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approaches Oxford University Press
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Hoffman K M Trawalter S Assumptions about life hardship and pain
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perception Group Processes Intergroup Relations
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Lin K N Barela A J Chang M Dicus E Garrett S Levine M Oray S McClure
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W O Prenatal stress generates adult rats with behavioral and neuroanatomical
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similarities to human schizophrenics Society for Neuroscience Abstracts
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Schneider M Roughton E Koehler A Lubach G Growth and development
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following prenatal stress exposure in primates An examination of ontogenetic vulnerability
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Child Development
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Talge N M Neal C Glover V Early Stress Translational Research and Prevention
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Science Network Fetal and Neonatal Experience on Child and Adolescent Mental Health
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Antenatal maternal stress and longterm effects on child neurodevelopment how and
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why Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines
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Sapolsky R M Why stress is bad for your brain Science
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Sapolsky Why stress is bad for your brain
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Miller T A Control of circulation in insects General Pharmacology
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Chapter Persistent Adaptation to Chronic Stress
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McEwen B S Stellar E Stress and the individual Mechanisms leading to
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disease Archives of Internal Medicine
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Nelson R J An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology rd ed Sinauer
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Associates Sapolsky R M The influence of social hierarchy on primate health Science
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Hermann H R Dominance and aggression in humans and other animals The great
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game of life Academic Press
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Laufer P No animals were harmed The controversial line between entertainment
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and abuse Lyons Press
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Alcock J Animal behavior An evolutionary approach ed Sinauer
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Bjorkqvist K Social defeat as a stressor in humans Physiology and Behavior
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Huhman K L Social conflict models Can they inform us about human
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psychopathology Hormones and Behavior
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Allen N B Badcock P B The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood
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Evolutionary psychosocial and neurobiological perspectives Psychological Bulletin
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Sapolsky Why stress is bad for your brain
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Adler N E Boyce T Chesney M A Cohen S Folkman S Kahn R L Syme S L
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Socioeconomic status and health The challenge of the gradient The American
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Psychologist Kaplan G A Keil J E Socioeconomic factors and
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cardiovascular disease A review of the literature Circulation
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Pincus T Callahan L F Burkhauser R V Most chronic diseases are reported
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more frequently by individuals with fewer than years of formal education in the age
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United States population Journal of Chronic Diseases
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Seeman T E Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in
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older adults American Journal of Health Promotion
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Stanford C The new chimpanzee A twentyfirstcentury portrait of our closest kin
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Harvard University Press
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PROGRAM PEACE Self Care Exercises to Reprogram Your Mind and Body
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Wrangham R W Peterson D Demonic males Apes and the origins of human
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violence Houghton Mifflin
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Chen Y F Huang X Y Chien C H Cheng J F The effectiveness of
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diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for reducing anxiety Perspectives in Psychiatric
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Care
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Janet K S Gowri P M Effectiveness of deep breathing exercise on blood
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pressure among patients with hypertension nternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
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B
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Chapter Breathe Deeply Smoothly Slowly
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and on Long Intervals
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Regulate the breathing and thereby control the mind BKS lyengar
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What is breathing Breathing is the exchange of gasses used by land animals to provide their
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bodies cells with the oxygen They need that oxygen to burn food into energy Oxygen allows
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cells to break down sugars derived from food and provide us with energy to move and think
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Breathing takes many forms For example crickets simply circulate air through open tubes
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while fish use gills to collect oxygen from water
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In animals with lungs breathing is called ventilation During the ventilatory process air is
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pulled into the lungs where gas exchange takes place Oxygen diffuses from the air into the
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blood during inhalation and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air during
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exhalation When the environment requires that an animal move more than usual its breathing
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rate increases so that more oxygen can be delivered to its busy cells
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Ilustration A Circulatory system of a cricket B Gills of a salmon
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Mammals have muscles in the chest that act to inflate and deflate the lungs The most
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important of these is a specialized muscle located beneath the lungs called the respiratory
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diaphragm Other land vertebrates including amphibians reptiles and the late dinosaurs
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exhibit a similar structure although theirs is simpler and sits above the lungs rather than below
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The mammalian diaphragm changes its behavior depending on the immediate circumstances
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focusing on efficiency in safe environments but producing paranoid overexertion in threatening
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ones This chapter will describe how stress causes the diaphragm to produce quick shallow
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strokes and how deliberately practicing longer fuller breaths can reinstate its proper function
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Distressed Breathing vs Diaphragmatic Breathing
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Breathing shallowly at short intervals is known as distressed breathing It is also known as
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defensive breathing nondiaphragmatic breathing or thoracic breathing The behavior is
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strongly associated with stress and anxiety disorders and tends to cause nervousness and
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discomfort Distressed breathing is characterized by rapid uneven breaths punctuated by
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gasps sighs and breath holding It can easily become habitual leading to serious longterm
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dysfunction
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PROGRAM PEACE Self Care Exercises to Reprogram Your Mind and Body
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Distressed breathing has a reciprocal relationship with the brains stress and threat
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response systems We breathe more defensively when we are afraid and we become more
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afraid when we breathe defensively Distressed breathing is also used as a signal of submission
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This is why improving your breathing will not only help you control negative thinking but also
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help you become more dominant Indeed you will find that true diaphragmatic breathing is
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incompatible with anxiety social and otherwise
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People who breathe shallowly are usually unaware of the condition and do it unknowingly
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throughout the day Most of us breathe by default with bated breath We wait for everything
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in our lives with abated breathing as if a judge were about to announce our prison sentence
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We do this even when circumstances are normal and unthreatening Everyone understands
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more or less instinctively that inhibited irregular breathing is a source of tension and stress
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This is clear from the popularity of idioms like waiting to exhale sigh of relief couldnt
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catch my breath breath of fresh air give me some breathing room and short of breath
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Breathing patterns are contagious and often modeled Children learn how to breathe from
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their parents For this reason children often take on the anxiety level of their parents We
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perceive others breathing patterns from their movements speech patterns sounds of
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inhalation and exhalation and facial tension We all alter our breathing to accommodate or
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match that of the people around us saw this clearly when my distressed breathing would
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