind however if we can transcend our physical
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afflictions we can transcend our propensity for evil In doing so we would also rise above our
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lowly biological origins
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Dominant Animals Are the Least Aggressive
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What happens to an animal that reaches the top Does an ape that becomes an alpha
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individual in their group become more aggressive or less aggressive What is your guess Many
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people tacitly assume that dominant individuals are more aggressive than subordinate ones
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The opposite is true When an ape or monkey is accepted as the alpha of its group its violent
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tendencies evaporate They are the most assertive while also being the least aggressive There
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is no need for either violence or threat displays except under unusual circumstances as when
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a rival challenges the alpha This is true of both males and females It is therefore
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counterproductive for a human to act aggressively in an attempt to appear dominant What
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they appear as instead is impetuous and foolhardy According to primatologists Richard
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Wrangham and Dale Peterson
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The male chimpanzee behaves as if he is quite driven to reach the top of the community
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heap However once he has been accepted as alpha in other words once his authority
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is established to the point where it is no longer challenged his tendency for violence
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falls dramatically Personality differences and differences in the number skills and
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effectiveness of his challengers produce variation in how completely he relaxes
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However once males have reached the top they can become benign leaders as easily as
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they earlier became irritated challengers What most male chimpanzees strive for is
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being on top the one position where they will never have to grovel The difficulty of
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getting there induces aggression
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Chapter Persistent Adaptation to Chronic Stress
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Scientific observations like this document for us that acting aggressive is a sign of weakness
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and selfperceived inferiority believe that the main reason dominant primates are not
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aggressive is that their own subordination signals no longer haunt them As with apes so also
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with humans we are kept controlled by our egos and obsessed with issues of pride because we
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want desperately to stop having to submit know this was the case for me My nonverbals
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were so submissive that was embarrassed by them didnt want to appear weak so would
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instead get angry angry enough to cross ethical boundaries Deep down we know that
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submissive behavior is the source of much of our physical and emotional pain so we are always
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seeking ways to feel confident in leaving submission behind But the necessary confidence is
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elusive
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In the last chapter we discussed how once we stop sending submissive displays we no
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longer have to choose between assertion and aggression because being assertive without being
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aggressive will become second nature How is this so Imagine you were always blushing
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always sneering and that you always looked like you were about to cry Imagine how
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frustrating and difficult it would be to come across as assertive To be assertive you would
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almost have to be passiveaggressive Right Chapter will show you that the tension we hold
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in the muscles surrounding our cheeks and eyes keeps us continually on the verge of blushing
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sneering and crying
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Releasing the tension responsible for such displays will allow you to reach true equanimity
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and present you with a different option At this point you will have to choose between being a
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