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how to prevent spread of pneumonia | 1 Stay away from people who have colds, the flu, or other respiratory tract infections. 2 If you haven't had measles or chickenpox or if you didn't get vaccines against these diseases, avoid people who have them. 3 Wash your hands often. 4 This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia.here are a number of steps you can take to help prevent getting pneumonia. 1 Stop smoking. 2 You're more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke. 3 Avoid people who have infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia. | 1 Stay away from people who have colds, the flu, or other respiratory tract infections. 2 If you haven't had measles or chickenpox or if you didn't get vaccines against these diseases, avoid people who have them. 3 Wash your hands often. 4 This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia.here are a number of steps you can take to help prevent getting pneumonia. 1 Stop smoking. 2 You're more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke. 3 Avoid people who have infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia. | eng_Latn | 23,200 |
what helps runny nose from allergies | Coughing also helps clear your airways of mucus produced due to a cold, allergies, or other diseases, such as the flu. Cold and allergies have many similar symptoms, such as coughing, runny nose, and sneezing. If you have asthma, both conditions can also cause wheezing and shortness of breath.However, colds and allergies are different conditions with distinct causes. Allergies:old and allergies have many similar symptoms, such as coughing, runny nose, and sneezing. If you have asthma, both conditions can also cause wheezing and shortness of breath. However, colds and allergies are different conditions with distinct causes. Allergies: | Antihistamines block histamine, a symptom-causing chemical released by your immune system during an allergic reaction. Oral antihistamines, available as over-the-counter and prescription drugs, ease runny nose, itchy or watery eyes, hives, swelling, and other signs or symptoms of allergies. Because some of these drugs can cause drowsiness and fatigue, they shouldn't be taken when driving or doing other potentially dangerous activities. | eng_Latn | 23,201 |
rhinosinusitis symptoms | Rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the nasal passages and sinus cavities. It is usually caused by allergies or an infection. It causes a combination of symptoms of rhinitis, (the medical term for nasal symptoms), and sinusitis, including: Runny nose. Post nasal drip. | Some of the other ways by which rhinorrhea may be signalled include nasal congestion caused due to sinusitis, sneezing, headache, dizziness, loss of consciousness or a confused mind, a sore threat, chills, pain in the ear and the face, weariness, bleeding by the nose, breathing problems and even diarrhoea. | dan_Latn | 23,202 |
how to stop mucus drainage | Mucus problems can be a nuisance, but there are some simple ways to remedy it. Make sure that you drink plenty of liquids such as water, juice or tea with honey, and gargle daily with warm salt water to thin out mucus. For more severe throat infections, a doctorâs visit is recommended. | You can lie in different positions to help clear your lungs. To help drain mucus from the back of your lungs, lie on your stomach. Place two or three pillows under your hips. Use a small pillow under your head if it helps you feel more comfortable.Place your arms by your head. Use belly breathing.By Healthwise Staff.o help drain mucus from the back of your lungs, lie on your stomach. Place two or three pillows under your hips. Use a small pillow under your head if it helps you feel more comfortable. | eng_Latn | 23,203 |
what is thickening of the sinuses | Sinusitis is an inflammation, thickening, and swelling of the normal tissue called mucosa, which lines all the sinuses.This same type of tissue lines all the passages of your nose as well as the small channels which connect the nose and sinuses.These channels, or ostiomeatal complex, which is pictured above with the gray shading, can become blocked by swollen tissue.his same type of tissue lines all the passages of your nose as well as the small channels which connect the nose and sinuses. These channels, or ostiomeatal complex, which is pictured above with the gray shading, can become blocked by swollen tissue. | Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms. Common signs and symptoms include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and pain in the face. Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, poor sense of smell, sore throat, and cough. The cough is often worse at night. Serious complications are rare. | eng_Latn | 23,204 |
what causes acute sinusitis | Acute sinusitis only happens for a short time (usually a week), but chronic sinusitis can last for months. Sinusitis is considered chronic after at least 12 weeks of symptoms. Acute sinusitis is usually caused by a cold, but chronic sinusitis can have many other causes. Nearly 30 million Americans have sinusitis of some sort. Chronic sinusitis can make it especially hard to breathe due to long-term blockage and inflammation. | Chronic sinusitis is often the result of damage to the mucus membrane from a past, untreated acute sinus infection. The aerobic and anaerobic bacteria present in chronic sinusitis are often different from those that cause the acute form. | eng_Latn | 23,205 |
what is the difference between a common cold and allergies? | If you tend to get colds that develop suddenly and occur at the same time every year, it's possible that you actually have seasonal allergies. Although colds and seasonal allergies may share some of the same symptoms, they are very different diseases. Common colds are caused by viruses, while seasonal allergies are immune system responses triggered by exposure to allergens. Treatment of a common cold may include rest, pain relievers and over-the-counter cold remedies, such as decongestants. | ⢠Symptoms of cold take few days to develop after the viral infection, but allergic symptoms begin immediately after the exposure. ⢠Constitutional symptoms are more common with cold than allergy. ⢠Fever is never a feature of allergy. ⢠Itchiness, watery eyes usually accompanied with allergy rather than cold. ⢠Cold is usually self limiting but allergy needs interventions and treatment. | eng_Latn | 23,206 |
symptoms of sinus | Symptoms of a sinus infection can include. 1 pain or pressure sensations over the involved areas of the face along with tenderness and swelling, 2 stuffy nose, or nasal congestion, 3 drainage or discharge from the nose, 4 cough, 5 earache, 6 pain in the jaw or teeth, and nausea. | The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Sinusitis includes the 45 symptoms listed below: 1 Coughing. 2 Sneezing. 3 Tiredness. 4 Aches. 5 Severe headache. 6 Runny nose. 7 Morning headache. 8 Sinus pain. | eng_Latn | 23,207 |
how long does an acute sinus infection last | Sinus infections often follow a cold and cause pain and pressure in your head and face. Sinusitis can be either acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term). With chronic sinusitis, the infection or inflammation does not completely go away for 12 weeks or more. | Sinus infections can last up to two weeks and bring about pesky, uncomfortable symptoms â sore throat, sinus pressure, coughing, fever and drainage â but you can manage these until your body fights off the infection, said a physician assistant from Baylor College of Medicine. | eng_Latn | 23,208 |
definition of nasopharyngitis | Nasopharyngitis: Introduction. Nasopharyngitis: Nasopharyngitis is a contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, primarily.It is the most common infectious disease in humans. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Nasopharyngitis is available below. | The common cold (also known as nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, head cold, or simply a cold) is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract which primarily affects the nose.he common cold is frequently defined as nasal inflammation with varying amount of throat inflammation. Self-diagnosis is frequent. Isolation of the actual viral agent involved is rarely performed, and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms. | eng_Latn | 23,209 |
what are the causes of post nasal drip | Post-nasal drip is the sensation of mucus accumulating or dripping in the back of your throat. Post-nasal drip can irritate your throat, causing a sore throat or cough. It can go along with a stuffy nose if you have a nasal allergy.It is more likely to be caused by the mucus becoming too thick or by irritation of your throat. In my experience, the three most common causes are allergy, gastric reflux, and medications that cause dryness.â. Here are some other common conditions that may cause post-nasal drip: 1 Cold or flu viruses. 2 Sinus infection. | Post nasal drip(PND) means that excess mucus drips down the back of the throat. Mucous is continually made by the cells lining the sinus passages. It may be caused by sinusitis or other inflammatory disorders. | eng_Latn | 23,210 |
home remedies for recurring sinus infections | 4 Home Remedies for Sinus Infection Treatment. 1 1. Apple Cider Vinegar â Apple cider vinegar is a hailed sinus infection treatment. 2 2. Turmeric â Thanks to a powerful compound found in turmeric known as curcumin, turmeric possesses powerful health benefits. | Review possible medical complications related to Common Variable Immunodeficiency: 1 Opportunistic infections. 2 Recurring ear infections (see Ear infection) 3 Recurring sinus infections (see Sinusitis) Recurring lung infections (see Lung 1 symptoms) Recurring bronchial infections (see Bronchitis) Gastrointestinal infections (see Digestive 1 symptoms) Anemia. | eng_Latn | 23,211 |
what med is good for colds? | 1 Acetaminophen. 2 This is generally marketed as Tylenol and is a good option for headaches and other aches and pains. 3 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 4 This category of cold medication works by cutting down on inflammation in your body and includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen (Aleve). | Tip 1: L-Lysine, the best supplement out there for cold sores. I have found from personal experience that the brand Quantum Physics works best for me. They even have a lip cold sore treatment that I add to my treatment plan when I feel that first tingle. Combined with the Lysine supplement it does seem to speed up the recovery process. | eng_Latn | 23,212 |
how to clear lungs of mucus | Deep Coughing: Start by taking a deep breath. Hold the breath for 2-3 seconds. Use your stomach muscles to forcefully expel the air. Avoid a hacking cough or merely clearing the throat. A deep cough is less tiring and more effective in clearing mucus out of the lungs. | Getting Basic Care. 1. Clear phlegm or mucus from your throat by coughing. If an excess of mucus has made its home in your throat, it's okay to evict it by coughing it up. Find a remote place, such as a bathroom, and try to loosen the mucus from your throat by coughing or hacking. | eng_Latn | 23,213 |
Relieve Colds Through Diet | Colds are typically caused by a type of virus that can cause larger problems, such as upper respiratory infections, lower respiratory infections, and in rare cases, pneumonia. | Do you want to make healthy soup, but do not know how? Well this article will help you make them. | eng_Latn | 23,214 |
cold symptoms, diarrhea and pregnancy | Weakness, excessive fatigue, and sweating are common. There may be mild cold symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, and dry or hacking cough. Colds and upper respiratory infections are almost always viral. There is no treatment for viral infections, so they just have to run their course. Therefore, antibiotics are not helpful for most colds. | Historically, ginger root has been used to reduce stomach upset symptoms, including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, resulting from motion sickness, morning sickness during pregnancy or chemotherapy or anesthesia. Ginger root may also be effective in treating flu-like or cold symptoms. | eng_Latn | 23,215 |
clogged sweat glands can i get rid of at home | Clogged sweat glands can be treated with several home remedies. Clogged sweat glands should be treated internally as well as externally. Internally you have to do following: Internal home remedies for clogged sweat glands: 1 Drink a glass of lime juice two to three times in a day.2 Lime juice helps to unclog the sweat glands. 3 The internal body heat which is responsible for excessive production of sweat reduces after drinking lime juice.logged sweat glands should be treated internally as well as externally. Internally you have to do following: Internal home remedies for clogged sweat glands: 1 Drink a glass of lime juice two to three times in a day. 2 Lime juice helps to unclog the sweat glands. | Several herbal and home remedies are effective in treating clogged sweat glands. 1 Lime juice is natural remedy to unclog the sweat glands. 2 It allows the skin to cool and reduce the internal heat.3 Drink lime juice three times in a day when you experience your sweat glands are clogged.everal herbal and home remedies are effective in treating clogged sweat glands. 1 Lime juice is natural remedy to unclog the sweat glands. 2 It allows the skin to cool and reduce the internal heat. | eng_Latn | 23,216 |
How do you treat strep throat? | How do you get rid of strep throat? | Why do I constantly have to clear my throat? | eng_Latn | 23,217 |
Keep the Nose Moist to Prevent Nosebleeds | Nosebleeds are embarrassing and massively inconvenient. They are particularly frequent during cold, dry winter months. This means that one of the best ways to prevent nosebleeds is to keep the mucous membranes of your nose from drying out. | Don't know how to get a Pegasus on Howrse.com? Here's an easy way to get medusa's blood to get you your Pegasus! | eng_Latn | 23,218 |
Relieve Stuffy Nose in Toddlers | A cold, the flu allergies, or a dry environment can all cause stuffy nose in toddlers. In a healthy child, mucus moisturizes and cleans the nasal membranes, but when the child becomes ill or is exposed to irritants, mucus production increases to help fight the infection or as a response to the irritant, resulting in a stuffy nose. | Always wanted a cat but you can't get one? Allergies or parents say no when you want a cat more than anything else? An imaginary cat is the best solution here. | eng_Latn | 23,219 |
Unable to identify bug/insect in house I am not able to identify this bug/insect. I stay in Dubai and have been noticing this bug/insect in my apartment since a week now. It is so tiny that it's difficult to notice. The image below has been taken using a DSLR by placing it on a book page and cropped to more than 100% zoom. I don't know the source, can feel it crawling on my skin and that's the only way to see it. One good thing is it cannot fly. I went through all the questions about insect identification, but couldn't find any closest match for this. I also compared it to a book lice, but it's nowhere near to it. I suspect it bites and leaves the skin itching with red spots similar to a mosquito bite. Does anyone know about this bug if it is harmful, and how to get rid of it? | Bug Identification: Tiny Bugs I have seen these on my hands recently and I am wondering what they are. Urban Setting. South Central Pennsylvania. | What should I do to avoid ear pain when flying? I always feel a pain in my ears when flying. Specially when descending. The last time I had extreme pain, feeling it inclusive around my eye balls. It felt like someone was touching the eye and pulling it from the inside. I really had to focus, close my eyes and hold to avoid screaming. I am not sure but I think both things might be related. Such a severe situation only happened once. I just heard that with a cold the ear pain gets worse. I am bit worried that I might go through that situation again. I have a cold and I am going to fly soon. What can I do to improve this? I see that some consider this a duplicate of the question "best way to make my ears pop" but after reading the answers I think my question goes a bit beyond that since my pain is more extreme and I think it goes beyond just popping the ears. I also want to know if other methods, like using earplugs, might be effective. | eng_Latn | 23,220 |
How can I cure a stuffy nose ? | Vicks and I just recently bought Shower Soothers, they work awesome! | don't. Enjoy it. It only comes every four years. And besides it is only one month...in summer. Enjoy yourself lad. | eng_Latn | 23,221 |
I got a hole in my nose from picking it!? | Yeah, use some silly putty, that should do the trick. | Drinking alot of water will help. I listed a link that helps you determine the amount of water you should consume each day. | eng_Latn | 23,222 |
HELP!!!,..........I am getting a cold and I am going on vacation in 3 days!!! What can I do? | Not sure of the spelling, but I know several people who swear by Aerborne. Good luck & hope you have a super vacation!! | Vicks sells things that plug in the wall. Pick up one of them from your drug store.\n\nDirections:\n\n 1. Tear foil pouch at notch to expose pad. Do not touch exposed pad directly.\n 2. Slide pad into side slot of the Vapor-Plug.\n 3. Insert Vapor-Plug into a 120-volt electrical outlet. Replace pad after 8 hours. | eng_Latn | 23,223 |
What can you do to releive plugged up ears? | Yawn while opening your mouth wide open. Wide as possible. | Hello..Ayurveda( the Indian world praised and known) have some remedies also for women..Check in some herbal or drug store.Amazing results are shown if daily a woma drinks at least two times(100gr.) of fresh celery juice..Good lcu!! | eng_Latn | 23,224 |
What is the best way to get rid of ear congestion without going to the Dr.? | You weren't very specific but if the problem is excess ear wax, I have a dandy remedy. You need to buy an inexpensive squeeze bulb thing called an ear syringe and some hydrogen peroxide, which is cheap. Lie on your side on the bathroom floor and dribble a little hydrogen peroxide into your ear. It will bubble and make a noise like ginger ale in your ear. After a few minutes, fill the ear syringe with warm water. Put your head over the bathtub and squirt the warm water in your ear. If nothing happens, repeat the whole process with the hydrogen peroxide followed by squirting warm water in your ear. You may have to repeat this a few times, but when you finally succeed, a big, ugly lump of ear wax will come out. Turn over and do the other ear. | Clorox in bath water.*\n\nWhen i was a child which i was raised in the country we would just put a cup of Clorox into the bath water.\n\nThan they would be gone. | eng_Latn | 23,225 |
how do i stop my bouts of sneezing ? | I'm allergic to something that no doctor has yet been able to figure out. It strikes me at the worst times (usually when I'm eating or drinking) and it was extremely hard to control. What I've learned to do is to hold a piece of ice to the top of my mouth with my tounge. If you press the ice firmly enough to the roof of your mouth the sneezing should stop (at least, it does with my sneezing). | Why would you want to? Unless you register you won't get the updates and these days you really need them. I guess you could buy a fire wall program and when it tries to register click 'always deny' but it wouldn't bea a wise thing to do. | eng_Latn | 23,226 |
What are some home remedies for a nose that gets stuffy during the night? | How can I keep my nose from getting stuffy at night? | What are some good home remedies for a really runny nose? | eng_Latn | 23,227 |
name of object used to unstuff a nose | By Kayla Faglie-Posted on Sep 21, 2012. My doctor recommened warm water and a little salt. Put a couple of drop in in the nose and then suck it out with the snot sucker (not sure what it's actually called). It worked really well or you could put a small piece of a peppermint in the bottle with water, that helps also. | The most common way to get rid of a stuffy nose is to use an over-the-counter (OTC) decongestant combined with an anti-inflammatory analgesic (pain reliever) like Ibuprofen. Some people think that a decongestant is supposed to dry up all the fluid in your nose and make you better. | eng_Latn | 23,228 |
what oils for diffuser when u have a cold | There are many symptoms experienced by a cold sufferer so letâs treat each one separately. Essential oils for a cold: Coughs: Several oils have expectorant properties which can help clear mucus from the lungs. Others assist by relaxing or opening up respiratory passages. Oils helpful for coughs include Eucalyptus, Thyme, Sandalwood, Frankincense, Cypress, Cedarwood, Lavender, Myrrh, Peppermint, and Rosemary. | Benefits of Diffusing Thieves Oil. Diffusing with an essential oil diffuser is a great way to get this health supporting blend into the respiratory system of household members. Inhaling diffused Thieves® Therapeutic Grade Essential Oil can support the lungs, aid the immune system, and give support to sinuses. | eng_Latn | 23,229 |
home remedies for babies | 1. Ginger. Ginger is one of the best natural home remedies for teething babies. Ginger contains anti inflammatory that will help to relieve from the teething pain by soothing the nerve endings. To use ginger for teething babies, you should take a small ginger root. Afterwards, you rub the babyâs gum with this ginger root for at least 2 â 3 minutes. | Some home remedies help treat congestion in infants. For example, MedlinePlus recommends using saline nose drops. This consists of 1/4 level tsp. of salt mixed with 1/2 cup of lukewarm water. The salt helps clear sinuses. You'll need a pipette and a steady hand. | eng_Latn | 23,230 |
what oils to take a bath in when you have a cold | Essential oils detox bath recipes for congestion and sinus relief. Essential oil baths for congestion and sinus issues are a common, and growingly popular, natural remedy. Using aromatherapy solutions is among the most effective DIY recipes to relieve a range of cold symptoms. | How To Use Essential Oils For Colds and Flu Relief. As you will discover in the suggested remedies and blends included with each essential oil description, you will see that we suggest several methods of using essential oils for colds and the flu. Some methods for cold and flu prevention and relief are: Aromatherapy; Bath Blends; Massage Blends; Diffusers | eng_Latn | 23,231 |
can i use tea tree oil in a sinus rinse | It is also used to treat skin infections, bug bites, eczema, psoriasis, acne, fungal nail infections, cuts and burn injuries. Inhaling tea tree oil may help ease respiratory, throat, nasal and sinus congestion and infections. | You can also dilute tea tree oil with vegetable, olive, or almond oil. Tea tree oil is not safe to take by mouth. It is not recommended for use in the ears, because it may cause damage to the inner ear. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate tea tree oil in the same way it regulates medicines. | eng_Latn | 23,232 |
ways to use frankincense essential oil for relaxation | 4. Add a few drops of Frankincense oil to bath water for a relaxing, stress-relieving bath. Other stress-relieving oils that Frankincense blends well with include Cedarwood and Vetiver, and the citrus oils Orange, Bergamot and Tangerine/Mandarin. 5. Frankincense essential oil is one of the best oils for aging skin. Add it to homemade face oils for aging or dry skin, or use it in homemade hand creams for dry skin. The ancient Egyptians used frankincense in perfumes and cosmetics, and in embalming. | Ways to Use It for a Cough: Like other essential oils, the best way to ease cough using frankincense essential oil is through steam inhalation. Add four to six drops of frankincense essential oil into a bowl of hot, non-scalding water. Do steam inhalation for ten to fifteen minutes, thrice daily. | eng_Latn | 23,233 |
what is a home remedy for a clogged tear duct | Natural remedies for clogged tear ducts include massaging the eye, Eyebright herbal tea and breast milk, advises Holistic Squid. Consult a physician if an infection of the tear ducts is suspected. Boric acid and warm water is also helpful, according to Yoga Wiz. Continue Reading. | Home Remedies For Blocked Tear Ducts. 1 Use a cotton washcloth wrung out after soaking in hot water as a compress over the eyes. Leave on for about five minutes at a time. 2 Massage the internal corner of your eye as shown in the video treating babies with blocked tear ducts. | eng_Latn | 23,234 |
home remedies for toothaches | 7 Home Remedies for Toothache â Natural Toothache Treatment. Garlic. Among the most popular of home remedies for toothache, the use of garlic has been passed down for years to treat a toothache. Garlic contains a powerful compound called allicin, which helps to makeup garlicâs antibiotic properties. | 7 Home Remedies for Toothache â Natural Toothache Treatment. Garlic. Among the most popular of home remedies for toothache, the use of garlic has been passed down for years to treat a toothache. Garlic contains a powerful compound called allicin, which helps to makeup garlicâs antibiotic properties. | eng_Latn | 23,235 |
is oregano good for ear aches | ⢠Get another cotton ball of the same size and put 3 drops of the oil mixture and put it at the entrance of your ear. ⢠Continue repeating this process until your earache is gone. You can also alleviate your earache by using oregano oil as an aromatherapy. | Colloidal silver can be warmed and dropped directly in the ear, but it is even more effective mixed with some essential oils. Lavender, cajeput, tea tree and thyme are all very effective for earaches. Use 1 drop of essential oils per 10-20 drops of colloidal silver. | eng_Latn | 23,236 |
what are best essential oils for an ear ache | Lavender, Roman chamomile, and tea tree oil are useful essential oils for earaches and ear infections. Learn about aromatherapy blends that adults and children can use for ear pain. Essential oils for panic attacks may help you manage your symptoms or stop a panic attack. | Using Essential Oils to Treat Earaches & Infections. The ears a very sensitive part of the body and we should use caution when applying essential oils near them. First of all, avoid applying essential oils, both neat and diluted, directly into ears. Essential oils really shouldnât be put inside of an ear.nner ear infections are a bit worse. These are viral/bacterial and can cause severe pain, discomfort, tinnitus, vertigo and can potentially lead to a deeper infection. These infections, though acute, often resolve on their own accord (around 80% of the time). | eng_Latn | 23,237 |
what herbs work effectively in treating mold allergies? | Herbs And Supplements. Herbs with anti-fungal properties can help ease symptoms of mold and mildew allergies. Garlic is one of the most well known anti-fungal herbs available. According to the National Institutes of Health, garlic contains the compound ajeone, which inhibits the growth of Candida and Aspergillus fungi. | Treatments for Mold allergies. 1 Treatment of mold allergy is dependant upon the type of allergic symptom, the body system affected, and the severity of the reaction. 2 Allergen avoidance and minimisation of exposure - maintaining a dry environment in the house and workplace as much as possible. | eng_Latn | 23,238 |
what are warm mist humidifiers used for | Vicks Warm Mist Humidifier Whether you are looking to get relief from coughs or colds or comfort from dry air, Vicks humidifiers add essential moisture into the air to help you and your family feel better. The Vicks Warm Mist Humidifier offers the following features: Releases up to 95% bacteria free, visible, warm mist to help temporarily relieve cough and congestion 2 output settings for ideal comfort | Solution. A cool mist humidifier is the best type to use for a cough, says kidsgrowth.com, because it is more effective in reducing the swelling and inflammation of the respiratory tract. Cool moisture is also better at thinning out the secretions that build up inside the respiratory tract during an infection. | eng_Latn | 23,239 |
ways to lessen the garlic breath | Eat a small bowl of plain yogurt, or drink a glass of milk. Both cause a discernible reduction in garlic breath. Whole milk products are more effective than low-fat or skim milk products, according to a study in the August 17, 2010 issue of Journal of Food Science.. | Health Benefits of Garlic Juice: Mix 10 drops of garlic juice with 2 tbsp of honey in a glass of water. Drink this daily to control asthma attacks. Mix garlic juice with hot water and gargle to get rid of Sore throat. Add 20 drops of garlic juice to a glass of pomegranate juice. It helps to cure all types of cough. | eng_Latn | 23,240 |
home remedy for earache | Home Remedies for Earaches #4 â Mullein Oil. Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is used for treating respiratory ailments and many other illnesses. (See Weekly Weeder #13 â Common Mullein for more info.) As an ear treatment, infuse the flowers and buds in olive oil, then apply them to the ear in the same manner as the garlic oil above. | The best home remedy for dogs with earaches is prevention by frequent examination. A dog's ear will be red, itchy and flaky and will have a dark brown discharge with a foul smell. In order to quickly catch a sign of an earache, you should examine your dog's ears weekly. | eng_Latn | 23,241 |
what nasal spray to use for ear fluid | Eustachian tube dysfunction at its mildest would cause symptoms of ear clogging much akin to the way the ears fill up when flying or driving up the mountain. At its worst, can lead to fluid buildup in the ear as well as chronic ear infections. In the study population of 91 patients, they found that use of a steroid nasal spray did NOT help... HOWEVER, after reading the paper, there is a major flaw to how the study was conducted which would significantly affect study outcomes. | Swimmer's ear drops or alcohol drops (Swim-EAR®) used in the ear after water exposure followed by drying the ear with a hair dryer held at arm's length will often help keep the ear free of moisture Do not insert instruments, scratch, or use cotton swabs in the ears. | eng_Latn | 23,242 |
essential oils for cold flu symptoms | Other essential oils have anti-microbial actions, protect against colds and are highly effective for respiratory support, whose essences can be inhaled to address ear, nose, throat and lung problems. These include: 1 Frankincense (Boswella carteri). 2 Lavender (Lavandula augustifolia). 3 Lemon (Citrus limonom). | At the first sign of outbreak, apply a drop of Tea Tree oil diluted with carrier oil on the blisters several times throughout the day. For pain and discomfort, diluted Lavender essential oil works well. Other helpful essential oils for cold sores all work best when diluted with carrier oil such as sweet almond oil. | eng_Latn | 23,243 |
what young living oils for cough | A carrier oil is an odorless neutral oil in which the essential oil is dissolved. (Some typical carrier oils are olive oil, grape seed oil, sunflower oil, and walnut oil.) The mixture is then rubbed on the chest to relieve a cough. The fumes of an essential oil can also be used to treat a cough. | Top 5 Essential Oils for Allergies. 1. Peppermint Oil. Inhaling diffused peppermint oil can oftentimes immediately unclog the sinuses and offer relief to scratchy throats. Peppermint acts as an expectorant and provides relief for allergies, as well as colds, coughs, sinusitis, asthma and bronchitis. | eng_Latn | 23,244 |
what to do for plugged ears | For clogged ears due to a buildup of wax inside the ears, you can use olive oil. Olive oil will help soften ear wax so you can easily remove it. Gently warm some pure olive oil. Use a dropper to put a few drops of the lukewarm olive oil in the affected ear. Allow it to settle for 10 minutes so that the earwax becomes soft. Keep your head sideways and remove the oil and ear wax with ear buds. Do this very gently so you donât hurt the delicate organ. | Tips for prevention. 1 Use ear plugs when swimming. 2 Use a dry towel or hair dryer to dry your ears. 3 Have your ears cleaned periodically by an otolaryngologist if you have itchy, flaky or scaly ears, or extensive earwax. | eng_Latn | 23,245 |
what natural oils are good for the flu | Tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) is one of the most effective anti-viral oils, which makes it one of the best cold and flu remedies in aromatherapy. A warm bath with tea tree oil, taken when the first symptoms appear, can sometimes ward off the cold or at least reduce its length. | Certain herbs have been used as natural flu remedies for generations and can provide both protection from the flu and relief of symptoms. Here are the top five anti-flu herbs to keep around. Echinacea | eng_Latn | 23,246 |
does tea tree oil cure ear infection | Tea tree oil acts as a highly effective natural disinfectant and can help heal ear infections that are even resistant to some antibiotics. » Myrrh and chamomile are effective in reducing inflammation and soothe both pain and irritation. | When used as a mouthwash, tea tree oil can help to cure bad breath, plaque, inflamed gums, and gingivitis. It kills the bacteria in the mouth and reduces the pain and irritation due to its anti-bacterial properties. For use, dilute 3 drops of the essential oil in a bowl of warm water. | eng_Latn | 23,247 |
how to help a cat with a cold breathe better | Other cat cold symptoms include heavy breathing through the nose, mouth breathing and sneezing. If you see blood it is due to irritation of the membrane that lines the nose. If you see discharge coming out of your nose for several hours you may need to take your cat to a veterinarian. | Here are some cold remedies to help you beat a summer cold and get back to enjoying the heat: 1 Take an over-the-counter (OTC) decongestant to unclog a stuffy nose. 2 Use a saline spray to irrigate the nose and keep mucus loose. Take an OTC pain reliever (like Tylenol) to reduce fever and manage pain. | eng_Latn | 23,248 |
what to give a dog for a cold and runny nose | If your dog has a stuffy nose, you can add a few drops of eucalyptus oil to the vaporizer. This is also an effective home remedy for dog runny nose and will give your dog immediate relief. Extra boiled chicken and rice is the perfect meal for a dog who is suffering from a cold. The dog may not want to eat anything when it is sick. | Signs Your Dog May Have a Cold . At its simplest, a cold is an upper respiratory infection, and it produces the following symptoms: Nasal congestion and discharge ; A little difficulty breathing through the nose ; Occasional coughing ; Mild fever ; Runny eyes ; Sneezing ; General lethargy ; Loss of appetite | eng_Latn | 23,249 |
is it safe to use hydrogen peroxide for sinusitis | Food grade hydrogen peroxide should not be used straight. It is very strong and dangerous at 35% strength. It must be diluted to 3% (11 parts water plus 1 part 35% hydrogen peroxide.) Then it still needs a lot of dilution again even before using in the sinuses. | Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is not the best product for sanitizing surfaces because it can cause burns at high concentrations (see references 6). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, however, recognizes hydrogen peroxide as a useful disinfectant because it rapidly breaks down in the environment to plain oxygen and water. | eng_Latn | 23,250 |
natural remedies for treating inner ear inflammation | And, some parents even swear by these home ear infection remedies, at least when it comes to the temporary relief of the pain and pressure associated with middle ear infections. Common home remedies for ear infections include: 1 Two-three drops of warm onion juice placed in each ear. | 1 Place a small piece of cotton in the ears to protect the ear from pollution and other irritants whilst outdoors. 2 A warm compress is one of the most effective home remedies for inner ear infections. 3 Place a warm washcloth next to the affected ear. 4 You can also use a heating pad. | eng_Latn | 23,251 |
what home remedy can i do for seasonal allergies | Nettle tea can be used as an effective home remedy for seasonal allergies, as it has the anti-histamine properties. It controls the production of histamine in our body and makes it less effective, thereby reducing the intensity of seasonal allergies. | Infocenter articles. 1 Home treatment for seasonal allergies. 2 Flonase nasal spray - benefits and effectiveness. 3 Information about types of migraines. Grass allergy 1 symptoms. Relief from seasonal allergies. | eng_Latn | 23,252 |
does post nasal drip have a taste | Adults can safely consume peppermint as a tea by steeping on teaspoon of the herb in hot water for 10 minutes. Four to five cups of the mix can be consumed each day to alleviate cold symptoms and post-nasal drip, and to help get rid of a metallic taste in your mouth. | GERD and heart burn too cause metallic taste in mouth. Post nasal drip as in sinusitis, salivary glands infection,pharyngitis or strep infection too are common causes. Certain dentures and artificial tooth or filling of dental cavities too give a metallic taste. | eng_Latn | 23,253 |
how long should a cold compress be used? | Remove the cold compress after 20 minutes to prevent the skin from becoming frostbitten. When used for swelling, reapply a cold compress after 2 hours. Alternate 20 minutes with the compress with 2 hours without the compress for 3 days or until the swelling completely subsides. For ocular allergies use the compresses on an as needed basis for symptomatic relief. | How to Apply a Cold Compress. A cold compress is used to cool an injured area, which protects body tissue by slowing metabolic rate and reducing swelling around the injury. They are also frequently used to treat ocular allergies and to reduce swelling around the eyes and ocular itching. | eng_Latn | 23,254 |
HLA-A,B,C phenotyping was performed on 95 patients with geographic tongue to determine whether there is an increased frequency of any particular allele in this condition. An increased frequency of B15 was found in the patients when compared to normal controls. When the patients were divided into atopic and non-atopic groups there was an increased frequency of B15 and a decreased frequency of B40 in the atopic group compared to the controls. B40 was as decreased in the atopic group when compared to the non-atopic group. When the type I correction factor was applied to the probability values the differences in antigen frequencies in all cases became insignificant. | Benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue) is a common clinical finding in routine pediatric dentistry. The condition usually is discovered on routine clinical examination, appearing as an asymptomatic, ulcer-like region on the dorsum of the tongue. The lesion may recur at different sites on the tongue, creating a migratory appearance, and in many cases, will resolve completely. The presentation of symptomatic geographic tongue in children is rare. This article presents two cases of symptomatic geographic tongue. Both children presented with a chief complaint of significant oral pain which was affecting daily activity, eating, and sleeping. Both patients presented with a classical clinical presentation of ulcer-like regions on the dorsum of the tongue in which the filiform papillae were denuded. Successful management was achieved with topical and systemic antihistamine. The clinician should be aware that this condition may be symptomatic fn children. (Pediatr Dent 14:392-96, 1992) | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,255 |
Three cases are reported in which anomalous muscles in the lower extremities simulated soft-tissue tumors to such a degree that surgical exploration was performed in two. In two cases the soleus accessorius muscle appeared bilaterally as a mass anteromedial to the Achilles tendon, being large on one side and small on the other. In one of these cases, the larger muscle was surgically explored on the basis of a presumptive diagnosis of hemangioma. In the other case, the nature of the lesion was recognized without exploration. In the third instance a popliteal mass was the manifestation of an anomalous hamstring muscle. The correct diagnosis was strongly suspected before operation but surgical exploration was performed none the less because of the possibility of a malignant soft-tissue neoplasm. | Lumbricals are very small muscles in the hand but their role is much more important for the fine movements of fingers. So any variation in the lumbrical muscles has great clinical significance. During routine dissection of the right hand of a 55 year old male Indian cadaver, an accessory belly to second lumbrical was observed while in the left hand no variation observed. This accessory belly united with the second lumbrical. This variation might be useful during the routine clinical practices and hand surgeries. Keywords - Lumbrical, accessory belly, origin, flexor digitorum profundus, carpal tunnel syndrome. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,256 |
Children with segmental dilatation of the colon suffer severe constipation and are clinically indistinguishable from Hirschsprung disease. Segmental dilatation of colon is rare in neonates. In this report, a neonate with unusual combination of segmental dilatation of the colon and high anorectal malformation is presented. | Congenital segmental dilatation of the colon, penile agenesis and umbilical cord hernia are individually rarecongenital malformations. An association between all three malformations has not been previously reported.We report a neonate with congenital segmental dilatation of the colon, penile agenesis and umbilical cordhernia all coexistent in a new born. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,257 |
BACKGROUND ::: Most patients with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) have abnormal GAA triplet repeat expansions in both X25 genes. The size of the GAA expansion in the shorter of the 2 expanded alleles correlates significantly with parameters of clinical severity and is inversely related to the age at onset. ::: ::: ::: OBJECTIVES ::: To describe the clinical and molecular genetic findings in a patient with very late-onset FRDA and to review the literature. ::: ::: ::: PATIENT AND METHODS ::: A 58-year-old white woman with mild progressive gait disturbance of 15 years' duration whose examination revealed mild incoordination was analyzed for mutations in the X25 gene. A combination of long-range polymerase chain reaction and genomic Southern blot analyses were used to identify GAA expansions in intron 1 of the X25 gene. To uncover evidence of somatic variability in triplet repeat length, DNA isolated from several tissue samples was similarly analyzed. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis was used to screen for mutations spanning the entire coding sequence of frataxin and all intron-exon junctions of the X25 gene. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: DNA isolated from blood leukocytes revealed GAA triplet repeat expansions in both X25 genes, which were estimated to contain 835 and 1200 repeats. Similar expansions were detected in DNA isolated from lymphoblasts, fibroblasts, buccal cells, and sural nerve, with estimated mean (+/- SD) lengths of the shorter and longer expansions being 854 (+/-69) and 1283 (+/-72) triplets, respectively. A review of reported cases of late-onset Friedreich ataxia (25-39 years) and very late-onset Friedreich ataxia (> or =40 years) demonstrated that this is the first instance of a patient presenting with very late-onset FRDA despite carrying more than 800 GAA repeats in both expanded X25 alleles. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: This unique case of very late-onset FRDA highlights a limitation in our ability to accurately predict the phenotype in FRDA based solely on the size of the GAA expansion. Other genetic or environmental factors may significantly modify disease severity in FRDA. | In an attempt to characterize disease producing mutations in the factor VIII gene we screened exons 4, 7, 8, 11, 12 and 16 by PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism), in 12 randomly selected haemophilia A patients. These exons were chosen because they have been reported to harbour a disproportionately high number of mutations relative to their size. Using this strategy we detected a frame-shifting 5-bp deletion (TACCT, involving nucleotides 519-523), which is predicted to result in a severely truncated factor VIII polypeptide, terminating approximately midway through the conserved A1 domain and resulting in the observed severe phenotype. We also showed that the sequence in the vicinity of the observed deletion is concordant with the modified "slipped-mispairing at DNA replication" model of Krawczak and Cooper. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,258 |
High antigenic variability in the envelope (E) protein of different virus strains has been a major obstacle in designing effective vaccines for Dengue virus (DENV). To maintain their biological function, some parts of viral proteins remain stable during evolution thus one possible approach to solve this problem is to recognize specific regions within different protein sequences of E that have the tendency to stay constant through evolution. These regions may possess some special attributes to become a vaccine candidate against dengue virus. In this study, a computational approach was utilized to identify and analyze highly conserved amino acid sequences of the DENV E protein. Sequences of 9 amino acids or more were specifically focused due to their immune-relevant as T-cell determinants. Different bioinformatics tools were responsible for revealing conserved regions in the DENV E protein and constructing the phylogenetic tree from the sequence database. The tools also predicted immunogenicity of the identified vaccine targets. Ultimately, two peptide regions of at least 9 amino acids were chosen due to their high conserved attribute in more than 95% of all collected DENV sequences. Moreover, both of them was found to be immune-relevant by their correspondence to known or putative HLA-restricted T cell determinants. The conserved attribute of these sequences through the entire analysis of this study supports their potential as candidates for further in vitro experiments for rational design a universal vaccine which has longer and broader impact. | Dengue virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. We analyzed dengue virus-specific CD8+ CD4- CTL at the clonal level to further understand the role of CD8+ CTL in dengue virus infections. Dengue virus-specific CD8+ CTL clones were established from lymphocytes of a dengue 4-immune adult. Three patterns of dengue serotype specificities were identified: 1) specific for dengue 4, 2) cross-reactive for dengue 2 and dengue 4 (subcomplex-specific); and 3) cross-reactive for all four dengue virus serotypes. Three dengue 4-specific clones and one dengue 2/dengue 4 cross-reactive clone were further analyzed. All four of the clones were HLA-B35 restricted and recognized NS3. The epitopes were mapped to amino acids (aa) 483 to 618 of NS3. The epitope was then defined by using synthetic peptides. Three dengue 4-specific clones and one dengue 2/dengue 4 cross-reactive clone recognized the same peptide (TPEGIIPTL) encompassing aa 500 to 508 of dengue 4 NS3. The peptide encompassing aa 500-508 of dengue 2 NS3 was recognized by a dengue 2/dengue 4 cross-reactive clone but was not recognized by the dengue 4-specific clones. Dengue 4-specific and dengue 2/dengue 4 cross-reactive clones used different TCR. These results indicate that CD8+ CTL clones that use different TCR and demonstrate two distinct serotype specificities recognize the same 9-mer peptide in the context of HLA-B35. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,259 |
Objectives ::: A cross-sectional study was employed with the aim to explore the serological status of goats; we evaluated the presence of serum antibodies of the circulating serotypes of the genus Pasteurella. A total of 124 serum samples were collected from randomly selected goats and subsequently serotyped using indirect haemagglutination test. | The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalent Bibersteinia, Mannheimia and Pasteurella serotypes, risk factors and degree of serotype co-infections in sheep and goats in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Serum was collected from 384 sheep and goats from the Tanqua-Abergelle district of Tigray region using cross-sectional random sampling. An indirect haemagglutination test was used for serotyping. Risk factors for infections were evaluated by logistic regression. Potential clustering of multiple serotypes within individual animals due to common risk factors was evaluated by redundancy analysis. Eight serotypes were identified: all studied animals were serologically positive for at least one serotype. Overall, 355 (92·45%) of the animals were infected by four or more serotypes. Of the five risk factors studied, peasant association (PA), animal species, age (serotype A1), and bodyweight (serotype T15) were significantly associated with infection, but sex was not significant. Only PA explained a significant proportion of the variation (adjusted R 2 = 0·16) in the serological responses. After the effect of PA was accounted for, T3 and T4; A7 and Pasteurella multocida A; and A7 and T10 were positively correlated for co-infection, while T4 and T10 were less likely to be found within the same animal. Diverse serotypes were circulating in the Tigray region and could be a challenge in selecting serotypes for vaccine. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,260 |
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with worldwide distribution. Felines are the definitive hosts supporting the complete life cycle of T. gondii. However, other warm-blooded animals such as rodents and humans can also be infected. Infection of such secondary hosts results in long-term infection characterized by the presence of tissue cysts in the brain and other organs. While it is known that T. gondii infection in rodents is associated with behavioral changes, the mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear. Alterations of the host intestinal microflora are recognized as a prominent role player in shaping host behavior and cognition. It has been shown that acute T. gondii infection of mice results in microflora changes as a result of gastrointestinal inflammation in inbred mouse models. The long-term effects of chronic T. gondii infection on microbial communities, however, are unknown. In this study, after we verified using our model in terms of measuring microflora changes during an acute episode of toxoplasmosis, we assessed the microbiome changes that occur during a long-term infection; then we further investigated these changes in a follow-up study of chronic infection. These analyses were performed by constructing and sequencing 16S rRNA amplicon DNA libraries from small intestine fecal specimens. We found that acute infection with the GT1 strain of T. gondii caused an enrichment of Bacteroidetes compared with controls in CD1 mice. Strikingly, this enrichment upheld throughout long-term chronic infection. The potential biological consequences of this alteration in rodents and humans should be subjected to further exploration. | Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects roughly a third of the world population. In an immunocompetent host, infection is generally chronic and asymptomatic, as the immune system keeps T. gondii confined to cysts and the intracellular space within muscle and brain. Seropositivity has been linked to schizophrenia, car accidents, changes in personality, and more recently, suicidal attempts. Very recently, seroprevalence for 20 European countries was found to be associated with increased suicide rates. Although suicide rates were age-standardized, given that T. gondii seroprevalence increases with age, and blood samples were drawn in women, we now retested in women only the association between suicide and T. gondii seropositivity, stratified by age. Simple correlations between ranked T. gondii seropositivity and suicide rate identified statistically significant relationships in women 60 and older (p<0.05); adjusting for GDP, the statistical significance expanded to include women 45 and older. The strongest association was in the 60-74 group where, after adjustment for GDP, the relationship (p=0.007) resisted Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, the results suggest that a positive relationship between rates of infection with T. gondii and suicide is apparent in women of postmenopausal age. Prospective studies are necessary to further confirm this association predictively and explore mechanisms mediating this relationship. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,261 |
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) has been attributed to infection by Neoparamoeba sp. The causal mechanisms for AGD lesion development and the primary pathogenic role of Neoparamoeba sp. require elucidation. Three groups of Atlantic salmon were exposed to viable gill isolated amoebae, to sonicated amoebae, or to sea water containing viable amoebae without direct contact with gill epithelia. Fish were removed 8 days post-exposure and the gills assessed histologically for AGD. AGD occurred only when fish were exposed to viable trophozoites. Consequently, in an accompanying experiment, infection was evaluated histologically at 12, 24 and 48 h post-exposure in three groups of salmon, one group being mechanically injured 12 h prior to exposure. A progressive host response and significant increase (P < 0.001) in the numbers of attached amoebae was apparent over the 48-h duration in undamaged hemibranchs in both treatment groups. There were no significant differences to mucous cell populations. Attachment of Neoparamoeba sp. to damaged gill filaments was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by 48 h post-exposure. These data further confirm and describe the primary pathogenic role of Neoparamoeba sp. and the early host response in AGD. Preliminary evidence suggests that lesions resulting from physical gill damage are not preferentially colonized by Neoparamoeba sp. | In this work, a survey of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, for amoebae and scuticociliatidia infections was carried out to evaluate their effects on the aquaculture of this fish species. The study was conducted in two different fish farms, one using seawater and the other brackish water. Infection with parasitic amoebae was found to be fairly high (prevalence: 43-73%), being more frequent in sea bass from the brackish water system. Although it was never found to cause outbreaks of disease or mortality in the surveyed fish, amoebic gill disease (AGD) histopathological signs, i.e., hyperplasia, secondary lamellae fusion and cavity formation (interlamellar vesicles), were observed in fish manifesting no macroscopic lesions. Furthermore, some evidence was found that amoebae affects the fish's general state of health and growth rate. These results indicate that cautious and detailed surveys to detect this sort of infection, and thus carefully plan its control, are fully justified. Compared with amoebic infection, the prevalence of scuticociliatosis was found to be low (7-13%). No outbreaks of disease or mortality were ever recorded, even when scuticociliatidia was present in turbot raised in the same water system, leading to serious outbreaks of disease and mortalities in that species. This suggests that sea bass is far more resistant than turbot to such infections, and if this is the case, the former fish may be a good farming alternative when scuticociliatidia is present. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,262 |
Dirofilaria repens is a nematode affecting domestic and wild canids, transmitted by several species of mosquitoes. It usually causes a non-pathogenic subcutaneous infection in dogs and is the principal agent of human dirofilariosis in the Old World. In the last decades, D. repens has increased in prevalence in areas where it has already been reported and its distribution range has expanded into new areas of Europe, representing a paradigmatic example of an emergent pathogen. Despite its emergence and zoonotic impact, D. repens has received less attention by scientists compared to Dirofilaria immitis. In this review we report the recent advances of D. repens infection in dogs and humans, and transmission by vectors, and discuss possible factors that influence the spread and increase of this zoonotic parasite in Europe. There is evidence that D. repens has spread faster than D. immitis from the endemic areas of southern Europe to northern Europe. Climate change affecting mosquito vectors and the facilitation of pet travel seem to have contributed to this expansion; however, in the authors’ opinion, the major factor is likely the rate of undiagnosed dogs continuing to perpetuate the life-cycle of D. repens. Many infected dogs remain undetected due to the subclinical nature of the disease, the lack of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools and the poor knowledge and still low awareness of D. repens in non-endemic areas. Improved diagnostic tools are warranted to bring D. repens diagnosis to the state of D. immitis diagnosis, as well as improved screening of imported dogs and promotion of preventative measures among veterinarians and dog owners. For vector-borne diseases involving pets, veterinarians play a significant role in prevention and should be more aware of their responsibility in reducing the impact of the zoonotic agents. In addition, they should enhance multisectorial collaboration with medical entomologists and the public health experts, under the concept and the actions of One Health-One Medicine. | Dirofilariasis is a rare anthroponotic disease encountered only in the old world with most cases having been reported from Italy. The dog is the reservoir of this parasite. Man is accidentally infected by mosquitoes. We report the case involving a 27-year-old man living in a rural region of northern Tunisia who presented with a subcutaneous abscess-like scrotal nodule. Microscopic examination of the surgical specimen unexpectedly revealed parasitic involvement. Morphologic examination led to diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens. This case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis brings the total number of cases reported in Tunisia to 6 and is a reminder that this parasitic disease is present in our country and that its incidence is probably underestimated. The scrotum is a rare location that poses the problem of differential diagnosis with malignant tumor or can simulate a surgical emergency. Excision allows diagnosis and treatment. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,263 |
Disc variance in Beall mitral prostheses in 5 patients is reported. All 5 showed disc deformity. Erosion of the Teflon covering of the cage struts was present in varying degrees in 4 of the 5 patients. Disc grooving was present as early as sixteen days after operation. Severe thinning and notching of the disc were noted at autopsy in 3 patients who survived two years following prosthetic valve operation. In I of these two-year survivors the disc destruction was so extensive that incompetence developed; the valve failure contributed to the patient's death. Disc variance must be anticipated in patients with Beall mitral prostheses inserted prior to March of 1968, when the valve fabrication was changed. | Henderson, B. J., Mitha, A. S., le Roux, B. T., and Gotsman, M. S. (1973).Thorax, 28, 488-491. Haemolysis related to mitral valve replacement with the Beall valve prothesis. Experience of valve replacement with the Beall compressed Teflon disc valve in 59 patients confirms that the incidence of clinically significant late red cell destruction is high. An apparently previously unrecorded high incidence of early haemolysis, so severe in one patient as to be directly the cause of death, is reported. In 29 patients there was massive haemolysis in early convalescence, not recognized in urine from some hours after the end of bypass and never encountered with other designs of prosthetic valve or homograft valve. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,264 |
In order to clarify the role of Gnathostoma turgidum as an etiological agent involved in human gnathostomiasis in Mexico, establish the taxonomic identity of the advanced third-stage larvae (AdvL3), and contribute to the knowledge of its life cycle, experimental host infections, examination of potential natural hosts, and morphological comparisons were carried out. Examination of ten species of potential hosts at San Pedro las Playas and Tres Palos Lagoon in Guerrero state, Mexico revealed that two (Kinosternon integrum and Rana zweifeli) were infected by 15 AdvL3 of G. turgidum. A specific identity was obtained comparing these larvae with those recovered from hosts experimentally infected. The AdvL3 measured 1.6 mm in length, with two cervical papillae (both in 12th row) and an excretory pore on the 19th row. The average of cephalic hooklets, from first to fourth row, was 30.8, 34.0, 36.7, and 39.6, respectively. This is the first record of AdvL3 of G. turgidum in America, and it represents a significant contribution for the understanding of the life cycle of this species. | We consider 27 population and community terms used frequently by parasitologists when describing the ecology of parasites. We provide suggestions for various terms in an attempt to foster consistent use and to make terms used in parasite ecology easier to interpret for those who study free-living organisms. We suggest strongly that authors, whether they agree or disagree with us, provide complete and unambiguous definitions for all parameters of their studies. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,265 |
Background ::: Phlebotomine sand flies are the vectors of the leishmaniases, parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania spp. Little is known about the prevalence and diversity of sand fly microflora colonizing the midgut or the cuticle. Particularly, there is little information on the fungal diversity. This information is important for development of vector control strategies. ::: Methodology/Principal Findings ::: Five sand fly species: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. sergenti, P. kandelakii, P. perfiliewi and P. halepensis were caught in Bileh Savar and Kaleybar in North-Western Iran that are located in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. A total of 35 specimens were processed. Bacterial and fungal strains were identified by routine microbiological methods. We characterized 39 fungal isolates from the cuticle and/or the midgut. They belong to six different genera including Penicillium (17 isolates), Aspergillus (14), Acremonium (5), Fusarium (1), Geotrichum (1) and Candida (1). We identified 33 Gram-negative bacteria: Serratia marcescens (9 isolates), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas fluorescens (6), Klebsiella ozaenae (4), Acinetobacter sp. (3), Escherichia coli (3), Asaia sp. (1) and Pantoea sp. (1) as well as Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (5) and Micrococcus luteus (5) in 10 isolates. ::: Conclusion/Significance ::: Our study provides new data on the microbiotic diversity of field-collected sand flies and for the first time, evidence of the presence of Asaia sp. in sand flies. We have also found a link between physiological stages (unfed, fresh fed, semi gravid and gravid) of sand flies and number of bacteria that they carry. Interestingly Pantoea sp. and Klebsiella ozaenae have been isolated in Old World sand fly species. The presence of latter species on sand fly cuticle and in the female midgut suggests a role for this arthropod in dissemination of these pathogenic bacteria in endemic areas. Further experiments are required to clearly delineate the vectorial role (passive or active) of sand flies. | Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of AmericanVisceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) due to Leishmania chagasi in the New World. Despite its importance, AVL, a disease primarily of rural areas, has increased its prevalence and became urbanized in some large cities in Brazil and other countries in Latin America. Although the disease is treatable, other control measures include elimination of infected dogs and the use of insecticides to kill the sand flies. A better understanding of vector biology could also account as one more tool for AVL control. A wide variety of papers about L. longipalpis have been published in the recent past years. This review summarizes our current information of this particular sand fly regarding its importance, biology, morphology, pheromones genetics, saliva, gut physiology and parasite interactions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,266 |
The kingdom of fungi provides model organisms for biotechnology, cell biology, genetics, and life sciences in general. Only when their phylogenetic relationships are stably resolved, can individual results from fungal research be integrated into a holistic picture of biology. However, and despite recent progress, many deep relationships within the fungi remain unclear. Here, we present the first phylogenomic study of an entire eukaryotic kingdom that uses a consistency criterion to strengthen phylogenetic conclusions. We reason that branches (splits) recovered with independent data and different tree reconstruction methods are likely to reflect true evolutionary relationships. Two complementary phylogenomic data sets based on 99 fungal genomes and 109 fungal expressed sequence tag (EST) sets analyzed with four different tree reconstruction methods shed light from different angles on the fungal tree of life. Eleven additional data sets address specifically the phylogenetic position of Blastocladiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, and Dothideomycetes, respectively. The combined evidence from the resulting trees supports the deep-level stability of the fungal groups toward a comprehensive natural system of the fungi. In addition, our analysis reveals methodologically interesting aspects. Enrichment for EST encoded data—a common practice in phylogenomic analyses—introduces a strong bias toward slowly evolving and functionally correlated genes. Consequently, the generalization of phylogenomic data sets as collections of randomly selected genes cannot be taken for granted. A thorough characterization of the data to assess possible influences on the tree reconstruction should therefore become a standard in phylogenomic analyses. | For more than a century, the origin of metazoan animals has been debated. One aspect of this debate has been centered on what the hypothetical "urmetazoon" bauplan might have been. The morphologically most simply organized metazoan animal, the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, resembles an intriguing model for one of several "urmetazoon" hypotheses: the placula hypothesis. Clear support for a basal position of Placozoa would aid in resolving several key issues of metazoan-specific inventions (including, for example, head-foot axis, symmetry, and coelom) and would determine a root for unraveling their evolution. Unfortunately, the phylogenetic relationships at the base of Metazoa have been controversial because of conflicting phylogenetic scenarios generated while addressing the question. Here, we analyze the sum of morphological evidence, the secondary structure of mitochondrial ribosomal genes, and molecular sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear genes that amass over 9,400 phylogenetically informative characters from 24 to 73 taxa. Together with mitochondrial DNA genome structure and sequence analyses and Hox-like gene expression patterns, these data (1) provide evidence that Placozoa are basal relative to all other diploblast phyla and (2) spark a modernized "urmetazoon" hypothesis. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,267 |
Hepatic intranuclear glycogen of the larva of Rana pipiens has been studied by the periodic acid Schiff reaction (controlled by diastase digestion), by electron microscopy, and by interference and phase microscopy. The glycogen occurs sporadically as one or two masses in the central part of the nucleus. The absence of nuclear envelope and of typical non-glycogen cytoplasmic elements shows that the nuclear glycogen inclusions are not cytoplasmic areas that have been enclosed within the nucleus. The central position, difference in rate of resorption, and other evidence indicates that the nuclear glycogen has been synthesized in situ. Comparison with the nucleolus suggests that the nuclear glycogen body is formed as a result of activity at a specific chromosomal site. | The western barred bandicoot, Perameles bougainville, is an endangered Australian marsupial species. Routine histology of liver samples collected at necropsy from 19 of 20 (95%) western barred bandicoots revealed the sporadic to common occurrence of abnormal hepatocyte nuclei characterized by margination of chromatin and concomitant central pallor. Some abnormal hepatocyte nuclei were mildly to markedly enlarged and irregularly shaped. Periodic acid-Schiff reagent stained 131 of 142 (92%) of these abnormal hepatocyte nuclei. Positive staining was completely eliminated by diastase pretreatment. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that abnormal hepatocyte nuclei with marginated chromatin did not contain viral particles. Rather, glycogen beta-particles and alpha-rosettes were identified within some abnormal hepatocyte nuclei. Glycogen intranuclear inclusions were an incidental finding in western barred bandicoot hepatocytes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,268 |
SUMMARY Molecular phylogenetic analyses of representative Cutleria species using mitochondrial cox3, chloroplast psaA, psbA and rbcL gene sequences showed that C. cylindrica Okamura was not included in the clade composed of other Cutleria species including the generitype C. multifida (Turner) Greville and the related taxon Zanardinia typus (Nardo) P.C. Silva. Instead, C. cylindrica was sister to the clade composed of the two genera excluding C. cylindrica. Cutleria spp. have heteromophic life histories and their gametophytes are rather diverse in gross morphology, from compressed or cylindrical-branched to fan-shaped, whereas the sporophytes are rather similar. In contrast, the monotypic species Z. typus has an isomorphic life history and resembles fan-shaped Cutleria in morphology. Morphological comparisons of these taxa revealed that C. cylindrica is morphologically distinct from other Cutleria spp. and Z. typus in having cylindrical gametophytes with multiseriate trichothallic filaments instead of uniseriate filaments (hairs) characteristic of Cutleriales (or Cutleriaceae, Tilopteridales), and in lacking rhizoidal filaments in the crustose sporophytes. Therefore, based on the molecular and morphological data, the establishment of a new genus Mutimo to accommodate C. cylindrica, and the new combination of M. cylindricus, is proposed. | Myelophycus is a brown algal genus that includes only two species worldwide: M. cavus and M. simplex. M. simplex occurs commonly in the Northwest Pacific and M. cavus was reported only in Japan. Here we report the occurrence of M. cavus in Korea for the first time. The species occurred in the upper intertidal on the west and south coast. Thalli were twisted and hollow, having small plurilocular zoidangia (c. 90 µ m long) and unilocular sporangia (c. 50 µ m long). Plastid DNA (rbcL and Rubisco spacer) sequences were determined in Myelophycus and compared with homologous positions of newly sequenced putative relatives ( Analipus japonicus , Asperococcus fistulosus, Chordaria flagelliformis, and Punctaria latifolia ) and with published sequences of other brown algae. Extensive interspecific divergences of the rbcL and Rubisco spacer were found in Myelophycus . Supporting the recent classification of five families in the Ectocarpales, our data of plastid DNA sequences also show that Myelophycus consistently formed a monophyletic clade with a maximum support together with the Scytosiphonaceae. Within this lineage, Myelophycus clustered with taxa having only unilocular sporangia on their sporophytes, while internal branches were less resolved. Based on the plastid DNA sequences and synapomorphic characters such as parenchymatous tissue, a single plastid with a pyrenoid per cell, and hormosirene, we propose to place Myelophycus (formerly classified in the Asperococcaceae or in the Punctariaceae or in the Chordariaceae sensu lato) in the Scytosiphonaceae and emend the circumscription of that family to include also isomorphic life histories in addition to those with heteromorphic patterns. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,269 |
Five cases of documented traumatic herniated nucleus pulposis are presented all occurring within the cervical region. The incidence of herniated disc in cervical spinal cord injury is 0.7%. The incidence of herniated disc in bilateral facet dislocations is 2.3%. The common features are radicular pain, incomplete syndrome, and bilateral facet dislocations. A routine myelogram is the most helpful test to establish the diagnosis. | To report a case of Cauda Equina syndrome with the completion of the paralysis after the reduction of a L4L5 dislocation due to a herniated disc. Although several articles have described a post-traumatic disc herniation in the cervical spinal canal, this is not well known in the lumbar region. A 30-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room with blunt trauma to the chest and abdomen with multiple contusions plus a dislocation of L4-L5 with an incomplete neurological injury. After an emergency open reduction and instrumentation of the dislocation, the patient developed a complete cauda equina syndrome that has resulted from an additional compression of the dural sac by a herniated disc. In a dislocation of the lumbar spine, MRI study is mandatory to check the state of the spinal canal prior to surgical reduction. A posterior approach is sufficient for reduction of the vertebral displacement, however an intra-canal exploration for bony or disc material should be systematically done. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,270 |
Recent research of the plankton and the surface sediments from Ribeirao do Campo reservoir (Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil) led to identification of two new cymbelloid diatom species: Encyonema acquasedis sp . nov . and Kurtkrammeria salesopolensis sp . nov . Their morphology was studied under both light and scanning electron microscopes aiming at describing the two species in detail. The morphology of each species is compared and discussed with morphologically similar taxa. The new species are different from all others in the Cymbellales due to a combination of characteristics including valve outline, striae, areolae structure, and raphe system. Both species were collected from an oligotrophic environment with both low pH and conductivity. | Type material of Encyonema angustecapitatum Krammer was investigated to establish the identity of several Brazilian Encyonema populations. In order to elucidate the differences and similarities of that species complex, morphological features under light and scanning electron microscopy were detailed. Notes on their distribution were also discussed. MDS analysis distinguished four Encyonema species presently described as new to science: Encyonema acquapurae sp. nov., Encyonema sparsistriatum sp. nov., Encyonema tenue sp. nov. and Encyonema paradisiacum sp. nov. The four new species can be separated on the basis of a combination of the following morphological features: valve outline, axial area, valve length, valve width, length to width ratio, number of striae in 10 μm and number of areolae in 10 μm. Regarding ecological preferences, all four species were mainly found in oligotrophic and oligo-mesotrophic environments. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,271 |
The intertidal zone is a turbulent landscape where organisms face numerous mechanical challenges from powerful waves. A model for understanding the solutions to these physical problems, the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), is a marine arthropod that mates in the intertidal zone, where it must contend with strong ambient flows to maintain its orientation during locomotion and reproduction. Possible strategies to maintain position include either negative lift generation or the minimization of positive lift in flow. To quantify flow over the shell and the forces generated, we laser-scanned the 3D shape of a horseshoe crab, and the resulting digital reconstruction was used to 3D-print a physical model. We then recorded the movement of tracking particles around the shell model with high-speed video and analyzed the time-lapse series using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The velocity vector fields from PIV were used to validate numerical simulations performed with the immersed boundary (IB) method. IB simulations allowed us to resolve the forces acting on the shell, as well as the local three-dimensional flow velocities and pressures. Both IB simulations and PIV analysis of vorticity and velocity at a flow speed of 13 cm/s show negative lift for negative and zero angles of attack, and positive lift for positive angles of attack in a free-stream environment. In shear flow simulations, we found near-zero lift for all orientations tested. Because horseshoe crabs are likely to be found primarily at near-zero angles of attack, we suggest that this negative lift helps maintain the orientation of the crab during locomotion and mating. This study provides a preliminary foundation for assessing the relationship between documented morphological variation and potential environmental variation for distinct populations of horseshoe crabs along the Atlantic Coast. It also motivates future studies which could consider the stability of the horseshoe crab in unsteady, oscillating flows. | Horseshoe crabs are archetypal marine chelicerates with a fossil record extending from the Lower Ordovician to today. The major horseshoe crab groups are thought to have arisen in the middle to late Palaeozoic. Here we present the oldest known limuloid from the lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian stage, c. 350 million years ago) of Scotland: Albalimulus bottoni gen. et sp. nov. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of A. bottoni as a representative of the extant family Limulidae and 100 million years older than any other limulid taxon. The use of geometric morphometric analyses corroborate the erection of the new taxon and illustrates the exploitation of morphospace by xiphosurids. This new taxon highlights the complex evolutionary history of xiphosurids and the importance of documenting these unique Palaeozoic individuals. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,272 |
The arterial supply to the right hemiliver was studied in 80 liver casts. The arteries were divided into 10 groups according to their origin and branching pattern. The right hemiliver was supplied by one artery in 96% of cases and by two arteries in 4%. When there was only one artery it originated from the proper hepatic artery in 73/77 cases and from the superior mesenteric artery in 4/77 cases. The replacing right hepatic artery which originated from the superior mesenteric vessel supplied the whole right hemiliver in 5% of cases. The incomplete replacing right hepatic artery which supplied only a part of the right hemiliver was found in 4% of cases. The anterior section (segments 5 and 8) was supplied by one artery in 61%, by two arteries in 30% and by three arteries in 9% of cases. The posterior section (segments 6 and 7) was supplied by one artery in 66%, by two arteries in 31% and by three arteries in 3% of cases. Segments 5 and 7 were predominantly supplied by one artery, whereas segments 6 and 8 by two arteries. | The aim of this study was to identify and to classify anatomical hepatic artery (HA) variations concerning 932 HA dissections in liver transplantation (LT). Normal HA distribution was found in 68.1%. Variations of HA were detected in 31.9% and were divided into three groups describing 48 common hepatic artery (CHA) anomalies, 236 left or right hepatic artery (RHA) anomalies and 13 rare variations including one case of RHA stemmed from the inferior mesenteric artery and one case of normal CHA passed behind the portal vein. The authors propose a modified classification for HA anomalies which are based on the origin of the hepatic arterial supply (either by the CHA as the only source of the arterial vascularization or by additional or replaced right and left arteries) in order to improve management of liver disease thus as in LT. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,273 |
This study investigated whether the recently recognized emergence of canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF) might be partly attributed to the use of fluoroquinolones to treat Streptococcus canis infections in dogs. Both mitomycin and the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin caused bacteriophage-induced lysis of S. canis strain 34, an isolate from a case of canine STSS and NF. Fluoroquinolone-evoked, bacteriophage-induced lysis occurred over a range of concentrations similar to those that would occur after treatment of dogs with these agents. To search for a possible bacteriophage-encoded streptococcal superantigen gene(s), a library of the 36.5 (+/-1.1)-kb bacteriophage, designated phisc1, was made by ligating 3- to 7-kb Tsp5091-digested phisc1 fragments into an EcoRI-digested lambdaZapII vector. Recombinants were screened for mitogenic activity by using canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Of 800 recombinants screened, 11 recombinants with mitogenic effects were identified, and their inserts were sequenced. The highest homology of 11.6 kb of sequenced phisc1 DNA was to the completely sequenced Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteriophage MM1. Seven of the 11 phisc1 sequenced inserts contained a 552-bp open reading frame, scm, with 27% amino acid similarity to pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) mitogen. PCR showed this gene to be present in 22 of 23 S. canis isolates tested. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that bacteriophage induction was associated with a 58-fold enhancement of expression of this gene relative to that in a noninduced culture of a similar age. The presence of this gene on a fluoroquinolone-induced bacteriophage may explain the association observed between fluoroquinolone use in dogs and the development of canine STTS and NF. | This special issue seeks to blend the border between pathology and microbiology, exploring recent developments in the understanding and recognition of infectious diseases of domestic animals. The pathology and pathogenesis of animal infectious diseases is a fascinating world, and veterinary pathologists encounter the breadth of these conditions in the course of their routine activities. Pathogens of domestic animals are important: they lead to suffering and death, are responsible for lost production and performance, underlie the widespread use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, and cause disease in humans. Pathology is a key tool in the diagnosis, understanding, and control of these diseases. From a more selfish perspective, the lesions and pathogenesis of infectious diseases hold an intrinsic fascination and were a defining motivation for many of us to have focused our careers on veterinary pathology or veterinary infectious diseases. That moment on the microscope when we notice syncytia and intracytoplasmic inclusions in a calf’s lung arouses our natural curiosity of how bovine respiratory syncytial virus incites these lesions and how these lesions incite clinical disease. 16 Seeing is not only believing but also a stimulus for further exploration. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,274 |
A SERIES of 43 cases of spasmodic torticollis was analyzed in two previous papers 1 with respect to the physiologic mechanisms involved in the involuntary activity of the neck muscles and to the clinical characteristics. In this paper the effect of surgical treatment in 18 cases of the total series is discussed. Many kinds of treatments have been applied in all our cases. During their long course of illness almost every patient underwent psychotherapy of various types, local physical therapy or treatment with drugs, particularly of the atropine series. It is surprising how large a percentage were in the care of chiropractors and osteopaths. Only occasional temporary improvement of the condition by one treatment or another was reported or seen during observation. In general, it may be stated that the course of the condition was not essentially altered by any kind of treatment. Our experiences are fairly similar to those | OBJECTIVE—To investigate the long term outcome of selective ramisectomy denervation in patients with botulinum toxin resistant spasmodic torticollis. ::: BACKGROUND—The published surgical series of ramisectomy treatment for torticollis do not provide systematic information on patients who develop resistance to the current standard of treatment—botulium toxin injections. Moreover, there is little information on surgical outcome using rating scale measurements of torticollis, or assessments of functional and occupational capacity. ::: METHODS—Using a structured interview format and videotape assessments of severity of dystonia in a retrospective fashion, detailed follow up information was obtained on 16 patients who underwent open label selective denervation for severe, disabling torticollis, refractory to injections of botulinum toxin. ::: RESULTS—Of 16 patients with disabling torticollis followed up postoperatively for a mean of 5 years, six (37.5%) had a moderate or complete return of normal neck function, as determined using functional capacity scales, whereas 10 had only minimal relief of dystonia or gain in function. Six of the 16 patients (37.5%) underwent a second peripheral denervation operation, and one required a third. Of 11 patients working outside the home before surgery, nine were disabled by dystonia, and only one continued to work after surgery. Dystonia rating scale scores of videotaped examinations using a modification of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) improved in 12 of 14 patients (85.7%) who underwent selective ramisectomy. When patients with primary botulinum toxin resistance were excluded, the magnitude of benefit for this subgroup was 31.9% of the baseline dystonia score (p<0.0002), comparable with the degree of improvement in a group of control patients receiving botulinum toxin treatment for torticollis. ::: CONCLUSION—About one third of patients with torticollis resistant to injections of botulinum toxin may derive modest long term functional improvement from selective denervation, with a reduction in dystonia by about 30%, but remain unable to work. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,275 |
. 1. The relationship between the abundance of midgut parasites (eugregarine trophozooites) and the survival of hosts (field-collected damselflies, Mnais costalis) was investigated under laboratory conditions. ::: ::: ::: ::: 2. Males of M. costalis are morphologically and behaviourally polymorphic, typically existing as clear-winged non-territorial sneaks and orange-winged territorial fighters (the latter are larger in size). The survival cost of eugregarine infection for the two morphs was compared. ::: ::: ::: ::: 3. Orange-winged males showed shorter longevity compared to clear-winged males when they were fed at levels lower than the natural feeding rate, or when they were deprived of food. In contrast, morph longevity did not differ when they were fed until satiation every day. ::: ::: ::: ::: 4. Within each morph, the survival of damselflies was negatively correlated with the parasite abundance except when damselflies were fed until satiation. ::: ::: ::: ::: 5. The results suggest that the abundance of eugregarine parasites exerts a substantial cost, which is associated with the maintenance of alternative mating strategies, together with the higher developmental cost and energy expenditure of the fighter morph. | Within odonates, male mating patterns range from active mate search to long-term territorial defence of oviposition sites. In territorial species, males may use three mating tactics or strategies that may be determined environmentally or genetically: territoriality, non-territoriality, or reversible switches between the | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,276 |
The posterior interosseous nerve has direct and important relations in its course with bone, joint, bursa and muscle at the entrance of spinator arcade and each point may be the source of pathology which deforms the nerve. In the present study, we describe ten cases of posterior interosseous nerve syn drome from patients with rheumatoid and non-rhematoid arthritis. Differential diagnosis of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome from other pathologic condi tions such as wrist drop, tendon rupture is essential to establish the dignosis. In the present study, the deep radial nerve was directly compressed by an antecubit al cyst in six rheumatoid patients, and four non-rheumatoid patients had ganglion at the antecubital region which was caused secondarily by movements of repeti tive pronation-supination as a causative factor. In patients with a persistent nerve compression syndrome, decompression of the nerve is recommended to diminish the possibility of recurrence. | 1. Resistant cases of tennis elbow are explained on the basis of an entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve and its branches. 2. An operation is described to explore these nerves through an anterior muscle-splitting incision. 3. Thirty-eight elbows in thirty-six patients have been operated on with improvement in all. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,277 |
Transection and devascularization procedures (Sugiura procedure and transabdominal transection of oesophagus and devascularization) had been the most popular modality of treatment for oesophagogastric varices until the 1970s but the trends of treatment for varices have changed drastically during the last decade. This is partly due to the recent development of endoscopic sclerotherapy and partly due to the patient's increasing demand for less invasive treatment. Recently most patients with oesophagogastric varices are treated initially by endoscopic sclerotherapy and surgical treatment is only called for after sclerotherapy has failed. | The Sugiura operation has been reported to have low operative mortality, rebleeding, and encephalopathy rates when carried out in a predominantly nonalcoholic Japanese population with good liver function. A literature review of reports of the Sugiura procedure outside Japan reveals a high complication and mortality rate when it is used as an emergency procedure in patients with advanced liver disease, especially in those with alcoholic cirrhosis. Uncontrolled studies report results that differ little from the Japanese series when the operation is confined to good-risk patients in the elective situation. Our experience with the Sugiura operation supports its role in these circumstances, especially in patients with portal vein thrombosis and normal liver function. The only good prospective controlled trial has been carried out in patients with schistosomiasis and suggests that the Sugiura operation is far superior to total shunt and may have a slight advantage over the Warren shunt because of its low incidence of postoperative encephalopathy. More controlled trials are required to establish its role in good- to moderate-risk patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,278 |
Skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement is a recognized feature of the muscular dystrophies. Visceral smooth muscle involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is not as well appreciated. Gastrointestinal symptoms may herald the onset of a muscular disorder and may be the predominant feature of the disorder. In some instances, smooth muscle dysfunction may be the only clinical manifestation of the disease. The gastrointestinal manifestations of the various muscular dystrophies are reviewed. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic features are discussed. Further study of the histopathology and pathophysiology of visceral smooth muscle involvement in the muscular dystrophies will have a substantial impact on treatment that, to a large extent, remains empiric. | Impaired gastric motility ascribable to a defective nitric oxide (NO) production has been reported in dystrophic (mdx) mice. Since relaxin upregulates NO biosynthesis, its effects on the motor resp... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,279 |
In this study we analyzed the value of ultrasound examination for diagnosis of vertebral artery dissection.The vertebrobasilar arterial system was assessed in 14 patients using transcranial and extracranial pulsed-wave Doppler and duplex sonography.The dissections were verified by angiography (in 1 patient), magnetic resonance imaging (in 5), or both (in 8). The dissected segments were atlantoaxial (V-3) in 6, V-3 and intertransverse (V-2) in 3, V-3 and intracranial (V-4) in 3, and V-2 in 2 patients. Extracranial and transcranial Doppler examination of the atlas loop, involved in 12 patients, showed absent flow signal in 5, low bidirectional flow signal in 1, and poststenotic low blood flow velocities in 3 patients. Seven of these patients had high-grade stenosis or occlusion. The stenotic segment with increased flow signal could be identified directly in 2 patients. Duplex examination of the intertransverse segment confirmed absent flow in 4 patients, making technically insufficient examination unlikely.... | Background ::: Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is a common cause of ischemic stroke in the younger age group. Modern imaging techniques allow the depiction of the mural hematoma, even in CADs with only subtle vessel alterations. The aim of this retrospective study was (1) to characterize the angiological features in CAD and (2) to determine the frequency of initially normal ultrasonography (US) findings. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,280 |
A detailed anatomical knowledge of the normal and variant blood supply of the colon remains an essential prerequisite in modern day advanced abdominal surgery viz., abdominopelvic resection, carcinoma of colon and pancreatic surgery. The colon receives its blood supply from the branches of superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Though certain studies have been devoted to assess arterial variations, only a minority of previous studies report such incidence. The present study reports 2 cases of middle colic artery arising from the gastroduodenal artery instead of its usual origin from the superior mesenteric artery, an unusual variation encountered in literature or clinical surgery. | Hepatic artery variations occur in about one-fourth of the population, are frequent questions on standardized surgery exams, and are often discussed on teaching rounds with an attending surgeon. Intraoperatively, it is important to be aware of possible vascular anomalies in order to prevent ligation or injury of an essential vessel. This case report describes an extremely rare vascular anomaly encountered during a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple operation). Our patient was a middle-aged woman who was incidentally diagnosed with a cystic pancreatic lesion. During the operation, an aberrant middle colic artery was found to be originating from the gastroduodenal artery instead of its usual origin at the superior mesenteric artery. This anomalous middle colic artery has not been previously reported in a live patient. It underscores the importance of being aware of possible vascular variations that may be encountered intraoperatively in order to prevent morbidity and mortality. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,281 |
The middle turbinate (MT) is an important landmark in sinus surgery with specific functions in the nasal physiology. Because of postoperative instability and corresponding mucosal defects in the middle nasal meatus scar formations between the MT and the lateral nasal wall are frequent. Lateralization and scarring to the lateral nasal wall can be avoided by means of a resorbable mattress suture (septal-turbinate-suture (STS)) through the head of the MT and the septum. | To propose a simple technique for preservation, medialization and stabilization of the middle turbinate through a planned medial synechiae formation using suction electrocautery between middle turbinate and nasal septum. Study design is Case series. 150 cases of chronic rhino sinusitis who underwent ESS were selected and stabilization of the middle turbinate through a planned medial synechiae formation using suction electrocautery was done as last step and results studied. Adequate medialization was achieved in 141 cases with 94% success rate. This technique of medialization of middle turbinate through a planned medial synechiae formation using cautery between middle turbinate and nasal septum is simple, quick to perform, do not require any special or costly instrument, do not require any special training and thus can be easily done by beginners also and most importantly with good success rate and surgery outcome. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,282 |
Eimeria spp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a major disease affecting the poultry industry. So far, only a few antigen genes of E. acervulina have been reported. In this study, a clone, named as cSZ-JN2, was identified from a cDNA expression library prepared from E. acervulina sporozoite stage with the ability to stimulate the chicken immune response. The sequence analysis showed that the open reading fragment (ORF) of cSZ-JN2 was 153 bp in size and encoded a predicted protein of 50 amino acids of Mr 5·3 kDa. BLASTN search revealed that cSZ-JN2 had no significant homology with the known genes of E. acervulina or any other organism (GenBank). The recombinant cSZ-JN2 antigen expressed in E. coli was recognized strongly by serum from chickens experimentally infected with E. acervulina. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibody against recombinant cSZ-JN2 indicated that this protein was expressed in sporozoite and merozoite developmental stages. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of cSZ-JN2 and DNA vaccine carrying cSZ-JN2 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented anti-coccidial indices of more than 165. All the above results suggested that the cSZ-JN2 was a novel E. acervulina antigen and could be an effective candidate for the development of a new vaccine against E. acervulina infection. | In the present study, the microneme 5 gene of Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) (EaMIC5) was cloned and characterized. Specific primers for the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were designed based on the expressed sequence tag (EST, GenBank Accession No. EH386430.1) to amplify the 3'- and 5'-ends of EaMIC5. The full length cDNA of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame (ORF) of EaMIC5 was 336 bp and encoded a protein of 111 amino acids with 12.18 kDa. The ORF was inserted into pET-32a (+) to produce recombinant EaMIC5. Using western blotting assay, the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by the sera of chicks experimentally infected with E. acervulina, while the native protein in the somatic extract of sporozoites was as well detected by sera from rats immunized with the recombinant protein of EaMIC5. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibody against recombinant protein EaMIC5 indicated that this protein was expressed in the sporozoites and merozoites stages of E. acervulina. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of EaMIC5 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens, and presented anti-coccidial index (ACI) more than 160. All the above results suggested that the EaMIC5 was a novel E. acervulina antigen and could be an effective candidate for the development of a new vaccine against this parasite. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,283 |
Several studies demonstrated that 60% of restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients have a positive family history and it has been suggested that RLS is a highly hereditary trait. To date, several loci have been mapped but no gene has been identified yet. Phenocopies and possible nonpenetrants made it difficult to detect a common segregating haplotype within the families. Defining the exact candidate region is hampered by possible intrafamilial, allelic, and nonallelic heterogeneity. One important prerequisite for future successful genetic studies in RLS is the availability of large and thoroughly phenotyped patients and family samples for linkage as well as association studies. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society | Sleep is essential to maintain quality of life. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder which is characterized by uncomfortable feeling in legs, irresistible urge to move them and compromised sleep quality. It is a common problem but is usually under diagnosed or misdiagnosed. It can be easily diagnosed by using criteria proposed by International Restless Legs Society. Though no specific investigations are require for diagnosis, investigations are required to discern the cause. Treatment of the cause relieves the symptoms of secondary RLS. In case of primary RLS most patients improve with non-pharmacological treatment. Those who require drug treatment should be classified as per frequency and severity of symptoms. Dopamine agonists are first line drugs, however, the treatment needs to be individualized depending upon the symptoms of the patients. This review aims at comprehensive overview of RLS including diagnosis and management. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,284 |
The ultrastructure of the epidermal cells surrounding the mouth of three newborn marsupial species, the Northern native cat Dasyurus hallucatus, the brush tail possum Trichosurus vulpecula and the Northern brown bandicoot Isoodon macrourus were examined. The presence of Merkel cells, highly sensitive touch receptors, would suggest that the sense of touch aids the relatively underdeveloped newborn marsupial to move from the urinogenital sinus to the pouch and to locate the teat. | Specialized epidermal cells, termed Merkel cells, have been revealed in electron microscope observations of developing epidermis of sheep fetuses, ranging in age from 57 to 144 days gestation. These cells were not associated with epidermal pads, although light microscope observations have revealed such structures in fetuses at 118 and 144 days gestation. The Merkel cells examined were located within the basal layer of the epidermis, each cell having contact with the basement membrane. Desmosomes joined the Merkel cells to the keratinocytes in the basal layer but hemidesmosomes were not present at the junction of the Merkel cells with the basement membrane. The Merkel cells had lobate nuclei and contained numerous membrane-limited, osmiophilic, dense-cored, cytoplasmic granules (700–1800 A in diameter) which were most abundant on the dermal side of the nuclei. Merkel cells, except in the 118-and 144-day fetuses, were not associated with neurites. Even in these fetuses, the innervation of these specialized cells was less than that of Merkel cells of epidermal pads in other species. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,285 |
Cholera, a life-threatening diarrhoeal disease, has afflicted human beings and shaped human history for over two millennia. The disease still kills thousands of people annually. Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is endemic to aquatic environments [1], but despite intensive research efforts its ecology remains an enigma. The fatal effects of cholera are mainly due to the toxin produced by specific serogroups (O1 and O139) of V. cholerae [1]. Strains of V. cholerae that belong to serogroups other than O1 and O139, collectively referred to as the non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae, have also been implicated as etiologic agents of moderate to severe human gastroenteritis [2]. The disease is endemic in Southern Asia and in parts of Africa and Latin America, where outbreaks occur widely and are closely associated with poverty and poor sanitation. The epidemic strains spread across countries and continents over time, giving rise to cholera pandemics [1]. It has been suggested that zooplankton function as a carrier of V. cholerae via ocean currents. However, the mechanism that enables V. cholerae to cross freshwater bodies within a continent, as well as oceans between continents, remains unknown. Here, we put forward a strongly neglected hypothesis that deserves more attention, and discuss evidence from the scientific literature that supports this notion: migratory water birds are possible disseminators of V. cholerae within and between continents. | Halophilic vibrios were recovered from feces of six types of aquatic birds (gulls, pelicans, Canada geese, swans, egrets, cormorants) from Connecticut and/or Florida shorelines. Candida albicans was isolated from gulls and Canada geese in Connecticut and from gulls and cormorants in Florida. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,286 |
We report here a case of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and we have analyzed periodic events using dipole tracing methods to clarify the origin of periodic synchronous discharges and myoclonus. Both source generators were located in the subcortical part of the cerebrum, an area adjacent to the thalamus. Although the pathophysiology of periodic events in SSPE has been controversial, dipole tracing methods may contribute to clarify the origin of periodic events in SSPE. | Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a devastating progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system presumably caused by a persistent measles virus. Patients commonly present with myoclonia or encephalopathy. There are currently no known curative therapeutic options or effective symptomatic therapy. We treated a 12-year-old boy with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis who presented with acute encephalopathy and myoclonus. Electroencephalogram showed characteristic generalized periodic discharges. Levetiracetam produced dramatic improvement in both myoclonus and encephalopathy. The improvement was clear within 4 days. The electroencephalogram pattern showed improvement as well. Levetiracetam is a promising symptomatic therapy in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis for both the myoclonus and the encephalopathy. In this patient, it also appeared to improve the electroencephalographic pattern. We suggest that the generalized periodic discharges associated with the myoclonus contributed to the patient's encephalopathy. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,287 |
Ninety-nine cases of sudden infant death syndrome were identified among 47 413 liveborn deliveries to Cardiff residents during the years 1965-73 and 1975-77. Nineteen predictive factors available on the Cardiff Birth Survey record were evaluated individually and jointly in terms of their power to identify risk of sudden and unexpected infant death. | This paper reviews evidence relating parental smoking to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) risk in their offspring, based on English-language papers covering the period 1966–1996. Twenty-eight prosp | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,288 |
This method of improving anal continence is recommended for patients with partial anal incontinence, in whom some functioning anal sphincter remains. It is particularly applicable for treating those patients who have sustained operative trauma, but is less helpful for those who have generalized sphincter weakness; however, any patient with some sphincter function may benefit. Emotionally unstable patients are less likely to benefit. Although the series was small, the results were considered sufficiently gratifying to justify a preliminary report. | Complete and partial anal incontinence and complete rectal prolapse tax the ingenuity of the surgeon and the well-being of his patient. Electromyographic evaluation of the sphincter has been helpful in rehabilitating it where possible or in selecting an appropriate surgical repair procedure when indicated. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,289 |
A dogma is any point of doctrine that is believed to be unquestionable and certain. In this sense, in electrocardiographic diagnosis, the dogma that there was a posterior wall of the left ventricle and that post-infarction patients in which a tall R wave appeared in V1 through V2 had an infarction of that wall was considered certain and unquestionable. Besides, the presence of QS morphology in VL was considered as a manifestation of a high lateral infarction. Lastly, it was believed, ever since Myers et al1-3 anatomopathologic correlation study, in the 1940s, that the localization of a Q wave infarction was as follows: Q in V1 through V2 indicated septum infarction, V3 through V4 anterior, V5 through V6 low lateral, I through VL high lateral, and II, III, VF inferior. | In the last 15 years we have had the opportunity to teach Electrocardiography to many different types of student: doctors preparing to become cardiologists, cardiologists attending weekly 'refresher' sessions at our hospital, general practitioners who wish to become adept at electrocardiography and attend our yearly courses and, finally, the medical students of the Universidad Aut6noma of Barcelona. We cover everything with these students from the basics of electrophysiology to applied electrocardiographic semiology. This quadruple experience has proved stimulating, constantly motivating the search for better and more precise material, and the most appropriate didactic presentation for each type of student, each of whom has different requirements. I have always felt that didactic capability is not related to the intelligence of the professor, or to the amount of knowledge this person possesses, but really depends on the 'quality' of this knowledge, the 'desire' to transmit it and the 'capacity' to adapt to each teaching situation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,290 |
Over a 10-year period, 173 isolates of Salmonella were obtained during routine isolation from reptiles. Of the 173 isolates, 92 different Salmonella serovars were identified. Of them, 61 (66%) belonged to subspecies I, nine to subspecies II and 21 to subspecies III (IIIa and IIIb), and one to subspecies IV. The majority of isolates were from farmed Nile crocodiles (145), three from wild-caught African dwarf crocodiles, 11 from captive snakes, 13 from lizards and one from a tortoise. The isolates from the tortoise and lizards were subspecies I isolates (Zaire and Tsevie, respectively). Of the snakes, nine isolates were S.III. The serovars isolated most often from the crocodiles were of subspecies I (32 serovars). Eight were from subspecies II, seven from subspecies III and one from subspecies IV. The most frequently identified serovars were Typhimurium (seven), Tsevie (six), Duval (six), Schwerin (six), Tinda (six), and Tallahassee (six). On two commercial crocodile breeding farms that had experienced ongoing problems for about two years, many isolates of Salmonella were made. Some of these serovars were isolated more than once, and also months apart. No single Salmonella serovar predominated, nor did a single pathological condition. These salmonellas were predominantly of subspecies I. | Publisher Summary ::: This chapter presents a general overview of the anatomy, physiology, and treatment methodology for crocodilians. Most crocodilians grow to be larger than other reptile species and, therefore, have significant space requirements. Like most animals requiring an aquatic environment, crocodilians need water that is clean and free of disease. Crocodilians have a true hard palate in the roof of the mouth that ends caudally in a soft palate. This soft palate has a ventral flap which is referred to as the velum palati. The respiratory system of crocodilians consists of well-developed lungs benefiting from a very effective inspiration aided by the intercostal muscles and the septum post hepaticum. Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart as opposed to the three-chambered heart found in other reptiles and amphibians. The temperature and humidity requirements for crocodilians in captivity vary with the species. An understanding of crocodilian biology and natural history is needed to try and duplicate their natural environment. An important consideration is the allowance of circadian variations in light cycle and temperatures to mimic their natural environment. This is not the case in many commercial operations, where they are maintained at a fairly constant temperature and humidity to achieve faster growth. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,291 |
During 2009–2012, Greece experienced a resurgence of domestic malaria transmission. To help guide malaria response efforts, we used spatial modeling to characterize environmental signatures of areas suitable for transmission. Nonlinear discriminant analysis indicated that sea-level altitude and land-surface temperature parameters are predictive in this regard. | From 1994 to 1995 four presumably autochthonous malaria cases were diagnosed by blood smear microscopy in Evros Province, northern Greece. Alarmed by these unexpected infections a serological survey was performed from 1997 to 1999 in ten rural villages, including those where the malaria cases had occurred. Among the 1,102 blood samples examined, nine turned out to contain specific antibodies against plasmodial parasites as detected by indirect fluorescent antibody test, including two of the former patients. The remaining seven samples were taken from healthy individuals with no history of recent infection or of having travelled to endemic areas. A further 21 sera showed borderline reactivity with Plasmodium falciparum antigen. Although no retrospective examination of the blood specimens could be performed to confirm the serological results by direct parasite detection, we can conclude that at least the seropositive persons have actually undergone infection with malaria parasites but developed no or only mild clinical symptoms which went unnoticed. It is becoming obvious that even in European countries where climatic and vector conditions are favourable for the development of the parasite there is a potential risk of incidental malaria transmission by indigenous Anopheles mosquitoes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,292 |
Duplication (dup7q11.23) and deletion (Williams syndrome) of chromosomal region 7q11.23 cause neurodevelopmental disorders with contrasting anxiety phenotypes. We found that 30% of 4- to 12-year-olds with dup7q11.23 but fewer than 5% of children with WS or in the general population met diagnostic criteria for a separation-anxiety disorder. To address the role of one commonly duplicated or deleted gene in separation anxiety, we compared mice that had varying numbers of Gtf2i copies. Relative to mouse pups with one or two Gtf2i copies, pups with additional Gtf2i copies showed significantly increased maternal separation-induced anxiety as measured by ultrasonic vocalizations. This study links the copy number of a single gene from 7q11.23 to separation anxiety in both mice and humans, highlighting the utility of mouse models in dissecting specific gene functions for genomic disorders that span many genes. This study also offers insight into molecular separation-anxiety pathways that might enable the development of targeted therapeutics. | Introduction ::: Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a developmental disorder caused by hemizygous deletion of human chromosome 7q11.23. Hypersocial behavior is one symptom of WBS and contrasts with hyposociality observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interestingly, duplications of 7q11.23 have been associated with ASD. The social phenotype of WBS has been linked to GTF2I or general transcription factor IIi (TFII-I). Duplication of GTF2I has also been associated with ASD. ::: ::: ::: Methods ::: We compared mice having either a deletion (Gtf2i+/- ) or duplication (Gtf2i+/dup ) of Gtf2i to wild-type (Gtf2i+/+ ) littermate controls in a series of behavioral tasks including open-field activity monitoring, olfactory probes, a social choice task, social transmission of food preference, habituation-dishabituation, and operant social motivation paradigms. ::: ::: ::: Results ::: In open-field observations, Gtf2i+/- and Gtf2i+/dup mice demonstrated normal activity and thigmotaxis, and surprisingly, each strain showed a significant preference for a stimulus mouse that was not observed in Gtf2i+/+ siblings. Both Gtf2i+/- and Gtf2i+/dup mice demonstrated normal olfaction in buried food probes, but the Gtf2i+/- mice spent significantly more time investigating urine scent versus water, which was not observed in the other strains. Gtf2i+/- mice also spent significantly more time in nose-to-nose contact compared to Gtf2i+/+ siblings during the open-field encounter of the social transmission of food preference task. In operant tasks of social motivation, Gtf2i+/- mice made significantly more presses for social rewards than Gtf2i+/+ siblings, while there was no difference in presses for the Gtf2i+/dup mice. ::: ::: ::: Discussion ::: Results were remarkably consistent across testing paradigms supporting a role for GTF2i in the hypersocial phenotype of WBS and more broadly in the regulation of social behavior. Support was not observed for the role of GTF2i in ASD. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,293 |
Analysis of dynamics of commercial catches and the state of populations of Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, starred sturgeon A. stellatus, and great sturgeon A. huso (Huso huso) in the Caspian Sea is presented. In the retrospective, the role of natural and artificial reproduction in formation of populations of Acipenseridae sturgeons is considered. The main principles of rational organization of practical activity for preservation and restoration of populations of Acipenseridae sturgeons are formulated. | Summary ::: ::: Morphological and molecular genetic analyses of the Aipenser gueldenstaedtii sensu Berg (1934) were accomplished using individuals collected in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. The distribution of specimens in the space of principal components were calculated using 28 morphometric characters. The results demonstrated the absence of separate clusters. Frequency distributions of six of the studied meristic characters were unimodal and did not reveal the existence of morphologically distinguishable forms within the analyzed sample. The molecular genetic analysis on polymorphism, based on D-loop and partial sequences of adjacent tRNA genes (total length about 956 bp) of the same samples demonstrated high homogeneity. Combining the results of morphological and molecular genetic studies of the Aipenser gueldenstaedtii sensu Berg (1934) do not support the validity of the existence of Persian sturgeon as a separate species Acipenser persicus. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,294 |
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is accurate; current techniques can detect lethal nonpulmonary anomalies and prevent diagnostic errors. Despite optimal conventional therapy, most fetuses with detectable CDH will die in the neonatal period (80% mortality). Polyhydramnios is both a common prenatal marker for CDH and a predictor of poor clinical outcome (only 11% survival). Surgical intervention before birth may be necessary to improve survival of the fetus with CDH and polyhydraminos. | Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can be one of the most clinically challenging neonatal conditions. It occurs in 1 in 2-5000 live births in the UK with no predominance between the sexes. Herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax occurs, however it is the concomitant pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension that can be fatal. CDH was first described as an incidental finding at postmortem in 1679 by Lazarus Riverius. The first successful repair of CDH in a neonate was achieved by Gross in 1946. Despite recent remarkable advances in perioperative neonatal care and surgical techniques, CDH remains a condition with a significantly high mortality rate (31-58%). There is considerable debate about the effectiveness of different therapeutic options. In addition it is apparent that a number of interventions have been introduced without rigorous levels of evidence based medicine. This paper aims to review the controversy and debate in the current management of CDH. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,295 |
A photo-identification study of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) was performed in the northern Gulf of San Matias, Patagonia Argentina, during the period 2006-2008. In total, 199 surveys were conducted with an average observation effort of 4.2h (SD=1.5) per survey. These surveys resulted in a total observation effort of 824.7h of which 105.7h was spend with 158 dolphin groups. Over 12,500 pictures were analysed using the automatic identification systems FinEx and FinMatch (EuroPhlukes Initiative, Leiden University, The Netherlands), resulting in the first identification catalogue of 47 dolphins for the North Patagonian region. The catalogued dolphins were re-identified up to 13 days with 57% (n=47) showing a degree of residency for the Natural Protected Area Bahia de San Antonio (NPABSA; resighting frequency (RF)≥4). At least 6 dolphins, including one mother with her calf, were additionally re-identified inside the estuary of the river ‘Rio Negro’, 250km east, indicating that their home-range includes at least the whole northern region of the Gulf of San Matias. Data suggest that it concerns a stable but yet unknown population of bottlenose dolphins with a high touristic potential and an urgent need of conservation measurements. The obtained photo-identification catalogue is meant to serve as a tool for the conservation of the species and the realization environmental education projects in the region. | During a 21-month study, 53 individual bottle-nosed porpoises were recognized by photographs of their dorsal fins. They traveled in small subgroups (mean size = 15) composed of a stable core of five animals plus other individuals that varied greatly from sighting to sighting. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,296 |
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare complication observed mainly in chronic, recurrent and untreated primary pilonidal disease. It is associated with poor prognosis, and its recurrence rate after surgery is high. Here we present a patient diagnosed with SCC arising from a neglected pilonidal sinus. A 44-year-old male, who is a heavy truck driver, applied to the hospital with chronic discharge from sacrococcygeal region. He had symptoms of the disease with multiple recurrent abscesses and spontaneous drainage for 10 years. The patient underwent cyst excision and the defect was left open for secondary healing. One year later, the patient was admitted to the hospital with a mass of 3 x 3 cm in the same area. Re-excision and a sigmoid colostomy were performed. The patient died after two years. This case study illustrates that since SCC is a fatal complication of recurrent and long-standing pilonidal sinus, the proper treatment of this disease should be carried out as soon as the diagnosis is established. To this end, we believe, that all pilonidal sinus lesions should be sent for pathologic examination. | Pilonidal disease is a common condition, ranging from the routine cyst with abscess to extensive chronic infection and sinus formation. It can be associated with significant morbidity and prolonged wound healing after definitive surgery. This article reviews the history and pathogenesis of this often challenging surgical problem and the numerous nonoperative and operative treatment options currently available for it. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,297 |
Brachionus sessilis Varga, 1951 is an epizoic rotifer living exclusively on cladocerans of the genus Diaphanosoma. Current taxonomic knowledge relies solely on limited morphological information, whereas there is no type material. Here, we aim to resolve issues concerning its morphology and taxonomy using both morphological and genetic characters on material sampled from Lake Balaton (Hungary), as well as Lake Doirani (Greece) that was selected for comparison purposes. Biometrical analysis was based on extensive lorica measurements. Phylogenetic reconstruction was based on DNA sequence information of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA gene regions as well as of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Well-supported evidence for substantial differentiation of B. sessilis from its closest phylogenetic relatives supports its species-rank status. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests a highly supported clade encompassing B. sessilis and another epizoic rotifer, namely B. rubens. | Summary: Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution (APE) is a package written in the R language for use in molecular evolution and phylogenetics. APE provides both utility functions for reading and writing data and manipulating phylogenetic trees, as well as several advanced methods for phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis (e.g. comparative and population genetic methods). APE takes advantage of the many R functions for statistics and graphics, and also provides a flexible framework for developing and implementing further statistical methods for the analysis of evolutionary processes. ::: ::: Availability: The program is free and available from the official R package archive at http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/PACKAGES.html#ape. APE is licensed under the GNU General Public License. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,298 |
Imaging is frequently carried out for the investigation of vocal cord palsy, and cord palsy needs to be considered as a sign of a more sinister underlying disease. The reporting radiologist needs to be aware of the relevant anatomy of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves so that the responsible disease process can be identified. It is also important to recognize situations where a lesion at the level of the brainstem or skull base may be responsible, as a different imaging strategy often needs to be adopted in these cases. This review will also consider the laryngeal signs of cord palsy, as although cord palsy is often diagnosed clinically, up to 30% of cases may be asymptomatic and clinically unsuspected. | A 46-year-old man with a history of recurrent facial nerve palsies, right trigeminal neuralgia, and Horner syndrome presented with subacute onset of right laryngeal hemiparesis. CSF analysis revealed normal cell count and elevated protein level with albumin-cytologic dissociation.1 Imaging workup ruled out compressive and infiltrative causes. Magnetic resonance neurography (figures 1A and 2, A–D) demonstrated uniform thickening, T2 signal hyperintensity, and contrast enhancement of the right vagal nerve, from skull base to the thyroid level. The right true vocal cord appeared adducted, T2 hyperintense, with contrast enhancement (figures 1B and 2, C–D), suggesting acute muscle denervation.2 A diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating cranial neuropathy was considered. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,299 |
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