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MMSE-SIC Transceiver Design in Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems | Uniform channel decomposition for MIMO communications | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | kor_Hang | 15,100 |
Flexibility of the zeolite RHO framework: in situ x-ray and neutron powder structural characterization of divalent cation-exchanged zeolite RHO | Distribution of extra-framework cations and water molecules in synthetic high-silica (Na, Cs)-rho-zeolite | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,101 |
Gelation Property of Alcohol-Extracted Soy Protein Isolate and Effects of Various Reagents on the Firmness of Heat-Induced Gels | Gel Characteristics—Structure as Related to Texture and Waterbinding of Blood Plasma Gels | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,102 |
Microwave calcination of conventionally and sol-gel prepared lead zirconate titanate | Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of microwave sintered PZT | Synthesis and characterization of a sol-gel-derived zeolite prototype as a prospective hydrocracking catalyst | eng_Latn | 15,103 |
Performance of sulphate- and selenium-reducing biochemical reactors using different ratios of labile to recalcitrant organic materials | A UASB bioreactor using silage as a carbon source to reduce sulfate | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,104 |
Evaluation of Soxhlet extractor for one-step biodiesel production from Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds | A Study on the Production Process Control of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Seed Kernel Oil without Trans-Fatty Acids | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,105 |
Solidification Behavior of Intensively Sheared Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy Liquid | Aluminum alloys: Structure and properties | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,106 |
Synthesis and characterization of zeolite Nu-1 prepared from near-neutral fluoride aluminosilicate gels | Crystal structure analyses of two TMA silicates with ordered defects: RUB-20, a layered zeolite precursor, and RUB-22, a microporous framework silicate | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,107 |
Management of dentoalveolar fracture by using rigid wire and composite splint: A case report | Treatment and restoration of adult dentoalveolar trauma: A clinical case report | Synthesis of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using extracted silica from rice husk without adding any alumina source | eng_Latn | 15,108 |
The DFT investigation of methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation at different sites of FER zeolite is carried out in an attempt to explore whether some specific acid sites are present to selectively catalyze the desired reaction. It is shown that the surface methoxy groups (SMG), generated by the reaction of methanol or DME with the Bronsted acid sites of zeolites, preferentially forms in the 8-membered ring (8MR) and 10-membered ring (10MR) channels. Further study of the CO attack on the SMG shows that, the carbonylation reaction occurs selectively at the 6MR zone of 8MR channel of FER zeolites. This result not only provides a theoretical perspective for the experimentally observed higher carbonylation reactivity of SMG located inside the 8MR channels, but also makes the location of the reaction more accurate. | Preparation of aluminosilicate ferrierite (FER) zeolite nanosheets with controllable thickness in the presence of a sole organic ammonium is attractive, but still challenging. In this report, with the employment of N,N-diethyl-cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidinium (DMP) as both a structure directing agent and crystal growth inhibitor, aluminosilicate FER zeolite nanosheets, with a variety of crystal thicknesses, ranging from 6 to 200 nm, are successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Very interestingly, the amount of DMP in the starting gel is the key factor for crystal thickness control of aluminosilicate FER zeolite nanosheets. The obtained FER products, with different thicknesses, are well characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 sorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) techniques. This simple strategy might provide a novel avenue for the synthesis of other zeolite nanosheets with controllable thickness. | A solvent-free approach for the regioselective synthesis of β-amino alcohols inshorter reaction times and higher yields, compared to conventional heating is described. Itinvolves microwave (MW) exposure of undiluted reactants in the presence of sulphatedzirconia (SZ) or sulphated zirconia over MCM-41 (SZM) as catalyst. Both acid materialscan be easily recovered and reused. | eng_Latn | 15,109 |
Hydrothermal Synthesis Under Pressure | The hydrothermal synthesis method under high pressure is able to simulate the natural synthesis conditions and to “reconstruct” natural zeolites, but also to provide a way to obtain substituted zeolites, e.g. by transition metal ions, where only very few cases are known in nature (e.g. zeolite VSV-Gaultite). This chapter is intended to describe the elementary physical chemistry of the synthesis process, i.e. thermodynamics and kinetics of precursor dissolution and of zeolite nucleation and growth. Water is the solvent universally used in the zeolite reconstruction work. Temperature, pressure and reaction time are the three principal physical parameters in hydrothermal processing. | In this paper, the method of phosphate surfactant is introduced and the product is similar to natural lecithin in property. The optimum technological conditions : reaction temperature; 120℃, time: 5h, rate: n (ether); n (pocl3) =2. 9: 1 | eng_Latn | 15,110 |
Size control synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and its application as ZnO-water based nanofluid in heat transfer enhancement in light water nuclear reactor | Abstract A novel and facile approach for size-tunable synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) is reported. Size-tuning was attained by using PEG (polyethylene glycol) of molecular weights 400 and 4 000. ZnO NPs was synthesized using homogeneous chemical precipitation followed by hydrothermal. Here triethylamine (TEA) was used as a hydroxylating agent. As-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was used for the preparation of ZnO-water based nanofluid and its application in heat transfer enhancement in light water nuclear reactor. In this work, ZnO-water based nanofluid of different volume concentration (1 percnt;, 2 percnt; and 3 percnt;) and particle size of 10 nm and 20 nm is used for enhancement in heat transfer in annular channel by using two phase approach. The particle size of 10 nm gives better result for enhancing the heat transfer rate in comparison ... | Abstract Fly ash produced during the combustion of powdered coal could be converted up to 45% into zeolite. By varying the experimental conditions different types of zeolite were produced, e.g. zeolite Na-P1, zeolite K-G and zeolite ZK19. By this zeolitization process the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was raised from 0.02 to circa 2.4 meq/g. Anionic heavy metals were largely extracted by the process water. Sorption experiments indicated that the selectivity series for zeolite Na-P1 is Ba>Cu>Cd≈Zn>Co>Ni. Besides cation exchange reactions, precipitation of hydroxides also played a role in the immobilization of heavy metals in the column experiments carried out. Column leaching experiments showed that relative to the original fly ash, the zeolitized fly ash has a better environmental quality. The results of the sorption experiments suggest that the zeolite product can be applied in environmental technology as an immobilizer of pollutants. | eng_Latn | 15,111 |
Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether Employing Modified H-ZSM-5 Catalysts | Synthesis of Dimethyl ether from methanol was investigated over H-ZSM-5 and promoted H-ZSM-5 catalysts employing Mg, Na, Zr, Al and Zn components. All samples were characterized by AAS, BET, XRD and TPD analyses. Results of TPD analysis indicated that the number of weak strength acid sites increased on the surface of Na, Zn and Mg modified H-ZSM-5, while the number of medium strength acid sites increased on the surface of Zr and Al modified H-ZSM-5. Zr- modified H-ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited higher activity (94%) and selectivity (99%) than other materials while all modified catalysts exhibited good stability. Ultimately, it was concluded that production of dimethyl ether from methanol occurred on acidic sites with medium and/or weak strengths. In this direction, an optimum catalyst for dehydration of methanol to DME with high conversion, selectivity and stability was developed. | Abstract The production of zinc atoms in multiphoton dissociation of zinc dialkyls is probed via the resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization technique. Asymmetric power-dependent broadening of resonant line profiles is observed. The dependence of resonant zinc ion yield is analyzed as a function of wavelength and intensity of laser field. Evidence is obtained that the dissociative production of ground state zinc atoms is suppressed with increasing laser intensity. | eng_Latn | 15,112 |
Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopic lithotropsy with holmium laser for treatment of multiple ureteral-calculus | Objective evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopic lithotropsy and holmium laser for treatment of multiple ureteralcalculus.Methods 36 cases with the multiple ureteralcalculus were treated by Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopic lithotropsy and holmium laser.Results All the operations were successful and no case had severe complications during surgery and the postoperative follow-up for 1~3 months.The One-stage operation curative rate was 94.4%(34/36).The operative time was 65~130 min,and average time consumption was 86 minutes for the operation.The Towstage operation curative rate was 100%.Conclusion Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopic lithotropsy with holmium laser for treatment of multiple ureteral-calculus is recommended for the safety,highefficiency and minimal invasionin performance. | Zeolite-based catalysts have been widely used in the conversion of biomass recently, but the catalytic yields of the desired products are strongly limited by the relatively small micropores of zeolite. Here, we reported a hierarchically porous ZSM-5 zeolite with micropore and b-axis-aligned mesopore-supported Ru nanoparticles (Ru/HZSM-5-OM) that are highly efficient for the hydrodeoxygenation of both small and bulky phenolic biomolecules to the corresponding alkanes. Compared with the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite-supported Ru catalyst, the high catalytic activities and alkane selectivities over Ru/HZSM-5-OM are attributed to the abundant exposed acidic sites in HZSM-5-OM with open mesopores. This feature is potentially important for future phenolic bio-oil upgrading. | eng_Latn | 15,113 |
Transparent conducting aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin film prepared by sol–gel process followed by laser irradiation treatment | Abstract Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were fabricated at a low substrate temperature (300 °C) in air by KrF excimer laser irradiation of sol–gel spin-coated films. Structural, electrical and optical properties of the laser-irradiated films at different laser energies were studied and compared with those prepared by conventional high-temperature processing. The 200 nm laser-irradiated AZO film shows a resistivity of 44 × 10 − 3 Ω-cm and about 90% optical transmittance in the visible range upon laser irradiation. The films were oriented preferentially along (002) direction. | Zeolite-based catalysts have been widely used in the conversion of biomass recently, but the catalytic yields of the desired products are strongly limited by the relatively small micropores of zeolite. Here, we reported a hierarchically porous ZSM-5 zeolite with micropore and b-axis-aligned mesopore-supported Ru nanoparticles (Ru/HZSM-5-OM) that are highly efficient for the hydrodeoxygenation of both small and bulky phenolic biomolecules to the corresponding alkanes. Compared with the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite-supported Ru catalyst, the high catalytic activities and alkane selectivities over Ru/HZSM-5-OM are attributed to the abundant exposed acidic sites in HZSM-5-OM with open mesopores. This feature is potentially important for future phenolic bio-oil upgrading. | eng_Latn | 15,114 |
Superposition-model analysis of zero-field splitting parameters for Mn2+ in NSHH and MSHH single crystals | The superposition-model suggested by Newman has been used to calculate the zero-field splitting parameters (ZFS) at room temperature that fit the experimental data taken from the literature. The satisfactory reproduction of experimental values of ZFS parameters indicates that Mn2+ substitute in place of Ni2+ and Mg2+ in the lattices and does not cause appreciable local distortion in the host crystals NSHH and MSHH. The calculations are made with the assumption that the total field experienced at an ion in a crystal is due to nearest neighbor ions, using power law exponent t2 = 7 ± 1 and t4 = 10 ± 1 the reference distance Rο = 0.22 nm for Mn2+ surrounded by oxygens. The superposition model analysis shows that for large values of ZFS parameters b 2 0 , b 2 2 , b 4 0 , b 4 2 and b 4 4 , intrinsic parameters \( \bar{b}_{ 2} \) and \( \bar{b}_{ 4} \) can be estimated with suitable errors but for small values of these spin–Hamiltonian parameters it is very difficult to predict the correct sign and magnitude. | Zeolite-based catalysts have been widely used in the conversion of biomass recently, but the catalytic yields of the desired products are strongly limited by the relatively small micropores of zeolite. Here, we reported a hierarchically porous ZSM-5 zeolite with micropore and b-axis-aligned mesopore-supported Ru nanoparticles (Ru/HZSM-5-OM) that are highly efficient for the hydrodeoxygenation of both small and bulky phenolic biomolecules to the corresponding alkanes. Compared with the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite-supported Ru catalyst, the high catalytic activities and alkane selectivities over Ru/HZSM-5-OM are attributed to the abundant exposed acidic sites in HZSM-5-OM with open mesopores. This feature is potentially important for future phenolic bio-oil upgrading. | eng_Latn | 15,115 |
Aluminum doped zirconia nanopowders: Wet-chemical synthesis and structural analysis by Rietveld refinement | Alumina/zirconia nanopowders, with up to 20 mol% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, were prepared by wet-chemical synthesis technique, using controlled hydrolysis of alkoxides. The as-synthesized powders are amorphous, have very high specific surface area and the corresponding particle size smaller than 4 nm. Amorphous powders with 0, 10 and 20 mol% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} crystallize at 460, 692 and 749 deg. C, respectively, as a single-phase tetragonal zirconia, without any traces of alumina phases. Rietvled refinement of X-ray diffraction data, used for the detailed structural analysis of annealed nanopowders, showed that the high-temperature zirconia phase is stabilized due to the formation of ZrO{sub 2}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} solid solutions. High solubility of alumina in the tetragonal zirconia (up to 28.6 at% Al{sup 3+}) and stabilization of tetragonal zirconia solid solution up to high temperature (as high as 1150 deg. C) were also confirmed. | Abstract Laser ablation (1064 nm) Fourier transform mass spectrometry has been used to study the sodium ion-exchanged LTA (Na-A) and MOR (Na-M) zeolites and the potassium ion-exchanged LTL (K-L) zeolite. When the ion-exchanged element is taken into account, the positive-ion and negative-ion laser ablation Fourier transform mass spectra from all three zeolites are similar and apparently independent of the zeolite structure. With the exception of small atomic and diatomic ions, the anions detected from the laser ablation of the zeolites are of the form M(SiO 2 ) x O − (where M=H, Na, K, AlO and x = 1–5). The laser ablation mass spectra show a strong dependence on laser power, with the higher Si Al ratio zeolite, mordenite, exhibiting the highest stability under 1064 nm laser irradiation. | eng_Latn | 15,116 |
Improvement of the uniform corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4 in the absence of irradiation | Abstract Uniform corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4 was studied by autoclave testing in high pressure steam at 400°C. Influence of the alloying elements, heat treatments, and fabrication process were also studied. The principally factors which act on the corrosion resistance are the tin content, the quenching conditions, the amount of final cold-work, the final heat treatment and the accumulated annealing parameter. | Publisher Summary This chapter discusses microporous zincophosphates as solid base catalysts. Samples of tridimensional microporous zinc phosphates with fully connected framework with structures type FAU and CZP are prepared. The influence of some synthesis parameters on the nature of the crystalline phases obtained, such as crystallization time and temperature, concentration of the different reactives or pH, are also discussed. Physicochemical characterization of the pure samples has been performed by different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), in situ thermal XRD analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These materials are tested in the Knoevenagel condensation of different esters and benzaldehyde. | eng_Latn | 15,117 |
Mesoporous crystals of metal oxides and their properties | Porous single crystals of Cr 2 O 3 and Co 3 O 4 were synthesised using mesoporous silica, such as SBA-15 and KIT-6, as a template. Their structures were examined by using XRD and HRTEM. The magnetic properties of Cr 2 O 3 revealed behaviour like nanoparticles and the catalytic properties showed 100% conversion of cyclohexene with 34% selectivity to the epoxide. | The classical methods for preparing ceramic membranes from macroporous support to microporous or dense layers, asextrusion, suspended powder method, sol- gel processes, are described. But other techniques are also used as chemicalvapour deposition for dense or microporous layers, hydrothermal treatment to elaborate zeolite membranes are alsodescribed. Hollow fibres, a new configuration for ceramic membranes, are presented. | eng_Latn | 15,118 |
Britain and European Resistance, 1940–1945: A Survey of the Special Operations Executive, with Documents | The Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Austria, 1940-1945 | Blood volume expansion does not explain the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by 10 weeks of endurance training | eng_Latn | 15,119 |
The others, with the possible exception of the bearded German, merely used it as a rendezvous. | It didn't mean much to anyone besides the bearded German. | The rendezvous is where everything happens. | eng_Latn | 15,120 |
He set up an intricate plan for military rebellion across the Reich and took it upon himself to bring a bomb into Hitler's Wolf's Lair compound in East Prussia. | Someone took a bomb into Hitler's Wolf's Lair. | No one was ever able to sneak a bomb into Hitler's lair. | eng_Latn | 15,121 |
Nor is he of any use as an instructional hero--neither a democrat nor a capitalist, he gives little comfort to modern Germany. | He is of little use to modern Germany. | He is definitely a Democrat by heart. | eng_Latn | 15,122 |
Alexander Cockburn once imagined this MacNeil/Lehrer And now, for another view of Hitler ... | Cockburn imagined another view of Hitler. | Cockburn never said anything about Hitler. | eng_Latn | 15,123 |
Feel better? asked the German, as he removed the empty glass. | The German took away an empty glass. | The German said nothing and left an empty glass where it was. | eng_Latn | 15,124 |
With fast-moving tanks and superior air power, the Germans reached Paris 30 days later. | The Germans had a wealth of technology. | The Germans were moving towards Australia. | eng_Latn | 15,125 |
In a sense, German's new job isn't far from where he started decades ago. | German started doing similar work several years ago. | This is a new venture for German, so nobody knows what to expect. | eng_Latn | 15,126 |
German came to Nebraska Legal Services with a goal of doubling the firm's capacity to serve. | His goal was to double the capacity of the firm to serve. | German did not have any goals. | eng_Latn | 15,127 |
Believing a firm response was demanded, I've relegated such inapt answers to Page 2. (Click for some quite amusing if not entirely germane replies.) | They demanded a firm response to be given. | They never wanted a firm response to be given. | eng_Latn | 15,128 |
Worst of all, most of the lines that Reich attributes to Saxton--starting with where did you learn economics , Mr. Secretary? | Worst yet, most lines the Reich attributes to Saxton- starting with economics, Mr Secretary? | Best yet, most lines the Reich attributes to Saxton- starting with economics, Mr Secretary? | eng_Latn | 15,129 |
The genesis of that position, Albright has insisted, lies in her own life Her view of the world, she repeats as though it were a mantra, was formed not by Vietnam, but by Munich, by the failure of the great powers to check totalitarian aggression in Central Europe. | The failure of the great powers to check totalitarianism in Central Europe formed Albright's view of the world. | Albright insists that Munich, despite its importance, does not come close to Vietnam in shaping her view of the world. | eng_Latn | 15,130 |
Germany could not imagine any other death for him. | Any other death could not be imaged by Germany. | Germany could imagine a lot of different deaths for him. | eng_Latn | 15,131 |
The troopers behind Muller stiffened into wooden soldiers, all expression vanishing from their features until they matched each other in exact anonymity. | Muller was with soldiers. | Muller was with teachers. | eng_Latn | 15,132 |
A naturalized German? asked Tommy. | A German citizen? Questioned Tommy. | A US citizen? Asked Tommy. | eng_Latn | 15,133 |
It's hard to recall a more chilling stretch in modern movies than the one before the last big battle, when the American soldiers, surrounded by the debris of a devastated town, listen to the echoey, piped-in strains of an Edith Piaf recording--and then hear the first low rumbles of approaching German tanks, each man alone in the shared knowledge that this foreign music will likely be the last they'll hear. | The scene just before the last big battle between the Americans and the Germans was especially chilling. | The German soldiers heard the rumble of American tanks coming towards them. | eng_Latn | 15,134 |
it was about uh a French Foreign Legion fellow | It was about the French Foreign Legion guy. | It was about the German National Legion woman. | eng_Latn | 15,135 |
The Church of England and the Obliteration Bombing of Germany in the Second World War | What did we do to Germany during the Second World War? A British perspective on the Allied strategic bombing campaign 1940-45 | Understanding mode of action can drive the translational pipeline towards more reliable health benefits for probiotics | eng_Latn | 15,136 |
This article opens a new perspective on Finland’s Cold War history by highlighting the role of the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE) in providing information about the German Democratic Republic as a particular polity, economy, and key player in the European Cold War landscape. The analysis is based on search results from the YLE digital database (Metro) from 1970–1989, and it is supported by documents from the German Broadcasting Archive [Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv] and the YLE company archive. The archive documents and metadata testify about a long-term interest in East Germany in Finnish television, as well as long-term contacts and collaboration between East German and Finnish television companies, in the executive as well as at grass roots levels. | The Atmosphere of the Media War from J. V. Stalin to Boris Yeltsin A Programme of Silence Moscow Tightens Its Grip Darkness Falls Soviet Propaganda Fails Gorbachev's Glasnost Popular Among the Media The Exaggerated Soviet Threat Finlandization - A Nightmare for the Federal Republic of Germany Russia Seen Through the Lens of Fear and Politics Notes Sources and Bibliography Index | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 15,137 |
This article explores cinema programming policy with regard to the American film import in the last decade of the GDR. Taking the science fiction film as a case-study, the mechanisms of censorship scrutiny of western imports in the GDR are examined on the basis of interviews with officials employed by the ‘Hauptverwaltung Film’ in the Ministry of Culture as well as the documents they produced. Prior to the decade under consideration, the science fiction genre had only been represented in GDR cinemas by indigenous productions and imports from other Eastern Bloc countries. Their designation as ‘utopische Filme’ was representative of the fact that these films were clearly demarcated from their western equivalents. The consideration and subsequent import of the American science fiction film would appear to suggest that there was a shift in policy towards the western import film. A close examination of the science fiction films’ distribution history confirms this in part, although it is concluded that the individual films do not represent a significant departure from the established cinema culture norms. | As detente brought a thaw to the Cold War, two films appeared from opposite sides of the ideological divide: Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey in 1968 and Andrei Tarkovsky' s Solaris in 1972. Released at the culmination of the space race, both asked the question "What does it mean to be human?" Scholars and critics alike have written on Kubrick's exploration of the borders of the human in terms of the natural vs. the technical, human vs. machine, and physicality vs. disembodiment. Tarkovsky's film takes up these same themes in terms of humanity's inability to perceive the other. As science -fiction films, both displaced contemporary anxieties into the future. Thus, the continuing academic discourse on these films helps us to better understand the United States and the Soviet Union at the time of release. Two films from the German Democratic Republic (GDR), however, have yet to be analyzed in terms of the Kubrick-Tarkovsky dialogue with which they strove to engage: Gottfried Kolditz's Signals - A Space Adventure (Signale - Ein Weltraumabenteuer, 1970) and Hermann Zschoche's Eolomea (1972). Science -fiction films as well, Signals and Eolomea also reveal much about East Germany, exploring what it means to be human, but doing so specifically in dialogue with the GDR' s own unique version of MarxismLeninism, the prevailing ideology of the country's dominant Socialist Unity Party (SED). To Be a Socialist Human in Space On one level, the films appeared for political reasons. Not recognized as a country by the world community until 1972, East Germany continually searched for ways to demonstrate its legitimacy internationally. In the mid-1960s, the State-run film studio Deutsche Filmaktiengesellschaft (DEFA) developed its own 70mm camera, making East Germany the third country to do so after the United States and the Soviet Union. DEFA also tried to emulate the 70mm film projects that came from these two countries, and invested significant resources to this end. Signals and Eolomea were both shot in 70mm, with costly special effects based directly on those in Kubrick's 2001, as part of a campaign to prove that the GDR was one of the select cohort of "world-class" countries filming in this format. Eolomea, however, had more to offer than high-quality special effects. Hermann Zschoche, its director, is best known for his film Karla (1965), which was banned, along with an entire year's worth of production, at the Eleventh Plenary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). Zschoche built his reputation on films for young adults that thematized the often-conflicted search for the self in society. Even coming-of-age was political in a country where the narrative of selfrealization was not left to the individual, but was pre -determined by the State's prevailing Marxist-Leninist ideology and socialist realist aesthetic. Zschoche explored this conflict in Karla, through the character of a young schoolteacher who runs into trouble when she encourages her students to question and think for themselves rather than follow the Party unquestioningly. As we shall see, he continued to challenge the limits on self-development for young adults in Eolomea, but in a much more cautious manner.6 One of Zschoche' s techniques for creating cinematic discourse about self-realization was to associate the individual freedom of the private sphere with Nature, framed in sharp contrast with the restrictive socialist public sphere based on technological innovation. In Eolomea, this involved engaging with the East German interpretation of Heimat. In Germany, the complex concept of Heimat or homeland is identified with place of birth, one's earliest experiences, and childhood, as well as language. It gained its modern, mythical significance as a result of mass movement from the country to the city. The idealized regional or rural Heimat became, for these migrants, a place of symbolic refuge in the face of urban alienation, loss of community, and loss of individuality. … | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 15,138 |
: With the doctrinal designation of cyberspace as an operational military domain comes significant implications that include defending, exploiting, and evolving capabilities in pursuit of national objectives. The designation also raises a debate on US military force structure needed to realize its full potential and whether the current construct can support its development. Can the current Department of Defense establishment meet the demands and potential of the cyberspace domain? Or is a separate force, independent of the other services and agencies, needed to project and protect vital US cyberspace interests? Using the US Air Force s path to independence as context for an analysis of cyberspace force capabilities, this essay explores whether the services and combat support agencies can meet strategic national objectives. Or, as suggested by retired Navy Admiral James Stavridis, is an independent US Cyber Force needed? Specifically, the existence of four criterions are explored: a unique, strategic military capability unachievable by any of the other services and agencies; corresponding technological advances; an unrestricted battlespace to develop, test, and refine theories, weapons, and tactics; and political champions to maneuver the bureaucratic and legislative terrain needed to pass legislation to create a separate military service. | As the U.S. Army's Chief of staff through World War II, George Catlett marshall (1880-1959) organized the military mobilization of unprecedented number of Americans and shaped the Allied strategy that defeated first Nazi Germany, then Imperial Japan. As President Truman's Secretary of State, and later as his Secretary of Defence during the Korean War, Marshall the statesman created the European Recovery Act (known as the Marshall Plan) and made possible the Berlin Airlift. Ed Cray in this masterful biography brings us face-to-face with a genuine American hero and the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 15,139 |
Casualties and Civil-Military Relations: The German Polity between Learning and Indifference | The issues of casualties and presumed casualty aversion in democratic societies were of marginal importance in the German debate about civil-military relations in the 1990s. Although these issues were ever present, they were never studied in detail. This article analyzes the reactions to German casualties by the political and military elites and by the press. It focuses on a number of recent cases of German soldiers who were killed in out-of-area missions. Our findings indicate that German society seems to be less casualty averse than is widely assumed. Two explanations for this are put forward: First, that Germany appears to have undergone a substantial learning process and seems ready to accept casualties for the “right” cause. Second, German society has become indifferent to military matters. Further research is needed to specify the extent to which these two hypotheses apply to different segments of German society. | Gender and conflict is a growing area of study. The authors show how an empirical and theoretical focus on gender and its multifaceted meanings yields entirely different explanations of conflict than traditionally understood. They highlight especially the ways in which attention to women and men, femininities and masculinities, gender norms, and gender relations challenges given categories in International Relations such as levels of analysis, and reconceptualizes security along a “continuum of violence” | eng_Latn | 15,140 |
The trouble with harry : Compatibilist free will internalism and manipulation | Harry Frankfurt's compatibilist free will internalism faces the manipulation or "source" problem. This paper examines Frankfurt's internalist replies to the problem of first-order as well as second-order manipulation and finds them wanting for reasons not exposed in the literature as yet. His defence against the objection of first-order manipulation is causally ineffective, while that against the objection of second-order manipulation comes perilously close to either freewill externalism or free will incompatibilism. However, the fate of Frankfurt's free will internalism also depends on whether the alternative positions can do any better in dealing with the problem. Since no position can cope, the paper concludes that nothing dramatic follows from the manipulation problem for Frankfurt's specific position, even if it is found wanting. | Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Contingencies, Global Culture, and Policy Shifts Chapter 2. The British and German Labor Ministries: Similarities and Differences Chapter 3. Veering away from British Pluralism: Class Interests and Statist Pursuits Chapter 4. Bending German Statism: Pluralist Compromises and Class Interests Chapter 5. Predicting Policy Shifts Bibliography Index | eng_Latn | 15,141 |
Punishing German soldiers during the Cold War; the case of Erich von Manstein | Bloxham examines the events and rhetoric surrounding the trial and premature release from custody of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein. Von Manstein was convicted of involvement in atrocities on the Eastern Front, yet his story aroused the sympathy of many in Britain, including influential politicians, who believed the Wehrmacht to be innocent of the crimes of Nazism. His trial also fell squarely into a period, the onset of the Cold War, when Britain was attempting to restore relations with West Germany. Pressure both from the nascent West German elite and from within the Conservative government (re-elected in 1951) and its foreign diplomatic corps ensured that a series of dubious legal devices would be used to accelerate the liberation of von Manstein at a time of negotiations about a German contribution to a Western European army. Similar contrivances abetted the early release of another field marshal, Kesselring, and a senior general, Falkenhorst. The releases, and the obfuscations of the soldiers' war-... | Iceberg, bread, tunny was an installation in “From Floor to Sky: British Sculpture and the Studio Experience” curated by Peter Kardia,and held in London. Each artist was asked to submit one student's work and one current work. ::: Julie Myers said of my work that the video “felt like I was seeing a landscape through the eyes of another person - not just because its hand held - but it really is a moving image - the edits were perfect . . . and I loved the combination of objects, drawings and video in the space...”, Colin Perry (Art Monthly, April 2010) commented “From the late 1970’s, the influence of Lacan and a host of feminist and post-structural thinkers would confront the watching eyes of the male gaze. Meynell’s Diary, 1983, which incorporates photographs and found objects (rank hair from the bath plug, dried clove buds), seeks to redirect the image of women’s bodies away from the male gaze.” | eng_Latn | 15,142 |
Risk Attitude, Ambiguity Intolerance and Decision Making: An Exploratory Investigation* | Although recent research has identified attitudes towards ambiguity and risk to be important determinants of choice behavior [8] [18], no prior work jointly assessed the roles of both attitudes. We conducted a laboratory experiment using a real decision scenario and conducted exploratory analyses of the relationship between attitudes towards risk and ambiguity and the decision taken by the subjects. The results support the prediction that attitudes towards both risk and ambiguity affect choice behavior. Our exploratory analyses indicate interesting avenues for future research, including an examination of the decision process itself. | Contents Contributors Introduction Reinterpreting Exploration Dane Kennedy Part One Themes Chapter 1 Science and Exploration Michael F. Robinson Chapter 2 A Half Century of Shifting Narrative Perspectives on Encounters Harry Liebersohn Chapter 3 Exploration and Enlightenment Philip J. Stern Chapter 4 Exploration in Print: From the Miscellany to the Newspaper Clare Pettitt Chapter 5 The Making of British and French Legends of Exploration Berny Sebe Part Two Territories Chapter 6 Exploration in Imperial Russia Willard Sunderland Chapter 7 Exploring the Pacific World Jane Samson Chapter 8 Decentering Exploration in East Africa Stephen J. Rockel Chapter 9 The Exploration of Central Asia Gordon Stewart Chapter 10 The Historiography of Antarctic Exploration Stephanie Barczewski | eng_Latn | 15,143 |
The Moral Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Reconciling Human Respect and Utility | It is clear that military force should be used cautiously, but at the same time, some human rights violations cannot be effectively addressed by anything short of forcible coercion. This essay utilizes competing views on international morality-those of Michael Walzer and Charles Beitz-to argue for a human rights-based understanding of humanitarian intervention. I maintain that the prevailing views on international morality render the conditions under which intervention may take place as either too permissive, or restricted for reasons having little to do with human rights. To be morally consistent with the primacy of human rights, the use of force must be restricted to instances of human rights violations whose moral significance goes beyond the mere existence of human suffering. Thus, this essay employs a Kantian doctrine of human respect in tandem with a utilitarianism of rights test in order to fully encompass the human rights implications of the use of military force. The application of both doctrines... | Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Contingencies, Global Culture, and Policy Shifts Chapter 2. The British and German Labor Ministries: Similarities and Differences Chapter 3. Veering away from British Pluralism: Class Interests and Statist Pursuits Chapter 4. Bending German Statism: Pluralist Compromises and Class Interests Chapter 5. Predicting Policy Shifts Bibliography Index | eng_Latn | 15,144 |
What is the British Army equivalent to the German military rank of Oberst? | SS-Rank Table showing equivalents in the other armies of WWII Private Note 1) The term, "Reichsf�hrer-SS" was applied to the head of the combined Waffen and Allgemeine-SS. The various Reichsf�hrer-SS were: Julius Schreck 1925-26, Joseph Berchtold 1926-27, Erhard Heiden 1927-29, Heinrich Himmler 1929-45 and lastly Karl Hanke 1945. There was no direct equivalent to this position in any of the other combatant nations of the Second World War. Note 2) The above table shows what I believe to be the equivalent ranks in the different forces during the years 1939-45. It is not always easy to provide a direct equivalent between nations, or indeed between the SS and the rest of the Wehrmacht. The starting point rank, SS-Sch�tze, was the designation for the Infantry and depending on the actual unit, it could be different, for example, Kanonier for the Artillery. The SS-Ranks with, Junker in the title usually refers to non-commissioned Officers who were acting as Officer Cadets pending a definite promotion. During this time they could command troops in the field. A full and exhaustive Rank table would be quite complicated and involve many footnotes and additional explanation; the above is of necessity somewhat simplified. Note 3) It is sometimes difficult to render words and phrases from one language into another. An example is, Sturmbannf�hrer. In modern German, Sturm means, Storm, or, Assault in the military sense. The word, Bann means a (magic) Spell and F�hrer, means a Leader or Guide. Clearly Sturmbannf�hrer cannot be rendered as, Storm Spell (magic) Leader, so some further clarification is needed. German in the Middle Ages used the word Bann both on its own and in conjunction with others, to form words to denote authority and power. Examples are words such as, Banner, meaning a Banner or Flag and Heerbann meaning, Army Command (the power of a King to raise and command an Army). Modern English uses Bann, as in The Banns of Marriage, meaning the command from the minister in the church to the listening congregation to, "raise any cause or just impediment" to the forthcoming match. In Germany during the 1920's, the Sturm Abteilung, or SA (Storm Detachment) came into being as the street muscle of the Nazi Party. The SA formed themselves into, Companie, three to a Sturm and three, St�rme, into a Sturmbann. Thus a Sturmbannf�hrer was a, Storm Command Leader, using Command in its noun sense, in the same way that a Colonel could refer to his Regiment as being his Command. Using the normal military grading structure equates a Sturmbann to a Battalion and thus a Sturmbannf�hrer to a Major. Note 4) The term, Wehrmacht literally means, Armed Forces and covered all branches of the German Armed Forces such as: Heer, (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force). The Waffen-SS were a part of the Heer (Army) section of the Wehrmacht. It is important to realise that the Waffen-SS were not a separate branch of the Wehrmacht that operated independently of the rest; they were an integral part of the whole. It is true that some sections of the Allgemeine-SS were only loosely under Heer (Army) control, for example the Ahnenerbe, which dealt with racial research, were neither fighting soldiers nor connected with the intelligence services of the Third Reich. Note 5) Unterf�hrer was not an official rank of the SS, but was used to refer to all non-commissioned officer ranks. This term has been used in some of the Dortmund statements made, by various witnesses, for example that by Hauptsturmf�hrer Kahn . The translations given above are my own and I must bear any criticism for their interpretation. | Athletics at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games: Men's Long Jump | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Athletics at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games: Men's Long Jump Venue(s): Olympic Stadium, Imperial Sports Field, Berlin Date Started: August 4, 1936 Date Finished: August 4, 1936 Gold: Naoto Tajima Summary In the qualifying, the heavy favorite, [Jesse Owens], fouled on his first two jumps. What happened next is now somewhat controversial. But the story has long been told that Germany’s [Luz Long], considered Owens’ biggest challenger went over to him and gave him some advice, helping to qualify easily. Some people now say that never occurred. The final was held later that day, and Owens led early, thanks to 7.74 (25-4¾) in round one and 7.87 (25-10) in round two. He then bettered that with 7.94 (26-0¾) in the fifth round and finished with 8.06 (26-5½). All the marks were considered wind-aided. Long challenged in round five with 7.87 (25-10), after jumping 7.84 (25-8¾) in round three. But at the end of the competition, he was the first person to congratulate Owens, with Adolf Hitler watching from the stands. Whether the story of Long’s aiding Owens in front of Hitler is true or not, it is known that after the long jump, Owens and Long became close friends. Long showed Owens all around Berlin during the rest of the Olympics. After the Olympics they corresponded frequently, at least until Long was killed fighting with Rommel’s Northern African Corps. His last letter to Owens asked him to someday visit his young son in Berlin and tell him about the friendship between the blond Aryan hero, and the black son of an Alabama sharecropper. Which is how, in the early 60s, Jesse Owens came to stand besides Karl Long, as best man at his wedding. A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics | Privacy Statement | Conditions & Terms of Service | Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com . Part of the | eng_Latn | 15,145 |
Who was the German Ambassador to Britain from 1936-38? | Real History and the British Embassy in Berlin Sir Eric Phipps diary, a finding aid. British ambassador in Berlin, 1933-1937 Churchill College, Cambridge: Files PHPP 10/1 Berlin October 1933 - September 1935 ('enclosures from Moley [Sir Orme] Sargent'); and PHPP 10/2, Diary September 1935 - April 1937 (when Phipps was posted to Paris). Note, this is not a complete summary, merely a listing of highlights. On January 13, 1942 Sargent sent "the two manuscript volumes of your Berlin Diary 1933-37" back to Phipps regretting the FO could give no final answer about publication; the letter is a refusal in fact on the grounds that the diary "reproduces a very considerable number of documents included in the official collection" being readied for publication. October 24, 1933 [Phipps's first meeting with Hitler.] "Herr Hitler then proceeded, after a long disquisition on Russia and the danger which that country presented to Germany from an industrial, economic and agricultural point of view owing to the lower standard of living existing there, to remark rather vaguely that he sought certain possibilities of expansion in eastern Europe: he disclaimed, however all wish to rectify the 'absurd and unfair corridor question' by force." [A very hostile, sarcastic account]. November 1, 1933 [Neurath orders immediate release of Daily Telegraph's Mr Panter, arrested for spying.] "He did say however that the police had for some time been listening to Mr Panter's telephone conversations, which showed him to be most unfairly prejudiced against the German government. If this be true, he has been imprudent." Suggests advising British correspondents to watch their talk on the phone. December 5, 1933 [Further meeting with Hitler]. Lengthy account. "The Chancellor, even when frenzied, was friendly." February 24, 1934 [Eden's visit to Hitler February 20, 21, visit was an undoubted success.] February 28, 1934 [Release of Bulgarian prisoners, Dimitroff etc.; Göring's views on them, and on Reichstag trial.] "General Göring however seemed to have a greater detestation for what he described as cowardly Communists such as Herr Löbe, who recently expressed himself in an admiring manner in the Belgian press about the Hitler regime, than for Dimitroff and his companions. General Göring felt special contempt for the cowardice of Herr Hentschell, a prominent communist, who recently wrote from his concentration camp to say that he would like to have been behind Hitler's chair in the Reichstag on January 30th last and to serve in future as a pillar of the National Socialist party." [Also talks with Alfred Rosenberg about religion etc] April 18, 1934 [Bierabend with Rosenberg and Darré]. "The Reichswehr position is also difficult. Röhm is insistent that certain S.A. leaders should be made Generals as soon as expansion begins in order to guarantee the loyalty of the new Army. To this the Reichswehr and President von Hindenburg remain vigorously opposed." April 25, 1934 "Another wrangle has taken place over the appointment of Herr Himmler as head of the Prussian political police despite the strong opposition of General Göring. Herr Himmler has taken over the political police in almost all the other states and his new appointment constitutes an encroachment on General Göring's preserve." [This was just one example of the friction between the subordinates. In the economic and financial sphere Ley vs Schacht and Dr Schmitt; many were now criticizing Goebbels; "the relations between Stabschef Röhm and General von Reichenau are notoriously bad." Darré's stock was falling. Hitler's personal prestige remains as high as ever, but the public was shaken by these other squabbles. April 29, 1934 [More on Hitler-Röhm dispute.] June 7, 1934 Yesterday we lunched with Herr and Frau von Ribbentrop. [...] Herr Himmler, the head of the SS and newly appointed Chief of the Secret Police, was also present. He told me that the Communist danger was by no means over in Germany, where thousands of Communist propaganda leaflets were still distributed daily. Ten thousand most desperate communi | In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? This question was answered on May 17, 2016. View the Answer In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? LaurindaIman posted a question · May 17, 2016 at 6:00am Top Answer Here is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572195) ]} Chrisjoel answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:00am Other Answers {[ getNetScore(29572209) ]} profKEV answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:01am Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983), known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO, from 1956 to 1979, was a... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572269) ]} peterkivuva61 answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:05am Anthony Blunt In 1964, MI5 received information from the American Michael Whitney Straight pointing to Blunt's espionage; the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572283) ]} Who was the first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party at the time of the Russian invasion in 1968? Recently Asked Questions Need an European History tutor? mathtutor1983 4 European History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 15,146 |
The musical Cabaret is set in which Berlin nightclub? | CABARET - The Musical - Tipi am Kanzleramt Theater CABARET - The Musical © Foto: Jan Wirdeier / Gestaltung: upstruct.com Summer 2017 The Musical Musical Welcome to the Kit Kat Club right next to the Chancellor’s office! The TIPI AM KANZLERAMT becomes a cabaret, hosting the world-famous musical about life, passion and despair in Berlin under the darkening skies of approaching fascism. Based on true events and real lives, CABARET portrays the experiences of the English writer Christopher Isherwood, who lived in the Berlin district of Schöneberg from 1929 to 1933, making real life the source of this highly sensual theatrical experience. The story of the carefree nightclub-singer Sally Bowles in the glittering yet shady milieu of the Golden Twenties immortalised the city of Berlin as the city of historical fractures, caught between glamour and the gutter, between dreams and despair. This production of CABARET is the work of director and star choreographer Vincent Paterson, who has developed choreographies for Madonna and Michael Jackson as well as for Lars von Trier's Dancer in The Dark. Director and choreographer: Vincent Paterson Musical director: Adam Benzwi Script by Joe Masteroff – after the play “I am a Camera” by John van Druten and the stories by Christopher Isherwood Music by John Kander - Song lyrics by Fred Ebb - German texts by Robert Gilbert © XAMAX Conférencier: Michael Kargus · Oliver Urbanski Fräulein Schneider: Regina Lemnitz Fräulein Kost: Anja Karmanski · Jacqueline Macaulay Ernst Ludwig: Torsten Stoll · Romanus Fuhrmann Bobby / Sailor: Christoph Jonas Max / Sailor: Christian Fischer · Mario Krüger Kit Kat Girls: Andreas Röder · Johannes Brüssau · Kiara Brunken · Marion Wulf · Cornelia Waibel · Feline Zimmermann · Paulina Plucinski Kit Kat Band Piano / Toypiano / Accordion: Adam Benzwi · Jörg Daniel Heinzmann Violin / Musical Saw / Sailor: Dragan Radosavievich · Stefan Adam Trombone/ Steel Guitar: Daniel Busch · Christian Fischer · Uwe Langer · Friedrich Milz Contrabass / Tuba / Triangle: Otwin Zipp · Björn Sickert Percussion / Chime / Sailor: Caspar Hachfeld Storyline In the year 1929 the young American writer Clifford Bradshaw arrives in Berlin, searching for material for his novel. He rents a cheap room in Fräulein Schneider’s boarding house and spends New Year’s Eve in the Kit Kat Club, upon Ernst-Ludwig’s invitation, an acquaintance he made during his journey. The Kit Kat Club is one of the many temples to pleasure that Berlin had to offer in the 1920s. A place for longings of every kind, where you could live for a moment in the utopia of erotic and political freedom. In the darkness, the faded filament bulbs of the Cabaret turn into a glamorous lustre, which sucks in the restless night wanderers of the metropolis in its glaring red gullet. Here, a louche MC introduces the attraction of the evening: Fräulein Sally Bowles, an English night club singer. Sally and Cliff quickly get to know one another in the permissive, relaxed atmosphere of the club. She is looking for a place to stay, he is looking for an aim in life and already on the following day she moves in with him – disregarding his views on the matter. The friendly fruit merchant Herr Shultz also lives in Fräulein Schneider’s boarding house and spoils his landlady with exotic fruit. Just as their tender love story leads to an engagement, Herr Schultz, a Jew, is for the first time confronted with the hatred of the emerging Nazi movement: resigned and afraid, Fräulein Schneider makes a difficult decision regarding their forthcoming wedding ... Cliff is appalled at the burgeoning Fascism and wants to leave Berlin as soon as possible, with the now pregnant Sally. But, just like the shrill, cynical MC, Sally is uninterested in politics – for her, life is only a Cabaret. One is travelling through, in flight, in constant fear, and so in the end each packs his bags. Sally gives away her fur coat to pay for an abortion, and returns to the Kit Kat Club. And Cliff, shortly before the Nazis come to power, leaves Berlin. No one as yet knows where the journ | The World at War - German Codenames Fall Rot (Case Red) In 1935 the Fall Rot was a study to defend against a surprise attack by France while defending the borders against Czechoslovakia and Poland. The 37 version of Fall Rot included offensive operations against Czechoslovakia with the aim of preventing a prolonged two-front war. In 1940 it was the second part of the western campaign - after the destruction of the BEF and the northern army of France it was, together with Fall Braun, the attack on the rest of the French army which was still entrenched in the Maginot line. Fall Blau (Case Blue) In 1938 a study from the Luftwaffe about aerial warfare against England. This would later become the "Planstudie 1939", a concept for the whole of aerial warfare. In 1942 "Fall Blau" was the codename for the operations of Army Group South with the operational targets: Woronesh, Stalingrad, and Baku. Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) The western campaign of 1940. Included the attack on Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Originally planned as a frontal attack in coordination with Fall Braun, it was later modified into a armored attack through the Ardennes using a scheme developed by General von Manstein. Fall Braun (Case Brown) Plan to attack with Army Group C on the western front in June 1940 (see Fall Grün) to relieve Army Group A and B, if necessary. Heeresgruppe C (von Leeb) was the army to execute this plan. Actually, in 1940 the Heeresgruppe C was far too weak to do anything but hold their position (some 19 divisions, most of them second class, for the whole southern front, including the Swiss border, against 37 French divisions and the Maginot line - some of their best among them). When Army Group C finally attacked for real, they were unexpectedly successful since the French no longer expected offensive action from them. Zitadelle (Citadel) Attack on the Russian front at Kursk in 43. This attack would become the largest tank battle in history. The attack was postponed several times by Hitler himself to allow the inclusion of new armor designs. This gave the Soviets the chance to prepare a stout defense and a counterattack. After this battle Germany never again gained the initiative. Herbstnebel / Wacht am Rhein (Autumn Fog / Watch on the Rhine) Codename for parts of the offensive in the Ardennes, 1944. Part of the deception for this offensive was the secret operation "Heinrich", in which the foreign worker contingents of the Axis were infiltrated by German agents. They would disguise as members of the resistance movement and hire their fellows for anti-German activities. Fed with important (but wrong) information about the German military, the workers where given a chance to escape by their resistance-comrades. The information about the German troops acquired in this way was considered reliable by the Allied, enabling the Germans a last tactical surprise. Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Codenames Paukenschlag (Beat of the kettledrum) A collective name for the first coordinated operations of German submarines on the US east coast. Lack of a convoy system along the coasts of the United States made for a lot of fat targets for German submariners. Later operations had nice names like "Mordbrenner" or "Reißewolf". The diary of radio operator Wolfgang Hirschfeld gives a first hand account of the German side. | eng_Latn | 15,147 |
"In the 1964 film ""Dr. Strangelove ... "", the doctor, working as national security consultant to the president, was a sinister character with a heavy Germanic accent and darkly Teutonic attitudes. Who had the nickname ""Dr Strangelove"" when in public office in the 1970s?" | Kissinger: 1923-1968: The Idealist by Niall Ferguson, Paperback | Barnes & Noble® April 2015 Introduction After all, didn’t what happened to me actually happen by chance? Good God, I was a completely unknown professor. How could I have said to myself: “Now I’m going to maneuver things so as to become internationally famous?” It would have been pure folly. . . . One might then say it happened because it had to happen. That’s what they always say when things have happened. They never say that about things that don’t happen—the history of things that didn’t happen has never been written. —HENRY KISSINGER to Oriana Fallaci, Nov. 4, 19721 I Surely no statesman in modern times, and certainly no American secretary of state, has been as revered and then as reviled as Henry Kissinger. When Oriana Fallaci interviewed him in November 1972, Kissinger had not yet attained the zenith of his fame. Looking back on their encounter a few years later, Fallaci sardonically parodied the magazine covers of the time: This too famous, too important, too lucky man, whom they call Superman, Superstar, Superkraut, and who stitches together paradoxical alliances, reaches impossible agreements, keeps the world holding its breath as though the world were his students at Harvard. This incredible, inexplicable, unbearable personage, who meets Mao Tse-tung when he likes, enters the Kremlin when he feels like it, wakens the president of the United States and goes into his bedroom when he thinks it appropriate. This absurd character with horn-rimmed glasses, beside whom James Bond becomes a flavorless creation. He does not shoot, nor use his fists, nor leap from speeding automobiles like James Bond, but he advises on wars, ends wars, pretends to change our destiny, and does change it.2 Clad as Superman, tights, cape, and all, Kissinger did in fact appear as a cartoon “Super K” on the cover of Newsweek in June 1974. Successive Newsweek covers had depicted him as “The Man in the White House Basement,” as “Nixon’s Secret Agent,” and as an American Gulliver, swarmed over by Lilliputian figures representing “A World of Woes.” Time magazine was even more captivated. While in office, Kissinger appeared on its cover no fewer than fifteen times. He was, according to one Time profile, “the world’s indispensable man.”3 Of course, there was an element of humor in all this. The joke was already doing the rounds by late 1972: “Just think what would happen if Kissinger died. Richard Nixon would become president of the United States!”4 The compound word “Nixinger” was briefly in vogue to imply Kissinger’s parity with the president. On the cover of Charles Ashman’s Kissinger: The Adventures of Super-Kraut, published in 1972, the eponymous superhero appeared disheveled, with telltale lipstick on his cheek. Yet Kissinger’s popularity was real. That same year he came in fourth in Gallup’s “Most Admired Man Index”; in 1973 he was number one. In May of that year, 78 percent of Americans were able to identify Kissinger, a proportion otherwise achieved only by presidents, presidential candidates, and the biggest stars of sport and screen.5 By the middle of 1974 his approval rating, according to the regular Harris survey, was an astounding 85 percent. All secretaries of state, sooner or later, are interviewed by Charlie Rose. Only Henry Kissinger appeared on Rose’s show nearly forty times, to say nothing of his cameos in the soap opera Dynasty6 and The Colbert Report. All secretaries of state are caricatured in the newspapers. Only Kissinger became an animated cartoon character in three television series (in Freakazoid,7 The Simpsons,8 and Family Guy).9 Yet as Kissinger was all too well aware even in 1972, this kind of celebrity can easily flip into notoriety. “The consequences of what I do, I mean the public’s judgment[s],” he assured Oriana Fallaci, “have never bothered me. I don’t ask for popularity, I’m not looking for popularity. On the contrary, if you really want to know, I care nothing about popularity. I’m not at all afraid of losing my public; I can allow myself to say | Stasi | East German government | Britannica.com East German government Alternative Titles: MfS, Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, Staatsicherheit Related Topics Stasi, official name Ministerium für Staatsicherheit (German: “Ministry for State Security”), secret police agency of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Stasi was one of the most hated and feared institutions of the East German communist government. Follow the actions of the Stasi secret police in the final months of East Germany’s existence. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz The Stasi developed out of the internal security and police apparatus established in the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany after World War II . The law establishing the ministry, whose forerunner was the Kommissariat 5 (modeled along the lines of the Soviet KGB ), was passed by the East German legislature on February 8, 1950, four months after the establishment of the German Democratic Republic. The Stasi, whose formal role was not defined in the legislation, was responsible for both domestic political surveillance and foreign espionage , and it was overseen by the ruling Socialist Unity Party . Its staff was at first quite small, and its chief responsibilities were counterintelligence against Western agents and the suppression of the last vestiges of Nazism. Soon, however, the Stasi became known for kidnapping former East German officials who had fled the country; many of those who were forcibly returned were executed. Under Erich Mielke , its director from 1957 to 1989, the Stasi became a highly effective secret police organization. Within East Germany it sought to infiltrate every institution of society and every aspect of daily life, including even intimate personal and familial relationships. It accomplished this goal both through its official apparatus and through a vast network of informants and unofficial collaborators (inoffizielle Mitarbeiter), who spied on and denounced colleagues, friends, neighbours, and even family members. By 1989 the Stasi relied on 500,000 to 2,000,000 collaborators as well as 100,000 regular employees, and it maintained files on approximately 6,000,000 East German citizens—more than one-third of the population. Overview of East Germany’s Stasi (Ministry for State Security) under the leadership of Erich Mielke. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Similar Topics Gestapo In addition to domestic surveillance, the Stasi was also responsible for foreign surveillance and intelligence gathering through its Main Administration for Foreign Intelligence (Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung). Its foreign espionage activities were largely directed against the West German government and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . Under Markus Wolf, its chief of foreign operations from 1958 to 1987, the Stasi extensively penetrated West Germany’s government and military and intelligence services, including the inner circle of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt (1969–74); indeed, the discovery in April 1974 that a top aid to Brandt, Günter Guillaume, was an East German spy led to Brandt’s resignation two weeks later. The Stasi also had links to various terrorist groups, most notably the Red Army Faction (RAF) in West Germany. During the 1970s and ’80s the Stasi worked closely with the RAF and cooperated with Abū Niḍāl , Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (commonly known as Carlos, “the Jackal”), and the Palestine Liberation Organization . The Stasi also allowed Libyan agents to use East Berlin as a base of operations for carrying out terrorist attacks in West Berlin . Following the bombing of a discotheque in West Berlin (April 1986) that killed two U.S. servicemen, the Stasi continued to allow Libyan agents to use East Berlin as both a base of operations and a safe haven. Soon after the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the East German legislature passed a law to reconstitute the Ministry of State Security as the Office for National Security (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit). However, because of public outcry, the office was never established, and the Stasi was formal | eng_Latn | 15,148 |
Operation Tannenbaum was the codename for the proposed German invasion of which country? | Operation Tannenbaum | Alternatehistorian's Blog Alternatehistorian's Blog Operation Tannenbaum France was defeated. So too were Poland, Norway, Denmark, Holland, and Belgium. Austria and Czechoslovakia had been incorporated into the Greater German Reich and the fascist regime of Francisco Franco held sway over the Iberian Peninsula. In June of 1940, all that remained, surrounded by enemies, was the Swiss Confederation. Hitler called it a “pimple on the face of Europe.” In the heady days of victory for the Third Reich, a move against the alpine republic seemed inevitable. Even before the Fall of France was made official, plans were being drawn up for ‘Operation Tannenbaum,’ the German invasion of Switzerland. Yet Hitler’s attention was soon drawn towards Britain, and eventually the plan fell by the wayside as he began focusing attention on his Bolshevik neighbor to the East, but his eyes would return to that “Swiss cancer.” For years, the Swiss had had every reason to expect invasion. After Hitler came to power in 1933, he immediately began making overtures towards the various Nazi and pro-Nazi organizations in German-speaking countries (particularly Austria and Switzerland).The Führer warned against the possibility of Germany ending her days “as a second Switzerland,” serving others as a “slave nation.” Whether cautionary tale, empty rhetoric, or even plain contempt, the Swiss took Hitler’s remarks – and actions – to heart. Everything seemed to point towards German designs on the tiny alpine nation, despite its centuries-old tradition of neutrality and complete disdain for the trendy “pan-this and pan-that” sweeping across Europe. Textbooks in Germany included Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Bohemia-Moravia, the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and western Poland from Danzig to Krakow in maps of Greater Germany. The author of one of these textbooks, Professor Ewald Banse, responded to Swiss criticisms of his maps by explaining: “Quite naturally we count you Swiss as offshoots of the German nation (along with the Dutch, the Flemings, the Lorrainers, the Alsatians, the Austrians and the Bohemians … One day we will group ourselves around a single banner, and whosoever shall wish to separate us, we will exterminate!” Various Nazis were vocal about the German intent to “expand Germany’s boundaries to the farthest limits of the old Holy Empire, and even beyond.” In response to this bellicosity, a “sharp increase” in defense spending was approved, with a first installment of 15 million Swiss francs (from a total multi-year budget of 100 million CHF.) to go towards modernization. With Hitler’s renunciation of the Versailles Treaty in 1935, this spending jumped up to 90 million CHF. The budget would only continue to rise as war seemed increasingly inevitable, and this lead in turn to the development of several signature Swiss small arms. The K31 became the standard-issue infantry rifle, and was superior to the German Kar98 in ease of use, accuracy, and weight. By the end of World War II, nearly 350,000 would be produced. All the branches of the military were in need of modernization, and the Air Force was no exception. The Swiss managed to get the best technology from both parties on the brink of war. The French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 was produced under license in Switzerland starting in 1938. While the general reputation of the 406 leaves something to be desired, the Swiss managed to upgrade the engine and the propeller, re-designating it the D-3800, and giving it something more of an advantage over the various German fighters of the day. The few Nazis in Switzerland were, despite their numbers, taken very seriously. There is much data to make the case that at least in the early days of the NSDAP, a great deal of funding came from various Swiss sources. In 1923, Hitler had been invited to give a talk in Zurich by Ulrich Willie, Jr., the son of Switzerland’s World War I commander-in-chief. Hitler returned “with a steamer trunk stuffed with Swiss francs and American dollars.” Two years earlier, a group | Question Answer 1. In what country, the world's seventh largest by geographical area, is Christmas known as Bada Din (the big day)? India 2. Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, is a territory of which country? Australia 3. 'Three Kings Day' is known by what numerical name (that's 'name', not 'date') in Britain? Twelfth Night 4. The North Pole, said to be Santa's home, is located in which ocean? Arctic Ocean 5. Which Christmas condiment is made from fruit sometimes referred to as marshworts? Cranberry sauce | eng_Latn | 15,149 |
What nation ended conscription to its Bundeswehr in 2011? | Germany Ends Military Conscription, and an Era - The New York Times The New York Times Europe |The Draft Ends in Germany, but Questions of Identity Endure Search Continue reading the main story BERLIN — Germany formally discontinued the draft at midnight on Thursday to make way for a smaller, tighter army that will draw people like Johannes Beckert and Steven Stadler, both volunteers signing up for duty at a sprawling, suburban recruitment center that once housed the East German military’s overseas espionage agency. The two men are part of a military evolution spanning more than half a century, from rearmament in the divided Germany of the 1950s through the cold war, which placed hundreds of thousands of young German soldiers on either side of the Iron Curtain, and on to a reunification that was not just geographic and political but also created a single army bonded by conscription. They are part, too, of a long-running German quest for antidotes to its Nazi past, ensuring that its military is subservient to the will of a democratic Parliament. About 5,000 German soldiers are part of the NATO-led campaign in Afghanistan, and even though 52 German soldiers have died there in the past nine years, Mr. Stadler said, “It is an honor to serve your country and help people abroad.” Fear, he said as he prepared for a psychological aptitude test, would be the wrong word to describe his attitude to deployment in hostile terrain. Continue reading the main story “Respect is better,” said Mr. Stadler, who is 20. For his part, Mr. Beckert, 18, said that being a soldier would be a new and risky experience. “You have a lot of thoughts, but I think it’s worthwhile to do it,” he said while preparing for a physical. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The latest military changes have also raised broader questions that cut to the core of Germany’s enduring identity crisis: will Germany’s new force draw disproportionately on recruits from the former Communist east; will young Germans — men and women — be prepared to overcome postwar Germany’s deep aversion to militarism; and will the end of the draft create an army with fewer inhibitions about deployment alongside its NATO allies to the world’s trouble spots. West Germany introduced compulsory military service in 1957 for periods that varied between a maximum of 18 months and, toward the end, of only six months, said Lt. Col. Kai Schlolaut, a Defense Ministry spokesman. From the beginning, conscription was seen as a constitutional means of averting the militarism of the past by creating “citizens in uniform” to bind the armed forces to the rest of society. Everyone had to serve. Indeed, Colonel Schlolaut said, some 8.4 million Germans served, either as conscripts in the Bundeswehr, as the armed forces are called, or in alternative civilian service, as helpers in old age-homes or charitable institutions. Then last year, the former Defense Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg unveiled plans to reform the military, cutting it from its current levels — 220,000, along with 76,000 civilian support officials — to a maximum of 185,000 in uniform supported by 55,000 civilians. “We want a more flexible, more professional armed forces,” Colonel Schlolaut said. Germany is making the change years after its major allies have taken the same step, including the United States, which ended the draft in 1973. The draft was technically suspended as of July 1 — under German law, to abolish it would have required rewriting the Constitution. The last draftees began six months of compulsory service in January, and some left their barracks for good on Thursday. The change to an all-volunteer army brought a shift of pace for Marion Krauskopf, the civilian director of Berlin’s recruitment center at the former military espionage base at Treptow-Köpenick in the southeast of the city, which once processed up to 150 draftees a day. Now, Ms. Krauskopf said in an interview, the figure is 20 or 30. In the past, women were excluded from conscription, although in recent years they have been able to volunteer for the mi | Athletics at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games: Men's Long Jump | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Athletics at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games: Men's Long Jump Venue(s): Olympic Stadium, Imperial Sports Field, Berlin Date Started: August 4, 1936 Date Finished: August 4, 1936 Gold: Naoto Tajima Summary In the qualifying, the heavy favorite, [Jesse Owens], fouled on his first two jumps. What happened next is now somewhat controversial. But the story has long been told that Germany’s [Luz Long], considered Owens’ biggest challenger went over to him and gave him some advice, helping to qualify easily. Some people now say that never occurred. The final was held later that day, and Owens led early, thanks to 7.74 (25-4¾) in round one and 7.87 (25-10) in round two. He then bettered that with 7.94 (26-0¾) in the fifth round and finished with 8.06 (26-5½). All the marks were considered wind-aided. Long challenged in round five with 7.87 (25-10), after jumping 7.84 (25-8¾) in round three. But at the end of the competition, he was the first person to congratulate Owens, with Adolf Hitler watching from the stands. Whether the story of Long’s aiding Owens in front of Hitler is true or not, it is known that after the long jump, Owens and Long became close friends. Long showed Owens all around Berlin during the rest of the Olympics. After the Olympics they corresponded frequently, at least until Long was killed fighting with Rommel’s Northern African Corps. His last letter to Owens asked him to someday visit his young son in Berlin and tell him about the friendship between the blond Aryan hero, and the black son of an Alabama sharecropper. Which is how, in the early 60s, Jesse Owens came to stand besides Karl Long, as best man at his wedding. A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics | Privacy Statement | Conditions & Terms of Service | Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com . Part of the | eng_Latn | 15,150 |
By what other name is Jonas Altberg better known? | Altberg - Meaning And Origin Of The Name Altberg | WIKINAME.NET Altberg Name Number: 2. Meaning: Partnership, Sense, Other, Passive, Assistance, Acceptance, Intimacy, Peace Songs about Altberg: Sahara (Altberg Remix) by Kreis from the Album 4 Djs Only - Techno, Vol. 1 Sahara (Altberg Remix) by Kreis from the Album Electronic Music Society New York Winter Edition Sahara (Altberg Remix) by Kreis from the Album Between Ep Books about Altberg: The Sutton House McCook Nebraska Architect Frank Lloyd Wright - 2008 by Donald Morgan; John Altberg GEORGES BATAILLE Ou l'envers de la philosophie: 89 (Camion Noir) (French Edition) - Feb 18, 2014 by Frédéric Altberg Marco Altberg - Coleção Aplauso (Em Portuguese do Brasil) - 2011 by 0 Anomalies of Water and the Crystalline Structure of Ice (Anomalii Vody i Kristallicheskaya Struktura lda) - 1972 by V. Y. Altberg On the Centers or Nuclei of Water Crystallization (O Tsentrakh ili Ladrakh Kristallizatsii Vody) - 1972 by V. Y. Altberg Under the Glacier - Mar 8, 2005 by Halldor Laxness and Magnus Magnusson A Brave Man Seven Storeys Tall: A Novel (P.S.) - Jul 7, 2015 by Will Chancellor Dead Aim: A Novel - Feb 14, 2006 by Thomas Perry Anita Loos Rediscovered: Film Treatments and Fiction by Anita Loos, Creator of "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" - Nov 10, 2003 by Anita Loos and Cari Beauchamp Latvijas Dzelzcelu Lokomotives (Latvian Language Edition) - 2005 by Toms Altbergs Pitkin Public School District Number Five - Oct 8, 2010 by Myron D. Dillow SPY SAT DOWN BESIDE HER - Jul 1, 2005 by Kenneth Byrns Wiki information Altberg: Basshunter Eurodance Artist, Broadcast Artist, Musical Artist, TV Actor, Musician, Award Nominee, Person, , Record Producer, Award Winner Jonas Erik Altberg, better known by his stage name Basshunter /ˈbeɪs.hʌn.tər/, is a Swedish singer-songwriter, record producer, and DJ. He is best known for his number one hits "Boten Anna", "Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA", "Now You're Gone"... Marco Altberg Film director, Film producer, Person, Topic Marco Altberg is a film director, a film producer and a screenwriter. Marcela Altberg Actor, Person, Topic, Film casting director Marcela Altberg is an actress and casting director. Ebbe Altberg Maria Altberg is a film editor. Eric Barclay Actor, Film actor, Deceased Person, Topic, Person Eric Barclay was a Swedish film actor. Barclay became a prominent actor in French silent films of the early 1920s, often working with director Jacques de Baroncelli. He also appeared in German and British films, and those of his native Sweden. Emmanuel Altberg | Joachim Sauer | Humboldt University of Berlin | ZoomInfo.com Humboldt University of Berlin + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (200 Total References) German Chancellor Angela Merkel's ... ibbpresidentiallibrary.org [cached] German Chancellor Angela Merkel's husband, Joachim Sauer, is sort of the anti-Bill, a chemistry nerd and full professor at Humboldt University of Berlin who reportedly watched his wife's inauguration from inside his lab. Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer www.scienceeurope.org [cached] Joachim Sauer, Full professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin Joachim Sauer studied chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry in 1974. He continued to do research there until 1977 when he joined the Academy of Sciences, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin, one of the leading scientific institutes of the former GDR (East Germany). In 1992 joined the Max Planck Society as Head of the Quantum Chemistry Group in Berlin, where he stayed for four years when he stayed for four years, until he | eng_Latn | 15,151 |
Which year saw the end of the Korean War, the death of Josef Stalin and the first televised Academy Awards Ceremony? | Joseph Stalin dies - Mar 05, 1953 - HISTORY.com Joseph Stalin dies A+E Networks On this day, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union since 1924, dies in Moscow. Like his right-wing counterpart, Hitler, who was born in Austria, Joseph Stalin was not a native of the country he ruled with an iron fist. Isoeb Dzhugashvili was born in 1889 in Georgia, then part of the old Russian empire. The son of a drunk who beat him mercilessly and a pious washerwoman mother, Stalin learned Russian, which he spoke with a heavy accent all his life, in an Orthodox Church-run school. While studying to be a priest at Tiflis Theological Seminary, he began secretly reading Karl Marx and other left-wing revolutionary thinkers. The “official” communist story is that he was expelled from the seminary for this intellectual rebellion; in reality, it may have been because of poor health. In 1900, Stalin became active in revolutionary political activism, taking part in labor demonstrations and strikes. Stalin joined the more militant wing of the Marxist Social Democratic movement, the Bolsheviks, and became a student of its leader, Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Stalin was arrested seven times between 1902 and 1913, and subjected to prison and exile. Stalin’s first big break came in 1912, when Lenin, in exile in Switzerland, named him to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party—now a separate entity from the Social Democrats. The following year, Stalin (finally dropping Dzugashvili and taking the new name Stalin, from the Russian word for “steel”) published a signal article on the role of Marxism in the destiny of Russia. In 1917, escaping from an exile in Siberia, he linked up with Lenin and his coup against the middle-class democratic government that had supplanted the czar’s rule. Stalin continued to move up the party ladder, from commissar for nationalities to secretary general of the Central Committee—a role that would provide the center of his dictatorial takeover and control of the party and the new USSR. In fact, upon Lenin’s death in 1924, Stalin began the consolidation of his power base, conducting show trials to purge enemies and rivals, even having Leon Trotsky assassinated during his exile in Mexico. Stalin also abandoned Lenin’s New Economic Policy, which would have meant some decentralization of industry. Stalin demanded—and got—absolute state control of the economy, as well as greater swaths of Soviet life, until his totalitarian grip on the new Russian empire was absolute. The outbreak of World War II saw Stalin attempt an alliance with Adolf Hitler for purely self-interested reasons, and despite the political fallout of a communist signing an alliance with a fascist, they signed a nonaggression pact that allowed each dictator free reign in their respective spheres of influence. Stalin then proceeded to annex parts of Poland, Romania, and Finland, and occupy Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In May 1941, he made himself chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars; he was now the official head of the government and no longer merely head of the party. One month later, Germany invaded the USSR, making significant early inroads. As German troops approached, Stalin remained in the capital, directing a scorched-earth defensive policy and exercising personal control over the strategies of the Red Army. As the war progressed, Stalin sat in on the major Allied conferences, including those in Tehran (1943) and Yalta (1945). His iron will and deft political skills enabled him to play the loyal ally while never abandoning his vision of an expanded postwar Soviet Empire. In fact, after Germany’s surrender in April 1945, Stalin oversaw the continued occupation and domination of much of Eastern Europe, despite “promises” of free elections in those countries. Stalin did not mellow with age; he prosecuted a reign of terror, purges, executions, exiles to the Gulag Archipelago (a system of forced-labor camps in the frozen north), and persecution in the postwar USSR, suppressing all dissent and anything that smacked of foreign, especially Wes | Orson Welles - Biography - IMDb Orson Welles Biography Showing all 184 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trade Mark (4) | Trivia (82) | Personal Quotes (73) | Salary (17) Overview (4) 6' 1½" (1.87 m) Mini Bio (1) His father was a well-to-do inventor, his mother a beautiful concert pianist; Orson Welles was gifted in many arts (magic, piano, painting) as a child. When his mother died (he was seven) he traveled the world with his father. When his father died (he was fifteen) he became the ward of Chicago's Dr. Maurice Bernstein. In 1931, he graduated from the Todd School in Woodstock, Illinois; he turned down college offers for a sketching tour of Ireland. He tried unsuccessfully to enter the London and Broadway stages, traveling some more in Morocco and Spain (where he fought in the bullring). Recommendations by Thornton Wilder and Alexander Woollcott got him into Katherine Cornell's road company, with which he made his New York debut as Tybalt in 1934. The same year, he married, directed his first short, and appeared on radio for the first time. He began working with John Houseman and formed the Mercury Theatre with him in 1937. In 1938, they produced "The Mercury Theatre on the Air", famous for its broadcast version of "The War of the Worlds" (intended as a Halloween prank). His first film to be seen by the public was Citizen Kane (1941), a commercial failure losing RKO $150,000, but regarded by many as the best film ever made. Many of his next films were commercial failures and he exiled himself to Europe in 1948. In 1956, he directed Touch of Evil (1958); it failed in the United States but won a prize at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair. In 1975, in spite of all his box-office failures, he received the American Film Institute's Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 1984, the Directors Guild of America awarded him its highest honor, the D.W. Griffith Award. His reputation as a filmmaker has climbed steadily ever since. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan < [email protected]> Spouse (3) Frequently cast Joseph Cotten , Everett Sloane and Oja Kodar Frequently wrote, directed and starred in films that feature the rise and fall of main characters (Charles Foster Kane in Citizen Kane (1941), Gregory Arkadin in _Confidential Report (1955)_, Detective Hank Quinlan in Touch of Evil (1958)) who, in classic Shakespearean style, are unmade by their own vices. Known for his use of low camera angles, tracking shots, deep focus and elaborate crane shots in his films. Trivia (82) Once ate 18 hot dogs in one sitting at Pink's, a Los Angeles hot dog stand. Welles' Oscar statuette sold for $861,542, when it was auctioned by Nate D. Sanders Memorabilia on December 20, 2011. H.G. Wells was driving through San Antonio, Texas, and stopped to ask the way. The person he happened to ask was none other than Welles', who had recently broadcast "The War of the Worlds" on the radio. They got on well and spent the day together. ABC-TV wanted him to play Mr. Roarke on Fantasy Island (1977), but the series' producer, Aaron Spelling , insisted on Ricardo Montalban . He died on the same day as his The Battle on the River Neretva (1969) co-star Yul Brynner : October 10, 1985. Ashes are buried inside an old well covered by flowers, within the rural property of the now-deceased, then-retired bullfighter Antonio Ordóñez , Ronda, Malaga, Spain. One of only six actors to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his first screen appearance. The other five actors are: Paul Muni , Lawrence Tibbett , Alan Arkin , James Dean and Montgomery Clift . On October 30, 1938, he directed "The Mercury Theatre On the Air" in a dramatization of "The War of the Worlds", based on H.G. Wells ' novel. Setting the events in then-contemporary locations (The "landing spot" for the Martian invasion, Grover's Mill, New Jersey, was chosen at random with a New Jersey road map) and dramatizing it in the style of a musical program interrupted by news bulletins, complete with eyewitness accounts, it caused a nationwide panic, with many listeners f | eng_Latn | 15,152 |
What was the first name of Mr. Diesel, the inventor of the Diesel engine? | Rudolf Diesel, Inventor of the Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel, Inventor of the Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel, Inventor of the Diesel Engine French-born German engineer and inventor Rudolf Diesel (1858 - 1913). Hulton Archive / Getty Images Share By Mary Bellis The engine that bears his name set off a new chapter in the industrial revolution , but Rudolf Diesel initially thought his invention would help small businesses and artisans, not industrialists. Early Life Rudolf Diesel was born in Paris in 1858. His parents were Bavarian immigrants, and the family was deported to England at the outbreak of the Franco-German war. Eventually, Rudolf Diesel went to Germany to study at Munich Polytechnic, where he studied engineering. After graduation he was employed as a refrigerator engineer in Paris from 1880. His true love lay in engine design, however, and over the next few years he began exploring a number of ideas. One concerned finding a way to help small businesses compete with big industries, which had the money to harness the power of steam engines . Another was how to use the laws of thermodynamics to create a more efficient engine. In his mind, building a better engine would help the little guy. continue reading below our video Should I Roll Over my 401K to an IRA? The Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel designed many heat engines, including a solar-powered air engine. In 1893, he published a paper describing an engine with combustion within a cylinder, the internal combustion engine . In Augsburg, Germany on August 10, 1893, Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10-foot iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time. That same year he published a paper describing the internal combustion engine to the world. In 1894, he filed for a patent for his new invention, dubbed the diesel engine. Diesel was almost killed by his engine when it exploded. Diesel spent two more years making improvements and in 1896 demonstrated another model with the theoretical efficiency of 75 percent, in contrast to the ten percent efficiency of the steam engine In 1898, Rudolf Diesel was granted patent #608,845 for an "internal combustion engine." The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in submarines , ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in electric generating plants. Rudolf Diesel's inventions have three points in common: They relate to heat transference by natural physical processes or laws; they involve markedly creative mechanical design; and they were initially motivated by the inventor's concept of sociological needs—by finding a way to enable independent craftsmen and artisans to compete with large industry. That last goal didn’t exactly pan out as Diesel expected. His invention could be used by small businesses, but it was embraced eagerly by the industrialists, as well. His engines were used to power pipelines, electric and water plants, automobiles and trucks , and marine craft, and soon after were used in mines, oil fields, factories, and transoceanic shipping. Diesel became a millionaire by the end of the 20th century. In 1913, Rudolf Diesel disappeared en route to London while on an ocean steamer. He is assumed to have drowned in the English Channel. | Quia - WH 30. WORLD WAR II--terms Java Games: Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. WH 30. WORLD WAR II--terms Tools Many leaders, battles and other terms important in World War II A B Pearl Harbor U.S. naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japan Dec. 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy" kamikaze Japanese suicide missions in which a pilot crashed his plane loaded with explosives into an American ship Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the U.S.A. when World War II began Adolf Hitler German dictator, leader of the Nazi Party, known as "der Fuhrer" Blitzkrieg Sudden, massive attacks of tanks of and airplanes used by Germany during World II; the German word meaning "lightning war" Benito Mussolini Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist Party, called "Il Duce" Joseph Stalin Soviet dictator during World War II, known as "Uncle Joe" Harry Truman the U.S. president when World War II ended the Allies the name given to Britain, France, the U.S.S.R., and the U.S. during World War II Hirohito Japanese emperor during World War II the Axis the name given to Germany, Italy and Japan during World War II Charles de Gaulle French general who formed an underground movement known as the Free French whose resistance fighters made heroic efforts to sabotage the Nazis Luftwaffe the German air force during World War II D-Day Code name for June 6, 1944, the Allied invasion of Normandy, France Dunkirk Scene of the evacuation of British forces from France during World War II; May 26 to June 4, 1940 Yalta Scente of a conference of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in February 1945; a port city on the Black Sea in February Rome First European capital to be freed from Nazi control Holocaust The genocidal destruction of Jews by Nazi Germany during Wrold War II Winston Churchill British Prime Minister during World War II who stated, "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat." Auschwitz | eng_Latn | 15,153 |
Who was the Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862 to | Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Prime minister of Prussia (1862-73, 1873-90) and founder and first chancellor (1871-90) of the German Empire. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfully pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades. But in domestic policies his patrimony was less benign, for he failed to rise above the authoritarian proclivities of the landed squirearchy to which he was born. Early years Bismarck was born at Schönhausen, in the Kingdom of Prussia. His father, Ferdinand von Bismarck-Schönhausen, was a Junker squire descended from a Swabian family that had ultimately settled as estate owners in Pomerania. Ferdinand was a typical member of the Prussian landowning elite. The family's economic circumstances were modestFerdinand's farming skills being perhaps less than averageand Bismarck was not to know real wealth until the rewards flowed in after the achievement of German unification. His mother, Wilhelmine Mencken, came from an educated bourgeois family that had produced a number of higher civil servants and academics. She had been married to Ferdinand von Bismarck at age 16 and found provincial life confining. When her son Otto was seven, she enrolled him in the progressive Plamann Institute in Berlin and moved to the capital to be near him. The young Bismarck resented exchanging an easy life in the country for a more circumscribed life in a large city, where in school he was pitted against the sons of Berlin's best-educated families. He spent five years at the school and went on to the Frederick William gymnasium for three years. He took his university entrance examination (Abitur) in 1832. With his mother's encouragement, he took up the study of law at the University of Göttingen in the kingdom of Hanover. Evidently Bismarck was a mediocre student who spent much of his time drinking with his comrades in an aristocratic fraternity. After a brief stint at the university in Berlin, he entered the Prussian civil service, where he was plagued by boredom and an inability to adhere to the hierarchical principles of the bureaucracy. His mother's death in 1839 gave him the opportunity of resigning in order to come to the assistance of his father, who was experiencing financial difficulties in the management of his estate. From 1839 to 1847 Bismarck lived the ordinary life of a Prussian country squire. Subsequently he romanticized these years on the land and wondered why he had abandoned an idyllic existence for the insecurities of a life in politics. This frequently expressed nostalgia may have been more guise than reality. During this period he met and married Johanna von Puttkamer, the daughter of a conservative aristocratic family famed for its devout pietism. While courting Johanna, Bismarck experienced a religious conversion that was to give him inner strength and security. A subsequent critic was to remark that Bismarck believed in a God who invariably agreed with him on all issues. There is no question that the marriage was a very happy one. In fact, Bismarck's last words before dying in 1898 expressed the wish that he would once again see Johanna, who had passed away some years earlier. His politics during the 1840s did not diverge substantially from those of a typical country squire. If anything, his politics were more conservative. He believed in a Christian state that received its sanction ultimately from the deity. The existing social and political order was to be defended in order to prevent a Hobbesian chaos of all against all. Given his views, Bismarck was welcomed as a member of the religious conservative circle around the brothers von Gerlach, who were stout defenders of the noble estate against the encroachments of bureaucratic centralization. Bismarck had nothing but sarcasm for aristocratic liberals who viewed England as a model for Prussia. In 1847 he attended the Prussian United Diet, where his speeches against Jewish emancipation and contemporary liberalism gained him the reputat | Joachim Sauer | Humboldt University of Berlin | ZoomInfo.com Humboldt University of Berlin + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (200 Total References) German Chancellor Angela Merkel's ... ibbpresidentiallibrary.org [cached] German Chancellor Angela Merkel's husband, Joachim Sauer, is sort of the anti-Bill, a chemistry nerd and full professor at Humboldt University of Berlin who reportedly watched his wife's inauguration from inside his lab. Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer www.scienceeurope.org [cached] Joachim Sauer, Full professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin Joachim Sauer studied chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry in 1974. He continued to do research there until 1977 when he joined the Academy of Sciences, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin, one of the leading scientific institutes of the former GDR (East Germany). In 1992 joined the Max Planck Society as Head of the Quantum Chemistry Group in Berlin, where he stayed for four years when he stayed for four years, until he | eng_Latn | 15,154 |
German engineer Arthur Scherbius invented the first of what machines extensively used during WWII? | Decoding Nazi Germany’s Enigma Code: Review of “The Imitation Game” | Literaturesalon's Blog Decoding Nazi Germany’s Enigma Code: Review of “The Imitation Game” Decoding Nazi Germany’s encrypting machine, Enigma, was no easy task. Invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of WWI, Enigma machines were used by the Nazis during WWII to exchange (encode and decipher) secret messages pertaining to national security and strategy of war. Three Polish cryptologists who worked for Polish military intelligence—Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski—were the first to begin deciphering Enigma messages, using theoretical mathematics and information given by French military intelligence. During the war, the Allies captured an actual Enigma machine, enabling them to study its hardware and make further progress in figuring out how it worked. Two compatible Enigma machines would have to work together, the first one encoding a secret message, the second decoding it. An operator would type in a message in German. The Enigma machine would automatically convert each letter into a different letter of the alphabet, through a process of random substitution. The encrypted text would be sent to another operator whose deciphering machine was similar and compatible with the first operator’s machine: only in this case the second Enigma machine would convert the random letters into plain German. A new movie, The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley, focuses on the life of British mathematician and cryptologist Alan Turing, who is credited for helping decode the Nazi Enigma machines. Loosely based on Andrew Hodges biography, Alan Turing: The Enigma (Princeton University Press, 2014), this movie succeeds as a character study as well as a very interesting historical thriller. Turing faces barriers not only from the Navy Commander Denniston, but also from his colleagues, who initially resent the fact he’s entirely focused on building a machine at the expense of their collective work. Portrayed as slightly autistic, without friends lacking a sense of humor, Turing ends up being a fascinating character nonetheless. In fact, his flaws make him seem all the more unique. He goes against the grain to invent the machine capable of solving the puzzles that hundreds of brilliant minds working in the field cannot. Turing’s more sensitive side evolves in his friendship with his colleague Joan Clark (marvelously played by Keira Knightly), whom he asks to marry him in the spring of 1941. Although she accepts despite the fact Turing confesses to her his homosexuality, soon thereafter he changes his mind and breaks up with her in a dramatic scene. Turing’s homosexuality becomes as central to the plot of the movie as his creation of the machine that breaks the Enigma codes. A few years after the war, in 1952, Turing, by then 39 years old, has a sexual and romantic relationship with a homeless young man named Arnold Murray. When one of Murray’s acquaintances burglarizes his house, Turing calls the police. During the investigation, the detectives called to the scene discover that Turing is homosexual, a criminal offense in Britain at the time. He’s charged with “gross indecency” and given the choice of going to prison or two years of probation (which includes taking hormonal treatment to reduce his libido). On June 8, 1954, the man who helped save millions of lives and shorten the war by at least two years tragically commits suicide by ingesting cyanide. The movie implies that the hormonal treatment, criminal charges and social isolation have a lot to do with Alan Turing’s untimely death, while the Hodges biography indicates this could have been an accidental death. To transform a messy, complex human life into a drama, a film has to change many aspects of that life. In a recent review of The Imitation Game for Slate, L. V. Anderson goes over some of the ways in which the film deviates from Turing’s life as described by Hodges’s biography: http://www.slate.com/blogs/browb | Meissen Marks Blue Crossed Swords & Augustus Rex Marks - Antique Meissen Marks and the blue crossed swords mark imitators. Not all blue crossed swords marks are genuine Meissen marks. Knowing what to look for and the dates that are relevant to each Meissen mark can help you avoid buying imitation Meissen porcelain. You should remember that the marks detailed below are mostly drawn by hand and that slight variations in the format occur and the mark only supports the source and doesn’t testify to it. The true test of an antique Meissen porcelain piece is always the overall quality of the object and the quality of the decoration. The Meissen Blue Crossed Swords and Augustus Rex marks. 1723-1725 — Original kpm mark with blue crossed swords beneath. 1825-1924 — blue crossed swords mark with curved handles 1725-1732 — Original blue crossed swords mark with curved crosspieces and handles. 1924-1934 — blue crossed swords mark with dot between top of blades. 1732-1773 — Dot period blue crossed swords mark with dot between crosspieces. 1945-1947 — blue crossed swords mark with crescent below. 1773-1814 — Marcolini period blue crossed swords mark with asterix below or between crosspieces. 1947-1973 — blue crossed swords mark with straight crosspieces. 1814-1824 — blue crossed swords mark with straight hilts and vertical bar below 1974 — blue crossed swords mark with meissen name in logotype script below. Meissen incised marks, rather than underglaze, used on biscuit porcelain and white glazed porcelain: — incised mark on biscuit porcelain. Samples of actual meissen marks … The Meissen Augustus Rex Mark. The augustus rex mark or monogram (AR) was introduced by Meissen in the first half of the 18th century when the crossed swords were introduced. The Meissen AR monogram was a special mark reserved for objects used by the court of Elector August the Strong, founder of the Meissen factory and later reigning monarch of Poland, King August II. It was also added to pieces produced for the court of his son, August III, who succeeded him in 1733. All court pieces were marked with the AR monogram, and occasionally the mark was added to gifts produced for royal visitors. The mark was always applied by hand, in underglaze blue, and some variations exist. However pieces marked with the AR monogram were produced in the very early days of the meissen factory and are mostly decorated with oriental motifs, in the Bottger chinoiserie or the kakiemon style. It goes without saying that surviving pieces are very rare and very expensive and that there are almost none available on the open market. Most if not all of the existing pieces are part of Royal or museum collections. You do see AR marked porcelain for sale at auctions on internet auction sites and at fairs and markets And buyers should be aware that they are probably all imitations, most having been produced in the second half of the 19th century. Most imitations will be colourful and completely different in style from the original early 18th century meissen pieces. In the 1880’s Meissen did take legal steps and attempt to stop the imitations (as they have also done with their crossed swords mark), but as with today’s modern market, the general public are quite willing to accept imitations at the right price and the copies continue to be produced throughout europe. Read on for a selection of the imitators, including the almost perfect and very popular imitator, Helena Wolfsohn. The Meissen blue crossed sword mark imitators. Anspach (Germany – Nassau) Founded at the end of the 19th century – By Meyers. Used From: End of the 19th century This was not a porcelain factory but a company and eventually a selection of companies and decorators who decorated porcelain in the Meissen style. The Meissen Augustus Rex mark imitators. The Augustus Rex monogram (AR) was introduced by Meissen in the first half of the 18th century and other manufacturers quickly saw the advantage of including a pseudo AR mark on their own porcelain wares. The list below details the best of these and includes English and Euro | eng_Latn | 15,155 |
In which German city is there a suburb called Wedding? | Berlin travel guide - Wikitravel History[ edit ] Church of St. Nicholas (1230) The foundation of Berlin was very multicultural. The surrounding area was populated by Germanic Swabian and Burgundian tribes, as well as Slavic Wends in pre-Christian times, and the Wends have stuck around. Their modern descendants are the Sorbian Slavic-language minority who live in villages southeast of Berlin near the Spree River. In the beginning of the 13th century, two towns (Berlin and Cölln) developed on each side of the river Spree (today the Nikolaiviertel and the quarter next to it beyond the river). As the population grew, the towns merged and Berlin became a centre for commerce and agriculture. This area stayed small (about 10,000 inhabitants) up to the late 17th century, because of the 30 years' war in the beginning of the 17th century, which led to death of about half of the population. Brandenburg Gate Since the late 17th century, when large numbers of French Huguenots fled religious persecution, Berlin has welcomed religious, economic and other asylum seekers. In 1701 Berlin became the capital of Prussia and in 1710 Berlin and surrounding former autonomous cities were merged to a bigger Berlin. In 1871 Berlin became the capital of the new founded German Reich and a few years later, it became a city with more than one million inhabitants because of the immensely growing industry. Shortly after the first World War, in 1920, the last of the annexations of surrounding cities of Berlin led to the foundation of the Berlin as we know it now. After the coming into power of the National Socialists ("Nazis"), Berlin became the capital of the so called Third Reich and the domicile and office of Hitler (although the triumph of Hitler and his henchmen started in the south of Germany). WW II led to destruction of most of central Berlin, thus many of the buildings which we see nowadays are reconstructed or planned and built after the war, which led to a very fragmented cityscape in most parts of the inner town. Berlin was divided into four sectors (West Berlin into the French, American and British sector, East Berlin belonged to the USSR). In 1949 the German Democratic Republic ("East Germany") was founded with East Berlin as its capital. West Berlin remained occupied by the western Allies and kept a close relationship with West Germany (with Bonn as the capital) and was an exclave (political island) in East Germany. Because of the growing tensions between West Germany and the GDR, the GDR built a militarized and increasingly impassable border between the states, and then in 1961 surrounded West Berlin with a wall. In late 1989 East German citizens began to peacefully demonstrate in increasing numbers; this led to the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1990 West Germany and East Germany were united. Berlin became once again the capital of Germany. The old and new of Berlin - Marienkirche & TV Tower After WW2 and the building of the wall, large numbers of immigrants from Turkey were invited to West Berlin to work in the growing industry sector; in East Berlin the jobs were done mostly by Vietnamese immigrants. But also people from other communist countries, including the former Yugoslavia, not to mention Soviet soldiers who refused to return home, have helped to make Berlin more multicultural than ever. Berlin is also a youth-oriented city. Before German unification, West Berliners were exempt from the West German civil/military service requirement. Social activists, pacifists and anarchists of all moved to Berlin for that reason alone. Musicians and artists were given state subsidies. It was easy to stay out all night thanks to liberal bar licensing laws, and staying at university for years without ever getting a degree was a great way to kill time. In contrast with most of Germany, Prenzlauer Berg is said to have the highest per-capita birth rate in Europe (in fact it just seems so because of the high percentage of young women in the district). After the fall of the wall, Berlin - especially the former East - has evolved into a cultural hub. Art | New Year's Concert 2012 / Neujahrskonzert 2012 by Vienna Philharmonic, Mariss Jansons: Amazon.co.uk: Music £12.44 & FREE Delivery in the UK on orders over £20. Details Includes FREE MP3 version of this album. AutoRip is available only for eligible CDs and vinyl sold by Amazon EU Sarl (but does not apply to gift orders or PrimeNow orders). See Terms and Conditions for full details, including costs which may apply for the MP3 version in case of order returns or cancellations. Only 2 left in stock (more on the way). Dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Gift-wrap available. Arrives before Christmas. Choose delivery option in checkout. Want it delivered by Friday, 23 Dec.? Order within 46 hrs 35 mins and choose AmazonGlobal Priority at checkout. Details Note: This item is eligible for click and collect. Details Pick up your parcel at a time and place that suits you. Choose from over 13,000 locations across the UK Prime members get unlimited deliveries at no additional cost How to order to an Amazon Pickup Location? 3. Entweder - oder!, Polka schnell, Op. 403 4. Tritsch - Tratsch, Polka schnell, Op. 214 5. Wiener Bürger, Walzer, Op. 419 6. Albion, Polka, Op. 102 7. Jokey, Polka schnell, Op. 278 8. Danse diabolique 9. Künstler - Gruss, Polka francaise, Op. 274 10. Freuet euch des Lebens, Walzer, Op. 340 11. Sperl - Galopp, Op. 42 Disc: 2 1. Kopenhagener Eisenbahn - Dampf Galopp 2. Feuerfest, Polka francaise, Op. 269 3. Carmen - Quadrille, Op. 134 4. "Panorama" aus "Dornröschen" 5. Walzer aus "Dornröschen" 6. Pizzicato - Polka 7. Persischer Marsch, Op. 289 8. Brennende Liebe, Polka mazur, Op. 129 9. Delirien, Walzer, Op. 212 10. Unter Donner und Blitz, Polka schnell, Op. 324 11. Tik - Tak, Polka schnell, Op. 365 12. Neujahrsgruà / New Year's Address / Allocution du Nouvel An 13. An der schönen blauen Donau, Walzer Op. 314 14. Radetzky - Marsch, Op. 228 Product Description Product Description Sony Classical is pleased to announce the release of the recording of one of the world’s most famous classical music events: the 2012 New Year’s Concert with the Vienna Philharmonic. Latvian conductor Mariss Jansons returns to direct the 2012 celebrations after his acclaimed debut in 2006. The live recording encompasses releases on CD, DVD and Blu-ray. The annual New Year's Day Concert in the stunning Vienna Musikverein has been an exalted tradition for more than seven decades, and the resulting recordings with works from the Strauss dynasty and their contemporaries are among the classical market's most important releases. The programme traditionally revolves around waltzes and polkas by the Strauss family (Johann father and son as well as Josef and Eduard Strauss). In 2012 the programme is once again a skilful blend of well-known classics and six New Year’s Concert premieres. As always the concert is bound to end with two traditional encores--the famous waltz The Blue Danube and the Radetzky March. Customer Reviews | eng_Latn | 15,156 |
When did Polish codebreakers first break the code of the Enigma Machines used by German military? | Virtual Bletchley Park Virtual Bletchley Park The Breaking of Enigma by the Polish Mathematicians Poland As German military power increased during the 1920's, the Poles felt threatened and vulnerable, situated as they were between two powerful nations, Germany to the West and Russia to the East. In order to discover the intentions of their potential enemies, they resorted to intelligence gathering. They had a long tradition of this and particularly of code breaking. The modern use of Radio allowed them to intercept enemy Radio transmissions without revealing their intelligence activities. From 1928 onward Polish Intelligence intercepted German Radio transmissions using a new cipher system which was eventually identified as coming from an Enigma machine. Polish Intelligence had obtained examples of the commercial Enigma machine but quickly found that the German Enigma was different in detail from the commercial version. The Polish Mathematicians Polish Intelligence were initially unable to break the German Enigma traffic, however driven by the imperative of finding what the Germans were up to, they, uniquely among other nations at that time, decided to try a mathematical approach. In 1932 a team of young mathematicians was set up. It included Jerzy Rozycki, Henryk Zygalski and Marian Rejewski (all of whom were products of the notable flowering of Polish mathematics in the 1920s and 1930s). Rejewski quickly showed that mathematical techniques could be used to attack the problem of finding the message key by exploiting the German's cryptographic error in repeating the message key at the start of a transmission. The problem that still had to solved was the internal wiring connections in each wheel. In this Polish Intelligence were helped by the French. The French were very interested in assisting Poland because they also were disturbed by the rise in German militancy and wanted an ally on Germans Eastern flank. In 1931 and 1932 the French cryptographer Gustave Bertrand obtained priceless information about the German Enigma from a spy, Hans-Thilo Schmidt, known by the code name Asche. The French were unable to use this information to break into the German Enigma traffic. It was also passed to the British who were also at this time unable to break into Enigma. Finally Bertrand passed the information to Polish Intelligence who had not revealed how far they had got with their attack on Enigma. This information, which included German operating instructions for Enigma and two sheets of monthly key settings enabled Rejewski to deduce the internal wheel wiring for all three wheels, but only after he had made an inspired leap of imagination. The problem was the order of the 26 wires connecting the keyboard to the fixed entry disc at the right hand end of the three wheels. In the commercial Enigma, which the Polish team possessed, the wiring order clockwise round the entry disc was the order of the keys on the keyboard, QWERTZUIO... Rejewski had realised that the wiring order must be different on the German Forces Enigma, but had no way of finding out what the order was. The inspired leap of imagination was to suppose the Germans had, in their logical way, just used ABCDEFG... as the order. He tried this and it worked and he could now work out from his equations the internal wiring of the three wheels and the reflector. The deduction of the internal wiring of the wheels was a spectacular feat by Rejewski. It enabled the Polish cryptographers to build replicas of the German Enigma machine which could then be used to decipher the intercepted Radio messages once the Enigma configuration and the message settings had been deduced. That was the next problem. Rejewski had shown that his "characteristics" could be deduced from a day's radio traffic when the Germans were double enciphering the Enigma message settings. Now the Polish cryptographers had to produce a catalogue of these characteristics for every wheel order and every wheel start position, 26x26x26x6 entries,(no less than 105,456 in a | Glyptothek | museum, Munich, Germany | Britannica.com Glyptothek American Museum of Natural History Glyptothek, museum in Munich that houses a collection of Greek and Roman sculpture owned by the Bavarian state. The building, commissioned by King Louis I of Bavaria and designed in the Neoclassical style by Leo von Klenze , was erected 1816–30. Glyptothek, Munich. © SFC/Shutterstock.com It is a subsidiary of the nearby Staatliche Antikensammlungen (“State Collection of Antiquities”), which specializes in Greek and Etruscan bronzes and vases and Greek and Roman glass, jewelry, and terra-cottas. Learn More in these related articles: in Western architecture: Germany More eclectic than Schinkel, Klenze created a living museum of styles in Munich, including his noble Sculpture Gallery (Glyptothek, 1816–30), with its Greek Ionic portico; his Leuchtenberg Palace (1816), modeled on the Palazzo Farnese in Rome; and his Königsbau (1826–35) at the Residenz, which was an echo of the Pitti Palace in Florence. Klenze’s Sculpture Gallery, commissioned... in Munich (Bavaria, Germany): The contemporary city ...monumental Ludwigstrasse built, along which he constructed the state library, the Ludwigskirche, and the University of Munich. Other projects commissioned by Louis were the Königsplatz with the Glyptothek (“Sculpture Gallery”), a museum that houses a collection of ancient and modern sculpture; the Propyläen, a magnificent gateway in the style of the Propylaea at Athens; and... 2 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: September 07, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Glyptothek Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share | eng_Latn | 15,157 |
Dresden china originated in which country? | Dresden Porcelain - ArtiFact :: Free Encyclopedia of Everything Art, Antiques & Collectibles Dresden Porcelain 4 years ago The term “Dresden porcelain” refers more to an artistic movement than a particular line of figurines or dinnerware. Several decorating studios emerged in this Saxony capital in response to the rise of “Romanticism” during the 19th century. Dresden was an important centre of this artistic, cultural and intellectual movement, which attracted painters, sculptors, poets, philosophers and porcelain decorators alike. In 1883, in response to the exciting developments happening all around them, four prominent ceramic decorators registered the famous blue crown Dresden mark, and the widely popular “Dresden style” was born. Much confusion exists concerning the relationship between the names “Dresden” and “Meissen,” which are often used interchangeably. This misunderstanding dates to the earliest years of porcelain production in Europe. The secret of hard paste porcelain, previously the exclusive knowledge of the Chinese and Japanese exporters, was actually discovered under the commission of Augustus the Strong in the city of Dresden The first porcelain-producing factory, however, was begun fifteen miles away in the city of Meissen, in 1710. However, as Dresden was a vital cultural and economic centre of Saxony, most Meissen china was sold there. As a result, much Meissen china and figurines, characterized by the blue cross-swords stamp, were mistakenly referred to as “Dresden.” Modern day collectors, however, distinguish Meissen from the china produced by decorators in the city of Dresden beginning in the 19th century, which generally bear a blue crown stamp or other related mark. While the work of Dresden decorators often rivalled that produced in Meissen, no actual porcelain was produced in Dresden. That aspect of the process, at least, remained the exclusive pride of Meissen factories. Dresden china is often described as “rococo revival” style. Rococo comes from the French word “rocaille” meaning rock work or grotto work, and refers to the artificial grottoes used in French gardens that were decorated with irregularly shaped stones and seashells. Originally popular during the renaissance, rococo experienced a revival during the 19th century, touching virtually all aspects of interior design. Dresden decorators were the first and most successful to employ this style on dinnerware, characterized by elaborate fanciful design and a profusion of foliage, flowers, fruits, shells and scrolls. Although there were over 200 painting shops in Dresden alone between 1855 and 1944, the Dresden style is typically associated with the blue crown stamp first registered by Richard Klemm, Donath & Co., Oswald Lorenz, and Adolph Hamann in 1883. The style they employed was a mixture of Meissen and Vienna flower and figure painting. Later, other decorators employed the Crown and Dresden mark, and such names as Franziska Hirsch, Ambrosius Lamm, Carl Thieme (vases/urns, decorative) and Helena Wolfsohn have also become synonymous with Dresden china. Dresden History 1708 When the white gold was born In 1708, Johann Friedrich Böttger and his team discovered the secret of the porcelain production, arcanum. Since that time Dresden is known as the cradle of the white gold, which brought wealth and glory for Saxony. 1872 The foundation of the „Saxon porcelain manufactory of Carl Thieme zu Potschappel-Dresden“ In the 19th century, there were many porcelain painters in Saxony who did their job at home and brought many new impulses to the traditional porcelain art. They creatively decorated white porcelain bought somewhere else. One of them, Carl Thieme, decided to manufacture his own white pieces. For this reason, he founded the today’s Saxon Porcelain Manufactory in Potschappel in the year 1872. On September 17th 1872 he began with the production of decorative porcelain and man-made porcelain. A broken wall bracket was registered as very first model. 1888 The death of Carl Thieme One of Thiemes best employees was Karl August Kuntzsch, | Guy Gibson: ghost of Dambusters dog 'found' at airbase - Telegraph World War Two Guy Gibson: ghost of Dambusters dog 'found' at airbase A team of paranormal investigators have claimed they have made contact with the "spirit" of the dog owned by Wing Commander Guy Gibson, the heroic pilot who led the Dambusters raids during the Second World War. The Dambusters with Guy Gibson (Richard Todd) and N****r Photo: GETTY IMAGES Image 1 of 2 (Left) A reconstruction of the Dambusters raid in 1943 (Right) Dambusters hero Wing Commander Guy Gibson Photo: GETTY 7:00AM GMT 02 Nov 2011 Wing Commander Gibson led the Dambusters raid in 1943 from his base at RAF Scampton, near Lincoln, just hours after his black labrador, called Nigger, was run over and killed. Before taking off for the Ruhr Dams, Wing Commander Gibson left instructions for his faithful companion to be buried outside his office But a legend sprung up around Nigger after there were several reported sightings of a black dog seen around the base following his death. His office has been empty for more than half a century and is now part of the RAF Scampton Historical Museum, near Lincoln, Lincs. Now paranormal investigators, given special permission to stake out the operational RAF base, have claimed that the spectre of the dog's spirit may have tried to speak to them as they have picked up activity on their electronic detection equipment. Related Articles Dambusters raid: background 10 Oct 2011 Filmed by the BBC, the team embarked on three all-night stakeouts at the base, now home to the Red Arrows. It came Paul Drake, the lead investigator, was inspired by a 1987 photograph showing a mystery black dog at the opening of a Damsbusters memorial in the nearby village of Woodhall Spa. "I saw a picture that had the dog in it, which the photographer said was not there when it was taken, and that has stayed in the back of my mind for a few years," said Mr Drake, 49, a computer engineer and founder of Paranormal Lincs. "After I saw the picture I got in contact with RAF Scampton to see if we could do an investigation. I never dreamed they would say 'yes' as it is still an operational base and everything has to go through the base commander. "But they have been absolutely brilliant and have welcomed us with open arms." The name of Gibson's black labrador was used as a code word whenever one of Germany's Ruhr Dams was breached during the "bouncing bomb" mission in May 1943, and was immortalised in the 1955 film starring Richard Todd. Among the specialist kit used by the paranormal team were infra-red lights, proximity sensors and video cameras. Mr Drake added: "We have been up there on three different occasions, each time something different has happened. Something is definitely going on as there has been no power to the office for years. "The equipment we use to measure the electromagnetic field in a building is very sensitive, and every time we have been inside Guy Gibson's office there has been a reaction. "When we have asked the question 'are you there?,' the metre has always gone up." Fellow paranormal investigator, Michelle Clements, added: "We are looking for the spirit of Guy Gibson, but there have been a lot of things reported about his dog." Before his death Nigger was always at the side of Gibson, who would take him for long walks around the airfield. The raid on the Möhne, Eder and Sorpe Dams was launched on 16 May 1943. Only hours before the raid Gibson was informed that Nigger had been run over by a car outside the camp and he was killed instantaneously. The Möhne and Eder Dams were breached, but it was a very costly operation with loss of nine aircraft and fifty-three men. Gibson returned and was subsequently awarded the Victoria Cross but was later killed on a raid against Germany in September 1944, when his Mosquito plane crashed in Holland. The first sighting of a dog matching Nigger's description was in February 1952 when a mess waiter working at RAF Scampton reported seeing a "phantom" black dog on the base. Jim Shortland, a historian who specialises in | eng_Latn | 15,158 |
Sharing its name with a city, which secret underground organisation is said to have arranged the expatriation of many former Nazis to South America including Adolf Eichmann? | Otto Skorzeny Otto Skorzeny - "The most dangerous man in Europe" INDEX Otto Skorzeny (12 June 1908 � 5 July 1975) was an SS-Obersturmbannf�hrer (Lieutenant Colonel) in the German Waffen-SS during World War II. After fighting on the Eastern Front, he became known to the world in September 1943, when boastful German radio broadcasts hailed the previously unknown Skorzeny as "The most dangerous man in Europe" for his key role in the successful and daring airborne raid to rescue the ousted Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who was secretly imprisoned at the almost inaccessible summit of Gran Sasso, the highest mountain in the Italian Apennines, on September 12, 1943. This was just the first of Skorzeny's successes as Hitler's commando leader. With the successes that followed, western media too, called Otto Skorzeny "The most dangerous man in Europe". Skorzeny was also the leader of Operation Greif, in which German soldiers were to infiltrate through enemy lines, using their opponents' language, uniforms, and customs. At the end of the war, Skorzeny was involved with the Werwolf guerrilla movement and the ODESSA network where he would serve as Spanish coordinator. Although he was charged with breaching the 1907 Hague Convention in relation with Operation Greif, the Dachau Military Tribunal acquitted Skorzeny after the war. Skorzeny fled from his holding prison in 1948, first to France, and then to Spain. Prewar years Otto Skorzeny was born in Vienna into a middle-class Austrian family with Polish roots which had a long history of military service. In addition to his native German, he spoke excellent French. In his teens, Otto once complained to his father of the austere lifestyle that his family was suffering from, by mentioning he had never tasted real butter in his life, because of the depression that plagued Austria after its defeat in World War I. His father prophetically replied, "There is no harm in doing without things. It might even be good for you not to get used to a soft life." In his memoir, regarding his school years, he noted "I recall that I found realistic subjects like mathematics, geometry, physics and chemistry quite easy, while I had to struggle with the foreign languages, French and English." He wanted to be an engineer like his father and brother, he added, thus he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule Wien on his eighteenth birthday. During the winter of 1928 to 1929, he took and passed his first state examinations. "The only political activity in which I participated during my school days was the official demonstration in favor of union with Germany", he noted in his memoir, but he did join a student organization that was soon absorbed into Heimwehr ("Home Guard"), which he said he was disappointed to see becoming a political party. In 1931, he received a degree in engineering and passed the final state examinations to be a certified engineer, quickly finding a job as a manager of a small building business. Though Skorzeny's skill as an engineer would later prove quite useful in planning his missions of terrorism and sabotage, his time in the Schlagende Verbindung (dueling society) 'Burschenschaft Markomannia' would prove the most influential part of his college experience. Skorzeny was a noted fencer as a university student in Vienna and fought his first duel during his freshman year. He engaged in thirteen personal combats. The tenth, in 1928 resulted in a wound that left a dramatic dueling scar�known in academic fencing as the coveted Schmiss (German for "smite" or "hit"), on his cheek - -the "scars of honor," which would earn him the nickname of "Scarface" among the Americans during World War II. Skorzeny would later credit his success in war to his experiences in the dueling society: During the war I never felt that afraid than when I had to fought my first single combat in front of my classmates. My knowledge of pain, learned with the sabre, taught me not to be afraid. And just as in dueling when you must concentrate on your enemy's cheek, so, too, in war. You cannot waste time on feinting | Cholera Epidemic in Haiti, 2010: Using a Transmission Model to Explain Spatial Spread of Disease and Identify Optimal Control Interventions | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians Article, Author, and Disclosure Information Author, Article, and Disclosure Information Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dr. Nathaniel Hupert and his colleagues at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Preparedness Modeling Unit for guidance and useful discussions related to the 2010–2011 cholera epidemic in Haiti. Grant Support: Ms. Tuite and Dr. Fisman are supported by a grant from the Institute of Population and Public Health of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PH2-#22228). Dr. Eisenberg is supported by the National Science Foundation (agreement 0635561). Dr. Earn receives support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the James S. McDonnell Foundation. Potential Conflicts of Interest: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M11-0096 . Reproducible Research Statement:Study protocol: Not applicable. Statistical code: Available from Ms. Tuite (e-mail, [email protected] ) or Dr. Fisman (e-mail, [email protected] ). Data set: Publically available from HealthMap ( http://healthmap.org/en/ ), the MSPP of the Republic of Haiti (2) , and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (15) . Requests for Single Reprints: David N. Fisman, MD, MPH, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 155 College Street, Room 678, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; e-mail, [email protected] . Current Author Addresses: Ms. Tuite and Dr. Fisman: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada. Dr. Tien: Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. Dr. Eisenberg: Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Jennings Hall, 3rd Floor, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Dr. Earn: Department of Mathematics and Statistics and the M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. Dr. Ma: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Social Sciences and Mathematics Building A425, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada. Author Contributions: Conception and design: A.R. Tuite, J. Tien, M. Eisenberg, D.J.D. Earn, D.N. Fisman. Analysis and interpretation of the data: A.R. Tuite, J. Tien, M. Eisenberg, D.J.D. Earn, J. Ma, D.N. Fisman. Drafting of the article: A.R. Tuite, D.N. Fisman. Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: J. Tien, M. Eisenberg, D.J.D. Earn, D.N. Fisman. Final approval of the article: D.J.D. Earn, D.N. Fisman. Statistical expertise: D.N. Fisman. Administrative, technical, or logistic support: J. Ma. Collection and assembly of data: A.R. Tuite, J. Tien, M. Eisenberg, D.N. Fisman. From Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. × | eng_Latn | 15,159 |
Who was Chancellor of Germany immediately before Angela Merkel? | Who is Angela Merkel? - CNN.com German Chancellor Angela Merkel has secured a third term in the office Scientist-turned-politician came close to securing an absolute majority Despite her popularity, she will have to govern at the head of a coalition She is the first woman and the first former East German to take up the post She may be unpopular in many of the troubled countries of the eurozone, but of Europe's leaders, Chancellor Angela Merkel is the one who managed to keep her sear throughout the crisis. While voters in France, Spain, Italy and Greece her counterparts packing, Merkel has been reelected with one of the strongest mandates in the history of modern Germany. As the leading figure in the fight against the region's financial crisis, Merkel is used to saying no. She has blocked bailouts, rejected proposals, denied pleas and stood up to the rest of Europe. For her pains she has earned praise at home -- where she is nicknamed "Mutti" ("Mommy") -- and animosity abroad. Photoshopped pictures of her with devil horns, or even worse, a Hitler-style moustache, became a regular feature during anti-austerity protests across Europe. She received threats and even a parcel bomb . Opinion: Is Germany playing beggar-my-neighbor with the eurozone? But Merkel, frequently dubbed Germany's "Iron Lady" and hailed as the country's answer to former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (a nickname she herself rejects firmly), isn't scared by the crowds. She is the first woman to be elected German chancellor, and the first former East German to take up the post. She came second in the most recent Forbes Powerful People list , trailing just behind U.S. President Barack Obama. Yet she is often attacked by her critics for being prone to indecision and cautious. So how did she become world's most powerful woman? Merkel, 59, the daughter of a Protestant minister, was brought up in a little town in then-Communist East Germany. She trained as physicist before turning to politics as the spokesperson of former East Germany's opposition movement "Democratic Awakening" during the revolution. She entered parliament in the first post-unification election, serving in various ministerial posts and as the leader of the opposition before she was finally elected chancellor in 2005. Defterios: Style and substance of two leaders Her rise to power has been governed by the same set of principles she enforced during the eurozone crisis: no shortcuts, no "big bazookas." Her way of doing things reflects her scientific background: systematic, analytical and step-by-step -- no surprises and definitely no extravagance. JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Merkel teaches German history at school 02:04 "If you say you are going to do something then you must do it," is her favourite maxim, according to her recently-published authorized biography -- a biography that admits Merkel's political profile is "almost dull." Peer Steinbrueck: The man who stirred up German politics Elsewhere in the Western world, such a "boring" approach to politics might not work. But commentators suggest her calm and methodical way of governing was precisely what Germans were looking for after several turbulent years under the extravagant Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. Her approach has worked so far: she was re-elected in 2009 and won her third term in the office, according to preliminary results released Monday. And it is Merkel's popularity that pushed her party towards yet another election victory. It is no coincidence that most of the Christian Democrats' election posters featured a giant photo of Merkel and rather miniscule party logo. People are voting for "Angie," and not necessarily the CDU/CSU. Germany's Schaeuble: Enthusiastic on campaign trail In June's popularity rankings by Forsa Institute for German magazine Stern, Merkel ended up with the highest rank of all German political leaders, with 70% of voters saying they are satisfied with her work . Despite her high profile, comparatively little is known about the Chancellor's private life. Her last name, now a political trademark, comes from h | THE SOUND OF MUSIC JULIE ANDREWS MARIA VON TRAPP Color: Color (DeLuxe) Sound Mix: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints) / Mono (Westrex Recording System) (35 mm prints) / Stereo (some 35 mm prints) Certification: Canada:F (Ontario) / Canada:G (Manitoba/Nova Scotia/Quebec) / Argentina:Atp / Australia:G / Chile:TE / Finland:S / Norway:7 (original rating) / Norway:A (DVD rating) / Peru:PT / Singapore:G / South Korea:All / Sweden:11 / Sweden:Btl (re-release) / UK:U / USA:G (re-rating) (1969) Trivia: The first time they filmed the wedding scene between the Captain and Maria, there was nobody at the altar to wed them when they reached the top of the stairs - someone had forgotten to summon the actor playing the bishop. According to Julie Andrews, the real bishop of Salzburg is seen in the movie. Goofs: Incorrectly regarded as goofs: Papa von Trapp was an officer in the Austrian Navy. Yet how can this be? Austria is a landlocked country. But it wasn't, during World War I, when the old Austro-Hungarian empire, which included what became Yugoslavia, had ports on the Adriatic Sea and Papa Von Trapp served in its navy. Quotes: Frau Schmidt: The Von Trapp children don't play. They march. "The Sound of Music" DVD cover 1981 London revival In 1981, at producer Ross Taylor's urging, Petula Clark signed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London 's West End. Despite her misgivings that at age 51 she was too old to play the role convincingly, Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews (and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time). Maria von Trapp herself, present at the opening night performance, described her as "the best" Maria ever. Due to an unprecedented demand for tickets, Clark extended her initial six-month contract to thirteen months. Playing to 101% of seating capacity, the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week (October 26�31, 1981) of any British musical production in history, as chronicled by The Guinness Book of Theatre. This was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs that Rodgers had composed for the film version. The cast recording of this production was the first to be recorded digitally, but the recording has never been released on compact disc. The 1987 Telarc studio cast recording The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel, casting opera stars in the lead roles. Frederica von Stade sang the role of Maria opposite Hakan Hagegard's Captain von Trapp and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess. Kunzel cast children from the Cincinnati School for the Creative and Performing Arts to sing the children's parts. This all-digital recording combined the songs of both the stage and screen versions, and included sections of music that had been recorded for the first time. The 1988 Takarazuka version In 1988, the Snow Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall, starring Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka. The 1991 Japanese Animation version In 1991, Nippon Animation produced a series of animation with 40 episodes according to the life of the Trappe family, and was broadcasted by Fuji TV. This series had been broadcast in Italy, | eng_Latn | 15,160 |
Who was the President of Germany who resigned in May 2010 after being accused of 'Gunboat Diplomacy' following comments in which he suggested that Germany's military missions abroad also served to secure trade? | Christian Wulff elected as Federal President in Germany | Mbconsulting's Blog Posted by: mbconsulting | July 1, 2010 Christian Wulff elected as Federal President in Germany After one month the Federal Convention, established for this goal, elected Christian Wulff as Federal President, as in German is called Reichspräsident, after three ballots, with 625 vote from a minimum 623 votes, in the final round, in front of his competitors: Joachim Gauck supported by SPD, Grüne, that gained 490 votes in the final ballot, Luc Jochimsen and Frank Rennickethat decided to withdrawn after two rounds. Please here the results as are mentioned by wikipedia: After the first two ballots, Christian Wulff led vote totals but could not win an absolute majority of 623 votes. Thus, the vote went to a decisive third round, where only a plurality of votes was required to win. The election is the third to require three ballots since the current system was introduced in 1949. Christian Wulff was supported by Ms. Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany, and his appointed is coming after the resignation of Horst Köhler. The resignation of the previous president, Mr. Horst Köhler was largely comment on the mass-media. Everything started with criticism for his statements that Germany’s military missions abroad also served to secure trade, critics accused him of advocating the use of “gunboat diplomacy”, after his visit in Afghanistan. For a full background, I will also present some events that occurred in the same period of time.The resignation of a person like Köhler, with wide experience in international finance, came in a period of time when Germany’s Chancellor received intense criticism regarding the lack of financial support for Greece. More, when Greece was confronting with a severe crisis, with anarchic demonstrations on street, the current chancellor decided to participate at a military parade in Russia, at Moscow, instead being into contact with the other European governments and Prime- Ministers prepared to deal with Greek crisis. The rumors said a phone call coming from Mr. Obama supported a quick decision coming from Germany. It is also interested to remark that the minister of finance, in the same period, was hospitalized, after repeated health problems. Now coming back to the end of May, when Mr. Horst Köhler had fighted with accusations that in the interview he had overstepped his formal role by favoring an unconstitutional position. Indeed, he was called for more influence coming from the President and has suggested the President should be directly elected, as in Romania (as was under Germany’s Weimar Constitution). Without support and with no PR staff, as his staff resigned before that crisis, Köhler stepped down on 31 May 2010, issuing a statement saying “I declare my resignation from the Office of President, with immediate effect.” The difference between German President and Romanian President is how these persons react or no to the press criticism. The following days after his resignation, the ex German President he was criticized for not being able to handle criticism while being a rigorous critic himself. Some analyses considered that the resignation was a normal way of personal conduct others considered his unprecedent act of immediate resignation was also considered showing a lack of respect for his position. According to Wikipedia, Köhler was born in Skierbieszów (then named Heidenstein), in the General Government area of German-occupied Poland, as the seventh child of Elisabeth and Eduard Köhler, into a family of Bessarabian Germans from Rîşcani in Romanian Bessarabia (near Bălţi, present-day Moldova). Horst Köhler’s parents, ethnic Germans and Romanian citizens, had to leave their home in Bessarabia in 1940 during the Nazi-Soviet population transfers that followed the invasion of Poland and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which awarded Bessarabia to the Soviet Union. As part of the Generalplan Ost, they were resettled in 1942 at Skierbieszów, a village near Zamość, Poland (then part of the General Government). As the Wehrmach | Ozwald Boateng - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD Ozwald Boateng A word from the EIC Partnerships / Cooperations Become a fashion editor on FMD Content / Usage Questions Why am I listed on FMD? How can I submit content? Credifair (credit for your work) DMCA + Content MGMT the pure fashion news agency January 17th ASAP Rocky and Boy George Star in Dior Homme's New Campaign Irina Shayk Lands Two Vogue Brazil Covers Weekly News roundup: Jan 9 - Jan 13 Meet Ify Jones, our January 2017 Model of the Month UK About Tagged as one of London's freshest creative fashion forces, this Anglo-African began his career as a tailor but began showing his wares in runway collections in the mid-1990s. Boateng was born in 1968, in London, England. His parents were originally from Ghana, and came to London in 1950s. The family, which included Boateng's two older siblings, lived in the Muswell Hill area of north London, but his parents divorced when Boateng was eight. In Ghana his mother had worked in the fabric business, and took in custom work as a seamstress in England. Boateng recalled that as a five-year-old, his mother made him a purple mohair suit that quickly became his favorite outfit. His father, once headmaster of a school in Ghana, was a strict but not authoritarian parent. At the age of 16, Boateng began dating a girl he met at a London technical college, where he was studying computer science at the time. She showed him how to make clothes and Boateng soon began making clothes for himself. Soon Boateng had switched his major to fashion design at Southgate College, and he began working out of a studio in London's East End and selling his wares. He found the program at Southgate difficult at times. By the time he was 18, Boateng's clothes were selling at stores in the King's Road section of Chelsea, and in 1993 he opened a store on another trendy street, Portobello Road. He found his true calling, however, when he began haunting the austere but pricey tailor shops of London's Savile Row, where British kings and prime ministers, international heads of state, and wealthy men with impeccable taste in clothes had been having suits custom-made for generations. Switching the focus of his business to making custom, or bespoke suits for men, Boateng attracted notice when he became one of the first-ever British tailors to stage a fashion show. Referring to the 1994 London show, but the publicity helped him find a backer for a ready-to-wear line and to open a more formal retail venture, a store just off the famed Savile Row, on Vigo Street, in 1995. Soon his ready-to-wear line was selling at Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York in the United States. Between 1996 and 1997, Boateng's sales soared 150 percent worldwide, and he was even invited to dine at No. 10 Downing Street, the residence of Britain's Prime Minister, Tony Blair. In early 1998, however, a looming financial crisis in Asia caused two large orders from Hong Kong and Japan to be cancelled, and Boateng lost his backer. His ready-to-wear business went into receivership in the spring of 1998, but he saved it by entering into a deal with a British department store chain, Debenham's, to design a moderately priced line of men's clothing. In 1999 Boateng suffered another setback when his entire collection was stolen, and in 2001 found himself in an unusual battle with Sean "P.Diddy" Combs over scheduling concerns at the New York spring menswear collection shows. Boateng's Bryant Park event was scheduled for 7 p.m., while Combs's "Sean Jean" line was going to be shown at 8 p.m. Combs's representatives, however, overwhelmed by the media attention surrounding the rap mogul, asked that all invitees be seated by 7 p.m.--which meant that many important buyers and tastemakers would miss Boateng's collection. Representatives from both sides met, and peace was made. Despite such flamboyant wares, Boateng remained an accepted presence among the more staid Savile Row tailors. When his store opened, many brought him welcome gifts. The Look British menswear designer Ozwald Boateng has been cal | eng_Latn | 15,161 |
Who was Chancellor of West Germany from 1969-74? | History of the Federal Republic of Germany History of the Federal Republic of Germany ___ History of the Federal Republic of Germany Germany celebrates two important anniversaries in 2009 60 years ago, on 23rd May 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was founded with the promulgation of the Basic Law; 20 years ago, on 9th November 2009 the wall between East and West fell in Berlin. Below an overview of six German decades. The 1950s Economic Miracle - Western Integration - World Cup End and new beginning: Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967), German statesman, first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 1949–63, at the German Bundestag, February 1955. Image: Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archive) Nazi Germany surrenders unconditionally in May 1945. Twelve years of Nazi dictatorship have plunged Europe into the abyss, led to racial fanaticism and horrific crimes, and cost the lives of almost 60 million people in the war and the extermination camps. The victorious Allies divide Germany into four zones. The western powers foster the development of a parliamentary democracy, while the Soviet Union opens the door for socialism in the east. The Cold War begins. The Federal Republic of Germany is founded in the west with the promulgation of the Basic Law on 23 May 1949. The first Bundestag elections are held on 14 August and Konrad Adenauer (CDU) becomes Federal Chancellor. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) is founded in the “eastern zone” on 7 October 1949. Germany is in effect divided into east and west. The young Federal Republic builds close links with the western democracies. It is one of the founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and one of the six countries that sign the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community – today’s European Union – in Rome in 1957. In 1955, the Federal Republic joins NATO, the western defense alliance. Economic and social stabilization makes rapid progress. In combination with the currency reform of 1948 and the US Marshall Plan, the social market economy leads to an economic upturn that is soon described as an “economic miracle”. At the same time, the Federal Republic acknowledges its responsibility towards the victims of the Holocaust: Federal Chancellor Adenauer and Israel ’s Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett sign a reparations agreement in 1952. Social highlights: victory at the 1954 World Cup and the return of the last German prisoners of war from the Soviet Union in 1956. The 1960s - The Berlin Wall -Student Movement - New Liberality U.S. President John F. Kennedy on the occasion of his famous speech at the Rathaus Schöneberg (the town hall of West Berlin) in Berlin on June 26, 1963. On the far right side Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, on the far left side, the then city mayor Willy Brandt. He later became Federal Chancellor. Image © Press and Information Office of the Federal Government The Cold War nears its climax: more and more refugees leave the GDR for the west. Accordingly, the “zonal border” is sealed off and on 13 August 1961 the GDR government ends free access to West Berlin . It builds a wall through the city, and the border with the Federal Republic becomes a “death strip”. During the next 28 years many people lose their lives attempting to cross it. President Kennedy affirmed America’s guarantee of the freedom of West Berlin during his famous speech in Berlin in 1963. It is certainly an eventful year. The Élysée Treaty, the Treaty of Friendship between France and Germany, is concluded in January as an act of reconciliation. The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials begin and confront Germans with their Nazi past. In autumn, Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard (CDU), the “father of the economic miracle”, becomes Federal Chancellor, following Adenauer’s resignation. Three years later, the Federal Republic is governed by a CDU/CSU and SPD Grand Coalition for the first time: Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) is Federal Chancellor and Willy Brandt (SPD) is Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. The Federal Republic’s economy flourishes until the mid-196 | #219 Meryl Streep / Alan Osmond / Lindsay Wagner – 22 June 1949 | Born On The Same Day Born On The Same Day Posted on January 29, 2011 by Born On The Same Day Meryl Streep Mary Louise “Meryl” Streep (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress who has worked in theatre, television and film. She is widely regarded as one of the most talented and respected actors of the modern era. Streep has received 16 Academy Award nominations, winning two, and 25 Golden Globe nominations, winning seven, more nominations than any other actor in the history of either award. Her work has also earned her two Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Cannes Film Festival award, four New York Film Critics Circle Awards, five Grammy Award nominations, a BAFTA award, an Australian Film Institute Award and a Tony Award nomination, amongst others. She was awarded the American Film Institute’s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004. Alan Osmond Alan Ralph Osmond (born on June 22, 1949 in Ogden, Utah, United States) was a member of the family musical group The Osmonds. He was the oldest of the seven siblings who could sing, as the two oldest brothers, Virl and Tom, are hearing impaired. During much of the Osmonds’ career, Alan was the leader of the group. Today he performs only rarely because he has multiple sclerosis. Lindsay Wagner Lindsay Jean Wagner (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She is probably most widely known for her portrayal of Jaime Sommers in the 1970s television series The Bionic Woman (for which she won an Emmy award). Links: | eng_Latn | 15,162 |
"The death of which world leader in April 1945 prompted Goebbels to exclaim: ""Bring out our best champagne!"" ?" | Astrology of Winston Churchill with horoscope chart, quotes, biography, and images Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill�British Statesman, Prime Minister 1940-1945, 1951-1955 Orator, Author, Historian, Artist: November 30, 1874, Blenheim Palace, England, 1:30 AM, LMT. (Source: entry in father�s diary, and a letter written by his father. Rectified to 1:19 AM by T. Pat Davis). Died, January 25, 1965, London, England. (Ascendant, Virgo {some suggest Libra}; Midheaven, Gemini; Sun Sagittarius with Venus also in Sagittarius; Moon and Uranus in Leo; Mercury in Scorpio; Mars conjunct Jupiter in Libra; Saturn in Aquarius; Neptune in Aries; Pluto in Taurus) Winston Churchill was undoubtedly one of the greatest statesmen of the twentieth century. So many and varied were his notable achievements, that few can equal the scope, depth and variety of his impact upon the progress and welfare of the human race. He was a man of extraordinary vitality and resilience, imagination, intelligence and daring�a truly great patriot, leader and defender of the values of Western civilization, one of humanity�s most inspiring orators, an author and historian of the first rank, a talented amateur painter, and a writer with a masterful command of the English language. Although the positive aspects of his character overshadowed by far his liabilities, these too, were significant and surprising�excessive and ill-considered zeal, stubbornness, arrogance, inconsistency and a kind of perpetual adolescence exacerbated by an immoderate use of alcohol. Humanity owes an inestimable debt of gratitude to Winston Churchill. Without exaggeration it can be said that the heroic valor of his spirit was a decisive force in preventing the enslavement of humanity by the horrific tyranny loosed upon the world by the Nazi regime. Churchill (and the soul of Britain he inspired in those dark days in the early 1940�s) held out, virtually alone, against the murderous onslaught of the world�s mightiest military machine (the German Army) directed by malicious and hateful individuals who were obsessed by a vision of world conquest and domination. The odds were overwhelmingly against Britain�s survival. Once the Luftwaffe unleashed its full fury against the English cities and military bases, it was conservatively estimated that the country would fall in less than three months. The German war machine seemed invincible and hope but a cruel illusion.������ In terms of men and materiel the situation was, indeed, desperate, but wars are not won and lost on the basis of physical realities alone. Deep-seated psychological and spiritual factors played their crucial part, and it is here that Churchill�s character was worth millions of soldiers in the field. Well he knew that Western civilization (not just Britain) was in mortal peril. So deep was his love of that civilization and its cherished values, that his will was strengthened to a point inconceivable by normal standards. If the selfish and sadistic rulers of Nazi Germany were obsessed by members of the Black Lodge, then Winston Churchill was, equally, obsessed by the �Forces of Light�, by the �Good�. No doubt the Masters of the Wisdom directed towards him potent streams of vitalizing energy and inspiration, to sustain this man whose spirit stood as a bulwark between a besieged civilization and the yawning abyss. Had Britain fallen, Germany would not have been forced to fight a war on two fronts, and, through the concentration of its superbly trained forces, may well have prevailed over the Soviet | GHDI - Image Images - Politics "Dropping the Pilot" (1890) Bismarck was forced to resign in 1890 , two years into the reign of Wilhelm II. Here, we see a weary Bismarck descending the ladder of the “ship” Germany, which he had steered for almost 20 years as chancellor. A young Wilhelm II looks on from the deck. This illustration, entitled “Dropping the Pilot,” was published in the British magazine Punch March 29, 1890. | eng_Latn | 15,163 |
What was secret police of East Germany? | Stasi Stasi The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police By JOHN O. KOEHLER THE RULE OF LAW "Worse than the Gestapo." Simon Wiesenthal, Nazi hunter Less than a month after German demonstrators began to tear down the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, irate East German citizens stormed the Leipzig district office of the Ministry for State Security (MfS)the Stasi, as it was more commonly called. Not a shot was fired, and there was no evidence of "street justice" as Stasi officers surrendered meekly and were peacefully led away. The following month, on January 15, hundreds of citizens sacked Stasi headquarters in Berlin. Again there was no bloodshed. The last bit of unfinished business was accomplished on May 31 when the Stasi radioed its agents in West Germany to fold their tents and come home. The intelligence department of the Nationale Volksarmee (NVA), the People's Army, had done the same almost a week earlier, but with what its members thought was better style. Instead of sending the five-digit code groups that it had used for decades to message its spies in West Germany, the army group broadcast a male choir singing a children's ditty about a duck swimming on a lake. There was no doubt that the singing spymasters had been drowning their sorrow over losing the Cold War in schnapps. The giggling, word-slurring songsters repeated the refrain three times: "Dunk your little head in the water and lift your little tail." This was the signal to agents under deep cover that it was time to come home. With extraordinary speed and political resolve, the divided nation was reunified a year later. The collapse of the despotic regime was total. It was a euphoric time for Germans, but reunification also produced a new national dilemma. Nazi war crimes were still being tried in West Germany, forty-six years after World War II. Suddenly the German government was faced with demands that the communist officials who had ordered, executed, and abetted crimes against their own peoplecrimes that were as brutal as those perpetrated by their Nazi predecessorsalso be prosecuted. The people of the former Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), the German Democratic Republic, as the state had called itself for forty years, were clamoring for instant revenge. Their wrath was directed primarily against the country's communist rulersthe upper echelon of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei (SED), the Socialist Unity Party. The tens of thousands of second-echelon party functionaries who had enriched themselves at the expense of their cocitizens were also prime targets for retribution. Particularly singled out were the former members of the Stasi, the East German secret police, who previously had considered themselves the "shield and sword" of the party. When the regime collapsed, the Stasi had 102,000 full-time officers and noncommissioned personnel on its rolls, including 11,000 members of the ministry's own special guards regiment. Between 1950 and 1989, a total of 274,000 persons served in the Stasi. The people's ire was running equally strong against the regular Stasi informers, the inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IMs). By 1995, 174,000 had been identified as IMs, or 2.5 percent of the total population between the ages of 18 and 60. Researchers were aghast when they found that about 10,000 IMs, or roughly 6 percent of the total, had not yet reached the age of 18. Since many records were destroyed, the exact number of IMs probably will never be determined; but 500,000 was cited as a realistic figure. Former Colonel Rainer Wiegand, who served in the Stasi counterintelligence directorate, estimated that the figure could go as high as 2 million, if occasional stool pigeons were included. "The Stasi was much, much worse than the Gestapo, if you consider only the oppression of its own people," according to Simon Wiesenthal of Vienna, Austria, who has been hunting Nazi criminals for half a century. "The Gestapo had 40,000 officials watching a country of 80 million, while the Stasi employed 102,000 to control only 17 million." One | BBC ON THIS DAY | 26 | 1981: 'Gang of four' launches new party About This Site | Text Only 1981: 'Gang of four' launches new party The Social Democrats have launched their new political party pledging to "reconcile the nation" and "heal divisions between classes". At a crowded press conference in London, signalling the start of a massive media campaign to recruit supporters, the party outlined its hopes of breaking the political mould and of making significant gains at the next General Election. The Gang of Four, the nick-name of the four Labour defectors who set up the SDP, outlined their hopes of winning, with the Liberals, a majority in the Commons. Roy Jenkins, former Labour cabinet minister, David Owen, William Rodgers and Shirley Williams published a 12-point document covering elections, education and international co-operation. We are going to be free David Owen The party's proposals included calls to reform the political system, environmentally friendly policies, equality of opportunity for women and ethnic minorities, and a fairer distribution of wealth. Mr Jenkins said formulating an incomes policy would be "one of the most difficult things we have to do". The Gang of Four describe themselves as a left-of-centre party and is the first to be run in Britain with a one-member one-vote system for policies and selection. Dr Owen said the party offered Britain a fresh start and he said recruits were coming from other parties all the time. "We are going to be free: we will make decisions... But they will be your decisions," he told potential members. He accused the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of having divided the country between the North, Scotland, Wales, and the still "relatively prosperous" South East. The four left Labour citing major differences over European and defence policies as the party has taken a sharp turn to the left under leader Michael Foot. The opposition leader has insisted they will win no support. But with call centres waiting to hear from future supporters and an estimated �170,000 spent on regional journeys and advertising, the SDP is determined to win over MPs and then voters. | eng_Latn | 15,164 |
Describe the 3 steps to Germany's key offensive tactic called the Blitzkrieg? | Identify the german tactic to counter the brithish? | No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted? | eng_Latn | 15,165 |
What was the last major German offensive against the allies in western europe's called? | What was the last german initiated battle in western europe called? | What battle was the final german offensive in Europe? | eng_Latn | 15,166 |
Hellenikon international airport is in which country? | Athens Airport Greece, Athens International Airport ATH | Airportia × Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Arrivals Widget Copy and Paste the code below to embed the Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Arrivals Widget to your site: <div class="airportia-widget"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:0; width: 100%; height: 95%; margin:0; padding:0;" src="https://www.airportia.com/widgets/airport/ath/arrivals"></iframe> <div style="font-family: arial; font-size:12px; color:#3f9bdc; width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2px; padding-top: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #65747e;"> <a style="text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;" href="https://www.airportia.com/greece/athens-airport-international/arrivals/" title="Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Arrivals" target="_top">Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Arrivals</a> powered by <a style="text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;" href="https://www.airportia.com/" target="_top">Airportia</a> </div> </div> × Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures Widget Copy and Paste the code below to embed the Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures Widget to your site: <div class="airportia-widget"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:0; width: 100%; height: 95%; margin:0; padding:0;" src="https://www.airportia.com/widgets/airport/ath/departures"></iframe> <div style="font-family: arial; font-size:12px; color:#3f9bdc; width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2px; padding-top: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #65747e;"> <a style="text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;" href="https://www.airportia.com/greece/athens-airport-international/departures/" title="Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures" target="_top">Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures</a> powered by <a style="text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;" href="https://www.airportia.com/" target="_top">Airportia</a> </div> </div> | 1st jet aircraft takes flight, August 27, 1939 | EDN 1st jet aircraft takes flight, August 27, 1939 PRINT PDF EMAIL The turbojet-powered Heinkel He 178, the world's first jet aircraft, took its first flight on August 27, 1939. It was flown by German test pilot Erich Warsitz. The Heinkel He 178 was a private venture by the German Heinkel company in accordance with director Ernst Heinkel's emphasis on developing technology for high-speed flight. The design was based on the work of young engineer Hans von Ohain, who had taken out a patent on using the exhaust from a gas turbine as a means of propulsion. The He 178 was a small, metal aircraft that ran on diesel fuel. The jet intake was in the nose and the plane was fitted with tailwheel undercarriage. The main landing gear was retractable, but remained fixed in "down" position throughout the flight trials. Maximum speed was around 380 mph for the radial-flow turbojet. This maiden flight took place only days before Germany started World War II by invading Poland. The Heinkel company had kept its work secret and expected sales of the aircraft to take off once it made its work publically known. That was not the case. Unbeknownst to the company, the German government had also been working on its own secret projects. It was soon announced that BMW and Junkers were working on "official" axial-flow turbojet engines for the German airforce. Two weeks after Germany invaded Poland, the German airforce ordered aircraft manufacturers to reduce all development work with the exception of development work on jet powered single seaters for fighter aircraft. The He 187 had been moved to an air museum but was destroyed in an air raid in 1943. (See photo of replica above.) Also see: | eng_Latn | 15,167 |
The peace treaty, the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I, was signed between the Allied Powers and which nation? | The Versailles Treaty That Ended WWI By Jennifer Rosenberg Updated March 28, 2016. The Versailles Treaty, signed on June 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in Paris, was the peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I . However, the conditions in the treaty were so punitive upon Germany that many believe the Versailles Treaty laid the groundwork for the eventual rise of Nazis in Germany and the eruption of World War II . Debated at the Paris Peace Conference On January 18, 1919 - just over two months after the fighting on World War I's Western Front ended - the Paris Peace Conference opened, beginning the five months of debates and discussions that surrounded the drawing up of the Versailles Treaty. Although many diplomats from the Allied Powers participated, the "big three" (Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States) were the most influential. Germany was not invited. continue reading below our video Overview: The Treaty of Versailles On May 7, 1919, the Versailles Treaty was handed over to Germany, who was told they had only three weeks in which to accept the Treaty. Considering that in many ways the Versailles Treaty was meant to punish Germany, Germany of course found much fault with the Versailles Treaty. Germany did send back a list of complaints over the Treaty; however, the Allied Powers ignored most of them. The Versailles Treaty: A Very Long Document The Versailles Treaty itself is a very long and extensive document, made up of 440 Articles (plus Annexes), which have been divided into 15 parts. The first part of the Versailles Treaty established the League of Nations . Other parts included the terms of military limitations, prisoners of war, finances, access to ports and waterways, and reparations. Versailles Treaty Terms Spark Controversy The most controversial aspect of the Versailles Treaty was that Germany was to take full responsibility for the damage caused during World War I (known as the "war guilt" clause, Article 231). This clause specifically stated: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. Other controversial sections included the major land concessions forced upon Germany (including the loss of all her colonies), the limitation of the German army to 100,000 men, and the extremely large sum in reparations Germany was to pay to the Allied Powers. Also enraging was Article 227 in Part VII, which stated the Allies intention of charging German Emperor Wilhelm II with "supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties." Wilhelm II was to be tried in front of a tribunal made up of five judges. The terms of the Versailles Treaty were so seemingly hostile to Germany that German Chancellor Philipp Scheidemann resigned rather than sign it. However, Germany realized they had to sign it for they had no military power left to resist. Versailles Treaty Signed On June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , Germany's representatives Hermann Müller and Johannes Bell signed the Versailles Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. | The forger who fooled the world - Telegraph The forger who fooled the world Han van Meegeren's The last supper (1940-1941) Serena Davies 12:01AM BST 05 Aug 2006 Frank Wynne tells the extraordinary story of Han van Meegeren, the Dutch artist whose ‘Vermeer' made him a folk hero I've always loved a forger. It's difficult not to feel a surge of joy at the thought of an eminent critic waxing lyrical over the glories of a "17th-century masterpiece" on which the paint is barely dry. If the pinnacle of Western art is arguably Leonardo da Vinci, his shadow self in the pantheon of forgers is Han van Meegeren. In May 1945, shortly after the liberation of Holland, two officers arrived at the studio of van Meegeren, then just a little-known Dutch painter and art dealer. The officers, from the Allied Art Commission, were responsible for repatriating works of art looted by the Nazis. They had come about a painting discovered among the collection of Hermann Göring: a hitherto unknown canvas by the great Johannes Vermeer, entitled The Supper at Emmaus. Since the Nazis had kept detailed records, it had been easy to trace the sale of the painting back to van Meegeren. Now, they wanted only the name of the original owner so that they might return his priceless masterpiece. When van Meegeren refused to name the owner, they arrested him and charged him with treason. If found guilty, he faced the death penalty. The artist was entirely innocent of the charges against him, a fact he could easily have proved. But in doing so, he would have to confess to a series of crimes which he had plotted for decades and which, in five short years had earned him the equivalent of $60 million. Han van Meegeren was a forger. He loathed modern art - he thought it childish and decadent, a passing fad for ugliness which would soon fade. For years he had eked out a living painting gloomy portraits of rich patrons in a faux-Rembrandt style and had winced as he heard his work ridiculed by his peers. A prominent critic reviewing van Meegeren's second solo exhibition wrote, "A gifted technician who has made a sort of composite facsimile of the Renaissance school, he has every virtue except originality." The time had come, van Meegeren felt, to revenge himself on his critics. He devised a plan to paint a perfect Vermeer - neither a copy, nor a pastiche, but an original work - and, when it had been authenticated by leading art experts, acquired by a major museum, exhibited and acclaimed, he would announce his hoax to the world. His first step was concocting an ingenious mixture of pigments that "would pass the five tests which any genuine 17th-century painting must pass". Now he had only to paint a masterpiece. The Supper at Emmaus was unlike any acknowledged Vermeer. Van Meegeren, true to his perversely moral scheme, painted it in his own style, adding only subtle allusions to works by the Dutch master, before signing it with the requisite flourish. He had it submitted to Abraham Bredius, the most eminent authority on Dutch baroque art of his day, and the critic took the bait. Writing in the Burlington magazine, Bredius opined: "It is a wonderful moment in the life of a lover of art when he finds himself suddenly confronted with a hitherto unknown painting by a great master… And what a picture! We have here a - I am inclined to say the - masterpiece of Johannes Vermeer of Delft." Suddenly the world was at van Meegeren's feet. The Supper at Emmaus was bought by the prestigious Boijmans Gallery in Rotterdam for the equivalent of $6 million. More importantly for van Meegeren, it was advertised as the centrepiece, the crowning glory of the gallery's exhibition, 400 Years of European Art. During the exhibition, van Meegeren would loudly proclaim the painting a forgery, a crude pastiche, and listen as the finest minds of his generation persuaded him that his painting was a genuine Vermeer. His triumph was now complete. He had only to do what he had promised himself: to stand up and claim the work for himself, thereby making fools of his critics. Instead, within a month, | eng_Latn | 15,168 |
Name the last ruling house of Imperial Germany? | Hohenzollern Hohenzollern House of Battenberg(Mountbatten) Top Surnames The purpose of this project is to display a list of all ruling members of the house of Hohenzollern. Region of Zollern, Nuremberg, Ansbach, Kulmbach and Bayreuth, (Franconia and Bavaria, Germany) Frederick I 1061 - 1125 (son of Burhard) Frederick II 1125 - 1145 (son of Frederick I) Burkhard II 1145 - 1150 (son of Frederick I) Gotfried of Zimmern 1150 - 1160 (son of Frederick I) Frederick III/I 1160 - 1200, (son of Frederick II]) also Burgrave of Nuremberg) Frederick I/III 1192-1200 (also count of Zollern) Frederick II/IV 1204-1218 (son of Frederick I/III, also count of Zollern) Conrad I/III 1218-1261/1262 (son of FredrickI/III, also count of Zollern) John I(Johann I) 1297-1300 (son of Frederick III) Frederick IV 1300-1332 (son of Frederick III) John II 1332-1357 (son of Frederick III) Frederick V 1357-1398 (son of John II) At Frederick V's death on 21 January 1398, his lands were partitioned between his two sons:' John III/I 1398-1420 (son of Frederick V, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach) Frederick VI/I 1420-1427, (son of Frederick V, also Elector of Brandenburg and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach) After John III/I's death on 11 June 1420, the two principalities were briefly reunited under Frederick VI/I From 1412 Frederick VI became Margrave of Brandenburg as Frederick I and Elector of Brandenburg as Frederick I. From 1420, he became Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. Upon his death on 21 September 1440, his territories were divided between his sons: Frederick II , Elector of Brandenburg Albert III , Elector of Brandenburg and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach From 1427 onwards the title of Burgrave of Nuremberg was absorbed into the titles of Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. Frederick I/III William "the Great Elector" (Friedrich Wilhelm I) 1640-1688 (son of George William I, also Elector of Brandenburg) Frederick IV/II/I (Friedrich I) 1688-1701 (son of Friedrich Wilhelm I,also Elector of Brandenburg and King in Prussia) From 1701 the title of Duke of Prussia was attached to the title of King in and of Prussia. Kings in Prussia (1701–1772) In 1701 the title of King in Prussia was granted, without the Duchy of Prussia being elevated to a Kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire. From 1701 onwards the titles of Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of King in Prussia. Frederick I/II/IV 1701-1713 (also Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg) Frederick II the Great (Friedrich "der grosse") 1740–1786 (son of Frederick William I, also King in Prussia) In 1772 the Duchy of Prussia was elevated to a kingdom. Kings of Prussia (1772–1918) In 1772 the title of King of Prussia was granted with the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia. From 1772 onwards the titles of Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of King of Prussia Frederick II the Great (Friedrich "der grosse") 1740–1786 (son of Frederick William I, before Elector of Brandenburg) Frederick William II 1786–1797 (nephew of Frederick the great) Frederick William III 1797–1840 (son of Frederick William II) Frederick William IV 1840–1861 (son of Frederick William III) Wilhelm I 1861–1888 (brother of Frederick William) Frederick III 1888-1888 (son of William I) Wilhelm II 1888–1918 (son of Frederick III) In 1871 the Kingdom of Prussia was a constituting member of the German Empire. German Kings and Emperors (1871–1918) In 1871 the German empire was proclaimed. With the accession of Wilhelm I to the newly-established imperial German throne, the titles of King of Prussia, Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of German Emperor. William I(Wilhelm I) 1871-1888 (also King of Prussia) Frederick III(Friedrich III) 1888-1888 (son of William I, also King of Prussia) William II 1888-1918 (Son of Frederick III, also King of Prussia) In 1918 the German empire was abolished and replaced by the Weimar Republic. Line of Succession (1918 to Present) Prince Georg Friedr | Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin - TripAdvisor Want the lowest hotel prices? You're in the right place. We check 200+ sites for you. Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie Write a Review Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie Location More Does this attraction require above average amounts of physical activity (long walks, climbs, stairs or hikes)? Yes Is this location a solemn or serious place like a memorial, cemetary, etc.? Yes Is this an outdoor attraction or activity? Yes Is this attraction a "must-see" location? Yes Would this be a good sunny day activity? Yes Is this attraction popular with tourists? Yes Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture? Yes Is this attraction pet friendly? Yes Is this attraction suitable for all ages? Yes Would this be a good cold day activity? Yes Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom Address: 43-45 Friedrichstrasse, 10969 Berlin, Germany Phone Number: Sun - Sat 9:00 am - 10:00 pm Recommended length of visit: 2-3 hours Book In Advance Berlin 1- or 2-Day Hop-On Hop-Off City Circle Tour: Berlin's Landmarks and... More Info Story Line of Berlin Walking Tour Including Typical Berlin Chocolate More Info Small Group Introductory Tour of Berlin Capital of Culture Tyranny and Tolerance See More Tours & Experiences Terrible “Good for a visit” This is part of the history of the Cold War so you must visit. The outside exhibition is free and interesting. Reviewed 5 days ago 8,125 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community Which Berlin hotels are on sale? mm/dd/yyyy mm/dd/yyyy See all travel guides Read reviews that mention: All reviews black box american sector berlin wall piece of history east berlin passport information freedom stories reminder symbol Review tags are currently only available for English language reviews. Start your review of Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie Click to rate “Ridiculous” Reviewed 4 days ago NEW In Berlin they have done a great job to keep alive the memory of the wall in a sober but still very effective manner. The exception is checkpoint Charlie. I found it ridiculous: if you pay some money, you can take a picture with two fake soldiers (often smoking or checking mobiles) carrying American flags. All around you can find... More Helpful? “Good for a visit” Reviewed 5 days ago NEW This is part of the history of the Cold War so you must visit. The outside exhibition is free and interesting. Helpful? “Much of interest but could be arranged better” Reviewed 6 days ago NEW While showing many methods used by East Germans to escape to the West, the museum also documents the Cold war from 1945 -1990. There is a lot to read but there are also a number of very informative videos in English. I found this aspect of the museum more interesting than the escape methods which seemed to be placed randomly... More Helpful? “A must when in Berlin” Reviewed 6 days ago NEW Checkpoint Charlie is a must if you visit Berlin. It can be a little busy at times, but it's two blocks away from the actual wall. It's a good sliver of international history in one spot. *Also, bring your passport. There is a souvenir counter that will stamp retro stamps in your passport. Don't do the one on the actual... More Helpful? “Important landmark, museum is small” Reviewed 1 week ago Fantastic to pose for a photo with the officer at Checkpoint Charlie, but for museum lovers there are better options in Berlin. Helpful? “Lots of history, little to see” Reviewed 1 week ago Checkpoint Charlie is located in Mitte area where East-West Berlin in the past meet. It has lots of history because it's a symbol of the separation between West-East Europe specially Germany and Berlin after World War II. The name given to Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991). Nothing much to see... More Helpful? “Highly overrated!” Reviewed 1 week ago This 'museum' is very | eng_Latn | 15,169 |
Who invented the aqualung diving apparatus? | Technology Cousteau Society http://www.cousteau.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/First-tests-of-the-Aqua-Lung.mp4 Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus The story of the Aqua-Lung goes back to World War II. In June, 1943, on a small beach of the Riviera, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, wearing rubber fins, shouldered the new completely autonomous diving gear. It was inspired by the discoveries that preceded it, particularly that of Captain Yves Le Prieur, pioneer of autonomous diving who, in 1925, perfected an open-circuit, compressed-air device. There was one problem: the continuous flow of air limited how long the device could be used. The solution was born in Paris. During the war, the Germans requisitioned automobile gas. Engineer Emile Gagnan invented a demand regulator that would feed cooking gas to a car’s carburetor in the exact amount the jet needed.[/wc_column][/wc_row] Cousteau modified the regulator, adapted it and made it the crowning piece of his Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA), the Aqua-Lung. In 1966, Cousteau brought together his best divers, engineers and designers to provide Calypso with sophisticated equipment they called streamlined scuba. This new equipment reduced fatigue and consequently air consumption, allowing the divers to move about more quickly and for a longer time. The membrane of the regulator was positioned on the chest, closest to the center of the volume of air in the lungs. Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus The story of the Aqua-Lung goes back to World War II. In June, 1943, on a small beach of the Riviera, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, wearing rubber fins, shouldered the new completely autonomous diving gear. It was inspired by the discoveries that preceded it, particularly that of Captain Yves Le Prieur, pioneer of autonomous diving who, in 1925, perfected an open-circuit, compressed-air device. There was one problem: the continuous flow of air limited how long the device could be used. The solution was born in Paris. During the war, the Germans requisitioned automobile gas. Engineer Emile Gagnan invented a demand regulator that would feed cooking gas to a car’s carburetor in the exact amount the jet needed. Cousteau modified the regulator, adapted it and made it the crowning piece of his Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA), the Aqua-Lung. In 1966, Cousteau brought together his best divers, engineers and designers to provide Calypso with sophisticated equipment they called streamlined scuba. This new equipment reduced fatigue and consequently air consumption, allowing the divers to move about more quickly and for a longer time. The membrane of the regulator was positioned on the chest, closest to the center of the volume of air in the lungs. | MACK The KNIFE - 3 GROSCHEN OPER - YouTube MACK The KNIFE - 3 GROSCHEN OPER Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 22, 2014 Steven Wagner - Stevan Vagner, Podrum COLLEGIUM MELODIUM, World music museum in Belgrade,LJUBA, PEDJA and LJUBICA JOVICEVIC, present "Mack the Knife" or "The Ballad of Mack the Knife", originally "Die Moritat von Mackie Messer", a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US number one hit for Bobby Darin. The song was first introduced to American audiences in 1933 in the first English-language production of The Threepenny Opera. The English lyrics were by Gifford Cochran and Jerrold Krimsky.THREE PENNYThat production, however, was not successful, closing after a run of only ten days. In the best known English translation, from the Marc Blitzstein 1954 version of The Threepenny Opera, which played Off-Broadway for over six years] the words are: Oh the shark has pretty teeth dear, And he shows them pearly white Just a jack-knife has Macheath dear And he keeps it out of sight. Blitzstein's translation provides the basis for most of the popular versions we know today, including those by Louis Armstrong (1956) and Bobby Darin (1959—Darin's lyrics differ slightly), and most subsequent swing versions. Weill's widow, Lotte Lenya, the star of both the original 1928 German production and the 1954 Blitzstein Broadway version, was present in the studio during Armstrong's recording. He spontaneously added her name to the lyrics, which already named several of Macheath's female victims. The rarely heard final verse—not included in the original play, but added by Brecht for the 1930 movie—expresses the theme, and compares the glittering world of the rich and powerful with the dark world of the poor: Category | eng_Latn | 15,170 |
In 1936, Germany re-occupied the officially demilitarised province of the 'Rhineland', in defiance of which treaty? | RASSINIER: The real Eichmann Trial 4/8 (1962) Chapter III CONSPIRACY AND CRIMES AGAINST PEACE As defined in paragraph (a) of Article 6 of the Nuremberg Charter, crimes against the peace were concerned either with, aggravation or participating in a conspiracy with the intention of perpetrating such acts of aggravation. As has been pointed out, premeditation had to be established. This is roughly the way the indictment went, on this point: in the course of 1920, a number of not very respectable individuals, scattered all over Germany, arranged to meet at various places, principally in Munich, where they formed an association of malefactors whose purpose was to launch aggressive warfare against neighbouring states. Hitler became the head of this association in 1921. They must have been fairly astute, since they managed to give this association the baptismal name N.S.D.A.P. (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei), and the appearance of a political party. They must have been fairly intelligent, too, since they understood that in order to launch aggressive warfare against neighbouring states, it had absolutely to be done in the name of Germany, which seemed to indicate that they must first seize power. Hence, the conspiracy against peace -- which in more modern and more diplomatic language would be called conspiracy against collective security -- was in addition found to be tied in with conspiracy against the internal security of a state. As for premeditation, that had been in the air for nearly twenty years. It must be conceded that rarely have criminals had so much time at their disposal, to take stock of their crime, and thus to become more guilty. Taking things in chronological order, the Tribunal first had to pass judgement on the conditions under which the accused had seized, consolidated and maintained power, the methods used, particularly subversion by terrorism, the domestic doctrine that was applied, etc. I would like to be clearly understood. I, too, condemn National Socialism, Fascism, Bolshevism, and in general all doctrines that, on the pretext of arousing a revolutionary spirit, preach insurrection and the seizure of power, by means of subversion by terrorism, doctrines to which, after success has been achieved in a blood bath, their followers are held fast by more or less open, and always ferocious, repression. But my purely philosophical censure is separated by a gulf from the condemnation of legal authority. I disapprove of their conception of life and their methods, but I also disapprove of the use of coercion against National Socialism, Bolshevism, Fascism, etc. to prevent them from expressing themselves, or to send them to the gallows, if by chance they lose the play-off in a tied match. In the name of that special liberty which belonged only to those who had won it, Saint Just [51] killed the French Revolution. Freedom belongs to everyone, even to those who fight against it. All these disoriented people are, furthermore, only the product of disoriented societies, whether it is a question of Spartacus or Hitler, Mussolini or Castro, Lenin or Franco. To call the one lot criminals and the other benefactors is only a political viewpoint, and will not stand up under examination. It is the same sociological problem for all, in that all are morally or philosophically culpable; they are all juridically innocent, which cannot be said of the social structures themselves, which are all morally, philosophically and juridically culpable. As long as there are societies which oppress, there will be rebels to resist with violence, and - alas! - many more rebels who are taken for revolutionaries, than there are true revolutionaries. Therefore, it is societies which must be attacked, not men. The guillotine, according to the wisdom of the ancients, can eliminate the criminal, but not the crime; nothing could be truer. But these considerations are only subjective. In all objectivity it can rightly be claimed that among the judges one at least was not qualified to condemn the origins, ideas and methods of National | H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood - The History of H.M.S. Hood: Part 1 of The Battle of the Denmark Strait, May 24th 1941, by Antonio Bonomi The Battle of the Denmark Strait, May 24th 1941 Written by Antonio Bonomi & translated by Phil Isaacs Updated 07-May-2014 The following article was written by Antonio Bonomi of Italy. It was originally published (in Italian) in the December 2005 edition of "Storia Militare" (N. 147 - ANNO XIII). It was subsequently translated into English by Antonio with further refinement by Phil Isaacs. We feel that although it is impossible to ever precisely determine all aspects of this battle with 100% certainty, Antonio has nonetheless done an admirable job. The result is one of the more thorough and largely accurate reconstructions of this battle. To check the facts and come up with your own opinion, be sure to check the original battle documentation after you read this article. An analysis of the famous engagement between German warships Bismarck and Prinz Eugen against British warships H.M.S.s Hood and Prince of Wales (plus Norfolk and Suffolk). Famous painting of Hood sinking, by John Hamilton I am sure that to any of us that happened to look at photos of important naval battles and tried to associate them with the chronological series of events, there are inconsistencies in the way the events are portrayed. When I examined photos of the Bismarck taken during the Battle of the Denmark Strait against the Hood and against the Prince of Wales the captions under the photos were often contradictory. One day on the Internet looking at various forums concerning this battle I even read about a theory that assumed some of the photos had always been printed in reverse (1). There seemed to be no sense to what was written. For such an important historical event why are there still so many doubts, errors and approximations. Naval history, the Kriegsmarine and military strategy are my passion, so I decided to re-construct that battle in full detail with all the supporting information from films (2), photos, prints and paint or drawings available (3). This article, consequently, is not intended to describe the whole of Operation “Rheinübung” (4), but is meant to clarify only the series of events which occurred during the Battle of the Denmark Strait on the morning of Saturday May 24, 1941. The Approach This engagement was composed of one German formation and two British formations. The German formation included the battleship Bismarck (Captain Ernst Lindemann, with Fleet Chief Admiral Günther Lütjens on board) and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen (Captain Helmuth Brinkmann). The first British formation, which had been shadowing the German formation since the evening before, included the heavy cruisers Norfolk (Captain Alfred J.L. Phillips, with 1st Cruiser Squadron Commander Rear-Admiral William F. Wake-Walker on board) and Suffolk (Captain Robert M. Ellis). The second formation, which was converging on the area with the intent of engaging the enemy by surprise, guided to this by the continuous signals received from the Norfolk, included the battlecruiser Hood (Captain Ralph Kerr, with Battle Cruiser Squadron Commander and 2nd in Charge of the Home Fleet Vice Admiral Lancelot E. Holland) and the battleship Prince of Wales (Captain John C. Leach). This formation also included 6 escort destroyers (Achates, Antelope, Anthony, Echo, Electra and Icarus) which were detached the previous evening and were not present at the battle. The strategic and tactical scenarios during the early hours of May 24, 1941 were different between the Germans and the British. The Germans had been intercepted the evening before by Suffolk, at 19:22 (5) on the narrow area of the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland. Suffolk had been joined almost immediately by her sister ship, Norfolk, which was patrolling the same area. The Bismarck was sailing in-line ahead, followed by the Prinz Eugen. The Bismarck reacted at once by firing at the Norfolk (5 main gun salvoes at 20:30 ) which had just emerged from a rainstorm | eng_Latn | 15,171 |
Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus is better known by what name? | Caligula 'Caligula' Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (AD 12 - AD 41) Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus was the third son of Germanicus (nephew of Tiberius) and Agrippina the elder and was born at Antium in AD 12. It was during his stay with his parents on the German frontier, when he was between two and four, that his miniature versions of military sandals (caligae), caused the soldiers to call him Caligula, 'little sandal'. It was a nickname which remained with him for the rest of his life. When he was in his late teens his mother and elder brothers were arrested and died horribly due to the plotting of the praetorian prefect Sejanus. No doubt the horrendous demise of his closest relatives must have had a profound effect on the young Caligula. Attempting to rid himself of Gaius, Sejanus, under the belief that he may be a potential successor, went too far and was alas arrested and put to death by orders of emperor Tiberius in AD 31. In the same year Caligula was invested as a priest. From AD 32 onwards he lived on the island of Capreae (Capri) in the emperor's lush residence and was appointed joint heir with Tiberius Gemellus, son of Drusus the younger. Though by that time Tiberius was in old age and, with Gemellus still a child, it was obvious that it would be Caligula who would truly inherit the power for himself. By AD 33 he was made quaestor, though was given no further administrative training at all. Caligula was very tall, with spindly legs and a thin neck. His eyes and temples were sunken and his forehead broad and glowering. His hair was thin and he was bald on top, though he had a hairy body (during his reign it was a crime punishable by death to look down on him as he passed by, or to mention a goat in his presence). There were rumours surrounding the death of Tiberius. It is very likely that the 77 year-old emperor did simply die of old age. But one account tells of how Tiberius was thought to have died. Caligula drew the imperial signet ring from his finger and was greeted as emperor by the crowd. Then however news reached the would-be emperor that Tiberius had recovered and was requesting food be brought to him. Caligula, terrified at any revenge by the emperor returned from the dead, froze on the spot. But Naevius Cordus Sertorius Macro, commander of the praetorians, rushed inside and smothered Tiberius with a cushion, suffocating him. In any case, with the support of Macro, Caligula was immediately hailed as princeps ('first citizen') by the senate (AD 37). No sooner did he get back to Rome the senate bestowed upon him all the powers of imperial office, and - declaring Tiberius' will invalid - the child Gemellus was not granted his claim to the joint reign. But it was above all the army which, very loyal to the house of Germanicus, sought to see Caligula as sole ruler. Caligula quietly dropped an initial request for the deification of the deeply unpopular Tiberius. All around there was much rejoicing at the investment of a new emperor after the dark later years of his predecessor. Caligula abolished Tiberius' gruesome treason trials, paid generous bequests to the people of Rome and an especially handsome bonus to the praetorian guard. There is an amusing anecdote surrounding Caligula's accession to the throne. For he had a pontoon bridge built leading across the sea from Baiae to Puzzuoli; a stretch of water two and a half miles long. The bridge was even covered with earth. With the bridge in place, Caligula then, in the attire of a Thracian gladiator, mounted a horse a rode across it. Once at one end, he got off his horse and returned on a chariot drawn by two horses. These crossings are said to have lasted for two days. The historian Suetonius explains that this bizarre behaviour was down to a prediction made by an astrologer called Trasyllus to emperor Tiberius, that 'Caligula had no more chance of becoming emperor than of crossing the bay of Baiae on horseback'. Then, only six months later (October AD 37), Caligula fell very ill. His popularity was such that his illness caused great concern throughout the | The World at War - German Codenames Fall Rot (Case Red) In 1935 the Fall Rot was a study to defend against a surprise attack by France while defending the borders against Czechoslovakia and Poland. The 37 version of Fall Rot included offensive operations against Czechoslovakia with the aim of preventing a prolonged two-front war. In 1940 it was the second part of the western campaign - after the destruction of the BEF and the northern army of France it was, together with Fall Braun, the attack on the rest of the French army which was still entrenched in the Maginot line. Fall Blau (Case Blue) In 1938 a study from the Luftwaffe about aerial warfare against England. This would later become the "Planstudie 1939", a concept for the whole of aerial warfare. In 1942 "Fall Blau" was the codename for the operations of Army Group South with the operational targets: Woronesh, Stalingrad, and Baku. Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) The western campaign of 1940. Included the attack on Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Originally planned as a frontal attack in coordination with Fall Braun, it was later modified into a armored attack through the Ardennes using a scheme developed by General von Manstein. Fall Braun (Case Brown) Plan to attack with Army Group C on the western front in June 1940 (see Fall Grün) to relieve Army Group A and B, if necessary. Heeresgruppe C (von Leeb) was the army to execute this plan. Actually, in 1940 the Heeresgruppe C was far too weak to do anything but hold their position (some 19 divisions, most of them second class, for the whole southern front, including the Swiss border, against 37 French divisions and the Maginot line - some of their best among them). When Army Group C finally attacked for real, they were unexpectedly successful since the French no longer expected offensive action from them. Zitadelle (Citadel) Attack on the Russian front at Kursk in 43. This attack would become the largest tank battle in history. The attack was postponed several times by Hitler himself to allow the inclusion of new armor designs. This gave the Soviets the chance to prepare a stout defense and a counterattack. After this battle Germany never again gained the initiative. Herbstnebel / Wacht am Rhein (Autumn Fog / Watch on the Rhine) Codename for parts of the offensive in the Ardennes, 1944. Part of the deception for this offensive was the secret operation "Heinrich", in which the foreign worker contingents of the Axis were infiltrated by German agents. They would disguise as members of the resistance movement and hire their fellows for anti-German activities. Fed with important (but wrong) information about the German military, the workers where given a chance to escape by their resistance-comrades. The information about the German troops acquired in this way was considered reliable by the Allied, enabling the Germans a last tactical surprise. Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Codenames Paukenschlag (Beat of the kettledrum) A collective name for the first coordinated operations of German submarines on the US east coast. Lack of a convoy system along the coasts of the United States made for a lot of fat targets for German submariners. Later operations had nice names like "Mordbrenner" or "Reißewolf". The diary of radio operator Wolfgang Hirschfeld gives a first hand account of the German side. | eng_Latn | 15,172 |
Formed 1950 and dissolved 1990, the Stasi was the secret police of? | Stasi...the secret police... - Google Groups Stasi...the secret police... 12/26/15 12:46 AM Stasi This article is about the secret police of East Germany. For its other common meaning, see Stasi Commission. For the regular police in East Germany, see Volkspolizei. Ministry for State Security Seal of the Ministry of State Security of the GDR Agency overview Dissolved 3 October 1990 (end of GDR) Headquarters East Berlin, Germany Erich Mielke (1957–1989) Wolfgang Schwanitz (1989–1990) The Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi (IPA: [ˈʃtaːziː]) (abbreviation German: Staatssicherheit, literally State Security), also State Security Service (German Staatssicherheitsdienst, SSD), was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), colloquially known as East Germany. It has been described as one of the most effective and repressive intelligence and secret police agencies to have ever existed.[2][3][4][5][6][7] The Stasi was headquartered in East Berlin, with an extensive complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilities throughout the city. The Stasi motto was "Schild und Schwert der Partei" (Shield and Sword of the Party), referring to the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). One of its main tasks was spying on the population, mainly through a vast network of citizens turned informants, and fighting any opposition by overt and covert measures, including hidden psychological destruction of dissidents (Zersetzung, literally meaning decomposition). Its Main Directorate for Reconnaissance (German: Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung) was responsible for both espionage and for conducting covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf, it gained a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. Numerous Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990. After German reunification, the surveillance files that the Stasi had maintained on millions of East Germans were laid open, so that any citizen could inspect their personal file on request; these files are now maintained by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records. Creation Edit The Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950.[8] Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Mielke was his deputy. Zaisser tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953 uprising,[9] but was instead removed by Ulbricht and replaced with Ernst Wollweber thereafter. Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke. In 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) (Main Reconnaissance Administration), the foreign intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most influential case was that of Günter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann. Relationship with the KGB Edit See also: Eastern Bloc politics, Eastern Bloc information dissemination and Active measures Although Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, until 1990 the KGB continued to maintain liaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates, each with his own office inside the Stasi's Berlin compound, and in each of the fifteen Stasi district headquarters around East Germany.[10] Collaboration was so close that the KGB invited the Stasi to establish operational bases in Moscow and Leningrad to monitor visiting East German tourists and Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "Chekists of the Soviet Union".[10] In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers that they enjoyed in the Soviet Union.[10] Organization Edit The Ministry for State Sec | Glyptothek | museum, Munich, Germany | Britannica.com Glyptothek American Museum of Natural History Glyptothek, museum in Munich that houses a collection of Greek and Roman sculpture owned by the Bavarian state. The building, commissioned by King Louis I of Bavaria and designed in the Neoclassical style by Leo von Klenze , was erected 1816–30. Glyptothek, Munich. © SFC/Shutterstock.com It is a subsidiary of the nearby Staatliche Antikensammlungen (“State Collection of Antiquities”), which specializes in Greek and Etruscan bronzes and vases and Greek and Roman glass, jewelry, and terra-cottas. Learn More in these related articles: in Western architecture: Germany More eclectic than Schinkel, Klenze created a living museum of styles in Munich, including his noble Sculpture Gallery (Glyptothek, 1816–30), with its Greek Ionic portico; his Leuchtenberg Palace (1816), modeled on the Palazzo Farnese in Rome; and his Königsbau (1826–35) at the Residenz, which was an echo of the Pitti Palace in Florence. Klenze’s Sculpture Gallery, commissioned... in Munich (Bavaria, Germany): The contemporary city ...monumental Ludwigstrasse built, along which he constructed the state library, the Ludwigskirche, and the University of Munich. Other projects commissioned by Louis were the Königsplatz with the Glyptothek (“Sculpture Gallery”), a museum that houses a collection of ancient and modern sculpture; the Propyläen, a magnificent gateway in the style of the Propylaea at Athens; and... 2 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: September 07, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Glyptothek Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share | eng_Latn | 15,173 |
Which Israeli Prime Minister resigned in 1974 following the Yom Kippur War? | Mossad's tip-off ahead of Yom Kippur War did not reach prime minister, newly released papers show | The Times of Israel ‘I should never have exposed Egypt’s 1973 war super spy’ The Israeli Mossad intelligence agency knew a full week in advance that Egypt was planning to launch a surprise attack on Yom Kippur 1973, but did not pass the information on in an orderly and explicit way to Prime Minister Golda Meir’s office, according to formerly classified information released Thursday. The findings come from the commission tasked with investigating the war. The warning indicated that Egypt was going to attack under the cover of a military drill. The Mossad’s information, received from a senior agent, Ashraf Marwan, Gamal Abdel Nasser’s son-in-law, was never handed over to the Prime Minister’s Office, according to Brig. Gen. Yisrael Lior, the prime minister’s military attaché. Lior is quoted in the newly declassified material as saying that had he known of the Mossad’s information he would have “flown” to the office of Deputy Prime Minister Yigal Allon — who was filling in for an absent Meir at the time — and alerted him. On October 5 at 12:30 at night, a cable marked urgent arrived at Mossad headquarters in Tel Aviv. In it, Marwan conveyed that war was imminent and asked for a London meeting with Mossad head Zvi Zamir. A night clerk read the document to Alfred Eini, Zamir’s aide, who told the commission that he felt the material was urgent enough to warrant waking Zamir. According to the newly released material, Yitzhak Nebenzahl, state comptroller and member of the commission, asked Eini whether the information regarded “a warning about the outbreak of war or [whether] the subject was war.” Eini said that “it was understood that this was a warning about the outbreak of war.” Eini called Zamir, who seemed groggy and unfocused. In the protocols Eini described the conversation: “He [Zamir] listened. Said ‘thank you’ and then said ‘okay, I’ll go see [Marwan] tomorrow morning.” The five-member Agranat Commission, chaired by American-born Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Shimon Agranat, was appointed by the government to examine the failures leading up to and during the early stages of the war. The new papers, kept under wraps for decades, were released just ahead of the 39th anniversary of the war. The commission’s public findings, released in the spring of 1974, called for the resignations of four senior officers, including Maj. Gen. Eli Zeira, the commander of military intelligence, and effectively forced from office chief of the General Staff Lt. Gen. David Elazar, who was found to “bear direct responsibility” for the army’s dismal state of readiness on the eve of the war. Prime Minister Meir was cleared of responsibility but ousted from office by public sentiment. She resigned her position some nine days after the publication of the report. Foreign Minister Abba Eban witnessed the radical change in the assessment of war during the space of several hours, according to the papers. He told the commission that on Friday afternoon at 17:30, less than an hour before the holiday’s onset, he received a cable from Israel stating that there was a chance of a coordinated Syrian and Egyptian attack but that the probability of this was low. Several hours later, he told the commission, he received the following: “According to authentic intelligence sources, the Egyptians and the Syrians will launch a coordinated attack toward evening. The goal: conquering the Golan, crossing the canal and establishing [themselves] on the western side.” “I would like to note,” Eban said, “that the mental change between the two cables was sharp, with no shift, which is to say, I had no experiences between the two cables.” The war, which lasted from October 6 to 25, 1973, cost 2,688 Israeli lives and deeply damaged the view of Israel as an indestructible force following the Six Day War. The two-front attack by Syria and Egypt came as an almost complete surprise on the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. Also according to the newly released documents, GOC No | Parsifal (1982) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Richard Wagner's last opera has remained controversial since its first performance for its unique, and, for some, unsavory blending of religious and erotic themes and imagery. Based on one ... See full summary » Director: Hans-Jürgen Syberberg (as Hans Jürgen Syberberg) Writer: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 322 titles created 17 Aug 2011 a list of 788 titles created 23 Feb 2013 a list of 100 titles created 07 Jun 2015 a list of 961 titles created 17 Oct 2015 a list of 44 titles created 7 months ago Search for " Parsifal " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. The story of the legendary King Ludwig II of Bavaria (1845-1886), his opera interest and friendship with theatre personalities such as Richard Wagner and Joseph Kainz, and at the same time a reflection of the German 1800s. Director: Hans-Jürgen Syberberg Director Hans-Jurgen Syberberg examines the rise and fall of the Third Reich in this brooding seven-hour masterpiece, which incorporates puppetry, rear-screen projection, and a Wagnerian ... See full summary » Director: Hans-Jürgen Syberberg This ethereal, three-hour biopic is the middle film in Hans-Jürgen Syberberg's "German Trilogy" on the mythological foundations of the Third Reich. Director: Hans-Jürgen Syberberg When a machine that allows therapists to enter their patients' dreams is stolen, all Hell breaks loose. Only a young female therapist, Paprika, can stop it. Director: Satoshi Kon A strange disease starts to affect people in Taiwan just before the year 2000. The authorities order everyone to evacuate, but some tenants of an apartment building stay put, including a ... See full summary » Director: Ming-liang Tsai The telling of an Inuit legend of an evil spirit causing strife in the community and one warrior's endurance and battle of its menace. Director: Zacharias Kunuk Edit Storyline Richard Wagner's last opera has remained controversial since its first performance for its unique, and, for some, unsavory blending of religious and erotic themes and imagery. Based on one of the medieval epic romances of King Arthur and the search for the holy grail (the chalice touched by the lips of Christ at the last supper), it recounts over three long acts how a "wild child" unwittingly invades the sacred precincts of the grail, fulfilling a prophecy that only such a one can save the grail's protectors from a curse fallen upon them. Interpreters of the work have found everything from mystical revelation to proto-fascist propaganda in it. Hans-Jurgen Syberberg's production doesn't avoid either aspect, but tries synthesize them by seeking their roots in the divided soul of Wagner himself. The action unfolds on a craggy landscape which turns out to be a gigantic enlargement of the composer's death mask, among deliberately tatty theatrical devices: puppets, scale models, ... Written by Roger Downey May 1982 (West Germany) See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Among the severed heads at the base of the broken phallus in Klingsor's castle (symbolizing the self-castration that gave the wizard his powers - this is one weird opera) are those of Karl Marx, Wagner himself...and Friedrich Nietzsche, the German philosopher who was one of Wagner's most devoted champions until he broke with him over this very opera (he despised Christianity as a "slave" religion and thought Wagner had caved in to bourgeois morality). See more » Connections Ver | eng_Latn | 15,174 |
A plane from which budget airline crashed in the Alps in March this year? | Germanwings Plane Crash - Deadly plane crash in French Alps - Pictures - CBS News Deadly plane crash in French Alps Next Germanwings Plane Crash Debris from an Airbus A320 is seen in the mountains, near Seyne-les-Alpes, March 24, 2015 in this still image taken from TV. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash A black box voice recorder from the German Airbus operated by Lufthansa's Germanwings budget Airbus A320 crash is seen in this photo released March 25, 2015 by the BEA, France's Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (Air Accident Investigator). Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash Aerial view of crash site of Germanwings Flight 4U9525 in Seyne Les Alpes on March 24, 2015, in Seyne Les Alpes, France. A Germanwings passenger jet carrying at least 150 people crashed in a snowy, remote section of the French Alps, sounding like an avalanche as it scattered pulverized debris across the mountain. Credit: Photothek via Getty Images Germanwings Plane Crash Debris from crashed Germanwings Airbus A320 are seen in the mountains, near Seyne-les-Alpes, March 24, 2015. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash A file photo of the man believed to be Andreas Guenter Lubit, who was the co-pilot of Germanwings Flight 9525, which crashed March 24, 2015, into the French Alps. Credit: Rex Features via AP Germanwings Plane Crash German police officers stand outside a house believed to belong to crashed Germanwings flight 4U 9524 co-pilot Andreas Lubitz in Montabaur, March 26, 2015. The co-pilot suspected of deliberately crashing a Germanwings jet into the French Alps on Tuesday has been identified as 28-year-old Andreas Lubitz. Announcing his details at a news conference on Thursday, Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said he had no known links with terrorism."There is no reason to suspect a terrorist attack," he said. Asked whether he believed the crash that killed 150 people was the result of suicide, he said: "People who commit suicide usually do so alone....I don't call it a suicide." The German citizen, left in sole control of the Airbus A320 after the captain left the cockpit, refused to re-open the door and pressed a button that sent the jet into its fatal descent, the prosecutor told a news conference carried on live television. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash Rescue helicopters from the French Gendarmerie and the air force are seen in front of the French Alps during a rescue operation next to the crash site of an Airbus A320, near Seyne-les-Alpes, March 24, 2015. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash A rescue helicopter flies over debris of the Germanwings passenger jet, scattered on the mountain side, near Seyne les Alpes, French Alps, March 24, 2015. Credit: AP Map showing radar track and crash site of Germanwings Flight 4U9525. Credit: Flightaware/Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash French military personel make their way up the mountain as part of operations as they advance to the crash site of an Airbus A320, near Seyne-les-Alpes, March 25, 2015. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash Helicopters of the French air force and civil security services are seen in Seyne, south-eastern France, on March 24, 2015, near the site where a Germanwings Airbus A320 crashed in the French Alps. Credit: Getty Germanwings Plane Crash A student places a lit candle outside the Josef-Koenig-Gymnasium high school in Haltern am See, March, 24, 2015. Students and teachers at a small-town German high school broke out in tears when they realized that 16 classmates and two teachers were on board an ill-fated Germanwings airplane that crashed in France on a flight home to Duesseldorf. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash Family members of passengers feared killed in the Germanwings plane crash react at Barcelona's El Prat airport March 24, 2015. Credit: Reuters Family members Germanwings plane crash victims leave Barcelona's El Prat airport March 24, 2015. Credit: Reuters Germanwings Plane Crash Family members of passengers feared killed in the Germanwings plane crash react at Barcelona's El Prat airport March 24, 2015. Credit: Reuters Germanwings P | List of postage stamps List of postage stamps Red Revenues – 1897 provisionals, issued by the Qing dynasty Big Dragon stamp – the first official Chinese stamps, issued by the Qing dynasty The Whole Country is Red – 1968 design error stamp Hong Kong Hong Kong Jubilee 1891 – First overprinted commemorative stamp in the world (Commons Image) George VI – Queen Elizabeth Silver Jubilee 1948 Finland Finland 20k black stamped envelope – Most valuable postal stationery France Ceres – France’s first stamp One franc vermilion Baden 9 Kreuzer error – stamp printed on blue-green instead of pink paper One kreuzer black – issued 1849 in Bavaria, first German postage stamp Sachsen 3 Pfennige red – Saxony was the second German state to issue postage stamps Saxony 1/2g on light blue paper error Vineta provisional – an unauthorised issue Yacht issue – a common design of postage stamps for the German colonies Honduras Black Honduras ( ru ) – Black airmail overprint (two currently known) India Duttia – 2 annas with red seal (1894?), a possibly unique Indian Feudatory State stamp Ireland Tuscany 4-crazie Lion inverted tablet – Unique error Italy General Balbo triptych Japan 500m Dragon invert Libya “Khadafi” 1986 – Ordinary set of 12 stamps; error in design resulted in its withdraw from circulation hours after being issued on 1 January 1986 “Khadafi Prize” 1994 – Minisheet of 16 stamps; errors in design resulted in them not being released and instead substituted with a correct minisheet on 31 December 1994 Malta Saint Paul 10s black (1919) – Malta’s most expensive stamp Mauritius Mauritius “Post Office” stamps The Netherlands Wilhelmina 5 cent orange (1891) – Creation of Carl Gietzelt, an employee of Joh. Enschedé; mentioned in NVPH as 35f.; 24 are known to exist, 10 are used of which 3 on cover 7½ cent dark violet, syncopated type D (1927) – Three-hole, four-sided interrupted perforation New Zealand 1906 Christchurch Exhibition 1d Claret Colour – Miscoloured 1996 Teddy Bear Health Stamp – Withdrawn because it showed an incorrect use of a car child restraint, though a number were still sold [1] Maori Performing Arts stamps – Sets of five stamps printed but destroyed before release, after causing public offence (with a very small number sold by mistake) [2] Pagsanjan Falls stamp – A postage stamp issued on 3 May 1932, noted for its printing error Romania Cap de bour – Issued by the principality of Moldavia in 1858 Russia Russian Empire Tiflis stamp ( ru ) (Tiflis unique) (1857) – One of the rarest Russian stamps issued in Tiflis , Georgia ; only three specimens known Three pearls ( ru ) (1908) – A very rare Russian stamp with “Three pears” design; 15–20 specimens may exist RSFSR Consular poltinnik ( ru ) (1922) – A rare 50-kopeck Russian consular tax stamp with Air Post and 1,200m overprint; estimated 50–75 specimens in existence; overprint type IV occurs only twice per setting of 25, hence only four can exist R.S.F.S.R. Definitives tête-bêche block (1922) – 7,500-ruble blue, horizontal watermark, gutter tête-bêche block of four; possibly unique 70r Red Army Soldier error (1922) – 70-ruble perforated 12.5 or imperforate orange red error; position 72 in part of the issue; 4 imperforate specimens known Soviet Union The 1932 Personalised Kartonka Soviet Air Post “Wide 5″ surcharged (1924) – A surcharge of 10 kopecks on 5-ruble green type II, basic stamp wide “5″, complete pane of 25; unique Limonka (other languages) (1925) – 15-kopeck yellow, “Peasant”, Gold Standard issue , if in mint condition Aspidka (other languages) (1931) – A very rare Soviet stamp, especially if imperforate; 24 imperforate specimens known Personalised Kartonka ( ru ) (1932) – “All-Soviet Philatelic Exhibition” in Moscow, souvenir sheet of four on thick card, with three line overprint “To the best shock worker of the All Russian Philatelic Society – President of the Moscow Philatelic Organization E.M. Nurk”; 25 were issued Levanevsky with overprint (other languages) (1935) – San Francisco inverted surcharge with small Cyrillic “f”; possibly unique (see also Overprint#Comme | eng_Latn | 15,175 |
Who was the Pope throughout World War II? | Pius XII and the Jews during World War II Pius XII and the Jews during World War II on Wednesday, 01 May 2002. Posted in Other Popes Falsely accused of having remained silent during the Holocaust, Pope Pius XII did more than any other human being to save Jews False accusations Pius XII, Pope from 1939 to 1958, “rescued more Jews than all the Allies combined.” During and after World War II, and again upon his death in 1958, Pope Pius XII was praised by secular and Jewish leaders for his efforts to save Jews from the Nazi-induced Holocaust. During the last forty years, however, many people, including some Catholics, have accused the Pope of “silence” and even of criminal negligence, saying he could have said and done much more to lessen the genocide that claimed millions of Jews. These attacks against Pius XII require a false rewriting of history that does not survive honest scrutiny. Because of a defamatory work of fiction, “The Deputy”, written in 1963 by a little-known German Protestant playwright, Rolf Hochhuth, Pius XII's wartime record has been unjustly tarnished. In this play, the main protagonist, the young Jesuit Riccardo Fontana, says: “A Vicar of Christ who sees these things before his eyes and still remains silent because of state policies, who delays even one day... such a pope is a criminal.” (Ironically, as a boy, Hochhuth was a member of the Hitler Youth, and his father, an officer in the German Army.) Pre-eminent Jews defend Pius XII Ever since the play by Hochhuth was staged, it has become part of conventional folklore to blame Pope Pius XII for being "silent" during the Holocaust. But that is certainly not what many were saying at the time, including the World Jewish Congress, the American Jewish Committee, Golda Meir, Albert Einstein, and many others — all of whom applauded the efforts of Pius XII to do what he could to save Jews. Mainly by providing false birth certificates, religious disguises, and safe keeping in cloistered monasteries and convents, the Pope oversaw efforts that helped save hundreds of thousands of Jews from deportation to Nazi death camps. The Israeli diplomat and scholar Pinchas Lapide concluded his careful review of Pius XII's wartime activities with the following words: “The Catholic Church, under the pontificate of Pius XII, was instrumental in saving the lives of as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands.” He went on to add that this “figure far exceeds those saved by all other Churches and rescue organizations combined.” After recounting statements of appreciation from a variety of preeminent Jewish spokespersons, he noted. “No Pope in history has been thanked more heartily by Jews.” At the Eichmann Nazi War Crimes Trial in 1961, Jewish scholar Jeno Levai testified that the Bishops of the Catholic Church “intervened again and again on the instructions of the Pope.” In 1968, he wrote that “the one person (Pius XII) who did more than anyone else to halt the dreadful crime and alleviate its consequences, is today made the scapegoat for the failures of others.” In “The Secret War Against the Jews” in 1994, Jewish writers John Loftus and Mark Aarons write that “Pope Pius XII probably rescued more Jews than all the Allies combined.” The Pope's efforts did not go unrecognized by Jewish authorities, even during the War. The Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem, Isaac Herzog, sent the Pope a personal message of thanks on February 28, 1944, in which he said: “The people of Israel will never forget what His Holiness and his illustrious delegates, inspired by the eternal principles of religion which form the very foundations of true civilization, are doing for us unfortunate brothers and sisters in the most tragic hour of our history, which is living proof of Divine Providence in this world.” In September 1945, Dr. Joseph Nathan —who represented the Hebrew Commission —stated: “Above all, we acknowledge the Supreme Pontiff and the religious men and women who, executing the directives of the Holy Father, recognized the persecuted as their brothers and, with great abnegation, hastened | THE SOUND OF MUSIC JULIE ANDREWS MARIA VON TRAPP Color: Color (DeLuxe) Sound Mix: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints) / Mono (Westrex Recording System) (35 mm prints) / Stereo (some 35 mm prints) Certification: Canada:F (Ontario) / Canada:G (Manitoba/Nova Scotia/Quebec) / Argentina:Atp / Australia:G / Chile:TE / Finland:S / Norway:7 (original rating) / Norway:A (DVD rating) / Peru:PT / Singapore:G / South Korea:All / Sweden:11 / Sweden:Btl (re-release) / UK:U / USA:G (re-rating) (1969) Trivia: The first time they filmed the wedding scene between the Captain and Maria, there was nobody at the altar to wed them when they reached the top of the stairs - someone had forgotten to summon the actor playing the bishop. According to Julie Andrews, the real bishop of Salzburg is seen in the movie. Goofs: Incorrectly regarded as goofs: Papa von Trapp was an officer in the Austrian Navy. Yet how can this be? Austria is a landlocked country. But it wasn't, during World War I, when the old Austro-Hungarian empire, which included what became Yugoslavia, had ports on the Adriatic Sea and Papa Von Trapp served in its navy. Quotes: Frau Schmidt: The Von Trapp children don't play. They march. "The Sound of Music" DVD cover 1981 London revival In 1981, at producer Ross Taylor's urging, Petula Clark signed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London 's West End. Despite her misgivings that at age 51 she was too old to play the role convincingly, Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews (and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time). Maria von Trapp herself, present at the opening night performance, described her as "the best" Maria ever. Due to an unprecedented demand for tickets, Clark extended her initial six-month contract to thirteen months. Playing to 101% of seating capacity, the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week (October 26�31, 1981) of any British musical production in history, as chronicled by The Guinness Book of Theatre. This was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs that Rodgers had composed for the film version. The cast recording of this production was the first to be recorded digitally, but the recording has never been released on compact disc. The 1987 Telarc studio cast recording The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel, casting opera stars in the lead roles. Frederica von Stade sang the role of Maria opposite Hakan Hagegard's Captain von Trapp and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess. Kunzel cast children from the Cincinnati School for the Creative and Performing Arts to sing the children's parts. This all-digital recording combined the songs of both the stage and screen versions, and included sections of music that had been recorded for the first time. The 1988 Takarazuka version In 1988, the Snow Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall, starring Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka. The 1991 Japanese Animation version In 1991, Nippon Animation produced a series of animation with 40 episodes according to the life of the Trappe family, and was broadcasted by Fuji TV. This series had been broadcast in Italy, | eng_Latn | 15,176 |
What, besides water and barley, was the only ingredient that was allowed in Bavarian beer? | What Is the German Reinheitsgebot? What Is the German Reinheitsgebot? What Is the German Reinheitsgebot? Bierdeckel. mdid CC by 2.0 By Jennifer McGavin Updated December 04, 2016. Reinheitsgebot, also known as the Bavarian Beer Purity Law and Bavarian Beer Ingredient Law, was enacted in 1516 so that only beers made with just three ingredients -- hops , barley malt and water (yeast was unknown at the time) -- were allowed to be labeled a "pure" German beer and fit to drink. After all, beer was considered a food staple at the time. This law is used for marketing beer even today. Gebraut nach dem Reinheitsgebot (brewed according to the purity law) or 500 Jahre Münchner Reinheitsgebot (500 years of Munich purity law) are proudly displayed on beer bottles and in advertisements. Beyond the question of why you would want to limit your beer ingredients, you might wonder if this was the first law about beer ever written in Germany and is it still on the books. And the answer is no, to both. Preview of the Purity Law The Bavarian Purity Law for beer was passed on April 23, 1516, at the Ingolstadt Landständetag, a meeting with representatives of the nobility, delegates from the city and markets, and church prelates. continue reading below our video Why the Vitamix is Way Cooler Than You Even Thought This law is the reason for the good reputation of German beer. The modern version of the Reinheitsgebot is not the first attempt at steering the production of beer. It is, however, seen as the high point of several hundred years of regulatory development which was aimed at supplying the citizens with qualitatively good beer, a food staple at the time, while regulating the prices. Beer Laws Nothing New Forays into creating laws about beer had been made long before the Bayrische Reinheitsgebot of 1516. Augsburg passed one in 1156, Nuremberg in 1293, Munich in 1363 and Regensburg in 1447. There were many other regional price and manufacturing laws passed in the latter half of the 15th and early 16th centuries as well. A concrete definition as to specific raw ingredients -- water, malt and hops -- for the manufacture of beer was determined in Munich on November 30, 1487, by Duke Albrecht IV. Another direct forerunner to the 1516 law was the 1493 Duchy of Lower Bavaria Beer Decree written by Duke George of Bavaria, which also limited ingredients for beer to malt, hops and water. The law also had very detailed paragraphs stipulating the price at which beer could be sold. This law was enacted to make sure the citizens had good beer at a good price, but also to protect grain which was better used in bread baking. Consumer Protection A high standard of quality was at that time already coupled with the idea of consumer protection. Beer in the Middle Ages was being brewed with all sorts of ingredients which altered its taste or had intoxicating effects while skimping on the expensive ingredients. Malt and/or hops, and the toxic effects were not taken into consideration. By 1486, a Decree for Brewing Ordung des Bräuens, was already stating that "Es sollen ... keinerlei Wurzeln, weder Zermetat noch anderes, das dem Menschen schädlich ist oder Krankheit und Wehtagen bringen mag, darein getan werden." In other words, "... no roots [...] which are deleterious or which can bring illness or pain to a human, may be used." Before 1516, the northern German brewers with their strict guild rules had the best beer quality, but the Reinheitsgebot changed that. The Bavarians quickly increased their product quality and some think they surpassed the northern guilds. Two Systems of Law for Beer In northern Germany in the Middle Ages, beer was accepted as a basic staple food for the citizens. It was regulated by civil laws and was successfully defended from the nobility and the church. Beer production regulations were determined by the city government and the guilds. In southern Germany, the local rulers had more influence over the beer regulations. This was good for the purity law because it went into immediate effect over all of Bavaria. The high quality of be | Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weil's The threepenny opera (VHS tape) [WorldCat.org] Find more libraries Librarian? Claim your library to Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weil's The threepenny opera Author: [Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified] ; Public Media, Home Vision (distributor), 1995, ©1931. Edition/Format: WorldCat Summary: "Reconstructed in the sixties- years after the original negative was destroyed by the Nazis- G.W. Pabst's Threepenny opera remains a deliciously dark film adaptation of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weil's brillant musical. A master of atmosphere, Pabst combines realism and expressionism for a biting satire of 'respectable' society. Foggy sets by Andre Andreiev and Fritz Arno Wagner's stunning cinematography pull us down into the seedy underworld of 1890's London. There a dashing thief called 'Mack the Knife' gets away with robbery on a daily basis until he marries the daughter of Soho's 'Beggar King.' When the outraged King sends a force of crooked cops after Mack, the bandit must run for his life."--Box. Read more... Rating: You are connected to the University of Washington Libraries network Hide local services for this item OCLC FirstSearch Add library to Favorites Please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours. Allow this favorite library to be seen by others Keep this favorite library private Find a copy in the library We were unable to get information about libraries that hold this item. Details Visual material All Authors / Contributors: German; In German with English subtitles. Notes: Title on cassette label: G.W. Pabst's The three penny opera. Based on the Beggar's opera by John Gay. Participants: Rudolph Forster, Carola Neher, Lotte Lenya and Fritz Rasp. Originally released in 1931. 1 videocassette (VHS) (113 min.) : sound, black and white ; 1/2 in. Other Titles: Threepenny opera; G.W. Pabst's The three penny opera; Three penny opera; Beggar's opera Responsibility: a film by G.W. Pabst. Directed by G.W. Pabst ; screenplay by Leo Lania, Ladislav Vajda and Bela Balasz ; music by, Kurt Weil ; adapted by, Bertolt Brecht. Abstract: "Reconstructed in the sixties- years after the original negative was destroyed by the Nazis- G.W. Pabst's Threepenny opera remains a deliciously dark film adaptation of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weil's brillant musical. A master of atmosphere, Pabst combines realism and expressionism for a biting satire of 'respectable' society. Foggy sets by Andre Andreiev and Fritz Arno Wagner's stunning cinematography pull us down into the seedy underworld of 1890's London. There a dashing thief called 'Mack the Knife' gets away with robbery on a daily basis until he marries the daughter of Soho's 'Beggar King.' When the outraged King sends a force of crooked cops after Mack, the bandit must run for his life."--Box. Reviews Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. Be the first. Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. Be the first. Tags Add tags for "Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weil's The threepenny opera". Be the first. Similar Items schema:contributor < http://viaf.org/viaf/17432619 > ; # Rudolf Forster schema:description ""Reconstructed in the sixties- years after the original negative was destroyed by the Nazis- G.W. Pabst's Threepenny opera remains a deliciously dark film adaptation of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weil's brillant musical. A master of atmosphere, Pabst combines realism and expressionism for a biting satire of 'respectable' society. Foggy sets by Andre Andreiev and Fritz Arno Wagner's stunning cinematography pull us down into the seedy underworld of 1890's London. There a dashing thief called 'Mack the Knife' gets away with robbery on a daily basis until he marries the daughter of Soho's 'Beggar King.' When the outraged King sends a force of crooked cops after Mack, the bandit must run for his life."--Box."@ en ; | eng_Latn | 15,177 |
During WWII who was known as Uncle Joe? | Quia - WH 30. WORLD WAR II--terms Java Games: Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. WH 30. WORLD WAR II--terms Tools Many leaders, battles and other terms important in World War II A B Pearl Harbor U.S. naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japan Dec. 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy" kamikaze Japanese suicide missions in which a pilot crashed his plane loaded with explosives into an American ship Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the U.S.A. when World War II began Adolf Hitler German dictator, leader of the Nazi Party, known as "der Fuhrer" Blitzkrieg Sudden, massive attacks of tanks of and airplanes used by Germany during World II; the German word meaning "lightning war" Benito Mussolini Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist Party, called "Il Duce" Joseph Stalin Soviet dictator during World War II, known as "Uncle Joe" Harry Truman the U.S. president when World War II ended the Allies the name given to Britain, France, the U.S.S.R., and the U.S. during World War II Hirohito Japanese emperor during World War II the Axis the name given to Germany, Italy and Japan during World War II Charles de Gaulle French general who formed an underground movement known as the Free French whose resistance fighters made heroic efforts to sabotage the Nazis Luftwaffe the German air force during World War II D-Day Code name for June 6, 1944, the Allied invasion of Normandy, France Dunkirk Scene of the evacuation of British forces from France during World War II; May 26 to June 4, 1940 Yalta Scente of a conference of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in February 1945; a port city on the Black Sea in February Rome First European capital to be freed from Nazi control Holocaust The genocidal destruction of Jews by Nazi Germany during Wrold War II Winston Churchill British Prime Minister during World War II who stated, "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat." Auschwitz | Pete Shutler | ZoomInfo.com Pete Shutler + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (42 Total References) Morris Matters | The Morris Ring Wessex Morris Men remember The Yetties' Pete Shutler with fundraising event in Sherborne ... Pete Shutler remembered by Wessex Morris Men this weekend Pete Shutler www.bbc.co.uk [cached] Pete Shutler was a founder member of The Yetties, one of the most popular bands on the British folk music scene. He went to school in the Dorset town of Yetminster, where he met the other band members and from which they took their name. After being suspended from his job with the local council for moonlighting as a musician, the Yetties went professional, releasing more than 40 albums during their career. ... Away from The Yetties, Shutler accompanied Bob Arnold (The Archers' Tom Forrest) on an album of folk songs and it is his accordion version of the Archers' theme tune, Barwick Green, which plays on the Sunday omnibus edition. $reference.title | eng_Latn | 15,178 |
Consisting of rotors, a lampboard, a keyboard, and a plugboard, what is the name of the electro-mechanical cipher machine deployed by the Germans during WWII? | GitHub - stephl001/EnigmaMachine: Implementation of the encryption scheme used by the Germans during World War 2 Implementation of the encryption scheme used by the Germans during World War 2 README.md Enigma Machine An Enigma machine was any of several electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used in the twentieth century for enciphering and deciphering secret messages. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.[1] Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II.[2] Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models are the most commonly recognised. German military messages enciphered on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. This success was a result of efforts by three Polish cryptologists, Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, working for Polish military intelligence. Rejewski reverse-engineered the device, using theoretical mathematics and material supplied by French military intelligence. Subsequently the three mathematicians designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma ciphers, including the cryptologic bomb. From 1938 onwards, additional complexity was repeatedly added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult and requiring further equipment and personnel—more than the Poles could readily produce. On 25 July 1939, in Warsaw, the Poles initiated French and British military intelligence representatives into their Enigma-decryption techniques and equipment, including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic bomb, and promised each delegation a Polish-reconstructed Enigma. The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort.[3] During the war, British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma. The intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed "Ultra" by the British, was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort.[4] Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was German procedural flaws, operator mistakes, failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures, and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that, during the war, enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed. How Enigma Machines Work The underlying principle of an Enigma machine cipher is that of letter substitution, meaning that each letter of our plaintext (undeciphered message) is substituted by another letter. The Journey Of A Single Letter The Enigma machine is an electro-mechanical device. It is mechanically operated, with an electric signal passed through wires and various mechanical parts. The easiest way to explain the mechanics is to follow the journey of a single letter from keyboard to lampboard. The diagram below (figure 1) shows the path the signal takes from pressing the letter 'T' on the keyboard to the 'G' lamp lighting up. Keyboard When the operator presses the letter 'T' on the keyboard it creates an electric signal that begins the journey through the Enigma machine wiring that will end with a lamp flashing on the lampboard. Plugboard The first stop on the journey is the plugboard. Here the signal is connected to the 'T' input on the plugboard. Some of the letters on the plugboard will be wired up to other letters (the plugs), causing the signal to be diverted. If the 'T' input is not plugged to another letter then our signal will pass straight to the 'T output. In our case, though the 'T' is plugged to the 'K', so the signal is diverted to a new path, the letter is now 'K'. Static Rotor The next stop is the static rotor, which as the name suggests does nothing to the signal it simply turns wires into contacts (the signal only passes when the contacts touch). So our signal is still the letter 'K'. The static rotor output is connected to the input of the right rotor. This is where things get more complicated. Rotors (Scramblers) There are five possible | Olympic Games Cancellations – History By Zim USS Mason at the Boston Naval Yard, 1944 — Two African American sailors standing in front of the USS Mason at the Boston Navy Yard in 1944. The USS Mason (DE-529) was commissioned on March 20, 1944, with a crew of 150 African-American enlisted men and six officers. The vessel was part of the Evarts-class destroyer escort, with the responsibility of providing protection for other naval vessels [...] Transporting wounded with Weasels, 1945 — M29 Weasels, with their wide tracks, made it easier for medics transporting wounded men back from front lines over snow-covered and rough terrain. Here medical personnel of the 307th Airborne Medical Company use a M29 Weasel to evacuate wounded comrades from the Bulge as Airborne troops moved to take Herresbach, Belgium on January 29, 1945. [...] 19th Century 20th Century Americana Animals California Children Christmas Civil War Family Famous People Film Florida Food Holiday Holidays Hollywood Homefront In Their Words Inventions Korean War Labor Military New York Odd Photograph Photography Presidents Quote Quotes Soldiers Sports The Things People Say Transportation U.S. Army U.S. Navy United States War Washington D.C. Water White House Women World War I World War II WWII Youth Images I do not own the images uploaded here unless otherwise credited. Many of the images on the site are public domain or used fairly for educational reasons. If you see an image here which belongs to you, let me know and I’ll give proper credit. If you object to a photo’s use, please e-mail [email protected] and it will be removed as soon as possible. © History By Zim 2011 – 2016 As the author of this blog, I (Jess Zimmerman) create posts based upon cited sources. If you use information from here please give History By Zim the proper credit. | eng_Latn | 15,179 |
On 2nd September 31 BC, Octavian's forces overcame those of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in which decisive sea battle? | 1000+ ideas about Battle Of Actium on Pinterest | The Battle, Roman Empire and Alexander The Great Forward Head of Augustus, Roman Period, 27–20 B.C. Egyptian, MET museum . With the defeat of Cleopatra VII and Marc Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C., Egypt became a Roman province under the direct control of Augustus who assumed the traditional divine role of pharaoh in Egypt. He made numerous additions to the major temples of Egypt and founded the Temple of Dendur. His administrative reforms brought economic and political stability. This small head is from Memphis. 8 | The World at War - German Codenames Fall Rot (Case Red) In 1935 the Fall Rot was a study to defend against a surprise attack by France while defending the borders against Czechoslovakia and Poland. The 37 version of Fall Rot included offensive operations against Czechoslovakia with the aim of preventing a prolonged two-front war. In 1940 it was the second part of the western campaign - after the destruction of the BEF and the northern army of France it was, together with Fall Braun, the attack on the rest of the French army which was still entrenched in the Maginot line. Fall Blau (Case Blue) In 1938 a study from the Luftwaffe about aerial warfare against England. This would later become the "Planstudie 1939", a concept for the whole of aerial warfare. In 1942 "Fall Blau" was the codename for the operations of Army Group South with the operational targets: Woronesh, Stalingrad, and Baku. Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) The western campaign of 1940. Included the attack on Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Originally planned as a frontal attack in coordination with Fall Braun, it was later modified into a armored attack through the Ardennes using a scheme developed by General von Manstein. Fall Braun (Case Brown) Plan to attack with Army Group C on the western front in June 1940 (see Fall Grün) to relieve Army Group A and B, if necessary. Heeresgruppe C (von Leeb) was the army to execute this plan. Actually, in 1940 the Heeresgruppe C was far too weak to do anything but hold their position (some 19 divisions, most of them second class, for the whole southern front, including the Swiss border, against 37 French divisions and the Maginot line - some of their best among them). When Army Group C finally attacked for real, they were unexpectedly successful since the French no longer expected offensive action from them. Zitadelle (Citadel) Attack on the Russian front at Kursk in 43. This attack would become the largest tank battle in history. The attack was postponed several times by Hitler himself to allow the inclusion of new armor designs. This gave the Soviets the chance to prepare a stout defense and a counterattack. After this battle Germany never again gained the initiative. Herbstnebel / Wacht am Rhein (Autumn Fog / Watch on the Rhine) Codename for parts of the offensive in the Ardennes, 1944. Part of the deception for this offensive was the secret operation "Heinrich", in which the foreign worker contingents of the Axis were infiltrated by German agents. They would disguise as members of the resistance movement and hire their fellows for anti-German activities. Fed with important (but wrong) information about the German military, the workers where given a chance to escape by their resistance-comrades. The information about the German troops acquired in this way was considered reliable by the Allied, enabling the Germans a last tactical surprise. Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Codenames Paukenschlag (Beat of the kettledrum) A collective name for the first coordinated operations of German submarines on the US east coast. Lack of a convoy system along the coasts of the United States made for a lot of fat targets for German submariners. Later operations had nice names like "Mordbrenner" or "Reißewolf". The diary of radio operator Wolfgang Hirschfeld gives a first hand account of the German side. | eng_Latn | 15,180 |
What notable leader was born in Ranshofen, near Braunau, Austria, in 1889? | Adolf Hitler Visits Austria Adolf Hitler Visits His Homeland Hitler visited Austria immediately following the Anschlu�, or union of Germany with Austria, on 12 March 1938. Although the Anschlu� has gone down in history (through hindsight) as being largely unpopular with the Austrian people, this is somewhat of a misconception. It is true that the Austrian government of 1938 opposed the union, but the people of Austria had been in favor of union with Germany since 1919, when the Austria-Hungarian Empire was dissolved by the victorious Allies following World War I. Even the Austrian government supported a customs union, and eventual complete Anschlu�, between the two countries in 1931. This government support cooled after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, but the popular support for Anschlu� never waned. Certainly, Hitler and the Germans were greeted by huge crowds in places such as Braunau, Linz, Salzburg, and Vienna, all apparently happy to celebrate the Anschlu�. Adolf Hitler's Birthplace -- Braunau , Austria Adolf Hitler was born in this house in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on 20 April 1889. In 1889 the building was the Gasthof Dafner, and the address was Vorstadt 219 (at some point, when this photo was taken, it was apparently a gas station). (from Heinrich Hoffmann, Hitler, wie ihn keiner kennt (Hitler, As No-one Knows Him), Berlin, 1932) ( MapQuest Map Link ) The house itself is unmarked today, but a rock memorial stands on the sidewalk in front. For the curious, the address now is Salzburger Vorstadt 15. According to a 1939-dated postcard in the author's collection, Hitler was born in the room third from the left on the upper floor (with the open window in the modern photo). The U.S. Army CIC (Counterintelligence Corps) had a field office in Hitler's birth house from 1945-1952 (thanks to Martin Nelson for this info). In late 2016 the Austrian government seized the house from its owner, and the future of the house is unclear. It may be demolished, or the front face may be so changed as to make it unrecognizable from the appearance shown here. This view shows the house as it appeared during much of the Third Reich period, decorated with garlands and swastikas. (from "Adolf Hitler," Cigaretten-Bilderdienst, 1936) This colorized period photo shows an SA parade past the house, which is labeled "Adolf Hitlers Geburtshaus." ( TimePics collection ) (from Ich k�mpfe, Munich, 1943) Hitler's birthplace inspired several Third Reich artists, whose works were often displayed at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich. "Das Geburtshaus des F�hrers in Braunau am Inn - Hofseite" by Paul Gei�ler, 1943 (from Kunst der Volk, Vienna, Hoffmann, 1943). These photos show the front and back of the house as it appeared during the period following the Anschlu�, 1938-1945. (from "Wie die Ostmark ihre Befreiung erlebte - Adolf Hitler und sein Weg zu Gro�deutschland," Heinrich Hoffmann, 1938) View looking down Adolf Hitler Stra�e toward the main square in Braunau. Hitler's birth house is on the right. (period postcard in author's collection) Another period painting -- "Braunau am Inn" by F. X. Weidinger, 1943 (from Kunst der Volk, Vienna, Hoffmann, 1943), with a similar view today, taken from the Inn River bridge. On 12 March 1938, following the Austrian Anschlu�, Hitler returned to Braunau, to a thunderous welcome from the people of his hometown. His car is seen here just at the Braunau end of the Inn River bridge. The original iron bridge between Simbach (Germany) and Braunau (Austria) has been replaced by a modern concrete span, but the Braunau buildings in the background retain their original appearance. In the period view below, looking the other direction (back toward Germany), a swastika flag can be seen draped over the Austrian Doppeladler (Double Eagle) at the bridgehead. (from Heinrich Hoffmann, "Hitler in seiner Heimat," (Munich, 1938) | Joachim Sauer | Humboldt University of Berlin | ZoomInfo.com Humboldt University of Berlin + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (200 Total References) German Chancellor Angela Merkel's ... ibbpresidentiallibrary.org [cached] German Chancellor Angela Merkel's husband, Joachim Sauer, is sort of the anti-Bill, a chemistry nerd and full professor at Humboldt University of Berlin who reportedly watched his wife's inauguration from inside his lab. Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer www.scienceeurope.org [cached] Joachim Sauer, Full professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin Joachim Sauer studied chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry in 1974. He continued to do research there until 1977 when he joined the Academy of Sciences, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin, one of the leading scientific institutes of the former GDR (East Germany). In 1992 joined the Max Planck Society as Head of the Quantum Chemistry Group in Berlin, where he stayed for four years when he stayed for four years, until he | eng_Latn | 15,181 |
Which World War II battle was officially known as ‘The Ardennes Offensive’? | THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE (Contents) BATTLE OF THE BULGE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 1965 This volume, one of the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, is the eighth to be published in the subseries, THE EUROPEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS. The volumes in the overall series will be closely related and will present a comprehensive account of the activities of the Military Establishment during World War II. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 65-60001 (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II Stetson Conn, General Editor (As of 1 July 1964) Industrial College of the Armed Forces Maj. Gen. Hugh M. Exton US Continental Army Command Brig. Gen. Ward S. Ryan US Army War College Brig. Gen. Elias C. Townsend US Army Command and General Staff College Lt. Col. Thomas E. Griess United States Military Academy Office of the Chief of Military History Brig. Gen. Hal. C. Pattison, Chief of Military History Chief Historian Chief, Editorial and Graphics Division Col. Walter B. McKenzie A Town En Route to Kaundorf 639 All illustrations are from Department of Defense files, with the exception of the photograph on page 76 (General Dietrich) reproduced through the courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency, and the one on page 174 (General von Luettwitz), taken from captured German records in the National Archives. Foreword During most of the eleven months between D-day and V-E day in Europe, the U S Army was carrying on highly successful offensive operations As a consequence, the American soldier was buoyed with success, imbued with the idea that his enemy could not strike him a really heavy counterblow, and sustained by the conviction that the war was nearly won. Then, unbelievably, and under the goad of Hitler's fanaticism, the German Army launched its powerful counteroffensive in the Ardennes in December 1944 with the design of knifing through the Allied armies and forcing a negotiated peace The mettle of the American soldier was tested in the fires of adversity and the quality of his response earned for him the right to stand shoulder to shoulder with his forebears of Valley Forge, Fredericksburg, and the Marne. This is the story of how the Germans planned and executed their offensive. It is the story of how the high command, American and British, reacted to defeat the German plan once the reality of a German offensive was accepted. But most of all it is the story of the American fighting man and the manner in which he fought a myriad of small defensive battles until the torrent of the German attack was slowed and diverted, its force dissipated and finally spent. It is the story of squads, platoons, companies, and even conglomerate scratch groups that fought with courage, with fortitude, with sheer obstinacy, often without information or communications or the knowledge of the whereabouts of friends. In less than a fortnight the enemy was stopped and the Americans were preparing to resume the offensive. While Bastogne has become the symbol of this obstinate, gallant, and successful defense, this work appropriately emphasizes the crucial significance of early American success in containing the attack by holding firmly on its northern and southern shoulders and by upsetting the enemy timetable at St. Vith and a dozen lesser known but important and decisive battlefields The hard fighting that preceded the Battle of the Bulge has been recounted in two volumes, The Siegfried Line Campaign, and Dr. Cole's own earlier work, The Lorraine Campaign. Events after it will be related in The Last Offensive, now in preparation. Two other volumes in this subseries, The Supreme Command and Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume II, are useful supplements to the Ardennes volume. vii In re-creating the Ardennes battle, the author has penetrated "the fog of war" as well as any historian can hope to do. No other volume of this series treats as thoroughly or as well the teamwork of the combined arms-infantry and armor, | Argentoratum - Strasbourg The KLEIN familly welcomes you Argentoratum: (Strasbourg). A city in what is now Alsace eastern France, on the German frontier, 2 miles west of the Rhenus (Rhine). The city originated on an island between two branches of that river's tributary the Helella (Ill). Originally the capital of the German tribe of the Triboci, it was known to the Romans as Argentorate (or Argentoratum), silver fort. Augustus' stepson Drusus senior (Nero Drusus, died 9 BC) may have established a garrison of auxiliaries there. From soon after AD 16 until 43 a fortress existed, forming part of the military command (subsequently province) of Germania Superior (Upper Germany); it was occupied by a legion, and later by legionary detachments, who constructed the first basalt wall (to supplement an earthen bank). After the city's destruction in the Gallo-German rebellion of 69-70 AD, Argentorate resumed its role as a legionary headquarters in c 80 (shortly before Upper Germany was elevated to the status of a province). Further serious damage followed in 235 AD, for during the 3rd and 4th centuries the place was severely exposed to German invasions, which led the inhabitants of its adjoining civilian settlement ( canabae ) to abandon their quarter and crowd into the fortress for protection. ! | eng_Latn | 15,182 |
Who were Uruguay's opponents in the first World Cup final in 1930? | World Cup 1930 World Cup > Past Tournaments > 1930 Uruguay >Overview FIFA president Jules Rimet, after whom the first, solid gold, World Cup trophy was named, was the principle driving force behind the staging of the inaugural competition. Just thirteen nations were to participate, a number achieved only after considerable arm twisting from Rimet. Five nations had applied for the honour of staging the first in the series, the four unsuccessful European suitors promptly refusing to travel to a resplendent Uruguay in distant Latin America. At one stage it looked as if no European team would come; amongst the refusniks were England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Spain, Portugal, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, Austria and Hungary. The four British nations were unhappy at the blurring of the boundaries between amateur and professional, a difficulty that was reflected in their non-participation in the football side of the Olympic movement as well as the World Cup. The Soviet Union was chafing under the diplomatic isolation that had been its lot since the Bolshevik coup of November 1917. Pressure from the Latin American nations, coupled with the persuasive powers of the lawyer Rimet, eventually cajoled four entries from Europe: Rimet’s own nation France, Belgium, Yugoslavia and Rumania. Given the acrimony and the difficult economic conditions prevailing after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, this was a better turnout than it might appear. From the Americas were to come the more formidable contestants: Uruguay herself, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay and the United States. Only France amongst the Europeans proving able to distinguish herself in such company. Australasia at the time had been largely colonised by the European powers and the USA. China was in the grip of civil strife exacerbated by foreign intervention. India was the Jewel in the British Crown, not even having Dominion Status within the Empire. Australia and New Zealand preferred other sports such as cricket and rugby. The game was hardly played in independent states such as Japan and Siam (modern Thailand). Turkey was in the midst of reforms under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk, football scarcely rating a mention. Thus there was not one representative from earth’s largest continent. Africa, largely ruled by the British and the French, with a a Belgium presence in the Congo, only had two substantially independent states: Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) and the British Dominion of South Africa. Neither played football in a meaningful way. Thus the first World Cup could hardly be said | The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui Written by Bertolt Brecht The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui Written by Bertolt Brecht Thursday 6th May to Saturday 8th May and Thursday 13th May to Saturday 15th May 1982 Directed by Jacquie Penrose "Ui is a parable play, written with the aim of destroying a dangerous respect commonly felt for great killers...The petty rogue whom the rulers permit to become a rogue on the grand scale can occupy a special position in roguery, but not in our attitude to history... If the collapse of Hitler's enterprises is no evidence that he was a half-wit, neither is their scope any guarantee that he was a great man." BERTOLT BRECHT Author Bertolt Brecht Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht (1898 - 1956) Brecht was a poet, playwright, and theatre director. Born in Augsburg, Germany, he studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Munich before becoming a medical orderly in a German military hospital during the First World War. This experience reinforced his hatred of war and influenced his support for the failed Socialist revolution in 1919. After the war Brecht returned to university but became more interested in literature - his first play to be produced was Baal in 1922. Together with Kurt Weill he later wrote The Threepenny Opera (based on The Beggar's Opera). Brecht added his own lyrics which illustrated his growing belief in Marxism. He also attempted to develop a new approach to the the theatre. He tried to persuade his audiences to see the stage as a stage, actors as actors and not to overlook the traditional make-believe of the theatre. Brecht required detachment, not passion, from the observing audience. The purpose of the play was to awaken the spectators' minds so that he could communicate his version of the truth. Brecht's plays reflected a Marxist interpretation of society and when Adolf Hitler gained power in 1933 he was forced to flee from Germany - living in Denmark, Sweden and the Soviet Union and finally the USA. While living in exile he wrote anti-Nazi plays such as 'The Roundheads and the Peakheads' and 'Fear and Misery of the Third Reich'. This was later followed by 'Galileo', 'Mother Courage', 'The Good Man of Szechuan', 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' and the 'Caucasian Chalk Circle'. In 1947 Brecht was named in the House of Un-American Activities Committee investigation. He denied being a member of the American Communist Party but soon after left the USA for East Germany. In 1949 Brecht founded the Berliner Ensemble (which became the country's most famous theatre company) with his wife and long-time collaborator, the actress Helene Weigel. PlayThe Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui This play chronicles the rise of a fictional 1930s Chicago mobster - Arturo Ui - and his attempts to control the cauliflower racket by ruthlessly disposing of the opposition. It was written by Brecht in 1941 whilst in exile in Helsinki awaiting a visa to enter the US. The play was not produced on the stage until 1958, and not in English until 1961. It is consciously a highly satirical allegory of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, whose rise Brecht represented in parallel to that of Ui. All the characters and groups in the play had direct counterparts in real life; Ui represented Hitler, his henchman Ernesto Roma represented Ernst Roehm, Dogsborough represented Paul von Hindenburg and so on. In addition, every scene in the play is based on a real event, for example the warehouse fire which represented the fire at the Reichstag. Dramatically it is in keeping with Brecht's epic style of theatre. It opens with a prologue written in the form of a direct address to the audience outlining all the major characters and explaining the basis of the upcoming plot. It also describes in its stage directions the prominence that technical aspects of theatre should play in a production, in order to clarify the parallels. The play also uses frequent references to Shakespeare and other writers to further its messages. | eng_Latn | 15,183 |
The steps for what ballroom dance are: Basic forward, Basic backward, Rock left turn, Forward progressive, and Promenade? | Foxtrot Dance Steps in Ballroom Dance Foxtrot Foxtrot dance steps Foxtrot is a smooth dance, traveling around the line of dance. The long walking movements involve a subtle rise & fall action. Turning movements are similar to Waltz, but with a more moderate rise and fall, and more length-wise action. International Foxtrot syllabus has only closed dance position but in American Foxtrot, both open and closed dance positions are allowed. The Foxtrot originally started with slow and quick steps but soon evolved to include twinkles and chasses. The Foxtrot is danced to music written in 4/4 time with the first and third beats of each measure more heavily accented. It is danced in combinations of slow and quick steps, with each slow step taking two beats and each quick step one beat of music. Therefore, a dance basic figure in slow, slow, quick, quick rhythm takes one and a half measures, while a dance figure in slow, quick, quick rhythm takes one measure. Foxtrot is extremely versatile and can be danced to a variety of musical styles and tempi. Foxtrot music has a tempo of 29 to 34 measures per minute. Foxtrot is danced in a closed ballroom dance position hold. In closed position, the man and lady stand in front of each other, slightly offset to the left. The lady's right hand and man's left hand are joined in an upper-hand clasp at approximately the lady's shoulder level. The man's right hand is placed on the lady's shoulder blade, with the lady's left arm resting on his right. Learn How to Dance Foxtrot | The World at War - German Codenames Fall Rot (Case Red) In 1935 the Fall Rot was a study to defend against a surprise attack by France while defending the borders against Czechoslovakia and Poland. The 37 version of Fall Rot included offensive operations against Czechoslovakia with the aim of preventing a prolonged two-front war. In 1940 it was the second part of the western campaign - after the destruction of the BEF and the northern army of France it was, together with Fall Braun, the attack on the rest of the French army which was still entrenched in the Maginot line. Fall Blau (Case Blue) In 1938 a study from the Luftwaffe about aerial warfare against England. This would later become the "Planstudie 1939", a concept for the whole of aerial warfare. In 1942 "Fall Blau" was the codename for the operations of Army Group South with the operational targets: Woronesh, Stalingrad, and Baku. Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) The western campaign of 1940. Included the attack on Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Originally planned as a frontal attack in coordination with Fall Braun, it was later modified into a armored attack through the Ardennes using a scheme developed by General von Manstein. Fall Braun (Case Brown) Plan to attack with Army Group C on the western front in June 1940 (see Fall Grün) to relieve Army Group A and B, if necessary. Heeresgruppe C (von Leeb) was the army to execute this plan. Actually, in 1940 the Heeresgruppe C was far too weak to do anything but hold their position (some 19 divisions, most of them second class, for the whole southern front, including the Swiss border, against 37 French divisions and the Maginot line - some of their best among them). When Army Group C finally attacked for real, they were unexpectedly successful since the French no longer expected offensive action from them. Zitadelle (Citadel) Attack on the Russian front at Kursk in 43. This attack would become the largest tank battle in history. The attack was postponed several times by Hitler himself to allow the inclusion of new armor designs. This gave the Soviets the chance to prepare a stout defense and a counterattack. After this battle Germany never again gained the initiative. Herbstnebel / Wacht am Rhein (Autumn Fog / Watch on the Rhine) Codename for parts of the offensive in the Ardennes, 1944. Part of the deception for this offensive was the secret operation "Heinrich", in which the foreign worker contingents of the Axis were infiltrated by German agents. They would disguise as members of the resistance movement and hire their fellows for anti-German activities. Fed with important (but wrong) information about the German military, the workers where given a chance to escape by their resistance-comrades. The information about the German troops acquired in this way was considered reliable by the Allied, enabling the Germans a last tactical surprise. Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Codenames Paukenschlag (Beat of the kettledrum) A collective name for the first coordinated operations of German submarines on the US east coast. Lack of a convoy system along the coasts of the United States made for a lot of fat targets for German submariners. Later operations had nice names like "Mordbrenner" or "Reißewolf". The diary of radio operator Wolfgang Hirschfeld gives a first hand account of the German side. | eng_Latn | 15,184 |
What word differentiates the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final from the 2014 'repeat' in which Germany beat Argentina 1-0? | World Cup 2014: Germans certain their team will beat Argentina - BBC Sport BBC Sport World Cup 2014: Germans certain their team will beat Argentina By Patrick Strasser Germany's 7-1 thrashing of Brazil was one of the World Cup's biggest ever shocks 2014 Fifa World Cup final Venue: Maracana Stadium, Rio de Janeiro Date: Sunday, 13 July 20:00 BST Coverage: Live and uninterrupted on BBC One, the BBC Sport website and BBC Radio 5 live Life is a challenge these days in Germany if you are not a football fan. You simply cannot avoid it. The media is awash with interest in Sunday's World Cup final, with the 'Nationalelf' (national 11) involved against old rivals Argentina. The stunning 7-1 semi-final win over hosts Brazil resulted in football euphoria only seen before in the country when West Germany won previous World Cup tournaments in 1954, 1974 and 1990. "Three days to go", "two days to go", "one day to go" - these have been the headlines from Germany's biggest selling tabloid Bild. It's the countdown to the final or the 'finaaaaale o-ho' as German fans always sing when their team reaches this biggest of big games. "Only one more victory to glory" proclaims the twice-weekly football-magazine Kicker. One thing is for certain: this is a nation with a yearning hunger to win the World Cup, a hunger formed in the 24 years of waiting since the last triumph against, who else, Argentina in 1990. A Germany versus Argentina final also brings heavy work for all the heroes of 1990, especially Lothar Matthaus, Andreas Brehme, Rudi Voller and goalkeeper Bodo Illgner. They are suddenly hot property again for the media, who want them to re-tell the story of how the Germans edged out Argentina thanks to an 85th-minute penalty scored by Brehme as then coach Franz Beckenbauer, who captained the nation to glory in 1974, became the first player to win as both captain and coach. Jurgen Klinsmann, head coach of the US team and beaten by the Germans in the group stage in Brazil, posted via Facebook, holding a German shirt: "Our team will take the crown. Enjoy the moment!" Germany avenged their World Cup final defeat by Argentina in 1986 by defeating them 1-0 in the final in Rome in 1990 All the past heroes are certain that the new generation of 2014 will make it. Confidence in Germany is sky high, with flags draped on balconies, from windows and attached to cars. So much schwarz-rot-gold (black, red and gold) has not been seen since 2006, when Germany hosted the event and Italy beat France in a penalty shootout in the final. That was the time when the word 'schland' was born - a nickname for the football nation and easy for fans to bawl in stadiums. Everybody, it seems, expects Germany to win against Argentina on Sunday. Anybody who doubts it risks being called a moaner, a spoilsport. However, the near-hysteria of the media is not excessive; the media merely reflects the atmosphere of an expectant nation. Losing against Argentina is just not an option. Not at all. Not after this outstanding tournament. Not with Thomas Muller, Sami Khedira, Toni Kroos and goalkeeper Manuel Neuer in such great form. Not after a 7-1 routing of Brazil in their own backyard. Not after these huge reactions from fans and VIPs alike. From Heidi Klum to Steffi Graf, from actor Til Schweiger to former F1 driver Nick Heidfeld, from basketball player Dirk Nowitzki to Boris Becker - everybody cheered the Low team on Twitter, Facebook or on TV. Amazing Germany There were 179 seconds between Germany's second and fourth goals during their 7-1 thumping of Brazil in the 2014 World Cup semi-final. Striker Miroslav Klose becomes the record goalscorer in World Cup history with 16 goals in 23 games. Germany were 5-0 up after 29 minutes in the match - faster than any team in World Cup history. Germany netted as many goals in this semi-final as they had in their previous six (1982-2010). Germany are now the highest scorers in World Cup history with 223 goals, overtaking Brazil. They are the first team to score seven times in a World Cup semi-final. Thomas Muller has scored 10 goals and pr | The History Place - Defeat of Hitler: Downfall of Adolf Hitler Downfall of Adolf Hitler All of his life, Adolf Hitler had been obsessed with the musical works of German composer Richard Wagner. As a teenager living in Austria, Hitler was deeply inspired by Wagner's operas and their pagan, mythical tales of struggles against hated enemies. One time, back in 1905, after seeing Wagner's opera Rienzi, young Hitler professed he would someday embark on a great mission, leading his people to freedom, similar to the opera's story. Now, some 40 years later, after failing in his mission as Führer of the German People and Reich, another of Wagner's operas hearkened, and it was Hitler's favorite – Der Ring des Nibelungen. It concerns a magic Ring granting its possessor the power to rule the world. In the last part of this opera, entitled Götterdämmerung, or 'Twilight of the gods," the hero Siegfried, betrayed by those around him, loses the Ring and winds up on a funeral pyre while the fortress of Valhalla burns and the kingdom of the gods is destroyed. The dream of Germania--capital of Greater Germany as envisioned by Hitler in his scale model of a postwar Berlin. Below: Reality--the muck and mire of bombed out Berlin in the spring of 1945. This essentially was the ending Hitler inflicted upon himself, his People and his Reich. Piece by piece, it all came together over the last ten days of his life, beginning on Friday, April 20, 1945. That day Hitler met for the last time with his top Nazis. The occasion was Hitler's 56th birthday, a dreary celebration inside the Führerbunker in Berlin. Present were Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Joachim Ribbentrop, Albert Speer and Martin Bormann, along with military leaders Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Karl Dönitz, and Hans Krebs, the new Chief of the General Staff. At first, those present tried to convince the Führer to leave doomed Berlin for the relative safety of Berchtesgaden, the mountain area along the German-Austrian border where he had his villa. From there he could continue the fight, supported by troops positioned throughout the impenetrable Alpine mountains of western Austria and southern Bavaria. Such a move might prolong the war indefinitely and improve the odds of a favorable outcome for Germany, one way or another. But Hitler brushed aside this suggestion, knowing that any journey outside the bunker brought great risk of capture. And above all, the Führer did not want himself, alive or dead, to wind up prominently displayed by his enemies, particularly the Russians. However, he did give his bunker personnel permission to leave. Most of his staff therefore departed for Berchtesgaden via a convoy of trucks and planes, still hoping the Führer would follow. Only a handful of Hitler's personal staff remained with him, including his top aide Martin Bormann, a few SS and military aides, two private secretaries, and his longtime companion, Eva Braun. Hitler's choice to remain in the Führerbunker to the very end amounted to his final decision of the war. It was made known to the German people via a special radio announcement in the hope that his presence in the Nazi capital would inspire all remaining Wehrmacht, SS, Volkssturm and Hitler Youth units in Berlin to hold out to the end as well. Although the war was lost, Hitler nevertheless took pride in the knowledge that he had not allowed another repeat of November 1918, when the German Army had meekly asked the Allies for armistice terms to conclude the First World War. This was all Hitler had left. Just a few years earlier, the Führer had been regarded by most German's as their greatest-ever military leader. Now, all that remained of his military legacy was the fact he had refused to give up no matter what. The Führer's stubborn pride insured that thousands of German soldiers, Hitler Youths and civilians would needlessly lose their lives in the streets of Berlin, where advance units of the Red Army were already probing. Insi | eng_Latn | 15,185 |
What country was created in 1949 with the local abbreviated name DDR? | East Germany | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic), usually abbreviated to DDR. Both terms were used in East Germany, with increasing usage of the abbreviated form, especially since East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners to be foreigners following the promulgation of its second constitution in 1968. West Germans, the western media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone (The Eastern Zone), [2] Sowjetische Besatzungszone (Soviet Occupation Zone; often abbreviated to SBZ), and sogenannte DDR (so-called GDR). [3] Another name was Middle Germany , referring to the location of East Germany in the geographic centre of unified pre-1937 Germany. Usage of the latter term, because it was clearly based on geographic location, was sometimes picked up by East Germans. The center of political power in East Berlin was referred to as Berlin- Karlshorst . In the 1950s, this geographic designation referred to the seat of command of the Soviet forces in East Germany. [2] Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also increasingly used colloquially by West Germans and West German media. [4] Ostdeutschland (an ambiguous term meaning simultaneously East or Eastern Germany) was not commonly used in East or West German common parlance to refer to the German Democratic Republic, because Ostdeutschland usually referred to the former eastern territories of Germany . The term Westdeutschland ( West Germany ) when used by West Germans was almost always a reference to the geographic region of Western Germany but not to the area within the boundaries of the Federal Republic of Germany. However, this use was not always consistent, as, for example, West Berliners frequently used the term Westdeutschland to denote the Federal Republic.[ citation needed ] History Germany defeated: On the basis of the Potsdam Conference , the Allies jointly occupied Germany west of the Oder–Neisse line . According to German historian Jürgen Kocka (2010): Conceptualizing the GDR as a dictatorship has become widely accepted, while the meaning of the concept dictatorship varies. Massive evidence has been collected that proves the repressive, undemocratic, illiberal, nonpluralistic character of the GDR regime and its ruling party." [5] However, according to John Green (Morningstaronline, 2009): One of the GDR’s greatest achievements was the creation of a more egalitarian society. Measures were introduced to counter class and gender privilege and increase the educational and career prospects of working-class children. The GDR was a society largely free of existential fears. Everyone had a right to education, a job and a roof over their head. Emphasis was placed on society not on individualism, and on co-operation and solidarity. As a result, the GDR became probably the most egalitarian society in Europe. Full gender equality and equal pay were also enshrined in legislation. Explaining the internal impact of the DDR regime from the perspective of German history in the long term, historian Gerhard A. Ritter (2002) has argued that the East German state was defined by two dominant forces – Soviet Communism on the one hand, and German traditions filtered through the interwar experiences of German Communists on the other. It always was constrained by the powerful example of the increasingly prosperous West, to which East Germans compared their nation. The changes wrought by the Communists were most apparent in ending capitalism and transforming industry and agriculture, in the militarization of society, and in the political thrust of the educational system and the media. On the other hand, there was relatively little change made in the historically independent domains of the sciences, the engineering professions, the Protestant churches, and in many bourgeois life styles. Social policy, says Ritter, became a critical legitimization tool in the last decades and mixed socialist and traditional elements abo | Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer (Live at I Love The 90's Party Hasselt 2012) - YouTube Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer (Live at I Love The 90's Party Hasselt 2012) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 15, 2012 Category When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Up next Play now Mix - Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer (Live at I Love The 90's Party Hasselt 2012)YouTube Snap! - Rhythm Is A Dancer (feat. Thea Austin) (30 Jahre Discofieber! - may 12, 2005) - Duration: 3:59. Eugene Clark 1,696 views 3:59 I Love The 90's Ice MC - Duration: 4:04. Reinhilde260365 4,287 views 4:04 snap-rhythm is a dancer (live at i love the 90s party 12-04-2008) - Duration: 5:05. domm chris 112,911 views 5:05 Ice Mc - I love the 90's party - Duration: 10:35. Antze - 1,132,966 views 10:35 Astroline - Feel The Fire (Live At I Love The 90's The Party 16-04-2011) - Duration: 3:53. bartlimb 13,651 views 3:53 I Love The 90's - The Party 2 - Duration: 53:27. AWMmusicchannel 130,211 views 53:27 2 Brothers on The 4th Floor - Dreams (I Love The 90's Bulgaria) - Duration: 4:22. Radio ENERGY (NRJ) Bulgaria Official 34,821 views 4:22 | eng_Latn | 15,186 |
Which leader did Hitler meet in the Brenner Pass in WWII? | 18th March 1940: Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass On March 18th 1940 Hitler met the Italian leader Mussolini in his railway carriage in the Brenner Pass, high in the Alps, close to the border between the two countries. The haste with which the meeting was arranged had led Mussolini to suppose that Hitler ‘would soon set off the powder keg’. In the journey to the meeting Mussolini tells his Foreign Minister, Count Ciano, that the Italians will not join the war until the moment that is ‘convenient’ to them, that they will form the ‘left wing’ of the offensive, tying up troops without actually fighting. After the meeting, however, it seems less certain that Hitler will go to war. Ciano records the meeting in his diary: The Hitler meeting is very cordial on both sides. The conference … is more a monologue than anything else. Hitler talks all the time, but is less agitated than usual. He makes few gestures and speaks in a quiet tone. He looks physically fit. Mussolini listens to him with interest and with deference. He speaks little and confirms his intention to move with Germany. He reserves to himself only the choice of the right moment . .. The conference ends with a short meal. Later Mussolini gives me his impressions. He did not find in Hitler that uncompromising attitude which von Ribbentrop had led him to suspect. Yesterday, as well, von Ribbentrop only opened his mouth to harp on Hitler’s intransigency. Mussolini believes that Hitler will think twice before he begins an offensive on land. The meeting has not substantially changed our position. | Joachim Sauer | Humboldt University of Berlin | ZoomInfo.com Humboldt University of Berlin + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (200 Total References) German Chancellor Angela Merkel's ... ibbpresidentiallibrary.org [cached] German Chancellor Angela Merkel's husband, Joachim Sauer, is sort of the anti-Bill, a chemistry nerd and full professor at Humboldt University of Berlin who reportedly watched his wife's inauguration from inside his lab. Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (Humboldt University of Berlin) Joachim Sauer www.scienceeurope.org [cached] Joachim Sauer, Full professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin Joachim Sauer studied chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry in 1974. He continued to do research there until 1977 when he joined the Academy of Sciences, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin, one of the leading scientific institutes of the former GDR (East Germany). In 1992 joined the Max Planck Society as Head of the Quantum Chemistry Group in Berlin, where he stayed for four years when he stayed for four years, until he | eng_Latn | 15,187 |
What insignia did the Nazi SS wear on their caps? | Why did the SS have skulls on their caps? - Quora Quora Answer Wiki 3 Answers Quora User, World War II History, Native American History, U.S.History, Ancient History, Religious History Critique, World Histor... Written Aug 30, 2015 The Skull and Crossbones, in this instance referred to as the Death’s Head, was among the SS of Nazi era Germany. or Schutzstaffel Apart from its most visible use on the officers caps, it is probably most famously, or infamously, prominent use was the very highly regarded Totenkopfring/Deaths Head Ring awarded to SS officers in recognition of their, “…personal achievement, devotion to duty, and loyalty to the Fuhrer and his ideals Julius Schreck , the leader of the Stabswache (Adolf Hitler's bodyguard unit), resurrected the use of theTotenkopf as the unit's insignia. This unit grew into the Schutzstaffel (SS), which continued to use the Totenkopf as insignia throughout its history. According to a writing by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler the Totenkopf had the following meaning: The Skull is the reminder that you shall always be willing to put your self at stake for the life of the whole community The death's head was supposed to signify that they were loyal to the death, Death's Head emblem worn by SS-Totenkopfverbände soldiers Motto reads in English: My Honor's name is Loyalty Sources: Written Sep 1, 2015 Well for one thing, despite what Hollywood tells you, the SS didn't all have the Death Head on their cap. It gained notoriety as the division symbol of the 3rd Waffen SS Division, Totenkopf, the Death Heads. The division marker of the 3rd Waffen SS Panzer Division Totenkopf, they served the entire war on the Eastern Front and were famous for both their superb combat performance and their laundry list of war crimes. The symbol itself pre-dates WWII, the Nazis, and even modern Germany. It originated in Prussia in the time of Fredrick the Great. He used it as the symbol for a regiment of Hussars (light cavalry). Since they it's made various appearances throughout German military history, appearing as the symbol of some unit in every major Prussian/German war. Prussian Hussars of the Napoleonic Era sporting the Totenkopf Written Sep 1, 2015 It harked back to an antique Prussian Hussar division, as noted in at least one other answer. Which likewise used a skull-and-crossbone type figure on their hats. It was on the caps of all SS, but it was specifically on the collar tabs of the Totenkopf (or Death's Head) divisions, or SS-TV (Totenkopfverbande). These were originally the camp guard personnel, basically, formed under Theodor Eicke . As WWII began, there were actual armed fighting units formed out of the SS-TV/camp personnel structure. Their fighting units can be seen listed near the bottom of the page here: SS-Totenkopfverbände . As fighting units, they participated heavily on the Eastern Front in various battles and they were in fact mostly destroyed and then re-built up on at least one possibly two occasions. Prior to that, they were known mostly for atrocities against civilians (gentile as well as Jew) in Poland, and in France; to the extent that their behavior even offended certain other Nazis, or at least German career military men if not devout Nazis. "After the TK-Division, and Eicke personally, performed poorly during Fall Gelb [German invasion of France] Himmler resolved to curb his subordinate [Theodor Eicke]. Cynically using as justification several well-publicized atrocities committed by the Division in France, on 15 August 1940 he dissolved Eicke's Inspectorate of SS-Totenkopfstandarten and transferred the Totenkopf-Division, the independent TK-Standarten, and their reserve and replacement system to the newly formed Waffen-SS high command. [9] "In February 1941 the Totenkopf designation was removed from the names of all units other than the TK-Division [see: 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf ] and the camp Totenkopfwachsturmbanne [i.e., concentration camp Death's Head Batallions] and their personnel exchanged the Death's-Head collar insignia for the Waffen-SS Sig-rune | 10000_questions 35 - 10000 general knowledge questions and answers 10000_questions 35 10000_questions 35 - 10000 general knowledge questions and... SCHOOL View Full Document 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 17 Answers 51 What is Samsoe a type of Cheese 52 A fylfot is a heraldic name for what symbol Swastika 53 Where would you find a howdah Back of Elephant (basket) 54 In what country is the language Fanti spoken Ghana 55 What flowers name translates from the Greek as Water Vessel Hydrangea 56 Which of Henry the Eights wives was the widow of elder brother Catherine of Aragon 57 The Boys from Syracuse is based on what Shakespeare play The comedy of errors 58 Hathor was the Egyptian goddess of what The Sky 59 The larva of the click beetle is called what Wireworm 60 In Australian slang what is a ten ounce sandwich Liquid Lunch - Can of Beer 61 What is the name of the largest moon of Jupiter Ganymede 62 The Mason-Dixon line separates Pennsylvania and what state Maryland 63 The kinkajou belongs to what family of animals Raccoon 64 What is the Hindu Kush Mountain Range 65 Caligari is the capital of what island Sardinia This is the end of the preview. 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In which country is the town of Passchendaele? | The Battle of Passchendaele - Historical Sheets - The First World War - History - Remembrance - Veterans Affairs Canada The First World War Canadian Pioneers carrying trench mats with wounded and prisoners in background. Battle of Passchendaele, 1917. (Photo: Library and Archives Canada/PA-002084) Close PDF Version Canadians have made many impressive accomplishments fighting in the cause of peace and freedom. A name from Canada’s First World War military heritage that still stirs emotions is “Passchendaele.” In a muddy corner of Belgium, Canadians overcame almost unimaginable hardships to capture this ruined village in 1917. Canada and the First World War When Britain went to war in Europe in August 1914, Canada—as a member of the British Empire—was automatically at war as well. On the “Western Front,” the First World War soon turned into a stalemate of trench fighting, with a 1,000 km system of trenches stretching across Belgium and France from the English Channel to the border of Switzerland. On one side were the forces of France and Britain (along with other allies such as Canada) and on the other were the Germans. From their opposing trenches they faced one another across a deadly “No Man’s Land” of barbed wire, exploding artillery shells and machine-gun fire. In the fall of 1917, Canada’s army—after their great success at Vimy Ridge that April—was sent north to Belgium. It would be familiar ground for the Canadians who had seen harsh fighting there earlier in the war. Ypres The Ypres area of Belgium, where Passchendaele is located, was the scene of several First World War battles. It was the last portion of Belgium that was not in enemy hands after the initial German advance of 1914 and, as a result, held great symbolic meaning to the Allies. Ypres was a very difficult place to fight. It was a region largely made up of flat, low land that was kept dry only with a series of dykes and drainage ditches. Three years of heavy fighting had destroyed the drainage systems. The ground, churned up by millions of artillery shells, turned to sticky mud when wet. In 1917, the autumn rains came early and turned the battlefield into a sea of mud, the likes of which still make the name Passchendaele a synonym of horrific fighting conditions. The Opening of the Battle The Third Battle of Ypres was undertaken by the British primarily to take the pressure off the French forces to the south. The British commander, Sir Douglas Haig, launched a drive in Belgium to seize strategic German railways in the occupied country and capture the German submarine bases along the coast. The main attack began at the end of July. British, as well as Australian and New Zealand (ANZAC) forces, launched an offensive with a heavy artillery barrage. Heavy rains came down the very night the attack began. Shell holes quickly filled with water and turned into filthy ponds, all too often containing the remains of soldiers. A heavy toll was taken on the attackers as they had to struggle through thick mud with little cover while machine-gunners in German pill boxes (reinforced concrete machine gun positions) tore them to pieces. Despite these conditions, they slowly gained much of the higher ground as the summer turned into fall. The main targets of the Allied offensive, however, remained out of reach. The Canadians at Passchendaele Early in October, the Canadians were sent to relieve the battered ANZAC forces and take part in the push to capture Passchendaele. Canadian commander Lieutenant-General Arthur Currie inspected the battlefield and was shocked at the conditions. He tried to avoid having his men fight there but was overruled. As at Vimy, the four divisions of the Canadian Corps would see action. However, the mud, flat terrain, and relative lack of preparation time and artillery support would make Passchendaele a far different battlefield than the one the Canadians encountered at Vimy Ridge. Currie took the time to carefully prepare as much as possible and on October 26, the Canadian offensive began. Success was made possible due to acts of great individu | ◄ Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany [HD] ► - YouTube ◄ Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany [HD] ► Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 17, 2011 Neuschwanstein Castle - HD footage, information and facts on the breathtaking Neuschwanstein Castle. This castle is without a doubt one of the most, if not the most beautiful castle in the world. It is the most photographed building in Germany. If you enjoyed this video, make sure to subscribe to our channel. It's the most convenient way to catch our new videos! Follow the link below: | eng_Latn | 15,189 |
Who became the first Chancellor of West Germany in 1949 and was a founder of The Christian Democrats? | The Chancellors of Germany / Useful Notes - TV Tropes YMMV Titles called "Chancellor" (Kanzler) go way back. The Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire had positions called "Archchancellor" (Erzkanzler). After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia and Austria had State Chancellors (Staatskanzler). The North German Confederation (which was the prototype of the empire ; it even had the same flag) had a Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) between 1867 and 1871, who was, of course, Otto von Bismarck. German Empire (1871-1918) In the German Empire, the Imperial Chancellor (Reichskanzler) was appointed by the Emperor. The parliament (Reichstag) could do jack shit about it and was mostly there to argue about the budget or wait for the chancellor to initiate a bill (which they couldn't do themselves). The Reichskanzler was technically a one-man administration, who appointed secretaries to assist him. Otto von Bismarck (1871-1890) — Proud owner of a Badass Moustache and a Bald of Awesome . Nicknamed "Der eiserne Kanzler" ("The Iron Chancellor"). Most famous for his Realpolitik that led to the unification of Germany (minus Austria), the creation of the welfare statenote Despite being a staunch conservative, Bismarck essentially invented the welfare state... as a way of undercutting any attempts of Marxists and other socialists to appeal to the German populace. and his complex system of alliances to keep the peace in Europe by isolating France and being allies or neutral with all other powers. Most infamous for his attacks on neighboring nations manipulating neighboring nations into starting wars with him so he could have them trounced without being seen as the aggressor , censorship laws, anti-socialist law, and weakening the democratic organs of the German Empire via the constitution he wrote, blunders against the Catholic church (Kulturkampf - struggle about culture), and his complex system of alliances to keep the peace in Europe . He opposed German colonialism, but ended up getting colonies for Germany anyway. Emperor Wilhelm I mostly let Bismarck do whatever he wanted. Wilhelm II however, wanted to govern the country himself and forced Bismarck to resign after several disagreements over social reforms and anti-socialist laws. During his retirement, Bismarck warned the Emperor several times that his foreign policy would lead to war—and not the "good" kind where Germany wins quickly with minimal losses. He famously predicted both the trigger of World War I ("some damned silly thing in the Balkans") as well as the year it broke out. In 2003, he was voted 9th greatest German of all time. Leo von Caprivi (1890-1894) — Or, to give his full name, Georg Leo von Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli , who was made a count in 1891. This former general, who also had been the head of the German navy from 1883 to 1888, had the thankless job of being Bismarck's successor, against whom almost anyone would've compared unfavorably. He began the implementation of Wilhelm II's "New Course" into German policy: Social reforms, more free trade and a pro-British foreign policy. The latter included giving up the good relations with Russia, since he himself admitted that he wasn't Magnificent Bastard enough to maintain Bismarck's complex foreign policy based on secret treaties. He finished the negotiations for the Zanzibar treaty, which traded land between Germany and the British Empire. The widely believed interpretation that Germany traded Zanzibar for Heligoland is only half true. In fact, Germany let the British have free reign in Zanzibar (Germany had never owned or claimed it) and Britain gave Heligoland to Germany - overall no bad deal as Heligoland is still German and Zanzibar is not British any more. A strip of land in Namibia is still named after him. Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1894-1900) — Elderly (he was already 75 in 1894) former prime minister of Bavaria and diplomat. He finished the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), the first civil code for all of Germany, which is still in force today. The BGB is widely regarded as | In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? This question was answered on May 17, 2016. View the Answer In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? LaurindaIman posted a question · May 17, 2016 at 6:00am Top Answer Here is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572195) ]} Chrisjoel answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:00am Other Answers {[ getNetScore(29572209) ]} profKEV answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:01am Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983), known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO, from 1956 to 1979, was a... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572269) ]} peterkivuva61 answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:05am Anthony Blunt In 1964, MI5 received information from the American Michael Whitney Straight pointing to Blunt's espionage; the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572283) ]} Who was the first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party at the time of the Russian invasion in 1968? Recently Asked Questions Need an European History tutor? mathtutor1983 4 European History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 15,190 |
A Canadian-born former Lord Privy Seal, he represented Ashton-Under-Lyne in parliament. He founded a Sunday newspaper and served in the governments of both Lloyd-George and Churchill, by what title was he known? | What If-Finland had been prepared for the Winter War? - Page 23 - Axis History Forum What If-Finland had been prepared for the Winter War? Discussions on the Winter War and Continuation War, the wars between Finland and the USSR. Hosted by Juha Tompuri Joined: 26 Nov 2010, 16:48 Location: Toronto, Canada Quote Post by CanKiwi2 » 13 Mar 2012, 12:21 These are a few videoclips of the Polish aircraft covered in the previous post, together with another on General Wladyslaw Anders. Included these as a bit of general background - particularly as the aircraft are little known and there is not a lot of info on them - and certainly not much visual info. Not really relevant to the main story, just background....... Enjoy! PZL P.37 LOS - in 1939, one of the better medium bombers in service anywhere PZL P.11 Fighter - in 1935, this was as good as anything in the world. By 1939, it was obsolete but it was the best fighter Poland had available and with these, the Polish Air Force shot down numerous Luftwaffe aircraft. Polish fighter pilots went through some of the toughest training in the world and they were good .... quickly improvising effective tactics to deal with the German fighter and bombers PZL P.23 Karas light bomber - obsolete and vunerable, almost all were shot down in action against the Germans Another clip on the Karas OK, this is a simulation, but a pretty good one General Wladyslaw Anders - Polish Army ex Ngāti Tumatauenga ("Tribe of the Maori War God") aka the New Zealand Army Joined: 26 Nov 2010, 16:48 Location: Toronto, Canada Post by CanKiwi2 » 18 Mar 2012, 06:50 The British Volunteers We will get into the intricacies of Finland's political relationships with the European powers in later Posts. Suffice it to say that Finland was in the invidious position of being a pawn in the political maneouvering between France, Britain and the USSR with regard to Germany. And a pawn that the UK and France were quite happy to lose if it meant an agreement with the USSR. Finnish Intelligence was well aware of this and this knowledge of the British attitude would play an important part in official and unofficial Finnish decision making throughout WW2. After being a spectator to the fate of Czechoslovakia (and having perhaps a greater understanding of what the loss of the Czechoslovakian arms industry to Germany meant to the balance of industrial power in Europe than did Chamberlain) those who were responsible for the defence of Finland in the period after the Munich Crisis were even more concerned than before. As has been noted, this resulted in Finland moving to a war-footing in late 1938, making it perhaps the first country in Europe to take such drastic steps. The result had been a surge in Finnish defence spending, in military training and in the acquisition of arms, munitions and aircraft as well as other military equipment considered essential. Following the German attack on Poland, Finland had stepped up its attempts to purchase weapons, aircraft and military material from every available source. While purchases from France and the US had been negotiated and concluded, a number of requests to purchase artillery and aircraft from the UK had been declined. Some, consisting of material consider non-critical by the British, were approved for sale to Finland but despite this, exports to Finland required further approvals to be exported according to British blockade orders. Though the blockade orders were relatively lenient, only one shipload of war material was shipped to Finland from the UK by the beginning of November, and this was from France. The Finnish Ambassador to the UK, Georg Gripenberg, expressed his frustration at the situation, stating that Finland was being blockaded far more effectively by British and French bureaucrats than by German submarines. However, neither of the Allied governments was, during the first weeks of WW2, sufficiently interested in Finland to facilitate its task of preparing for the worst. Photo sourced from: http://www.finlandun.org/public/downloa ... 5833&GUID= {C726D9EC-69B0-43C5-9432-69EF95E2F | Bert Hardy Statement - Hyman Collection - British Photography Bert Hardy. Life in the Elephant (1948) Bert Hardy 1913-1995 Bert Hardy (1913-1995) is most famous as Picture Post's chief photographer in the 1940s and 1950s. Born in London to a working class family, Hardy started work as a laboratory assistant in a photographic agency, working freelance as a photographer. As a photojournalist Bert Hardy was gifted with a sincere interest in people coupled with an ability to win the trust of those that he photographed. Hired as a staff photographer for the Picture Post, Hardy used his Leica to capture the slums of London and Glasgow, the Second World War and Korea. Hardy travelled widely, capturing the leading events and personalities of the day, as well as gaining acclaim for his pictures of deprived areas of Britain, including an award-winning series of photographs of life in Glasgow's Gorbals and London's Elephant and Castle. As Hardy explained: "The ideal picture tells something of the essence of life. It sums up emotion, it holds the feeling of movement thereby implying the continuity of life. It shows some aspect of humanity, the way that the person who looks at the picture will at once recognise as startlingly true." Bert Hardy died in 1995 and will be remembered as one of the classic photojournalists of the Twentieth Century. Even in the direst of situations, the endurance of the human spirit shines through in Hardy's images. His work deserves to be considered alongside that of his contemporaries, including the great masters of Magnum, including Robert Capa and Henri Cartier-Bresson. All images © the artist or copyright holder | Website © The Hyman Collection 2017 | eng_Latn | 15,191 |
Hans-Gert Pottering first elected in 1979 is the longest serving member of what? | hans gert pottering : definition of hans gert pottering and synonyms of hans gert pottering (English) 8 External links Early Life and Education Pöttering never got to know his father who was killed in action during the last days of the Second World War . After Abitur and military service, he studied law, political science and history in University of Bonn , the University of Geneva , the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva and at Columbia University in New York. He took his first state exam in jurisprudence in 1973, earned a PhD in political science and history in 1974 and took his second state exam in jurisprudence in 1976. Political career He has been a member of the European Parliament since 1979, the only member of the European Parliament to have served continuously since the first elections. From 1984 to 1994 he was chairman of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence. From 1994 to 1996 he chaired the working group on the Intergovernmental Conference of the European People's Party (EPP) and EPP-ED Group, the results of which became the official EPP position for the Treaty of Amsterdam . In 1994 he became Vice-President of the EPP, and from 1999 to 2007 he was the Chairman of the EPP-ED Group in the European Parliament. He was the top candidate of the CDU in the 2004 European elections. He also is a member of the Executive Board (Präsidium) of the CDU. He is Deputy Chairman of the Advisory Board of A Soul for Europe . President of the European Parliament As part of a deal with the socialist group, it was agreed that he would succeed Josep Borrell Fontelles as President of the European Parliament in the second part of the 2004–2009 term, which he did on 16 January 2007. He was elected with 450 of 689 valid votes, and defeated Italian Green Monica Frassoni , Danish Eurosceptic Jens-Peter Bonde and French Communist Francis Wurtz . Platform Pöttering is known as an enthusiastic European Federalist and an ally of Angela Merkel . He has stated that his priority will be to rejuvenate the European Constitution . Awards Pöttering has received the Robert Schuman Medal of EPP-ED , the Grand Order of Merit of Germany , the Grand Decoration of the Republic of Austria, the Mérite Européen en or of Luxembourg, the European Honorary Senator, the ‘MEP of the year 2004’, award given by the newspaper ‘European Voice’, an Honorary Doctorate from Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Opole, Poland, the Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great,Grand Order of Queen Jelena with Sash and Star, Croatia, the Walter Hallstein Prize 2007, Frankfurt am Main, European Excellence Award 2008 of the Autonomous Community of Madrid ('Premio a la Excelencia Europea 2008'), and the Grand Ernst Moritz Arndt Medal of the Pomeranian Exiles Association. On Tuesday 24 June he was awarded the 'Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana', the highest honour of the Republic of Italy, at a ceremony conducted by the Italian State President, Giorgio Napolitano. Private life He lives in Brussels in Belgium. Pöttering is Roman Catholic, divorced and has two sons. [2] Works Adenauers Sicherheitspolitik 1955–1963. Ein Beitrag zum deutsch-amerikanischen Verhältnis, Droste Verlag 1975, ISBN 3-7700-0412-4 Europas Vereinigte Staaten, Editio Interfrom 2000, ISBN 3-7201-5237-5 , with Ludger Kühnhardt Weltpartner Europäische Union, Edition Interfrom 2001, ISBN 3-7201-5252-9 , with Ludger Kühnhardt Kontinent Europa. Kern, Übergänge, Grenzen, Edition Interfrom 2002, ISBN 3-7201-5276-6 , zusammen mit Ludger Kühnhardt Von der Vision zur Wirklichkeit. Auf dem Weg zur Einigung Europas, Bouvier 2004, ISBN 3-416-03053-2 References | BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1938: 'Peace for our time' - Chamberlain About This Site | Text Only 1938: 'Peace for our time' - Chamberlain The British Prime Minister has been hailed as bringing "peace to Europe" after signing a non-aggression pact with Germany. PM Neville Chamberlain arrived back in the UK today, holding an agreement signed by Adolf Hitler which stated the German leader's desire never to go to war with Britain again. The two men met at the Munich conference between Britain, Germany, Italy and France yesterday, convened to decide the future of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Mr Chamberlain declared the accord with the Germans signalled "peace for our time", after he had read it to a jubilant crowd gathered at Heston airport in west London. The German leader stated in the agreement: "We are determined to continue our efforts to remove possible sources of difference and thus to contribute to assure the peace of Europe." But many MPs are bound to criticise it as part of the Prime Minister's "appeasement" of German aggression in Europe. And Mr Chamberlain's personal pact will be little comfort to the Czechoslovakian Government which has been forced to hand over the region of Sudetenland to Germany, despite not being present at the conference. After greeting members of the public at the airport, Mr Chamberlain appeared in front of another rejoicing throng on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with the King and Queen, and again later outside 10 Downing Street. The British Prime Minister was forced to mobilise the Royal Navy four days ago when Germany announced it was building massive fortifications in Rhineland. But the Conservative leader has always expressed his desire to find a peaceful solution to the Fuehrer's wish to create a new - and enlarged - German homeland in Europe. | eng_Latn | 15,192 |
The German Imannuel Kant, Englishman Bertrand Russell, and American John Dewey, were notable? | Bertrand Russell Stalks The Nazis | Issue 97 | Philosophy Now Bertrand Russell Stalks The Nazis Thomas Akehurst on why Russell blamed German fascism on German philosophy. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) is best known for his activities at the very beginning and at the very end of his working life. His philosophical reputation was made by his pioneering insights into logic in the first decade of the twentieth century, and he cut his political teeth through his pacifist opposition to World War I – an opposition which saw him jailed for spreading rumours harmful to the alliance between Britain and America. Forty years later, as an old man, he helped found the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in the late 1950s. These facts, plus his brief flirtation with polyamory, which scandalized conservative elements in Britain and America, tend to be what we know about him. What is less well known is that in the 1930s and 1940s Russell’s attention turned to the idea that the origins of Nazism were primarily philosophical. I want to argue that this account of the origins of Nazism helped to shape the hostility to continental philosophy which ran, and in some quarters still runs, through analytic (‘Anglo-Saxon’) philosophy. The Philosophical Tide Turns The story of Russell’s philosophical account of the evils of German politics starts with the chaotic jingoism of the First World War. Prior to 1914, German scholarship had been widely respected in Britain. However, as nationalist rhetoric intensified, and German Shepherd dogs were shot in British streets, German philosophy too came under increasing fire. In his The Metaphysical Theory of the State published in 1918, L.T. Hobhouse wrote this about witnessing a Zeppelin raid on London: “Presently three white specks could be seen dimly through the light of the haze overhead, and we watched their course from the field. The raid was soon over… As I went back to my Hegel my mood was one of self-satire. Was this a time for theorizing or for destroying theories, when the world was tumbling about our ears? … In the bombing of London I had just witnessed the visible and tangible outcome of the false and wicked doctrine, the foundations of which lay, as I believe, in the book before me.” (Quoted in Thomas Baldwin, ‘Interlude: Philosophy and the First World War’ in The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870-1945, 2003, p.367.) Hobhouse was not alone. Many British philosophers thought that they saw the root causes of the First World War in German nationalist philosophies of the nineteenth century, most particularly in Hegel. Friedrich Nietzsche was the other popular target. A bookseller on the Strand in London announced in his window that this was ‘The Euro-Nietzschean War’, and urged passers-by to “Read the Devil, in order to fight him the better.” (Quoted in Nicholas Martin, ‘Fighting a Philosophy: The Figure of Nietzsche in British Propaganda of the First World War’, The Modern Language Review 98, no.2, 2003, p.372.) Bertrand Russell Russell was a witness to the peculiar spectacle of the British public turning on German philosophy during World War I, but did not make any moves to join the general condemnation. All of this changed in the early 1930s, when in an article called ‘The Ancestry of Fascism’ in his In Praise of Idleness (1935) he resurrected the argument that German philosophy lay behind German political aggression. Following the lead set by Hobhouse and others in the First World War, Russell argued that while Nazism could be accounted for partially through political and economic factors, at its heart lay a philosophy that emerged from trends in nineteenth century thought. Although during the First World War there had been principally two villains, Hegel and Nietzsche, Russell managed to find a whole family tree of Nazism’s ancestors: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, G.W.F. Hegel, Johann Gotlieb Fichte, Giuseppe Mazzini, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Heinrich Von Treitschke, Thomas Carlyle, William James and John Dewey! This rogues gallery of philosophical forebears of the Nazis | What was the name of the paperboy whose 1978 murder sparked a massive manhunt by British police? View the step-by-step solution to: What was the name of the paperboy whose 1978 murder sparked a massive manhunt by British police? This question was answered on May 17, 2016. 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View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573531) ]} The way to approach this... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573560) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions During this second great era of empire-building (the first taking place in the Western Hemisphere between 1500 and 1700), how were the Europeans able to Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? kritak 8 World History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. 890,990,898 Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! 890,990,898 Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 15,193 |
In 2010, who became Germany’s youngest President at the age of 51? | Christian Wulff: From Merkel rival to youngest president - The Local Christian Wulff: From Merkel rival to youngest president AFP 1 July 2010 11:03 CEST+02:00 Christian Wulff, who on Wednesday became Germany's youngest-ever president after a nail-biting election, has long been a potential rival to Chancellor Angela Merkel. The preternaturally youthful Wulff, 51, who once described himself as no "alpha male" has governed the state of Lower Saxony, home to automaker Volkswagen, since 2003. Merkel's choice for president, he won election by a special body in a vote seen as a test of her authority after a dire start to her second period in office marred by internal squabbling and a crisis in the eurozone. Allies of Merkel feared Wulff could use Lower Saxony, a high-profile perch, as a possible launch pad to pose a challenge to the weakened chancellor. But she has now effectively neutralised him, at least for the four-year length of his term, by placing him in a golden cage far removed from the real instruments of political power. However, Wulff required three rounds of voting to secure the appointment as members of Merkel's ruling coalition rebelled against his candidacy and delivered her a damaging political setback. The German president, ensconced in Berlin's Bellevue Palace, serves as a kind of moral arbiter for the nation, receiving state guests and occasionally weighing in with contemplative speeches on the issues of the day. Though popular with a significant national profile, the so-called "Kennedy from the Leine" after the river flowing through his state's capital Hannover, was never before called to serve in Berlin. Observers say the genial Wulff does not have the killer instincts of a true political animal and is well-suited for the presidency. "I lack the absolute will to power and the willingness to subordinate everything else," he famously said in a magazine interview in 2008 when asked whether his ambitions included laying down the gauntlet for Merkel. Merkel, a fellow Christian Democrat (CDU), was thought to breathe a sigh of relief, as the blond trained lawyer with elegant dress style and a gentle sense of humour has demonstrated his appeal to voters. He became active in the CDU at the age of 20, and was just 34 when he first challenged Gerhard Schröder, who would later become chancellor, for the premiership of Lower Saxony. It took him two tries but he eventually wrested control of the state in 2003 from Sigmar Gabriel, Schröder's crown prince and current leader of the Social Democrats. He left his long-time wife Christiane in 2006 for public relations executive Bettina, who is 15 years his junior, and launched a charm offensive to mollify his conservative base after the shock announcement. Bettina's tattoo on her upper arm has raised eyebrows in some corners of the German press. They are now married and have a two-year-old son, in addition to a teenage daughter from Wulff's previous marriage. Merkel said she would be delighted to imagine the sound of children's laughter ringing through the Bellevue Palace. She has now got her wish. | The Boy In The Striped Pajamas (trailer) - YouTube The Boy In The Striped Pajamas (trailer) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 17, 2009 http://www.thefilmfactory.co.uk/boy/ The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (The Boy in the Striped Pajamas in the United States) is a BritishAmerican 2008 film directed by Mark Herman and produced by David Heyman, starring Asa Butterfield, Jack Scanlon,David Thewlis and Vera Farmiga. It is based on the book of the same name by Irish novelist John Boyne. Bruno is an eight-year-old German boy who leads a very comfortable life in Berlin during the Second World War. His father is a high ranking Nazi officer, and things change when the family has to move due to his fathers new post. In his innocence, Bruno sees the nearby concentration camp as a farm and wonders why its inhabitants are always wearing striped pyjamas. Eventually Bruno becomes friends with a Jewish (Yehudi) boy his own age who lives on the other side of the fence. Asa Butterfield - (Bruno) | eng_Latn | 15,194 |
What was famously built in 1961 and demolished in 1989? | Berlin Wall - Cold War - HISTORY.com Berlin Wall A+E Networks Introduction On August 13, 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) began to build a barbed wire and concrete “Antifascistischer Schutzwall,” or “antifascist bulwark,” between East and West Berlin. The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep Western “fascists” from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. The Berlin Wall stood until November 9, 1989, when the head of the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border whenever they pleased. That night, ecstatic crowds swarmed the wall. Some crossed freely into West Berlin, while others brought hammers and picks and began to chip away at the wall itself. To this day, the Berlin Wall remains one of the most powerful and enduring symbols of the Cold War. Google The Berlin Wall: The Partitioning of Berlin As World War II came to an end in 1945, a pair of Allied peace conferences at Yalta and Potsdam determined the fate of Germany’s territories. They split the defeated nation into four “allied occupation zones”: The eastern part of the country went to the Soviet Union, while the western part went to the United States, Great Britain and (eventually) France. Did You Know? On October 22, 1961, a quarrel between an East German border guard and an American official on his way to the opera in East Berlin very nearly led to what one observer called "a nuclear-age equivalent of the Wild West Showdown at the O.K. Corral." That day, American and Soviet tanks faced off at Checkpoint Charlie for 16 hours. Photographs of the confrontation are some of the most familiar and memorable images of the Cold War. Even though Berlin was located entirely within the Soviet part of the country (it sat about 100 miles from the border between the eastern and western occupation zones), the Yalta and Potsdam agreements split the city into similar sectors. The Soviets took the eastern half, while the other Allies took the western. This four-way occupation of Berlin began in June 1945. The Berlin Wall: Blockade and Crisis The existence of West Berlin, a conspicuously capitalist city deep within communist East Germany, “stuck like a bone in the Soviet throat,” as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev put it. The Russians began maneuvering to drive the United States, Britain and France out of the city for good. In 1948, a Soviet blockade of West Berlin aimed to starve the western Allies out of the city. Instead of retreating, however, the United States and its allies supplied their sectors of the city from the air. This effort, known as the Berlin Airlift , lasted for more than a year and delivered more than 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and other goods to West Berlin. The Soviets called off the blockade in 1949. After a decade of relative calm, tensions flared again in 1958. For the next three years, the Soviets–emboldened by the successful launch of the Sputnik satellite the year before and embarrassed by the seemingly endless flow of refugees from east to west (nearly 3 million since the end of the blockade, many of them young skilled workers such as doctors, teachers and engineers)–blustered and made threats, while the Allies resisted. Summits, conferences and other negotiations came and went without resolution. Meanwhile, the flood of refugees continued. In June 1961, some 19,000 people left the GDR through Berlin. The following month, 30,000 fled. In the first 11 days of August, 16,000 East Germans crossed the border into West Berlin, and on August 12 some 2,400 followed—the largest number of defectors ever to leave East Germany in a single day. The Berlin Wall: Building the Wall That night, Premier Khrushchev gave the East German government permission to stop the flow of emigrants by closing its border for good. In just two weeks, the East German army, police force and volunteer construction workers had completed a makeshift barbed wire and concrete bl | Project MUSE - “A Relic from the Cave of Pope”: Drawings of the Grotto in an Extra-Illustrated Plan of Mr. Pope’s Garden in the Huntington Library “A Relic from the Cave of Pope”: Drawings of the Grotto in an Extra-Illustrated Plan of Mr. Pope’s Garden in the Huntington Library J. Vanessa Lyon (bio) abstract Alexander Pope’s Twickenham grotto was one of the most famous in England. The poet continuously renovated and expanded his “sacred cave” from 1725 until his death in 1744. But while the grotto’s picturesque Thames-side exterior was widely reproduced in prints and paintings throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, only a handful of images depicting the site’s fictively ruinous interior are known today. This essay proposes an addition to the visual culture of Popeiana in the form of six previously unpublished period drawings. The images are examined in light of their proto-gothic qualities as well as the Catholic poet’s pastoral retirement, artistic connections, and possible Jacobite leanings. keywords eighteenth-century landscape design, architectural drawings, gothicism and neoclassicism, Jonathan Richardson, William Kent an intriguing set of what appear to be eighteenth-century drawings of the grotto of Alexander Pope promises to enrich our understanding of the appearance and allure of this ingenious feature of the poet’s Twickenham villa and garden. Unsigned and, to my knowledge, published here for the first time, five of the six careful but confidently executed drawings ( figs. 1 – 6 ) depict individual, cave-like structures, while the sixth shows double doors in an elaborate surround surmounted by a large urn. Although the drawings primarily depict the faces of the dark, rough-hewn interiors to which they provide variable degrees of visual access, none of the sheets is labeled, nor are the entrances explicitly rendered as individual components of a larger architectural project. Nonetheless, due to their structural differences and stylistic similarities, one might sensibly assume that the drawings are first thoughts or preliminary sketches undertaken of or for the same site. From this perspective it is possible to read them not so much as variations on a theme (or practically speaking, multiple potential design [End Page 441] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Unattributed drawing bound in Huntington Library, 106623, an extra-illustrated copy of John Serle, Plan of Mr. Pope’s Garden (London, 1745). Click for larger view Unattributed drawing bound in Huntington Library, 106623. [End Page 442] Unattributed drawing bound in Huntington Library, 106623. Click for larger view Unattributed drawing bound in Huntington Library, 106623. [End Page 443] schemes proposed for the same single location) as independent if interrelated architectural solutions for various parts of a larger, decidedly eclectic, whole. Despite the drawings’ anonymous status, there are good reasons to surmise that they are rare interior views of Pope’s grotto either as it was or as he envisioned it could be during some stage of its re/construction from 1725 to 1744. Click for larger view Figure 5. Unattributed drawing bound in Huntington Library, 106623. The six unattributed drawings are bound in the Huntington Library’s extra-illustrated copy of the Plan of Mr. Pope’s Garden (1745), written and illustrated by the poet’s longtime gardener, John Serle. The book’s binding dates from the late nineteenth century. 1 But the “extra” elements added to Serle’s text suggest a keen interest in some lesser-known features of Pope’s famously artful garden and his grotto in particular. An avid collector of extra-illustrated books, Henry E. Huntington acquired Serle’s Plan at the highly publicized 1911–12 sale of the library of Robert Hoe. The American bibliophile’s famed collection of exceedingly rare, largely English books and manuscripts also included the Gutenberg Bible on vellum, for which Huntington paid $50,000—at [End Page 444] Click for larger view Unattributed drawing bound in Huntington Library, 106623. [End Page 445] the t | eng_Latn | 15,195 |
Construction began on 13 Aug 1961 on an 87 mile long barrier dividing what city? | Berlin is divided - Aug 13, 1961 - HISTORY.com Berlin is divided Publisher A+E Networks Shortly after midnight on this day in 1961, East German soldiers begin laying down barbed wire and bricks as a barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city. After World War II, defeated Germany was divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation. The city of Berlin, though technically part of the Soviet zone, was also split, with the Soviets taking the eastern part of the city. After a massive Allied airlift in June 1948 foiled a Soviet attempt to blockade West Berlin, the eastern section was drawn even more tightly into the Soviet fold. Over the next 12 years, cut off from its western counterpart and basically reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw between 2.5 million and 3 million of its citizens head to West Germany in search of better opportunities. By 1961, some 1,000 East Germans–including many skilled laborers, professionals and intellectuals–were leaving every day. In August, Walter Ulbricht, the Communist leader of East Germany, got the go-ahead from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to begin the sealing off of all access between East and West Berlin. Soldiers began the work over the night of August 12-13, laying more than 100 miles of barbed wire slightly inside the East Berlin border. The wire was soon replaced by a six-foot-high, 96-mile-long wall of concrete blocks, complete with guard towers, machine gun posts and searchlights. East German officers known as Volkspolizei (“Volpos”) patrolled the Berlin Wall day and night. Many Berlin residents on that first morning found themselves suddenly cut off from friends or family members in the other half of the city. Led by their mayor, Willi Brandt, West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, as Brandt criticized Western democracies, particularly the United States, for failing to take a stand against it. President John F. Kennedy had earlier said publicly that the United States could only really help West Berliners and West Germans, and that any kind of action on behalf of East Germans would only result in failure. The Berlin Wall was one of the most powerful and iconic symbols of the Cold War. In June 1963, Kennedy gave his famous “Ich bin ein Berliner” (“I am a Berliner”) speech in front of the Wall, celebrating the city as a symbol of freedom and democracy in its resistance to tyranny and oppression. The height of the Wall was raised to 10 feet in 1970 in an effort to stop escape attempts, which at that time came almost daily. From 1961 to 1989, a total of 5,000 East Germans escaped; many more tried and failed. High profile shootings of some would-be defectors only intensified the Western world’s hatred of the Wall. Finally, in the late 1980s, East Germany, fueled by the decline of the Soviet Union, began to implement a number of liberal reforms. On November 9, 1989, masses of East and West Germans alike gathered at the Berlin Wall and began to climb over and dismantle it. As this symbol of Cold War repression was destroyed, East and West Germany became one nation again, signing a formal treaty of unification on October 3, 1990. Related Videos | Dere Street Roman Road Overview Walk in the footsteps of Roman soldiers on the empire’s main road through the south of Scotland. Dere Street Roman Road was built by occupying Romans in AD 79—81. It was reused during the time of the Antonine Wall, some 60 years later. It also found use in 1298, when King Edward I of England marched his forces north along Dere Street to the Battle of Falkirk. In its complete state, the road started at Corbridge, beside Hadrian’s Wall in England, and wound its way up to Cramond on the Firth of Forth. Share | eng_Latn | 15,196 |
Who duetted with Madonna on the 2008 single ‘Four Minutes’? | Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes 2008 New Single - YouTube Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes 2008 New Single Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 23, 2008 Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes 2008 New Single Category | Amazon.com: Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary (9781559707565): Traudl Junge, Melissa Müller, Anthea Bell: Books By mwreview on January 13, 2005 Format: Hardcover For any reader interested in Adolf Hitler as a person, not just as the ranting and raving dictator, Traudl Junge's account is the best resource available. Junge (nee Humps) was one of Hitler's private secretaries from the tenth anniversary of Hitler's coming to power to the dramatic fall of the Nazi regime just two and one half years later. During much of this time, Junge's duties were primarily social. Junge accompanied Hitler for meals and relaxation almost daily. She observed him in a way very few people did and was one of a minute number of Hitler's companions who survived the war to tell her story. She wrote her memoirs in 1947 and they were later published in Voices From the Bunker. I have read that book about four times and this edition once. Her account is as fascinating now as it was the first time I read it. Voices From the Bunker is one of my all-time favorite books. If you already have Voices From the Bunker and are wondering if this book is worth owning, I would say it is only if you are interested in Junge beyond her experiences with Hitler. This book includes more background information on her pre-Hitler life (I had not read before that her father had taken part in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch) and a 30-page chapter written by Melissa Mueller in 2001 that follows Junge's post-war life chronologically. It would not be until the revisionist 1960s when people took an interest in her story. Otherwise, the bulk of the work is the same 1947 account in Voices. I've compared sections between the two books and, although they are not the same verbatim with a few minor details added or omitted, the account is basically the same. I like the way Voices is divided up better, with more chapters separating the story (i.e. The July Bomb Plot). It is more useful for looking up information than Until the Final Hour which is mostly one long chapter. Voices also includes accounts of Hitler's aides-de-camp Otto Guensche and pilot Hans Baur which this book does not offer. Until the Final Hour does have very interesting end notes with side tidbits and brief biographical information on many of the people Junge mentions. Junge died February 10, 2002, soon after the first German publication of her memoirs. Her memories were controversial in her homeland because her experiences with Hitler were pleasant. She knew him as a polite host and gentle father figure who showed compassion and human emotions (i.e. when he offered condolences to her after her husband died at the front). Only in brief snippets does she hint at the harsher side of the dictator. Hitler tries to hide his emotional explosions in meetings with his military officers. Frau von Schirach (wife of the head of the Hitler Youth) was no longer invited to be Hitler's guest after she voiced concern to him about trains full of deported Jews headed for Amsterdam (p. 88). Junge would finally become angry with Hitler when he gave up on the war and was accusatory to the end (Junge typed up his last demands and will). She, of course, kept such feelings of disappointment to herself. Her viewpoint is, admittedly, from an isolated world with one set of beliefs and a "puppet master" who controlled the day-to-day lives and thoughts of those around him. She describes Hitler's demeanor and routine at the Wolf's Lair (Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia), at the Berghof (his mountain retreat), and finally in the bunker as Berlin was being surrounded. She offers a unique perspective on many aspects of the dictator's life: his dietary habits, the attention he gave to his dog Blondi, his outlook on the war, his after-dinner small talk with such intimates as Eva Braun and important visitors like Albert Speer, Josef Goebbels, etc. Her account of the final days in the bunker with the Russian army drawing near is very moving. You almost feel like you were there. By Candace Scott on February 29, 2004 For | eng_Latn | 15,197 |
Which motor manufacturer makes the 'Getz' model of car? | 2007 Hyundai Getz | car review @ Top Speed continue reading Successful compromise in roominess and economy Hyundai’s first model in the popular super mini segment With the newly launched GETZ, the South Korean car manufacturer Hyundai is aiming at the European volume market. This is Hyundai’s first appearance in the popular super mini class. This segment accounted for nearly four million car sales in 2001, representing nearly 30% of the passenger car market. Hyundai plans to sell 190.000 GETZ’s on an annual basis, of which more than 50% for Western Europe, resulting in a 2,5% market share to begin with. In recent years, Hyundai has stepped up its research and development activities. In case of the GETZ, this has contributed to an economically priced car, without any compromise in quality and with special focus on European car demands. Hyundai has revealed itself as a manufacturer following a global strategy without ever losing sight of regional requirements. The new Getz undoubtedly has everything on board to make it Hyundai’s trump card. Especially with a size comparable to that of its best-selling European rivals, coupled with equipment of a high standard for this class of car, a choice of compact,attractively and elegantly designed, aerodynamically 3-door or 5-door bodies, a wide range of petrol engines, a modern 1.5 litre CRDi common rail diesel, two types of transmission and a comprehensive safety and comfort package. The styling of the Hyundai Getz stems from the TB (Talented “B”) concept car, which was unveiled at Tokyo Motor Show last year. Its new platform is the same as the one of the Clix design study, the compact four-wheel-drive 2+2 sports coupe that Hyundai Motor Company revealed a few weeks earlier at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The growing success of the constantly better-equipped super minis on the European car market determined the final concept of the new model. Strong key objectives From the outset the designers were fully aware that economy aspects alone do not determine the success of a super mini. Despite its relatively compact exterior dimensions, the Hyundai super mini should offer generous interior space, and comfortable and safe driving behaviour. By fulfilling these criteria, Hyundai designed the GETZ to satisfy the demands of the European customers. The Hyundai engineers and designers followed some key objectives for the development of the Hyundai super mini. Hyundai raised its product competitiveness by coupling a unique and attractive design with improved interior comfort and ease of entry and exit. Further, cab forward design with MPV characteristics combined roominess with compact external dimensions. Expanded wheelbase and wheel trade resulted in enhanced ride performance and safety. Overall quality was achieved as a result of in-depth research in the field of impact protection, NVH and durability. Successful compromise The new Hyundai looks pert and dynamic. Its short overhangs front and rear, in combination with the high roofline extending far to the rear, give more than a hint of a compact minivan. In the already broad Hyundai model range, the GETZ is positioned between Atos and Accent. Both the 3- and 5-door versions are 3.800 mm long, 1.660 mm wide and 1.485 mm high. The wheelbase is identical in both cases: 2.450 mm. All this results in a practical minivan in which styling is targeted to European taste - a statement which applies to both the 3- and 5-door variants. The Hyundai super mini does not look like an overly muscular car. It is rather a successful compromise between conservative, modern and stylish. Despite its relatively compact exterior dimensions, safety and practicality were chosen as the GETZ design theme. The challenge was to satisfy a practicalityoriented customer with a save car, and a safety-oriented customer with a practical car. The spacious and practical interior makes the GETZ an ideal family car, while its compact exterior adding to the manoeuvrability appeals to prospects looking for a second car as well. This successful compromise is also expressed in the name | Avalanche Press Avalanche Press � Avalanche Press Ltd. All rights reserved. By David H. Lippman April 2013 A while back, I caught the best part of a two-part documentary about the famous duel between HMS Hood and KM Bismarck . An American research group was trying to locate the remains of both battleships, to settle the account of how and why they were sunk. The first half of the program covered Hood, and she was lying in several pieces at the bottom of the Denmark Strait, pretty much as contemporary accounts and later historians advertised. In the second half, the undersea explorers located Bismarck � not as hard, because Robert Ballard had already found her years ago � and determined she had been sunk by British torpedoes before the scuttling charges went off. Gunther Lutjens. As part of the documentary, Gerhardt Lutjens, the son of German Admiral Gunther Lutjens, was interviewed at some length. He was a cheery elderly German, displaying great loyalty and admiration for his father. Nothing surprising there. But the real shock came when the documentary revealed that Gunther Lutjens was one-fourth Jewish. A Jewish grandmother, to be precise. They didn�t say which one it was, paternal or maternal, but if it was maternal, he would have been Jewish under Jewish law. That was a thunderclap for me, for obvious reasons � a Jewish German admiral sank HMS Hood? You bet, wow. But it actually made some sense. I knew that Lutjens didn�t think much of Hitler and his strutting Nazis, and privately despaired when Germany went to war. In the documentary, Gerhardt quoted his father as saying Germany had no chance in the war, because of her oil shortages. In 1938, he and other German naval officers of Jewish ancestry fired off angry telegrams to Hitler, protesting Kristallnacht. I don�t know how Hitler responded, but I can�t imagine it was positive. A move like that from a serving flag officer took a lot of guts. But Lutjens was not punished. Instead, he took command of the battle-cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, leading them on a fairly successful raiding cruise in the Atlantic in February and March 1941. Under cautious handling, the two dreadnoughts sank 22 Allied merchant ships for a total of 115,600 tons, effectively disrupting the British convoy cycles for a time. Lutjens could not attack well-defended convoys with his ships, knowing that a minor hit on one of his battle-cruisers would be enough to put them out of action, far from a friendly dockyard. So when his ships ran into convoys with battleship escort, he withdrew. After their cruise, Lutjens� two big ships found precarious refuge at Brest in occupied France, where they spent most of the next year in dockworkers� hands and under British air attack. Lutjens wasn�t there to see the welding and bombing. He was summoned back to Berlin in April 1941 to take command of a task force of two ships, the Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, fitting out at Gotenhafen, known also as Gdynia, or Gdansk. The grandiose German plan was to have the two new ships sail from Germany in May 1941 and break into the Atlantic, and the two battle-cruisers at Brest sortie at the same time, cutting loose the full punch of the German surface fleet on the British convoy routes. However, the plan began to disintegrate from the start. Scharnhorst needed her boilers overhauled. British bombs took Gneisenau out of the game. The Prinz Eugen hit a mine, making her a dockyard case for three weeks. The Germans were running out of reasonably long nights to break into the Atlantic (and if they chose to go through the Denmark Strait, nights at all). Lutjens wanted to wait until the ships at Brest were ready. He was overruled by his bosses. Hitler was getting ready to invade Russia, and once the Wehrmacht�s tanks plunged into the Soviet Union, there would be no fuel for large-scale naval operations. And with the Germans attacking in the Mediterranean, the pressure was on to put a strain on the Royal Navy wherever possible. �Win Through or Die� Lutjens took Bismarck and Prinz Eu | eng_Latn | 15,198 |
Who wrote the 1978 novel 'Young Adolf'? | Young Adolf (Book, 1978) [WorldCat.org] Beryl Bainbridge. Abstract: Paranoid, wilful, lazy, the young Adolf Hitler turns up in Liverpool to stay with his brother Alois and his sister-in-law Bridget. He soon irritates his family beyond measure by his constant sponging and his tendency to get into serious trouble with the English. Read more... Reviews Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. Be the first. Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. Be the first. Tags Add tags for "Young Adolf". Be the first. Similar Items | The Boy In The Striped Pajamas (trailer) - YouTube The Boy In The Striped Pajamas (trailer) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 17, 2009 http://www.thefilmfactory.co.uk/boy/ The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (The Boy in the Striped Pajamas in the United States) is a BritishAmerican 2008 film directed by Mark Herman and produced by David Heyman, starring Asa Butterfield, Jack Scanlon,David Thewlis and Vera Farmiga. It is based on the book of the same name by Irish novelist John Boyne. Bruno is an eight-year-old German boy who leads a very comfortable life in Berlin during the Second World War. His father is a high ranking Nazi officer, and things change when the family has to move due to his fathers new post. In his innocence, Bruno sees the nearby concentration camp as a farm and wonders why its inhabitants are always wearing striped pyjamas. Eventually Bruno becomes friends with a Jewish (Yehudi) boy his own age who lives on the other side of the fence. Asa Butterfield - (Bruno) | eng_Latn | 15,199 |
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