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symptoms of transverse myelitis | Symptoms of transverse myelitis include: 1 Pain. 2 Weakness in the arms or legs. 3 Numbness or tingling. Bowel and bladder 1 problems. Fatigue. | General Discussion. Summary Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare inflammatory disease causing injury to the spinal cord with varying degrees of weakness, sensory alterations, and autonomic dysfunction (the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activity, such as the heart, breathing, the digestive system, and reflexes). | eng_Latn | 12,000 |
what causes a pulled heart muscle | Muscle Spasms/ Swelling. A pulled muscle due to strain or injury can also cause swelling in the chest area and muscle spasms. A muscle spasm is the result of inflammation caused by strain, causing the muscles to contract suddenly.Pain may also be present with muscle spasms.uscle Spasms/ Swelling. A pulled muscle due to strain or injury can also cause swelling in the chest area and muscle spasms. A muscle spasm is the result of inflammation caused by strain, causing the muscles to contract suddenly. | Breathing difficulty. This is one of the main problems of a pulled rib muscle. Breathing will cause expansion of the rib cage where the muscles are attached, so if the person who has pulled muscle inhales deeply, it will stretch the torn muscles, which could really be very painful. | eng_Latn | 12,001 |
what are the symptoms of a silent heart attack | Symptoms of a silent heart attack can include discomfort in your chest, arms or jaw that seem to go away after resting, shortness of breath and tiring easily. The most common complaint of visitors to the emergency room is Chest Pain which is by far the most symptom you're having a heart attack.he most important treatment in silent heart attack is restoring the blood flow to the heart. Restoring blood flow can be accomplished by dissolving clots found in the artery (thrombolysis) or by pushing the artery open using a balloon (angioplasty). Both thrombolysis and angioplasty may be used at the same time. | Occasionally, cardiac pain is felt only in the stomach and the diagnosis of a heart attack is delayed because people think that they are suffering from heartburn. Another common symptom of a heart attack is shortness of breath. Other less common symptoms include nausea, lightheadedness, or feeling cold and clammy. If you experience any of these symptoms, call 911 immediately. | eng_Latn | 12,002 |
muscle ache causes | Muscle aches can be caused by increased physical activity, stress, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes and dehydration. Almost everybody has likely experienced discomfort in his or her muscles at some point. Because almost every part of the body has muscle tissue, this type of pain can be felt practically anywhere. | Muscle pain may arise due to injury or overexertion, infections of the soft tissues, or inflammatory conditions. A number of conditions can be associated with generalized aches and pain, such as influenza, that are perceived to be muscle pain. | eng_Latn | 12,003 |
symptoms of scad | Symptoms of SCAD include: 1 Chest pain. 2 A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in the chest. 3 Pain in your arms, shoulders or jaw. Shortness of 1 breath. Sweating. Unusual, extreme 1 tiredness. Nausea. Dizziness. | The symptoms of SCAD deficiency may be triggered by fasting or illnesses such as viral infections. This disorder is sometimes mistaken for Reye syndrome, a severe condition that may develop in children while they appear to be recovering from viral infections such as chicken pox or flu. | eng_Latn | 12,004 |
symptoms of pain in the groin area | Symptoms that may occur along with groin pain include: A mass, bulge or lump in the groin area and/or scrotum. Difficulty performing your usual sports activities or exercises, such as running, skating or swimming. Flu-like symptoms (fatigue, fever, sore throat, headache, cough, aches and pains).roin pain may be accompanied by other symptoms depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition. For example, groin pain due to an infection may be associated with a fever, redness and warmth around the affected area. | Symptoms include: 1 Pain and tenderness in the groin area. 2 Stiffness in the groin area. 3 Weakness of the adductor muscles. Bruising in the groin area (if blood vessels are 1 broken) Popping or snapping sensation as the muscle tears (possibly) | eng_Latn | 12,005 |
symptoms of blood clot in arm | 191 Followers. A. Venous clots do not allow blood to return to the heart and symptoms occur because of this damming effect. Most often occurring in the legs or the arms, symptoms include: 1 swelling. 2 warmth. 3 redness. 4 pain. | Here are some of the symptoms of blood clot in arm which requires to be noted down for seeking an emergency doctor's visit. 1 In case you experience shortness of breath. 2 If there is a sudden weakness, numbness in the face, leg or arm. 3 If you feel persistent pressure or squeezing pain in the middle of the chest. | eng_Latn | 12,006 |
what does it feel like when your lungs hurt | When to Call Your Doctor. If you are constantly complaining âmy lungs hurtâ, it is important to pay your doctor a visit. Call 911 or consult a doctor when you feel lightheaded, if you experience shortness of breath, if you feel crushing kind of pain, sudden pains or if the pain which spread to your arm, back and jaw. | When a collapse of the lung first occurs, you may feel a sharp pain in your chest that gets worse when you cough. You may also have difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. You may experience more symptoms if the collapse affects a larger portion of your lung. These symptoms include: a rapid heartbeat; a tight feeling in the chest; getting tired easily | eng_Latn | 12,007 |
what does it mean when you yawn and your chest hurts | Chest pain aggravated by laughing yawning, moving in certain directions, stretching and deep breathing goes more in favor of costochondritis, which causes pain and tenderness at points where your ribs attach to your breastbone. The inflammation around the joint area gives sharp pain on taking a breath. | Report Copyright Violation. SPIRITUAL PEOPLE, what does this mean??? When someone prays to God asking for help, etc...suddenly that person lets out a big yawn. It happens almost all the time when praying or talking to God.... what does it mean?spiritual draining thats what thats called your praying with your spirit. Re: SPIRITUAL PEOPLE, what does this mean???hen someone prays to God asking for help, etc...suddenly that person lets out a big yawn. It happens almost all the time when praying or talking to God.... what does it mean? Be offended. It's my gift to you. For a few seconds, it means you're awake... Re: SPIRITUAL PEOPLE, what does this mean??? | eng_Latn | 12,008 |
what are boils symptoms of | Boil Symptoms. Boils are usually pea-sized, but can grow as large as a golf ball. Symptoms can include: 1 Swelling, redness, and pain. 2 A white or yellow center or tip. 3 Weeping, oozing, or crusting. | At times, any of these symptoms can be severe: Fatigue. Fever not associated with flu symptoms. Fluid leakage from the boil, which may crust over. Itching feeling. Rigid, sensitive reddened area of skin ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Tenderness or pain. | eng_Latn | 12,009 |
spider bite symptoms swelling | 1 Other symptoms include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches and hemolytic anemia (a condition where the red blood cells are destroyed). People bitten by an unseen spider sometimes blame the brown recluse spider because their bite resembles a brown recluse spider bite. | Black widow spider bites. Signs and symptoms of a black widow spider bite may include: 1 Pain. Typically beginning within an hour of being bitten, pain generally occurs around the bite mark, but it can spread from the bite site into your abdomen, back or chest. Cramping. | eng_Latn | 12,010 |
why do i see star like movement when i sneeze | Report Abuse. A temporary drop in blood pressure would cause you to see stars after a hard cough or sneeze.... the drop in blood pressure causes a little lack of oxygen to the brain. It's not anything to worry with unless it is affecting your day to day life. twolfe1313 · 1 decade ago. 3. Thumbs up. | It pro more I'm 20 weeks pregnant, and when I sneeze my left shoulder blade hurts, kind of like a stinging sharp pain. It probably last about 10-30 seconds long. My question is, why does my shoulder blade hurt when I sneeze. | eng_Latn | 12,011 |
early symptoms of coxsackie in adults | A very serious problem caused by coxsackievirus is infection of the heart and lining of the heart (myopericarditis). Fortunately, this complication is quite rare. Myopericarditis symptoms may vary from mild to severe. Severe cases may result in heart failure, heart attack or death. Myopericarditis is more common in young, active adults. | Symptoms common in adults include: 1 difficulty breathing. 2 a raspy voice. 3 harsh, noisy breathing. 4 severe sore throat. 5 no cough present. 6 inability to catch your breath. | eng_Latn | 12,012 |
tetany symptoms | The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Tetany includes the 14 symptoms listed below: 1 Abnormal sensations Tingling lips. Burning lips. 2 Painful muscle spasms Painful hand muscle spasms. Painful foot muscle spasms. 3 General muscle aches. more information...». | Medical Definition of Tetany. Tetany: A condition that is due usually to low blood calcium (hypocalcemia) and is characterized by spasms of the hands and feet, cramps, spasm of the voice box (larynx), and overactive neurological reflexes. Tetany is generally considered to result from very low calcium levels in the blood. | eng_Latn | 12,013 |
symptoms of ischemia | Symptoms of cardiac ischemia include: 1 Chest pain or pressure, which may radiate to the back, arm, shoulder, neck, jaw or stomach. 2 Limitations of physical abilities. 3 Nausea with or without vomiting. Palpitations or irregular heart rhythms. | Most cases involve people with atherosclerosis problems. Symptoms of acute limb ischaemia include: 1 Pain. 2 Pallor. 3 Paresthesias. 4 Poikilothermia. 5 Pulselessness. 6 Paralysis. | eng_Latn | 12,014 |
can ra cause lung pain | Interstitial lung disease associated with RA typically includes interstitial pneumonias and bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small air passages of the lungs called the bronchioles), as well as damage to alveoli. The symptoms of interstitial lung disease include shortness of breath, pain, and difficulty breathing.1,2. The formation of nodules in the lungs occurs in a small minority of patients with RA (less than 1%). RA nodules are more common in men than women. Typically, nodules are asymptomatic. | Hip RA can cause symptoms such as severe pain, stiffness, and swelling. With RA's hip pain, you may have discomfort and stiffness in the thigh and groin. Other symptoms of RA include fatigue, loss of appetite, pain, swelling, and stiffness in other joints.ip RA can cause symptoms such as severe pain, stiffness, and swelling. With RA's hip pain, you may have discomfort and stiffness in the thigh and groin. Other symptoms of RA include fatigue, loss of appetite, pain, swelling, and stiffness in other joints. | eng_Latn | 12,015 |
Medical expulsion therapy for ureteric calculus - possible! | Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) and endourology: an ideal combination for the treatment of kidney stones | Exogenous growth factors do not affect the development of individually cultured murine embryos | eng_Latn | 12,016 |
Low urine citrate excretion as main risk factor for recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in males. | Stone Composition, Metabolic Profile and the Presence of the Gut-Inhabiting Bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes as Risk Factors for Renal Stone Formation | Recent advances in managing and understanding nephrolithiasis | eng_Latn | 12,017 |
OBJECTIVE ::: To compare the metabolic profile of patients who form mixed calcium oxalate (CaOx)/uric acid (UA) stones to those of pure CaOx and pure UA stone formers. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: We performed a retrospective review of 232 patients, with both stone composition analysis and 24-hour urine collection, seen between March 2002 and April 2012. Analysis of 24-hour urine constituents across the 3 stone groups (pure UA, pure CaOx, and mixed CaOx/UA) was performed using univariate analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression models adjusting for clinical and demographic factors and 24-hour urine collection elements. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: A total of 27 patients (11.6%) had mixed CaOx/UA, 122 (52.6%) had pure CaOx, and 83 (35.8%) had pure UA calculi. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant differences between mixed CaOx/UA patients and pure CaOx patients for urine pH (mixed, 5.63 ± 0.49 vs pure, CaOx 5.93 ± 0.51; P = .009) and supersaturation (SS) UA (mixed, 1.84 ± 1.09 vs pure, CaOx 1.26 ± 0.93; P = .01), and a significant difference between mixed CaOx/UA patients and pure UA patients for SS CaOx (mixed, 7.18 ± 4.23 vs pure, UA 4.90 ± 2.96; P = .005). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that mixed CaOx/UA patients had no significant difference in SS CaOx as compared with pure CaOx patients (difference, -0.27; P = .66), whereas at the same time had no significant difference in SS UA as compared with pure UA patients (-0.07; P = .69). ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: The metabolic profile of patients who form mixed CaOx/UA stones demonstrates abnormalities that promote both CaOx and UA stone formation. Dietary and medical management for this group of patients should address treatment of both defects. | To provide some basis for the prevention of urinary stones in general population, we did a systemic analysis of urinary stones from Northern, Eastern, Central, Southern and Southwest China by a multi-center study. A total of 11,157 urinary stones from Northern, Eastern, Central, Southern and Southwest China were obtained and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Combined with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectrometer, urinary stones were classified into different types. Furthermore, the correlation between stone types and clinical characteristics, as well as their regional distribution were elucidated. Calcium oxalate stones were the most common type in each region, followed by calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate mixed stones, uric acid stones and calcium phosphate stones. The distribution of calcium oxalate stones were highest prevalence in Southwest China (67.9%, P < 0.05), followed by Eastern and Northern China. Anhydrous uric acid stones, with a constituent ratio of 19.3% in Southern China, and 13.7% in Central China, were significantly higher than that in other regions (P < 0.05). Elements analysis indicated varieties among stone types as well as distribution regions. Moreover, the clinical characteristics were highly correlated with stone types and anatomical locations but not their distribution regions. The material and elements composition of urinary stones among different regions showed some varieties. Calcium oxalate stone has the highest constituent ratio in Southwest China, while anhydrous uric acid stone has the highest constituent ratio in Southern China. Moreover, the clinical characteristics were highly correlated with stone types and anatomical locations but not their distribution regions. | ABSTRACTUNC-45A is an ubiquitously expressed protein highly conserved throughout evolution. Most of what we currently know about UNC-45A pertains to its role as a regulator of the actomyosin system... | eng_Latn | 12,018 |
Photmicrography of urinary deposits in stone clinic | Study of Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria on Renal and Vesical Urines in Stone Formers and Normal Subjects | No association between month of birth and biliary atresia in a country with tropical climate | eng_Latn | 12,019 |
We present five patients with urinary matrix calculi, which, in contrast to the normally brittle calcigerous calculi, are soft, pliable, and amorphous. Common clinical features include a history of calcigerous stone disease, renal surgery, urinary obstruction or stasis, and chronic infection with Proteus species or coliforms. The diagnosis is usually made at surgery, but certain preoperative radiographic findings may be suggestive. Matrix calculi are radiolucent on plain abdominal films, although their appearance on nonenhanced CT scans is similar to that of calcigerous calculi despite their small mineral content. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is ineffective; open or percutaneous techniques are necessary. Histologic inspection reveals laminar concentric rings of organized matrix with an orderly, layered deposition of minerals. Histochemical investigation can provide insight into the possible sequence of events in normal calculogenesis. The successful management of urinary matrix calculi depends on a high index of suspicion and a thorough knowledge of their clinicopathologic features. | Renal matrix stones are a rare phenomenon and they present a diagnostic challenge due to their atypical radiological appearances in comparison to more commonly encountered renal tract calculi. We describe a case of known stone former presenting with loin pain and recurrent urinary tract infections who was diagnosed with a matrix stone. The video of the diagnostic flexiureterorenoscopy demonstrating the matrix stone occupying almost the entire right renal collecting system is also presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 12,020 |
In the identification of small amounts of suspected drugs the most valuable tests are of two kinds: color tests on the spot-plate, and crystal tests under the microscope. The former are especially useful for compounds of phenolic character, such as adrenalin, arbutin, aspirin, and the opium alkaloids. The micro-crystal tests are particularly useful for amines, such as all alkaloids, and amides, such as phenacetin and acetanilid. This method of identification by recognition of characteristic crystals under the microscope was begun by Wormley (1), Lyons (2), Behrens (3), and others, and developed in more recent years for the alkaloids especially by Grutterink (4), Stephenson (5), and Amelink (6). A number of the more recently developed tests, including some which were previously unpublished, will be described in the course of this paper. The photomicrographs' which accompany the text show the crystals of the four alkaloids, morphine, heroin, dilaudid, and cocaine, resulting from several of these tests. Some of the micro-crystals have been previously described (11, 12, 13, 14, 15), but until now no photographs of them have appeared in any of the literature. The crystal tests for a particular alkaloid require selected reagents which will most readily give highly characteristic crystals with the alkaloid in question (7, 8, 9, 10), for the usual result with a reagent and an alkaloid taken at random is an amorphous precipitate that does not crystallize at all. Generally the chosen tests are such that the crystals can be definitely recognized by mere inspection under a low power microscope (50 to 100 X). However, since many of the crystals are highly pleochroic with polarized light, or highly birefringent and beautifully illuminated with crossed nicols, it is best to use a polarizing microscope whenever available. | In this paper we present an interesting case of acute kidney injury and severe metabolic alkalosis in a patient with a history of heavy heroin abuse. Urine microscopy showed numerous broomstick-like crystals. These crystals are also identified in light and electron microscopy. We hypothesize that heroin crystalizes in an alkaline pH, resulting in tubular obstruction and acute kidney injury. Management is mainly supportive as there is no known specific therapy for this condition. This paper highlights the utility of urine microscopy in diagnosing the etiology of acute kidney injury and proposes a novel disease called heroin crystal nephropathy. | By using a superluminescent diode as the light source and a depolariser inside the fibre coil, a constant scale factor is achieved without using polarisation control elements. For long-term behaviour an RMS-bias drift of 10 degrees/h is obtained. | eng_Latn | 12,021 |
Purpose of review Stone disease continues to plague humankind. Recent innovations in minimally invasive surgery, however, have decreased morbidity for the treatment of lithiasis, once only amenable to open surgical techniques. These advances in stone management have also been paralleled in the radiographic armamentarium. Herein, we describe the evolution of initial radiographic workup for urolithiasis, from abdominal radiograph to three-dimensional computed tomography and some of the novel applications thereof. Recent findings Previously, abdominal radiography was the only modality available for the visualization of calculi. Subsequently, the development of intravenous contrast aided in evaluating renal function, detecting the presence and location of obstruction, and in identifying filling defects. Most recently, prospective randomized trials have demonstrated improved sensitivity and specificity using noncontrast helical computed tomography rather than intravenous pyelogram with regard to the initial evaluation of acute flank pain. Further attempts to lower the overall radiation dose without compromising efficacy have also been introduced. Currently, the volume of calculus disease can be better quantified and somewhat qualified from three-dimensional computer software, thereby optimizing stone management. Summary Considerable progress has been made using minimally invasive techniques in the treatment of nephrolithiasis. Furthermore, advances in radiographic computer hard- and software applications allow for a rapid acquisition time and improved image quality without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy. In time, it is likely that the combination of these enhanced imaging modalities will lead to an improvement in stone localization, fragmentation and stone-free rates. | PURPOSE ::: We determined specific radiographic morphological patterns of crystallographically analyzed pure and mixed calcium oxalate dihydrate and calcium oxalate monohydrate urinary calculi. ::: ::: ::: MATERIALS AND METHODS ::: A total of 86 greater than 1 cm. calculi crystallographically analyzed as pure calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate or admixtures of the 2 types was studied to determine whether various forms of calcium oxalate differed in radiographic morphology. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Four distinct radiographic patterns could be identified by plain film roentgenography: group 1--14 patients with smooth edged, homogeneously dense calculi, some with dentate shapes (12 had pure calcium oxalate monohydrate stones), group 2--33 with multinodular calculi with irregular edges and variegated areas of more and less radiodensity (32 had greater than 60% calcium oxalate monohydrate), group 3--33 with a uniform, stippled pattern, often with identifiable radial striations, and with a larger amount of calcium oxalate dihydrate than groups 1 or 2, and group 4--6 with poorly radiodense, loosely aggregated crystals with a lacy structure. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: At least 4 patterns of calcium oxalate stones are recognizable by plain film roentgenography. Because the fragility of calcium oxalate calculi is determined by the relative calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate content, pretreatment recognition of these radiographic patterns may affect the selection of a therapeutic modality. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 12,022 |
An improved broadband antipodal Vivaldi antenna(AVA) is proposed in this letter. The coplanar waveguide feeds (CPW) are applied and the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is used to realize the transition from the coplanar waveguide to the AVA. The antenna size is $79.9mm \times 24mm$. The final design operates over 18–40 GHz with return loss-10 dB. The antenna gain is relatively stable and the cross-polarization level is lower than-15 dB. It can be used as a feed antenna for millimeter wave imaging systems and can be well matched to various applications of millimeter wave frequencies. | To achieve broadband performances in the millimeter-wave range, antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (ALTSA) designs with new combined substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and regular coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeds are presented and studied. This feed structure eliminates the fabrication of air bridges in direct CPW-fed tapered slot antennas (TSAs). Two millimeter-wave design techniques are introduced for the selected 41–61 GHz and 90–120 GHz frequency ranges, demonstrating very good impedance match and nearly constant gain, beamwidth, and cross-polarization levels over bandwidths of 39% and 28%, respectively. The design procedure is validated by comparing simulated results with measurements performed on a 21–31 GHz (38% bandwidth) prototype. Very good agreement between measured and calculated performance characteristics is obtained with only cross-polarization levels slightly higher than predicted. The structural design parameters and dimensions of all three designs are given. | Purpose: The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is mainly explained with metabolic disorders. However metabolic disorders alone are not sufficient to explain this pathology. In the present study the anatomical differences in the lower calyceal stone formers were examined on both the stone forming and contralateral normal side. The objective was to assess the effect of lower pole renal anatomy on the lower calyceal stone formation. Materials and Methods: Between July 1999 and July 2004 39 patients with non-obstructed solitary lower pole stones were studied. Mean age was 47.02 years. The anatomic factors were determined on intravenous urograms (IVU). The renal length and width and the number of major and minor calices were noted. Lower pole infundibular calyceal length (ICL) and width (IW), lower infundibular length-to-width ratio were measured. The infundibulo-ureteropelvic angle (IUPA) was measured by two methods using the angle between infundibular and ureteral axes (IUPA-1), and between infundibular and ureteropelvic axes (IUPA-2). We examined a new parameter: Renal longitudinal axis-infundibulum angle (RIA) for renal stone formation. RIA was determined between two axes, including the axis connecting the central point of the pelvis opposite the margins of inferior and superior renal sinus to midpoint of renal axis and the longitudinal renal axis (Figure 2). The data of the stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by paired-t-test. Results: The IUPA-1 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 77% of cases. The UIPA-2 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 72% of cases. The differences with both methods between the stone forming and contralateral normal side were statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean ICL of stone forming side was 30.20 mm whereas it was 25.51 mm in non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between mean ICL values was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean infundibular length-to-width ratio was 8.55±3.25 on the stone forming side and 7.09±2.90 on the non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The differences in RIA, infundibular width (IW), renal length, renal width and the number of major and minor calyces between stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Anatomical disorders of lower pole collecting system may be considered as factors contributing to stone formation. IUPA (1 and 2), ICL and ICL-to-IW ratio are significantly differing factors that might predispose to lower calyceal stone formation. | eng_Latn | 12,023 |
A compact polarization rotator (PR) for silicon-based slot waveguides is proposed, where a metal strip of aluminum (Al) is embedded in its upper-claddings. With the features of asymmetric hybrid plasmonic waveguide induced by the metal strip, an optimal optical axis rotation angle of 45° is realized, leading to high polarization conversion efficiency (PCE). The numerical results show that a PR of 11.6 μm in length at the wavelength of 1.55 μm is achieved with the PCE and insertion loss of 97.6% and 0.86 dB for TM-to-TE conversion, respectively. In addition, fabrication tolerances to the structural parameters are investigated and field evolution along the propagation distance through the PR is demonstrated. | Microphotonic structures that strongly confine light, such as photonic crystals and micron-sized resonators, have unique characteristics that could radically advance technology1,2,3,4,5,6. However, such devices cannot be used in most applications because of their inherent polarization sensitivity; they respond differently to light polarized along different axes7,8,9. To take advantage of the distinctive properties of these structures, a general, integrated, broadband solution to their polarization sensitivity is needed. Here, we show the first demonstration of such a solution. It enables arbitrary, polarization-sensitive, strong-confinement (SC) microphotonic devices to be rendered insensitive (transparent) to the input polarization at all wavelengths of operation. To test our approach, we create the first polarization-transparent add–drop filter from polarization-sensitive microring resonators. It shows almost complete elimination of polarization sensitivity over the 60-nm bandwidth measured, while maintaining outstanding filter performance. This development is a milestone for SC microphotonics, allowing the applications of photonic-crystal and microring devices to several areas, including communications, spectroscopy and remote sensing. | Purpose: The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is mainly explained with metabolic disorders. However metabolic disorders alone are not sufficient to explain this pathology. In the present study the anatomical differences in the lower calyceal stone formers were examined on both the stone forming and contralateral normal side. The objective was to assess the effect of lower pole renal anatomy on the lower calyceal stone formation. Materials and Methods: Between July 1999 and July 2004 39 patients with non-obstructed solitary lower pole stones were studied. Mean age was 47.02 years. The anatomic factors were determined on intravenous urograms (IVU). The renal length and width and the number of major and minor calices were noted. Lower pole infundibular calyceal length (ICL) and width (IW), lower infundibular length-to-width ratio were measured. The infundibulo-ureteropelvic angle (IUPA) was measured by two methods using the angle between infundibular and ureteral axes (IUPA-1), and between infundibular and ureteropelvic axes (IUPA-2). We examined a new parameter: Renal longitudinal axis-infundibulum angle (RIA) for renal stone formation. RIA was determined between two axes, including the axis connecting the central point of the pelvis opposite the margins of inferior and superior renal sinus to midpoint of renal axis and the longitudinal renal axis (Figure 2). The data of the stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by paired-t-test. Results: The IUPA-1 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 77% of cases. The UIPA-2 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 72% of cases. The differences with both methods between the stone forming and contralateral normal side were statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean ICL of stone forming side was 30.20 mm whereas it was 25.51 mm in non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between mean ICL values was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean infundibular length-to-width ratio was 8.55±3.25 on the stone forming side and 7.09±2.90 on the non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The differences in RIA, infundibular width (IW), renal length, renal width and the number of major and minor calyces between stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Anatomical disorders of lower pole collecting system may be considered as factors contributing to stone formation. IUPA (1 and 2), ICL and ICL-to-IW ratio are significantly differing factors that might predispose to lower calyceal stone formation. | eng_Latn | 12,024 |
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is a very common disorder. Surprisingly, the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to CaOx stone formation have been largely unknown so far. The long-accepted simple explanation by an exceeding of the solubility product of lithogenic substances in the urine cannot sufficiently describe the complex processes. Deviating from the hypothesis that proclaims that the initial crystal deposition takes place in the lumens of renal tubules, new insights suggest a primary plaque formation in the interstitial space of the renal papilla. Initially, calcium phosphate (CaPh) crystals and organic matrix are deposited along the basement membranes of the thin loops of Henle and extend further in the interstitial space to the urothelium, constituting the so-called Randall's plaques that can be regularly found during endoscopy of CaOx-stone-forming patients. These CaPh crystals seem to be the origin for the development of future CaOx stones, which form by the attachment of further matrix molecules and CaOx from the urine to the plaque. The driving forces, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms, and the involved matrix molecules remain largely unknown. Possibly, completely different pathomechanisms lead to the common clinical diagnosis of"CaOx stone former." | Context Urolithiasis (UL) is one of the most common diseases, with worldwide increasing incidence and prevalence. The pathogenesis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) UL, which accounts for >80% of all urinary stones, is only incompletely understood. Objective Our aim was to review trends in epidemiology and current concepts for the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of urinary stone disease. Evidence acquisition We reviewed data from the literature and our own series. Evidence synthesis Urinary stone formation is a result of different mechanisms. Completely different pathomechanisms lead to CaOx stone formation, with Randall plaques playing a key role in the pathogenesis. Conclusions The lithogenesis of key stones is multifactorial. Lifestyle and dietary choices are important contributing factors. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CaOx stones is still incompletely understood. Recent evidence suggests a primary interstitial apatite crystal formation that secondarily leads to CaOx stone formation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 12,025 |
Antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLCs) with 45° tilt angle have been shown recently [K. D’hav’e, Per Rudquist, S. T. Lagerwall, H. Pauwels, W. Drzewinski, and R. Dabrowski, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3528 (2000)] to exhibit true dark state between crossed polarizers at normal incidence. We show that this situation is possible at any incidence or any tilt angle depending on the principal dielectric constants e1–3. In particular, when the deviation of e1 from the average (e2+e3)/2 is small, the medium behaves nearly as isotropic medium. Hence using this class of AFLC materials it will be possible to build full color, high-resolution displays with large viewing angular range. The optimum viewing angular cone will be obtained when the degeneracy point corresponds to 45° incidence angle and tilt angle anywhere from 0 to 45° depending on the values of the principal dielectric constants and, in particular, on the biaxiality. For the uniaxial case this angle is practically 41°–42° without dependence on the optical ... | Liquid crystals (LCs) are made of molecules and layers of small nm sizes, hence by their nature they fall in the categories of nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. Their interaction with solid nanostructures has been a subject of interest since the early days of LC research, as their surface alignment processes are strongly related to the formation of nanogrooves upon mechanical rubbing, nanocolumns by the oblique deposition technique, nanopores in etched surfaces, and the formation of self-assembled nanolayers on solid surfaces. The field has been boosted after the latest developments in nanotechnology both in theoretical simulations and in the possible fabrication of nanoscale structures, such as subwavelength gratings, nanoporous materials, and nanoparticles. A new field of research has emerged that combines LCs with nanostructures. Because LC materials are switchable, a new family of active plasmonic and nanophotonic devices is emerging. Interesting fundamental research phenomena are being reported, as well as the development of improved devices. The interaction of LCs with nanostructures is not only of fundamental interest but can also be applied for novel devices. | Purpose: The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is mainly explained with metabolic disorders. However metabolic disorders alone are not sufficient to explain this pathology. In the present study the anatomical differences in the lower calyceal stone formers were examined on both the stone forming and contralateral normal side. The objective was to assess the effect of lower pole renal anatomy on the lower calyceal stone formation. Materials and Methods: Between July 1999 and July 2004 39 patients with non-obstructed solitary lower pole stones were studied. Mean age was 47.02 years. The anatomic factors were determined on intravenous urograms (IVU). The renal length and width and the number of major and minor calices were noted. Lower pole infundibular calyceal length (ICL) and width (IW), lower infundibular length-to-width ratio were measured. The infundibulo-ureteropelvic angle (IUPA) was measured by two methods using the angle between infundibular and ureteral axes (IUPA-1), and between infundibular and ureteropelvic axes (IUPA-2). We examined a new parameter: Renal longitudinal axis-infundibulum angle (RIA) for renal stone formation. RIA was determined between two axes, including the axis connecting the central point of the pelvis opposite the margins of inferior and superior renal sinus to midpoint of renal axis and the longitudinal renal axis (Figure 2). The data of the stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by paired-t-test. Results: The IUPA-1 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 77% of cases. The UIPA-2 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 72% of cases. The differences with both methods between the stone forming and contralateral normal side were statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean ICL of stone forming side was 30.20 mm whereas it was 25.51 mm in non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between mean ICL values was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean infundibular length-to-width ratio was 8.55±3.25 on the stone forming side and 7.09±2.90 on the non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The differences in RIA, infundibular width (IW), renal length, renal width and the number of major and minor calyces between stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Anatomical disorders of lower pole collecting system may be considered as factors contributing to stone formation. IUPA (1 and 2), ICL and ICL-to-IW ratio are significantly differing factors that might predispose to lower calyceal stone formation. | eng_Latn | 12,026 |
Miniaturization has always been a crucial challenge in the field of antenna engineering. In the recent past a number of researchers have shown that fractal geometry have potential to design smaller, broad band and multi band antennas. In this proposed work performances of log periodic fractal antennas of different flare angles have been investigated. Simulation results show that fractal log periodic antenna gives better performance in terms of gain, return loss and directivity. Performance of log periodic fractal antenna has also been investigated for flare angles 30°, 45°, 60°, 70° and 80°. In this proposed work fractal antenna gives best performance with 60° flare angle. | Applying fractals to antenna elements allows for smaller, resonant antennas which are multiband/broadband and may be optimized for gain. They do not use additional loading components and are simple and cost-effective to fabricate. They can be mounted to constraining form factors, such as the casing of hand-held transceivers. Fractal antennas prove worthwhile, high performance, resonant antennas for many practical applications. Usually fabricated as or on small circuit boards, they allow new versatility in their use with wireless devices. | Purpose: The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is mainly explained with metabolic disorders. However metabolic disorders alone are not sufficient to explain this pathology. In the present study the anatomical differences in the lower calyceal stone formers were examined on both the stone forming and contralateral normal side. The objective was to assess the effect of lower pole renal anatomy on the lower calyceal stone formation. Materials and Methods: Between July 1999 and July 2004 39 patients with non-obstructed solitary lower pole stones were studied. Mean age was 47.02 years. The anatomic factors were determined on intravenous urograms (IVU). The renal length and width and the number of major and minor calices were noted. Lower pole infundibular calyceal length (ICL) and width (IW), lower infundibular length-to-width ratio were measured. The infundibulo-ureteropelvic angle (IUPA) was measured by two methods using the angle between infundibular and ureteral axes (IUPA-1), and between infundibular and ureteropelvic axes (IUPA-2). We examined a new parameter: Renal longitudinal axis-infundibulum angle (RIA) for renal stone formation. RIA was determined between two axes, including the axis connecting the central point of the pelvis opposite the margins of inferior and superior renal sinus to midpoint of renal axis and the longitudinal renal axis (Figure 2). The data of the stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by paired-t-test. Results: The IUPA-1 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 77% of cases. The UIPA-2 of the stone forming side was more acute than the non-stone forming side, in 72% of cases. The differences with both methods between the stone forming and contralateral normal side were statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean ICL of stone forming side was 30.20 mm whereas it was 25.51 mm in non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between mean ICL values was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean infundibular length-to-width ratio was 8.55±3.25 on the stone forming side and 7.09±2.90 on the non-stone forming contralateral side. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The differences in RIA, infundibular width (IW), renal length, renal width and the number of major and minor calyces between stone forming and non-stone forming contralateral side were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Anatomical disorders of lower pole collecting system may be considered as factors contributing to stone formation. IUPA (1 and 2), ICL and ICL-to-IW ratio are significantly differing factors that might predispose to lower calyceal stone formation. | eng_Latn | 12,027 |
Objectives: To compare efficacy of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and retrograde ureterorenoscopy (RUR) in the management of | Ureteral access with the flexible ureteroscope remains a challenge for the urologist. The routine use of a newly developed, site-specific ureteral access sheath facilitates entry into the ureter for fragmentation and basket extraction of ureteral and renal calculi. The step-by-step technique of ureteral access with the Access Sheath is described. | Flexible ureteroscopy will replace almost completely ESWL for the treatment of renal stones in few years, even in developing countries. This process is already ongoing and probably is irreversible. Let´s try to understand how and why this phenomenon is happening.Since the development of the External Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) in the late 70’s (1), it has been the standard treatment for small renal stones (2). However, recent ye-ars have seen a significant shift towards endoscopic therapies (3). This can be attributed to the evolving surgical experience in the use of these techniques, but even more to ma-jor improvement in the technical equipment. The question of if the flexible ureteroscopy will substitute ESWL as the choice therapy for renal stones is controversial. First of all, they are not totally comparable, since ESWL is a non-invasive method. If ESWL is not an option no more, we lose a noninvasive method of treatment of renal stones. Otherwise, a non-invasive method doesn’t means that it is not harmful, because its association with late development of diabetes and hypertension is still controversial, while a link between ESWL and phosphate calcium stones is possible (4). However, as flexible ureteroscopy has higher success rates, it can be justified, since the complications rates are low. Regarding the cost, in some services the flexible ureteroscopy is cost effective compared to ESWL (5).If we see this issue from a current point of view only, it sounds almost absurd to state that ESWL will disappear. Almost 60% of renal stones today are treatment by ESWL, at low cost and low complications rates. No one should close an ESWL service that is established and working properly. The urological guidelines support the use of ESWL for renal and ureteral stones (2, 6). However, we are discussing the future of renal stones treatment, what includes search for better treatments, with lower costs, higher success rates and low complications rates, with a high acceptance and satisfaction of the patients. | eng_Latn | 12,028 |
Does kidney stones have anything to do with having sex? | Does sex irritate kidney stones? | Does sex irritate kidney stones? | eng_Latn | 12,029 |
Formation and treatment of kidney stones? | What treatment it gives kidney faliure? | What is a cure for kidney stones? | eng_Latn | 12,030 |
In medicine, Renal Calculus is another term for what? | Definition of Renal calculi Definition of Renal calculi Causes of a Heart Attack Slideshow Renal calculi: Kidney stones . A common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Occurs in 1 in 20 people at some time in their life. Development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate, urate, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate. The stones form in the urine collecting area (the pelvis) of the kidney and may range in size from tiny to staghorn stones the size of the renal pelvis itself . The pain is usually of sudden onset, very severe and colicky (intermittent), not improved by changes in position, radiating from the back, down the flank, and into the groin. Nausea and vomiting are common. Predisposing factors may include recent reduction in fluid intake, increased exercise with dehydration , medications that cause hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and a history of gout . Treatment includes relief of pain, hydration and, if there is concurrent urinary infection, antibiotics. The majority of stones pass spontaneously within 48 hours. However, some stones may not. There are several factors which influence the ability to pass a stone. These include the size of the person, prior stone passage, prostate enlargement, pregnancy , and the size of the stone. A 4 mm stone has an 80% chance of passage while a 5 mm stone has a 20% chance. If a stone does not pass, urologic intervention may be needed. The process of stone formation is also called nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis. "Nephrolithiasis" is derived from the Greek nephros- (kidney) + lithos (stone) = kidney stone "Urolithiasis" is from the French word "urine" which, in turn, stems from the Latin "urina" and the Greek "ouron" meaning urine = urine stone. Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016 | Dr. Finlay's Casebook: Amazon.co.uk: A.J. Cronin: 9781841588544: Books Dr. Finlay's Casebook Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Publisher: Birlinn Ltd; Omnibus ed edition (6 Mar. 2014) Language: English Product Dimensions: 12.7 x 2 x 20.3 cm Average Customer Review: Product Description About the Author Archibald Joseph Cronin, born in 1896, was a novelist, dramatist and writer of non-fiction who was one of the most renowned storytellers of the twentieth century. His best-known works are The Stars Look Down, The Citadel, The Keys of the Kingdom and The Green Years, all of which were adapted to film. He served as a Royal Navy surgeon during the First World War before graduating from medical school. During an enforced holiday from his medical practice due to ill health he composed his first novel, Hatter's Castle, with which he enjoyed immense success and which launched his career as a prolific author; he never returned to practicing medicine. He died on 6 January 1981 (aged 84) in Montreux, Switzerland. What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item? | eng_Latn | 12,031 |
Does vinegar help cure kidney stones? | What is a cure for kidney stones? | Will drinking vinegar help you pass a urine test for marijuanna? | eng_Latn | 12,032 |
Prevent Kidney Stones Naturally | Kidney stones are caused by a high concentration of minerals in the kidneys that combine to form stones. Kidney stones are known in medicine as urinary calculi. | This wikiHow teaches you how to prevent phone calls from certain numbers or contacts on your iPhone. | eng_Latn | 12,033 |
How painful is kidney stone? | How painful are kidney stones? | Dissolve ureteral stones? | eng_Latn | 12,034 |
what is the make up of kidney stones | Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract.[2] Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. | Most kidney stones are made of calcium compounds, especially calcium oxalate. Calcium phosphate and other minerals also may be present. Conditions that cause high calcium levels in the body, such as hyperparathyroidism, increase the risk of calcium stones.truvite stones. Some kidney stones are struvite stones. They can also be called infection stones if they occur with kidney or urinary tract infections (UTIs) . These types of kidney stones sometimes are also called staghorn calculi if they grow large enough. | eng_Latn | 12,035 |
tube where urine is formed | Urine is formed in the kidneys, specifically by the renal tubules in the nephrons of the kidneys. It then is collected by the renal pelvis, where it exits though the ureters, moves to the bladder where it is stored until urination, during which it is expelled through the urethra.t is then moved into the bladder and eliminated from the bladder through the urinary tract. Kidney fitres out ⦠180 litres of blood to form 0.5 to 2 litres of urine /day. This urine is collected in urinary bldder. | Ureter. The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two ureters, one attached to each kidney. The upper half of the ureter is located in the abdomen and the lower half is located in the pelvic area. The ureter is about 10 to 12 inches long in the average adult. | eng_Latn | 12,036 |
how long does it take for kidney stone to pass | Passing a kidney stone is associated with extreme pain. The amount of time required to pass a kidney stone depends on the location and size of the kidney stone. In mild cases, most of the individuals are able to pass the kidney stone out of the body within 48 hours by drinking a lot of water. If the kidney stones are very small, they will pass out on their own without any intervention. | This aqua regimen can also help shake loose existing kidney stones. The average stone takes 3-4 weeks to pass, but drinking plenty of fluids (not booze) can reduce your sentence. Like drinking water, exercise can help to both prevent and get rid of kidney stones. Recent studies suggest that the link between obesity and/or weight gain and kidney stones is very strong. Raising your heart rate for at least an hour a day can help ward off weight gain and even help you lose weight (STOP THE PRESS!). | eng_Latn | 12,037 |
what are two main subdivisions of the nephron | What are the main subdivisions of the nephron. Capsule and glomerulus. Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and collecting tubule. Renal pelvis and renal sinus. Renal corpuscle and tubular system. Submitted: 4 years ago. | There are two parts of a kidney nephron: the renal corpuscle, and the renal tubule. (1) Renal Corpuscle. The renal corpuscle is the part of the kidney nephron in which blood plasma is filtered. The term corpuscle means tiny or small body. | eng_Latn | 12,038 |
is kidney stones a urology | Joining Dr. Knudsen at the OSU Comprehensive Kidney Stone Program are urology specialists Geoffrey Box, MD, and Frank Begun, MD. | If a person is suspected of having kidney stones, either because of pain or blood in the urine, the physician may order x-rays or an ultrasound examination of the kidneys, ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) and the bladder. | eng_Latn | 12,039 |
what foods causes kidney stones | If you have a family history of kidney stones then you might want to avoid these 5 foods that cause kidney stones. Now these foods don't always cause kidney stones, but they can contribute to the formation of stones. Whether or not they might contribute depends on what type of stones you are forming. The majority of kidney stones are usually a combination of calcium and oxalate. So, avoiding foods that have a high oxalate content helps to prevent stone formation. Here are five foods that can cause kidney stones because of a high oxalate content. 1 Sweet potatoes, baked or cannedâ These vegetables which are often advised as being better for you then regular white potatoes which are very high in oxates. 2 A half cup serving can have 26 to 99 mg of oxalates. | what stones do . why do kidney stones cause pain? what causes stones . overview of supersaturation. supersaturation. supersaturation and the stone crystals; video: science and measurement of supersaturation; clinical supersaturation; supersaturations match kidney stones; main factors that determine supersaturation. fluid prescription for kidney stones; calcium | eng_Latn | 12,040 |
how do the kidneys and bladder work together | From there, urine travels out of the kidneys through the ureters to be stored in the bladder (a muscular sac in the lower abdomen). The bladder expands as it fills and can hold about 2 cups (half a liter) of urine at any given time (the average adult produces about 6 cups, or 1½ liters, of pee per day). | The kidneys, ureters and bladder are part of your urinary tract. The urinary tract makes, transports, and stores urine in the body. The kidneys make urine from water and your body's waste. The urine then travels down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored. Urine leaves your body through the urethra. Kidney stones form in the kidney. Some stones move from the kidney into the ureter. The ureters are tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder. If a stone leaves the kidney and gets stuck in the ureter, it is called a ureteral stone. | eng_Latn | 12,041 |
function of nephron in urine formation | (June 2011). The nephron (from Greek νεÏÏÏÏ - nephros, meaning kidney) is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.June 2011). The nephron (from Greek νεÏÏÏÏ - nephros, meaning kidney) is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. | Stage 3: The formation of urine. The molecules which are not selectively reabsorbed (the urea and excess water and ions) continue along the nephron tubule as urine. This eventually passes down to the bladder.ach nephron is made of a tubule and is responsible for âcleaningâ the blood by removing urea [urea: A nitrogenous waste product resulting from the breakdown of proteins. It is excreted in urine.] and excess water and mineral ions. How the kidney works. | eng_Latn | 12,042 |
describe the structure of a nephron | Each nephron is composed of two main structures: the glomerulus and renal (kidney) tubule. The Glomerulus. The glomerulus is a tiny blood vessel or capillary, which looks like a ball of yarn. Actual filtering of your blood occurs in the glomerulus. | The Kidneys, p. 952. Objectives. 1. Describe the location and structural features of the kidneys. 2. Identify the major blood vessels associated with each kidney and trace the path of blood flow. through a kidney. 3. Describe the structure of the nephron and outline the processes involved in the formation of urine. | eng_Latn | 12,043 |
what the dx code for kidney stone | Vol. 19 No. 18 P. 30. Kidney stones are caused by an excess of calcium, oxalate, and uric acid in the urine. These stones may occur anywhere within the urinary tract and are due to overexcretion of salt or reduced excretion of urine. The ICD-9-CM code assignment for kidney stones is 592.0. ⢠Stone in kidney. | A kidney stone, also known as a renal calculus or nephrolith, is a solid piece of material which is formed in the kidneys from minerals in urine.Kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream, and a small stone may pass without causing symptoms.If stones grow to sufficient size (usually at least 3 millimeters (0.12 in)) they can cause blockage of the ureter.ther associated symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, fever, blood in the urine, pus in the urine, and painful urination. Blockage of the ureter can cause decreased kidney function and dilation of the kidney. | eng_Latn | 12,044 |
what helps you not get kidney stones | Preventing Kidney Stones. 1 1. Stay away from sugar, soda, and corn syrup. 2 2. Exercise. 3 3. Restrict animal protein to 6 ounces or less daily. 4. Eat enough calcium but avoid 1 supplements. 5. Eat a âlow-oxalateâ diet. 6. Avoid crash 1 dieting. 7. Be especially vigilant if you have a history of kidney stones. | If you have a family history of kidney stones then you might want to avoid these 5 foods that cause kidney stones. Now these foods don't always cause kidney stones, but they can contribute to the formation of stones. Whether or not they might contribute depends on what type of stones you are forming. The majority of kidney stones are usually a combination of calcium and oxalate. | eng_Latn | 12,045 |
causes of.kidney stones | 1. Excessive Caffeine. Too much caffeineâin the form of coffee, tea, and sodaâcan stress out the kidneys and lead to the development of kidney stones due to higher calcium levels in the urine, and even kidney failure due to the stimulant qualities that can cause organ exhaustion. Next ». | Kidney Stones- Dehydration can cause urine to become concentrated which causes minerals from the urine to accumulate in a crystal formation. These crystal formations get deposited in the kidneys, causing kidney stones. 6. Uremia- Adequate water in the body helps the kidneys filter waste easily while diluting urine. | eng_Latn | 12,046 |
what is the process of tubular secretion | tubular secretion. the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate. Functions of tubular secretion. elimation of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus and regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through the secretion of hydrogen ions. what happens to the protein bound substances entering the peritubilar capillaries. | Tubular secretion occurs from the epithelial cells that line the renal tubules and collecting ducts. It is the tubular secretion of H+ and NH4+ from the blood into the tubular fluid (i.e. urine-which is then excreted from the body via the ureter, bladder, and urethra) that helps to keep blood pH at its normal level. | eng_Latn | 12,047 |
what is a renal calculi | Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid masses made of crystals. Kidney stones usually originate in your kidneys, but can develop anywhere along your urinary tract.The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.Kidney stones are known to be one of the most painful medical conditions.ecognizing the Symptoms and Signs of a Kidney Stone. Kidney stones are known to cause severe pain. Symptoms of kidney stones may not occur until the stone begins to move down the ureters. This severe pain is called renal colic. You may have pain on one side of your back or abdomen. | Kidney stones (also known as calculi) are masses of crystals and protein and are common causes of urinary tract obstruction in adults. For a long time, increased water intake has been the main preventive measure for the disease and its recurrence. | eng_Latn | 12,048 |
What causes kidney stones | when you don t drink enough water the salts minerals and other substances in the urine can stick together and form a stone this is the most common cause of kidney stones medical conditions many medical conditions can affect the normal balance and cause stones to form | Kidney stones may form when there's a change in the normal balance of the water, salts, and minerals found in urine. Different kinds of changes result in different types of kidney stones. There are many factors that can trigger changes in the urine, ranging from chronic medical conditions to what you eat and drink.hen kidney stones move through the urinary tract, they may cause: 1 Severe pain in the back, belly, or groin. 2 Frequent or painful urination. 3 Blood in the urine. 4 Nausea and vomiting. | eng_Latn | 12,049 |
where is a kidney stone | When this happens, the stones can block the flow of urine out of the kidneys. The main symptom is severe pain that starts and stops suddenly: 1 Pain may be felt in the belly area or side of the back. Pain may move to groin area (groin pain) or testicles (testicle pain). | Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid masses made of crystals. Kidney stones usually originate in your kidneys, but can develop anywhere along your urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.Kidney stones are known to be one of the most painful medical conditions.idney stones are known to cause severe pain. Symptoms of kidney stones may not occur until the stone begins to move down the ureters. This severe pain is called renal colic. You may have pain on one side of your back or abdomen. | eng_Latn | 12,050 |
how long does it take to pass a kidney stone? | 4 doctors agreed: See your doctor.: Kidney stones hurt and you should have pain medication to get you through them. Doctors usually get imaging on the stones to find out their size. If they are more than 7mm they're not likely to pass, less than that they likely do in less than 2-3 days. | PASSING WATER: One hour. On average, it takes an hour for liquid to be absorbed through the gut into the bloodstream, then filtered by the kidneys and sent to the bladder as urine, says Rowland Rees, consultant urological surgeon at the Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester. | eng_Latn | 12,051 |
what is the name of the outer region of the kidney deep to the renal capsule | 1 Cortex â the outer region of the kidney; extensions of the cortical tissue, contains about one million blood filtering nephrons. 2 Nephron â these are the filtration units in the kidneys. 3 Medulla â inner region of the kidney contains 8-12 renal pyramids.4 The pyramids empty into the calyx. Cortex â the outer region of the kidney; extensions of the cortical tissue, contains about one million blood filtering nephrons. 2 Nephron â these are the filtration units in the kidneys. 3 Medulla â inner region of the kidney contains 8-12 renal pyramids. | the part of the kidney consisting of renal lobules in the outer zone beneath the capsule and the lobules of the renal columns that are extensions inward between the pyramids; contains the renal corpuscles, medullary rays, and proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Synonym(s): cortex renalis [TA]. | eng_Latn | 12,052 |
what is urinary calculi | Urinary Calculi is the formation of crystals or stones in the urinary tract which block the elimination of urine from the body.(These are commonly referred to as Kidney Stones in humans.) Most often these crystals are formed due to a metabolic imbalance in the body caused by feeding too much grain to bucks and wethers.rinary Calculi is the formation of crystals or stones in the urinary tract which block the elimination of urine from the body. | Urinary tract infections are responsible for nearly 10 million healthcare visits each year. Hereâs what you need to know. The urinary system (also called the âurinary tractâ) is the part of your body that makes urine. It is made up of two kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. | eng_Latn | 12,053 |
number of people who get kidney stones | Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point in their life. In 2013, 49 million cases of occurred, resulting in about 15,000 deaths. They have become more common in the Western world since the 1970s. Generally, more men are affected than women. | Nephrolithiasis and renal lithiasis are medical terms for kidney stones. Incidence. of kidney stone formation is fairly high and up to ten in 100 people may get at. least one stone in their lifetime. Itʼs usually impossible to miss this condition due. to its symptoms, but the exact meaning of the condition in terms of long-term. | eng_Latn | 12,054 |
what is calcium crystals in urine | When crystals are found in the urine it is an indication or a symptom that something is wrong in the urinary system. The urinary system is made up of the kidney, bladder, ureters and urethra. Modification in the diet as well as urine concentration can be a cause of the crystals but there are other causes also. | â. Hereâs the thing, everyoneâs urine contains crystals of acid, minerals or calcium that we pass every time we go. Kidney Stones form when one of those little crystals attaches to several others to form a stone. Unchecked, the crystals could build until they are unable to pass and treatment is required. | eng_Latn | 12,055 |
what is the structure of kidney | The kidneys receive blood through the renal artery. The blood is passed through the structure of the kidneys called nephrons, where waste products and excess water pass out of the blood stream, as shown in the diagram below. | If you look closely at the cortex and medulla, you can see many tiny, tubular structures that stretch across both regions perpendicular to the surface of the kidney. In each kidney, there are one million of these structures, called nephrons. The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney. It's a long, thin tube that is closed at one end, has two twisted regions interspaced with a long hairpin loop, ends in a long straight portion and is surrounded by capillaries. | eng_Latn | 12,056 |
the term which derives from the greek meaning sac, bladder is | The word cyst is derived from the Greek word meaning âbladderâ. The pathological term âcystâ means a swelling consisting of a collection of fluid in a sac which is lined by epithelium or endothelium. True cysts are lined by epithelium or endothelium. | Urolithiasis (from Greek ouron, oûron , + urine, lithos, + -stone) iasis is the formation of urinary (calculi urinary), stones which are calculi formed or located anywhere in the urinary. systemidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size (usually at least 3 millimeters (0.12 in)) they can cause obstruction of the ureter. | eng_Latn | 12,057 |
in which structure does urine formation begin | Urine formation begins in the renal corpuscle, where blood passing through the glomerulus is filtered. Filtrates include water, ions, and other solutes, which are filtered out of the blood and into the capsular space to begin urine formation. Urine passes into the proximal convoluted tubule, then into the nephron loop.The nephron concentrates urine by the process of the countercurrent multiplication system.iltrates include water, ions, and other solutes, which are filtered out of the blood and into the capsular space to begin urine formation. Urine passes into the proximal convoluted tubule, then into the nephron loop. The nephron concentrates urine by the process of the countercurrent multiplication system. | Im really confused as to where in the nephron of the kidney each of the three steps of urine formation occur the steps include: 1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3.tubular secretion does glomerular filtration occur in the renal corpuscle, then the tubular reabsorption occur in the proximal... | eng_Latn | 12,058 |
what does it mean if my left kidney has to drainage tube | A nephrostomy is a thin, plastic tube (catheter) that is inserted through the skin on your back and into your kidney. It can relieve a build-up of urine in the kidney, which can happen due to a blockage, and prevents the kidney from being damaged. | 1 The nephrostomy tube is put in to drain your urine directly from your kidneys. You may need this tube if you have pelvic tumors, damage to the urinary system, prostate cancer, or other conditions. You may need one nephrostomy tube, or two tubes if you need one for each of your kidneys. | eng_Latn | 12,059 |
kidneys location and function | 10 Symptoms of Kidney Failure. Located in the abdomen toward the back, kidneys are a vital organ in the body that play a pivotal role when it comes to electrolyte balance, producing red blood cells, and controlling your blood pressure. | Structure and Function of Kidney: Location of kidneys is of particular importance in your body. There are two bean shaped kidneys in the human body. A normal kidney is about 2.5 cm thick, 10 cm long and 5 cm wide. They are reddish-brown in color. Each weighs around 130 gm in adults. Both kidneys receive blood from the renal artery. | eng_Latn | 12,060 |
where can you get kidney stones | A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and often severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Kidney stones are sometimes called renal calculi. The condition of having kidney stones is termed nephrolithiasis. | Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 in) it can cause blockage of the ureter resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. | eng_Latn | 12,061 |
what two structures comprise the renal corpuscle | In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule.n the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. | F ⦠iltered plasma passes through Renal Tubule. Renal corpuscle is composed of two components: the Glomerulus and Glomerular Capsule. Glomerulus is fenstrated type of capillary. Glomerular capsule filters blood plasma. Glomerular Capsule surrounds Glomerulus capillaries.Glomerulus capsule's inner layer is composed of epithelial cells called podocytes. The outer layer is composed of simple squamous epithelium The renal corpuscle is made up of the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus.It is the blood filtering apparatus.he three main portions of the renal tubule are the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of henle, and the distal convoluted tubule. the proximal convoluted tubule is the firs ⦠t portion. The proximal (convulated) tubule. Answered. In Capillaries. | eng_Latn | 12,062 |
urine is temporarily stored in the | The kidneys perform the excretory functions of this system. These organs produce urine, a fluid waste product containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds. Urine leaving the kidneys travels along the urinary tract, which consists of the paired ureters and the urinary bladder, where urine is temporarily stored. When urination, or micturition, occurs, contraction of the muscular urinary bladder forces urine through the. | urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a temporary storage reservoir for urine. It is located in the pelvic cavity (see pelvis), posterior to the symphysis pubis, and below the parietal peritoneum. The size and shape of the urinary bladder varies with the amount of urine it contains and with pressure it receives from surrounding organs. | eng_Latn | 12,063 |
types of tubes to remove urine from the body | A nephrostomy is a tube thatâs used to drain urine from the kidney into a bag outside the body. It helps to relieve a build-up of urine in the kidney, caused by a blockage. | The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body is called urethra. | eng_Latn | 12,064 |
Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur? | How and where does most reabsorption occur in a nephron? The proximal tubule is the site of most reabsorption via glucose transporters (reabsorb 100% of glucose in healthy individuals), approx. 65% Sodium and various other solutes a ⦠re also reabsorbed.7 people found this useful.es, The movement of solutes into peritubular capillaries decreases the solute concentration of the tubular fluid but increases the solute concentration in the peritubular cap ⦠illaries. As a result, water moves by osmosis into peritubular capillaries. | The part of the nephron where glucose reabsorption occurs is in the proximal tubule. The proximal tubule is divided into two sections, the pars convoluta and pars recta. | eng_Latn | 12,065 |
what is prognosis for kidney | The prognosis of Kidney stones may include the duration of Kidney stones, chances of complications of Kidney stones, probable outcomes, prospects for recovery, recovery period for Kidney stones, survival rates, death rates, and other outcome possibilities in the overall prognosis of Kidney stones. | Chronic kidney disease and polycystic kidney disease often go undiagnosed and are allowed to progress because the signs and symptoms are so subtle. There are 10 key kidney disease symptoms. If you or a loved one is experiencing any of these symptoms, consult a doctor and request the proper blood and urine tests. | eng_Latn | 12,066 |
where are the kidneys lo | The kidneys are located on either side of the body underneath the diaphragm near the lower back. Each kidney is connected to the bladder in the pelvis by ureters (long tube-like structures) that drain the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urine stored in the bladder is excreted from the body through the urethra. | The kidneys are a pair of organs that are found on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage in the back. Kidneys: Damage to the kidneys can occur in people who have had diabetes for many years, particularly if the diabetes is not well controlled. | eng_Latn | 12,067 |
what is kidney stone mean | Kidney Stones Overview. Kidney stones are small pebbles of salt and mineral in the urine. The most common symptom is severe pain. Most stones pass on their own, but medical procedures are used to remove some kidney stones. | What are kidney stones? A kidney stone is a piece of solid material that forms in the kidney when minerals in the urine become very concentrated. Small stones often pass through the body with little discomfort, but larger stones can be very painful and even block the urinary tract. | eng_Latn | 12,068 |
what part or parts of the nephron are found in the renal medulla | even though they comprise of 15% of the nephrons found in the kidney. They begin in the renal cortex, with the bowman's capsule. the loop of henle the penetrates deep into the medullary pyramid. The loop of henle then comes back up to the renal cortex. Superficial nephrons are the more common and are found in solely in the renal cortex. They begin in the renal cortex and stay there. The loop of henle dosnt protrude into the renal cortex like the jutxamedullary nephron. they only enter the renal medulla as the collecting duct forms. Source(s): | even though they comprise of 15% of the nephrons found in the kidney. They begin in the renal cortex, with the bowman's capsule. the loop of henle the penetrates deep into the medullary pyramid. The loop of henle then comes back up to the renal cortex. Superficial nephrons are the more common and are found in solely in the renal cortex. They begin in the renal cortex and stay there. The loop of henle dosnt protrude into the renal cortex like the jutxamedullary nephron. they only enter the renal medulla as the collecting duct forms. Source(s): | eng_Latn | 12,069 |
what tube carries urine to the bladder | The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of adipose that holds them in place and protects them from physical damage. The kidneys filter metabolic wastes, excess ions, and chemicals from the blood to form urine. Ureters. The ureters are a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The ureters are about 10 to 12 inches long and run on the left and right sides of the body parallel to the vertebral column. | The kidneys filter your blood and make urine. The urine is carried to the bladder by two tubes called the ureters. The bladder is like a balloon which stores urine. It is a stretchy bag, made of muscle tissue, and can hold about 500mls (about 3 cups) of urine. When we empty our bladder, the urine passes down a tube called the urethra and out of the body. The urethra in men passes through the prostate gland and down the penis. | eng_Latn | 12,070 |
what do kidneys attach to | Each kidney contains about one million tiny units called nephrons. Each nephron is made up of a very small filter, called a glomerulus, which is attached to a tubule. As blood passes through the nephron, fluid and waste products are filtered out. | Each kidney is held in place by connective tissue, called renal fascia, and is surrounded by a thick layer of adipose tissue, called perirenal fat, which helps to protect it. ⦠A tough, fibrous, connective tissue renal capsule closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside. | eng_Latn | 12,071 |
what test to order for kidney stone diagnosis | 1 A noncontrast spiral computed tomography (CT) scan is the preferred test for kidney stones. It is a special type of CT scan that moves in a circle. An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an X-ray test that shows pictures of the urinary tract, including any kidney stones. | How it's done: Urine tests for kidney stones include urine cultures. Collection of urine can be of two types. In one type of urine test for kidney stones, only the mid-stream urine is collected and sent for the culture. The other type of test (which is mostly recommended for children) is the 24-hour collection. | eng_Latn | 12,072 |
which substances enter the filtrate by active secretion? | 14. Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called. filtration. tubular reabsorption. tubular secretion. 15. The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is called. filtration. tubular secretion. backflow. | The Nephron Tubules. This filtrate enters the tubule system of the nephron. In these tubules, some substances are added to the filtrate as part of the urine formation and some substances are reabsorbed out of the filtrate and back into the blood. The tubules are divided into 4 segments. | eng_Latn | 12,073 |
would kidney stone cause pain when it pass | Kidney Stone Treatment. Most kidney stones eventually pass from the kidney through the ureter and bladder and finally through the urethra on their own. However, treatment is often required for pain control from kidney stones as they pass. | Patients who have kidney stones usually do not have symptoms until the stones pass into the ureter. Prior to this, some people may notice blood in their urine. Once the stone is in the ureter, however, most people will experience bouts of very severe pain. | eng_Latn | 12,074 |
what is the filtering organ of the urinary system | The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination. | Urinary System: a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. 1 Graaff, Van De (2002). 2 Mader, Sylvia S. (2004). 3 Smith, Peter (1998). 4 McCance, Katherine L., Heuther, Sue E. (1994).rinary System: a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. 1 Graaff, Van De (2002). 2 Mader, Sylvia S. (2004). 3 Smith, Peter (1998). 4 McCance, Katherine L., Heuther, Sue E. (1994). | eng_Latn | 12,075 |
medication for kidney stones treatment | Diagnosis of kidney stones is best accomplished using an ultrasound, intravenous pyleography (IVP), or a CT scan. Most kidney stones will pass through the ureter to the bladder on their own with time. Treatment includes pain-control medications and, in some cases, medications to facilitate the passage of urine. | Medication Contributors to Kidney Stones. If you suspect you have stones, visit your primary care provider or urologist. If you've been diagnosed with stones and would like to be seen in the Metabolic Stone Clinic, please call (608) 263-4757. The following medications may increase your chance of forming kidney stones. 1 Decongestants: In some individuals, medications such as ephedrine and guaifenesin may result in stones composed of these products as they are excreted into the urine. | eng_Latn | 12,076 |
what is the renal pelvis | Renal pelvis. The renal pelvis or pyelum is the funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. In humans, the renal pelvis is the point of convergence of two or three major calyces. Each renal papilla is surrounded by a branch of the renal pelvis called a calyx. | Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the renal pelvis and ureter. The renal pelvis is the top part of the ureter. The ureter is a long tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. There are two kidneys, one on each side of the backbone, above the waist. The kidneys of an adult are about 5 inches long and 3 inches wide and are shaped like a kidney bean. | eng_Latn | 12,077 |
what side of body is kidney | The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, at the small of the back. The kidneys filter wastes from the blood and help balance water, salt, and mineral levels in the blood. Wastes filtered out of the blood are carried out of the body as urine. Urine flows through tubes (ureters) to the bladder, where it is stored until a person is ready to urinate. | Injury - kidney and ureter. Injury to the kidney and ureter is damage to the organs of the upper urinary tract. The kidneys are located in the flank (back of the upper abdomen at either side of the spine). They are protected by the spine, lower rib cage, and strong muscles of the back. This location protects the kidneys from many outside forces. | eng_Latn | 12,078 |
what structure carries urine out of the kidney and where does it go | Ureters. The ureters are a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The ureters are about 10 to 12 inches long and run on the left and right sides of the body parallel to the vertebral column. | The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of adipose that holds them in place and protects them from physical damage. The kidneys filter metabolic wastes, excess ions, and chemicals from the blood to form urine. Ureters. The ureters are a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.The ureters are about 10 to 12 inches long and run on the left and right sides of the body parallel to the vertebral column.he ureters are a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The ureters are about 10 to 12 inches long and run on the left and right sides of the body parallel to the vertebral column. | eng_Latn | 12,079 |
define laser lithotripsy | Laser lithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy is a surgical procedure to remove stones from urinary tract, i.e., kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra. | Lithotripsy is a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureter (tube that carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder). After the procedure, the tiny pieces of stones pass out of your body in your urine. See All » News & Features. | eng_Latn | 12,080 |
are kidney stones a disease | Kidney stones form in your kidneys. As stones move into your ureters â the thin tubes that allow urine to pass from your kidneys to your bladder â signs and symptoms can result. Signs and symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in your urine. | Understanding Kidney Stone Disease. Welcome. Stone disease is a painful and common condition that affects more than 5% of all adults in the US.1 Itâs estimated that nearly 2 million patients visit their doctors or local emergency rooms because of kidney stones every year.2. If youâve experienced a kidney stone, you know just how unpleasant a stone episode can be. | eng_Latn | 12,081 |
where does fertilization occur in the nephron? | Fluid later passes from the distal tubule to the collecting ducts. Ultra filtration occurs in the cortex in the cortical collecting ducts, which is the last process of the nephron. The urine then passes through the collecting ducts through the drainage system of the kidney to the ureters and bladder for urination.T he counter current system is similar to the nephron because the loop of henle is to be able to create dilute urine or concentrated urine depending on what the body wants and needs.he urine then passes through the collecting ducts through the drainage system of the kidney to the ureters and bladder for urination. T he counter current system is similar to the nephron because the loop of henle is to be able to create dilute urine or concentrated urine depending on what the body wants and needs. | Where does fertilization take place in humans? In humans, fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube. During fertilization the sperm and the egg become one and become what is called a zygote. | eng_Latn | 12,082 |
what tissues are the bladder made of | The bladder is the organ that stores urine. Urine is made in the kidneys and passes to the bladder down two tubes called the ureters. The bladder is a stretchy bag made of muscle tissue. It can store about 500mls (or 3 cups) of urine.rine is made in the kidneys and passes to the bladder down two tubes called the ureters. The bladder is a stretchy bag made of muscle tissue. It can store about 500mls (or 3 cups) of urine. | The urinary bladder is comprised of nerves, muscles, and connective tissue. The most important muscle in the bladder is the detrusor muscle. In normal circumstances, when the bladder fills with urine, it can stretch to hold the urine. | eng_Latn | 12,083 |
what are nephrons | Structure [edit]. The two general classes of nephrons are cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons, both of which are classified according to the length of their associated Loop of Henle and location of their renal corpuscle. All nephrons have their renal corpuscles in the cortex.he two general classes of nephrons are cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons, both of which are classified according to the length of their associated Loop of Henle and location of their renal corpuscle. | The nephron (from Greek νεÏÏÏÏ - nephros, meaning kidney) is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.he nephron (from Greek νεÏÏÏÏ - nephros, meaning kidney) is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. | eng_Latn | 12,084 |
can you shake kidney stones loose? | This aqua regimen can also help shake loose existing kidney stones. The average stone takes 3-4 weeks to pass, but drinking plenty of fluids (not booze) can reduce your sentence. Like drinking water, exercise can help to both prevent and get rid of kidney stones. Recent studies suggest that the link between obesity and/or weight gain and kidney stones is very strong. Raising your heart rate for at least an hour a day can help ward off weight gain and even help you lose weight (STOP THE PRESS!). | when you don t drink enough water the salts minerals and other substances in the urine can stick together and form a stone this is the most common cause of kidney stones medical conditions many medical conditions can affect the normal balance and cause stones to form | eng_Latn | 12,085 |
what tissue lines urinary bladder | The bladder. The bladder is the organ that stores urine. Urine is made in the kidneys and passes to the bladder down two tubes called the ureters. The bladder is a stretchy bag made of muscle tissue. It can store about 500mls (or 3 cups) of urine. | The wall of the bladder has 4 main layers. 1 The innermost lining is made up of cells called urothelial or transitional cells, so this layer is called the urothelium or transitional epithelium. 2 Beneath the urothelium is a thin layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, which is called the lamina propria.rine is made by the kidneys and is then carried to the bladder through tubes called ureters. When you urinate, the muscles in the bladder contract, and urine is forced out of the bladder through a tube called the urethra. In women, the urethra is very short and opens just in front of the vagina. | eng_Latn | 12,086 |
how does calcium enter the cell | Calcium is not found as a metal in the ground; it is too reactive. Calcium carbonate, also known as calcite, is the most common calcium mineral. Calcium in cells. It is important to know how cells work. Many cells have calcium channels on their surface. These are openings where calcium ions can enter the cell. The cell is told to act and it opens the channels. Once in the cell calcium ions activates many proteins to do specific things. | When the cell reaches a threshold potential (that is, when it becomes depolarized to a certain point), it will cause opening of a type of voltage sensitive calcium channels. At this point, calcium channels open and allow calcium to flow down its concentration gradient and INTO the beta-cells. This calcium entry is required for the release of insulin vesicles through a mechanism that is outside the scope of this question, but unrelated to the calcium channels opening and closing. | eng_Latn | 12,087 |
where does secretion happen in the nephron | Reabsorption in a nephron occurs in the Loop of Henle Reabsorption has been addressed to substances which are absorbed back from the nerphrone back in to the blood(capillaries â¦).On other hand Secretion is the absorption of substances from blood.eabsorption in a nephron occurs in the Loop of Henle Reabsorption has been addressed to substances which are absorbed back from the nerphrone back in to the blood(capillaries â¦). | In that case... Secretion is an active process. In the kidney tubules, somethings, like K+ is secreted from the peritubular capillaries, into tubular cells, and then out into the lumen to mix with the fluid. Excretion is passive. What is excreted by the kidneys is everything that is not reabsorbed and what is secreted. | eng_Latn | 12,088 |
the structure where urine is formed is the | Urine is formed in the kidneys, specifically by the renal tubules in the nephrons of the kidneys. It then is collected by the renal pelvis, where it exits though the ureters, moves to the bladder where it is stored until urination, during which it is expelled through the urethra. | Introduction. Three separate processes contribute to the formation of urine within the nephron of the kidney. These are filtration, reabsorption and secretion. We shall be considering the first of these, filtration. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus of the nephrons. The glomeruli are capillary beds within the nephrons, and filtration of fluid out of the glomerulus occurs both as a result of the structure of the nephron, and of Starlings forces. | eng_Latn | 12,089 |
which of the following structures is known as the functional unit of the kidney? | The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for removing waste from the body. Each kidney is composed of over one million nephrons that dot the renal cortex, giving it a granular appearance when sectioned sagittally (from front to rear). | The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Each adult kidney contains around 1â1.5 million nephrons. The basic structure of the nephron is shown in Figure 1. There are two types of nephron, the cortical and the juxtamedullary.he loop of Henle. The loop of Henle is the portion of the kidney that creates the conditions by which the kidney can form concentrated urine (i.e. urine with an osmolality greater than plasma) later on in the nephron. | eng_Latn | 12,090 |
what is amorphous urates | Amorphous Urates. Amorphous urates are crystals that form in acidic urine. These crystals are composed of the elements sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. They appear yellow or yellow-brown.he appearance and acidity of the urine sample in question can point to specific types of amorphous crystals. However, occasionally amorphous crystals are misidentified as bacteria. Crystals are found in healthy patients' urine, but they may indicate liver impairment or live disease. | urate (uric acid) an end product of PURINE degradation in humans, which is excreted in the urine. Purine degradation proceeds further in other mammals so that urate is oxidized and ALLANTOIN, for example, is excreted. In land animals such as reptiles and birds, urate is excreted as the final product of nitrogen metabolism, instead of UREA, in order to conserve water. | eng_Latn | 12,091 |
what are the specific functions of the structures within this urinary system? | The tubes which connect the kidneys to the bladder. Function: To take urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The presence of urine inside them stimulates a mechanical contraction which propels the fluid forwards. Bladder. Structure: Sometimes called the urinary bladder this is a sac-like organ in the pelvic cavity. Function: A reservoir (storage place) for urine. | The urinary system, also known as the renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. Each kidney consists of millions of functional units called nephrons. The purpose of the renal system is to eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein. | eng_Latn | 12,092 |
when urine leaves the kidney it enters the | (The word renal refers to kidney.) Blood leaving the kidney enters the major vein, the vena cava, via the renal vein. Also connecting to the kidney is a third tube, the ureter, which conducts urine to the urinary bladder for temporary storage. | The kidneys, ureters and bladder are part of your urinary tract. The urinary tract makes, transports, and stores urine in the body. The kidneys make urine from water and your body's waste. The urine then travels down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored. Urine leaves your body through the urethra. Kidney stones form in the kidney. Some stones move from the kidney into the ureter. The ureters are tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder. If a stone leaves the kidney and gets stuck in the ureter, it is called a ureteral stone. | eng_Latn | 12,093 |
what are the regions of the kidney that drain urine? | Nephron ï Fluid in lumen moves through successive specialized regions of the tubule: 1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule ï Fluid from multiple tubules, drain into collecting ducts, several of which fuse to form papillary ducts, which empty into the minor calyx. | UretersâThey drain from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. c. Urinary bladderâIt stores urine and voids urine. d. UrethraâIt serves as a passageway through which urine leaves the bladder and goes to the exterior. Major Organs of the Urinary System and the Generalized Function of Each. | eng_Latn | 12,094 |
urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes | Im really confused as to where in the nephron of the kidney each of the three steps of urine formation occur the steps include: 1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3.tubular secretion does glomerular filtration occur in the renal corpuscle, then the tubular reabsorption occur in the proximal...m really confused as to where in the nephron of the kidney each of the three steps of urine formation occur. the steps include: 1. glomerular filtration. 2. tubular reabsorption. 3.tubular secretion. | 1 FORMATION AND ELIMINATION OF URINE: The main function of urinary system is formation and elimination of urine. 2 Urine is formed by the kidneys in 3 steps; 1) Glomerular Filtration, 2)Tubular reabsorption, and 3)Tubular secretion. 3 For more details on the process of formation of urine, visit ââ. | eng_Latn | 12,095 |
types of stones or calculi | Struvite stones. Some kidney stones are struvite stones. They can also be called infection stones if they occur with kidney or urinary tract infections (UTIs) . These types of kidney stones sometimes are also called staghorn calculi if they grow large enough. | Although all types of urinary stones can potentially form staghorn calculi, approximately 75% are composed of a struvite-carbonate-apatite matrix. 1 Dog struvite bladder stones. 2 Struvite crystals in a human urine sample with a pH of 9. 3 Another image from the same urine sample as with the image on the left. | eng_Latn | 12,096 |
common symptoms of calculus of kidney | About Calculus Of Kidney. Calculus of kidney, also called renal calculus or more commonly known as kidney stones, is a condition in which waste materials from urine in the kidneys forms a solid, hard stone. Calculus of kidney symptoms include severe pain in the back or groin area, along with changes in urine, fever, vomiting, and nausea. Pain may strike quickly, and suddenly disappear. Calculus of kidney most commonly occurs as a result of dehydration. | Symptoms of kidney problems. When symptoms do occur, the common signs of kidney problems include feeling nauseous, back pain, frequent urination, dizziness, malaise, swelling feet and hands or face, blood in the urine and high blood pressure. Diagnosis of kidney problems. Since many kidney problems do not have symptoms until the problem has advanced, testing regularly will assist in early diagnosis. Anyone with a family history of kidney problems, diabetes or high blood pressure should get regular blood and urine tests. | eng_Latn | 12,097 |
where are nephrons located | There are two types of nephrons, distinguished by their location in the kidney. Cortical nephrons are located in the renal cortex on the outside of the organ, while juxtamedullary nephrons are located deeper in the kidney, in the renal medulla. Each nephron is made up of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle provides the initial filtering component, while the renal tubule is responsible for reabsorption. The corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. | Nephron: the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that produces or forms urine. There are millions of them. The glomerula of the nephrons (Bowman s capsule, proximal tubule) are located in the cortex while the convoluted tubules and collecting tubes are in the medulla. | eng_Latn | 12,098 |
is low urine ph good | If your urine is at an extreme on either the low or high end of pH levels, you can adjust your diet to reduce the likelihood of painful kidney stones. In short, your urine pH is an indicator of your overall health and gives your doctor important clues as to whatâs going on in your body. | The low magnesium is not obvious â often this is from diet issues, but I lack enough detail to help there. If all you have is low urine citrate and high pH, and urine calcium is normal, potassium citrate may help or not. It can raise urine pH and may or may not raise urine citrate. | eng_Latn | 12,099 |
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