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The Biskupin Open Air Museum is a life-size model of a prehistoric settlement in which European country? | Biskupin, Poland Tourist Information Locals and travelers to connect with About Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland 52.788617.7297 The archaeological open air museum Biskupin is an archaeological site and a life-size model of an Iron Age fortified settlement in north-central (Wielkopolska) Poland (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship). When first discovered it was thought to be early evidence of Slavic settlement but archaeologists later confirmed it belonged to the Biskupin group of the Lusatian culture. The excavation and the reconstruction of the prehistoric settlement has played an instrumental part in Polish historical consciousness. The Museum is situated on a marshy peninsula in Lake Biskupin, ca. 90 km northeast of Poznań, 8 km south of the small town of Żnin. It is a division of the National Museum of Archaeology in Warsaw. History of the excavations In 1933 Polish archaeologists discovered remains of a Bronze Age fort/settlement in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland), the discovery became famous overnight. The site was excavated from 1934 onwards by the team from Poznań University, led by archaeologists Józef Kostrzewski (1885–1969) and Zdzisław Rajewski (1907–1974). The first report was published in 1936. By the beginning of 1939, ca. 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) had been excavated. Biskupin soon became famous, attracting numerous distinguished guests, including officials of the Piłsudski government, members of the military, and high churchmen such as the primate of Poland. The site soon became part of Polish national consciousness, the symbol of achievements of the Slavonic forebears in prehistoric times. It was called the "Polish Pompeii" or "Polish Herculaneum". The existence of a prehistoric fortress, 70 km from the German border, was used to show that the prehistoric "Poles" had held their own against foreign invaders and plunderers as early as the Iron Age. Biskupin came to feature in paintings and popular novels. When the Germans occupied parts of Poland in the autumn of 1939, Biskupin became part of the Warthegau, an area that German Nationalists claimed to have been "Germanic" since at least the Iron Age (Gustaf Kossinna, Das Weichselland, ein uralter Heimatboden der Germanen, Leipzig, Kabitzsch 1919). Biskupin was renamed "Urstädt". In 1940, excavations were resumed under the patronage of Heinrich Himmler by the SS-Ahnenerbe under the supervision of Hauptsturmführer Hans Schleif, a classical archaeologist who was to excavate in Olympia, Greece as well. Schleiff published only two short popular accounts that describe how Germanic tribes overran the 'small Lusatian settlement'. The excavations were continued till 1942. When the Germans retreated, the site was flooded, which ironically led to the good preservation of the ancient timbers. Excavations were resumed by Polish archaeologists after the war and continued until 1974. The site There are two settlement periods at Biskupin, which was located in the middle of a lake but is now situated on a peninsula, that follow each other without hiatus. Both settlements were laid out on a rectangular grid with eleven streets that are three meters wide. The older settlement from early Iron Age was established on a slightly wet island of over 2 hectares and consisted of ca. 100 oak and pine log-houses that are of similar layout and measure ca. 8 x 10 m each.They consisted of two chambers and an open entrance-area.These houses were designed to accommodate 10 to 12 persons. An open hearth was located in the centre of the biggest room. There are no larger houses that could indicate social stratification. Because of the damp, boggy ground the streets were covered with wooden planks. The settlement was surrounded by a tall wooden wall, or palisade, set on a rampart made up of both wood and earth. The rampart was constructed of oak trunks that form boxes filled with earth. The rampart is more than 450 m long and accompanied by a wooden breakwater in the lake. 6000–8000 m³ of wood have been used in the construction of the rampart. Dating The settlement at Biskupin belongs to th | H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood - The History of H.M.S. Hood: Part 1 of The Battle of the Denmark Strait, May 24th 1941, by Antonio Bonomi The Battle of the Denmark Strait, May 24th 1941 Written by Antonio Bonomi & translated by Phil Isaacs Updated 07-May-2014 The following article was written by Antonio Bonomi of Italy. It was originally published (in Italian) in the December 2005 edition of "Storia Militare" (N. 147 - ANNO XIII). It was subsequently translated into English by Antonio with further refinement by Phil Isaacs. We feel that although it is impossible to ever precisely determine all aspects of this battle with 100% certainty, Antonio has nonetheless done an admirable job. The result is one of the more thorough and largely accurate reconstructions of this battle. To check the facts and come up with your own opinion, be sure to check the original battle documentation after you read this article. An analysis of the famous engagement between German warships Bismarck and Prinz Eugen against British warships H.M.S.s Hood and Prince of Wales (plus Norfolk and Suffolk). Famous painting of Hood sinking, by John Hamilton I am sure that to any of us that happened to look at photos of important naval battles and tried to associate them with the chronological series of events, there are inconsistencies in the way the events are portrayed. When I examined photos of the Bismarck taken during the Battle of the Denmark Strait against the Hood and against the Prince of Wales the captions under the photos were often contradictory. One day on the Internet looking at various forums concerning this battle I even read about a theory that assumed some of the photos had always been printed in reverse (1). There seemed to be no sense to what was written. For such an important historical event why are there still so many doubts, errors and approximations. Naval history, the Kriegsmarine and military strategy are my passion, so I decided to re-construct that battle in full detail with all the supporting information from films (2), photos, prints and paint or drawings available (3). This article, consequently, is not intended to describe the whole of Operation “Rheinübung” (4), but is meant to clarify only the series of events which occurred during the Battle of the Denmark Strait on the morning of Saturday May 24, 1941. The Approach This engagement was composed of one German formation and two British formations. The German formation included the battleship Bismarck (Captain Ernst Lindemann, with Fleet Chief Admiral Günther Lütjens on board) and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen (Captain Helmuth Brinkmann). The first British formation, which had been shadowing the German formation since the evening before, included the heavy cruisers Norfolk (Captain Alfred J.L. Phillips, with 1st Cruiser Squadron Commander Rear-Admiral William F. Wake-Walker on board) and Suffolk (Captain Robert M. Ellis). The second formation, which was converging on the area with the intent of engaging the enemy by surprise, guided to this by the continuous signals received from the Norfolk, included the battlecruiser Hood (Captain Ralph Kerr, with Battle Cruiser Squadron Commander and 2nd in Charge of the Home Fleet Vice Admiral Lancelot E. Holland) and the battleship Prince of Wales (Captain John C. Leach). This formation also included 6 escort destroyers (Achates, Antelope, Anthony, Echo, Electra and Icarus) which were detached the previous evening and were not present at the battle. The strategic and tactical scenarios during the early hours of May 24, 1941 were different between the Germans and the British. The Germans had been intercepted the evening before by Suffolk, at 19:22 (5) on the narrow area of the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland. Suffolk had been joined almost immediately by her sister ship, Norfolk, which was patrolling the same area. The Bismarck was sailing in-line ahead, followed by the Prinz Eugen. The Bismarck reacted at once by firing at the Norfolk (5 main gun salvoes at 20:30 ) which had just emerged from a rainstorm | eng_Latn | 15,200 |
Who was Hitler’s private secretary between 1943 and 1945? | NAZI HITLER HITLER ADOLF HITLER HITLER NAZI - Google Groups NAZI HITLER HITLER ADOLF HITLER HITLER NAZI Showing 1-1 of 1 messages Adolf Hitler Winston Churchill Ww2 World War II Germany Army History Battle Two Military Documentary Tank Second Power Front Europe Soldiers Ww1 Russia Britain nazi natzi Nazism third reich SS GESTAPO berlin bunker hess usenet search Gunter d'Alquen - Chief Editor of the SS official newspaper, Das Schwarze Korps ("The Black Corps"), and commander of the SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers. Ludolf von Alvensleben - commander of the SS and police in Crimea and commander of the Selbstschutz (self-defense) of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Max Amann - Head of Nazi publishing house Eher-Verlag Benno von Arent - Responsible for art, theatres, and movies in the Third Reich. Heinz Auerswald - Commissioner for the Jewish residential district in Warsaw from April 1941 to November 1942. Hans Aumeier - deputy commandant at Auschwitz Artur Axmann - Chief of the Social Office of the Reich Youth Leadership. Leader of the Hitler Youth from 1940 through war's end in 1945. [edit] BErich von dem Bach-Zelewski - Commander of the "Bandenkämpfverbände" SS units responsible for the mass murder of 35,000 civilians in Riga and more than 200,000 in Belarus and eastern Poland. Herbert Backe - Minister of Food (appointed 1942) and Minister of Agriculture (appointed 1943). Richard Baer - Commander of the Auschwitz I concentration camp from May 1944 to February 1945. Alfred Baeumler - Philosopher who interpreted the works of Friedrich Nietzsche in order to legitimize Nazism. Klaus Barbie - Head of the Gestapo in Lyon. Nicknamed "the Butcher of Lyon" for his use of torture on prisoners. Josef Berchtold - Very early Party member, and the second Reichsführer-SS from 1926-27. Gottlob Berger - Chief of Staff for Waffen SS and head of the SS's main leadership office. Werner Best - SS-Obergruppenführer and Civilian administrator of Nazi occupied France and Denmark. Hans Biebow - Chief of Administration of the Lódz Ghetto. Paul Blobel - SS commander primarily responsible for the Babi Yar massacre at Kiev. Werner von Blomberg - Generalfeldmarschall, Defence Minister 1933-1935, Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces 1935-1938. Forced out in the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair Hans-Friedrich Blunck - Propagandist and head of the Reich Literature Chamber between 1933 and 1935. Ernst Boepple - State Secretary of the General Government in Poland, serving as deputy to Deputy Governor Josef Bühler. Deeply implicated in the "Final Solution" Ernst Wilhelm Bohle - leader of the Foreign Organization of the German Nazi Party from 1933 until 1945. Martin Bormann - Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and private secretary to Adolf Hitler. Philipp Bouhler - Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP and leader of the Action T4 euthanasia program. Viktor Brack - Organiser of the Euthanasia Programme, Operation T4 and one of the men responsible for the gassing of Jews in the extermination camps. Otto Bradfisch - Commander of the Security Police in Lódz and Potsdam. Karl Brandt - Personal physician of Adolf Hitler in August 1944 and headed the administration of the Nazi euthanasia program from 1939. Walther von Brauchitsch - Generalfeldmarschall, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1938-1941. Wernher von Braun - Aerospace engineer; head of the V-2 rocket program at Peenemunde. Subsequenly worked for the US Army and NASA, designing America's pioneering rockets including the Redstone, Atlas and Saturn V Alois Brunner - Commander of the Drancy internment camp outside Paris from June 1943 to August 1944. Reportedly "the world's highest-ranking Nazi fugitive believed still alive."[1] Walter Buch - Jurist and supreme magistrate of the Nazi party. Josef Bühler - State secretary for the Nazi-controlled General Government in Kraków during World War II. Josef Bürckel - Politician and leading member of the Schutzstaffel from November 1937. Anton Burger - Commandant of Concentration camp Theresienstadt between 1943 and 1944. [edit] CHe | Sir Richard Steele | Article about Sir Richard Steele by The Free Dictionary Sir Richard Steele | Article about Sir Richard Steele by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sir+Richard+Steele Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia . Steele, Sir Richard, 1672–1729, English essayist and playwright, b. Dublin. After studying at Charterhouse and Oxford, he entered the army in 1694 and rose to the rank of captain by 1700. His first book, a moral tract entitled The Christian Hero, appeared in 1701. The same year saw a production of his first play, The Funeral, a sentimental comedy, which he followed with two more comedies, The Lying Lover (1703) and The Tender Husband (1705). In 1722 he produced his last and most important play, The Conscious Lovers. A year after the death of his first wife in 1706, he married Mary Scurlock, the "dear Prue" of his famous letters. Steele, however, was not made for a domestic life, and much of his time was spent carousing with his companions. He held several minor government positions before beginning his famous periodical, the Tatler (1709–11), the writing of which was soon joined by his close friend Joseph Addison Addison, Joseph, 1672–1719, English essayist, poet, and statesman. He was educated at Charterhouse, where he was a classmate of Richard Steele, and at Oxford, where he became a distinguished classical scholar. ..... Click the link for more information. . This was followed by the Spectator Spectator, English daily periodical published jointly by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele with occasional contributions from other writers. It succeeded the Tatler, a periodical begun by Steele on Apr. 12, 1709, under the pseudonym Isaac Bickerstaff. ..... Click the link for more information. (1711–12), the Guardian (1713), and later periodicals of lesser importance. The partnership of Steele and Addison was one of the most successful in the history of English letters. Although they differed greatly in temperament, their aims and tastes were in the main united. They were Whig partisans, and sympathetic with the moral attitude of the rapidly growing middle class. Although Steele's prose lacks the polished grace of Addison's, his writing reflects his charm, spontaneity, wit, and imagination. In 1713, Steele carried on a celebrated political controversy with Swift, the chief Tory spokesman, in the course of which he wrote his pamphlet The Crisis. He became a Whig member of Parliament in 1713, was expelled by his political enemies the following year, but returned under the Hanoverians, and was knighted in 1715. His opposition to the Peerage Bill in his weekly, the Plebeian (1719), involved him in a quarrel with Addison, and Steele's attempt at reconciliation was frustrated by his friend's death. He founded the first theatrical paper, the Theater, in 1720. His improvidence and free-living finally caught up with him, and debts forced his retirement to Wales in 1724, where he spent his remaining years in obscurity. Bibliography See his plays edited by G. A. Aitken (1894, repr. 1968); The Spectator, complete ed. by D. F. Bond (1966); his correspondence (1941, repr. 1971); biographies by G. A. Aitkin (1889, repr. 1968) and C. Winton (2 vol., 1964 and 1970). | eng_Latn | 15,201 |
What disease was declared extinct by the World Health Organisation in 1980? | WHO | Smallpox Smallpox WHO/C. Black Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the world's most devastating diseases known to humanity. The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. It was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global immunization campaign led by the World Health Organization. Smallpox is transmitted from person to person via infective droplets during close contact with infected symptomatic people. WHO Secretariat WHO Smallpox is a devastating disease caused by the variola virus. In 1980, following an historic global campaign of surveillance and vaccination, the World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated – the only infectious disease to achieve this distinction. The Smallpox Eradication Programme - SEP (1966-1980) WHO The period since eradication has been defined by a lengthy and complex debate focussed on the destruction of the last remaining stocks of live variola virus. In 1996, at the 49th WHA, Member States decided to have this stock destroyed in June 1999, only to allow for temporary retention for further research in subsequent years. More about post-eradication of smallpox WHO The World Health Assembly has passed resolutions (WHA52.10) (WHA 55.15) authorizing temporary retention of the existing stocks of variola virus for the purpose of further essential research. The research is overseen by the Advisory Committee for Variola Virus Research that meets on an annual basis. Variola virus research WHO After human-to-human transmission of smallpox had been interrupted the likelihood of reintroduction or re-emergence of smallpox was negligible. Nevertheless an Emergency Smallpox Vaccine Stockpile was created to ensure that smallpox vaccine is immediately available should there be a need. Read more on vaccines WHO WHO assists countries in diagnosing suspected smallpox cases by directing them to the most appropriate and convenient laboratory for the analysis of samples, using the network of WHO Collaborating Centres as well as other laboratories that form part of the Emerging and Dangerous Pathogens Laboratory Network (EDPLN). Diagnostics Laboratory Network WHO Preparedness to deal with any kind of smallpox event requires global and national attention. Additional steps for enhancing WHO Member State preparedness includes the strengthening of laboratory capacities for diagnostics for the detection of variola virus; expansion of expertise in the area of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity; and strengthening of national-level biosafety regulations in all countries. Read more on preparedness WHO The WHO Smallpox Secretariat, based in WHO’s Headquarters, manages the Smallpox Vaccine Emergency Stockpile, coordinates the research activities and the biosafety and biosecurity inspections of the repositories and reports to WHO’s Governing Bodies. | The Man Who Never Was - The True Story of Glyndwr Michael The Man Who Never Was The True Story of Glyndwr Michael While it remains our intention to tell The True Story of Glyndwr Michael, since this site first went live in 2004 many interesting facts have been uncovered, and even more modern non-military deception ploys convinced us that we should have a break from continuing with this simple quest - at least for a while. A wide variety of gold-diggers have appeared on the scene promoting an equal number of fantastic conspiracy theories, so the members of the Michael family who have been interested in The True Story of Glyndwr Michael took a back seat and watched what seems to be some sort of panic unfold. Now, more than 10 years later, our research has got to the stage where we have uncovered all sorts of undeclared agendas and strange alliances of even stranger individuals. It also seems that not everyone in Huelva is happy at what they term "the William Martin industry" in that city. We can only suggest that intersted parties Watch This Space..... - the most successful strategic deception in the history of warfare? - VHS NTSC version (USA & Canada Only) This VHS will probably NOT be viewable in any other countries, unless your VCR will support NTSC Playback ... Read more about UK Edition Inside Cover: "In the early hours of 30 April 1943, a corpse, wearing the uniform of an officer in the Royal Marines, was slipped into the waters off the south-west coast of Spain. With it was a briefcase, in which were papers detailing an imminent Allied invasion of Greece. As the British had anticipated, the supposedly neutral government of Fascist Spain turned the papers over to the Nazi High Command, who swallowed the story whole. It was perhaps the most decisive bluff of all time, for the Allies had no such plan: the purpose of 'Operation Mincemeat' was to blind the German High Command to their true objective - an attack on Southern Europe through Sicily. Though officially shrouded in secrecy, the operation soon became legendary (in part owing to Churchill's post-war habit of telling the story at dinner). Note: Duff Cooper's son, Lord Norwich, has contributed a fascinating preface which explains the genesis of the combined volume and includes recent revelations about the true identity of the mysterious Major Martin. US edition published (USA & Canada) This DVD will probably NOT be viewable in any other countries. To play it requires a North American or a multi-region DVD player and an NTSC-compatible TV ... The Gravestone of Glyndwr Michael Huelva, Spain There can be very few people who have not heard about the WW II deception story which has become known by the haunting phrase: "The Man Who Never Was" Many of you have seen the film of that name, and many of you have read some of the books written by those who were intimately involved with what has been described as: "the most successful strategic deception in the history of warfare" The following pages will contain an assortment of odd details, snippets of information, and revelations from some previously classified "TOP SECRET" documents, regarding the closely kept secret of the true identity of the body used by British Naval Intelligence and MI5 in 1943 to dupe the Nazis into believing that the planned Allied landings in Southern Europe would take place in Greece and Sardinia, instead of the intended island of Sicily. In a now celebrated strategic deception ploy code-named "Operation Mincemeat" , and which within a mere 10 years had become known as "The Man Who Never Was", the body of a dead man was kept on ice in a London mortuary for an uncertain period of time, and then dressed in the uniform of a Royal Marines Major and given a false identity. It was then taken from London in the dead of night by the top Naval Intelligence officer in charge of "Operation Mincemeat" , Ewen Montagu, accompanied by Charles Cholmondeley of MI5, and was then delivered to the submarine, HMS Seraph, in Holy Loch, Scotland. From there the submarine headed for the southern coast of Spain, wher | eng_Latn | 15,202 |
Who was the only one of the Nazis to plead guilty at the Nuremberg trials | BBC - History - World Wars: Nuremberg: Nazis On Trial Print this page The Nuremberg trial In November 1945, in the German city of Nuremberg, the victors of the World War Two began the first international war crimes trial. The choice of the city was significant for it was here that the National Socialist Party held its annual rallies. Adolf Hitler intended it to be rebuilt as the 'party city'. Now many of the leaders of the party were on trial for their lives, only a short distance from the grand arena where they had been fêted by the German people. The 21 defendants came from very different backgrounds. Some, like Hitler's chosen successor Hermann Goering, were senior politicians - their responsibility clear. Others were there because senior party leaders Heinrich Himmler, head of the feared SS, and Joseph Goebbels, head of propaganda - had killed themselves rather than face capture and trial.Their deputies or juniors stood on trial instead of them. But most of them were regarded by the western public, rightly or wrongly, as key playmakers in a system that had brought war to Europe and cost the lives of 50 million people. This catalogue of sin was difficult for many of the defendants to come to terms with. The charges laid at their door were extraordinary. They were collectively accused of conspiring to wage war, and committing crimes against peace, crimes against humanity (including the newly defined crime of genocide) and war crimes in the ordinary sense (abuse and murder of prisoners, killing of civilians and so on). This catalogue of sin was difficult for many of the defendants to come to terms with. One of them, Robert Ley, best known for his role as head of the 'Strength through Joy' movement, which masterminded the Volkswagen car, hanged himself in his cell a few weeks before the trial started, so shamed was he by the accusations of crime. Ley's suicide was the most extreme example of the many ways the defendants responded to the trial. The reaction of the others covered a very wide spectrum, from confident defiance to full admission of responsibility. In the case of Rudolf Hess, Hitler's former deputy, the reality was almost complete memory loss. Two prisoners in particular came to represent opposite poles in their reaction to the trials and the accusation of massive crimes. Hermann Goering, the man Hitler chose as his successor in the 1930s and the most flamboyant and ambitious of the party hierarchy, prepared to defend Hitler and the Reich's war policy rather than admit that what had been done was criminal. On the other hand Albert Speer, the youthful architect who rose to run Germany's armaments effort during the war, accepted from the start the collective responsibility of the defendants for the crimes of which they were accused and tried to distance himself from Hitler's ghostly presence at the tribunal. Hermann Goering: 'Prisoner Number One' Hermann Goering at Nuremberg © Goering was captured shortly after the end of the war with large quantities of his looted artworks. He thought he could negotiate with the Allies as Germany's most senior politician, but he found himself under arrest, stripped of everything, and held in an improvised prison camp before his transfer to Nuremberg to stand trial. He was a big personality in every sense. The guards nicknamed him 'Fat Stuff' and bantered with him. He was charming, aloof and confident, and from the start was determined to dominate the other prisoners and make them follow his line of defence. Goering insisted that everything that they had done was the result of their German patriotism. To defy the court was to protect Germany's reputation and to maintain their loyalty to their dead leader. From the start Goering was determined to dominate the other prisoners and make them follow his line of defence. With the start of the trial, Goering assumed at once the informal role as leader and spokesman for the whole cohort of prisoners. He was given the most prominent position in the dock. When it came to his cross-examination he prepared carefully and in the op | Full text of "Nicholas Rowe's Fair penitent : a contribution to literary analysis with ... reference to Richard Beer-Hofmann's Graf von Charolais" See other formats FORCIGN 0«SERTAT«)A ^80283© 9519 UC-NRLF B 2 bD5 &3& NICHOLAS ROWE'S FAIR PENITENT A CONTRIBUTION TO LITERARY ANALYSIS WITH A SIDE-REFERENCE TO RICHARD BEER'HOFMANN'S GRAF von CHAROLAIS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF {bERNE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY FERDINAND H.^HWARZ OF BASLE BERNE, MAY 2nd, J906. ACCEPTED BY THE FACULTY OF ARTS AT THE SUGGESTION OF PROFESSOR DR. E. MULLER-HESS THE DEAN: PROFESSOR DR. G. HUBER. BOCHLER & Co., PRINTERS, BERNE (SWITZERLAND) 1907 TO PROFESSOR EDUARD MULLER-HESS PREFATORY NOTE. My best thanks are due to my former Director of Studies, Professor E. Muller-Hess, for the interest he has taken in this thesis and in my work in general. I desire also gratefully to acknowledge the assi- stance I have received in enquiring into several matters of detail, and in revising the proofs, from Miss M. M. Schafroth, Professor O. F. Walzel of Berne Univer- sity, Professor G. Binz of Basle University, and Mr. H. Hugh C. Frampton, M. A., of the University of Lau- sanne. February, 1907. F. H. S. lerd. H. Schwarz, Nicholas Rowe's Fair Penitent. CHAPTER I. "In reviewing the dramatic literature of England," says Mr. Edmund Gosse in his admirable essay on Thomas Otway^, "we are accustomed to speak loos- ely of the drama of the Restoration, as of a school of playwrights flourishing from 1660 to 1700, and we attribute certain qualities without much distinction to all the plays of this wide period. We are not in- correct in this rough classification; there are certain obvious features which all the dramatists who survi- ved the first date and were born within the second unite in displaying. A Galilean vein runs through tragedy and comedy, just as surely as an Italian vein ran through the Elizabethan drama." It is quite plain that the term "Drama of the Restoration" is far too vague to be of much service to the student who aims at something more than a rough survey of this amazingly productive, though somewhat chaotic, period of literary activity. Much confusion has been caused by the loose practice of critics, like Professor Wiilker,^ who does not shrink from crowding the whole army of play- wrights from Davenant to Steele into one chapter, or Taine^ who, with a supreme disregard for dates, thinks fit to identify Richard Brinsley Sheridan with the Restoration dramatists. * Seventeenth Century Studies, pp. 299, seqq. 2 Geschichte der Englischen Literatur, pp. 351, seqq. ' History of English Literature, Vol. II. pp. 206, seqq. This is not very methodical, to be sure, but, in the case of Taine, the attraction of the brilliant wit with whom Restoration comedy lived to see a revi- val — a martin's summer of unusual brightness — proved stronger than the care for consistency of plan. Mr. Gosse was the first, so far as I know, to attempt a nicer classification, by proposing to divide the whole school of the Restoration dramatists into two main groups. The first would include Dryden, Etheredge, Wilson, and Shadwell, who came to the front between 1665 and 1670, followed at some di- stance by Crowne, Aphra Behn, Wycherley, George, Duke of Buckingham, Lacy, Settle, Otway, and Lee, and a host of lesser writers whose names are now remembered only by the scholar. To the second group would belong Congreve, Gibber, Mary Pix, Vanbrugh, Farquhar, and Rowe. From the chronological point of view this classi- fication is perfect. Between the first appearance of the men of the first group and that of the writers of the second there lies an interval of nearly three de- cades. After 1675 a period of political and religious troubles set in, during which but one new name has to be recorded, that of Thomas Southerne, who brid- ges the chasm between the earlie | eng_Latn | 15,203 |
‘The Motherland Calls’ which commemorates the Battle of Stalingrad, is a statue in which Russian city? | The Motherland Calls (Mother Motherland), Russia - Map, Facts, Location, Guide The Motherland Calls, Russia PDF The Motherland Calls, Statue in Russia Mother Motherland or the Motherland Calls or the Mamayev monument in Russia is a statue of a woman raising her sword to the sky commemorating the Battle of Stalingrad. The statue also serves as a symbol of the Soviet victory during World War II, in which the Red Army defeated the German troops. The statue’s name more literally translates to ‘the Motherland that gave birth to me is calling,’ referring to the allegorical Mother Russia. At the time of construction, the monument was the tallest sculpture in the world, at 85 meters (279 feet) tall, weighing a hefty 8,000 tons. The sculptor, Yevgeny Vuchetich, used local model Valentina Izotova as the basis for the sculpture. Pre-stressed concrete with wire ropes was used in the construction of the monument. The statue features a serious expression of a call by the mother to her sons to stand up and fight for the motherland. The strong hands, open-mouthed (as if calling) expression, and the statue’s appearance create a feeling of power. The statue looks the best in all the seasons. Surrounding the statue is the memorial complex which includes the tombstone of Marshal Vasily Chuikov. The sculpture’s hasty construction and the site’s rising water levels have caused the statue to lean considerably over time, prompting concerns that it may collapse. The city is now working to restore it to its upright position. The Motherland Calls Map Facts about The Motherland Calls Yevgeny Vuchetich and Nikolai Nikitin designed the statue. The statue was unveiled on October 15, 1967. In 1967, the Mamayev Monument was designated as the largest statue in the world. The 200 steps to the base of the statue symbolize the 200 days that the battle of Stalingrad endured. Where is The Motherland Calls? The Mother Motherland monument sits above Volgograd (Stalingrad) city, on a height called Mamayev Kurgan, marking the battleground of the fight that it commemorates. The city of Volograd, formerly called Stalingrad, is situated along the Volga River in Southern Russia. From Volgograd International Airport you can take a taxi to the statue. Best time to visit The Motherland Calls May, September, and October are good months to visit Volgograd in terms of warmer, milder weather and less rainfall. More on The Motherland Calls Nearby attractions: Panorama Museum, Volga River SB20150813 | Stasi...the secret police... - Google Groups Stasi...the secret police... 12/26/15 12:46 AM Stasi This article is about the secret police of East Germany. For its other common meaning, see Stasi Commission. For the regular police in East Germany, see Volkspolizei. Ministry for State Security Seal of the Ministry of State Security of the GDR Agency overview Dissolved 3 October 1990 (end of GDR) Headquarters East Berlin, Germany Erich Mielke (1957–1989) Wolfgang Schwanitz (1989–1990) The Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi (IPA: [ˈʃtaːziː]) (abbreviation German: Staatssicherheit, literally State Security), also State Security Service (German Staatssicherheitsdienst, SSD), was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), colloquially known as East Germany. It has been described as one of the most effective and repressive intelligence and secret police agencies to have ever existed.[2][3][4][5][6][7] The Stasi was headquartered in East Berlin, with an extensive complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilities throughout the city. The Stasi motto was "Schild und Schwert der Partei" (Shield and Sword of the Party), referring to the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). One of its main tasks was spying on the population, mainly through a vast network of citizens turned informants, and fighting any opposition by overt and covert measures, including hidden psychological destruction of dissidents (Zersetzung, literally meaning decomposition). Its Main Directorate for Reconnaissance (German: Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung) was responsible for both espionage and for conducting covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf, it gained a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. Numerous Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990. After German reunification, the surveillance files that the Stasi had maintained on millions of East Germans were laid open, so that any citizen could inspect their personal file on request; these files are now maintained by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records. Creation Edit The Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950.[8] Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Mielke was his deputy. Zaisser tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953 uprising,[9] but was instead removed by Ulbricht and replaced with Ernst Wollweber thereafter. Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke. In 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) (Main Reconnaissance Administration), the foreign intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most influential case was that of Günter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann. Relationship with the KGB Edit See also: Eastern Bloc politics, Eastern Bloc information dissemination and Active measures Although Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, until 1990 the KGB continued to maintain liaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates, each with his own office inside the Stasi's Berlin compound, and in each of the fifteen Stasi district headquarters around East Germany.[10] Collaboration was so close that the KGB invited the Stasi to establish operational bases in Moscow and Leningrad to monitor visiting East German tourists and Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "Chekists of the Soviet Union".[10] In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers that they enjoyed in the Soviet Union.[10] Organization Edit The Ministry for State Sec | eng_Latn | 15,204 |
Helmut Schmidt, who died in 2015, once led which nation? | Helmut Schmidt, Who Led West Germany's Economic Gains, Dies : The Two-Way : NPR Helmut Schmidt, Who Led West Germany's Economic Gains, Dies Helmut Schmidt, the former West German Chancellor, has died at age 96. He's seen here with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at a 1979 news conference in London. Steve Burton/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Steve Burton/Getty Images Helmut Schmidt, the former West German Chancellor, has died at age 96. He's seen here with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at a 1979 news conference in London. Steve Burton/Getty Images During his eight years in office, he was admired for the way he steered West Germany through both an economic crisis and violent outbursts of terrorism. Former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt has died at his home in Hamburg at 96. In response to the oil crisis of the early 1970s, Schmidt worked with French leaders to set into motion the monetary system that today unites the economies of the European Union. He also worked with both France and the U.S. to hold global economic summits. "The beloved West German leader helped craft his country's economic success in the 1970s," NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson reports from Berlin. "He took a tough stance toward the Soviet Union and homegrown terrorism, and often clashed with then-President Jimmy Carter over financial and defense issues." Soraya adds, "More recently, the chain-smoking former statesman co-published a prestigious weekly German newspaper." Schmidt was also in office during the "German Autumn," the name given for the sequence of events in 1977 that ranged from violent attacks by the Red Army Faction (also called the Baader-Meinhof Gang) to the deadly hijacking of a Lufthansa plane. The airliner's passengers were eventually rescued by a German force in Mogadishu. Article continues after sponsorship Earlier this year, Schmidt was also one of dozens of influential Germans who signed a petition to protest an anti-Islam movement . And in 2011, as the economic ties that bind Europe were tested by crisis, Schmidt visited the scene of a summit on Greece's economy to urge EU leaders to work together. As NPR's Sylvia Poggioli reported : "Schmidt was brought to the stage in a wheelchair. And in a loud voice, he rebuked the current leaders, saying anyone who considers his own nation more important than common Europe damages the fundamental interests of his own country. And in a clear reference to Greece, he said the strongest must help the weak. And he reminded his successor that after World War II, Germany's debt was also restructured." Schmidt became West Germany's chancellor in 1974; when his run in office ended in 1982, the post went to Helmut Kohl, who oversaw Germany's reunification. President Obama cited Schmidt's leadership during a pivotal period: "He was a firm, sure voice in a time of uncertainty and was widely admired for his principled approach to advancing détente while also standing firmly against aggression and violations of fundamental freedoms and human rights. His work helped advance our shared vision of building a peaceful and democratic Europe." | The World at War - German Codenames Fall Rot (Case Red) In 1935 the Fall Rot was a study to defend against a surprise attack by France while defending the borders against Czechoslovakia and Poland. The 37 version of Fall Rot included offensive operations against Czechoslovakia with the aim of preventing a prolonged two-front war. In 1940 it was the second part of the western campaign - after the destruction of the BEF and the northern army of France it was, together with Fall Braun, the attack on the rest of the French army which was still entrenched in the Maginot line. Fall Blau (Case Blue) In 1938 a study from the Luftwaffe about aerial warfare against England. This would later become the "Planstudie 1939", a concept for the whole of aerial warfare. In 1942 "Fall Blau" was the codename for the operations of Army Group South with the operational targets: Woronesh, Stalingrad, and Baku. Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) The western campaign of 1940. Included the attack on Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Originally planned as a frontal attack in coordination with Fall Braun, it was later modified into a armored attack through the Ardennes using a scheme developed by General von Manstein. Fall Braun (Case Brown) Plan to attack with Army Group C on the western front in June 1940 (see Fall Grün) to relieve Army Group A and B, if necessary. Heeresgruppe C (von Leeb) was the army to execute this plan. Actually, in 1940 the Heeresgruppe C was far too weak to do anything but hold their position (some 19 divisions, most of them second class, for the whole southern front, including the Swiss border, against 37 French divisions and the Maginot line - some of their best among them). When Army Group C finally attacked for real, they were unexpectedly successful since the French no longer expected offensive action from them. Zitadelle (Citadel) Attack on the Russian front at Kursk in 43. This attack would become the largest tank battle in history. The attack was postponed several times by Hitler himself to allow the inclusion of new armor designs. This gave the Soviets the chance to prepare a stout defense and a counterattack. After this battle Germany never again gained the initiative. Herbstnebel / Wacht am Rhein (Autumn Fog / Watch on the Rhine) Codename for parts of the offensive in the Ardennes, 1944. Part of the deception for this offensive was the secret operation "Heinrich", in which the foreign worker contingents of the Axis were infiltrated by German agents. They would disguise as members of the resistance movement and hire their fellows for anti-German activities. Fed with important (but wrong) information about the German military, the workers where given a chance to escape by their resistance-comrades. The information about the German troops acquired in this way was considered reliable by the Allied, enabling the Germans a last tactical surprise. Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Codenames Paukenschlag (Beat of the kettledrum) A collective name for the first coordinated operations of German submarines on the US east coast. Lack of a convoy system along the coasts of the United States made for a lot of fat targets for German submariners. Later operations had nice names like "Mordbrenner" or "Reißewolf". The diary of radio operator Wolfgang Hirschfeld gives a first hand account of the German side. | eng_Latn | 15,205 |
In World War 2, Admiral Gunther Lutjens was in command of which famous ship? | Avalanche Press Avalanche Press � Avalanche Press Ltd. All rights reserved. By David H. Lippman April 2013 A while back, I caught the best part of a two-part documentary about the famous duel between HMS Hood and KM Bismarck . An American research group was trying to locate the remains of both battleships, to settle the account of how and why they were sunk. The first half of the program covered Hood, and she was lying in several pieces at the bottom of the Denmark Strait, pretty much as contemporary accounts and later historians advertised. In the second half, the undersea explorers located Bismarck � not as hard, because Robert Ballard had already found her years ago � and determined she had been sunk by British torpedoes before the scuttling charges went off. Gunther Lutjens. As part of the documentary, Gerhardt Lutjens, the son of German Admiral Gunther Lutjens, was interviewed at some length. He was a cheery elderly German, displaying great loyalty and admiration for his father. Nothing surprising there. But the real shock came when the documentary revealed that Gunther Lutjens was one-fourth Jewish. A Jewish grandmother, to be precise. They didn�t say which one it was, paternal or maternal, but if it was maternal, he would have been Jewish under Jewish law. That was a thunderclap for me, for obvious reasons � a Jewish German admiral sank HMS Hood? You bet, wow. But it actually made some sense. I knew that Lutjens didn�t think much of Hitler and his strutting Nazis, and privately despaired when Germany went to war. In the documentary, Gerhardt quoted his father as saying Germany had no chance in the war, because of her oil shortages. In 1938, he and other German naval officers of Jewish ancestry fired off angry telegrams to Hitler, protesting Kristallnacht. I don�t know how Hitler responded, but I can�t imagine it was positive. A move like that from a serving flag officer took a lot of guts. But Lutjens was not punished. Instead, he took command of the battle-cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, leading them on a fairly successful raiding cruise in the Atlantic in February and March 1941. Under cautious handling, the two dreadnoughts sank 22 Allied merchant ships for a total of 115,600 tons, effectively disrupting the British convoy cycles for a time. Lutjens could not attack well-defended convoys with his ships, knowing that a minor hit on one of his battle-cruisers would be enough to put them out of action, far from a friendly dockyard. So when his ships ran into convoys with battleship escort, he withdrew. After their cruise, Lutjens� two big ships found precarious refuge at Brest in occupied France, where they spent most of the next year in dockworkers� hands and under British air attack. Lutjens wasn�t there to see the welding and bombing. He was summoned back to Berlin in April 1941 to take command of a task force of two ships, the Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, fitting out at Gotenhafen, known also as Gdynia, or Gdansk. The grandiose German plan was to have the two new ships sail from Germany in May 1941 and break into the Atlantic, and the two battle-cruisers at Brest sortie at the same time, cutting loose the full punch of the German surface fleet on the British convoy routes. However, the plan began to disintegrate from the start. Scharnhorst needed her boilers overhauled. British bombs took Gneisenau out of the game. The Prinz Eugen hit a mine, making her a dockyard case for three weeks. The Germans were running out of reasonably long nights to break into the Atlantic (and if they chose to go through the Denmark Strait, nights at all). Lutjens wanted to wait until the ships at Brest were ready. He was overruled by his bosses. Hitler was getting ready to invade Russia, and once the Wehrmacht�s tanks plunged into the Soviet Union, there would be no fuel for large-scale naval operations. And with the Germans attacking in the Mediterranean, the pressure was on to put a strain on the Royal Navy wherever possible. �Win Through or Die� Lutjens took Bismarck and Prinz Eu | Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? View the step-by-step solution to: Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? KimberlyPerry posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:43am Top Answer francisgakunyi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:44am Other Answers 1 comment Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.); widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, or as Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, Latin: Gustavus Adolphus Magnus, a formal posthumous distinction passed by the Riksdag of the Estates in ... ryati1984 Jun 08, 2016 at 3:45am {[ getNetScore(29992444) ]} Here's the explanation you needed for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29992460) ]} ivydmwangi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:46am Gustav II Adolf was the King of Sweden who was known as 'Lion of the North'. His leadership took place between... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30014262) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Answer these art history questions via. the Word Document attached. This is based on the Mid - to Late Nineteenth Century Art in Europe and the United States. Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 3 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 15,206 |
A parody of Hitler and Nazism, what was Charlie Chaplin's first talking feature film? | The Great Dictator Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 127 out of 155 people found the following review useful: Remember that...... from venice, Italy 6 March 2004 ..this movie has been done when Hitler ( and Mussolini who is as well in the movie) was at the top and many politics and even the Roman Church used to close eyes about brutality and evil of Nazism. Especially in USA there were many people who had not understood what was really going on in Germany and Europe ( Charles Lindenbergh for example ).It would be as today a big actor would made a parody of Berlusconi or Chirac. Chaplin maybe made a lot of mistakes in his life, but this is really a masterpiece of humanity and IMHO a great demonstration he was a courageous man. The movie is funny and deep, the final speech has a terrible strength and is still updated. I think this movie is one of the best ever done. Was the above review useful to you? 115 out of 139 people found the following review useful: The "Pre-Mature" Anti-Fascist from New York, NY 5 June 2002 Released in 1940, "The Great Dictator" was the first Hollywood film that denounced Hitler directly (albeit in the guise of Adenoid Hynkel), took a virulent stand against fascism, and directly addressed Anti-Semitism. Over-long, at times heavy-handed, it still has many wonderful sequences, including the famous dance with the globe, and all the scenes of Chaplin with Jack Oakie, each trying to out-do the other and prove his superiority. One criticism that seems to occasionally rear its head is the implication that Chaplin's pre-World War II anti-fascism was somehow wrong-headed. The atrocities of the Holocaust weren't fully known to the world yet, so Chaplin's anti-Hitler diatribe is, in the minds of some, misguided. After the war this mindset would result in the debacle of the blacklist, when Chaplin, among others, were branded "pre-mature anti-fascists." In other words, it wasn't politically acceptable to be against Nazism until war broke out with the U.S. Hard to believe anyone could still see things that way now, but some do. The film industry of the 1930s wanted no part of international politics, no matter how blatant the brutality of a given regime. Profits were at stake. It was little goyisha Charley Chaplin, playing a Jewish barber, who took a public stand. While "The Great Dictator" may not among Chaplin's finest films, it may, historically, be his finest hour. Was the above review useful to you? 97 out of 113 people found the following review useful: We think too much and feel too little. from United States 23 January 2005 I was surprised and impressed to find out this movie was released in 1940, before the United States entered World War II. On the surface, satirizing something as solemn and horrible as Nazi Germany could be misconstrued as rash. But Chaplin's brilliance isn't limited to making a joke out of everything. In fact, the seriousness of his message wouldn't have been nearly as valid if not for the excellent use of humor in this movie along with the moments of stark drama blended in. Drama alone wouldn't have had the bite and resonance that this film did. Laughing at someone (Adenoid Hynkel) can be the best way to attack them, while laughing with someone (the Jewish Barber) can be the best way to love them. In the Jewish Barber's final speech, I forgot for a moment that the war he was talking about happened more than half a century ago. They are words that have meaning now, and in any time of war. For this reason I believe the film did far greater good than harm, as it still has the same profound effect today. Was the above review useful to you? 94 out of 132 people found the following review useful: Masterpiece Author: Kakueke 29 October 2001 The Great Dictator is a beyond-excellent film. Charlie Chaplin succeeds in being both extremely funny and witty and yet at the same time provides a strong statement in his satire against fascism. The anti-Nazi speech by Chaplin at the end, with its values, is one of filmdom's great moments. Throughout this movie, I sensed there was some higher form of in | Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, "The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, "The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does? This question was answered on Jun 14, 2016. View the Answer Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, "The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?" GayleWong posted a question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:59am Top Answer The answer to this question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30122096) ]} nicholasphil24 answered the question · Jun 14, 2016 at 4:59am Other Answers Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30147028) ]} bukachisamuel answered the question · Jun 15, 2016 at 4:47am Oh Calcutta is the answer to the show which made critic... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30147152) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need help ASAP pls. Imagine you are a citizen of a country that has just entered into the Great War (later known as World War I). You have read the headlines Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 5 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 15,207 |
What is an amazing thing in germany? | What things did germany invent? | Why was the relationship between Britain and germany bad? | eng_Latn | 15,208 |
What did the nazi use to spread there view? | Why Did the Nazi influence spread? | Why Did the Nazi influence spread? | eng_Latn | 15,209 |
The Zimmerman telegram of 1917 was intended for which country? | The Zimmermann Telegram - America is Provoked in WW1 The Zimmermann Telegram - America is Provoked in WW1 The Zimmermann Telegram. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration By Robert Wilde Updated November 24, 2016. The Zimmermann Telegram was a note sent in 1917 from the German Foreign Minister Zimmermann to his ambassador in Mexico, containing details of a proposed alliance against America; it was intercepted and published, strengthening US public support for war against Germany as part of World War One . The Background: By 1917 the conflict we call The First World War had been raging for over two years, drawing in troops from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Australasia, although the main battles were in Europe. The main belligerents were, on one side, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires (the ' Central Powers ') and, on the other, the British, French and Russian Empires (the ' Entente ' or 'Allies'). The war had been expected to last just a few months in 1914, but the conflict had dragged on in a stalemate of trenches and massive death tolls, and all sides in the war were looking for any advantage they cold gain. The Zimmermann Telegram: Sent through a supposedly secure channel devoted to peace negotiations (a transatlantic cable belonging to Scandinavia) on January 19th 1917, the 'Zimmermann Telegram' – often called the Zimmermann Note - was a memo sent from the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Ambassador to Mexico. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge It informed the ambassador that Germany would be resuming its policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) and, crucially, ordered him to propose an alliance. If Mexico would join in a war against the US, they would be rewarded with financial support and re-conquered land in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The ambassador was also to ask the Mexican President to propose his own alliance to Japan, a member of the Allies. Why did Germany send the Zimmermann Telegram?: Germany had already stopped and started USW - a program of sinking any shipping coming near their enemies in an attempt to starve them of food and materials - because of fierce US opposition. America's official neutrality involved trading with all belligerents, but in practice this meant the Allies and their Atlantic coastlines rather than Germany, who suffered from a British blockade. Consequently, US shipping was frequently a victim. In practice the US were giving the UK aid which had prolonged the war. The German high command knew renewed USW would probably cause the US to declare war on them, but they gambled on shutting Britain down before an American army could arrive in force. The alliance with Mexico and Japan, as proposed in the Zimmermann Telegram, was intended to create a new Pacific and Central American Front, greatly distracting the US and aiding the German war effort. Indeed, after USW resumed the US severed diplomatic relations with Germany and began debating an entry into the war. The Leak: However, the 'secure' channel wasn't secure at all: British intelligence intercepted the telegram and, recognising the effect it would have on US public opinion, released it to America on February 24th 1917. Some accounts claim the US State Department were also illegally monitoring the channel; either way, US President Wilson saw the note on the 24th. It was released to the world press on March 1st. Reactions to the Zimmermann Telegram: Mexico and Japan immediately denied having anything to do with the proposals (indeed, the Mexican President was content at a recent American withdrawal from his country and Germany could offer little beyond moral support), while Zimmermann admitted the Telegram's authenticity on March 3rd. It had often been asked why Zimmermann came right out and fully admitted things instead of pretending otherwise. Despite Germany's complaint that the Allies had been wiretapping secure peace networks, the US public - still concerned at Mexico's intentions following trouble between the two - was aghast. A vast maj | Ludwik Zamenhof | Esperanto-USA | ZoomInfo.com Ludwik Zamenhof + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. 1500 Park Ave STE 134 Emeryville, California 94608 United States Company Description Esperanto-USA is a non-profit organization whose primary purpose is to further education in, and dissemination of information about, the international auxiliary language Esperanto. We have a bookstore with around 1000 titles, ranging from instructional ma ... more Find other employees at this company (10) Background Information Web References (81 Total References) Our young Polish guide - born ... jewishfed.org [cached] Our young Polish guide - born in the post-Communist era - led us through the overgrown grassy paths of the Okopowa cemetery, one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in the world, where we visited the graves of Ludwik Zamenhof, the founder of Esperanto, and Marek Edelman, a survivor and one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. JewishPress.com > News > View Article www.thejewishpress.com [cached] It should be stressed that the worldly Tivadar became a lover of Esperanto , the international language founded by Lazar Ludovik Zamenhof , the Polish Jew , in hopes of advancing understanding among nations .It stands almost to reason that assimilated Central European Jew - idealists , all - should have created and pursued the very idea of a tongue that transcends boundaries , effectively converting language into universal citizenship. $reference.title | eng_Latn | 15,210 |
The Berlin Wall was breached in 1989, for how many complete years had it stood? | The Fall of the Berlin Wall - November 9, 1989 - Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingAssociation for Diplomatic Studies and Training More Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History At the end of World War II, Germany was partitioned into four separate areas, each controlled by the four allied powers: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union. As relations with the USSR deteriorated, the split hardened into just two separate regions: West Germany, supported by the United States and other Western democracies; and East Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet Union. The Berlin Wall, constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1961 to separate West from East Berlin, became a symbol of the division between democracy and communism. East Germany cut its citizens off from the West and violently put down a rebellion in East Berlin in 1953 . When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985, he and President Ronald Reagan established a rapport which allowed the United States and the USSR to improve relations. Eventually, the unthinkable happened — on November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, representing the symbolic end to the Cold War. The following is a speech given by Ambassador J.D. Bindenagel, who was the former Deputy U.S. Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic from 1989-1990, at the University of Notre Dame on the tenth anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. In his speech he provides his personal experiences with the fall of the Berlin Wall and examines the developments that made it possible. Read also about how the U.S. dealt with a reunified Germany . “The world held its breath waiting for the Soviet tanks to crush the German revolutionaries” BINDENAGEL: The major conflict of ideas that has shaped my career was the East-West confrontation between capitalism and communism. In fact, I have spent a majority of my professional career defending freedom from the communist threat. The symbolic vortex of that conflict was at the Fulda Gap in Germany, where a million soldiers from NATO were lined up against a million soldiers from the Warsaw Pact ready to destroy the world. I myself was an infantry officer in Wuerzburg, Germany, near the Fulda Gap, this main Soviet invasion route across Central Europe. The division of Berlin, symbolized by the Berlin Wall, was for us a deeply terrorizing reminder of man’s inhumanity to man. During the first year of the Berlin Wall more than 50 people died trying to escape the communist paradise. On August 17, 1962, 18-year-old East Berliner Peter Fechter tried to escape near Checkpoint Charlie. As he climbed the Wall, his own East German border guards shot him. For hours he lay helpless and unattended at the foot of the Berlin Wall while he bled to death. The worldwide rejoicing at the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 was easily understood everywhere as an end to this affront to the dignity of human beings everywhere. Throughout its 28-year existence, the Berlin Wall divided, but did not conquer the spirit of the Germans in the German Democratic Republic. The end of the Berlin Wall brought a new, reborn Germany – the Berlin Republic – dedicated to human dignity, founded in democratic institutions of the Bonn Republic and the democratic revolution in East Germany. I was the deputy American ambassador in East Berlin when the Berlin Wall was breached. Later I was country director for Germany in the State Department and then deputy and acting American Ambassador in the Berlin Republic. The question most asked over the past decade was and is; “What is the Berlin Republic?” The following question was inevitably; “What does this new Germany, the Berlin Republic, mean to the United States?” Let me share with you one anecdote that captures the spirit of freedom on the 1989 Revolution. I was a fortunate eyewitness when the Berlin Wall came tumbling down (“Ich war dabei”) twenty-eight years after the East German leader Walter Ulbricht erected this hated symbol of communism and division. I was th | BBC SPORT | Tennis | Wimbledon History | Wimbledon legends: Bjorn Borg Wimbledon legends: Bjorn Borg 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 Runner up: 1981 Grand Slam titles: 11 Prize money: $3,655,751 Bjorn Borg seemed an unlikely Wimbledon champion as his play was more suited to the slow clay courts of Europe. He won the French Open six times but was no slouch on the grass either. Between losing to eventual champion Arthur Ashe in 1975 and John McEnroe in the 1981 final, he won a record 41 consecutive matches in SW19. That run saw 'Ice Borg' claim an unprecedented five successive titles beating Ilie Nastase, Jimmy Connors - twice - Roscoe Tanner and John McEnroe. What makes that run even more amazing is that it came in an era when there were so many great champions gunning for the greatest prize in the game. There were three years when he won both the French and Wimbledon, and in those days there was only one week of preparation for the grass between the two events. The one rule of grass-court tennis is that you have be a supreme volleyer. But Borg was the exception that proved the rule. Although no stranger to the net, Borg powered away from the baseline with powerful ground strokes, including a double-handed backhand. He hit the ball high and brought it down with excessive top-spin. It made it very difficult for opponents to attack him. In other words, he developed the style of play that still dominates the world game today. Many things about Borg are still an enigma. He retired having just turned 25 after losing the 1981 final to John McEnroe. The year before the pair had played the all-time classic Wimbledon final - but not everyone remembers Borg actually won that match, focusing instead on McEnroe's memorable tie-break win in the fourth set. | eng_Latn | 15,211 |
Who was NATO commander between 1974 and 1979? | SHAPE HC | 1967-1979: NATO's Readiness Increases 1967-1979: NATO's Readiness Increases Home / History of SHAPE / 1967-1979: NATO's Readiness Increases 1967-1979: NATO's Readiness Increases Although no longer part of the integrated command structure, France was still a member of the Alliance itself, so one of the first major tasks of SHAPE after the move to Belgium was to negotiate arrangements with the French authorities to co-ordinate France's military role and contribution to NATO in the event of a Warsaw Pact attack. After NATO adopted the new military strategy of "Flexible Response” in December 1967, SHAPE began a major review of its plans and forces to bring them into line with the new strategy. In 1968 the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia and overthrew the reformist government of Alexander Dubcek. SHAPE monitored this crisis closely and advised NATO Headquarters about the military implications of the Soviet invasion, which increased the number of combat ready Red Army units deployed very close to the Federal Republic of Germany. During the tenure of the sixth SACEUR, General Andrew J. Goodpaster, SHAPE's activities were influenced by a number of important international developments: the shifting strategic balance in favour of the USSR, efforts to achieve East-West Détente, the increasing involvement of the United States in the Vietnam war, the Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur War, the subsequent oil crisis of 1973 and the 1974 Cyprus Crisis, which resulted in Greece's withdrawal of her forces from the NATO command structure. SHAPE analysed the impact for NATO of the on-going negotiations over "mutual and balanced force reductions” between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and SHAPE also attempted to minimise the adverse effects of the desires of several allies (Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States) to reduce their forces stationed in continental Europe. In 1970 SHAPE produced a major study of alliance's defence problems in the 1970's, which influenced the alliance's strategic planning during the next decade. The study addressed force reductions and recommended numerous improvements in ACE's conventional and nuclear forces and procedures. The next SACEUR, U.S. Army General Alexander M. Haig, placed great emphasis on improving the "Three Rs” - Readiness, Rationalisation and Reinforcement - in order to counter-balance the growing military capabilities of the Warsaw Pact. One of SHAPE's major tasks during this period was to study how to improve the command and control and flexibility of NATO forces in Europe. SHAPE played a major role in planning and implementing the NATO Long Term Defence Improvement Programme, which profoundly changed NATO forces in the 1980s and beyond. One of the most important innovations was NATO's decision to establish the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force, which was strongly supported by SHAPE. Improvements were also made in the quality and integration of communications and Command and Control systems, in particular the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment for coordination of air defence. In 1975 Gen. Haig also introduced a major new NATO exercise programme called Autumn Forge, whose best known element was the REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) series. These exercises brought together national and NATO exercises, improved their training value and annually tested the ability of the Alliance's North American members to reinforce Europe rapidly. SACEUR Haig implemented a long overdue realignment of the command structure in South Eastern Europe and he also made a significant change in the senior leadership of SHAPE in order to reflect Germany's increasing contribution to Allied Command Europe. In 1978 Gen. Gerd Schmueckle became the first German Deputy SACEUR after a second such position was created alongside the British DSACEUR. General Haig's high profile attracted both positive and negative attention, with the latter taking the form of an attempt by left-wing German terrorists to assassinate him near SHAPE in 1979 shortly before he was due to leave SHAPE. | The World at War - German Codenames Fall Rot (Case Red) In 1935 the Fall Rot was a study to defend against a surprise attack by France while defending the borders against Czechoslovakia and Poland. The 37 version of Fall Rot included offensive operations against Czechoslovakia with the aim of preventing a prolonged two-front war. In 1940 it was the second part of the western campaign - after the destruction of the BEF and the northern army of France it was, together with Fall Braun, the attack on the rest of the French army which was still entrenched in the Maginot line. Fall Blau (Case Blue) In 1938 a study from the Luftwaffe about aerial warfare against England. This would later become the "Planstudie 1939", a concept for the whole of aerial warfare. In 1942 "Fall Blau" was the codename for the operations of Army Group South with the operational targets: Woronesh, Stalingrad, and Baku. Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) The western campaign of 1940. Included the attack on Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Originally planned as a frontal attack in coordination with Fall Braun, it was later modified into a armored attack through the Ardennes using a scheme developed by General von Manstein. Fall Braun (Case Brown) Plan to attack with Army Group C on the western front in June 1940 (see Fall Grün) to relieve Army Group A and B, if necessary. Heeresgruppe C (von Leeb) was the army to execute this plan. Actually, in 1940 the Heeresgruppe C was far too weak to do anything but hold their position (some 19 divisions, most of them second class, for the whole southern front, including the Swiss border, against 37 French divisions and the Maginot line - some of their best among them). When Army Group C finally attacked for real, they were unexpectedly successful since the French no longer expected offensive action from them. Zitadelle (Citadel) Attack on the Russian front at Kursk in 43. This attack would become the largest tank battle in history. The attack was postponed several times by Hitler himself to allow the inclusion of new armor designs. This gave the Soviets the chance to prepare a stout defense and a counterattack. After this battle Germany never again gained the initiative. Herbstnebel / Wacht am Rhein (Autumn Fog / Watch on the Rhine) Codename for parts of the offensive in the Ardennes, 1944. Part of the deception for this offensive was the secret operation "Heinrich", in which the foreign worker contingents of the Axis were infiltrated by German agents. They would disguise as members of the resistance movement and hire their fellows for anti-German activities. Fed with important (but wrong) information about the German military, the workers where given a chance to escape by their resistance-comrades. The information about the German troops acquired in this way was considered reliable by the Allied, enabling the Germans a last tactical surprise. Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Codenames Paukenschlag (Beat of the kettledrum) A collective name for the first coordinated operations of German submarines on the US east coast. Lack of a convoy system along the coasts of the United States made for a lot of fat targets for German submariners. Later operations had nice names like "Mordbrenner" or "Reißewolf". The diary of radio operator Wolfgang Hirschfeld gives a first hand account of the German side. | eng_Latn | 15,212 |
Which 1972 novel by Frederick Forsyth tells the story of a Peter Miller, a young German crime reporter who is attempting to find an SS concentration camp commander who had Killed his father ? | The Odessa File : definition of The Odessa File and synonyms of The Odessa File (English) The Dogs of War The Odessa File is a thriller by Frederick Forsyth , first published in 1972, about the adventures of a young German reporter attempting to discover the location of a former SS concentration-camp commander. The name ODESSA is an acronym for the German phrase "Organisation der Ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen", which translates as “Organization of Former Members of the SS”. The novel alleges that ODESSA is an international Nazi organization established before the defeat of Nazi Germany for the purpose of protecting former members of the SS after the war instead of a war veterans' group. Plot In November 1963, shortly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , Peter Miller, a German freelance crime reporter , follows an ambulance to the apartment of Salomon Tauber, a Jewish Holocaust -survivor who has committed suicide . The next day, Miller is given the dead man's diary by a friend in the police. After reading Tauber's life story and learning that Tauber had been in Riga Ghetto commanded by Eduard Roschmann , "The Butcher of Riga", Miller resolves to search for Roschmann. Miller's attention is especially drawn to one diary passage in which Tauber describes having seen Roschmann in anger fatally shoot a German Army Captain wearing an unusual military decoration matching that of Miller's late father, who had died serving in that area. Miller pursues the story and visits the State Attorney General's office and other offices where he learns that no-one is prepared to search for or prosecute former Nazis. But his investigations take him to the famed war-criminal investigator Simon Wiesenthal , who tells him about the society " ODESSA ". Miller is approached by a group of Mossad agents who have vowed to search for German war criminals and kill them and have been attempting to infiltrate Odessa. Miller is asked to infiltrate ODESSA and agrees. A former SS member (working with the team of Israeli agents) trains him to pass for a former SS sergeant. Miller visits a lawyer working for ODESSA and after passing a severe scrutiny, is sent to meet a passport forger who supplies those members who wish to escape. Slowly Miller unravels the entire system. But Miller's identity has been compromised—in part by his ill-advised decision to use his own car; the impoverished SS man he is impersonating would not have been able to afford a sports car. ODESSA sets its top hit man on Miller's trail. Miller escapes one trap by sheer luck; the hit man then installs a bomb in Miller's car, but because the sports car has a very "stiff" suspension, the bomb is not triggered while Miller is driving it. Eventually Miller confronts Roschmann at gunpoint and forces him to read from Tauber's diary. Roschmann admits to killing the German Army captain, now revealed to have been Miller's father, and attempts to justify his actions. Miller tells Roschmann that he isn't there to avenge Roschmann's Jewish victims and doesn't care how Roschmann tries to justify what he did to them. He is there to kill Roschmann for having killed his father. Miller, momentarily off guard, is disarmed and knocked unconscious by another ODESSA man; Roschmann manages to escape, eventually flying to Argentina . The hit man who has been sent to kill Miller is killed by an Israeli agent. While Miller is recovering in hospital, he is told what happened while he was unconscious. Josef, his contact, warns him not to tell anyone the story. He does disclose that with Roschmann (code-named "Vulkan") in Argentina, West German authorities (at the urging of the Israelis) will close Roschmann's radio factory where a rocket guidance system is being secretly developed for the Egyptian army. ODESSA's plan to obliterate the State of Israel by combining German technological know-how with Egyptian biological weapons has been thwarted. Josef, in reality Uri ben Shaul, an Israeli army officer, returns to Israel to be debriefed, and performs one final duty. He has taken Tauber's diary with him and per the | Pete Shutler | ZoomInfo.com Pete Shutler + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (42 Total References) Morris Matters | The Morris Ring Wessex Morris Men remember The Yetties' Pete Shutler with fundraising event in Sherborne ... Pete Shutler remembered by Wessex Morris Men this weekend Pete Shutler www.bbc.co.uk [cached] Pete Shutler was a founder member of The Yetties, one of the most popular bands on the British folk music scene. He went to school in the Dorset town of Yetminster, where he met the other band members and from which they took their name. After being suspended from his job with the local council for moonlighting as a musician, the Yetties went professional, releasing more than 40 albums during their career. ... Away from The Yetties, Shutler accompanied Bob Arnold (The Archers' Tom Forrest) on an album of folk songs and it is his accordion version of the Archers' theme tune, Barwick Green, which plays on the Sunday omnibus edition. $reference.title | eng_Latn | 15,213 |
If Cornelius Ryan's The Longest Day details the D-Day invasion of Normandy, and The Last Battle tells about the Battle of Berlin, which of his books tells the story of Operation Market Garden in WWII? | Cornelius Ryan (Author of The Longest Day) edit data Ryan was born in Dublin. After finishing his education Ryan moved to London in 1940, and became a war correspondent for ''The Daily Telegraph'' in 1941. He initially covered the air war in Europe during WW II, flew along on fourteen bombing missions with the Eighth Air Force and Ninth Air Force United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), then joined General Patton's Third Third Army and covered its actions until the end of the European war. He transferred to the Pacific theater in 1945, and then to Jerusalem in 1946. Ryan emigrated to the United States in 1947 to work for Time magazine, where he reported on the postwar tests of atomic weapons carried out by the United States in the Pacific. This was followed by work for other magazines, including Ryan was born in Dublin. After finishing his education Ryan moved to London in 1940, and became a war correspondent for ''The Daily Telegraph'' in 1941. He initially covered the air war in Europe during WW II, flew along on fourteen bombing missions with the Eighth Air Force and Ninth Air Force United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), then joined General Patton's Third Third Army and covered its actions until the end of the European war. He transferred to the Pacific theater in 1945, and then to Jerusalem in 1946. Ryan emigrated to the United States in 1947 to work for Time magazine, where he reported on the postwar tests of atomic weapons carried out by the United States in the Pacific. This was followed by work for other magazines, including Collier's Weekly and Reader's Digest. He married Kathryn Morgan (1925–1993), a novelist, and became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1951. On a trip to Normandy in 1949 Ryan became interested in telling a more complete story of D-Day than had been produced to date. He began compiling information and conducting over 1000 interviews as he gathered stories from both the Allies and the Germans, as well as the French civilians. In 1956 he began to write down his World War II notes for The Longest Day, which tells the story of the invasion of Normandy. Published in 1959 it was an instant success. His next work was Last Battle The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin (1966), about the Battle of Berlin. This work was followed by A Bridge Too Far (1974), which tells the story of Operation Market Garden, the ill-fated assault by allied airborne forces on the Netherlands culminating in the Battle of Arnhem. Ryan was awarded the French Legion of Honor, and an honorary Doctor of Literature degree from Ohio University, where the Cornelius Ryan Collection is housed (Alden Library). He was diagnosed with cancer in 1970, and struggled to finish A Bridge Too Far during his illness. He died in Manhattan, while on tour promoting the book, A Bridge Too Far, only two months after publication. Four years after his death, Ryan's struggle with cancer was detailed in A Private Battle written by his wife, from notes he had secretly left behind for that purpose. He is buried in the Ridgebury Cemetery in northern Ridgefield, Connecticut. | Bavaria southern Germany Festival Opera Music Theatre June 19th - July 31st, 2016 Münchner Opernfestspiele 2016 (Munich Opera Festival) This month-long opera festival brings international approved artists to the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. Information: Phone: +49(0)89 21 85 19 20 ; Fax: +49(0)89 21 85 19 03 ; E-Mail: [email protected] ; www.bayerische-staatsoper.de ----------------------------------------- June - August , 2017 (the dates are not yet fixed) Fränkischer Sommer 2017 (Franconian Summer Festival) Every two years, internationally renowned soloist and consorts perform at the "Musica Franconia" festival and provide an occasion for lively encounters with Early Music at the very highest level. In the meantime, the series of events has become a fixture in the programme of the "Franconian Summer" festival held all over the Franconian region. Information: Phone: +49(0)9123 9544931; E-mail: [email protected] ; www.fraenkischer-sommer.de (German only) ----------------------------------------- July 25th - August 28th, 2016 Richard Wagner Festspiele Bayreuth 2016 The Bayreuth Festival is the most famous festival in the world. Here only Richard Wagner's music dramas are performed. The Festival was opened in 1876 with three performances of the complete Ring. Information: Phone: +49(0)921 7878–0 ; Box Office Postfach 10 02 62 | eng_Latn | 15,214 |
What was the name of Hitler's personal secretary who disappeared at the end of the War? | The History Place - Defeat of Hitler: Downfall of Adolf Hitler Downfall of Adolf Hitler All of his life, Adolf Hitler had been obsessed with the musical works of German composer Richard Wagner. As a teenager living in Austria, Hitler was deeply inspired by Wagner's operas and their pagan, mythical tales of struggles against hated enemies. One time, back in 1905, after seeing Wagner's opera Rienzi, young Hitler professed he would someday embark on a great mission, leading his people to freedom, similar to the opera's story. Now, some 40 years later, after failing in his mission as Führer of the German People and Reich, another of Wagner's operas hearkened, and it was Hitler's favorite – Der Ring des Nibelungen. It concerns a magic Ring granting its possessor the power to rule the world. In the last part of this opera, entitled Götterdämmerung, or 'Twilight of the gods," the hero Siegfried, betrayed by those around him, loses the Ring and winds up on a funeral pyre while the fortress of Valhalla burns and the kingdom of the gods is destroyed. The dream of Germania--capital of Greater Germany as envisioned by Hitler in his scale model of a postwar Berlin. Below: Reality--the muck and mire of bombed out Berlin in the spring of 1945. This essentially was the ending Hitler inflicted upon himself, his People and his Reich. Piece by piece, it all came together over the last ten days of his life, beginning on Friday, April 20, 1945. That day Hitler met for the last time with his top Nazis. The occasion was Hitler's 56th birthday, a dreary celebration inside the Führerbunker in Berlin. Present were Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Joachim Ribbentrop, Albert Speer and Martin Bormann, along with military leaders Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Karl Dönitz, and Hans Krebs, the new Chief of the General Staff. At first, those present tried to convince the Führer to leave doomed Berlin for the relative safety of Berchtesgaden, the mountain area along the German-Austrian border where he had his villa. From there he could continue the fight, supported by troops positioned throughout the impenetrable Alpine mountains of western Austria and southern Bavaria. Such a move might prolong the war indefinitely and improve the odds of a favorable outcome for Germany, one way or another. But Hitler brushed aside this suggestion, knowing that any journey outside the bunker brought great risk of capture. And above all, the Führer did not want himself, alive or dead, to wind up prominently displayed by his enemies, particularly the Russians. However, he did give his bunker personnel permission to leave. Most of his staff therefore departed for Berchtesgaden via a convoy of trucks and planes, still hoping the Führer would follow. Only a handful of Hitler's personal staff remained with him, including his top aide Martin Bormann, a few SS and military aides, two private secretaries, and his longtime companion, Eva Braun. Hitler's choice to remain in the Führerbunker to the very end amounted to his final decision of the war. It was made known to the German people via a special radio announcement in the hope that his presence in the Nazi capital would inspire all remaining Wehrmacht, SS, Volkssturm and Hitler Youth units in Berlin to hold out to the end as well. Although the war was lost, Hitler nevertheless took pride in the knowledge that he had not allowed another repeat of November 1918, when the German Army had meekly asked the Allies for armistice terms to conclude the First World War. This was all Hitler had left. Just a few years earlier, the Führer had been regarded by most German's as their greatest-ever military leader. Now, all that remained of his military legacy was the fact he had refused to give up no matter what. The Führer's stubborn pride insured that thousands of German soldiers, Hitler Youths and civilians would needlessly lose their lives in the streets of Berlin, where advance units of the Red Army were already probing. Insi | SuperBeetles.Com 'Twas the nacht before Christmas, and in the garage, Not a Beetle was stirring, Nor Ghia, nor Dodge. The stockings were hung by the tool chest with care, In hopes that St. Porsche, soon would be there. And I settled down, fast asleep in my bed, While visions of Veedubs, danced through my head. When up on the roof there arose such a clatter; I leapt out of bed to see what was the matter! I raced to the window, and peered out the sill, To gaze at the snow, that was silent and still. When what up above to my eyes did appear, But a fine German man with eight Nordic reindeer! And there was a Speedster - A '356. Which took me a moment to recognize quick. It was the dear Doktor, the great Ferdinand! He jumped off the roof, and extended his hand. My heart leaped so high, and was full of such glee! I thought of the things he might have for me! He reached for his bag, he had in his car. And said "Guten Abend! For I've traveled far, And have wunderbar things, on this great Christmas night, To give out to all, before the dawn's light!" I gave me a pinch, for somehow it seemed, That all of a sudden, it was but a dream. For he pulled from his bag so much wonderful stuff, As he smoked on his pipe, and blew a big puff. Like new Hella lamps to go on my Bug, And a toy Schuco windup, to run on my rug. Plus new Continentals, a Blaupunkt, chrome wheels! And a spare tire tool kit, of fine German steel. The gifts they were endless, the list it went on. As he emptied his bag, the night turned to dawn. He climbed in the Speedster, and cracked at the whip, To summon the reindeer, to take him off quick. His Porsche it flew, like a Messerschmidt plane, As he called back to me and said, "Wiedersehen!". And once more he called, from his fanciful flight, "Froehliche Weihnachten Und to all a gut night!" Hey Mike...It looks like you're a poet and don't know it! Awesome job! Wayne - SuperBeetles.com Hi Wayne, Mid America Motorworks is excited to announce that our friend Dr. Mac Jones will be lending us a Kübelwagen, Schwimmwagen, KdF-Wagen and 5-6 other unique and rare VW's for Funfest for Air-Cooled VW! These VW's will make up a WWII military vehicle display at the event's 15th anniversary that will take place May 31st-June 2nd at Mid America Motorworks corporate campus in Effingham, IL. Included in the display will be a Kübelwagen, Schwimmwagen and KdF-Wagen. All three of these vehicles were produced by VW and used by the German military during WWII. The Volkswagen Kübelwagen, literally translated as "tub truck," for its resemblance to a metal bathtub on wheels, was based heavily on Ferdinand Porsche's early Beetle designs and became a light military vehicle known internally as the Type 82. The VW Thing sold in the 1970s and used by many European countries as a responder and military vehicle was clearly designed along the simple lines of the Kubelwagen. 50,435 Kubels were produced. It is estimated that there are 150 in the United States and approximately 1,000 worldwide. The Volkswagen Type 166 Schwimmwagen is an amphibious four-wheel drive off-road vehicle used extensively during the war with a unitized bodytub structure for smooth movement through the water. The VW Type 166 is the most numerous mass-produced amphibious car in history. 15,584 "Schwimms" were produced. There are approximately 100 on the Schwimmwagen registry including 1 in New Zealand and another in Japan. The KdF-Wagen was set up by Hitler's "Strength through Joy" organization as an affordable car for the people. Due to the shift to wartime production, no consumers ever received a KdF-Wagen; only a few military personnel had possession of the vehicle. After WWII, the veh | eng_Latn | 15,215 |
Of what orchestral instrument is Anne-Sophie Mutter a virtuoso? | Preserving the heavenly sound of Stradivarius violins - CNN.com Preserving the heavenly sound of Stradivarius violins From Lianne Turner, CNN Virtuoso violinists choose Stradivarius violins for their heavenly sound Strad stringed instruments made in Italy in 17th century by mysterious Antonio Stradivari Made with Renaissance technology, some musicians say their quality is unequalled today Strad violins can sell for millions, but are priceless to their players Cremona, Italy (CNN) -- For virtuoso violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter, only one violin can truly give voice to her prodigious talents -- her Stradivarius. And she likens playing it for the first time to meeting her soul mate. "It sounded the way I (had) always been hoping," she said. "It's the oldest part of my body and my soul. The moment I am on stage, we are one, musically." Stradivarius violins -- or "Strads" -- are the instrument of choice for the world's best violinists -- but only a lucky few actually get to play one. Mutter likens hers to an irreplaceable piece of art. Indeed, it was made by Antonio Stradivari, the greatest-ever luthier, or stringed instrument-maker, who lived from 1644 to 1737. Ann Sophie Mutter makes guest appearance Mutter's Strad was crafted in Italy and is at least 250 years old. It has been played by many musicians over the years, including Hungarian violinist Jelly D'Aranyi, for whom famed composer Maurice Ravel wrote his "Tzigane for Violin and Orchestra." So, what is it that makes a Stradivarius so very special? According to Mutter, it's a question of personal fit; for her, it's the "depths of the colors and the incredible amount of dynamic range" that means it can sing out even in a roaring orchestra, yet also complement the softest pianist. Stradivarius stringed instruments may be almost priceless to the people who play them, but they are also serious cultural commodities worthy of six figure sums at auction. Last year, a 1697 Stradivarius violin went under the hammer for a record-breaking $3.6 million. Thought to have once been owned by Napoleon Bonaparte, it was sold to concert violinist Anne Akiko Meyers. It's the oldest part of my body and my soul. The moment I am on stage, we are one, musically --Anne-Sophie Mutter, virtuoso violinist As far as Matthew Hunter, a viola player for the Berlin Philharmonic is concerned, putting a price on a Stradivarius is like putting a price on the Sistine Chapel. "This was made with Renaissance technology," he said of the Strad viola that he plays on loan as director of string ensemble, the Philharmonic Stradivari Soloists. "It was made with hands, wood and metal tools, (and) up to this day nothing has equaled it in quality or beauty." Not much is known about the man whose talents brought these iconic instruments to life. It is thought that Stradivari was born in 1644 in Cremona, northern Italy, and was mentored by violin-maker Nicolo Amati. His instruments, which also include violas and cellos, would be inscribed with the Latin version of his name: "Stradivarius." "No other violin maker has quite the same mystique as Antonio Stradivari," luthier and restorer Bruce Carlson said. "He was prolific, that's for sure," said Carlson, who studied violin-making in Cremona, where Stradivari lived and worked. We have the feeling when we're on tour with these instruments that the owners are more concerned about their instruments (than their) own personal safety --Matthew Hunter, viola player, Berlin Philharmonic RELATED TOPICS "He had very clear ideas of what he was doing, I think. He'd experiment throughout his whole life -- you see little minute changes in his instruments as the years (went) by," Carlson continued. And as with any highly sophisticated piece of equipment, Strads need to be kept finely tuned. At the same time every day, in a chapel-turned-museum in Cremona, a musician named Andrea Mosconi plays a selection of fine violins, including a 1715 Stradivarius, in order to keep their unique sound alive. He says that if they aren't carefully looked after, including being played every day, the wood be | Amazon.com: Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary (9781559707565): Traudl Junge, Melissa Müller, Anthea Bell: Books By mwreview on January 13, 2005 Format: Hardcover For any reader interested in Adolf Hitler as a person, not just as the ranting and raving dictator, Traudl Junge's account is the best resource available. Junge (nee Humps) was one of Hitler's private secretaries from the tenth anniversary of Hitler's coming to power to the dramatic fall of the Nazi regime just two and one half years later. During much of this time, Junge's duties were primarily social. Junge accompanied Hitler for meals and relaxation almost daily. She observed him in a way very few people did and was one of a minute number of Hitler's companions who survived the war to tell her story. She wrote her memoirs in 1947 and they were later published in Voices From the Bunker. I have read that book about four times and this edition once. Her account is as fascinating now as it was the first time I read it. Voices From the Bunker is one of my all-time favorite books. If you already have Voices From the Bunker and are wondering if this book is worth owning, I would say it is only if you are interested in Junge beyond her experiences with Hitler. This book includes more background information on her pre-Hitler life (I had not read before that her father had taken part in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch) and a 30-page chapter written by Melissa Mueller in 2001 that follows Junge's post-war life chronologically. It would not be until the revisionist 1960s when people took an interest in her story. Otherwise, the bulk of the work is the same 1947 account in Voices. I've compared sections between the two books and, although they are not the same verbatim with a few minor details added or omitted, the account is basically the same. I like the way Voices is divided up better, with more chapters separating the story (i.e. The July Bomb Plot). It is more useful for looking up information than Until the Final Hour which is mostly one long chapter. Voices also includes accounts of Hitler's aides-de-camp Otto Guensche and pilot Hans Baur which this book does not offer. Until the Final Hour does have very interesting end notes with side tidbits and brief biographical information on many of the people Junge mentions. Junge died February 10, 2002, soon after the first German publication of her memoirs. Her memories were controversial in her homeland because her experiences with Hitler were pleasant. She knew him as a polite host and gentle father figure who showed compassion and human emotions (i.e. when he offered condolences to her after her husband died at the front). Only in brief snippets does she hint at the harsher side of the dictator. Hitler tries to hide his emotional explosions in meetings with his military officers. Frau von Schirach (wife of the head of the Hitler Youth) was no longer invited to be Hitler's guest after she voiced concern to him about trains full of deported Jews headed for Amsterdam (p. 88). Junge would finally become angry with Hitler when he gave up on the war and was accusatory to the end (Junge typed up his last demands and will). She, of course, kept such feelings of disappointment to herself. Her viewpoint is, admittedly, from an isolated world with one set of beliefs and a "puppet master" who controlled the day-to-day lives and thoughts of those around him. She describes Hitler's demeanor and routine at the Wolf's Lair (Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia), at the Berghof (his mountain retreat), and finally in the bunker as Berlin was being surrounded. She offers a unique perspective on many aspects of the dictator's life: his dietary habits, the attention he gave to his dog Blondi, his outlook on the war, his after-dinner small talk with such intimates as Eva Braun and important visitors like Albert Speer, Josef Goebbels, etc. Her account of the final days in the bunker with the Russian army drawing near is very moving. You almost feel like you were there. By Candace Scott on February 29, 2004 For | eng_Latn | 15,216 |
Which World War Two leader was nicknamed the Desert Fox? | “The Desert Fox” commits suicide - Oct 14, 1944 - HISTORY.com “The Desert Fox” commits suicide Share this: “The Desert Fox” commits suicide Author “The Desert Fox” commits suicide URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1944, German Gen. Erwin Rommel, nicknamed “the Desert Fox,” is given the option of facing a public trial for treason, as a co-conspirator in the plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler, or taking cyanide. He chooses the latter. Rommel was born in 1891 in Wurttenberg, Germany, the son of a teacher. Although not descended from military men, the newly unified German empire made it fashionable to choose a military career, which young Rommel did, becoming an officer cadet. During World War I, he showed himself to be a natural leader with unnatural courage, fighting in France, Romania, and Italy. Following the war, he pursued a teaching career in German military academies, writing a textbook, Infantry Attacks, that was well regarded. At the outbreak of World War II, Rommel was given command of the troops that guarded Hitler’s headquarters, a disappointment for a man used to fighting on the front lines with the infantry. But in early 1940, he was given his chance to put to use his gifts, when he was given command of the 7th Panzer Division. Although a novice as far as mechanized forces were concerned, he soon mastered the advantages and proved his leadership abilities again in the German offensive against the French channel coast in May. In early 1941, Rommel was given control of the troops sent to North Africa to aid Germany’s ailing ally, Italy, in maintaining its position in Libya. It is here, in the deserts of North Africa, that Rommel earned his vaunted reputation, as well as his nickname (he became known for his “fox-like” sneak attacks). Winning significant victories against the British, whom he begrudgingly admired, Rommel nevertheless became weary of this theater of operations; he wanted to go back to Europe. It wasn’t until a second battle to take el-Alamein in Egypt went against him that the “invincible” general was finally called home back to Europe. Hitler put Rommel back in northern France, to guard against an Allied invasion. Rommel’s suggestions for the precautions necessary to repel an enemy invasion were not heeded, and he began to lose confidence in Hitler and Germany’s ability to win the war. When Rommel was approached by friends to agree to head the German government in the event of Hitler’s overthrow, he agreed-although there was no explicit talk of assassination, which he found abhorrent. D-Day was launched, and Rommel’s prediction of disaster for Germany’s position played itself out. Still, Hitler would not consider negotiations with the Allies. Rommel ended up in the hospital after his car was attacked by British bombers and he was forced off the road. Meanwhile, details of the failed assassination plot had come to Hitler’s attention, including Rommel’s contact with the conspirators. As Rommel was convalescing in his home at Herrlingen, two generals visited and offered him his choice-trial or suicide. Rommel told his wife and son what had transpired, and that he had chosen to take the cyanide capsules the generals had provided. The German government gave Rommel a state funeral. His death was attributed to war wounds. Related Videos | 1000+ images about WWII: Mussolini on Pinterest | Prime minister of italy, Italian and Prime minister Forward 23 Dec 40: Churchill broadcasts to Italy, "We have never been your foes till now" and blames Mussolini saying, "all because of one man." Various sources, including interrogation of Italian POWs, made it clear that a great number of Italians were less than enthusiastic about the war and the direction that Mussolini's dictatorship was taking them. Churchill's speech was part of a longer campaign to turn the loyalties of the people of Italy. #WWII #History See More | eng_Latn | 15,217 |
The last major german offensive operation of ww2? | What battle was the final german offensive in Europe? | Which battle represented the germans last offensive of the war? | eng_Latn | 15,218 |
Why did the Nazisms get so mutch power in Germany? | How did nazi germany come into power? | How did nazi germany come into power? | eng_Latn | 15,219 |
During World War 1 why did the Germans feel justified in using their U-boats in the way they did? | Why in 1917 did the Germans return to unrestricted submarine warfare? | What happens in chapter 1 in the book the boy in the striped pajamas? | eng_Latn | 15,220 |
What was William if germany pursued a forgein policy designed to? | What is nixion foreign policy? | Do you love dring woter? | eng_Latn | 15,221 |
What describes the economy of fascist Germany during the Great Depressin? | Which best describes the ecnomy o ffacist germany during the great depression? | Which best describes the ecnomy o ffacist germany during the great depression? | eng_Latn | 15,222 |
The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, Citizenship and Internationalism, c. 1918–45 | Diehard Conservatives and the Appeasement of Nazi Germany, 1935–1940 | Mounting evidence against the role of ICC in neurotransmission to smooth muscle in the gut | eng_Latn | 15,223 |
The first adverb casually banalizes German brutality; the second diminishes its extent; together, they come dangerously close to apologia. | The adverb references German brutality. | The adverb references German civility. | eng_Latn | 15,224 |
Hell, even I might choose Jim Lehrer. | I may wind up being forced to select Jim Lehrer. | I would not choose Jim Lehrer under any circumstance. | eng_Latn | 15,225 |
Heidegger’s distortion of dialectics in “Hegel’s Concept of Experience” | This essay reveals five points in which Heidegger misreads Hegel in “Hegel’s Concept of Experience”: (1) By forcedly introducing the concept of “will”, he interprets Hegel’s phenomenology of spirit into Metaphysics of Presence; (2) interprets concepts such as “statement” and “the road of skeptics” as the process of phenomenological reduction; (3) reduces Hegel’s Sein to Seiende; (4) replaces “Contradiction” with “Ambiguity” so the active Dialectics become passive; (5) exaggerates conscious experience and puts it into a real ontology, regardless of the significance of Logic and Encyclopedia of Philosophy. By an analysis of this misreading we can find the internal connection between Heidegger’s thought and that of his philosophical forerunner, Hegel. | Abstract This study estimates the employment effects of industry-specific, collectively bargained minimum wages in Germany for two occupations associated with the construction sector. I propose a truly exogenous control group in contrast to the control group design used in the literature. Further, a difference-in-differences-in-differences estimator is presented as a robustness test for occupation-specific and/or industry-specific, time-varying, unobserved heterogeneity. I do not find a significantly negative employment effect, even though the minimum wage is binding in (East) Germany. Possible explanations include substitution effects, non-compliance and models of monopsonic competition. | eng_Latn | 15,226 |
In David Frost's "TW3", it was the 2nd "TW" phrase | WrestlingClassics.com Message Board: Best political/social comedy Rather, Chicago's Second City Troupe (from which some of TV's Second .... David Frost's BBC series (1962-63) spawned NBC's version, also ... The Dutch climbed on early off the back of TW# with their Zo is het ... Yes, TW3 and the Frost Report made British TV satire. ... Originally posted by Brian K: quote:... | Parzival (Penguin Classics): Wolfram Von Eschenbach, A. T. Hatto ... Editorial Reviews. Language Notes. Text: English (translation). From the Inside Flap. Parzival ... Composed in the early thirteenth century, Wolfram von Eschenbach's ... Wolfram's story of Parzival is the best of all of the "quest for the Grail" legends ... early 13th century poem (rendered here from the Middle High German into... | eng_Latn | 15,227 |
In 1931 this famed lawyer narrated "The Mystery of Life", a movie about evolution | Doc Channel Blog, Universal Pictures: 100 Years, 60 Documentaries The Mystery of Life (1931, Universal Pictures Distributor) - Feature presenting the theory of evolution with famous attorney Clarence Darrow. Igloo (1932 ... Lake Carrier (1942) - Short about mining narrated by Frederic March. Menace ... Movies at War (1944, Universal Pictures distributor) - WWII propaganda short. Report to... | Butcher of Lyon on trial - May 11, 1987 - HISTORY.com Finally, on May 11, 1987, the Butcher of Lyon, as he was known in France, went on trial for his crimes against humanity. In a courtroom twist unimaginable four... | eng_Latn | 15,228 |
A famous trademark of Winston Churchill was his flashing of this triumphant sign | Versailles to Pearl Harbor | History Hub Hitler interpreted his numerous escapes during WWI as a sign that God had ..... the 1936 Olympics and the 1934 Nuremberg Rally in Triumph of the Will. .... The Heil Hitler right-hand salute the Nazis made famous started with ..... British Prime Minister Winston Churchill Flashing V for Victory Sign @ 10 Downing Street. | Romantic Living Magazine photos on Flickr | Flickr Winslet was awarded an Empire Award and a London Film Critics' Circle Award for ..... For over half a century, beginning with the Irving Berlin's Music Box Revues, the .... In the early years of the century, when American theater was still heavily ... were being exported from the stages of Broadway to theaters around the world. | eng_Latn | 15,229 |
When not slapping soldiers, leading the Third Army across Germany:[video clue] | 8 Things You May Not Know About the Battle of the Bulge - History ... Dec 16, 2014 ... On the anniversary of the start of Nazi Germany's last gasp attack at the ... German troops and hundreds of tanks descended on their positions. ... A bad phone connection helped lead to catastrophe for one U.S. division. ... 3rd Army punched through the German lines and relieved the city. ... video Play video. | Who's Who in Musicals: F - Musicals101.com Following Kahal's death in 1942, Fain collaborated with various lyricists, ... Award winning wartime hit "You'll Never Know" in Hello, Frisco, Hello (1944). .... for such hits as Let's Face It (1941), Something for the Boys (1943) and Irving ... Weber once said that "all the public wanted to see was Fields knock the hell out of me. | eng_Latn | 15,230 |
Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with? | In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. | From April–July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France. | eng_Latn | 15,231 |
Evicted from his Oregon ashram, he now lives in Bombay & is called "Zorba The Buddha" | Education and the Commune Sannyasin | sannyasnews Dec 17, 2010 ... I asked him what he think of the Wikileaks affair and Julian Assange. .... Shantam, I've been observing your writing for some time now and it is ... Like his idea of Zorba the Buddha, or the old man vs. the new man, or that there is no ...... The white guys in the ashram and at sannyasnews also shows how... | Planning your SILBERMANN Organ Tour - Baroque Music Page The Silbermann Museum and all Silbermann organs in Saxony - photos, location, contacts. ... GOTTFRIED SILBERMANN: Master Organ-Builder of the German Baroque. for the general background ... DRESDEN - Trinity Cathedral (previously Hofkirche) ... Location: Rte 170 S out of Dresden to Dippoldiswalde. Turn E on the... | eng_Latn | 15,232 |
In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced? | Despite being an original story, Spectre draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz. Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser, a background character in the short story "Octopussy" from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection, and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters, screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation. | The two travel to the hotel and discover White's secret room where they find co-ordinates pointing to Oberhauser's operations base in the desert. They travel by train to the nearest station, but are once again confronted by Hinx; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann's assistance. After arriving at the station, Bond and Swann are escorted to Oberhauser's base. There, he reveals that Spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return Spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre. Bond and Swann escape, destroying the base in the process, leaving Blofeld to apparently die during the explosion. | eng_Latn | 15,233 |
Michigan St. Spartans | EAST LANSING, Michigan (Ticker) -- Michigan State had nothing to lose. Now Wisconsin likely has nothing to play for. Jason Teague and Jehuu Caulcrick each ran for 100 yards and the Spartans used a blocked | Munich/Berlin. Dr Manfred Stolpe, German Minister of Transport, Building and Housing, Margareta Wolf, Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear ... | eng_Latn | 15,234 |
Stuttgart Slip Again Against Ten-Man Bremen | VfB Stuttgart blew a gilt-edged chance to go back to the top of the Bundesliga on Wednesday night after leading ten-man Werder Bremen for most of a match they eventually lost 2-1. | BERLIN, Nov 28 German Defence Minister Peter Struck criticised NATO partners today for not meeting pledges made in June at the Istanbul summit to train Iraqi soldiers -- adding Germany was fulfilling ... | eng_Latn | 15,235 |
The term Wehrmacht is in Article 47 of the 1919 Weimar Constitution , establishing that : The Reich 's President holds supreme command of all armed forces ( i.e. the Wehrmacht ) of the Reich ( `` Der Reichspräsident hat den Oberbefehl über die gesamte Wehrmacht des Reiches '' ) . | Article 47 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 declared `` Der Reichspräsident hat den Oberbefehl über die gesamte Wehrmacht des Reiches '' ( meaning : `` The Reichspräsident holds supreme command of all armed forces of the Reich '' ) . | Nic Bullen said that the short length of the song was inspired by Wehrmacht 's 1985 song `` E! '' Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song , which he describes as the '' `` shortest '' punk song on the subject of suffering ( or any subject ) '' at the conclusion of his memoir `` We Did Porn '' . | eng_Latn | 15,236 |
After 1918 , the term was used for the paramilitary organizations that sprang up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I . They were the key Weimar paramilitary groups active during that time . | After 1918 , the word was used for the paramilitary organizations that were started in Germany by soldiers who came home after losing World War I . They were the main paramilitary groups during that time . | Nic Bullen said that the short length of the song was inspired by Wehrmacht 's 1985 song `` E! '' Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song , which he describes as the '' `` shortest '' punk song on the subject of suffering ( or any subject ) '' at the conclusion of his memoir `` We Did Porn '' . | eng_Latn | 15,237 |
Visual aid worn in the photo seen here (Colonel Klink of "Hogan's Heroes") | 2000: Col. Klink of 'Hogan's Heroes' dies - This Day in Jewish ... Dec 6, 2012 ... Actor Werner Klemperer was born in Germany to a Jewish father and fled as the Nazis rose to power. That didn't stop him from portraying a... | jeopardy/1276_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub ... Kelly of the Clue Crew demonstrates with a tennis racket.) In tennis, like in life, coaches teach the importance of this last part of the swing--it keeps the racket accelerating at contact | the follow-through. right: Cary. Wrong: Value: $1000 ... Sarah of the Clue Crew reports from Prague, Czech Republic.) I'm in Prague at one of... | eng_Latn | 15,238 |
In "Casablanca", it's whom Claude Rains intends to "round up" after the Nazi major is shot | Casablanca (1942) - Quotes - IMDb Casablanca (1942) Quotes on IMDb: Memorable quotes and exchanges ... Major Strasser: [after looking at the plane] Why do you stand here? .... Ilsa: It's about a girl who had just come to Paris from her home in Oslo. .... Captain Renault: Major Strasser has been shot... round up the usual ..... Even Nazis can't kill that fast. | jeopardy/1276_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub ... Kelly of the Clue Crew demonstrates with a tennis racket.) In tennis, like in life, coaches teach the importance of this last part of the swing--it keeps the racket accelerating at contact | the follow-through. right: Cary. Wrong: Value: $1000 ... Sarah of the Clue Crew reports from Prague, Czech Republic.) I'm in Prague at one of... | eng_Latn | 15,239 |
how is the team mannager for germany ?? YOU CAN WON 5000L.E.? | Jurgen Klinsmann is Germany's team manager. | They are going to ask about what you can bring to them in the way of enhancing sales for Bayer.\nAlso, they usually ask what your goals are, or where you vision yourself 5 years from now. Beef up on your people and communication skills and be prepared to show that you can use them and have in the past, with good results. Anything you have ever done to increase sales at a job in the past as well.\n\nThey also like to see that you know the history of the company . When and how were they developed, how they grew, who was the pioneer of the company, and what their reputation is in the present, as well as the obvious; their products. | eng_Latn | 15,240 |
Who did germany attack after moving through belgum? | Who did germany plan on attacking next as they moved through belgium? | Who did germany plan on attacking next as they moved through belgium? | eng_Latn | 15,241 |
What was the german bent cross called? | A bent cross adopted by National Socialist German Workers' Party? | A bent cross adopted by National Socialist German Workers' Party? | eng_Latn | 15,242 |
German cardinal sparks outrage with use of Nazi term | BERLIN - A German cardinal has sparked outrage by warning that modern culture is at risk of descending into "degeneracy," a term that is strongly connected with the persecution of artists by the Nazis. | Londonderry's Sinn Fein mayor today acknowledged a debt owed to those who fought and died in the two World Wars. | eng_Latn | 15,243 |
Severe laws imposed by the German military command and the tragic economic situation of the civilians led to the creation of various secret social organizations . | Laws made by the German command led to the making of many secret social groups . | But the Kohl government was hurt at the polls by slower growth in the east in the previous two years , which meant the gap between east and west widened as the west got richer and the east did not . | eng_Latn | 15,244 |
He gained national prominence as a keyboardist for rock group Max Webster during the 1970s and early 1980s . | He gained fame as a keyboardist for rock group Max Webster during the 1970s and early 1980s . | He was one of the first to talk about an `` Iron Curtain '' coming down across Europe , in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945 , a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels , and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous . | eng_Latn | 15,245 |
However , both the French and the Germans saw the possibility of a surprise flanking attack . | Both the French and the Germans saw the possibility of a surprise attack . | Pollock denied `` the accident '' ; he usually had an idea of how he wanted a particular piece to appear . | eng_Latn | 15,246 |
It also includes the heads of the various German confederations after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806 . | It also includes the heads of the different German confederations after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . | First started as a rank in 1925 , in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was given to S.A. and S.S. officers who commanded units known as Standarten which were between three hundred and five hundred men . | eng_Latn | 15,247 |
Schroeder dismisses speculation over Dresden apology by queen | Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder on Tuesday met with visiting Britain's Queen Elizabeth II and dismissed "absurd" media speculation that she would apologize for the bombing of Dresden during World War II. | Legendary 'wall of sound' producer Phil Spector has described prosecutors as "Hitler-like" for pushing for an indictment, which will see the 63-year-old face trial sooner than expected on charges of murder. | eng_Latn | 15,248 |
Eastern Germany transformed since fall of the wall | COTTBUS - Former communist East Germany has been transformed for the better 15 years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall even though big problems remain including high unemployment and a worrying tendency of voters to back extremist parties. | Correspondent Michael Weisskopf had his right hand blown off in Iraq. This is the story of how he rebuilt his life - and what he learned from the soldiers who lost even more | eng_Latn | 15,249 |
Germany backtracks over Cruise ban | Arts & entertainment: Defence ministry happy for star to filming thriller Valkyrie in country despite Scientology beliefs. | Hardliners fixated on the past face a backlash in Poland's election. | eng_Latn | 15,250 |
Anton Pius Riegel or Rigel ( ; 1789 - ? ) | Anton Pius Riegel ( 1789 - ? ) | Raul Hilberg reports such stories as being told in Lublin as early as October 1942 . | eng_Latn | 15,251 |
It is the German newspaper with the widest circulation abroad , with its editors claiming to deliver the newspaper to 148 countries every day . | It is the German newspaper with the widest circulation abroad . | A story of two hustlers living on the fringe in the bad side of New York City , it was Schlesinger 's first movie shot in the U.S. . It won Oscars for Best Director and Best Picture . | eng_Latn | 15,252 |
Germany suffered a shortage of fats during World War II , and the production of soap was put under government control . | Germany had a shortage of fats during World War II , and the production of soap was put under government control . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,253 |
David McAllister holds both German and British citizenship , although he has stated that he 's `` more or less completely German . | David McAllister is both a German and a British citizen , but says that he is `` more or less completely German . | The other ones that go on Elliot 's rescue mission are Boog , Giselle , McSquizzy ( Billy Connolly ) , Buddy , ( Matt Taylor ) , and Serge ( Danny Mann ) and Deni ( Matt Taylor ) . | eng_Latn | 15,254 |
Born in Geneva , he worked as a tutor , language teacher , journalist and a translator for the Swiss federal Chancellery ( 1869-1873 ) . | Ducommun worked as a tutor , language teacher , journalist and a translator for the Swiss federal Chancellery ( 1869-1873 ) . | He was one of the first to talk about an `` Iron Curtain '' coming down across Europe , in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945 , a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels , and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous . | eng_Latn | 15,255 |
A Nazi Past Casts a Pall on Name of a Disease | A movement to discredit the name of Dr. Friedrich Wegener, who discovered a rare blood vessel inflammation in 1936, is beginning to gather momentum. | Shadowy network identified after ISP tip-off German investigators are attempting to identifying participants in a massive online child sex abuse network reckoned to have involved 12,000 people.⦠| eng_Latn | 15,256 |
The Soviet Occupation Zone ( ; , `` Sovetskaya okkupatsionnaya zona Germanii '' , `` Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany '' ) was the area of central Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on , at the end of World War II . | , Sovetskaya zona Germanii , `` Soviet Zone of Germany '' ) was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on , at the end of World War II . | After World War II he settled in East Germany , after 1954 he lived in East Berlin and worked closely with theatre directors such as Benno Besson and Wolfgang Langhoff at Berliner Ensemble and Deutsches Theater . | eng_Latn | 15,257 |
He moved frequently between British camps , where the officers would speak openly about their strategies in front of him . | He moved frequently between British camps . In each case the officers would speak openly about their strategies in front of him . | He developed basic sauces , his ` mother sauces ' ; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire , based on the half-dozen mother sauces . | eng_Latn | 15,258 |
Ten ( 7100 -- 7109 ) were loaned to the War Department in 1941 , and sold to the WD the following year . | Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941 , and sold to the WD the following year . | Finally , in 1956 , he founded the company Hellmuth Walter GmbH in Kiel . In 1967 he built a civilian submarine , STINT , with Walter propulsion . | eng_Latn | 15,259 |
In order to support his family he took a job as a writer for the Prussian intelligence agency `` Zentralstelle für Presseangelegenheiten '' which was meant to influence the press towards the German nationalist cause . | In order to support his family he took a job as a writer for the Prussian intelligence agency `` Centralstelle für Preßangelegenheiten '' which was meant to influence the press towards a German national cause . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,260 |
On September 6 , 1998 , Tiger Electronics released a similar game to Brain Warp , a tabletop electronic audio game called Brain Shift . | In September 1998 , Tiger Electronics released a similar audio game to Brain Warp titled Brain Shift . | On 22 June 1941 , von dem Bach-Zelewski became HSSPF in the Heeresgruppe Mitte ( Army Group Center ) ; in July 1943 , he became commander of the `` Bandenkämpfverbände '' ( `` Band-fighting Units '' ) , that carried out the mass murder of 35,000 people in Riga and more than 200,000 in Belarus and eastern Poland . | eng_Latn | 15,261 |
Sculptors such as Veit Stoss , Adam Kraft and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg . | Sculptors such as Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg . | Feistel construction is iterative in nature which makes implementing the cryptosystem in hardware easier . | eng_Latn | 15,262 |
LETTER FROM EUROPE The All-Too-Human Hitler, on Your Big Screen | The release of a major movie about Hitler is, by definition, a remarkable event in Germany, especially if it portrays one of history's great monsters as a human being, given | Ditches HD-DVD camp Warner Bros is abandoning HD-DVD to settle down in monogamous bliss with Sony's Blu-ray. The company today cited "consumer demand" for its decision to stop selling HD-DVD-format movie titles at the end of May. It is the only movie major to sell high-definition DVDs in both formats, but has already tired of playing the field.⦠| yue_Hant | 15,263 |
In the document Graf Adolf IV . | In the document , Earl Adolf IV . | It can be seen still on the `` Dolles Dorf '' HR website . | eng_Latn | 15,264 |
In 1919 , the term Wehrmacht also appears in Article 47 of the Weimar Constitution , establishing that : `` The Reich 's President holds supreme command of all armed forces [ i.e. the Wehrmacht ] of the Reich '' ( `` Der Reichspräsident hat den Oberbefehl über die gesamte Wehrmacht des Reiches '' ) . | Article 47 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 declared `` Der Reichspräsident hat den Oberbefehl über die gesamte Wehrmacht des Reiches '' ( meaning : `` The `` Reichspräsident '' holds supreme command of all armed forces of the `` Reich '' '' ) . | He was elected vice president of the Bundestag 1979-1981 , but did not stand for re-election , because he became the Governing Mayor ( German : Regierender Bürgermeister ) of West Berlin ( 1981-1984 ) . | eng_Latn | 15,265 |
His son had been promised to be released to join his father in exile if he gave up his passport . | His son was promised that he would be allowed to join his father , if he gave up his passport . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,266 |
In a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945 , he became one of the first commentators to refer to an `` Iron Curtain '' across Europe , a phrase he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels and which was later made famous by Winston Churchill . | He was one of the first to talk about an `` Iron Curtain '' coming down across Europe , in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945 , a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels , and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous . | In his book Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation ( 1907 ) he wrote if a person feels inferior ( weak ) then they will ( usually ) try to compensate for it somewhere else . | eng_Latn | 15,267 |
Dürer took a large stock of prints with him and wrote in his diary to whom he gave , exchanged or sold them , and for how much . | Dürer took many prints with him . He wrote in his diary to whom he gave , exchanged , or sold them , and for how much . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,268 |
On the June 19 episode of Raw , DX marked their return , when the duo humiliated the Spirit Squad as DX dumped green slime onto the group and embarrassed the team afterwards , by beating them . | On the June 19 episode of Raw , DX marked their return , when the duo humiliated the Spirit Squad as DX dumped green slime onto the group and embarrassed the team afterward , by beating them . | In his book `` Russia at War 1941 to 1945 '' , Alexander Werth said that while visiting Gdansk\/Danzig in 1945 shortly after its liberation by the Red Army , he saw an experimental factory outside the city for making soap from human bodies . | eng_Latn | 15,269 |
Cruise is of Irish , German , and English ancestry . | Cruise is of Irish , German and English ancestry . | In 1942 , `` Lager Norderney '' , containing Russian and Polish POWs , and `` Lager Sylt '' , holding Jews , were placed under the control of the SS Hauptsturmführer Max List . | eng_Latn | 15,270 |
Among the reinforcing units were forces under the command of Heinz Reinefarth . | Among the new units were forces under the command of Heinz Reinefarth . | The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth ( 1796 -- 1885 ) looked carefully at some of the pieces , some only one square centimeter in size . He made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers , as he could not read the hieratic characters . | eng_Latn | 15,271 |
German tank and air-force specialists could exercise in the Soviet Union and German chemical weapons research and manufacture would be carried out there along with other projects . | German tank and air force specialists could exercise in the Soviet Union and German chemical weapons research and manufacture would be carried out there along with other projects . | The Korngolds held evening meetings at their home where Meir learned about the Jew 's desire for a country of their own , literature , women 's rights , trade unions and more . | eng_Latn | 15,272 |
He had purchased parts of used captain 's uniforms from different shops and tested their effect on soldiers . | He had bought parts of a captain 's uniform from different shops . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,273 |
They worked in workshops , banks , shops and other businesses as well as in churches , schools and the town council . | They worked in workshops , trading , banks and other businesses as well as in churches , schools and the town council . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,274 |
As his reputation spread , he sought opportunities to make phonograph records , but the major labels turned him down . | He wanted to make recordings , but the major labels turned him down . | He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law , and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour ( this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically : they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection ) . | eng_Latn | 15,275 |
In 1999 , Marconi Electronic Systems was contracted to upgrade British Army AS-90s to include a 52 calibre gun in order to increase the range of the artillery . | In 2002 BAE Systems were asked to give 96 British Army AS-90s a 52 calibre gun . | The Night of the Long Knives ( German : Nacht der langen Messer ( info \* help ) ) or `` Operation Hummingbird '' ( Kolibri ) , was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July 2 1934 , when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people for political reasons . | eng_Latn | 15,276 |
Germany helped the Soviet Union with industrialization and Soviet officers were to be trained in Germany . | Germany helped the Soviet Union with industrialisation and Soviet officers were to be trained in Germany . | This campaign in Somaliland was like all the others of the Axis : it initially started with a victory , then after a period of time ( like the campaigns in the Balkans , in the Philippines or in Russia ) , finished with a complete defeat . | eng_Latn | 15,277 |
Reisig is in fine form again with this one. | The Treasure of Tortuga had me Timbers Shivering and me Swash a-Buckling. True pirates and enough sea spray for the saltiest of sailors. | Great read. Keeps you wanting to understand more of the positioning on post war Germany and how todays modern Germany fits the discussion. | eng_Latn | 15,278 |
Great read of classic | Different perspective to ww1 from the German soldiers side. It encapsulates the horrors of trench warfare in World War One | Would recommend for anyone wanting to learn how the argue and the fundamentals of it. | eng_Latn | 15,279 |
Better another blood on your knife | "Der Wehrwolf was written by Hermann Lns in 1910. It describes the guerrilla war fought by German peasants living in the area of Lneburg against the Swedes during the Thirty Year's War (1618 - 1648). The peasants after seing their village and homes plundered again and again, decided to fight against the enemy. At night they would sneak out and kill any Swede they might find."
"The fighters had two mottos: Help yourself, and God will help you. and Better another blood on your knife, than another's knife in your blood. Their sign was the Wolfsangel ("wolf-hook"), which was meant as a warning to the Swedish intruders to beware." | As much as I tried, I was unable to slice my hand open. These do exactly what they say and I can't imagine a kitchen or toolkit being complete without them. | eng_Latn | 15,280 |
The author is to commended on the excellent coverage given to the vehicles and their crews | The second in a series on German heavy tank battalions, this volume covers the 502nd ABT which served in Russia during WWII. Illustrated with both public and personal photos tells the story of this unit's struggles in that unforgiving theater of the war. It covers the first deployment to the final stand in 1945. I have already discussed the first volume in this series, but this deserves a repeat of those earlier comments. The author is to commended on the excellent coverage given to the vehicles and their crews. I seriously recommend this series to both buffs and to those interested in the Tiger Tank. Her Ruff plans to devote a volume to each of these units, and has provide both a German and English language for each page in these fine volumes, Get started today on your copies. | This brand of applesauce is superb. The shipment arrived promptly. However it was so poorly packed that 3 of the 24 cups had burst open and the other 21 were a jumbled mess covered with the spilled applesauce.
Hence I reduced a potential 5 tars to 3. | eng_Latn | 15,281 |
Book liberated from Hitler's personal Munich library by US soldier in 1945 .
Inside is stamped with Fuhrer's bookplate meaning he likely read it himself .
Personal copy is thought to be only one in existence and may fetch £62,000 . | Adolf Hitler's personal copy of Mein Kampf which was found in his Munich apartment after his death in 1945 is to go up for auction. The book, a 1932 version of the Fuhrer's autobiography, is believed to be the only of Hitler's personal copies in existence. Auctioneer Craig Gottlieb, who has sold Nazi memorabilia in the past, believes it could fetch more than £62,000 in the online sale. A copy of Mein Kampf found in Adolf Hitler's Munich apartment in 1945 is expected to fetch £62,000 as it goes up for auction online . While it is likely that Hitler owned many copies of his own autobiography, he almost certainly read this one as it was found in his personal library - making it one-of-a-kind . Mein Kampf – or My Struggle - is the autobiographical manifesto by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, where he outlined his political ideology and future plans for Germany. The book was written by Hitler following the failed Munich Putsch in November 1923 and was first published in July 1925. Hitler's personal copy was part of a group of the German leader's belongings that were liberated from his Munich apartment in 1945 by US soldier Joseph Ben Lieber. The book, along with others from his library, was sold to Gottlieb last year along with Hitler's hat, shirt, medals, and other items. The manifesto, which Hitler wrote in prison after the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, even has the German leader's own bookplate on the inside cover . The text was found in the Fuhrer's Munich apartment after the defeat of Germany in 1945 by US soldier Joseph Ben Lieber who kept it until now . Mr Gottlieb added: 'The chain of custody of the book is unbroken since 1945. 'This particular artifact is one of the most profound in the group, which makes the provenance that supports the artifact so crucial to its value.' 'This artifact is historically significant and I would love to see it go to a museum. 'However, market realities are such that it will probably find a home with a book collector who appreciates its historic significance.' The book is described and mentioned in several key documents that Gottlieb has, copies of which will be included in the sale. Another book from Hitler's personal collection, which was liberated from his Munich apartment in 1945 . The book, along with others from Hitler's library, was sold to Gottlieb last year along with the leader's hat, shirt, medals, and other personal items (file image) Mr Gottleib has attracted criticism for his sales of Nazi artifacts in the past, which have included two oil paintings of Hitler's parents, likely commissioned by the Fuhrer himself. He added: 'I am acutely aware of the controversial nature of some of the things I sell but controversial or not, they're a part of history and shunning them is like shunning the history they represent. 'For some, a museum or a book does it, but for me, I have to hold an artefact in my hands - they're like little time machines.' | By . David Kent . The ball Rory McIlroy used to clinch the British Open title and then threw into the gallery after the 72nd hole at Hoylake has already attracted bids in excess of US$5,500 (£3,247) after being put up for sale. Golf auction house Green Jacket jumped at the chance to find out what such a memento was worth after McIlroy's impressive two-shot victory, and put a callout on Twitter to find the man who caught it. Lee Horner, of Leeds, was that very man who was in the stands when the winning ball found its way into his hands. VIDEO Scroll down to watch The Open highlights . Into the crowd: Rory McIlroy tosses the ball he used to clinch the British Open title into the gallery . Up for grabs: The Nike ball attracted a bid of more than US$5,500 on Tuesday . VIDEO Rory's Open Winning Ball Auctioned . 'When Rory . threw the ball, it hit me in the hand and then fell down,' Horner told . ESPN.com. 'There was a kerfuffle, but I managed to get it and hold it in . the air and the crowd went crazy.' Green . Jacket offered £10,000 for the ball on social media but Horner has kept . it for himself, with Green Jacket due to make a 15 per cent commission . on the final price. It . could be a lucrative venture with the 20th recorded bid on Tuesday of . US$5,558 (£3.280), up from a July 26 starting price of £1,000. Making kiss-story: Rory McIlroy won his third major at the Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Muirfield . Ruuners-ip: Rory McIlroy fought off a final day challenge from Sergio Garcia (L) and Rickie Fowler (C) VIDEO The Open Championship: Final Round highlights . The . ball has been verified by Nike by its trademark Nike swoosh, the word . 'RORS' and a line through the RZN black model of the ball. Footage . of Horner at the Royal Liverpool Golf Club with the ball also help . confirm its authenticity. The auction closes August 9. Friends in high places: Rory McIlroy meets with Northern Ireland Assembly First Ministers, Peter Robinson (L) and Martin McGuinness (R) after his win . | eng_Latn | 15,282 |
Battle of Arnhem was biggest airborne operation in history at the time .
Allied troops were to seize eight bridges in German-held Dutch territory .
But it was to prove too much and Allies were overcome by enemy forces .
Now, the desperate telegram calling for reinforcements has come to light . | It was one of the boldest plans of the Second World War, the biggest airborne operation in history. Nine thousand British and Allied tropps, dropped from the skies in a valiant bid to seize control of eight bridges in German occupied Holland. But the battle of Arnhem - later immortalised on screen in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far - was to prove too much for British forces, who were overcome by an elite enemy force. Now, a desperate telegram calling for reinforcements - sent from Major General Roy Urquhart on the front line to his commander Lieutenant General Frederick Browning - has come to light. The telegram that spelt the end of the doomed A Bridge Too Far battle of the Second World War has come to light nearly 70 years later . Operation 'Market Garden' (the Battle For Arnhem) was too much for British forces, who were overcome by the enemy's forces . Brave British Paratroops at Osterboek, Holland, September 1944, in the battle for Arnhem . The message was dated 9.14pm September 24, 1944, and few copies of it were made. After receiving the note, it was decided the 1,900 British paratroopers left standing at Arnhem should withdraw. They were successfully evacuated across the Rhine under the cover of darkness - and the noses of the Germans 24 hours later. It was General Browning - husband of author Daphne du Maurier - who coined the phrase 'A bridge too far' when assessing the reasons for the overall failure of the operation. The Allied troops had dropped into occupied Holland to break into Germany. Major General Roy Urquhart, pictured outside his headquarters, and the men of the British 1st Airborne Division, held a shrinking bridgehead at the Rhine River for nine days . Market Garden's architect, Field Marshall Bernard 'Monty' Montgomery (above left), and Lieutenant General Frederick Browning, who coined the phrase 'a bridge too far' (and husband of author Daphne du Maurier) The plan was for paratroops to take and hold valuable bridges - seizing them before they could be destroyed - while a column of armoured vehicles and reinforcements broke through enemy lines and used the bridges to drive into the heart of Germany. General Urquhart and his men . held a shrinking bridgehead at the Rhine River for nine days and faced a . hopeless situation as ammunition ran out. His radio message, through General Browning, was for Field Marshal Montgomery - the architect of the operation codenamed Market Garden. In the message Urquhart warned that the remainder of his dwindling ranks faced ‘complete disintegration’ unless reinforcements didn’t come quickly. The message fatefully reads: 'All ranks now exhausted. Lack of rations, water, ammunition and weapons with high officer casualty rate. British prisoners captured in the suburbs of Arnhem, September 26, 1944 . Thousands of British airmen were dropped from the skies in a bid to seize control of eight bridges in German territory . Out of the 9,000 British men, who were meant to hold Arnhem Bridge from the Germans for three days before being reinforced, 1,174 were killed and 6,000 were captured . 'Even slight enemy offensive action may cause complete disintegration. If this happens all will be ordered to break towards bridgehead rather than surrender. 'Have attempted our best and will do so as long as possible.' 'So not to damage the Allies’ morale anymore than it had been, he ended the message: 'NOT for general distribution.' Out of the 9,000 British men, who were . only meant to hold Arnhem Bridge from the Germans for three days before . being reinforced, 1,174 were killed and 6,000 were captured. The . telegram was handed by Monty to his adjutant officer, Captain Noel . Chavasse, who retained important and historic documents from the war in . his own archive. A Bridge Too Far: Sean Connery starring as Major General Roy Urquhart, commander of the 1st Airborne Division in Holland. The 1977 film, directed by Richard Attenborough, graphically depicted the heroic failure of Operation Market Garden . Captain Chavasse’s father was Captain Noel Godfrey Chavasse, who is one of only three people to be awarded a Victoria Cross twice. The bold Allied operaton - codenamed . Market Garden, to get across the Rhine and into Germany - involved the . seizing and holding of several bridges in northern Holland. Thousands . of paratroopers were dropped over Eindhoven, Nijmegen and Arnhem to . take the bridges, while the Guards Armoured Division (XXX Corps) made its way along a . 60-mile road to link up with them. Arnhem was the furthest point from the tank division and thus proved to be ‘a bridge too far’, a term coined by Lieutenant General Frederick Browning. The . main problem the British men faced was the unexpected encounter of two . elite German Panzer tank divisions that happened to be resting in . Arnhem. The operation was . immortalised in an epic all-star movie that starred Sean Connery as Urquhart and . Dirk Bogarde as Browning. Michael Caine, Anthony Hopkins, Edward Fox, . Gene Hackman, Robert Redford, James Caan, Ryan O’Neill and Laurence . Olivier. Captain Chavasse’s daughter has now made the document available for sale at auction. The 15ins by 11ins piece of paper has previously been stuck to a piece of card and on the reverse is a signed photo of Monty. Bernard Pass, of auctioneers Bosley’s of Marlow, Buckinghamshire, said: 'It isn’t the most valuable document but it is very historical. 'It spells out in black and white the grim and hopless situation the British found themselves in. 'This was one of the last radio dispacthes to come out of Arnhem and it was a ‘come and get us or we’ve had it’ message. 'The men staged a rearguard action for as long as they possibly could before the decision was taken to evacuate them in absolute silence and under the cover of darkness. 'It was only when the Germans woke up the next morning that they realised the British had gone and had left behind the wounded. 'The message was sent from Urquhart to Browning, who was in overall command of the British Airborne Division and had his headquarters close by in Holland. 'There couldn’t have been many copies of the radio message made up. One for Browning and one for Montgomery but not many more.' The document has a pre-sale estimate of £400 and is being auctioned on November 6. | (CNN) -- Perched on the River Rhine with Germany and France bordering it on either side, the Swiss city of Basel stands at a crossroads between the three countries. Basel sits on the Rhine at the crossroads of three European countries. In the past its location on the Rhine made it an important city, it is home to the oldest university in Switzerland and Europe's oldest government-rated five star hotel, the Hotel Drei Kronige. A stroll around Basel's beautifully preserved Old Town taking in the Munster, its red sandstone gothic cathedral, will give the visitor a sense of the city's historical significance. To delve even further into the area's past though, you need to go 12 miles east of Basel to the 2,000 year-old Roman settlement of Augusta Raurica, located on the south bank of the Rhine. The oldest Roman colony on the Rhine, the site contains a well-preserved theater as well as the remains of a forum, amphitheater and aqueduct. At an open-air museum visitors can see a reconstruction of a Roman house and recreations of daily life from the period. If after this you've had your fill of delving through dusty artefacts, it might be time to shake off the cobwebs with an adrenalin-charged toboggan ride. At 1.8 miles long, Hasenhorn (located around 25 miles east of Basel) is the longest toboggan run in Germany and open all year round. After taking a chair lift up the mountain, buckle in for a heart-in-the-mouth ride of steep curves and white-knuckle loops. For a more sedate leisure experience, you can head back to the city for a late afternoon art fix at the Kunstmuseum, on St Alban-Graben 16. Open daily from 10am -- 5pm, the museum has an impressive collection of works by Holbein, Picasso and Chagall inside. In the courtyard you'll find sculptures, the centerpiece of which is Rodin's famous "Burghers of Calais." As night falls it's time to enjoy some food and drink in the convivial surroundings of the Fischerstube Microbrewery, Rheingasse 45, where the heady menu features beer on every course, including a beer-soaked dessert. | eng_Latn | 15,283 |
Berlin's past as an espionage hotspot has left the city with numerous spying-linked attractions .
The Stasi Museum features relics of East Berlin's obsession with monitoring its own people .
Other destinations include a tunnel dug to tap into communication lines, and an antenna tower . | At the former headquarters of the East German secret police, cheerful American and British tourists scan maps and chatter as they file into the blocky concrete building once known as "the House of One Thousand Eyes." In its heyday, the Ministry of State Security, or Stasi, was the all-powerful shadow government of the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR). Behind a grim concrete screen molded into eye-shaped portholes, true believer Erich Mielke created the world's first surveillance state -- operating a network of agents and informers so vast it encompassed every school, factory, apartment block and bar in the country, according to Anna Funder, the author of "Stasiland: Stories from Behind the Berlin Wall." Mielke's grim bureaucracy wasn't the only game in town, I discovered on a do-it-yourself tour of "the spy's Berlin." Before the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, the unique position of West Berlin -- a walled outpost of freedom behind the Iron Curtain -- made the divided city the focus of Western and Soviet "tradecraft" for nearly 50 years, says Bernd Kostka, author of "Berlin: Capital of Spies." "Only here in Berlin were the main protagonists of the Cold War living door to door," Kostka says. Along with the House of One Thousand Eyes, now home to the Stasi Museum (Ruschestrasse 103, Haus 1, Berlin; +49 30 553 68 54), various sites around the city commemorate the capital's clandestine history -- even as revelations that the U.S. National Security Agency was until recently tapping Chancellor Angela Merkel's mobile phone prove that the tradition lives on. iReport: Tell us your favorite thing about Berlin . Noir intrigue . There's a wealth of experiences here for the espionage buff. On a rainy night at Checkpoint Charlie (Friedrichstrasse 43-45, Kreuzberg, Berlin), the most famous crossing point between East and West Berlin, it's just possible to imagine the noir intrigue of John Le Carre's "The Spy who Came in from the Cold" -- however much a tourist destination it becomes on a sunny afternoon. Watching the incomparable movie version starring Richard Burton helps. Featured in that masterpiece as well as countless other films, the crossing's main historical importance stems from the infamous "Checkpoint Charlie standoff," when a 1961 confrontation between Soviet and American tanks nearly sparked World War III. Outside the Friedrichstrasse S-Bahnhof (Reichstagufer 17, Berlin-Mitte; +49 30 46777790) -- another Le Carre locale -- the Tranenpalast, or Palace of Tears, captures the atmosphere of paranoia more vividly. Named for the tearful goodbyes of separated families, this station was once the official crossing point for West Germans visiting relatives in the GDR. (Le Carre's "Sasha" recounts the story of a surrender to border guards here in "Absolute Friends.") Along with smuggled contraband and artifacts from "behind the Wall," the museum showcases an incredible exhibition of video interviews and documentary footage -- as well as the original signs and apparatus for the checkpoint searches and interviews. On the outskirts of town, the American side of the spy story is on display at the Allied Museum (Clayallee 135, Berlin; +49 30 8181990) in Zehlendorf -- which houses seven meters of a 420-meter-long Allied forces spy tunnel dug under the Wall to tap East German telephone lines in 1953. (A story fictionalized in Ian McEwan's "The Innocent" and the later movie starring Anthony Hopkins.) One of the most celebrated missions of the early Cold War, the tunnel was the largest and most expensive intelligence operation in Europe in the 1950s. But it's hard to say who benefited from it most, says "Capital of Spies" author Kostka. Though the tunnel allowed the Allies to intercept some 400,000 Soviet army telephone calls and countless telegraph messages before it was discovered in 1956, the Russians knew about it from the beginning, Kostka explains. They kept that knowledge hidden from Berlin to protect their own man in the British government, MI6 case officer and double agent George Blake. The eastern portion of the tunnel, long thought to be lost, was discovered by a man chopping wood in 2012. 'Bridge of spies' Near the tunnel's original location, the Glienicke Brucke, or Bridge of Spies, (Bundestrasse 1, Berlin) between Wannsee in the West and Potsdam in the East, is perhaps the most famous espionage landmark in the city. The border crossing designated for the exchange of captured spies, it was here that a KGB agent caught spying for the Russians in New York was traded for downed U-2 spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers. It's an attractive spot on the Havel River, but there's little more than a plaque to mark its significance, so it's best viewed today as a quick stop on a larger tour of Potsdam or other nearby sites. At the Teufelsberg, or Devil's Mountain, a similar listening post -- this one an abandoned U.S. radar station and observation tower -- has been taken over by Berlin's ubiquitous graffiti artists. A silent tour around the strange, white radomes -- weatherproof microwave antennae cases reminiscent of Disney's Epcot Center -- gives an eerie feeling in the age of the recent NSA disclosures from Edward Snowden. Once a secretive military enclave, the full history of the complex won't be revealed until documents are declassified in 2022, but it's estimated more than 1,000 spies worked here throughout the Cold War, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, as part of a surveillance network known as ECHELON. For me, though, nothing captures the Cold War spy's world better than the hot and stuffy Stasi Museum, where the GDR spymaster's suite of offices and conference rooms have been preserved unchanged. In these spartan chambers, banks of Bakelite telephones, steel desks and chunky typewriters evoke what renowned Nazi trial chronicler Hannah Arendt might have called "the bureaucracy of evil," had she written about East Germany rather than the Third Reich. As the milky light reflects off the wood paneling, a shudder runs down my spine. | Holidaymakers on a budget certainly won't be kicking up a stink about this hotel. A unique concept is offering travellers to Germany and Austria accommodation in refurbished sewer pipes. The Das Park hotel has converted the 6ft-tall, 9.5tonne concrete structures into cosy rooms that include double beds, luggage space and even power points to charge mobile phones and digital cameras. The Das Park hotels in Germany and Austria have converted the concrete barrels into cosy rooms . They even feature wall paintings which have been created by Austrian artist Thomas Latzel Ochoa. However, there are no windows - apart from a small circular airhole near to the top of the pipes - and guests must use toilets and showers in local public buildings. Tourists can book the hotel rooms for up to three nights free of charge, or they can offer to pay 'whatever they can afford' to support the project. The hotel is currently only open from May to October. A spokesman for Das Park said: 'The pipe's stark and minimalist exterior contrasts with the high levels of comfort in the interior. 'It's a hotel room that's as simple as a locker. Thanks to its minimalist design, Das Park Hotel is particularly simple to maintain and operate. Tourists can book the hotel for up to three nights free of charge, or pay 'whatever they can afford' The Das Park hotel rooms even feature wall paintings by Austrian artist Thomas Latzel Ochoa . There are three 'suites' located in a public park in the Austrian city of Ottensheim, while there are five suites located in Bernepark, Germany (pictured) 'The surrounding area is incorporated into the overall concept through the use of local infrastructure and through co-operation with local businesses. 'For operators, Das Park Hotel is a low cost and unique type of accommodation that is consciously integrated into its local economic environment, creating a very special kind of travel destination. 'Hotel guests enjoy a hip and unconventional overnight stay in exciting designer surroundings, and an entirely different kind of hotel experience. 'Novel, minimalist accommodation concepts are becoming more and more sought-after; one of the reasons why Das Park Hotel is so popular with its guests.' There are three 'suites' located in a public park in the Austrian city of Ottensheim, while there are five suites located in Bernepark, near Essen in Germany. Guests are required to book their rooms at the hotel's website. Upon acceptance of the booking, guests receive a code to unlock the door to their pipe. The thick cement keeps the interior comfortable and eliminates noise from outside while the concrete walls are cool on hot days and comfortably warn in winter. | eng_Latn | 15,284 |
Pictures of the infamous leader were found in rolls of an unidentified family's holiday snaps from the 1930s .
Photography enthusiast Matt Ames was shocked to find the historical images on the film he bought at a thrift store . | Photography enthusiast Matt Ames was pleased to find some rolls of old film among the usual collection of discarded bric-a-brac lining the shelves of a backstreet thrift shore in Virginia. But what Mr Ames didn't realise was that he'd accidentally stumbled upon a piece of Europe's wartime history - as captured by a young American couple who appeared to be on their honeymoon in Italy. For among the 400 or so negatives on the 35mm nitrate films, he was shocked to uncover previously unseen photos of Adolf Hitler touring Italy at the height of his powers. The pictures were taken by a mystery photographer, who Mr Ames believes may either have ended up living in the city of Roanoke, where the films were purchased, or New York, which is featured in many of the photos. Among the scores of holiday snaps and family photos, the pictures - taken in the years before the Second World War - reveal the unknown photographer's brush with the 20th century's most infamous leaders. In one of the forgotten photos, Hitler is pictured sitting next to King Emmanuel III of Italy during a parade in Naples in 1938 after the Fuhrer had viewed fellow fascist leader Benito Mussolini's naval fleet in the Mediterranean. Mr Ames, who has held an exhibition of the photos in Martinsville, Virginia, said: 'In 2013 I found several rolls of negatives in a thrift store in Roanoke, Virginia. They were standard 35mm, black and white and some of the rolls were clearly nitrate film. 'Much to my surprise the film included photographs of Hitler and King Emmanuel on parade, other Nazi images from Naples, Italy in the Spring of 1938, numerous photos of Naples city life, Pompeii and photos of Manhattan.' Pictures of Adolf Hitler - sitting on the left beside King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy - were uncovered on films found in a thrift store in Roanoke, Virginia by photography enthusiast Matt Ames . Mystery couple: The roll of vacatation snaps also includes a picture of the photographer and a woman thought to be his wife. The man is thought to have worked for Mobil Oil . Hitler visited Italy in 1938 to meet with fellow Axis leader Benito Mussolini. The photos uncovered in Virginia are believed to show him after he viewed Italy's naval fleet . Hitler (circled) is pictured receiving fascist salutes from Italian troops, who lined the seafront road in Naples for his visit . The images show Hitler's cavalcade surrounded by motorcycle outriders as he is paraded along the streets of the southern Italian city . The pictures also appear to show young members of Mussolini's Gioventu Italiana del Littorio or GIL youth movement, which was similar to the Hitler Youth in Germany . Hitler took a tour of Italy in 1938, and joined Mussolini and the king on board the battleship Conte di Cavour in Naples to watch military exercises . The photographer managed to capture a picture of the Italian fleet, which was amassed of the coast for the Fuhrer's visit . The pictures also offer an insight into the fascist architecture being built in Italy at the time, with swastikas adorning a number of public monuments (above and below) Hitler's visit to Naples was one of many meetings between the two leaders, pictured here ahead of the 1938 Munich conference. File Photo . The rolls of film were later bought by Matt Ames (pictured left with the films), who used newspaper cuttings to work out when they were taken . Mussolini's fascist regime, which took control of Italy in 1925, was in many ways seen as a forerunner to Hitler's own Nazi party. Hitler is known to have admired the way Mussolini swept to power and wrote to him in 1923, the year after the Italian's famous 'March on Rome' protests. After Mussolini took control of Italy, he provided financial assistance to Hitler's National Socialist movement and allowed the SS to train with his 'Blackshirts' brigades. After taking power in Germany, Hitler backed Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) in 1935 and the two countries' forces lined up together with the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. But despite the diplomatic consensus, the pair's first meeting in 1934 (pictured right) went badly, with Mussolini struggling to understand Hitler's Austrian accent. Hitler is believed to have felt upstaged by Mussolini's elaborate uniform and the Italian is said to have found Hitler boring and described him as 'a mad little clown'. Despite the personal differences, the two leaders signed the so-called 'Pact of Steel' in 1939, agreeing military and economic cooperation. Italy didn't officially enter the Second World War until 1940 and after a disasterous campaign in North Africa, the Allies invaded Sicily in 1943, with Mussolini later expelled from power and executed. Berlin fell in 1945, with Hitler committing suicide in his military bunker. The pictures also include some street scenes of 1930s Naples, including this one, showing a children's goat-drawn cart in a city square . The snaps show the photographers' interest in Italy's famous sportcars, including a photo of this vehicle, pictured on a seaside promenade . The rolls of film also contain more usual holiday snaps from the photographer's visit, including shots of the Naples skyline at the time . Mr Ames also found a series a photos of New York on the films, apparently taken from a boat rolling into the city's famous harbour . The pictures, which show a crowded boat about the dock in the US, suggest the man either visited Italy on a trip or moved to America from Europe ahead of the Second World War . The photos, along with tales from Mr Ames' attempts to work out their origins, were made the subject of a recent exhibition at Patrick Henry Community College in Martinsville, Virginia . Mr Ames traced the location of the pictures by comparing this shot of Naples waterfront with modern-day pictures of the same location . The photographer, seemingly a car enthusiast, also took photos of this Fiat garage and motorists filling their vehicles outside . | By . Mark Prigg . It is drumming as you've never seen it before - and a unique way to 'see' music. An ad agency created this incredible drumming video for Ballantine's using specially adapted drumsticks. Timelapse photography was used to capture the sticks movement, while a 'Matrix style' camera rig was set up around the drummer Ben Mead to capture his in 260 degrees. Scroll down to see the video . The team created a special 'time slice' camera rig which encircled the drummer to produce this stunning matrix-like effect of the drummer in mid flow . 'Rhythm is the root of everything, I'm always looking for new ways to explore it,' said Brighton-born Mead. 'I've always wanted to see what rhythm might look like, to see the shape of sound,' he explained. The video is part of an ad for whisky firm Ballantine's. It developed special software to process the images captured and make the trails glow. Drummer Ben Mead used special sticks with lights fitted to create the amazing effects. The timelapse images were created for a commercial, along with a 'matrix' style scene which sees the camera moving around the drummer as he plays. 'In order to capture the stunning light trails, a bespoke application was developed C++ using the Cinder creative coding framework, taking a HD video feed from the main shoot camera and pulls out the LED-tipped drumsticks,' the firm explained. 'The trails are not computer generated, but come directly from the images from the camera, creating light trails of the desired length and intensity. 'In addition, a 360 degree ‘time slice rig’ was used by Ben and the team to capture the light trails in 3D.' The team calibrate the system by asking Ben to drum slowly, before letting him lose with a full range of movement. | eng_Latn | 15,285 |
New jerseys from away kit feature top-down colored bands in blue, white and red .
Fans have taken to Twitter to compare the jerseys to the French flag .
'It's basically the flag upside down,' one wrote .
'Not American and neither is that lighter blue' another said . | By . Zoe Szathmary . The new away jersey for the United States men's and women's national soccer teams has been revealed in advance of the World Cup -- and fans are in an uproar. Designed by Nike, the jersey features three different-colored bands, starting at the top with blue, white, and red to represent the American flag, according to a company press release. The away kit also includes red shorts and red socks. However, fans have taken to Twitter to express their disapproval -- and many are comparing the new jerseys to the French flag, as well as those of the Netherlands and Russia. Scroll down for video . Clint Dempsey is seen sporting the new away kit, which some have compared to the both the French flag and even popsicles . The jersey's color scheme has caused outrage and confusion among fans . 'Is this April Fool's? Trying to look like France?' one fan wrote on Twitter in response to the colorful away kit . Not American? Former U.S. National Team Member Alexi Lalas seems to disagree with this dramatic pose . 'Is this April Fool's? Trying to look like France?' one user wrote. 'Away US soccer kit is alright but reminds me of France, Russia, Dutch. Not American and neither is that lighter blue! #USMNT' another tweeted. 'The new #usmnt jersey is basically the flag of France upside down...way to screw it up Nike,' one said. 'Wanna see the new #USMNT jerseys? Google "Netherlands Flag"' another user wrote. The famed French flag features panels of blue, white, and red going from left to right. The Dutch flag, however, features panels of red, white and blue going from top to bottom. The new away jersey has even been compared by USA Today to frozen popsicles. Women's team striker Sydney Leroux is seen wearing the new away kit...but does she resemble a Triple Rocket? NFL player Ndamukong Suh is even seen sporting the jersey and supporting the U.S. national teams . At least two noted players are fans of the jersey -- U.S. Men's National Team Captain Clint Dempsey and Women's National Team striker Sydney Leroux. 'I like the patriotic design and color scheme and I think it will look great on the pitch,' Dempsey said, according to the Nike press release. 'Hopefully they will serve us well as we head into a competitive group.' 'The new kits fit really well, look great and most importantly, are really comfortable, especially when we are running all over the field for 90 minutes in all sorts of different weather,' Stryker said in the release. Both the French (left) and Dutch (right) away jerseys look rather different from the US one . Though some have compared the US away jersey to the Russian flag, the Russian jersey, seen here, looks rather different . Despite fans' objections, the away jerseys for three nations will look different from the ones for the US. The French away jersey is white with light gray stripes. The Dutch away jersey will be blue with an orange Netherlands badge. Both teams' jerseys are also designed by Nike. The Russian away jersey, designed by Adidas, features an outline of the earth, which looks like a series of blue stripes. A company press release says it is supposed to represent the view that Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, saw Earth in 1961. The rest of the jersey is white, with an emblem of the double-headed eagle. At least one fan seemed to have a hopeful approach to the new US jersey on Twitter. 'So the new USA home and away kits are absolutely terrible...but you know what makes a good kit is a kit you win in #USMNT.' | Surrounded by barbed wire, sandbags and mud, these winding trenches are barely distinguishable from those occupied by soldiers fighting in the First World War a century ago. The two dugouts have been painstakingly recreated by a dedicated group of volunteers as part of a battlefield they built outside Chauconin-Neufmontiers, a town southeast of Paris. Yesterday, dozens of volunteers dressed in military uniform stormed the site in a reenactment of the First Battle of the Marne - which took place 100 years ago this weekend. The two dugouts have been painstakingly recreated by a dedicated group of volunteers in a field outside Chauconin-Neufmontiers, a town southeast of Paris . For the last four months the group, many of whom had parents who served in the war, have spent time preparing the battlefield, made up of one German and one French trench . The volunteers' designs for the battlefield were based on military plans that were recovered - which were carefully followed to ensure historical accuracy . The conflict marked the turning point in Germany's advance on Paris in 1914. For the last four months the group, many of whom had parents who served in the war, have spent time preparing the battlefield, made up of one German and one French trench. Their designs were based on military plans that were recovered - which were carefully followed to ensure historical accuracy, according to blog Histoire et Collection. They thought of every last detail - making sure the sandbags are punctured with bullet holes, and that the crosses in a nearby 'cemetery' have names marked on them. Recycled materials - including logs and bedsheets - were used to build the battlefield, which also includes an infirmary and cemetery. One resourceful volunteer also cut a tennis net, which serves as barbed wire. The volunteers - a number of whom were local farmers - even built a plane, the German Iron Cross painted in black on the tail, that is partially buried in the ground - as if it had been shot down in battle. Visitors and schoolchildren have been given the opportunity to visit the reconstruction for free every weekend in September. The volunteers said that they wanted members of the public to step back 100 years and put themselves in the shoes of soldiers caught up in bloody trench warfare. The volunteers said that they wanted members of the public to step back 100 years and put themselves in the shoes of soldiers caught up in bloody trench warfare . They thought of every last detail - making sure the sandbags are punctured with bullet holes, and that the crosses in a nearby cemetery have names marked on them . The group said that they had a duty to remember those who had fallen during the so-called ‘Miracle of the Marne’ which forced the Kaiser’s Imperial Army to abandon its advance on Paris. After a week of fierce fighting, the Germans’ pursuit of the Allied armies was repelled along the Marne River. French troops famously arrived in taxis from central Paris, where the population feared the humiliation of occupation. Once . the Germans were themselves forced to retreat, the war turned into four . years of bloody trench warfare, in which millions were killed and . wounded. The Germans briefly occupied Chauconin-Neufmontiers, where the reconstruction took place, before French and Moroccan soldiers droive them out in the early days of the battle . Recycled materials - including logs and bedsheets - were used to build the battlefield, which also includes an infirmary and cemetery . The Germans briefly occupied . Chauconin-Neufmontiers, where the reconstruction took place, before French and Moroccan soldiers droive them . out in the early days of the battle. In what is seen as a major change in attitude, President Francois Hollande will lead the tributes to the part British soldiers played in saving the French capital. He will visit the Museum of the Great War, at Meaux, east of Paris, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the First Battle of the Marne. French . politicians have, over the years, been accused of underplaying . Britain’s role in the world wars at the expense of their own efforts, . and America’s. But President Hollande has done much to reverse this trend – regularly paying tribute to the sacrifice millions of Britons made. | eng_Latn | 15,286 |
Book reveals ingenious equipment and weaponry offered to British spies .
Members of Special Operations Executive given manual during 1944-1945 .
Features expert disguise tips including early form of spray tan .
A plastic surgeon was also available to those needing permanent change .
The James Bond-style gadget manual will be published later this month . | Top secret: The British Spy Manual was a compulsory read for members of the Special Operations Executive . From the cyanide cigarette to the deadly briefcase, the gadgets that Q presents James Bond with in each of the spy films are crucial to his operations. But according to a real-life spy manual, World War Two agents were using gadgets and devices which would give Bond a run for his money. The British Spy Manual – read and memorised by agents in 1944 and 1945 - reveals the secrets of how explosive rats, microfilm coded stilettos and exploding bottles of Chianti were all used to defeat the enemy. Members of the Special Operations Executive (SEO) could choose from explosives hidden in fruit, wine bottles, coal, handbags and even rats, according to The Sunday Times. Disguises were also extensive and included make-up, customised women’s clothing studied for accuracy from periodicals, and an early spray-tan that ‘sprayed through a glass nozzle will…produce a brown stain that would last approximately three days in Far East Climates’. In the ‘permanent removal’ section the manual also boasts how tattoo removal and dental work was available to SOE agents and that ‘an eminent plastic surgeon and his staff are at our disposal’. Collar-studs, buttons and high-heels could be tailored to carry codes or microfilm, and radio equipment was hidden in bundles of kindling, gramophone players and German clocks. In the introduction to The British Spy Manual, published later this month, Sinclair McKay writes: ‘In the Bond films the visits to the gadget laboratory was always a moment of light relief. Covert communications: One technique that was used by British spies was the camouflaged wireless radio, hidden among a bundle of kindling (as seen above) The idea for the 'exploding rat' was first developed in 1941. The objective was to blow up the enemy's boilers by lying the dead rat near German boiler rooms. Enemy soldiers were expected to shovel the carcass into the flames to avoid disease - the the hidden bomb's fuse would then be lit. But they were never used, as the first consignment was seized by the Germans, blowing the secret. ‘Yet in the real world of the SOE, the ingenious contraptions were deadly serious. 'These were not toys, but super-serious means of helping to ensure survival.’ The SOE was created in 1940 on the order of Winston Churchill and kept secret from parliament, and by the end of the Second World War it had led to the destruction of Hitler’s nuclear programme and the capturing of Nazis. The real life equivalent of Q, the head of the fictional Q development Branch in the James Bond films, was Charles Bovill, who also played a key role in the creation and employment of Eureka and the S-phone radio equipment for communications between SOE agents and troops on the ground. Exploding rat: One suggested technique for enhancing explosive capabilities was to hide a bomb in a rat carcass - the idea was that German soldiers would burn the rodent in their boiler rooms causing an explosion . Real life Q: Charles Bovill, who died in 2001 aged 90, was responsible for inventing many devices used by British spies . | By . Ruth Styles . PUBLISHED: . 10:19 EST, 12 June 2013 . | . UPDATED: . 10:37 EST, 12 June 2013 . He's called Pippa Middleton ugly, Adele fat and Lana del Rey fake and now Karl Lagerfeld has even taken to insulting potential customers. Never one to mince his words, Lagerfeld said that his new range of sunglasses would help to 'balance out ugly faces' in the behind-the-scenes video for the Karl Lagerfeld eyewear campaign. Lagerfeld, who personally shot the images for the campaign, appeared in the clip sporting his trademark sunglasses and was filmed chatting to models Saskia de Brauw and Jon K. Scroll down for video . Quip: The designer has never been one to mince his words as Adele and Pippa Middleton have discovered . Photographer: Lagerfeld made the comments on the set of his new Karl Lagerfeld eyewear campaign . Speaking about the new range, Lagerfeld said: 'They [the glasses] balance ugly faces and they make beautiful faces more beautiful.' Bizarrely, the dark glasses fanatic then added: 'I wear glasses all the time, so it's like selling my soul.' The German designer is no stranger to controversy, and has racked up an impressive number of offended parties during his 66-year career. Most recently he took a swipe at French actress, Audrey Tatou, describing her portrayal of Coco Chanel in Coco Before Chanel as 'unsexy'. 'She played it like women's lib,' he explained, 'like Simone de Beauvoir 30 years before The Second Sex. No, no, no, no. Chanel was a different kind of woman.' Apparently Mr Lagerfeld's publicists were 'horrified' by his his remarks about Miss Tautou, especially as she was formerly the face of Chanel No. 5. However, he is not alone in his criticism and when the Anne Fontaine-directed feature, Coco Before Chanel, was released four years ago others also picked holes in her performance. Stars: Spanish model Jon K and the Netherlands' Saskia de Brauw wear the glasses in the new campaign . Success: 32-year-old De Brauw has previously featured in campaigns for Givenchy and MaxMara among others . Popular: Spaniard Jon Kortajarena, 28, has featured in campaigns for Tesco, Versace and Etro among others . Other recent controversies include revelations that he would marry his cat, Choupette, if he could. ‘[There is] no marriage, yet, for human beings and animals,' said the Chanel supremo. ‘I never thought that I would fall in love like this with a cat.’ So famous for his confrontational way with words has Lagerfeld become, a new book is to be released in September that brings together the best and bitchiest Lagerfeld quotes. The World According To Karl is the brainchild of Patrick Mauriés, Jean-Christophe Napias and Sandrine Gulbenkian, and will feature illustrations by artist Charles Ameline. Choice quotes featured in the book include his famous dismissal of Russian men as ugly and his unique take on Greece's financial woes. 'If I was a woman in Russia I would be a lesbian, as the men are very ugly,' he quipped. 'There are a few handsome ones, like Naomi Campbell's boyfriend, but there you see the most beautiful women and the most horrible men.' On Greece, the fashion maestro sniffed: 'Greece needs to work on a cleaner image. It's a big problem, as they have this reputation of being so corrupt. 'You can't be sure the money will go where it's supposed to go,' he concluded. 'Nobody wants Greece to disappear, but they have really disgusting habits. Italy as well.' | eng_Latn | 15,287 |
Amazing pictures show dogs wearing gas masks during Second World War .
Dogs were often called upon to help with war effort . | By . Daily Mail Reporter . PUBLISHED: . 11:43 EST, 24 January 2013 . | . UPDATED: . 04:08 EST, 25 January 2013 . Carrying gas masks became routine for adults and children during the Second World War. But this collection of amazing pictures shows it was common place for dogs to be equipped with breathing apparatus as well. The array of fascinating pictures collected by blog Retronaut demonstrate how often canines were called upon to help with the war effort. Dogs were fitted with gas masks to avoid the deadly fumes and fought for both sides during the Second World War . Gas masks were not just routine for adults and children during the Second World War, but for dogs too. Pictured are two dogs in breathing apparatus either side of a German infantryman in a trench . The black and white photographs show a . number of dogs in a range of situations, equipped with masks and . fighting for both sides in the war. One . picture shows two dogs in a trench with a German infantryman while . another shows two Alsatians about to go out on patrol with two British . soldiers. Dogs have . historically been a valuable ally for soldiers in war so it is no . surprise that safety equipment was designed specifically for them. They were tasked with a number of different jobs during the Second World War. The collection of photographs shows Alsatians primed and ready for action, left, and on patrol with soldiers, right . The Nazis tried to train them to talk, read and spell in a bid to try and help them win the battle. The Germans classed canines as being almost as intelligent as humans and tried to create an army of terrifying 'speaking' dogs. It was hoped they would learn to communicate with their SS masters - with Hitler even setting up a special dog school to teach them to talk. According to research, dogs were trained to speak and tap out signals using their paws. One mutt was believed to have uttered the words 'Mein Fuhrer' when asked who Adolf Hitler was. The photographs collected by blog Retronaut show a number of different dogs equipped with different types of gas masks . Amazing pictures have emerged which show how common it was for dogs to be equipped with gas masks during the Second World War. These two Alsatians are about to go out on patrol with two British soldiers . In London, at the start of the affliction in September 1939, more than 400,000 cats and dogs were killed in four days - more than six times the number of civilian deaths throughout the entire country during the whole of the Second World War. Food for pets was not rationed and the government didn't issue orders for people to kill their pets. The National Air Raid Precautions Animals Committee, the state body responsible, appealed to owners‘ not to arrange needlessly for the immediate destruction of their pets. Academics refer to it as The Great British Cat and Dog Massacre of World War Two but it remains a forgotten moment in the history of the Second World War, with few people knowing about it. Canines were also known to be there for prominent figures during the Second World War, in times of crisis. The black and white photographs show how valued dogs were during the Second World War . The camaraderie Great American leaders President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gens. George Patton and Dwight Eisenhower shared with their pets is captured in a book by Kathleen Kinsolving. Dogs of War depicts the strength the leaders derived from their furry friends during the Second World War. The famous men relied on their pets . for 'normalcy and joy' during the turbulent time and sought solace from . them as they internalised the devastation of the fighting. Man's best friend proved to be just that during the Second World War, providing vital assistance to soldiers . The breathing equipment was fitted with rubber tubes and makes it hard to recognise the canine behind the mask . | Arsene Wenger has left goalkeeper Wojciech Szczesny sweating on his place in the team for Sunday's clash with Stoke following his smoking shame. Szczesny, who has apologised to Wenger, has been fined after being caught smoking in the dressing room following the defeat to Southampton on New Year's Day. And Wenger has not guaranteed the Pole his place in the team for Sunday's clash. VIDEO Scroll down to see Wenger's comical response to Szczesny questioning . Wojciech Szczesny apologised to boss Arsene Wenger following smoking incident after Southampton loss . But Wenger on Friday insisted that his goalkeeper is not guaranteed to start against Stoke onSunday . Wenger smoking in the dugout during his days as manager of Monaco . Wenger revealed he grew up in a time of military service and was paid in cigarettes . 'I've not selected the first XI yet,' said Wenger. 'I take everything into account when I pick my team. I don't want to talk about that, it doesn't need to be public.' He added: 'We have three goalkeepers at Arsenal who are top class.' Wenger, who used to smoke while in the dugout during his days in charge of Monaco, has insisted that he is now firmly opposed to the habit. 'I am against smoking. I grew up in a period where I did military service and got paid in cigarettes. It excited us to smoke.' Mesut Ozil has been back in training for Arsenal ahead of their home game against Stoke City . Wenger has denied that he didn't wish Lukas Podolski farewell following the German's switch to Inter Milan . Wenger has also denied accusations from Lukas Podolski that he didn't wish the German farewell when he left for Inter Milan this week. 'I deny that completely, I had many conversations with him about going on loan. He needed my permission and I gave him my position.' Aaron Ramsey, Mesut Ozil and Mathieu Flamini have all been training ahead of the visit of Stoke, but Danny Welbeck is still unavailable. The Gunners will, however, be boosted by the return from suspension of Olivier Giroud. Like our Arsenal Facebook page. | eng_Latn | 15,288 |
Messerschmitts over Sicily: Diary of a Luftwaffe Fighter Commander | Nice autobiography, you can get the personal impression of the author about the events and retreat from Sicily in 1943 and the bad conditions Luftwaffe used to operate. A complete diary about a specific time from a critical and important member of the WW2 Luftwaffe | Keep them coming. Love the fantasy of 1940's Argentina. A mix of history, geography and intrigue all in the W.E.B. Griffin style. Can't wait for the next volume. | eng_Latn | 15,289 |
Battle of the Bulge, not Peipers biography | Reading this book you would never believe the German attack held any real threat to the Western front or Allied Forces. This book has much more to do with the Battle of the Bulge than with Peiper. Breif rundown on his younger years, and some to do with being Himmler's Adjutant, and a post war chapter as well, but mostly about the Bulge. Interesting accounts of the fighting, and a good read for anybody who is interested in the conflict. Not as much first person accounts as I would have liked, but the author certainly did a lot of research putting this together and I am sure its history is as near correct as you will ever find on the battle. | Great book for Wheelig history buffs. Some expected names and some surprises. Interesting to read through. | eng_Latn | 15,290 |
Steve Hindy: Anheuser Busch aims to buy Modelo, Corona beer maker; craft brewers worry .
Already MillerCoors and AB control most of U.S. beer market; deal would make it 80% .
He says the duopoly has huge influence on beer distribution; leaves craft brewers struggling .
Hindy: In other industries, like oil, antitrust rulings draw line for market share. Why not for beer? | (CNN) -- The proposed purchase of Mexico's Modelo beer brands by the world's largest brewing conglomerate, Anheuser-Busch-InBev, is causing deep concern among America's craft brewers. Anheuser-Busch already controls about 47% of the U.S. beer market. Adding Modelo's Corona beer and other brands would give it another 6%. MillerCoors, the other big player in the United States, controls about 30%. If the Modelo deal goes through, a duopoly would control more than 80% of the U.S. beer market. The concentration of market share in two global companies means they have tremendous influence over distributors and retailers. This gives an advantage to big brewer beer brands over small brands created by America's independent craft brewers. Ultimately, with limited choices, the beer consumer loses. The Department of Justice is determining whether the sale would violate antitrust laws. As I understand it, Anheuser-Busch claims it would have no say in the marketing or sale of Modelo brands in the United States. Those functions would be left to Crown Imports, the Chicago-based marketing and sales company that is owned by Constellation Brands, the world's largest wine company. In 10 years, Anheuser-Busch would have the right to buy Crown. It's hard to understand how a brewery could own another brewery and not have some control over sales and marketing. Doesn't the owner control the price of beer sold to the importer/marketer? Doesn't the owner contribute to the sales and marketing programs and costs of the importer/marketer? Doesn't the owner have some say over the hiring of personnel for the brewery it owns? Eatocracy: Learn how to homebrew . And isn't the owner responsible to its shareholders to ensure the brewery is maximizing shareholder value? America's small brewers have been on a roll in the past decade, claiming more than 6% of the U.S. beer market since the craft brewing revolution began in the early '80s. That 6% is divided by 2,400 small companies. The duopoly already has tremendous influence over beer distribution in America. In most markets, brewers have two choices, a so-called Blue and Silver distributor, who sells MillerCoors brands, or a Red distributor, who sells Anheuser-Busch brands. (The color codes describe the primary colors of the brewers' labels.) Through so-called "equity contracts," the large brewers prescribe how much money distributors spend to sell and market their brands. In some cases, they have the right to approve or disapprove the manager of the distribution company. In some cases, they have the right to approve the succession plan of the distributor. In some cases, they have the right to approve the sale of a distributor. Craft brewers constantly struggle to get the attention of these distributors. In the mid-1990s, the CEO of Anheuser-Busch, August Busch III, declared that he wanted "100% share of mind" from his wholesalers. Some Red distributors ejected non-Anheuser-Busch brands from their warehouses. Distributors who gave his 100% were given more favorable terms for their purchase of beer. August III is gone, but the new owners of Anheuser-Busch have called for distributors to get "aligned" with the brands they control. Large brewers also have control over some retail sales of beer. Many chain supermarkets and stores appoint "category captains" to determine which beers are sold in refrigerated aisles and which beers go on the warm shelves. If the category captain is a Blue and Silver distributor, MillerCoors will play a key role in choosing which brands get sold where. If it is a Red distributor, Anheuser-Busch makes the calls. This results in a tug-of-war between large brewers trying to get maximum placement of their brands and small brewers trying to get a spot. Obviously, a company that controls 53% of the U.S. beer market is going to have a better shot at shelf space than my company. Both members of the duopoly have wholly owned brands like Shock Top and Goose Island that are presented as craft brands. They own large shares of some other breweries like Red Hook and Kona. There is concern that these brands would get greater attention from wholesalers than independent craft brands, like mine. This can greatly limit the beer consumer's choices. In sports venues like arenas and stadiums, the large brewers monopolize space. They typically have advertising contracts with the venues, and this results in their having a dominant share of the beer taps and other beer placements. If you want a Brooklyn Lager at Yankee Stadium or CitiField or the new Barclay's Center in Brooklyn, you'd better be prepared to spend some time searching. Brooklyn Brewery is in those venues, but in a very limited way. More beer news on Eatocracy . Those are my concerns, and the concerns of other craft brewers. Obviously, I am not an attorney. I know little about antitrust law. I recently read a couple of books about the oil industry and learned that antitrust rulings in that industry have drawn a line for defining a company with too much market share. Given this, I am baffled by the state of the U.S. brewing industry. How did we ever get to a situation where two companies control 80%? And how can we allow them to control more? The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Steve Hindy. | By . Matt Blake . The Second World War could have been prevented by a single document... but Hitler destroyed it before it was made public, MI5 secret files have revealed. The last will and testament of Baron Paul von Hindenburg, Germany's president until his death in 1934, rejected Adolf Hitler's claim to the Reichstag and urged the nation to embrace democracy. Such was the respect that Germany's political class had for Hindenburg, his dissent from beyond the grave would surely have been heard and may well have obstructed Hitler's rise to power, prevented war and changed the course of history, reported The Times. Mistrust: The last will and testament of Baron Paul von Hindenburg (left), Germany's president until his death in 1934, rejected Adolf Hitler's claim to the Reichstag and urged the nation to embrace democracy. But Hitler caught wind of the document and demanded it be brought to him before it was released. It was never seen again. The claims, part of a haul of secret MI5 documents declassified last month, were made by Baron Fritz Günther von Tschirschky und Boegendorff, an aristocratic diplomat and confident of Hindenburg who helped draft the will. The confidant: The claims, part of a haul of secret MI5 documents declassified last month, were made by Baron Fritz Günther von Tschirschky und Boegendorff, an aristocratic diplomat and confidant of Hindenburg who helped draft the will . Tschirschky claimed Hindenburg's will was a powerful attack on Hitler's ambition, declaring that the the army should be independent from parliament, that a constitutional monarchy should be established and that the legislative and executive branches of government should be separated. 'He said further that he wanted the . rights of parliament established under a two-tier system on democratic . lines, like that of Britain, and that he wanted all racial and religious . discrimination abolished,' Tschirschky told the Times in 1947. Hitler and hindenburg hated each other. Hindenburg . described his Chancellor as that 'Bohemian corporal', intentionally . confusing Hitler's birthplace of Braunau in Austria, with Braunau in . Bohemia. Despite . Hitler's repeated demands to be appointed as Chancellor, Hindenburg . repeatedly refused until finally being forced by the deteriorating . political stability of the Weimar Republic to grant the Nazi Party . leader his wish. His health failing, he issued a decree which . suspended various civil liberties before signing the Enabling . Act, giving Hitler's administration legislative powers. He . died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of . President vacant and, as 'Führer und Reichskanzler', made himself head . of state. Best of enemies: Hindenburg (left) described his Chancellor as that 'Bohemian corporal', intentionally confusing Hitler's birthplace of Braunau in Austria, with Braunau in Bohemia . But instead of sacking Hitler and . declaring martial law, Hindenburg drew up a will - a 'bomb timed to go . off posthumously and blow Hitler off course', wrote historian Ben . Macintyre in The Times. Before becoming Germany's president in 1925, Baron Paul von Hindenburg was a highly-decorated Prussian-German field marshal. He first came under the national spotlight when, at the age of 66, he won the decisive Battle of Tannenberg, almost completely destroying the Russian Second Army in August 1914. Becoming Chief of the General Staff in 1916, he quickly rose in the German public's esteem ultimately gaining more influence in Germany than the Kaiser himself. Retiring in 1919, he returned to public life in 1925, surfing his wave of popularity to become president. But the rise of the National Socialist Party made Adolf Hitler impossible to ignore. Hindenburg described his Chancellor as that 'Bohemian corporal', intentionally confusing Hitler's birthplace of Braunau in Austria, with Braunau in Bohemia. Despite his repeated attempts to spurn Hitler's advances on the office of Chancellor, the deteriorating political stability of the Weimar Republic coupled with the rise in popularity enjoyed by the Nazi Party forced Hindenburg to give in. He appointed Hitler as German Chancellor in January 1933. In February, he issued a decree which suspended various civil liberties before signing the Enabling Act a month later, giving Hitler legislative powers. He died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as 'Führer und Reichskanzler', made himself head of state. Within . hours of Hindenburg's death on August 2 1934, Hitler announced the . offices of Chancellor and President would merge under his rule as . supreme Fuhrer. A vote was called to let the German people express their view of Hitler's unprecedented move to become head of government and head of state. But as soon as he heard about the will, Hitler reportedly ordered his henchmen 'to ensure that this document comes into my possession as soon as possible'. Colonel Oskar von Hindenburg, son of the late President but a loyal Nazi, duly handed it over. It was never seen again. Instead, just before the vote, the Nazis published Hindenburg's 'political testament' - a glowing endorsement of Hitler and his political goals. Many historians believe it was a forgery. Four days later, 38 million voters supported Hitlars coup. Five million people rejected it. the next day, the Nazis made every member of the German army swear an obligatory oath of allegiance. Baron Tschirschky insisted: 'Hitler . would never have come into power, and there would have been no war, if . the wishes of Hindenburg had been known to the German people.' 'We . tend to see history in terms of unstoppable forces, great movements of . economics or ideology that dwarf individual choice and volition,' wrote Macintyre. 'But small things also change history — the whistle-blower, the resister, the single, history-defining document.' While Hitler must have destroyed the document he was given, two drafts survived. Nazi agents tracked the first down to a bank account in Switzerland and destroyed it. The other was kept by Tschirschky. But just before Tschirschky, a staunch opponent of Nazism, defected to Britain to spend the rest of the war in an internment camp, he said he burned his copy - the last written testament to Hindenburg's true feelings about Hitler and the future of Germany. | eng_Latn | 15,291 |
New images released on the day Hitler seized power 80 years ago .
Pictures show the tyrant becoming Chancellor of Germany .
They are taken from British newsreels recorded in 1933 . | These newly re-released images show the moment Adolf Hitler rose to power - exactly 80 years ago today. On January 30, 1933, the man who would become one of the worst tyrants in history was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the first step towards his creation of a totalitarian regime. The photos are part of an online gallery published by newsreel company British Pathe in order to record the pivotal moment in history. Scroll down to watch . The soon-to-be dictator gives the cameraman a thumbs up soon after his triumph . Prophetic: The newsreel's caption hints at the consternation the world felt towards Hitler's growing power . The original caption used by British . Pathe on its footage back in 1933 was chillingly prophetic, stating that . Hitler was now master of his own destiny - and hinting that only fear . and uncertainty lay ahead. It . compared Hitler, a former lowly soldier from Austria, to Otto von . Bismarck, the famous 19th Century statesman who unified Germany through . war. The full caption read . as follows: 'BERLIN ... ADOLF HITLER assumes Bismarck's mantle as . Germany's chancellor. He is now master of his adopted country's destiny . and a wondering world awaits ... what?' Pictures in the online gallery show . the Nazi dictator surrounded by his henchmen, including Hermann Göring, . who was also appointed Minister of the Interior for Prussia. Another shot shows Hitler giving a thumbs-up to his supporters. A . spokesman for British Pathe said: 'Hitler's appointment as Chancellor . was significant in his rise to power and the footage from 80 years ago . is an important piece of history because of what followed.' Hitler immediately began consolidating his power and dismantled a number of freedoms in Germany . Hitler was able to achieve power thanks to the backing of captains of industry, businessmen and powerul politicians. He had come second in the 1932 election . Hitler was appointed chancellor by . German statesman Paul von Hindenburg after three elections had not . resulted in the formation of a majority government. Von . Hindenburg had reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as leader after . influential politicians, industrialists and businessmen urged him to do . so. Hitler . was to head a short-lived coalition government formed by his own . National Socialist German Workers Party and another party, the German . National People's Party. On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. Hitler had initially tried to seize . power in 1923 in an event known as the Beer Hall Putsch. The NSDAP . stormed a public meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller, a large beer hall in . Munich, and declared the formation of a new government. Tyrant's ascent: These newly re-released images show Adolf Hitler on January 30th 1933, the day he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler (right) and Hermann Goring, who was appointed Minister of the Interior for Prussia at the same time. The appointment helped Hitler secure control of Germany's police force . However, the coup failed and Hitler . was arrested and spent a year in prison. While serving his sentence he . wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), an autobiography and ideological text . that laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one . based on race. After his release he set about rebuilding the NSDAP and concentrated on achieving power through a more legitimate political path. He exploited the discontent a number of Germans, particularly farmers, war veterans, and the middle class, felt after the trials of the Great Depression, and steadily rose to power. After his appointment as chancellor in . 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a . single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic . ideology of Nazism. He launched a campaign of . hatred and genocide against Jews and his action soon plunged Europe - . and eventually the whole world - into a war that claimed an estimated . 50million lives. | A concentration camp uniform for sale on eBay is almost certainly a fake. Forensic tests commissioned by this newspaper found thread used to sew on buttons and a name tag contained a dye not invented until after the Second World War. The findings have added to the distress of the family of the man it was claimed wore the striped uniform, who were furious when it was put up for sale at £11,000. This concentration camp uniform for sale on eBay at £11,000 is almost certainly a fake, according to an expert . The report caused worldwide outrage and led to an apology from the online trading site, which removed 30 items from sale – including the uniform. Last week, scientists at Contact Traces, a forensic laboratory near Oxford, examined 27 fibre samples from the uniform. Expert Lorna Stevens said: ‘The black thread used to sew the badge and the buttons on appears to be coloured with a Reactive Black 5 dye, which was not invented until 1954. ‘This throws serious questions on the likelihood the badge is associated with this uniform. ‘The findings so far appear to challenge its credibility as a genuine uniform.’ The striped pyjama-style concentration camp uniform was worn by death camp inmates . The seller, Viktor Kempf, 62, of Vancouver, claimed that the uniform had been worn by Wolf-Gierszon Grundmann, who died in Auschwitz, Poland, in 1941. Mr Grundmann’s daughter’s half-sister, Fani Simon, 66, who lives in Tel Aviv, said: ‘I feel sick. He stole our relative’s identity. This is fraud.’ | eng_Latn | 15,292 |
Former commando Frank Cramp landed on Normandy beaches in 1944 .
The one-man surprise mission took out a German machine gun sentry .
He handed back his prized beret when he left the forces in 1954 .
The veteran learned later he was allowed to keep it and regretted mistake .
Navy chiefs decided to present the brave OAP him with a replacement .
Green beret is official headdress of the British Commandos of WWII . | A Royal Marine veteran who single-handedly took out a German machine-gun posts on D-Day has been awarded his second green beret- after he lost his 60 years ago. Frank Cramp, 94, handed the prized headgear back along with the rest of his kit when he left the armed forces in 1954. The ex-corporal only discovered afterwards he was allowed to keep it and spent six decades regretting his mistake. A proud Mr Cramp puts on his second green beret, (left) the 94-year-old veteran had been given his first beret as a Royal Marine in WWII (right) but had given it back along with the rest of his kit when he left the armed forces in 1954. But when Navy chiefs heard about his plight they decided to reward brave OAP Frank with a replacement green beret - the official headdress of the British Commandos of WWII and still worn by Royal Marines today. Londoner Frank emigrated to Edmonton, Canada, in 1957 but travelled to France for a tour of the Normandy beaches. The former commando landed ashore there on Sword Beach in 1944 with pals from 45 Commando - but he soon found himself alone when his landing craft had to retreat, along with all his comrades. Undeterred, he went on a one-man surprise mission to take out a German machine gun sentry and managed to take out the enemy with barely a scratch. Lt Col Richard Cantrill, 42 Commanding Officer, re-presents Mr Cramp with the famous headdress at the Dewerstone beauty spot on Dartmoor where current Royal Marines receive their first green beret on completion of training . When Frank decided to mark the 70th anniversary of the landings his daughters and the Royal Marines Association arranged for him link up with 42 Commando at Bickleigh Barracks in Devon - where Frank was once an instructor. Navy brass then whisked him to Dewerstone, a remote beautyspot in Dartmoor in Devon, where Royal Marines are awarded their green berets after finishing training at nearby Lympstone Commando Training Centre. Lieutenant Colonel Richard Cantrill, commanding officer of 42 Commando, said it was a pleasure to give the hero his prized hat back. He said: “It was a great pleasure for me to host Frank. Hearing his extraordinary recollections of his landing on Sword Beach, and beyond, was fascinating and served as a reminder as to why commando forces were first raised, and how they were employed. Frank Cramp during his time in the Royal Marines, who single-handedly took out a German machine-gun posts on D-Day . Frank Cramp has been re-presented with the famous green beret after giving it up by mistake 60 years ago . “We discovered that Frank had always regretted not keeping his green beret when he was demobilised, and so we were delighted to re-present Frank with his commando headgear, in the same spot on the edge of Dartmoor where modern commandos receive theirs. “He remembers saying to comrades in Normandy after a number of near death experiences that he must have a guardian angel and would probably live to be 100. “He then said to me, with obvious glee, ‘Just six years to go, Rich’. “I am so pleased that Frank, with great support from the Royal Marines Association, has remained a close member of the Royal Marines family - once a Marine, always a Marine.” Mr Cramp, originally from Poplar, said he enjoyed his visit immensely. He added: “I was surprised and overwhelmed with the recognition and respect I received.” | It was the feature that made him instantly recognisable, and in Britain ridiculed. Adolf Hitler's toothbrush moustache was as much his hallmark as a swastika and his side-parting hair style. Now the story of how the dictator went from having an elaborate handlebar moustache to the style he is forever associated with has been told in Emmy-nominated series The World Wars. Before and after: A new series reveals that Adolf Hitler got his infamous toothbrush moustache (right) after he had to trim his handlebar style (left) to allow his gas mask to properly seal during the First World War . The three-part mini series from the History Channel sheds a new light on the conflicts that defined the 20th century, and features dramatic re-enactments as well as interviews with historians and current political figures including John McCain, Colin Powell, Stanley McChrystal and Dick Cheney. The series, spread over six hours, starts with a First World War soldier discovering that his handlebar moustache, complete with twisted ends, is preventing his gas mask from sealing tightly during a gas attack in a trench. The soldier, revealed to be a young Adolf Hitler, is then shown trimming the facial hair into a neat square, creating the infamous style. Stephen David, the series' executive producer, said his research team had learned how Hitler had favoured a longer moustache prior to the outbreak of the First World War while making the programme. 'We're trying to be as factual as we can,' he told The Wrap. Preference: Hitler, pictured as a young soldier, had favoured a longer moustache prior to the outbreak of the First World War . 'Sometimes we have to compress time. He wasn't ordered to shave the . mustache, but actually he shaved the mustache while he was in the . hospital. Budget-wise, it would have been tough to film there as well as . in the trench.' After the conflict ended in 1918, Hitler kept the moustache, still preferring the trimmed style as he rose to power in Germany in the early 1930s, and it soon became one of his most identifiable features. Mr David said: 'I think in actuality after World War I . that was a fashion, and a lot of people did that. Between World War I . and World War II, that was a fashion that a lot of people had. And being . that Hitler had it, he kind of killed that fashion.' Proof? Hitler's preference for a longer moustache is evidence that this photograph appearing to show him cheering the outbreak of war in 1914 was faked . Hitler's preference for a longer moustache at the outbreak of the First World War was recently used by historians to suggest that a famous photograph of him apparently celebrating Germany's declaration of war on August 2, 1914 in Munich was a fake. The picture, which first appeared in the pages of the Nazi . propaganda publication German Illustrated Observer on March 12, 1932, . the year Hitler ran for president, appeared to show a 25-year-old Hitler cheering, and he later claimed it was at that moment that he found his purpose in life. It was captioned: ‘Adolf Hitler, the German patriot, is seen in the middle of the crowd. He stands with blazing eyes – Adolf Hitler.’ However, it has been claimed the photograph was faked by Hitler and his personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann, as the original negative of the picture was never found, and he can not be seen in newsreel footage of the event. Ridicule: Hitler's moustache was one of his most identifiable, but also his most ridiculed features - as demonstrated by comedian John Cleese in Fawlty Towers . Satire: Charlie Chaplin was another adopter of the toothbrush moustache, and used this similarity to Hitler to his advantage when parodying him in 1940 film The Great Dictator (pictured) Mr David said he had initially struggled to find an actor to play Hitler in the series, which has been Emmy-nominated for Outstanding Writing . for Nonfiction, Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming, . and Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series. He then cast actor Maximilian Klas as the young Hiter, and Hugh Scully, who had a small role in another History Channel series The Men Who Built America, as the older version of the dictator. He said: 'The hardest part to find was Hitler. We did a lot of casting, I remember our casting notice was picked up online at one point and a lot of sites were saying, “It's finally good to look like Hitler!”' Although popular between the wars, when it was sported by comedians Charlie Chaplin and Oliver Hardy, the toothbrush moustache fell out of favour after the Second World War due to its strong association with Hitler. | eng_Latn | 15,293 |
Justice tries to block Budweiser, Corona brewers from merging .
Anheuser-Busch InBev already owns half of Grupo Modelo .
Justice official calls it "a bad deal for American consumers"
ABI calls the case "inconsistent with the law, the facts and the reality of the marketplace" | (CNN) -- The U.S. government moved to block the proposed merger of beer giant Anheuser-Busch InBev with Mexico's Grupo Modelo on Thursday, with a Justice Department official calling it "a bad deal for American consumers." ABI already owns about half of Modelo, which brews the popular Corona brand. The Justice Department's antitrust lawsuit accuses ABI of trying to eliminate "a significant competitive threat" from Modelo's Corona brands by purchasing the rest of the Mexican company for a proposed $20.1 billion. That deal would boost ABI's share of the U.S. beer market grow from about 39% to 46%, the lawsuit states. Add that to the 29% already controlled by No. 2 brewer MillerCoors, and two companies would split about three-quarters of the $80 billion field, said Bill Baer, the head of the Justice Department's antitrust division. "Beer prices have gone up in recent years because of this high concentration," Baer said Thursday morning. "ABI and MillerCoors have been able to drive prices up year after year." Competition from Modelo forces the top two players "to forego the full extent of the price increases that they would otherwise be able to get out of the market," he said. Opinion: Don't let big brewers win beer wars . The effect has been particularly strong in states with large Latino populations, like California and Texas, the lawsuit states. And the complaint cites company documents that Justice says show ABI complaining about Modelo hindering their ability to raise prices. So letting the deal go ahead would be "a bad deal for American consumers," Baer said. ABI was created by the 2008 merger of the historic St. Louis-based brewer with Belgium's InBev, producer of European brands like Stella Artois, Bass and Beck's. A company statement called the antitrust suit "inconsistent with the law, the facts and the reality of the marketplace." "We remain confident in our position, and we intend to vigorously contest the DOJ's action in federal court," the company said. But the lawsuit will mean the deal won't be completed by the end of March, it said. To avoid antitrust concerns, ABI had proposed selling off Modelo's half-interest in its U.S. importer. But Justice argued that would produce only "a facade of competition" while eliminating a "a particularly aggressive competitor" from the market. Baer said the Justice Department and ABI had "frank and candid" discussions with the company over the merger, "but at the end of the day, we were just too far apart." More beer news on Eatocracy . | By . Matt Blake . The Second World War could have been prevented by a single document... but Hitler destroyed it before it was made public, MI5 secret files have revealed. The last will and testament of Baron Paul von Hindenburg, Germany's president until his death in 1934, rejected Adolf Hitler's claim to the Reichstag and urged the nation to embrace democracy. Such was the respect that Germany's political class had for Hindenburg, his dissent from beyond the grave would surely have been heard and may well have obstructed Hitler's rise to power, prevented war and changed the course of history, reported The Times. Mistrust: The last will and testament of Baron Paul von Hindenburg (left), Germany's president until his death in 1934, rejected Adolf Hitler's claim to the Reichstag and urged the nation to embrace democracy. But Hitler caught wind of the document and demanded it be brought to him before it was released. It was never seen again. The claims, part of a haul of secret MI5 documents declassified last month, were made by Baron Fritz Günther von Tschirschky und Boegendorff, an aristocratic diplomat and confident of Hindenburg who helped draft the will. The confidant: The claims, part of a haul of secret MI5 documents declassified last month, were made by Baron Fritz Günther von Tschirschky und Boegendorff, an aristocratic diplomat and confidant of Hindenburg who helped draft the will . Tschirschky claimed Hindenburg's will was a powerful attack on Hitler's ambition, declaring that the the army should be independent from parliament, that a constitutional monarchy should be established and that the legislative and executive branches of government should be separated. 'He said further that he wanted the . rights of parliament established under a two-tier system on democratic . lines, like that of Britain, and that he wanted all racial and religious . discrimination abolished,' Tschirschky told the Times in 1947. Hitler and hindenburg hated each other. Hindenburg . described his Chancellor as that 'Bohemian corporal', intentionally . confusing Hitler's birthplace of Braunau in Austria, with Braunau in . Bohemia. Despite . Hitler's repeated demands to be appointed as Chancellor, Hindenburg . repeatedly refused until finally being forced by the deteriorating . political stability of the Weimar Republic to grant the Nazi Party . leader his wish. His health failing, he issued a decree which . suspended various civil liberties before signing the Enabling . Act, giving Hitler's administration legislative powers. He . died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of . President vacant and, as 'Führer und Reichskanzler', made himself head . of state. Best of enemies: Hindenburg (left) described his Chancellor as that 'Bohemian corporal', intentionally confusing Hitler's birthplace of Braunau in Austria, with Braunau in Bohemia . But instead of sacking Hitler and . declaring martial law, Hindenburg drew up a will - a 'bomb timed to go . off posthumously and blow Hitler off course', wrote historian Ben . Macintyre in The Times. Before becoming Germany's president in 1925, Baron Paul von Hindenburg was a highly-decorated Prussian-German field marshal. He first came under the national spotlight when, at the age of 66, he won the decisive Battle of Tannenberg, almost completely destroying the Russian Second Army in August 1914. Becoming Chief of the General Staff in 1916, he quickly rose in the German public's esteem ultimately gaining more influence in Germany than the Kaiser himself. Retiring in 1919, he returned to public life in 1925, surfing his wave of popularity to become president. But the rise of the National Socialist Party made Adolf Hitler impossible to ignore. Hindenburg described his Chancellor as that 'Bohemian corporal', intentionally confusing Hitler's birthplace of Braunau in Austria, with Braunau in Bohemia. Despite his repeated attempts to spurn Hitler's advances on the office of Chancellor, the deteriorating political stability of the Weimar Republic coupled with the rise in popularity enjoyed by the Nazi Party forced Hindenburg to give in. He appointed Hitler as German Chancellor in January 1933. In February, he issued a decree which suspended various civil liberties before signing the Enabling Act a month later, giving Hitler legislative powers. He died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as 'Führer und Reichskanzler', made himself head of state. Within . hours of Hindenburg's death on August 2 1934, Hitler announced the . offices of Chancellor and President would merge under his rule as . supreme Fuhrer. A vote was called to let the German people express their view of Hitler's unprecedented move to become head of government and head of state. But as soon as he heard about the will, Hitler reportedly ordered his henchmen 'to ensure that this document comes into my possession as soon as possible'. Colonel Oskar von Hindenburg, son of the late President but a loyal Nazi, duly handed it over. It was never seen again. Instead, just before the vote, the Nazis published Hindenburg's 'political testament' - a glowing endorsement of Hitler and his political goals. Many historians believe it was a forgery. Four days later, 38 million voters supported Hitlars coup. Five million people rejected it. the next day, the Nazis made every member of the German army swear an obligatory oath of allegiance. Baron Tschirschky insisted: 'Hitler . would never have come into power, and there would have been no war, if . the wishes of Hindenburg had been known to the German people.' 'We . tend to see history in terms of unstoppable forces, great movements of . economics or ideology that dwarf individual choice and volition,' wrote Macintyre. 'But small things also change history — the whistle-blower, the resister, the single, history-defining document.' While Hitler must have destroyed the document he was given, two drafts survived. Nazi agents tracked the first down to a bank account in Switzerland and destroyed it. The other was kept by Tschirschky. But just before Tschirschky, a staunch opponent of Nazism, defected to Britain to spend the rest of the war in an internment camp, he said he burned his copy - the last written testament to Hindenburg's true feelings about Hitler and the future of Germany. | eng_Latn | 15,294 |
Hermann Goering was tasked with overcoming long-range bombing problem .
Much of the research would later pave the way for modern space travel . | Nazi chief Hermann Goering plotted to attack New York in a bizarre plot involving a manned space rocket dropping a dirty bomb over the Manhattan skyline. Vying for Hitler's attention, the head of the German air-force, Hermann Goering, set up a lab and a team of leading scientists to explore the possibility of the radioactive attack on American soil. Goering read the work of maverick Austrian engineer, Eugen Saenger and particularly his belief that a space plane could be built. New York: The Nazis wanted to attack the U.S. but they lacked long-range bombers capable of covering the distance. They explored a rocked-propelled spacecraft as a way to reach and bomb New York (pictured) The head of the Luftwaffe commissioned him and other leading physicists to explore the plane, which he then wanted to arm with a radioactive bomb capable of doing untold damage to America's most populous city. Leading historians told the Daily Express that Goering may have been gullible for believing the far-fetched plan would work, but much of the research which went into the project paved the way for modern space travel research and the space shuttle program. 'Saenger would greatly influence post-war thinking about space travel in the United States,' Dr David Baker, a space historian, told the British newspaper. 'A whole series of highly classified space-plane concepts were developed based on his theories.' Silverbird: Eugen Saenger (left) devised plans for the aircraft known as the Silverbird (right) that could reach America via space. Goering wanted the craft to be capable of dropping a 'dirty bomb' on New York . 'His work certainly had an influence on aspects of the Space Shuttle programme.' Goering believed the rocket plan would enable the Third Reich to overcome the issue of flying across the Atlantic and ultimately avenge America's entry into the war. Saenger completed a 900-page plan and called the craft the Silverbird. He believed it would be able to clear the lower reaches of space after being fired with rocket engines. Anti-American: The Nazis sought a way to punish the U.S. for entering World War Two. One of the schemes they looked at was a plane which would reach America via space in order to bomb New York . It was expected to reach 13,000 miles . per hour, would have a 100-tonne thrust motor and would reach more than . 80 miles above earth. 'The plan was to wrap the bomb with radioactive sand and have it explode . high above New York casting a radioactive cloud over the city,” aviation historian David Myhra . says. 'It was a kind of prototype dirty bomb.' Losing control: Goering was particularly keen to promote his airforce and saw the plot to bomb New York as an ideal way to win Hitler's favor . 'The standard aircraft of the day could not fly from Europe to the US . because they could not carry enough fuel.' 'But by reaching sub-orbital altitude the Silverbird’s fuel life would be extended allowing it to bomb anywhere in the world.' 'It was wild science fiction' 'But Saenger had worked out all the mathematics. He was certain it would work.' 'Post-war analysis indicated that the space-plane would have burnt up during re-entry but this could have been overcome with thermal shielding. 'The underlying concept was sound but it was many years ahead of its time.' Goering finally dismissed the plan and the Nazis looked at other ways to bomb the U.S. but never succeeded. Saenger fled to France and was later sent for by Josef Stalin who was also interested in the Silverbird concept. He was never found by the Soviet Union and died in 1964. Dr Asif Siddiqi, an . assistant professor in space history at Fordham University said: 'Saenger was the first to look into the technicalities of building a . winged, reusable sub-orbital vehicle.' 'His work . was extremely far-sighted.' Failure to launch: The Silverbird, pictured, was devised by Austrian engineer Eugen Saenger so the Nazis could bomb New York. The ambitious space rocket design wasn't developed beyond planning stage . | (CNN Student News) -- May 30, 2012 . Media Literacy Question of the Day . When someone risks his or her life to break a record, should news media cover the event? What would be the pros and cons of doing so? * . * . Daily Discussion Questions . According to the report, why are eight countries expelling Syrian diplomats? Do you think that Syria will react to this development? If so, how? If not, why not? Do you think that the international community should take further action against Syria? If not, why not? If so, what action do you think would be appropriate? * . * . What record is Felix Baumgartner hoping to break this summer? What do Baumgartner and Joseph Kittinger, the current record-holder, say about this feat? If you could interview Baumgartner, what questions would you ask him? Why do you think that some people attempt these kinds of records? * . * . What medal is the highest U.S. civilian honor? Who are some of this year's recipients, and what are their accomplishments? What do you think are the criteria for receiving this award? Who else do you think should receive this award, and why? * . * . How did Master Sgt. David Sims announce his return from Afghanistan? How might celebrating such an event in public compare to celebrating in private? How do you prefer to celebrate major events in your life, and why? * . * . | eng_Latn | 15,295 |
Germany wants talks on NATO missile shield | WIESBADEN, Germany - Germany stepped up calls on Friday for NATO talks on creating a missile defense shield for Europe, a day after the United States vowed to press ahead with its system without alliance approval. | One of the most ambitious fan films ever made may never be shown to an audience thanks to German copyright law. | eng_Latn | 15,296 |
Germany Arrests Two Suspected Iraq Bomb Plotters | German police arrested two men Sunday suspected of plotting an al Qaeda suicide attack in Iraq. | Neo-Nazi parties took seats in German legislatures this week for the first time in 36 years. | eng_Latn | 15,297 |
East bloc baubles woo Germans | Nostalgia for symbols of the former communist East Germany remains a money-spinner in Berlin. | Belgium's far right Vlaams Blok faces a court ruling that could in effect shut the party down. | eng_Latn | 15,298 |
He was dismissed by Adolf Hitler in December 1941 , following the German retreat from Rostov , but was recalled in 1942 and appointed Commander in Chief in the West . | Rundstedt was dismissed by Adolf Hitler in December 1941 , after the German retreat from Rostov , but was recalled in 1942 and appointed Commander in Chief in the West . | In 1980 , he joined the staff of Turner Broadcasting Systems ' Cable News Network ( as managing editor of the Washington bureau , 1980 -- 82 ; Moscow bureau chief , 1983 -- 86 ; senior correspondent , 1986 ; executive producer , 1987 -- 90 ; editor-in-chief of `` CNN World Report '' , 1990 -- 91 ; vice-president of CNN , 1990 -- 95 ; executive vice-president , Turner International Broadcasting , Russia , 1993 -- 97 ) . | eng_Latn | 15,299 |
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