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A 30 degrees arthroscope is introduced via the posterior soft spot portal, and an anterosuperior portal is created with the use of a 7-mm disposable cannula. The anterosuperior portal is used for instrumentation. An 18-gauge spinal needle is passed via the portal of Neviaser and the rotator cuff into arthroscopic view above the superior labrum. A No. 1 polydioxanone suture (PDS; Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) is advanced through the spinal needle. An arthroscopic retriever or meniscal clamp is used to retrieve the free end of the suture and bring it out through a small anterior stab wound. A suture anchor is inserted via the anterosuperior portal into the superior neck of the glenoid. The more medial limb of the No. 2 Ethibond suture (Ethicon) from the suture anchor is retrieved with the inferior limb of the No. 1 PDS suture, and both are brought out through the anterosuperior cannula. The opposite end of the No. 1 PDS suture is then manually pulled, while, under direct arthroscopic visualization, the No. 2 Ethibond suture, now tied to the opposite end of the PDS, is pulled through the superior labral tissue. That anchor suture is retrieved and is placed outside the cannula that contains the other anchor suture. Standard arthroscopic knot tying is then employed. | ABSTRACTPurpose of reviewThe study presents a concise review of the published literature of disorders of the superior labrum, with a focus on reports published within the past 2 years. The aim of this review is to assist physicians with their assessment and treatment of lesions of the superior labru | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,300 |
The association of cervical spinal cord injury and swallowing disorders is clinically well recognized. This study was performed to determine the clinical significance and the outcome of deglutition disorders observed in the initial treatment of cervical spinal cord injury in our tertiary care spinal cord injury unit. All patients with cervical spinal cord injury admitted to our facility for initial care between January 1997 and December 2000 were included in our study. Prevalence of dysphagia and frequency of pneumonia were determined. An assessment of deglutition at discharge was performed. Dysphagia was diagnosed in 26 of the 73 patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Tracheostomy and duration of orotracheal intubation are associated with dysphagia. The disorder necessitated dietary restrictions in 18 patients. Six of these patients had to be discharged with a percutaneous enterogastric feeding tube; seven had persistent problems not resulting in dietary restrictions. The incidence of late pneumonia was significantly increased with two associated deaths. Dysphagia is a serious complication associated with prolonged requirement for ventilatory support. Patients have to be monitored closely because the incidence of pneumonia is increased. While the situation improves for most patients, a significant number of patients need a percutaneous enterogastric feeding tube as a permanent solution. | Surgery upon the cervical vertebrae may produce prolonged dysphagia due to regional damage, hemorrhage, infection, and denervation. Cases illustrating these problems are presented with attention to the progression of the clinical course and the diagnostic modalities of radiology and endoscopy. Methods of prevention are emphasized and the therapeutic plan is outlined. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,301 |
Hornellia (Metaceradocus) at/anticus, a new species from Belize, related to M. occidentalis, an eastern Pacific species, is reported from the Caribbean Sea and a morphologically remote new species, M. tequestae, is described from the Florida Keys. Two new species of Hornel/ia (Metaceradocus) from Belize and the Florida Keys are described. These are the first records of the genus and subgenus from the western Atlantic Ocean. One species, M. at/anticus, is very close to the Californian M. occidenta/is but the other new species, M. tequestae, is much more remote as seen in couplet eight of the key. Types and materials are deposited in the Crustacea Division, Smithsonian Institution (denoted as USNM). To justify description of new species, we present a key to both subgenera Metaceradocus and Hornellia and list the species of those subgenera. KEy TO THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENERA METACERADOCUS AND HORNELLIA la. Uropod 3 with article 2 on outer ramus (Hornel/ia) _ _.._ _ 2 lb. Uropod 3 lacking article 2 on outer ramus (Metaceradocus) _ _.._ _ _ _ _ •. 3 2a. Head with anteroventral cusp, epimeron 3 with small tooth, telson with medial spines . ...... _._.._ _.._.._ _.__.._ _ _ _ _.._.._ _.._ _.._.._.._ _.._.._ _.._.._ _...... H. whakatane 2b. Head lacking cusp, epimeron 3 with large tooth, medial spines on telson absent _.._ H. incerta 3a. Epimeron 3 serrate posteriorly above comer _.._.._ _.._ _ _ 4 3b. Epimeron 3 not serrate posteriorly above comer _.._ _.._ _.._ _.._ _ 7 4a. Epimeron 2 with more than 2 serrations _.._ _ M. perdentatus 4b. Epimeron 2 with 0-2 serrations _ 5 5a. Epimeron 2 with 2 serrations, coxa I with anteroventral tooth, article 2 of antenna I much longer than article I _ _ _ _ _.._ M. microamphopus 5b. Epimeron 2 smooth, coxa I lacking anteroventral tooth, article 2 of antenna I of no longer than article I _ _.._ _.._ _.._ _ _. 6 6a. Dorsal serrations of pleonite 3 even and regular ._.._ _.._ _.._.._ _.._ _ M. bidentatus 6b, Dorsal serrations of pleonite 3 uneven and of mixed sizes _ _.._.._.._ _.._.._.._ _.._..M. vesentiniae 7a. Epimeron 3 smooth _.._ _ _.._.._ _.._ _ _.._ _.._ _.._ _ _ _.._.M. inermis 7b. Epimeron 3 with posteroventral tooth _.._ _.._ _.._ _ _.._ _.._.._ 8 8a. Coxae 1-2 with anteroventral tooth, coxae 5-7 serrate, pleonite 6 lacking spines, uropod I lacking basofacial spines, telson 2f3 cleft, apices symmetrical, no basal spines _ M. tequestae 8b. Coxae 1-2 lacking anteroventral tooth, coxae 5-7 not serrate, spines present on pleonite 6, uropod I with basofacial spines, tel son fully cleft, apices asymmetrical, with basal spines 9 9a, Epimera 2-3 with small tooth _ _.._.._ _.._.._ _.._ _ M. occidentalis 9b. Epimera 2-3 with large tooth _.._ _.._ _ _.._ _.._ _ _.._ _ _ M. at/anticus List of Species in the subgenera Hornellia and Metaceradocus: M. at/anticus new species, herein, Belize; M. bidentatus Ledoyer, 1982, Madagascar; M. inermis Ledoyer, 1982, Madagascar; M. micramphopus (Stebbing, 1910), Australia; M. occidentalis J. L. Barnard, 1959, California; M. perdentatus Chevreux, 1925, Senegal; M. tequestae new species, herein, Looe Key, Florida; M. vesentiniae Ruffo, 1969, Red Sea; H. incerta Walker, 1904, Ceylon (Ledoyer, 1973; 1982) (=Tu/earogammarus peresi Ledoyer, Madagascar, 1967), also reported by: Pillai, 1957, Travencore; Ruffo, 1969, Red Sea; Olerod, 1970, Philippines. H. whakatane J. L. Barnard, 1972, New Zealand | The published records of amphipod Crustacea from the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf and slope were reviewed and compiled in a checklist to help the study of this taxonomic group in this large marine ecosystem (LME). Species from both the continental shelf and the upper slope are reported for the diverse habitats that occur in the LME. Unpublished records of amphipod specimens deposited in national collections, validated databases, and reports in the LME have been included. A total of 101 benthic species is recorded in the Gulf of Mexico and is grouped into 55 genera, 26 families and two suborders. The synonymy of the recorded amphipod species of this LME has been included to account for nomenclatural changes in the recent literature. Identifying the components of the amphipod diversity and its occurrence in the different habitats of the Gulf of Mexico provides a useful baseline for both management and conservation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,302 |
HALL, W. P. 1970. Three probable cases of parthenogenesis in lizards (Agamidae, Chamaeleontidae, Gekkonidae). Experientia 26:1271-1273. HOUSTON, T. E 1974. Revision of the Amphibolurus decresii complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of South Australia. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus. 98:49-60. INGER, R. E, AND GREENBERG, B. 1966. Annual reproductive patterns of lizards from a Bornean rain forest. Ecology 47:1007-1021. JAMES, C. D., AND SHINE, R. 1985. The seasonal timing of reproduction: a tropical-temperate comparison in Australian lizards. Oecologia 67:464-474. JOHNSTON, G. R. 1982. The herpetofauna of the Middleback Range area, South Australia 1. An annotated checklist. Herpetofauna (Australia) 14:52-60. 1997. Behavioural Ecology of the Peninsula Dragon Lizard, Ctenophorus fionni. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Flinders Univ. South Australia. KRANZ, C. 1992. Results of breeding the peninsula dragon, Ctenophorus fionni. Monitor 4:54-57. SMYTH, M. AND SMITH, M. J. 1968. Obligatory sperm storage in the skink Hemiergis peronii. Science 161: 575-576. | The taxonomic status of Micrurus filiformis is reevaluated employing a statistical framework. Micrurus filiformis subtilis is maintained in the synonymy of M. filiformis, based on the results of quantitative and qualitative analyses. Further, geographical variation of meristic, morphometric, and hemipenis characters are described. The holotype of Micrurus filiformis is redescribed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,303 |
Most morphological characters diagnostic of the 13 Chinese species of the cyprinid genus Sinilabeo Rendahl, 1932, are identical to those of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822. Consequently, these 13 species are transferred to Bangana. A revised diagnosis is provided for the now-expanded genus Bangana, and a dichotomous key and taxonomic and nomenclatural notes are included for the following valid Chinese species: B. decora, B. dero, B. devdevi, B. discognathoides, B. lemassoni, B. lippa, B. rendahli, B. tonkinensis, B. tungting, B. wui, B. xanthogenys, B. yunnanensis, and B. zhui. Literature reports, by Chinese authors, of Sinilabeo dero from the upper Irrawady River basin, in Yunnan, are based on misidentifcations of B. devdevi. Sinilabeo cirrhinoides Wu and Lin in Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, and S. laticeps Wu and Lin in Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, are junior subjective synonyms of B. devdevi and B. lippa, respectively. Sinilabeo yunnanensis Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, is an available name, and a lectotype is designated for the species. Bangana zhui ( Zheng and Chen, 1983) is a valid species distinct from B. yunnanensis. | Speolabeo hokhanhi, new species, is here described from Hang Va Cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Son River basin) in Central Vietnam. It can be distinguished from S. musaei by having no papillae on the lower lip, no hump immediately behind the head, a duckbilled snout, a shorter caudal peduncle (length 16.8-18.6% SL), and the pelvic fin inserted closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,304 |
The skull described above has an apparent chin, due to marked recession of the anterior alveolar region of the mandible, as a result, presumably; of destruction of the anterior alveolar tissue. The molars and premolars, both upper and lower, are deeply pitted, and the cusps are unusually prominent. The articular surfaces are very irregular and show marked departures from the normal plane. The jaw had little side to side swing. The comparatively deep and asymmetrical glenoid fossae, as well as the irregularities of the articular surfaces of the teeth are doubtless functionally related to the up and down movement of the jaw, which was due in part to the fact that the constricted anterior portion of the mandible forced the median line of the lower teeth well within the median line of the upper. | The prevalence and patterning of inflammatory lesions of the skeleton were investigated in samples of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) curated at the Powell-Cotton Museum, Birchington, UK. One hundred and two chimpanzees (42 adults and 60 subadults) and 126 gorillas (50 adults and 76 subadults) comprise the samples. Twenty per cent of chimpanzees and 14% of gorillas were affected with a disseminated inflammatory skeletal condition caused by infection. The lesions appear to have originated as localized patches of new bone deposition on the surface of long bones and to have progressed to infection of the bone cortex and marrow. Although female prevalence of involvement exceeds that of males in both species, the differences are not statistically significant. The age distribution of affected animals indicates that the disease began in some animals as early as 2 yr of age. Given the skeletal and demographic prevalence and patterning of the lesions as well as the ecology and behavior of these animals, the most likely diagnosis of the condition is a yaws-like treponemal infection. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,305 |
The constancy of orientation tuning in vertical columns of the visual cortex of the cat was examined with conventional and newly developed multi-electrode methods. Preferred orientation was measured with single- and multi-unit recordings in 68 penetrations approximately perpendicular to the cortical layers and with inter-recording steps of only 40-70 microns. The tuning curves obtained revealed three types of penetration sequences: no-shift penetrations (37%), one-shift penetrations (41%) and double-shift penetrations (22%). Particular attention was paid to the orientation tuning at the transition zones below layer IV. The use of the multi-unit recording technique enabled the measurement of cross-oriented activity within a single electrode position mostly around the border between layers IV and V. Altering the type of anaesthesia (ventilation with room air or nitrous oxide-oxygen) produced only a quantitative change in the percentage of the encountered penetration types. The results suggest that upper and lower layers follow different principles of functional organization. As a consequence different types of columns, especially iso- and cross-oriented ones, are produced in a systematic way. | As evidenced by the proliferation of papers in the last 30 years it is now well accepted that an iterative columnar or modular organization of the neocortex is characteristic of mammalian sensory, motor and frontal association areas. This does not imply that all mammalian neocortical areas are thus arranged; exceptions occur, particularly in the rodents. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,306 |
A term neonate was born with a grossly swollen and discoloured left hand and forearm. He was transferred from the local hospital to the plastic surgical unit, where a diagnosis of compartment syndrome was made and he underwent emergency forearm fasciotomies at six hours of age. Following serial debridements of necrotic tissue, he underwent split-thickness skin grafting of the resultant defects of his forearm, hand and digits. At the clinic follow-up appointment two months after the procedure, he was found to have developed severe flexion contractures despite regular outpatient hand therapy and splintage. He has had further reconstruction with contracture release, use of artificial dermal matrix, and K-wire fixation of the thumb and wrist. Despite this, the long term outcome is likely to be an arm with poor function. The key learning point from this case is that despite prompt transfer, diagnosis and appropriate surgical management, the outcome for neonatal compartment syndrome may still be poor. | We report on a 2.5-month-old infant with ischemia of the left leg and compartment following intraosseous needle application during resuscitation. Unfortunately, this event led to major limb amputation. The cause, mechanism, and prevention of this severe complication are discussed in this article. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,307 |
Cystic adventitial disease is a rare non-atheromatous cause of popliteal artery disease. We report a case of a 54-year-old patient with claudication of the right calf caused by cystic adventitial disease. Intra-operatively, a communication between the adventitia and the knee joint was identified. Connections between the adventitial cyst and the nearby joint have been reported in the literature that support the developmental theory. This theory suggests that cystic adventitial disease is a developmental manifestation of mucin-secreting cells derived from the mesenchyme of the adjacent joint. This case is the first, to our knowledge, in which a communication between joint and adventitia has been clearly documented by operative findings. | PURPOSE ::: Cystic adventitial artery disease is an uncommon non-atherosclerotic peripheral vessel disease. Furthermore cystic adventitial disease of the common femoral artery is an extremely rare entity. We report the case of a 54 year-old man complaining of intermittent claudication who was referred to our vascular service. ::: ::: ::: METHODS AND RESULTS ::: Doppler ultrasound and multidetector-row computed tomography (CT) with 3-dimensional volume rendering revealed severe stenosis with cystic an adventitial cyst in the common femoral artery. Intra-operative Doppler ultrasound showed the cyst to be multilocular type. Reversed great saphenous vein interposition was successfully placed. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Removal of cyst together with artery and interposition using reversed great saphenous vein is the optimal treatment procedure to prevent recurrence. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,308 |
Light, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of a myoepithelial cell adenoma of the parotid gland are described. Ultrastructurally, the neoplasm was almost entirely composed of myoepithelium. The spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells and their processes were filled with longitudinally oriented myofilaments with characteristic densities along their course and marginal attachment plaques. The tumor cells were interconnected by desmosomes. The role of myoepithelium in the genesis of some salivary gland tumors is discussed. | Background: Malignant myoepitheliomas of the breast are extremely rare. There has been a limited number of published reports of myoepithelial carcinomas originating from the breast. Case Report: We describe a malignant myoepithelioma of the breast in a 56-year-old woman. Histological examination showed polygonal epithelioid cells and spindle cells with moderate to marked nuclear atypia. Immunohistochemistry showed reactivity in the spindle cells for smooth muscle actin, cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), and p63, indicating a myoepithelial cell lineage of tumor cells. The patient underwent radical surgical excision of the lesion and axillary lymph node dissection. She demonstrated no evidence of recurrence over an 11-month follow-up. Conclusions: We suggest myoepithelial carcinomas of the breast be managed with appropriate surgical clearance. A multidisciplinary approach is usually required. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,309 |
Jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are known for a few deleterious pest species worldwide, yet the phylogeny of the group has been poorly understood until very recently. Here, we reconstruct the higher-level phylogeny for the superfamily Psylloidea based on multilocus DNA sequences, three mitochondrial (COI-tRNAleu-COII, 12S, 16S) and five nuclear (18S, 28S D2, 28S D3, 28S D6–7a, 28S D9–10) gene fragments, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic frameworks. Our results are largely congruent with the recent phylogenomic study and partly support prior classification of Psylloidea based mainly on morphology, with the following major exceptions: the family Calophyidae is revealed as polyphyletic, Aphalaridae as paraphyletic with respect to most other taxa of Psylloidea, and Liviidae as paraphyletic with respect to Calophyinae, Psyllidae and Triozidae. Our phylogenetic hypothesis identifies Phacopteronidae and the genus Cecidopsylla Kieffer as the very basal taxa within extant Psylloidea. Sister-group relationships of Rhinocolinae with Togepsyllinae and of Pachypsyllinae with Homotomidae are also suggested. We present specific discussions for each group of interest recovered in our phylogenetic analysis. One nomenclatorial change is proposed: Spanioneura longicauda(Konovalova) comb.n., from Psylla Geoffroy. | The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) is a serious pest of citrus species worldwide because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (Alphaproteobacteria: Rhizobiales), the causative agents of the incurable citrus disease, huanglongbing or greening disease. Diaphorina citri possesses a specialized organ called a bacteriome, which harbors vertically transmitted intracellular mutualists, Ca. Carsonella ruddii (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales) and Ca. Profftella armatura (Gammaproteobacteria: Betaproteobacteriales). Whereas Carsonella is a typical nutritional symbiont, Profftella is an unprecedented type of toxin-producing defensive symbiont, unusually sharing organelle-like features with nutritional symbionts. Additionally, many D. citri strains are infected with Wolbachia, which manipulate reproduction in various arthropod hosts. In the present study, in an effort to obtain insights into the evolution of symbioses between Diaphorina and bacteria, microbiomes of psyllids closely related to D. citri were investigated. Bacterial populations of Diaphorina cf. continua and Diaphorina lycii were analyzed using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and compared with data obtained from D. citri. The analysis revealed that all three Diaphorina spp. harbor Profftella as well as Carsonella lineages, implying that Profftella is widespread within the genus Diaphorina. Moreover, the analysis identified Ca. Liberibacter europaeus and Diplorickettsia sp. (Gammaproteobacteria: Diplorickettsiales) in D. cf. continua, and a total of four Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales) lineages in the three psyllid species. These results provide deeper insights into the interactions among insects, bacteria, and plants, which would eventually help to better manage horticulture. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,310 |
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a worldwide health problem for centuries. It most commonly affects the lungs, but rare oral manifestations of TB have been reported. The aim of this paper is to present a case of painful erythematous lesion of oral cavity in undiagnosed asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis. This case is unusual in that the appearance of the painful oral lesion caused the patient to seek professional care and was concurrent with quiescent pulmonary disease. | Oral lesions of tuberculosis though uncommon, are seen in both the primary and secondary stages of the disease. In secondary tuberculosis, the oral manifestations may be accompanied by lesions in the lungs, lymph nodes, or in any other part of the body and can be detected by a systemic examination. Primary oral tuberculosis may present as a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Here we report two patients with primary tuberculosis in the oral cavity who presented to the dental department, were diagnosed and referred for medical management. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,311 |
In a 10-stations bathymetrical transect in the Bay of Biscay, we observed important changes in the density, composition and microhabitats of live foraminiferal faunas from the outer continental shelf to the abyssal plain. Four zones are recognised: (1) at the upper continental shelf (140 m water depth), foraminiferal densities are very high and the superficial sediment is occupied by Bolivina subaenariensis and Valvulineria bradyana. Globobulimina spp., Chilostomella oolina and Nonion fabum dominate the infaunal niches, which are positioned close to the sediment–water interface due to a strong compaction of the vertical succession of redox zones. (2) At the upper continental slope stations (300–1000 m), foraminiferal densities are high and the superficial sediments are dominated by Uvigerina mediterranea/peregrina. Deeper in the sediment, intermediate infaunal niches are occupied by Melonis barleeanus. Due to a deeper oxygen penetration, the deep infaunal taxa Globobulimina spp. and C. oolina live at a considerable depth in the sediment. (3) At the mid and lower slope stations (1000–2000 m) in the superficial sediment Cibicidoides kullenbergi and Hoeglundina elegans progressively replace U. mediterranea. U. peregrina is still a dominant taxon, reflecting its preference for a somewhat intermediate organic flux level. Deep infaunal taxa become increasingly rare. (4) At the lower slope and abyssal plane stations (deeper than 2000 m), faunal densities are very low and the fauna is composed exclusively by shallow infaunal species, such as Nuttallides umboniferus and Melonis pompilioides. The foraminiferal data together with the pore water data in the sediment give evidence of the presence of a trophic gradient from very eutrophic settings at the upper continental shelf towards oligotrophic settings at the abyssal area. | [1] The conventional method to distinguish live from dead benthic foraminifers uses Rose Bengal, a stain that reacts with both live and dead cytoplasm. CellTracker Green CMFDA is a fluorogenic probe causing live cells to fluoresce after proper incubation. To determine the more accurate viability method, we conducted a direct comparison of Rose Bengal staining with CellTracker Green labeling. Eight multicore tops were analyzed from Florida Margin (SE United States; 248–751 m water depths), near Great Bahama Bank (259–766 m), and off the Carolinas (SE United States; 220 and 920 m). On average, less than half the Rose Bengal–stained foraminifera were actually living when collected. Thus, while Rose Bengal can significantly overestimate abundance, combined analyses of CellTracker Green and Rose Bengal can provide insights on population dynamics and effects of episodic events. Initial stable isotope analyses indicate that the CellTracker Green method does not significantly affect these important paleoceanographic proxies. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,312 |
BACKGROUND ::: Fornier gangrene is an extremely rare disease of the genitals. This disease is a result of the urogenital tract, anorectal area, and genital skin infections, appearing usually in immunocompromised patients with diabetes, obesity, and malignant neoplasms. The basic treatment of Fournier gangrene includes an emergency surgical intervention combined with antibiotic therapy and detoxification. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: A review of recent papers comprising studies and reviews published in 2005-2016 was performed. The clinical cases were studied at the Department of Purulent Surgery Central Clinical Hospital No. 1, where 7 patients were diagnosed and treated. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Fournier gangrene are described in this article. The authors have described several clinical cases of patients with Fournier gangrene and with necrotic cellulitis and fasciomyositis of anterior abdominal wall, which is a manifestation of Fournier gangrene. Making allowance for the unfavorable epidemiological situation of syphilis in Russia, the increase in the incidence of complicated, atypical chancre, and therefore, the need for differentiation of Fournier gangrene with such manifestations of syphilis as necrotizing, esthiomenous chancre, indurative edema, the appropriate clinical examples are well explained in this article. | Objective: To identify factors that dictate morbidity and mortality in patients with Fournier’s Gangrene and validate the Fournier gangrene severity index (FGSI). Materials and Methods: We prospectively studied 50 patients with FG from January 2016 to December 2016 pertaining to their presenting signs, intraoperative findings, and postoperative wound management and outcome. We also checked the power of the FGSI to predict the outcome of the patients in terms of mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimum cutoff of FGSI score to predict mortality. Principle component analysis was performed to check for the possibility of reduction in the number of factors included in the FGSI. Results: The mean age at presentation was 53 ± 16 years with a mortality rate of 24%. Factors associated with mortality were increasing age (p = 0.0001), presence of diabetes (p = 0.002), bed-ridden status (p = 0.001), alcoholic liver disease (p = 0.005), altered international normalized ratio (p > 0.005), late presentation (p = 0.001), and a FGSI score of > 9 at admission (p = 0.004). The mean FGSI score among survivors was 4.39 ± 3.80 compared to 14.22 ± 3.93 among those who died. The area under the curve FGSI score to predict mortality at a cutoff of 9 was 0.961 (95% CI 0.910–1.000). Conclusion: Increasing age, diabetes, alcoholic liver disease, bed-ridden status, delayed hospital presentation, and an altered international normalized ratio at presentation are associated with higher mortality in FG. The FGSI at admission should be used to identify patients with serious prognosis requiring intensive care. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,313 |
Abdominal lymphadenopathies are not uncommon in our population that we encounter during laparotomy done for various reasons. Many times patients present with chronic abdominal pain, even features of intestinal obstruction where mesenteric tuberculosis remains at the background. This study was done with an aim to see the clinico- pathological relation of incidental findings of abdominal lymphadenopathy found during laparotomy which was done for other causes. doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i2.3791 TAJ 2008; 21(2): 126-131 | Cytological results of US-guided fine needle aspiration biopsies of enlarged lymph nodes from 179 patients were analyzed retrospectively. the final diagnoses were benign lymphadenopathy in 90 cases, metastasis in 56, and malignant lymphoma in 33 cases. the material was sufficient for cytological analysis in 174 cases (97.2%). Correct diagnosis of malignant (CIV-V) and benign (C I-II) lymphadenopathy in the whole material was possible in 80 percent of cases. Correct subtyping of lymphoma was possible in 63.6 percent of the cases. There was one (0.6%) false positive (C IV), 6 (8.5%) false negative (C I-II), and 24 (13.8?) suspicious (C III) cytological findings. All but one of the false negative cytological findings were from superficial lymph nodes. No complications occurred. US-guided lymph node aspiration biopsy is safe and accurate in the superficial, anterior mediastinal, abdominal, and retroperitoneal lymphonodal areas. Lymph nodes with a C 0 cytological result should undergo rebiopsy and suspicious (... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,314 |
The circumscription of the Fabroniaceae is revisited based on phylogenetic inferences from published rps4 (cpDNA) and nad5 (mtDNA) sequences. Only Ischyrodon forms a clade with Fabronia, a relationship defined by the wavy-walled exothecial cells as a possible synapomorphy. The genus Levierella is nested within the Entodontaceae, Dimerodontium among taxa traditionally associated with Leskeaceae and the position of Rhizofabronia is uncertain. | A set of two two-degrees-of-freedom rate gyroscopes and three linear accelerometers are assembled in a single module adapted to be mounted within a single aircraft electronics control unit, the unit comprising a strapped-down attitude and heading reference system. The module base provides a common keyed support for the two pre-calibrated gyros and three accelerometers in intimate mechanical and thermal association. The two gyros are oriented in the base and the base oriented in the aircraft so that the spin axis of one gyro is oriented parallel to the aircraft Z axis and that of the other gyro parallel to the aircraft Y axis while the gyro pickoffs and torquers (input and output axes, respectively) are rotated or skewed forty-five degrees about the spin axes to positions such that the input and output axes lie along the slant heights of a forty-five degree half angle right circular cone, the axis of which lies along the aircraft X axis. Thus a single module provides greatly simplified rate sensing about the aircraft primary axes with correspondingly simplified fault detection of the rate sensors. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,315 |
Diarrhea is the most common illness in people traveling from resource-rich to resource-limited regions of the world.1 Most episodes of traveler’s diarrhea (TD) are benign and self-limited, but may require extra care in immunosuppressed patients.2,3 The major associated problem is dehydration, which can be exacerbated by immunosuppressive agents. ::: ::: TD refers to diarrhea that develops during or within 10 days of returning from travel to resource-limited countries or regions. For epidemiological purposes, it is traditionally categorized into 3 forms: severe, moderate, and mild.4 Severe TD refers to the passage of 6 or more unformed stools in a 24-hour period irrespective of the presence of at least 1 of these other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or cramps, fever, or blood in stools. Moderate TD is defined as the passage of 1 or 2 unformed stools in 24 hours, plus at least 1 of the above symptoms or 3 to 5 unformed stools in 24 hours without other symptoms. Passage of 1 or 2 unformed stools in 24 hours without other symptoms is considered mild. Recently, a more functional classification has been proposed, taking into account the tolerability of the diarrheal illness and functional impairment of the patient that it causes | The Recommendations for Management of Endemic Diseases and Travel Medicine in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors: Latin America clinical practice guideline is intended to guide clinicians caring for solid-organ transplant (SOT) donors, candidates and recipients regarding infectious diseases (ID) issues related to this geographical region, mostly located in the tropics. These recommendations are based on both systematic reviews of relevant literature and expert opinion from both transplant ID and travel medicine specialists. The guidelines provide recommendations for risk evaluation and laboratory investigation, as well as management and prevention of infection of the most relevant endemic diseases of Latin America. This summary includes a brief description of the guideline recommendations but does not include the complete rationale and references for each recommendation, which is available in the online version of the article, published in this journal as a supplement. The supplement contains 10 reviews referring to endemic or travel diseases (eg, tuberculosis, Chagas disease [ChD], leishmaniasis, malaria, strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis, travelers diarrhea, arboviruses, endemic fungal infections, viral hepatitis, and vaccines) and an illustrative section with maps (http://www.pmourao.com/map/). Contributors included experts from 13 countries (Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Italy, Peru, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay) representing four continents (Asia, the Americas and Europe), along with scientific and medical societies. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,316 |
It has been estimated that 30% to 80% of the population has at least one tension-type headache each year. Tension-type headaches can be located in any region of the head, which can confuse a differential diagnosis with temporomandibular joint disorders and cervical dysfunction. The roles of temporomandibular joint disorders and cervical dysfunction in tension-type headache are evaluated. Definitions, pathophysiology, and treatment considerations for each are discussed. | Tension-type headache is the most prevalent form of headache. Nevertheless, the majority of current classification systems for this kind of headache rely on qualitative descriptions and clinical symptoms rather than practical rules, which are less distinct from migraineous features. The aim of this study was to introduce new diagnostic criteria for differentiation between CTTH and migraine patients using nonlinear analysis of surface EMG signals recorded from temporalis muscle. The subjects were eight patients with chronic tension-type headache, ten migraine patients without aura and eight healthy, age and sex matched volunteers. The focus of this study was on HOS analysis and examining the bispectral patterns and extracting features based on entropy concept for differentiation. The results showed that negentropy was the only feature, which could distinguish three studied groups. However, pairwise analysis indicated that NBE was capable of differentiating between migraine and CTTH patients. In addition, bispectral magnitude and specially phase diagrams, enabled us to visually differentiate studied groups. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,317 |
Polytene chromosomes of salivary glands as well as nuclear proteins from Kc-cells of Drosophila melanogaster have been used as substrate to identify and evaluate the diagnostic value of crossreacting antibodies present in sera of AS patients. The diagnostic significance of the recently described anti-93D antibody (Lakomek et al., 1984) was confirmed by screening sera of patients with definite or suspected AS using cytoimmunofluorescence on the polytene chromosomes. In addition, four new antibodies could be identified in AS sera by immunoblotting. Simultaneous detection of these antibodies supports the diagnosis of AS and is most useful in diagnosis of early stages of this disease. | The significance of abnormal serum anti-DNA and complement levels persisting in SLE patients on treatment has been explored. Instances when serologic abnormalities returned to normal were followed by a significantly longer mean duration of remission. When anti-DNA persisted at abnormal levels, a more severe exacerbation was likely to follow, although this result was not the case for persisting hypocomplementemia. These data did not result from two variants of SLE, one mild and one severe, because druation of remission correlated directly with dosage of steroid. Randomly discovered abnormalities in anti-DNA and complement levels were of limited predictive value, because they frequently persisted for over 1 year before exacerbations occurred. Hypocomplementemia resolved spontaneously without recognizable exacerbation in nearly half the observed instances. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,318 |
Objectives ::: This study evaluated the potential of three-tesla diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography to detect changes of the radial (RN) and median (MN) nerves during transient upper arm compression by a silicon ring tourniquet. | The purpose was to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography of the human median nerve with a 1.5-T MR scanner and to assess potential differences in diffusion between healthy volunteers and patients suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome. The median nerve was examined in 13 patients and 13 healthy volunteers with MR DTI and tractography using a 1.5-T MRI scanner with a dedicated wrist coil. T1-weighted images were performed for anatomical correlation. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were quantified in the median nerve on tractography images. In all subjects, the nerve orientation and course could be detected with tractography. Mean FA values were significantly lower in patients (p=0.03). However, no statistically significant differences were found for mean ADC values. In vivo assessment of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using DTI with tractography on a 1.5-T MRI scanner is possible. Microstructural parameters can be easily obtained from tractography images. A significant decrease of mean FA values was found in patients suffering from chronic compression of the median nerve. Further investigations are necessary to determine if mean FA values may be correlated with the severity of nerve entrapment. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,319 |
Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infected carrier ducks serve as a useful model for testing anti-hepadnavirus drugs. This needs a well characterised duck hepatitis B virus strain. We cloned and sequenced the complete genome of duck hepatitis B virus strain of Indian origin. It was 3021 nucleotides in length and had all the recognisable open reading frames (Polymerase: 20-2530 nucletides, Surface: 693-1787 nucleotides and Core: 2518-412). Using an inoculum of 50 microliters serum containing 1 x 10(11) virus particles/ml, we could infect 80% of one day old ducklings and develop a duck colony. | Heron hepatitis B viruses (HHBVs) in three subspecies of free-living great blue herons (Ardea herodias) from Florida, USA, were identified and characterized. Eight of 13 samples were positive in all assays used, whereas sera from egrets, which are also members of the family Ardeidae, were negative in the same assays. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of viral DNA sequences from the preS/S region of previously reported and novel HHBV strains isolated from captive grey herons (Germany) and free-ranging great blue herons (USA), respectively, revealed a strong conservation (95 % sequence similarity) with two separate clusters, implying a common ancestor of all strains. Our data demonstrate for the first time that different subspecies of herons are infected by HHBV and that these infections exist in non-captive birds. Phylogenetic analysis and the fact that the different heron species are geographically isolated populations suggest that lateral transmission, virus adaptation and environmental factors all play a role in HHBV spreading and evolution. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,320 |
A standard plotting program for the band-interband pattern of polytene chromosome maps was written in EXTENDED BASIC for a pocket computer coupled to a plotter (Sharp PC-1500 + CE-150). In this program, the individual polytene structure (i.e. one chromosome band and its right-handed interband) was digitized using a set of variables: [A] band diameter, [B] band type (solid, dotted, straight or curved bands), [C] band thickness, [D] interband length, [E] interband as well as puff and Balbiani ring outlines, [R] radius (for curved bands), [W] sectioning (of the pattern in chromosome maps) and [V$] reference numbers. The general use of this technique was tested by digitizing and computerized plotting of data from hand-drawn chromosome maps in Chironomus and Drosophila. Electron micrographs of surface spread polytene (SSP) chromosomes from the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi larvae were used to digitize the pattern of region F1-4 in chromosome I. The computerized EM map of this region was compared with the LM map from chromosome squash preparations. | Surface-spread polytene (SSP) chromosomes of salivary glands from late third-instar larvae were used for the construction of an electron microscopic (EM) photo map of the entire genome of D. hydei. In comparison with the light microscopic chromosome map of Berendes (1963), based on squash preparations, the EM micrographs depict some 40%–50% more bands. — Two different types of chromosome constrictions are described. One type is assumed to be caused by differential distribution of chromosomal proteins; the other one appears to represent underreplicated sections in the salivary gland chromosomes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,321 |
Comparative studies of the intertidal and sublittoral zones along the coasts of the Arctic Ocean (the Barents and White Seas) and the North Pacific from the Bering Straits to Hainan and the Gulf of Tonkin (South China Sea) show certain patterns in the changes of the fauna and flora and in the vertical distribution of the species, all of which are related to water movements, in the form of surf and currents. | In summer 1985-1991, the intertidal zone of the Svalbard archipelago was sampled in 242 localities. Thirty seven taxa of macrofauna and 22 of macrophytes were considered as littoral zone inhabitants. Four major littoral assemblages are described: Fucus-Balanus, Gammarus, Onisimus and Oligochaeta communities. More than 80% of the investigated coast is occupied by the Oligochaeta assemblage with mean biomass values less than 1 kJ/m 2 . The richest benthos was found at Fucus-Balanus sites (8% of the coast line) with biomass values exceeding 2000 kJ/m 2 . The southern tip of Spitsbergen is part of a major zoogeographical border in the littoral fauna distribution | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,322 |
AimPreclinical studies have suggested that nitinol-based compression anastomosis might be a viable solution to anastomotic leak following low anterior resection. A prospective multicentre open label study was therefore designed to evaluate the performance of the ColonRing in (low) colorectal anastomosis. MethodThe primary outcome measure was anastomotic leakage. Patients were recruited at 13 different colorectal surgical units in Europe, the United States and Israel. Institutional review board approval was obtained. ResultsBetween 21 March 2010 and 3 August 2011, 266 patients completed the study protocol. The overall anastomotic leakage rate was 5.3% for all anastomoses, including a rate of 3.1% for low anastomoses. Septic anastomotic complications occurred in 8.3% of all anastomoses and 8.2% of low anastomoses. ConclusionNitinol compression anastomosis is safe, effective and easy to use and may offer an advantage for low colorectal anastomosis. A prospective randomized trial comparing ColonRing with conventional stapling is needed. | Anastomotic leak (AL) constitutes a significant issue in colorectal surgery, and its incidence has remained stable over the last years. The use of intra-abdominal drain or the use of mechanical bowel preparation alone have been proven to be useless in preventing AL and should be abandoned. The role or oral antibiotics preparation regimens should be clarified and compared to other routes of administration, such as the intravenous route or enema. In parallel, preoperative antibiotherapy should aim at targeting collagenase-inducing pathogens, as identified by the microbiome analysis. AL can be further reduced by fluorescence angiography, which leads to significant intraoperative changes in surgical strategies. Implementation of fluorescence angiography should be encouraged. Progress made in AL comprehension and prevention might probably allow reducing the rate of diverting stoma and conduct to a revision of its indications. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,323 |
::: Toxins in culture supernatants and bacterial lysates of S. dysenteriae 1 and S. flexneri were quantitated by a cytotoxicity assay and a newly developed radioimmunoassay. Cytotoxin titers paralleled toxin antigen levels. Thus, variations in cytotoxicity among shigellae probably reflect differences in toxin yield rather than specific activity (cytotoxicity per microgram of toxin antigen). | Strains of Escherichia coli previously implicated or proven to be causes of diarrhea were examined for production of a toxin similar to that of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga). Organisms grown in an iron-depleted broth were lysed by pressure disruption followed by ultracentrifugation. Saline-dialyzed extracts were tested for cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells that were neutralizable with antiserum to Shiga toxin. Among the 13 E. coli strains so analyzed, 11 made a Shiga-like cytotoxin in levels ranging from trace (two avirulent isolates) to amounts equivalent to S. dysenteriae type 1 (two noninvasive strains that did not make E. coli heat-labile or -stable enterotoxins but were isolated from infants with diarrhea). As with extracts of Shiga toxin, lysates of these E. coli strains that produced high levels of Shiga-like toxin were enterotoxic for rabbits, paralytic and lethal for mice, and inhibited protein synthesis in HeLa cells. Thus, these data suggest that Shiga-like toxin may be another heretofore undiscovered factor in the pathogenesis of diarrhea caused by some E. coli strains. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,324 |
dasymaschalum (Blume) I.M. Turner (≡ Unona dasymaschala Blume ≡ Desmos dasymaschalus (Blume) Saff.) at Kew from Griffith’s herbarium that was bequeathed to the East India Company and subsequently distributed by J.D. Hooker. The specimen bears a ticket with the number 354, in what seems to be Griffith’s hand. This match between numbers, the lack of conflict between Griffith’s description and the specimen, and noted locality on the specimen (Mergui) lead to the conclusion that this specimen is original material of Pelticalyx argentea. I therefore designate here the specimen (W. Griffith 354 [E.I.C. 448] (K), Burma, Mergui, Ins. Madamacca, Sep 1834) as lectotype of Pelticalyx argentea Griff. Theobald’s inclusion of Pelticalyx argentea as a synonym of Unona dasymaschala was therefore correct. Unfortunately Griffith’s genus Pelticalyx has more than 50 years priority over Dasymaschalon (Hook. f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms and therefore without conservation some 30 or so Annonaceae species (R.M.K. Saunders, pers. comm.) from Asia (North-East India and China to the Philippines and Sulawesi) should be transferred to Pelticalyx. While Dasymaschalon contains no species of particular economic or ecological importance, the wholesale transfer of specific epithets to a generic name that has not been used since its original publication more than a century and a half ago seems counter to the general consensus favouring nomenclatural stability. Therefore, this proposal is made to conserve Dasymaschalon against Pelticalyx. If conserved in this way, Dasymaschalon would not have priority over Desmos Lour., so the latter would still be available for those who took a wider view of the delimitation of Desmos and included in it the species assigned to Dasymaschalon. | Annonaceae, one of the most diverse plant families in tropical forests, comprise roughly 108 genera and 2400 species (Rainer et al . 2006, Chatrou et al . 2012). As per the current understanding, Annonaceae have four subfamilies: Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae (Chatrou et al . 2012). Phylogenetic studies on Annonaceae (Mols et al . 2004; Erkens et al . 2007; Su et al . 2008; Nakkuntod et al . 2009; Chatrou et al . 2012) have brought significant changes in circumscription and nomenclature of several genera due to the strict adherence to the principle of monophyly (Su et al . 2005, 2010; Rainer, 2007; Mols et al . 2008; Saunders, 2009; Chaowasku et al . 2011, 2012; Xue et al . 2012, 2014). The problematic case of the polyphyletic genus Polyalthia Blume s.l. (1830: 68) has recently been studied phylogenetically in detail and presently is fully solved; species of Polyalthia s.l. have been segregated into several smaller monophyletic genera, for example, Fenerivia Diels (1925: 355; Saunders et al . 2011), Hubera Chaowasku (2012: 46; Chaowasku et al . 2012), Maasia Mols, Kesler & Rogstad (2008: 493; Mols et al . 2008), Marsypopetalum Scheffer (1870: 342; Xue et al . 2011) and Monoon Miquel (1865: 15; Xue et al . 2012). | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,325 |
BackgroundSalmonella Typhimurium (STM) is an important cause of foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Subtyping of STM remains critical to outbreak investigation, yet current techniques (e.g. multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis, MLVA) may provide insufficient discrimination. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) offers potentially greater discriminatory power to support infectious disease surveillance.MethodsWe performed WGS on 62 STM isolates of a single, endemic MLVA type associated with two epidemiologically independent, food-borne outbreaks along with sporadic cases in New South Wales, Australia, during 2014. Genomes of case and environmental isolates were sequenced using HiSeq (Illumina) and the genetic distance between them was assessed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. SNP analysis was compared to the epidemiological context.ResultsThe WGS analysis supported epidemiological evidence and genomes of within-outbreak isolates were nearly identical. Sporadic cases differed from outbreak cases by a small number of SNPs, although their close relationship to outbreak cases may represent an unidentified common food source that may warrant further public health follow up. Previously unrecognised mini-clusters were detected.ConclusionsWGS of STM can discriminate foodborne community outbreaks within a single endemic MLVA clone. Our findings support the translation of WGS into public health laboratory surveillance of salmonellosis. | Diarrhoeal disease is still one of the most challenging issues for health in many countries across the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), with infectious diarrhoea being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five years of age. However, the understanding of the aetiological spectrum and the burden of enteric pathogens involved in diarrhoeal disease in the EMR is incomplete. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), the focus of this review, is one of the most frequently reported bacterial aetiologies in diarrhoeal disease in the EMR. Strains of NTS with resistance to antimicrobial drugs are increasingly reported in both developed and developing countries. In the EMR, it is now widely accepted that many such resistant strains are zoonotic in origin and acquire their resistance in the food-animal host before onward transmission to humans through the food chain. Here, we review epidemiological and microbiological aspects of diarrhoeal diseases among children in the EMR, with emphasis on the implication and burden of NTS. We collate evidence from studies across the EMR on the zoonotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance in NTS at the interface between human and foods of animal origin. This review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of Salmonella with emphasis on the current situation in the EMR. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,326 |
The ultrastructure of the thread-like hairs (sensilla) on the tibia of the front leg ofAcheta domesticus (Gryllidae) Saltatoria was examined by serial sectioning. The presence of a tubular body indicates that these sensilla are mechanosensitive; electrophysiological measurements also confirmed this. The opposing forces on the articulating apparatus of single hairs and the sensitivity of the single receptor cell were measured after deflection of the hair in different directions. The articulating apparatus is characterized by three cuticular elements: a joint membrane, suspension fibers, and a socket septum. These elements form the basis for a structural bilateral symmetry along whose plane of symmetry the direction line of both the minimum receptor sensitivity and the minimum opposing forces lie. The tubular body embedded in the tip of the socket septum is attached to the base of the hair shaft. The hair provides the leverage for displacing the tubular body and the socket septum limits the extent to which it may be laterally displaced. | The distal nerve process of hair plate sensilla and campaniform sensilla contains a special terminal structure in the form of a bundle of tubules herein designated the "tubular body." Physiological and morphological results indicate that compression at the site of this body probably acts as the stimulus at the cellular level. A ciliary structure separates an outer segment of the distal nerve process from the remaining distal fiber. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,327 |
This report describes the first known case in the literature of acute exposure to a mixture of spinosad and flonicamid that resulted in a substantial clinical toxicities. An 80-year-old depressed female attempted suicide by drinking a mixture of 80-mL Conserve (Dow AgroSciences, Taipei, Taiwan) and 2-3 gram powder of flonicamid (Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Taipei, Taiwan). Spinosad was the main compound ingested. The clinical manifestations were mostly neurological, i.e. consciousness disturbance, shock, respiratory failure, pneumonitis and urinary retention. Endoscopic examination found grade 2a corrosive esophageal injury. After resuscitation, detoxification procedures and intensive care, the patient recovered fully without leaving any chronic sequels. An emerging question arising from this report is, why are the clinical symptoms so severe, given that both compounds were claimed safe in laboratory animals? The answer is unclear. One possible explanation is, the amount of spinosad ingested was far beyond the physiological safety dose that can be handled by human body. Other potential contributors to the clinical toxicities in this patient are the solvent compositions that were found in the Conserve insecticide formulation. Language: en | SUMMARY ::: ::: The compound 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) is the active ingredient in Proxel® GXL a commonly used preservative in many industries. The present case report identifies the carpet industry as an additional source of occupational allergic contact dermatitis to BIT. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,328 |
Six hundred and twenty-five sets of supine and erect abdominal radiographs of 288 patients with the confirmed diagnosis of intussusception (315 episodes) and 310 patients without intussusception were reviewed retrospectively to determine the characteristic radiographic features of intussusception. Among the patients with intussusception, 155 episodes (49%) showed a soft tissue mass and nearly half of these (71) showed characteristic radiolucencies (target, crescentic, or amorphous) in the soft tissue mass. Thirty-five episodes showed the radiolucencies on both the supine and erect radiographs; in 16 cases the type of radiolucency differed on the two films. In patients without intussusception, abnormal radiolucencies were seen in only seven cases (2.3%). Computed tomography performed prospectively in five patients showed the radiolucencies in the soft tissue mass to be intussuscepted mesenteric fat. We conclude that abnormal radiolucencies in the soft tissue mass on plain radiographs are characteristic of intussusception. | In order to reassess the diagnostic reliability of the abdominal plain film examination in suspected intussusception, the findings in 100 consecutive cases of this disorder were analysed. Then, these were compared with the same number of cases in which the diagnosis had been rejected by means of barium enema. It was found that a positive plain film diagnosis of intussusception was possible in 89 patients. In 11 cases inconclusive plain film findings called for supplementary barium enemas to establish the diagnosis. In the reference group intussusception was excluded on the basis of plain film findings alone in 74% of cases. In the remaining 26% of patients a barium enema proved necessary to reject the diagnosis of suspected intussusception. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,329 |
Chemical analyses of human submaxillary salivary gland secretions from individuals of various blood types and blood group secretor statuses revealed a relationship between secretor status and the composition of total submaxillary glycoproteins. The dialyzed secretions from both secretors and non-secretors contained sialic acid, d-galactose, l-fucose, d-glucosamine, d-galactosamine, and protein. Half of the total hexose, one-third of the nitrogen-containing material and minor amounts of hexosamine were dialyzable. None of the sialic acid and fucose components was dialyzable. ::: ::: The submaxillary saliva of secretors had a higher concentration of protein-bound carbohydrates than that of non-secretors and had about three times as much fucose. The ratio of sialic acid/fucose was 0.62±0.10 (S.D.) for secretors and 1.87±0.25 (S.D.) for non-secretors. There was a predictable relationship among the various carbohydrates in each type of secretion, and no major differences were observed among individuals of different blood types. | The presence of a `new' inherited substance has been detected in Caucasian, Bantu, and Chinese saliva samples, meconium, and gastric juice using the haemagglutinins of Clostridium botulinum , types C and D. It is serologically independent of ABH, Lewis, and Sda secretor status; at present it does not appear to be related to blood group systems and it is absent from the saliva of 7·14% of the Caucasian population. The structure of the substance may be related in some way to human gangliosides. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,330 |
A 3-year entomological study was carried out on the transmission of malaria in a village of 900 inhabitants in a rice-growing area of Burkina Faso. In the study area inhabitants use bed nets to protect themselves from mosquito bites. In the first year of the study, baseline data were collected; in the second year, the village was divided in two parts and all the bed nets in the southern part were sprayed with deltamethrin (25 mg/m2); and in the third year, all the bed nets in both parts of the village were sprayed. The inoculation rate was estimated by hand collection of mosquitos on human volunteers who were not protected by bed nets. The overall inoculation rate in the first year was 55 infected bites per person and was higher in the southern than in the northern part of the village. During the second year the rate increased to 70 bites per person on average (but was slightly lower than this in the southern part of the village). During the third year, the inoculation rate fell to three infected bites per year, i.e., a reduction of 94% compared with the first year. This reduction arose primarily because of a marked decrease in the sporozoitic index and a lower density of vectors. Thus, use of pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets by all members of the community appears to be a major tool in preventing transmission of malaria. | We have used a relatively simple but accurate model for predicting the impact of integrated transmission control on the malaria entomologic inoculation rate (EIR) at four endemic sites from across sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest Pacific. The simulated campaign incorporated modestly effective vaccine coverage, bed net use, and larval control. The results indicate that such campaigns would reduce EIRs at all four sites by 30- to 50-fold. Even without the vaccine, 15- to 25-fold reductions of EIR were predicted, implying that integrated control with a few modestly effective tools can meaningfully reduce malaria transmission in a range of endemic settings. The model accurately predicts the effects of bed nets and indoor spraying and demonstrates that they are the most effective tools available for reducing EIR. However, the impact of domestic adult vector control is amplified by measures for reducing the rate of emergence of vectors or the level of infectiousness of the human reservoir. We conclude that available tools, including currently neglected methods for larval control, can reduce malaria transmission intensity enough to alleviate mortality. Integrated control programs should be implemented to the fullest extent possible, even in areas of intense transmission, using simple models as decision-making tools. However, we also conclude that to eliminate malaria in many areas of intense transmission is beyond the scope of methods which developing nations can currently afford. New, cost-effective, practical tools are needed if malaria is ever to be eliminated from highly endemic areas. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,331 |
Objective To assess the epidemiological and chemotherapeutic aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods This study was carried out during September, 2011 to December, 2011 and encompassed a total of 1000 patients of both gender. All patients enrolled in this study were selected at random from four sub-divisions of Dir Lower district. Data regarding different variables were obtained on a designed questionnaire through face-to-face interviews with the patients after approval of their informed consent. Standard protocols were used for confirmation of Leishman-Donovan bodies using slit-skin smears. Results The overall incidence of CL was found to be 21.1%. The prevalence was observed to be significantly higher among Afghans than the local population (32.5% vs. 20.3%, OR: 1.6, p <0.05). The distribution of CL showed significant difference with respect to all studied demographic parameters, except subject’s age and tehsil. More than half of the infected patients (56.8%) had wet lesions and majority of the infected patients (42.3%) had only one lesion. Moreover, face and arms were the most frequently inflicted body parts. It was further observed that among various antimonials used by the patients, sodium stibogluconate demonstrated the highest efficacy followed by glucantime® and stibotim® whereas thermotherapy showed no efficacy. Collectively, the efficacy significantly varied across different antimonials used in this study (p<0.05). Conclusion This study provides detailed information regarding descriptive epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dir Lower District. | Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is common in children and young adults. Although it does not cause death but produces disfiguring of skin. Objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Leishmaniasis in Bhagbanan Refugees Camp in District Peshawar. ::: Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Bhagbanan refugee camp, Peshawar, from November 2006 to January 2007. Sample size was 505, comprising of 229 Afghan refugees and 276 local people, examined for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. ::: Results: Out of 229 Afghan refugees 19 (8.29%) and out of 276 local people, 16 (5.79%) were found positive for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the leishmanial infection among Afghan refugees and local population. Data for age wise prevalence of Leishmaniasis showed a high prevalence 10.96% among age group 0-9 years. This was followed by 6.66% in the age group 10-19 years. Slightly higher infection rate was found on face, but the difference between the lesions on the face and extremities was statistically non-significant. Regarding the number of lesions, single lesion was observed in the majority of subjects (9.50%) while 5.62% had 2-3 lesions, 5% had 4-5 lesions and 4% had more than 5 lesions. ::: Conclusion: Leishmaniasis has attained epidemic proportion in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa. There is a need to make aware the general public about using bed nets, repellents and cleanliness. Government should provide medical facilities. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,332 |
Cholangiocarcinoma is more likely to develop in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Our aims were to describe the clinical presentation, course, and management of patients afflicted with both cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis and to estimate the prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 30 patients with both primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma managed at our institution during an 8-year period. Development of cholangiocarcinoma was heralded by rapid clinical deterioration with jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal discomfort. Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis often was detected at an advanced tumor stage, which precluded effective therapy, and overall median survival was 5 months. Earlier recognition and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in such patients will be necessary to increase survival rates. Seventy patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis were followed prospectively in a clinical trial of medical therapy for an average of 30 months. Twelve patients died and five were found at autopsy to have cholangiocarcinoma. The potential for cholangiocarcinoma to develop in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis may indicate that liver transplantation should be considered earlier in the course of the disease. | OBJECTIVES ::: The aims of this retrospective study were to assess the frequency with which we used different treatment modalities for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA). ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: A total of 41 patients with known CCA complicating PSC with a median age of 49 yr (range, 27-75 yr) were identified from a group of 1009 patients (4%) with PSC seen over 10 yr at the Mayo Clinic. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: These patients received mainly five forms of treatment: 10 patients were treated with radiation therapy (RT) with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (seven with palliative and three with curative intent), nine with stent placement for cholestasis, 12 with conservative treatment, four with surgical resection (one of four received RT and 5-FU), and three patients with orthotopic liver transplantation and RT, with or without 5-FU. One patient was treated with 5-FU alone, one with photodynamic therapy, and one patient with somatostatin analog. A total of 36 patients died, whereas four (10%) patients survived (two with surgical resection, one with orthotopic liver transplantation and RT, and one with stent placement) during a median follow-up of 5.5 months (range, 1-75 months). One patient was lost to follow-up. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: In highly selective cases, resective surgery seems to be of benefit in PSC patients with CCA. However, these therapies are rarely applied to these patients because of the advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Efforts should be directed at earlier identification of potential surgical candidates. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,333 |
The forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) gene encodes a brain-specific transcription factor and is associated with a congenital variant of atypical Rett syndrome (RTT); several FOXG1 mutations have been identified. The congenital variant of RTT shows a hypoplastic corpus callosum, delayed myelination, and frontal and temporal atrophy. Although no report has described a hippocampal abnormality in humans, the current study suggests that FOXG1 also regulates neurogenesis in the postnatal hippocampus. In the present case, severe developmental delay was observed in a patient with a congenital variant of RTT from about 4months, in conjunction with acquired microcephaly, hypotonia, limited motor function, absent purposeful hand use, and repetitive jerky movements of the upper limbs. A novel missense mutation was identified in FOXG1 on gene analysis (c. 569T>A, p. Ile190Asn). The patient showed not only the typical cerebral abnormalities of a congenital variant of RTT, but also a hypoplastic hippocampus. This novel mutation and cerebral findings may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of the congenital variant of RTT. | We report 2 cases of girls with MECP2 gene variants who do not have typical clinical features of Rett syndrome except for intellectual disability and seizures. Both patients present with adipositas, macrocephalia, precocious puberty, and seizures. They have prominent eyebrows and a short neck as well as short and plump fingers. Sequencing by NGS revealed a novel variant c.1162_1172del; p.Pro388* in both patients. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,334 |
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) integrase is cleaved from the gag-pol precursor by the HIV1 protease. The resulting 32-kDa protein is used by the infecting virus to insert a linear, double-stranded DNA copy of its genome, prepared by reverse transcription of viral RNA, into the host cell's chromosomal DNA. In order to achieve high levels of expression, to minimize an internal initiation problem and to facilitate mutagenesis, we have designed and synthesized a gene encoding the integrase from the infectious molecular clone, pNL4-3. Codon usage was optimized for expression in Escherichia coli and unique restriction sites were incorporated throughout the gene. A 905-bp cassette containing a ribosome-binding site, a start codon and the integrase-coding sequence, sandwiched between EcoRI and HindIII sites, was synthesized by overlap extension of nine long synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides [90-120 nucleotides (nt)] and subsequent amplification using two primers (28-30 nt). The cassette was subcloned into the vector pKK223-3 for expression under control of a tac promoter. The protein produced from this highly expressed gene has the expected N-terminal sequence and molecular mass, and displays the DNA processing, DNA joining and disintegration activities expected from recombinant integrase. These studies have demonstrated the utility of codon optimization, and lay the groundwork for structure-function studies of HIV1 integrase. | It has been shown previously by our group and others that a series of four disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity can eject zinc from HIV type 1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) in vitro while analogs without antiviral activity do not. We also found that the zinc ejection activity correlates with the loss of the ability of NCp7 to bind to HIV psi RNA in vitro. These observations indicate that the antiviral disulfide benzamides may act at a novel retroviral target of action, i.e., the nucleocapsid protein. The present studies examine the relationship among disulfide benzamide structure, in vitro NCp7 zinc ejection activity, and antiviral activity for a larger series of compounds. All of the antiviral disulfide benzamides were found to eject NCp7 zinc, while some disulfide benzamides with zinc ejection activity are not antiviral. Utilizing the thiol reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), it was determined that the o-amido-phenyl disulfides being studied cyclize in aqueous solution to form benzisothiazolones. A series of benzisothiazolones, which are stable in solution in the absence of dithiothreitol, were found to eject NCp7 zinc at a rate similar to that of their disulfide benzamide analogs and to possess similar antiviral activity. It was also found that the relative rates of HIV inactivation by various disulfide benzamides and benzisothiazolones correlate with their relative kinetic rates of NCp7 zinc ejection, which is consistent with the nucleocapsid protein being the target of action of these compounds. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,335 |
The northern and central Adriatic Sea represents an important spawning and aggregation area for common sole ( Solea solea ) and provides for around 20% of the Mediterranean landings. In this area, this resource is mainly exploited with rapido trawl and set nets. The stock is not yet depleted and faces a situation of growth overfishing. The comparison between the spatial distribution by age of S. solea and the geographic patterns of the rapido trawl fishing effort evidenced an overlapping of this fishing activity with the area where juveniles concentrate (age groups 0–2). The majority of spawners inhabits specific offshore areas, here defined as ‘sole sanctuaries’, where high concentrations of debris and benthic communities make difficult trawling with rapido . The aim of this study was to evaluate existing spatial management regimes and potential new spatial and temporal closures in the northern and central Adriatic Sea using a simple modelling tool. Two spatial simulations were carried out in order to verify the effectiveness of complementary methods for the management of fisheries: the ban of rapido trawling from October to December within 6 nautical miles and 9 nautical miles of the Italian coast. The focus of the simulation is that the effort of the rapido trawl is moved far from the coast during key sole recruitment periods, when the juveniles are moving from the inshore nursery area toward the offshore feeding grounds. The management scenarios showed that a change in selectivity would lead to a clear increase in the spawning stock biomass and an increase in landings of S. solea in the medium-term. The rapido trawl activity could be managed by using a different logic, bearing in mind that catches and incomes would increase with small changes in the spatial pattern of the fishing effort. The present study highlights the importance of taking into account spatial dimensions of fishing fleets and the possible interactions that can occur between fleets and target species, facilitating the development of control measures to achieve a healthy balance between stock exploitation and socio-economic factors. | Morphological analysis, molecular characterization, and information on distribution and density of Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) specimens collected in the Adriatic Sea were here carried out as based on various material and data from five surveys conducted from 2010 to 2014, for a total of 329 bottom trawl hauls. The morphological and molecular analyses allowed to clarify the confused taxonomy regarding the biggest ark clam alien species invading the Italian waters and the Mediterranean Sea. The analysis on distribution and density revealed that A. kagoshimensis mostly occurs along the Italian coast at depths from 8 to 50 m, with a catch frequency of more than 98% in all hauls performed on silty-clay sediment at 8-30 m depth. The hotspot map clearly shows a reduction of its distribution area from 2010 to 2012. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,336 |
Summary A method for quantitative analysis of crude aflatoxin mixtures is described, using thin layer chromatography and absorption spectrometry. Highly purified aflatoxin G l has been prepared by thin layer chromatography and is a blue fluorescent compound, not, as previously reported, green fluorescent. The toxicity of the purified compound does not differ from that of the less pure compound containing a yellow impurity. Both aflatoxins Bl and Gl are fairly stable in aqueous solution in the dark, but undergo rapid decomposition in light (40% in 1 day; almost 100% after 9 days). | A survey was conducted to determine whether mycotoxins were present in the foods consumed by red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China. Collected in the reserve’s core, buffer, and experimental zones during overwintering periods of 2013 to 2015, a total of 113 food samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contamination incidences vary among different zones and the mycotoxins levels of different food samples also presented disparity. Average mycotoxin concentration from rice grain was greater than that from other food types. Among mycotoxin-positive samples, 59.3% were simultaneously contaminated with more than one toxin. This study demonstrated for the first time that red-crowned cranes were exposed to mycotoxins in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and suggested that artificial wetlands could not be considered good habitats for the birds in this reserve, especially rice fields. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,337 |
Stomach contents of 2928 age-0 striped bass, Morone saxatilis (2.9–153.3 mm total length (TL)), collected from June to November 1992 in the Miramichi River estuary were examined. Seventy-seven percent of the fish stomachs examined contained food organisms and 34 prey taxa were identified. Larval striped bass ( 50 mm TL. Contributions by other prey groups (molluscs, polychaetes, amphipods, insects, and larval fish) were minor. Large underyearlings, 64–84 mm TL, in near-fresh water ate proportionally more mysids than fish downriver i... | We quantified temporal and spatial variability in diets of 950 juvenile (age-0) striped bass in the Hudson River estuary. We used canonical correspondence analysis to assess the roles of temporal and spatial habitat variability in juvenile diet variation. We found that juvenile striped bass diets in the Hudson River were only modestly comparable to diets in other east coast estuaries. Among-year differences (51.4%) and spatial differences (41.9%) were substantially associated with juvenile striped bass diet. We found ontogeny (2.8%) and within-season variation (9.5%) to only weakly associate with diet variation. Our results indicate that an understanding of the temporal and spatial variation within the Hudson River estuary is vital in understanding variation in feeding by resident juvenile fish. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,338 |
We describe seven cases of children (ages 2 to 14 years) with myeloradiculopathy caused by infection with S. mansoni. None of them presented hepatosplenic involvement and one presented an intestinal picture. The myeloradicular and pseudotumoral forms were observed in four and three patients, respectively. Comparing the reports in the literature, we found that the pseudotumoral form is more similarly frequent among children than in adults, while the myelitic and myeloradicular forms are the most frequent and distributed across all age groups. Diagnosis is based on clinical and epidemiological findings in association with laboratory tests. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of S. mansoni eggs in feces (5 cases) and / or the positivity in specific immunological tests (5 cases) associated with a cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory pattern with presence of eosinophils (between 1 and 24%). Magnetic resonance image, although it does not enable an etiological diagnosis, helped to confirm the form and spinal cord level of the lesion. | Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of Echinococcus and Schistosoma infections occur throughout the world, with incidence increasing in developed regions. A detailed literature review generated a current summary on epidemiology, parasitology, pathology, clinical manifestations, imaging studies, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroechinococcosis and neuroschistosomiasis. Recent advancements have been made in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these parasitic CNS infections. Ongoing advancements in neuroimaging and diagnostic studies, as well as efforts to better understand the parasite genome and host-parasite relationships, will likely continue to improve patient management. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,339 |
At the Mayo Clinic, from 1940 through 1970, thirty-four patients had progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. Fifteen of these patients had oral-pharyngeal lesions, with pain being the most common presenting symptom. This series demonstrates the varied clinical appearance of this fungus infection, discusses the methods of diagnosis and treatment, and suggests that these lesions are not a localized form of the disease but, rather, a manifestation of a systemic infection. | Histoplasmosis of the head and neck is rarely seen in immunocompetent patients. We report 2 new cases of histoplasmosis of the head and neck in immunocompetent patients, one an 80-year-old man and the other a 57-year-old man. The older man presented with oral cavity histoplasmosis; his symptoms included pain, dysphagia, and ulcerative lesions. The younger man had laryngeal histoplasmosis, which resulted in hoarseness and dyspnea. We discuss the methods of diagnosis and the classic findings in histoplasmosis, including the microscopic appearance of caseating granulomas, the results of periodic acid-Schiff staining and Gomori staining, and antibody detection of histoplasmosis. We also review the treatment options with antifungals, including amphotericin B and the oral conazole drugs. With an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment, both of our patients recovered well and their symptoms resolved. Because their symptoms overlapped with those of other, more common disease processes, an accurate diagnosis of these patients was essential to treating their infection. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,340 |
In order to measure regional lung 'leakiness' we have adapted a method developed by Jones et al., to correct for background in the estimation of regional lung transfer of DTPA. It is clear from our study that the half time transfer values (T50) alter from the apex to the base of the lungs in both smokers and nonsmokers. The mean apical T50 values are 56.0 and 56.7 min for the right and left lung respectively in nonsmokers and 12.5 and 12.6 min in smokers. The basal T50 values are 77.5 and 76.9 min for the right and left lung respectively in nonsmokers and 24 and 24.2 min in smokers. These figures suggest that cigarette smoke affects all lung regions and that the transfer values in the apices are more rapid than in the bases in both smokers and nonsmokers. | In patients with HIV infection the diagnosis of PCP is relatively simple when patients present late, with advanced pneumonia. The diagnosis becomes more difficult when patients present with minimal symptoms, are receiving specific prophylactic therapy or have had previous AIDS-related pulmonary diseases. A number of non-invasive tests, such as Gallium scanning, exercise-induced hypoxaemia, DTPA scanning and lung function testing have been developed to improve on the diagnostic value of clinical examination and the chest X-ray. Although each has its own particular advantages and disadvantages, the most efficient means of diagnosing PCP, in patients presenting with respiratory symptoms, is to use these investigations as part of a diagnostic algorithm, thereby maximizing resources and defining relative risks for different types of patients. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,341 |
In modern intensive care unit practice, the primary goal of sedation is to make patients calm, comfortable, cooperative and communicative. Sedation scoring systems enable staff to assess patients' depths of sedation and so adjust analgesic and sedative therapies to achieve an optimum level of sedation for the individual patient. There is currently no consensus on the choice of instrument, and units should choose and adhere to a sedation scoring system that best fits the needs of their local practice. Regardless of the scale chosen, sedation scoring is best implemented as part of a sedation protocol designed to achieve optimum sedation and support patient-centred care. | ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of continuous infusion of haloperidol in treating agitated critically ill adult patients.DesignCase series of patients treated with continuous infusion of haloperidol and followed to hospital discharge, during a 6-month period.SettingA 34-bed multidiscipl | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,342 |
Species of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia are known to produce domoic acid that is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). To investigate the potential risk of ASP and species occurrence of toxic or potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia in Malaysian waters, plankton samples were collected from 17 locations. Samples were examined through transmission electron microscopy. Species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified on the basis of the frustule morphology and morphometric measurements. Twenty-two well-described species were recorded, of which 14 are new records for Malaysia. A new morphotype, closely resembling species in the pseudodelicatissima complex, was also discovered. The morphotype differs from other species in the complex by its lower densities of fibulae and striae. Nine of the species have previously been associated with ASP events worldwide. Our study recorded for the first time high species richness of Pseudo-nitzschia in the confined coasts of Malaysia. In addition, we performed a morphology-based phylogeny and proposed a key to Pseudo-nitzschia species, with a special emphasis on the poroid structure of the striae, to aid in species identification. | In diatoms, as in other organisms, many genetically distinct and reproductively isolated species may show identical or highly similar morphological features. Such groups of species are defined as cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species, respectively. The difficulty of discriminating them with optical means impairs the study of their temporal patterns and geographic ranges. This is also the case for Pseudo-nitzschia , a worldwide distributed planktonic diatom genus which includes several toxigenic species. Using a Pseudo-nitzschia -specific pair of large sub-units ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) primers, we generated clone libraries from 19 samples collected at the Long Term Ecological Station MareChiara (LTER-MC) in the Gulf of Naples (GoN) from 2009 to 2010 and compared sequence records with light microscopy (LM) counts from the same samples. Our aim was to elucidate the diversity and the seasonal patterns of taxa within Pseudo-nitzschia . Most of the Pseudo-nitzschia species already known from the GoN were identified within the 1643 obtained sequences. In addition, two species known from elsewhere and three un-described ribotypes were detected. Several cryptic species showed distinct temporal patterns of occurrence, with most species confined to restricted periods and only a few present year-round. Microscopic and molecular results generally concurred for species recognizable using LM, while clone libraries tended to overestimate the relative abundance of some of the species. Due to its high resolution and detection power, the DNA-barcoding approach used in our study is an optimal tool to trace the distribution of cryptic and toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species and the diversity of this key diatom genus in the natural environment. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,343 |
Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strains comprise a heterogeneous group in terms of molecular and phenotypic characteristics. They cause various conditions of ulcer diseases or atypical furunculosis and are being isolated in increasing number from various fish species and geographical areas. Several marine fish species susceptible to atypical A. salmonicida, including spotted wolffish Anarhichas minor O., are now being farmed and new vaccines may be needed. A commercial furunculosis vaccine for salmon is reported to protect wolffish poorly against experimental challenge with atypical A. salmonicida. The protective antigen(s) in furunculosis vaccines is still unclear, but in oil-adjuvanted vaccine for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., the surface A-layer was shown to be important for protection. In spotted wolffish, the efficacy of atypical furunculosis vaccines seems to vary with the atypical A. salmonicida strains used as bacterin in the vaccine. In the present study we investigated whether differences in the A-layer protein among atypical strains might be responsible for the observed variation in vaccine efficacy. Atypical A. salmonicida strains from 16 fish species in 11 countries were compared by genome polymorphism analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and by comparative sequencing of the vapA genes encoding the A-protein. The A-protein sequences appeared to be highly conserved except for a variable region between Residues 90 to 170. Surprisingly, the grouping of strains based on AFLP- or A-protein sequence similarities was consistent. In addition, serological differences in the A-protein among the strains were demonstrated by an A-protein-specific monoclonal antibody. Vaccines based on atypical A. salmonicida strains possessing genetically and serologically different A-layer proteins were shown to result in significantly different protection in spotted wolffish. | Cell-surface components and extracellular products (ECP) of Aeromonas salmonicida are candidates for the role of protective antigens in vaccines against furunculosis. However, the efficacy of experimental vaccines based on either cellular or extracellular antigens is disputed, and the immunogenicity in fish of many A. salmonicida antigens is unknown. In this study, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were immunized with whole killed A. salmonicida cells and with native and inactivated forms of ECP. Antibody responses were analyzed by western blotting. When immunized with whole killed cells, rabbits produced antibodies to A-protein, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core and O-antigens, and at least 12 other protein antigens. In rainbow trout, antibodies were detected to A-protein and LPS O-antigens, but not to LPS core or other antigens. Antibodies to LPS were also detected in rabbits and rainbow trout immunized with ECP. However, whereas rabbits produced antibodies to at l... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,344 |
Several cases of traumatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) have been reported. However, traumatic VSD complicated by tricuspid rupture is rare. We report a case of traumatic VSD with tricuspid rupture who required repeated repair of both conditions. A 69-year-old man was transferred to our hospital for emergent surgical repair of traumatic VSD and tricuspid rupture. Although emergent repair was performed, a new left-to-right shunt and moderate tricuspid regurgitation appeared during his postoperative course. A reoperation was performed 4 months after the first operation. The borders of the defect were very fibrotic and strong compared with those in the first operation. Surgical treatment of traumatic VSD should be postponed in hemodynamically stable patients. When emergent repair is performed, careful follow-up is necessary to diagnose new VSD. | The case report of an isolated ventricular septal defect due to blunt chest trauma presenting more than a month after the injury and its successful surgical management is presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,345 |
Background/Aims: Hippocampal lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are commonly described in transient global amnesia (TGA). We evaluated the utility of DWI and the presence of hippocampal lesions in the diagnosis of TGA. Methods: A total of 203 TGA episodes were diagnosed at our emergency department from January 2003 to May 2010. DWI (5-mm slice thickness) was performed using a 1.5 T scanner. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of hippocampal lesions on DWI: DWI– and DWI+. The clinical characteristics and the time interval from development of amnesia to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared. Results: 16 patients had hippocampal lesions on DWI. The DWI– and DWI+ groups had similar clinical characteristics. The overall median time interval from amnesia to MRI was 6 h, and this interval was significantly longer for the DWI+ group than the DWI– group [9 h (IQR 6.5–25) vs. 5 h (IQR 4–9), p = 0.002]. Conclusion: DWI has a low diagnostic yield when performed early in the course of TGA. Positive findings can confirm the diagnosis, but in negative results, careful interpretation is required, including the time interval from amnesia to MRI. | We report on a patient with pure transient global amnesia (TGA) whose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a small region of increased signal intensity in the right hippocampus on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). DWI was sensitive and useful for evaluating the early stage of TGA and might help to explain the pathophysiology of TGA. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,346 |
Objective. More than 50 disease-associated mutations of the Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV) have been identified in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), some of which were shown to have different clinical, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. The aim of our study was to define the frequency of mutation type, genotype-phenotype correlation, and response to colchicine treatment in patients with FMF. ::: ::: Methods. This study included 222 pediatric FMF patients. All patients were investigated for 6 MEFV mutations. Then patients were divided into 3 groups according to the presence of M694V mutation on both of the alleles (homozygotes), on only 1 allele (heterozygotes), and on none of the alleles, and compared according to their phenotypic characteristics and response to treatment. M694V/M694V was denoted Group A, M694V/Other Group B, and Other/Other, Group C. ::: ::: Results. Complete colchicine response was significantly lower while the rate of unresponsiveness was significantly higher in Group A compared to Groups B and C (p = 0.031, p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, p = 0.029, respectively). No differences except proteinuria were found between the phenotypic features of 3 groups. Group C had the lowest rate of proteinuria development (p = 0.024). All the amyloidosis patients were in Group A. ::: ::: Conclusion. Our results indicate that the M694V/M694V mutation is associated with lower response to colchicine treatment. Therefore, patients homozygous for M694V/M694V may be carrying an increased risk for development of amyloidosis. | Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most common autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease. To date, following the isolation of more than 280 MEFV sequence variants, the genotype-phenotype correlation in FMF patients has been intensively investigated; however, an univocal and clear consensus has not been yet reached. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to analyze the available literature findings in order to provide to scientific community an indirect estimation of the impact of genetic factors on the phenotypic variability of FMF. This systematic review has been conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The p.M694V mutation was reported to have a relatively severe clinical course, similarly, patients homozygous for M694I and M680I, or carrying a combination of both at codons 694 and 680, have a severe disease. Also, patients homozygous for M694V and V726A variants experienced more severe clinical picture. Conversely, heterozygous p.V726A and p.E148Q genotypes have been correlated with a milder disease course. At present, doubts remain on the potential pathogenic role of E148Q variant. The heterogenity in clinical FMF manifestations reflects the changes occuring in repertoire of mutations. We believe that clinical criteria and gene tests, enhancing each other, could better support the diagnosis of FMF. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,347 |
Meissner corpuscles in the palatine mucosae of ddY-mice of various ages were studied histochemically and electron microscopically. As the age of the animals advanced, regressive Meissner corpuscles with lessened or depleted activity of non-specific cholinesterase (ChE) increased in number. Immunohistochemistry for Na+/K(+)-ATPase showed that the complex ramification of axon terminals in Meissner corpuscles attained at maturation gradually changed to a sparse distribution as the animals aged. Only a few putative rudiments of Meissner corpuscles, which were completely devoid of nerve terminals, were encountered. Electron microscopy showed that the regressive Meissner corpuscles contained atrophic axons and lamellae in a disordered arrangement, although the severity of the atrophy differed depending on the degree of the regression. Furthermore, the Meissner corpuscles were found to progressively accumulate fibrous long-spacing fibers having a periodicity of 160 nm and unique spherical corpuscles 150-300 nm in diameter in their intercellular spaces. From these results we concluded that: 1) the atrophy of the axon and lamellae proceeds almost simultaneously during the age-related regression of Meissner corpuscles; and 2) not only the atrophy of the axon and the lamellar cell but microenvironmental changes such as the accumulation of intercellular substances is also involved in the regression of these corpuscles. | Oral mechanoreception is implicated in fundamental functions including speech, food intake and swallowing; yet, the neuroanatomical substrates that encode mechanical stimuli are not well understood. Tactile perception is initiated by intricate mechanosensitive machinery involving dedicated cells and neurons. This signal transduction setup is coupled with the topology and mechanical properties of surrounding epithelium, thereby providing a sensitive and accurate system to detect stress fluctuations from the external environment. We mapped the distribution of anatomically distinct neuronal endings in mouse oral cavity using transgenic reporters, molecular markers and quantitative histomorphometry. We found that the tongue is equipped with an array of putative mechanoreceptors that express the principal mechanosensory channel Piezo2, including end bulbs of Krause innervating individual filiform papillae and a novel class of neuronal fibers innervating the epithelium surrounding taste buds. The hard palate and gums are densely populated with three classes of sensory afferents organized in discrete patterns including Merkel cell-neurite complexes, Meissner's corpuscles and glomerular corpuscles. In aged mice, we find that palatal Merkel cells reduce in number at key time-points that correlate with impaired oral abilities, such as swallowing and mastication. Collectively, this work identifies the mechanosensory architecture of oral tissues involved in feeding. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,348 |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the 1-year results of single-session sclerotherapy of symptomatic benign non-parasitic liver cysts performed with maximum 10 min time of ethanol exposure. During the period 1995-1999, 15 symptomatic liver cysts in nine patients--eight women and one man--were treated with 10 min time of exposure to ethanol. Ultrasound-guided puncture combined with fluoroscopy was used for catheter placement. Alcohol sclerotherapy was performed with a maximum volume of ethanol 96% of 10% of the cyst volume, never exceeding 100 ml. At follow-up the patients were examined with liver function tests, ultrasound or CT examination, clinical examination, and interview by a gastrointestinal surgeon. Ten cysts in seven patients (six women and one man; age range 44-61 years, median age 58 years), who had a follow-up of at least 1 year, were included. The original cyst volumes were 30-4110 ml (median 392 ml). After a follow-up period of 12-47 months (median 23 months), cyst volumes were 0-523 ml (median 21.5 ml) with a reduction of the median cyst volume by 95% ( p<0,005). All patients experienced relief of their clinical symptoms. Except for pain, no complications were observed. Sclerotherapy using only one session and maximum 10 min time of exposure to ethanol represents an effective treatment of symptomatic liver cysts. | Although polycystic liver disease is usually a benign disease, the symptoms can be debilitating in some patients, for whom surgery is an option. This Review discusses the latest advances in the diagnosis and management of polycystic liver disease. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,349 |
Parasitic infestations are mostly encountered in underdeveloped or developing countries. Taenia saginata is the most frequently found genus in Turkey and cases occur particularly in the Southeastern Anatolian Region. A 57-year-old woman admitted to hospital with the complaints of weakness, weight lose and abdominal pain. Gastroscopy was performed and a tumoral mass was observed. Pathologic evaluation of the endoscopic biopsies was reported as signet ring cell gastric carcinoma. Tapeworm was incidentally observed when the incision was made for jejunal bypass. Fifteen-meter-long parasite was extracted. There are not enough studies and case reports that questioned the relationship between taeniasis and cancer. | We report a case of biliary peritonitis caused by gall bladder perforation due to Taenia saginata induced gangrenous cholecystitis. Although parasites are not unusual causes of biliary tract disorders, especially in disease endemic areas, but this is for the first time that Taenia saginata has been reported to cause gall bladder perforation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,350 |
A simplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to survey broiler chickens for coccidial infection. With an antigen derived from Eimeria tenella oocysts and a single serum dilution of 1:100, the absorbance values were directly used for the evaluation of antibody levels. When the detection level, determined with sera from specific-pathogen-free chickens, was used as the negative standard, randomly selected sera from broiler chickens essentially were negative. Sera were periodically collected from two flocks of commercial broilers reared under medication, and their ELISA titers were compared with their excretion of oocysts. When the oocyst isolation rate indicated that infection was severe, a substantial number of chickens showed high absorbance values in ELISA. These results indicate that coccidial infections in the field can be detected serologically with ELISA. | An in situ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure in vitro development of Eimeria tenella. The assay used a polyclonal, anti-merozoite serum produced by immunization with culture-derived, chromatographically purified merozoites. Although this antiserum cross-reacted with sporozoite-infected cultures (by indirect immunofluorescence and in situ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), it clearly distinguished the increase in antigen synthesized throughout intracellular growth. The assay can be used for high-throughput, anticoccidial drug screening, for which it gives quantitative results that are comparable to the published radiometric [( 3H]uracil incorporation) endpoint. Images | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,351 |
The program of schistosomiasis control for the State of Sao Paulo, where only low endemicity areas occur, is discussed in this paper. Inclusion of schistosomiasis among the diseases due to obligatory notification is considered as a measure of great importance. Accordingly the search for passive cases conducted by the public health system acquired major importance in the disease surveillance. As from 1981 to 1992 only 11% of the detected cases were considered as autochthonous. The main transmission areas are located at the Litoral and Paraiba Valley regions. In the period of time under analysis, the epidemiological surveillance data suggest a decrease in the morbidity and in the autochthony tendency in the State of Sao Paulo. | The Palha district, municipality of Bananal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, had 10.3% cases of Schistosoma mansoni diagnosed from 1994 to 2000 by coproscopy: about three times the municipality average. The immunofluorescent antibody test was used to assess gut-associated IgM antibody titers of samples from 452 inhabitants. It disclosed 129 (28.5%) positive cases. Subjects were classified according to age, sex, birthplace, and period of residence. Titers varied from 8 to 4,096 (geometric mean: 170.2). Seropositives were aged from 6 to 69 years (average: 24.5), 75% of them aged 34 or less, predominantly males (78 or 60.5%). Of all subjects, 65.7% were born and had been living in Bananal since; 24.2% came from neighboring municipalities and are residing in Bananal from two months to 89 years (average: 22.7 years). Further Kato-Katz coproscopy from 97 seropositives (geometric mean titer, 619) revealed S. mansoni eggs in 11 subjects (11.3%). Serology was deemed useful in screening subjects to be further investigated by coproscopy, considering that blood collection had better acceptance than supplying fecal samples. Higher than average serological titers may indicate new cases in endemic areas. Longitudinal studies associated with epidemiological investigation, including titer evolution are advised, as isolated data are difficult to interpret. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,352 |
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem among developing countries. The present study is designed to understand the occurrence of V. cholerae using conventional as well as molecular tools and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolated strains of V. cholerae from Muttil panchayat in district Wayanad of Kerala, India. This study was undertaken for a period of 12 months i.e., from April 2014 to March 2015. Out of 60 water samples collected from stream, 38 (63.3 %) were found positive for V. cholerae by conventional methods and among these, 21 (35 %) samples were found positive by PCR. However, none of the water samples (well water, household drinking water and pipeline water) yielded V. cholerae. The presence of V. cholerae was observed in the soil and stream from residential area and were also isolated from fish samples as well as from human stool samples. The antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates of V. cholerae obtained from different types of samples exhibited 100 % resistance to the antibiotics under study except for doxycycline. Furthermore, on correlating the physical parameters of the water samples collected with the isolation of V. cholerae, it was found that optimum temperature, increased pH and salinity in the present study favoured the survival of V. cholerae, along with high biochemical oxygen demand values of the water samples. The present study provides a baseline data to devise rapid and reliable molecular detection methods for V. cholerae and thereby attaining concrete molecular epidemiological surveillance. | The resurgence of enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the causative organism of epidemic cholera, remains a major health problem in many developing countries. The outbreaks of cholera follow a seasonal pattern in regions of endemicity. The southern Indian state of Kerala is endemic to cholera. A V. cholerae strain isolated from the stool sample of a patient in Piravam, Kerala, South India, was analysed. However, this case occurred at a time not associated with cholera outbreaks, leading to concern among the State health officials. We compared the virulence potential of the isolate with that of the standard or reference strains, that have been widely used as positive control. The isolate was identified as V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Inaba. The resistance pattern of the isolate to common antibiotics was examined and it was found to be multi-drug resistant in nature. The strain was analysed for the presence of the CTX genetic element, which encodes genes for cholera toxin and other important regulatory genes. It was found to be positive for all the genes tested. In Kerala, most of the cholera outbreaks have been reported to be caused by V. cholerae O1 El Tor belonging to Ogawa serotype. Interestingly, the V. cholerae strain isolated from this case has been found to be of Inaba serotype, which is rarely reported. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,353 |
Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and arboreae of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans and serovar patoc of saprophytic L. biflexa were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A close antigenic relationship was found between the interrogans serovars, particularly between icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola. To a much lesser extent cross-reactions were found between interrogans serovars and patoc. Comparison of three different antigenic preparations of icterohaemorrhagiae by tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by absorption experiments with the patoc reference system showed the presence of several common broadly reactive antigens. Antigen 1 of the reference system, a genus-specific heat-stable protein antigen, was found in all antigenic preparations. It is a diagnostically important antigen. | Summary: ELISA was used to detect specific IgM and IgG in sera from humans with current or past leptospirosis. A serological pattern of a high IgM titre (≥1280), or moderately increased IgM (160-640) in conjunction with a low IgG titre (≤20), with serovar copenhageni antigen was characteristic for approximately two-thirds of the sera from serovar icterohaemorrhagiae patients obtained in the first two months of the disease. The antigen was the supernatant of a heated and centrifuged culture of leptospires. Antigens were prepared from serovars copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo and patoc. Sera from patients with icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa and hardjo infections showed cross-reactivity when different antigens were used. In past infections the IgG titres were clearly higher with the homologous antigen. ELISA for IgM and IgG allows the rapid diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,354 |
A new automatic device for recording the host-seeking behavior of mosquitoes was designed using photoelectric sensors. The host-seeking rhythms of several species of mosquitoes were recorded under laboratory conditions. Use of CO2, in addition to heating and black color to activate mosquito flight, proved to be important for evaluation of the present recording device. The diel rhythms of nonblood-fed Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles stephensi Liston females recorded by the device corresponded well with known flight and activity rhythms in field for the same mosquito species. This simple automatic recording device provided accurate information on the flight behaviors of colonized and field collected mosquitoes. | The increasing concern on the current activity of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes as pest and diseases vector in the residential areas require thorough and immediate evaluation. Therefore, 24 hours trapping was conducted at the urban Sungai Dua and sub-urban Batu Maung residence area, Penang, Malaysia, using two different traps; BG- Sentinel Trap and CDC Fay-Prince Light Trap under two different light conditions to investigate the possibility effect of light to both mosquito species. CDC Fay-Prince light trap was effective in trapping Cx. quinquefasciatus than BG–Sentinel traps. The results indicated that both traps were ineffective to capture Ae. albopictus. In this study, the peak activity of Ae. albopictus was not following the diel host-seeking activity which this species active at daylight (6:00am–8:00am) and during night time (6:00pm–8:00pm). Whereas, Cx. quinquefasctus was captured mostly during the nocturnal time (12:00am–6:00am) with a greater number of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes captured under no light conditions. Meteorological parameter recorded within experiment such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed did not correlate with the abundance of both mosquito species (p> 0.05). However, light intensity parameters significantly affected Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito abundance in both residential areas (p= 0.002), but not the Ae. albopictus mosquitoes (p= 0.086 Sungai Dua; p= 0.803 Batu Maung) as light is not a primary cue attraction factor to any host source towards this species. Ovitraps seem to be better tools for collecting and surveillance population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes as compared to BG- Sentinel trap (Paired t-test; p= 0.019) and CDC Fay-Prince light trap (Paired t-test; p= 0.025). As a conclusion, BG-Sentinel trap and CDC Fay-Prince light traps is a not suitable tool for monitoring the activities of Ae. albopictus in the residential area, but CDC Fay-Prince light traps still found effective to use to capture Cx. quinquefasciatus. This study has therefore established immature sampling as the most effective method of capturing Ae. albopictus in a residential area. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,355 |
SYNOPSIS. Trypanosomes were found in 94 of over 1,600 wild Lutzomyia vexatrix occidentis, a common phlebotomine sandfly in central California; 25% of the infected sandflies harbored T. bufophlebotomi, identifiable by its peculiar kinetoplast and body structure. The toad trypanosome was cultured from insect isolates and freeze-preserved. Growth in culture occurred at 23 C, but not at 15 C or 30 C. The other 75% of trypanosomes from wild sandflies remain unidentified, altho some were probably T. scelopori or T. gerrhonoti of lizards. | The Trypanosoma theileri group includes several trypanosome species hardly distinguishable due to the lack of discriminating morphological characters. Trypanosomes belonging to this group have been isolated from different bovine, ovine, and cervids in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Americas. The principal vectors of the T. theileri group are considered tabanid flies; however, T. melophagium is transmitted exclusively by sheep keds. In 2016, 128 sand flies out of 2,728 trapped in Valsamoggia municipality, Italy, were individually dissected and an unknown trypanosome strain, named TrPhp1, was isolated from a female of the sand fly Phlebotomus perfiliewi. Sequence analysis placed this trypanosome in the T. theileri group with very high homology to other trypanosomes detected in European cervids. This is the first report of the T. theileri group isolation from a sand fly, and the possible role of this insect group in the trypanosome transmission cycle is discussed. Within the T. theileri group, the phylogenetic analysis distinguished several lineages, which, unfortunately, do not correspond with their host specificity and their taxonomic status remains ambiguous. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,356 |
BEN FALEHA. R., BENOTHMENA., SAIDK., GRANJON L. 2010. Karyotypic variation in two species of jerboas Jaculus jaculus and Jaculus orientalis (Rodentia, Dipodidae) from Tunisia. Folia biol. (Krakow) 58: 229-236. The karyotypes of the lesser Egyptian jerboa Jaculus jaculus and the greater Egyptian jerboa Jaculus orientalis from Tunisia are described and compared with available data particularly from Egypt. The species examined have a similar karyotype consisting of 2n = 48 chromosomes and a fundamental number of autosomes (NFa) varying from 88 to 90 in J. jaculus and from 84 to 88 in J. orientalis. The X chromosome is submetacentric in both species, while the Y is submetacentric in J. orientalis and acrocentric in J. jaculus. Most of the autosomes are meta/submetacentric but the small pairs 22 23 in J. jaculus and 20-23 in J. orientalis are frequently acrocentric, yielding considerable differences in the NFa within and among species. Morphological variation in these small pairs of autosomes and/or in the Y chromosome in J. orientalis may distinguish populations of the two species from Egypt and Tunisia. The differences observed either between Egypt and Tunisia or between the Tunisian Jaculus species are probably associated with chromosomal rearrangements such as pericentric inversions or heterochromatin variation. They appear of lesser magnitude than other changes (especially molecular) that have occurred during the evolution of this genus. | The choice of topic caused me some concern had this been compar¬ ative cytogenetics in mammals, or even simply African Mammals (both large and small), I would hâve felt more at ease. But African Small Mammals is focused indeed and, to emphasize certain trends in the field I will, of necessity, draw on data from species that may defy the size restriction (20 kg C. Denys, pers. comm.), and are most certainly not endemie. The transgression will, however, be slight. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,357 |
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran [Raigad], Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust [JNPT], hectic activities of Container Freight Stations [CFS], and other port wastes. This study reveals that macro benthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress. | This paper deals with the spatial distribution and diversity of macrobenthos and their relationships between physico-chemical parameters of the water and sediment in different mangrove habitats of Tamil Nadu, India during different seasons of the year-2011. Among the different ecosystems of mangrove benthic faunal assemblages, macrofauna density, richness, evenness and Shannon-wiener index were the highest and the Simpson dominance index was medial at riverine mangrove community. However, the Pielou Evenness index of riverine mangrove community was slightly lower than other communities. The similarities among the macrobenthic communities at different sampling sites were determined using Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient and ordinations of non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). One hundred fifty six species were recorded in developing (102 polychaetes, 10 bivalves, 11 gastropods, 24 amphipods, 6 isopods and 3 cumacea), two hundred fifty two species were recorded in riverine (151 polychaetes, 12 bivalves, 16 gastropods, 53 amphipods, 16 isopods and 4 cumacea) and one hundred sixty three species were recorded in island mangrove ecosystem (105 polychaetes, 10 bivalves, 16 gastropods, 21 amphipods, 9 isopods and 2 cumacea). Among the three ecosystems, a total of 292 benthic macrofauna consisting of 188 species of polychaetes, 12 species of bivalves, 17 species of gastropods, 55 species of amphipods, 16 species of isopods and 4 species of cumacea were recorded. However, there were obvious differences among the community structures in the three mangrove habitats. This result implied that the different mangrove ecosystem had different effects on the macrofauna communities and shed light on the macrofauna adaptation capability to specific habitats. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,358 |
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii was studied in 600 patients with AIDS, diagnosed in the eastern part of Denmark from 1980 up to and including 1990. The median age was 38 years, and 223 (44%) had anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. Of the patients seropositive to T. gondii 61 (27%) developed toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). Few patients received prophylactic treatment with sulfamethoxazole–trimetoprim. In total, 66 patients were diagnosed with TE. One had no serological test performed, and of the remaining 65, 4 (6%) had no anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. The predictive value of a negative Sabin–Feldman dye test was 99%. The geometric mean dye test titer was higher in patients with TE than in patients without TE. Of the patients with TE 34% had serological reactivation of their T. gondii infection at the time of TE diagnosis, and 34% had detectable T. gondii-specific antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. Specific IgM antibodies were found to have little value in the diagnosis of TE, as only 3% had detectable IgM ... | The present state of foodborne disease in OECD countries / J. Rocourt ... [et al.].1.Food contamination - analysis 2.Food microbiology 3.Food parasitology4.Gram-negative bacterial infections - epidemiology 5.Gram-positive bacterialinfections - epidemiology 6.Epidemiologic surveillance 7.Cost of illness8.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development I.Rocourt, Jocelyne R. ISBN 92 4 159109 9 (NLM classification: WA 701) | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,359 |
INTRODUCTION ::: Family prion diseases are caused by mutations in the gene coding the prion protein (PrP), originating an altered isoform called prion. One of the most uncommon is the fatal familial insomnia (FFI), an entity characterized by sleep disorders and that is associated to a mutation in codon 178. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: We have studied two male patients, aged 43 and 49 years respectively, from the same family. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: The most significant symptoms were sleep disorders with agitation, fractionated sleep, snoring and daytime sleepiness. The evolution was brief, the patient dying at a few months of the clinical debut. Sleep registries showed destructuration with total loss of the normal cycle of the phases and great decrease of the sleep spindles and K complexes in both cases. The polygraphy showed tachycardia and apnea pauses. In the molecular study, a mutation in the codon 178 was detected, both being methionine/methionine homozygotes at position 129. The most outstanding neuropathological abnormalities were located in the thalamus with gliosis and neuronal loss of anterior and dorsomedial ventral nuclei and also intense neuronal loss in olive of the first case. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: This study describes two new cases of FFI with genotype D178N-129M and short course classical phenotype. The polysomnography is essential in the diagnostic strategy of this disease whose neuropathological substrate is the thalamic alterations and of the inferior olive. Molecular biology permits an exact diagnosis of FFI although there is still controversy on the phenotypal variability and physiopathogenic mechanisms. | Purpose of Review ::: Sleep disorders are common in human prionopathies, such as sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal familial insomnia, and often manifest early in the disease course. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,360 |
This report describes a 73-year-old male with early gastric cancer (type IIc) superimposed on infestation of a parasitic larva. Eosinophilic granulomas surrounding a dead worm were seen in the submucosa just beneath the intramucosal tubular adenocarcinomatous lesion measuring 1 X 1cm at the anterior wall in the acid-secreting area. The cancer cells showed lowered and altered mucin production in comparison with the surrounding non-cancerous fundic mucosa. The parasite was identified as an Anisakis-like larva by the presence of typical lateral chords. An immunohistochemical examination revealed that the cancer cells were more strongly positive for IgA and secretory component than the surrounding non-cancerous mucosa, and that IgG, IgA and IgM were detected in plasma cells around the granulomas but IgE and IgD were not. The possibility that the Anisakis-like larva preferentially infested the cancerous mucosa because of the change in mucin, local defect in acid secretion and/or other structural alterations in the area is discussed. | Anisakis spp. is a parasitic nematode whose infective third-stage larvae may be found within the flesh of fish species commonly consumed by humans. Thorough cooking or freezing should render the fish safe for consumption; furthermore, marinating solutions containing biocidal agents might have a significant action against Anisakis larvae. Some studies suggest a relationship between some parasitic infections and development of inflammatory bowel disorders, and Anisakis infection might be a risk factor for stomach or colon cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate if crude extracts (CEs) obtained from Anisakis larvae marinated in a solution with added allyl isothiocyanate (ACE-AITC) and frozen, or from frozen only Anisakis larvae (ACE), can induce an inflammatory effect on in vitro differentiated colonic Caco-2 cells exposed or not to LPS. Caco-2 exposure to the two CEs induced a marked COX-2 expression and potentiated LPS-induced COX-2 overexpression, confirming that substances present in Anisakis larvae can induce an inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium, possibly also exacerbating the effects of other inflammatory stimuli. ACE induced a marked decrease in caspase-3 activation, while AITC-ACE increased its activation. However, LPS-induced caspase-3 activation appeared lower in cells treated with ACE and with the lower concentration of AITC-ACE. Thus, it is evident that Anisakis CEs may affect various cell pathways crucial not only in the inflammatory process but also in cell growth and death. Thus, CEs obtained from nonviable Anisakis larvae retain or are otherwise provided with noxious properties able to induce a strong inflammation response in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, their influence may persist also following pretreatment with the biocidal agent AITC, indicating that the harmful substances contained in crude extracts from Anisakis larvae are resistant to the thermal or biocidal agent treatments. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,361 |
A 76-year-old Japanese man was admitted to hospital for treatment of fever and skin lesion at the implantation site of his pacemaker. During his hospitalization, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 4 μg/mL) with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin was isolated from venous blood. This isolate was identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus with SCCmec IV and was genotyped as sequence type 81, coa VIIa and spa type t7044, harbouring blaZ, aac(6')-aph(2″) and enterotoxin(-like) genes sea, seb, sek, sel, selx and selw. The patient was successfully treated with daptomycin, minocycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. We describe the identification of sequence type 81/SCCmec IV vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus from pacemaker-associated septicaemia. | A 77-year-old Japanese man with a history of surgical treatment of chronic subdural hemorrhage was hospitalized for drainage of a subdural abscess and brain abscess in the right occipital area. Pus obtained from both the subdural abscess and brain abscess grew vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) (minimum inhibitory concentration = 4 μg/mL), which was confirmed by population analysis. The SCC mec type and sequence type were subsequently identified as IV and ST8, respectively. The VISA strains were both sensitive to levofloxacin, clindamycin, minocycline, and linezolid. The patient was successfully treated with linezolid and discharged on day 51 after admission. We herein describe the first reported case of a brain abscess and subdural abscess caused by VISA in Japan. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,362 |
Plasma praziquantel concentrations were measured in 11 Thai patients with active neurocysticercosis (8 males and 3 females). Praziquantel (Biltricide® 600 mg per tablet) was given at a daily dose of 45 mg/kg given in 3 divided doses for 15 consecutive days. All partients had significant improvement with resolution of symptoms and signs, and reduction of active lesions of cysticercosis shown by the brain computed tomographic scanning. After oral administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There was substantial inter-individual variability in plasma concentrations of praziquantel. After the first dose, maximum plasma concentrations in the range of 42-540 ng/ml was attained at 30 minutes to 5 hours. In all cases, the drug almost totally disappeared from plasma within 8 hours ; drug levels measured prior to the first doses on the following days showed undetectable levels. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves ofpraziquantel following the first dose were between 125 and 990 ng houri ml. The results suggested that the unusual low plasma availability of the drug observed in this group of patients could be a consequence of pharmacokinetic drug interactions of the concomitant therapy with antiepileptic drugs and dexamethasone. Active metabolite(s), rather than praziquantel itself, may play a significant part in the therapy of neurocysticercosis. | Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by blood-dwelling fluke of the genus Schistosoma. The main schistosomes infecting human beings are: Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum. Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma mekongi are only of local importance. Two clinical forms of human schistosomiasis occur in Ethiopia: S. mansoni which is transmitted by Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria sudanica;and S. haematobium which is transmitted by Bulinus abyssinica and Bulinus africanus. The national policy on schistosomiasis control has adopted praziquantel as the main drug of use to reduce morbidity. It is widely preferred owing to its safety, present low cost, accepted single dose with improved patient compliance, and efficacy against all five schistosome species. While global use of praziquantel is scaling up, there is also a growing concern regarding low cure rate and drug resistance. Data regarding the efficacy of praziquantel are still missing at this time when there is increased concern that schistosomes might develop resistance to the drug. Results from infected patients, not cured by multiple doses of praziquantel, have been reported from different geographic locations, suggesting that resistance to the drug may be present. In Ethiopia, field report shows that praziquantel is efficacious. The purpose of this review is to summarize results from field and laboratory studies on efficacy of praziquantel mainly in Africa and to relate the findings to the Ethiopian situation. ::: ::: ::: ::: Key words: Praziquantel, schistosomiasis, drug efficacy, drug resistance, toxicity, dose and drug administration. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,363 |
IEST, DGS-COPT and CV-COPT using lyophilized ova of schistosoma japonicum were performed on sera from 120 cases of schistosomiasis japonica, 120 cases of schistosomiasis japonica 3-8 years after being cured with praziquantel and 120 healthy individuals by single-blind method. The sensitivity and specificity of IEST was 91.7% and 95.8% respectively which were significantly higher than that of both DGS-COPT and CV-COPT. The negative conversion rate of cured patients was 70.8% with IEST, 80.8% with DGS-COPT and 81.7% with CV-COPT. The results showed that IEST has higher diagnostic value for schistosomiasis than both COPT. DGS-COPT has the same diagnostic value as CV-COPT, however, it was easy to perform and time-saving, thus it might be applied in the fields for practical purposes. | BACKGROUND ::: Schistosomiasis japonica has been resurging in certain areas of China where its transmission was previously well controlled or interrupted. Several factors may be contributing to this, including mobile populations, which if infected, may spread the disease. A wide range of estimates have been published for S. japonicum infections in mobile populations, and a synthesis of these data will elucidate the relative risk presented from these groups. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: A literature search for publications up to Oct 31, 2014 on S. japonicum infection in mobile populations in previously endemic but now non-endemic regions was conducted using four bibliographic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, VIP Chinese Journal Databases, and PubMed. A meta-analysis was conducted by pooling one arm binary data with MetaAnalyst Beta 3.13. The protocol is available on PROSPERO (No. CRD42013005967). ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: A total of 41 studies in Chinese met the inclusion criteria, covering seven provinces of China. The time of post-interruption surveillance ranged from the first year to the 31st year. After employing a random-effects model, from 1992 to 2013 the pooled seroprevalence ranged from 0.9% (95% CI: 0.5-1.6%) in 2003 to 2.3% (95% CI: 1.5-3.4) in 1995; from the first year after the disease had been interrupted to the 31st year, the pooled seroprevalence ranged from 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-2.1%) in the 27th year to 4.0% (95%CI: 1.3-11.3%) in the second year. The pooled seroprevalence in mobile populations each year was significantly lower than among the residents of endemic regions, whilst four papers reported a lower level of infection in the mobile populations than in the local residents out of only 13 papers which included this data. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: The re-emergence of S. japonicum in areas which had previously interrupted transmission might be due to other factors, although risk from re-introduction from mobile populations could not be excluded. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,364 |
PURPOSE ::: To report the therapeutic efficacy of intracameral voriconazole injection in the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis resulting from keratitis. ::: ::: ::: DESIGN ::: Retrospective, single-institution, consecutive case series. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Microbiologic and medical records were reviewed for patients with positive intraocular culture results or proven pathologic features for fungal organisms and clinically diagnosed fungal endophthalmitis resulting from keratitis. Ten eyes were treated with an intracameral injection of 100 microg voriconazole. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and causative organisms were analyzed. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Fusarium and Aspergillus were the most common causative organisms. Voriconazole was injected intracamerally from 1 to 8 times. Of the 7 patients who received 5 or more repeat injections, 6 were caused by Fusarium and 1 by Acremonium. In the remaining 3 patients who were administered 4 or fewer voriconazole injections, the causative organisms were Aspergillus and Alternaria. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: Intracameral voriconazole injection may be an effective treatment for fungal endophthalmitis contiguously spreading from keratitis. | PURPOSE ::: To describe the demographics, characteristics, management, and outcomes of eyes with endophthalmitis related to infectious keratitis. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Retrospective chart review of all patients treated for infectious keratitis-associated infectious endophthalmitis between 2001 and 2014 at University Hospital, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Thirty-eight cases with infectious keratitis-associated infectious endophthalmitis were identified (21 men [55%], mean age: 66.2 ± 20.7 years), with average time from the beginning of ulcer symptoms to endophthalmitis of 11.0 days. Associated systemic conditions (diabetes, HIV, immunosuppressive therapy, cirrhosis, or dementia) were present in 57.9%; 60.5% had previous intraocular surgery. Etiology showed gram-positive bacteria in 14 cases (36.9%), gram-negative bacteria in 7 (18.4%), fungi in 4 (10.5%), and no growth/unknown in 12 (31.6%). Nineteen cases (50%) presented with no light perception and were primarily enucleated. The remaining 19 eyes each received intravitreal antibiotics (mean: 1.5 injections); 8 (42.0%) underwent pars plans vitrectomy with vitreous biopsy, whereas 5 (26.3%) received emergency corneal transplantation. Final visual acuity was no light perception in 6 eyes (3 secondarily enucleated), light perception in 2, hand motion in 7, counting fingers in 2, and ≥20/50 in 2. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Our study of 38 eyes with infectious keratitis-associated infectious endophthalmitis revealed generally poor visual outcomes and a high rate of systemic conditions and previous intraocular surgery. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,365 |
Study objective: To establish guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chylothorax in children. Design: Retrospective study. Patients: Fifty-one patients with a diagnosis of chylothorax. Twelve patients were excluded because of incomplete data or incorrect diagnosis. The following parameters were analyzed: triglyceride level, total cell number, and lymphocyte percentage; amount of pleural effusion on day of diagnosis, day 5, and day 14; and total time of pleural effusion. Prospectively, the same parameters were analyzed in a control group of 10 patients with pleural drainage. Intervention: Patients with chylothorax were treated primarily with fat-free oral nutrition; if chyle did not stop, total parenteral nutrition with total enteric rest was started. If conservative therapy was not successful, pleurodesis was performed. Results: In children with chylothorax triglyceride, triglyceride content ranged from 0.56 to 26.6 mmol/L; all values except one were > 1.1 mmol/L. In 36 of 39 patients (92%), the cell count was > 1,000 cells/mL. In 33 of 39 patients (85%), lymphocytes were > 90%. In patients without chylothorax triglyceride, triglyceride levels ranged from 0.1 to 0.71 mmol/L (median, 0.38 mmol/L) and cell count was from 20 to 1400 cells/mL (median, 322 cells/mL), with a maximum of 60% lymphocytes. With fat-free nutrition, chyle disappeared in 29 of 39 patients. Five patients died, and five required pleurodesis. Conclusions: Pleural effusion in children is chyle when it contains > 1.1 mmol/L triglycerides (with oral fat intake) and has a total cell count > 1,000 cells/mL, with a lymphocyte fraction > 80%. Chylous effusions usually last long; however, after 6 weeks, the majority of the effusions (29 of 39 patients) had ceased. Late surgical interventions reduce the number of thoracotomies substantially, but can lead to very long hospitalization times. Early surgical interventions (after < 3 weeks) lead to a high number of thoracotomies, but certainly reduce hospitalization time. (CHEST 1999; 116:682‐ 687) | The diagnosis of oral lesions is sometimes difficult due to both the clinician’s limited experience with the conditions that may cause the lesions and their similar appearances, especially in children. Correctly establishing a definitive diagnosis is of major importance to clinicians who manage patients with oral mucosal diseases. In patients with Fanconi anaemia (FA), oral ulcers occur frequently, which are quite variable, and may lead to a misdiagnosis or failure to diagnose. Here, we report the case of a 15-year-old boy who was examined for squamous cell cancer of the tongue and diagnosed as having FA without any haematological manifestations. While surgery could not be done, both radiotherapy and chemotherapy had to be decreased. He died of progressive disease 6 months after the diagnosis. Unexplained ulcers in a child with a duration longer than 2 weeks should be further evaluated, especially for FA, even without the presence of anaemia. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,366 |
Fossil soft-shelled turtles (family Trionychidae) are described from three localities in the Lake Turkana Basin, Kenya. Data on trionychid specimens from these three localities, Pliocene of Kanapoi and Lothagam, and Pleistocene of Koobi Fora, are supplemented with data from Karungu and Chemeron, Kenya, Omo, Ethiopia, and the Chiwondo Beds of Malawi. With the exception of three specimens from Koobi Fora, which probably represent Trionyx triunguis, all of these East African fossil trionychids can be referred to the subfamily Cyclanorbinae. Three of four living cyclanorbine species in Africa, Cyclodermafrenatum, Cyclanorbis elegans and C. senegalensis, are preserved as fossils in the Lake Turkana basin. Additionally, three extinct species are now known from the Neogene of East Africa. Cycloderma victoriae Andrews was described from the Miocene Karungu beds of Kenya in 1914. Two additional cyclanorbines, C. debroinae and Cyclanorbis turkanensis, both from Pliocene localities in the Lake Turkana basin, are described in this report. Identification of these two new fossil species brings to seven the total number of cyclanorbines known from Africa. Five of these occur in the Lake Turkana Basin. This high diversity may reflect the historical association of this basin with both other Rift Valley lakes and with the greater Nile drainage system, and periodic transgressions and regressions within the basin itself. The distribution of cyclanorbine trionychids in Africa is congruent with those of freshwater fishes and is completely explained using a vicariant hypothesis. | Trionychid turtle remains from the Eocene marine Drazinda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan, include much of the bony carapace of a large trionychid described here as Drazinderetes tethyensis gen. et sp. nov. Drazinderetes is a large trionychine with a carapace measuring ca. 800 mm long and 700 mm wide. It shares several characteristics with extant Indo-Asian Aspideretes including presence of a preneural element, an elongated nuchal element, and reduced lateral extensions of the nuchal costiform processes. Other trionychid remains from the Drazinda Formation include much of an extraordinarily large entoplastron, and other carapace and plastron fragments that may or may not be Drazinderetes. The large entoplastron represents an animal larger than the type of D. tethyensis, with a bony carapace estimated to have been ca. 1200 mm long and ca. 1100 mrn wide: the total carapace diameter, including the leathery margin, was probably on the order of two meters, making it the largest recorded trionychid, and one of the largest of known turtles. The presence of trionychids in marine deposits of the Drazinda Formation suggests near-shore habitation and, possibly, adaptation to a fully marine environment. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,367 |
The extent of lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus remains debatable. A prospective study was initiated in August 1994 to evaluate the patterns of nodal spread after esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection. The hospital mortality rate was 3.3%. Nodal metastases occurred in 73% (22/30) of patients. The most commonly affected nodal groups were the lesser curvature nodes (57%), parahiatal nodes (42%), and the right recurrent nodes (35%). Cervical nodal metastasis occurred in 10 patients (35%) irrespective of tumor location or T status. The cervical field of dissection was as likely as the mediastinum to be a site of nodal disease. These findings should be considered when the operative strategy for esophageal carcinoma is planned. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:540-4) | Surgical management of esophageal carcinoma is reviewed. The anatomy and biology are briefly mentioned, since these factors mitigate against the success of surgery. Staging, the key to proper treatment allocation and prognosis, is discussed, including the use of endoscopic ultrasonography, positron emission tomography, and thoracoscopy/laparoscopy. Patient selection and preparation for surgery are important considerations. Surgical techniques are then discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, the morbidity of surgical resection, survival, and quality-of-life issues. Adjuvant treatment strategies (preoperative radiation, induction chemotherapy, induction chemoradiotherapy, and postoperative treatment) are summarized. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,368 |
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the candidate genes for schizophrenia. Polymorphism C-281A (rs28383487) in BDNF gene leads to the reduction of promoter activity in the hippocampal neurons in vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the influence of alleles and genotypes of BDNF C-281A polymorphism on development, as well as the clinical course (age of onset, suicidal behaviour and psychopathology) of paranoid schizophrenia. The psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) as subscale scores and also single-item scores. We have also performed the haplotype analysis with val66met BDNF polymorphism, which is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We have not found significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles between schizophrenic patients and controls in both the overall analysis, as well as sex stratified. Also, we have not shown statistically significant differences between genotype groups and PANSS scale. However, an association between C-281A polymorphism and time of the first episode of paranoid schizophrenia was revealed. Genotype C/A had been connected with later age of onset of paranoid schizophrenia in men but not in women (p < 0.01). The C-281A and val66met polymorphisms have been in a strong linkage disequilibrium (D′ = 0.9875; p < 0.05). The haplotype analysis has shown a tendency to a significantly lower frequency of the Met-C haplotype in the schizophrenia group compared to the controls. | Objective: Recent evidence suggests the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. Because schizophrenia patients usually have high suicide rates and numerous studies have suggested that BDNF may contribute to the psychopathology of schizophrenia, we hypothesized that the functional polymorphism of BDNF (Val66Met) was associated with suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. Method: This polymorphism was genotyped in 825 chronic schizophrenia patients with (n = 123) and without (n = 702) suicide attempts and 445 healthy controls without a history of suicide attempts using a case-control design. The schizophrenia symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Results: There were no significant differences in BDNF Val66Met genotype and allele distributions between the patients and healthy controls. However, we found the Val allele (p = .023) and the Val/Val genotypes (p = .058) to be associated with a history of suicide attempts. Moreover, some clinical characteristics, including age and cigarettes smoked each day, interacted with the BDNF gene variant and appeared to play an important role in suicide attempts among schizophrenia patients. Conclusions: The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism itself and its interaction with some clinical variables may influence suicide attempts among schizophrenia patients. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,369 |
Compartment syndrome of the extremities is usually associated with locally mediated events such as ischemia or injury. Three cases are presented of patients who did not sustain direct extremity trauma, but who developed compartment syndrome following massive fluid resuscitation. Global ischemia/reperfusion may be responsible for the observed morbidity. Patients undergoing large volume resuscitation should be closely monitored for this entity. | Health-care providers are increasingly faced with the possibility of needing to care for people injured in explosions, but can often, however, feel undertrained for the unique aspects of the patient's presentation and management. Although most blast-related injuries (eg, fragmentation injuries from improvised explosive devices and standard military explosives) can be managed in a similar manner to typical penetrating or blunt traumatic injuries, injuries caused by the blast pressure wave itself cannot. The blast pressure wave exerts forces mainly at air-tissue interfaces within the body, and the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and auditory systems are at greatest risk. Arterial air emboli arising from severe pulmonary injury can cause ischaemic complications-especially in the brain, heart, and intestinal tract. Attributable, in part, to the scene chaos that undoubtedly exists, poor triage and missed diagnosis of blast injuries are substantial concerns because injuries can be subtle or their presentation can be delayed. Management of these injuries can be a challenge, compounded by potentially conflicting treatment goals. This Seminar aims to provide a thorough overview of these unique primary blast injuries and their management. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,370 |
Five extremely thermophilic cellulose-degrading isolates obtained from New Zealand thermal springs were tested for their ability to degrade a number of natural lignocellulosic substrates. Degradation by three of the isolates was generally similar to that by the moderate thermophile, Clostridium thermocellum but occurred at a higher temperature. The New Zealand isolates were also found to grow on xylan as sole carbohydrate source, which probably extends their attack to hemicellulose. | An endo-gb-1,4-mannanase cloned from “caldocellum saccharolyticum” and expressed in Escherichia coli was partially purified. The purification involved heat treatment, anion exchange and gel filtration. The mannanase was only active against mannan, glucomannans and galactoglucomannans and obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics on these substrates. The rate and extent of hydrolysis was dependent on the type of substrate. Galactomannans were not as readily depolymerized as the mannan and glucomannans investigated. The glucose content of the glucomannans did not affect the rate of hydrolysis and only slightly affected the extent. The molecular mass of the mannanase was estimated at 39 kDa. The pH and temperature optima were 6.5 and 80° C respectively. The mannanase was very thermostable with a half life of 48 min at 85° C and no loss in activity after 24 h at 70° C. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,371 |
OBJECTIVE ::: To investigate the nature of aminoglycoside resistance of clinically important multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii strains from the Czech Republic. ::: ::: ::: MATERIAL AND METHODS ::: Seventy MDR hospital strains from 1991-2001 classified into pan-European clones I (n = 41) and II (n = 21) and a group of other MDR strains (n = 8) were studied. Fifteen other strains wild-type susceptible to aminoglycosides were used as controls. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was determined by the disk diffusion and agar dilution tests. The presence of six genes encoding different aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AME) and of the adeB gene encoding a component of the AdeABC efflux pump was detected using PCR. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: MDR strains showed the following pattern of resistance to aminoglycosides: kanamycin (93 %; inhibition zone diameters < or =13 mm), gentamicin (87 %; MICs > or =16 mg/l), amikacin (47 %; MICs > or =64 mg/l), tobramycin (31 %; MICs > or = 16 mg/l) and netilmicin (17 %; MICs ? 32 mg/l). Forty-six (66 %) MDR strains had netilmicin MICs of 8-16 mg/l in contrast to 0.5-1.0 mg/l found for control susceptible strains. The presence of at least one of the following AME genes was detected in 66 (94 %) MDR strains: aphA1 (n = 56), aacC1 (n = 52), aphA6 (n = 39) and aadB (n = 20). The presence of these genes and phenotypes of resistance to kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin were in good agreement. The genes encoding netilmicin-modifying enzymes (aacC2, aacA4) were not detected in any strain. Fifty-six (80 %) MDR strains comprised two to four different AME genes in eight combinations. Clones I and II shared all of the genes studied (with the exception of aadB not detected in clone I). The gene adeB was found in all MDR strains and eight of 15 control susceptible strains. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Clinically relevant aminoglycoside resistance of Czech A. baumannii strains is significantly associated with the genes encoding enzymatic modification of kanamycin, gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin. These genes can spread horizontally and emerge in different combinations leading to high-level resistance to multiple aminoglycosides. The AdeABC pump is likely to play a role in the intermediate susceptibility to netilmicin but further study is needed in this regard. | Sequence analysis of an 850-bp fragment internal to the aspecific drug efflux gene adeB revealed 11 sequence types (STs) among a collection of 50 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) strains, including members of pan-European clones I, II, and III. The delineation of STs conformed with the intraspecific grouping of these strains previously determined by different DNA fingerprinting methods. Larger strain collections need to be screened to further explore the potential of sequence-based adeB typing as a universal tool for the monitoring of MDRAB clones. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,372 |
Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) and potato virus Y (PVY) were isolated from plants of cultivar Kennebec with severe necrotic symptoms in the field. In the greenhouse, severe necrotic symptoms were reproduced only when potato plants were infected either simultaneously with PSTV+PVY, or with PSTV prior to PVY infection. Thirteen additional potato cultivars were tested in the greenhouse for this synergistic reaction and eight developed necrotic responses similar to cv. Kennebec. PVY concentration was significantly higher in doubly infected plants, compared with those infected with PVY alone. | When infected with mild and severe strains of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV), some clones ofSolanum × berthaultii developed severe symptoms, consisting of necrotic spotting of petioles and main stems and of leaf collapse. The necrotic, rolled leaves eventually dried and remained attached to the stem, any new leaves were small and the plant was severely stunted. Symptoms developed after inoculation with sap from potato foliage, sprouts, or tubers. Tubers could be indexed immediately after harvest or after storage. Single tubers could be tested by rubbing onto leaves ofS. × berthaultii either the cut surfaces of the suspect tuber directly or an extract of nucleic acid. Crude tuber extract proved unsatisfactory for inoculation. PSTV infection could be detected from as little as 31 to 7 mg of infected tuber tissue mixed with 1969 to 1993 mg of healthy tuber tissue (at a dilution factor of 64 to 256). | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,373 |
Within the standard SIR model with spatial structure, we propose two models for the superspreader. In one model, superspreaders have intrinsically strong infectiousness. In other model, they have many social connections. By Monte Carlo simulation, we obtain the percolation probability, the propagation speed, the epidemic curve, the distribution of secondary infected and the propagation path as functions of population and the density of superspreaders. By comparing the results with the data of SARS in Singapore 2003, we conclude that the latter model can explain the observation. | Part 1 Microparasites: biology of host-microparasite associations the basic model - statics static aspects of eradication and control the basic model - dynamics dynamic aspects of eradication and control beyond the basic model - empirical evidence of inhomogeneous mixing age-related transmission rates genetic heterogeneity social heterogeneity and sexually transmitted diseases spatial and other kinds of heterogeneity endemic infections in developing countries indirectly transmitted microparasites. Part 2 Macroparasites: biology of host-macroparasite associations the basic model - statics the basic model - dynamics acquired immunity heterogeneity within the human community indirectly transmitted helminths experimental epidemiology parasites, genetic variability, and drug resistance the ecology and genetics of host-parasite associations. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,374 |
The mineral phosphate-solubilizing phenotype in bacteria is attributed predominantly to secretion of gluconic acid produced by oxidation of glucose by the glucose dehydrogenase enzyme and its cofactor, pyrroloquinoline quinone. This study analyzes pqqE gene expression and pqq promoter activity in the native phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Serratia sp S119 growing under P-limitation, and in the presence of root exudates obtained from peanut plants, also growing under P-limitation. Results indicated that Serratia sp. S119 contains a pqq operon composed of six genes (pqqA,B,C,D,E,F) and two promoters, one upstream of pqqA and other between pqqA and pqqB. PqqE gene expression and pqq promoter activity increased under P-limiting growth conditions and not under N-deficient conditions. In the plant-bacteria interaction assay, the activity of the bacterial pqq promoter region varied depending on the concentration and type of root exudates and on the bacterial growth phase. Root exudates from peanut plants growing under P-available and P-limiting conditions showed differences in their composition. It is concluded from this study that the response of Serratia sp. S119 to phosphorus limitation involves an increase in expression of pqq genes, and that molecules exuded by peanut roots modify expression of these phosphate-solubilizing bacterial genes during plant-bacteria interactions. | Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,375 |
Streptococcus gordonii, an accessory pathogen and early colonizer of plaque, co-aggregates with many oral species including Porphyromonas gingivalis. It causes α-hemolysis on blood agar, a process mediated by H2 O2 and thought to involve concomitant oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb). Porphyromonas gingivalis has a growth requirement for heme, which is acquired mainly from Hb. The paradigm for Hb heme acquisition involves the initial oxidation of oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) to methemoglobin (metHb), followed by heme release and extraction through the actions of K-gingipain protease and/or the HmuY hemophore-like protein. The ability of S. gordonii to mediate Hb oxidation may potentially aid heme capture during co-aggregation with P. gingivalis. Hemoglobin derived from zones of S. gordonii α-hemolysis was found to be metHb. Generation of metHb from oxyHb by S. gordonii cells was inhibited by catalase, and correlated with levels of cellular H2 O2 production. Generation of metHb by S. gordonii occurred through the higher Hb oxidation state of ferrylhemoglobin. Heme complexation by the P. gingivalis HmuY was employed as a measure of the ease of heme capture from metHb. HmuY was able to extract iron(III)protoporphyrin IX from metHb derived from zones of S. gordonii α-hemolysis and from metHb generated by the action of S. gordonii cells on isolated oxyHb. The rate of HmuY-Fe(III)heme complex formation from S. gordonii-mediated metHb was greater than from an equivalent concentration of auto-oxidized metHb. It is concluded that S. gordonii may potentially aid heme acquisition by P. gingivalis by facilitating metHb formation in the presence of oxyHb. | Haemin/haem is one of the essential nutrients required by periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis to grow in vitro. In the oral cavity, this nutrient is believed to be provided by the crevicular fluid, a serum-like exudate produced during gum inflammation. However, P. gingivalis is also present in the healthy dental biofilm where inflammation is absent. This study was designed to answer the question: what organism(s) in the healthy dental biofilm provides haemin/haem to those periodontal pathogens? We report here that veillonellae, a group of bridging species in dental biofilm development, harbour a complete gene cluster for haem biosynthesis. Haemin production was detected from cell lysate, suggesting that the haem biosynthesis pathway is functional in veillonellae. Using the only transformable strain Veillonella atypica OK5, we inactivated specific key genes in the haem biosynthesis pathway. Inactivation of hemE, encoding the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, not only abolished haemin production but also significantly decreased OK5-supported growth of P. gingivalis. A luciferase gene reporter to the hemEHG operon demonstrated up-regulation of operon expression by P. gingivalis. Analysis of all sequenced genomes of oral bacteria in the HOMD database identified three genera (Veillonella, Propionibacterium and Aggregatibacter) that have a complete haem biosynthesis gene cluster, suggesting that they all could be potential haemin/haem providers in the dental biofilm. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,376 |
Cotton is an economically important crop worldwide that suffers severe losses due to a wide range of fungal/bacterial pathogens and nematodes. Given its susceptibility to various pathogens, it is important to obtain a broad-spectrum resistance in cotton. Resistance to several fungal and bacterial diseases has been obtained by overexpressing the Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-Related genes-1 (NPR1) in various plant species with apparently minimal or no pleiotropic effects. We examined the efficacy of this approach in cotton by constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NPR1 gene. The results show that NPR1-expressing lines exhibited significant resistance to Verticillium dahliae isolate TS2, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata. Interestingly, the transformants also showed significant resistance to reniform nematodes. Analysis of defense-related, biochemical and molecular responses suggest that when challenged with pathogens or certain systemic acquired resistance-inducing chemicals, the transgenic lines respond to a greater degree compared to the wild-type plants. Importantly, the basal activities of the defense-related genes and enzymes in uninduced transformants were no different than those in their non-transgenic counterparts. The results provide additional evidence supporting the role of NPR1 as an important part of the plant defense system and suggest a means to achieve broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens via genetic engineering. | To improve soybean broad-spectrum disease resistance, a bivalent plant expression vector carrying the GbNPR1 and HrpZpsg12 genes with the Bar gene as a selectable marker was constructed and transformed into soybean cultivar ‘Jinong 28’ using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. The results of PCR, Southern blot and SDS-PAGE analyses indicated that the two disease resistance genes, GbNPR1 and HrpZpsg12, and the selectable marker gene, Bar, were successfully integrated into the genome of soybean Jinong 28 and the proteins encoded by the inserted genes were expressed in the transgenic plants. Real-time quantitative PCR results at T2 to T4 revealed that relative expression levels of two disease resistance genes, GbNPR1 and HrpZpsg12 were similar, both highest in leaves, followed by roots, and much lower in stem and matured seed. The relative expression levels of these genes at T3 and T4 generations were similar and much higher than that at T2 generation, implying that transgenic strains were stably inherited to T4 generation. The disease resistance of transgenic strains was significantly increased to moderately resistant to both Phytophthora sojae and Cercospora sojina with artificial inoculation methods. Field evaluation results with artificial infection demonstrated that the T3 and T4 transgenic strains had significantly improved the resistance to both P. sojae and C. sojina when compared with the transformation donor. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,377 |
At the blastocyst stage of pre-implantation mouse development, close contact of polar trophectoderm with the inner cell mass (ICM) promotes proliferation of undifferentiated diploid trophoblast. However, ICM/polar trophectoderm intimacy is not maintained during post-implantation development, raising the question of how growth of undifferentiated trophoblast is controlled during this time. The search for the cellular basis of trophoblast proliferation in post-implantation development was addressed with an in vitro spatial and temporal analysis of fibroblast growth factor 4-dependent trophoblast stem cell potential. Two post-implantation derivatives of the polar trophectoderm – early-streak extra-embryonic ectoderm and late-streak chorionic ectoderm – were microdissected into fractions along their proximodistal axis and thoroughly dissociated for trophoblast stem cell culture. Results indicated that cells with trophoblast stem cell potential were distributed throughout the extra-embryonic/chorionic ectoderm, an observation that is probably attributable to non-coherent growth patterns exhibited by single extra-embryonic ectoderm cells at the onset of gastrulation. Furthermore, the frequency of cells with trophoblast stem cell potential increased steadily in extra-embryonic/chorionic ectoderm until the first somite pairs formed, decreasing thereafter in a manner independent of proximity to the allantois. Coincident with occlusion of the ectoplacental cavity via union between chorionic ectoderm and the ectoplacental cone, a decline in the frequency of mitotic chorionic ectoderm cells in vivo, and of trophoblast stem cell potential in vitro, was observed. These findings suggest that the ectoplacental cavity may participate in maintaining proliferation throughout the developing chorionic ectoderm and, thus, in supporting its stem cell potential. Together with previous observations, we discuss the possibility that fluid-filled cavities may play a general role in the development of tissues that border them. | At least one-third of mouse trophoblast cells undergo endoreduplication during the first half of gestation. It has been suggested that the endoreduplicated chromosomes may be polytenised. Here it is shown, using in situ hybridisation to the alpha-1 antitrypsin genes, which map at a unique site, that while there is a tendency for duplicated chromosomes to cluster, this does not involve the complete fusion of replicated chromatids found in fully polytene chromosomes, and in a substantial proportion of homologues the sites on the chromosome arms corresponding to these genes are widely separated. The centromeres do not fuse into a single chromocentre but the possibility is not ruled out that individual chromosomes may be polytenised in the centromeric region. Evidence is also presented showing that endoreduplication in trophoblast nuclei is not accompanied by the formation of new prekinetochore structures, in contrast to the situation in polyploid mouse liver and C127 cells. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,378 |
The selection of artificial genetic polymers with tailor-made properties for their application in synthetic biology requires the exploration of new nucleosidic scaffolds that can be used in selection experiments. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a bicyclo-DNA triphosphate (i.e., 7',5'-bc-TTP) and show its potential to serve for the generation of new xenonucleic acids (XNAs) based on this scaffold. 7',5'-bc-TTP is a good substrate for Therminator DNA polymerase, and up to seven modified units can be incorporated into a growing DNA chain. In addition, this scaffold sustains XNA-dependent DNA synthesis and potentially also XNA-dependent XNA synthesis. However, DNA-dependent XNA synthesis on longer templates is hampered by competitive misincorporation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) caused by the slow rate of incorporation of 7',5'-bc-TTP. | A variant of 9°N DNA polymerase [Genbank ID (AAA88769.1)] with three mutations (D141A, E143A, A485L) and commercialized under the name “Therminator DNA polymerase” has the ability to incorporate a variety of modified nucleotide classes. This Review focuses on how Therminator DNA Polymerase has enabled new technologies in synthetic biology and DNA sequencing. In addition, we discuss mechanisms for increased modified nucleotide incorporation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,379 |
A parallel study was conducted on two Indo-Pacific foliose sponges. The first specimen contains 3-hydroxy-20,22-dimethyl-20-deoxoscalarin (2), while the second contains 3-oxo-20,22-dimethyl-20-dioxoscalarin 8 (3). The physical properties as well as X-ray results confirming the structure and stereochemical features of these compounds are presented first. The difficulty we encountered in the taxonomic identification of these species is also discussed. One of our specimens is identical to material considered by different taxonomists as either Phyllospongia vermicularis or Dysidea vermicularis. The other is identified as Carteriospongia sp. We outline that the parallel chemistry of these two specimens suggests that they are closely related taxonomically. | In addition to their pharmaceutical applications, sponges are an important source of compounds that are used to elucidate classification patterns and phylogenetic relationships. Here we present a review and outlook on chemosystematics in sponges in seven sections: Secondary metabolites in sponges; Further applications of bioactive compound research in sponges; Sponge chemotaxonomy; Pitfalls of sponge chemotaxonomy; The chemotaxonomic suitability of sponge compounds; Potential synapomorphic markers in sponges; and The future of sponge chemotaxonomy. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,380 |
The xylanase gene from Cryptococcus albidus contains seven introns. Genomic and cDNA clones under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter were transferred into tobacco plants using Agrobacterium-mediated cell transformation. The genes were transcribed and the mRNAs were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using primers on each side of the intron region. About 90% of the amplification products from plants transformed with the genomic clone corresponded to the size of the pre-mRNA (1.2 kb) and 10% represented the spliced product (0.85 kb). The 0.85 kb fragment was cloned and sequenced and the result indicated that the introns from the xylanase gene were accurately spliced by the plant cells. | When exogenous genes are to be expressed in transgenic plants, their RNAs must be correctly processed. To gain information useful for predicting whether foreign introns will be accurately spliced, we have analysed the processing of an artificial gene in maize and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplasts. A synthetic plant intron, devised to contain the elements necessary for pre-mRNA splicing in dicots, was found to be efficiently spliced in a monocot (maize) transient expression system. A series of deletion mutants of the synthetic intron was constructed to assess the minimum functional intron length. In both monocots and dicots this was found to be between 70 and 73 nt. This length requirement is similar to that seen in vertebrates, but significantly greater than that in fungi and insects. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,381 |
The ether extract of the Chilean liverwort Lepicolea ochroleuca yielded three sesquiterpenoids, ent-4 beta-Hydroxy-10 alpha-methoxyaromadendrane, ent-3 beta-Hydroxyspathulenol, and 1,10-Dioxotayloriane, as minor components. The major components were ledol and 13-epi-neoverrucosan-5 beta-ol, four other minor fusicoccanoids were identified. | Here, we present the current state of knowledge on the diversity of Chilean bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), the secondary metabolites present in these plants, and the biological activity of extracts from populations of Chilean species. Our goal is to establish the potential of these plants as a source of useful molecules for pharmaceutical and agricultural industries, thus promoting their conservation. Only 3,7% of Chilean bryophytes (55 spp.) have been analyzed using chemical characterization of their extracts (methanol, ether, ethanol, dichloromethane, acetone and hexane). Only four species from Chilean and Argentinian populations (Porella chilensis (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Trevi., Riccardia polyclada (Mitt. ex Thurn) Hassel, Balantiopsis cancellata (Nees) Stephani, and Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.) have been evaluated for biological activity. The majority of these studies have concentrated on liverworts widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere and in the temperate forests of the southern half of Chile and adjacent Argentina. We briefly discuss aspects related to the use of bioprospecting as a conservation tool as well as the maintenance of in vitro bryophyte cultures with the goal of conservation and production. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,382 |
Data are presented indicating that 14C-streptomycin uptake by tubercle bacilli increases as a function of exposure time, is directly and proportionately related to concentration, and involves at least two phases. | We have examined and compared the effects of monovalent and divalent cation salts on dihydrostreptomycin (DSM) action against Mycobacterium smegmatis. The Sauton synthetic liquid medium used was supplemented with test salts on the basis of ionic strength (mu). Turbidimetric growth experiments showed that 0.02 M MgSO(4) (mu = 0.08) prevented growth inhibition by 0.1 mug of dihydrostreptomycin per ml, but 0.02 M NaCl (mu = 0.02) did not. However, at molarities equivalent to mu = 0.08, four monovalent cation salts, including NaCl, Na(2)SO(4), NH(4)Cl, and (NH(4))(2)SO(4), all prevented inhibition by dihydrostreptomycin. When magnesium and sodium salts were compared at mu = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.05, two distinct growth protective patterns were seen. These data were indicative of two different mechanisms of dihydrostreptomycin antagnosim by salts; the first being divalent cation and concentration dependent, and the second being nonspecific and ionic strength dependent. Viability studies supported the existence of two mechanisms. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,383 |
The catalytic domain of an alkaline endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (family A) isolated from Bacillus sp. KSM-635 (Mr = 40.2 kDa) was crystallized using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. Two different crystal forms were obtained. Form 2 crystals (trigonal space group R3 with cell dimensions of a = b = 111.9 and c = 207.1 angstroms in a hexagonal lattice) were found to be more stable than form 1 ones upon X-ray irradiation. A full data set for form 2 crystals has been collected up to 3.3 angstroms resolution. | The cleaning power of detergents seems to have peaked; all detergents contain similar ingredients and are based on similar detergency mechanisms. To improve detergency, modern types of heavy-duty powder detegents and automatic dishwasher detergents usually contain one or more enzymes, such as protease, amylase, cellulase, and lipase. Alkaliphilic Bacillus strains are often good sources of alkaline extracellular enzymes, the properties of which fulfil the essential requirements for enzymes to be used in detergents. We have isolated numbers of alkaliphilic Bacillus that produce such alkaline detergent enzymes, including cellulase (CMCase), protease, α-amylase, and debranching enzymes, and have succeeded in large-scale industrial production of some of these enzymes. Here, we describe the enzymatic properties, genetics, and structures of the detergent enzymes that we have developed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,384 |
Accuracy of the analysis results of trace elements in body fluids and tissues needs to be ascertained during every step of the procedure, starting with the choice of sample, followed by appropriate sampling, analytical methodology and quality assurance, to end with the evaluation of the data. The characterisation of the reference group is important because it is fundamental in the decision making step. Appropriate sampling ensures that the concentration of the trace element in the collected sample is exactly the same as was originally present in the individual. Besides, sample manipulation should not alter the concentrations. The analytical technique chosen is supposed to offer sufficient specificity and sensitivity, and to allow the determination of the trace element with a signal exceeding the quantification limit of detection. Quality assurance through the analysis of similar levels in certified reference materials is a very valuable asset to prove the validity of the detection and to eliminate possible errors which may jeopardize the accuracy and reliability of the data. | Summary This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,385 |
Growth of Escherichia coli is inhibited upon exposure to a large volume of a harmful solvent, and there is an inverse correlation between the degree of inhibition and the log P(OW) of the solvent, where P(OW) is the partition coefficient measured for the partition equilibrium established between the n-octanol and water phases. The AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system is involved in maintaining intrinsic solvent resistance. We inspected the solvent resistance of delta acrAB and/or delta tolC mutants in the presence of a large volume of solvent. Both mutants were hypersensitive to weakly harmful solvents, such as nonane (log P(OW) = 5.5). The delta tolC mutant was more sensitive to nonane than the delta acrAB mutant. The solvent entered the E. coli cells rapidly. Entry of solvents with a log P(OW) higher than 4.4 was retarded in the parent cells, and the intracellular levels of these solvents were maintained at low levels. The delta tolC mutant accumulated n-nonane or decane (log P(OW) = 6. 0) more abundantly than the parent or the delta acrAB mutant. The AcrAB-TolC complex likely extrudes solvents with a log P(OW) in the range of 3.4 to 6.0 through a first-order reaction. The most favorable substrates for the efflux system were considered to be octane, heptane, and n-hexane. | Gram-negative bacteria have, in general, much higher intrinsic levels of resistance to various antibiotics, antiseptics, dyes, and detergents than do gram-positive bacteria. This is, in part, due to the effectiveness of the outer membrane as a barrier. The porin channels exclude large compounds (for | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,386 |
::: The enterobacterial common antigen (CA) is present in salmonellae of groups B (S. typhimurium) and C1 (S. montevideo). Mutation at the rfe gene(s), which is required for the biosynthesis of O side chains of the lipopolysaccharide in group C1 (S-6, 7) but not in group B (S-4, 12), destroys the capacity of the bacteria to synthesize CA. When such mutated group C1rfe genes (C-rfe−) were introduced into group B strains, the hybrids also became CA− and could be restored to CA+ by introduction of either C-rfe+ or B-rfe+ (corresponding genetic region in group B). This indicated the presence of genes for CA synthesis at the rfe site in both groups B and C1. In rfe− mutants of group C1, which were rough and CA−, the CA+ phenotype could be restored by replacing the rfe− gene(s) with C-rfe+. In contrast, B-rfe+ was able to support the synthesis of trace amounts of CA only, although it was sufficient to restore their ability to synthesize the S-6, 7 side chain of the lipopolysaccharide. Corresponding hybrids (B-rfe+, C-rfb+ or C-rfb−) were constructed by introducing the C-rfb genes into a group B strain; they also showed only a trace of CA reactivity. | ::: A series of nearly isogenic O4-12, and O-6,7 Salmonella typhimurium strains differing in regard to the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) were constructed by conjugation. When tested in intraperitoneal infection of mice, the O-4,12 strains containing ECA were more virulent than their O-4,12 sister recombinants without ECA (P = less than 0.001). The same difference could be shown with ECA-positive and ECA-negative S. typhimurium derivatives, whose O antigens were of the group C type (O-6,7). The ECA-positive and ECA-negative O-4,12 strains did not differ in their growth rates in broth or clearance rates in vivo. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,387 |
Summary The complete larval development of Brachynotus sexdentatus (Risso, 1827) was obtained by culture in the laboratory. Five zoeal stages, megalop and first crab are described and illustrated. Larval development from hatching to megalop stage took a minimum of 17 days at 23°C. The morphological characters of the larvae of B. sexdentatus are compared with those of the previous descriptions of plankton-collected material and other known larvae of the genus Brachynotus. Larval features of the recently redefined Varunidae are evaluated taking into account all previous larval descriptions from this family. A combination of consistent characters can be used to distinguish varunid zoeas and megalops stages from the early life stages of all other grapsoid families. | The systematic position of the monotypic eubrachyuran genus Pseudopinnixa ::: Ortmann, 1894, which traditionally has been placed in the family Pinnotheridae, is reassessed on the basis of the adult morphology. The structure of the thoracic sternum, third maxilliped, and male abdomen strongly suggests a close relationship between Pseudopinnixa and members of the subfamily Gaeticinae in the family Varunidae. Consequently, the genus is transferred to this varunid subfamily. This assignment is also supported by the first zoeal morphology. The type species, P. carinata ::: Ortmann, 1894, is redescribed and illustrated in detail. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,388 |
Mesorhizobium loti mutant 2213.1 derived from the wild-type strain NZP2213 by Tn5 mutagenesis showed impaired effectiveness of symbiosis with the host plant Lotus corniculatus (TurskaSzewczuk et al., 2007 Microbiol Res, in press). The inability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the mutant 2213.1 strain or de-O-acetylated LPS of the parental cells to inactivate phage A1 particles implicated alterations in the LPS structure. The O-specific polysaccharide of the mutant was studied by chemical analyses along with 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, which clearly confirmed alterations in the O-chain structure. 2D NMR data showed that the mutant O-polysaccha ride consists of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit containing non-substituted as well as O-acetylated or O-methylated 6-deoxytalopyranose residues. Additionally, an immunogold assay revealed a reduced number of gold particles on the mutant bacteroid cell surface, which could result from both a diminished amount of an O-antigenic determinant in mutant LPS and modifications of structural epitopes caused by alterations in O-acetylation or O-methylation of sugar residues. Western immunoblot assay of alkaline de-O-acetylated lipophilic M. loti NZP2213 LPS showed no reactivity with homologous serum indicating a role of O-acetyl groups in its O-specificity. | The O -specific polysaccharide of the phenol soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (LPS-P) of the Rhizobium loti NZP2213 strain consists of a homopolymeric chain of α-1, 3-linked units of 2- O -acetyl-6-deoxy- l -talopyranose, very probably terminated by a single unit of 2- O -acetyl-6-deoxy- l -talopyranose. The hydrophobic character of the long O -chains explains the phenol solubility of LPS-P, in contrast to the water solubility of LPS-W, which is of R-character and accordingly lacks the O -acetyl-6d-talose units. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,389 |
Extensions to models originally described by Hartl for predicting the recurrence risk of new dominant mutations are developed in this paper. Additions to the models are (1) possible somatic mosaicism in a parent in some families, (2) the possibility that the parental origin of the mutation may or may not be known, and (3) mutation rates which change as a function of sex and/or time. The models indicate that recurrence risks are most critically affected by (a) the amount of somatic mosaicism which can be tolerated in the parent without manifesting disease and (b) knowledge of the parental origin of the mutation. In addition, there is a moderate effect on recurrence risks if mutation rates increase in the father as a function of time. Recurrence risks are at least as large as the risk of trisomy 21 in a child of a mother of age 35 years or older, probably much higher (5%-10%) when the mutation is known to be of maternal origin or if substantial somatic mosaicism in the parent is compatible with a normal phenotype. The recurrence risk of a new mutation is high because of a very high ascertainment bias of families with substantial germ-line mosaicism. | A formula to calculate recurrence risk for germline mosaicism published by Hartl in 1971 has been updated to include marker information. For practical genetic counselling new, more elaborate tables are given. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,390 |
Somatic mutations within antibody genes alter the affinity and selectivity of antibody molecules and largely define the quality of the memory B cell repertoire in many vertebrate species. While some evidence supports the idea that there is a strand bias to the hypermutation mechanism, conflicting data suggest that somatic mutations are initially acquired on both strands of DNA. In this study, we utilized a previously defined trinucleotide target bias of hypermutation to address the question of target strand symmetry during mutation. Mutabilities of specific base positions within all triplets were compared between the two strands of DNA in three divergent databases of hypermutated sequences. Unexpectedly, we consistently observed strong correlations between mutabilities of triplet positions on the two DNA strands only for G and T in the first position of a triplet or for C and A in the last position. The most straightforward interpretation of this result is that the mutation mechanism targets either G and T or C and A on both strands of DNA with a frequency that depends upon the adjacent dinucleotide sequence. In view of published evidence that C is targeted by the hypermutation mechanism, we can extrapolate that C and A are specifically targeted at a frequency that depends upon the preceding 5' dinucleotide. | B-cell receptors (BCRs) are membrane-bound immunoglobulins that recognize and bind foreign proteins (antigens). BCRs are formed through random somatic changes of germline DNA, creating a vast repertoire of unique sequences that enable individuals to recognize a diverse range of antigens. After encountering antigen for the first time, BCRs undergo a process of affinity maturation, whereby cycles of rapid somatic mutation and selection lead to improved antigen binding. This constitutes an accelerated evolutionary process that takes place over days or weeks. Next-generation sequencing of the gene regions that determine BCR binding has begun to reveal the diversity and dynamics of BCR repertoires in unprecedented detail. Although this new type of sequence data has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of infection dynamics, quantitative analysis is complicated by the unique biology and high diversity of BCR sequences. Models and concepts from molecular evolution and phylogenetics that have been applied successfully to rapidly evolving pathogen populations are increasingly being adopted to study BCR diversity and divergence within individuals. However, BCR dynamics may violate key assumptions of many standard evolutionary methods, as they do not descend from a single ancestor, and experience biased mutation. Here, we review the application of evolutionary models to BCR repertoires and discuss the issues we believe need be addressed for this interdisciplinary field to flourish. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,391 |
Summary Sixteen cattle were vaccinated with Kelev strain rabies vaccine and challenged with street virus one year after the third vaccination. Fourteen animals (87.5%) were protected against the challenge, which killed all of the 8 non-vaccinated controls. Serum neutralization (SN) tests on blood specimens, collected at different times from the vaccinated animals were carried out in mice. A general correlation was found between immunity and SN antibody titres. | Four novel phylogenetic clades of canine rabies virus (RABV) variants have been identified in the Middle East and North Africa. The three novel Middle Eastern clades comprise RABV isolates from the borders between Israel and neighbouring countries. The North African clade (Africa 4) comprises four RABV isolates from Egypt and one from Israel. We characterized various RABV lineages antigenically by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the nucleoprotein (N) and phylogenetically by analysis of entire N gene sequences. The estimated mean substitution rate for the N gene alignment (2.7×10−4 substitutions per site per year) is comparable with previous estimates for RABV. The application of a molecular clock indicates the emergence of current canine RABV diversity to have occurred at about the same time (approx. 1870) in the Middle East and Europe, following divergence from established lineages in Africa and Asia. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,392 |
Purpose ::: Pasireotide (SOM230) is a multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog designed to have a broader somatostatin receptor binding profile than other currently available somatostatin analogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the absorption, metabolism and excretion of pasireotide in healthy male subjects (N = 4) following a single, subcutaneous (sc), 600 μg dose of [14C]pasireotide. | Accelerator mass spectrometry is a detection platform with exceptional sensitivity compared with other bioanalytical platforms. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is widely used in archeology for radiocarbon dating applications. Early exploration of the biological and pharmaceutical applications of AMS began in the early 1990s. AMS has since demonstrated unique problem-solving ability in nutrition science, toxicology and pharmacology. AMS has also enabled the development of new applications, such as Phase 0 microdosing. Recent development of AMS-enabled applications has transformed this novelty research instrument to a valuable tool within the pharmaceutical industry. Although there is now greater awareness of AMS technology, recognition and appreciation of the range of AMS-enabled applications is still lacking, including study-design strategies. This review aims to provide further insight into the wide range of AMS-enabled applications. Examples of studies conducted over the past two decades will be presented, as well as prospects for the future of AMS. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,393 |
Expansins are disruptive proteins that loosen growing plant cell walls and can enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The canonical expansin structure consists of one domain responsible for substrate binding (D2) and another domain (D1) of unknown function, but essential for activity. Although the effects of expansins on cell walls and cellulose fibrils are known, the molecular mechanism underlying their biophysical function is poorly understood. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into the mechanism of action of the Bacillus subtilis expansin BsEXLX1. We show that BsEXLX1 can slide on the hydrophobic surface of crystalline cellulose via the flat aromatic surface of its binding domain D2, comprised mainly of residues Trp125 and Trp126. Also, we observe that BsEXLX1 can hydrogen bond a free glucan chain in a twisted conformation and that the twisting is chiefly induced by means of residue Asp82 located on D1, which has been shown to be essential for expansin activity. These results suggest that BsEXLX1 could move on the surface of cellulose and disrupt hydrogen bonds by twisting glucan chains. Simulations of the inactive BsEXLX1 mutants Asp82Asn and Tyr73Ala indicate structural alterations around the twisting center in the domain D1, which suggest a molecular basis for the lack of activity of these mutants and corroborate the idea that BsEXLX1 works by inducing twists on glucan chains. Moreover, simulations of the double mutant Asp82Asn/Tyr73Leu predict the recovery of the lost activity of BsEXLX1–Asp82Asn. Our results provide a dynamical view of the expansin–substrate interactions at the molecular scale and help shed light on the expansin mechanism. | Since the publication of a landmark article on the structure of EXLX1 from Bacillus subtilis in 2011, our knowledge of bacterial expansins has steadily increased and our view and understanding of these enigmatic proteins has advanced with relation to their structure, phylogenetic relationships and substrate interaction, although the molecular basis for their mechanism of action remains to be determined. Lignocellulosic material represents a source of fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels, and cell-wall degrading activities are essential to efficiently release such sugars from their polymeric structures. Because expansins from fungi and bacteria seem to be required to properly colonize or cause disease to plant tissues, and because they share some characteristics with their plant counterparts for loosening the cell wall they have been seen as a promising tool to overcome the recalcitrance of these materials. However, microbial expansins activity is at best, very low compared with plant expansins activity. This revision analyses recent work on bacterial expansins structure, function and biological role, emphasizing our need to focus on their mechanism of action as a means to design better strategies for their use, in both in the energy and agricultural industries. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,394 |
From January 1987 to November 1990, 125 adult Saguinus mystax died at the CRCP. Enteritis/colitis (26%), hypoglycemia/cachexia (19%), and parasitic enteritis (13%) were the most common causes of death. Less common were purulent peritonitis (9%), lobular pneumonia (8%), and hemorrhagic gastroenterocolitis (6%). These results confirm the high frequency of gastroenteric lesions reported in Callitrichidae in captivity. | Mutations in the NOD2 (CARD15) gene predispose to Crohn's disease (CD), a human chronic inflammatory bowel disorder, and can cause Blau syndrome. During an investigation of an apparent correlation between a frameshifting mutation in the canonical first exon of NOD2 of marmoset and tamarin species and their susceptibility to chronic colitis, we found that, contrary to previous reports, the basal levels of NOD2 transcripts in tissues relevant to CD arise from a distinct novel promoter and first exon. The canonical first exon, by contrast, seems to be of negligible transcriptional importance under physiological conditions, and its reading frame has been disrupted twice during primate evolution. Thus the main NOD2/CARD15 protein isoform produced in humans and other primates is 27 amino acids shorter than previously reported, starting at a conserved methionine in exon 2. We show that there is no significant association between variants in the novel NOD2 promoter region and CD. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,395 |
The steady-state kinetics of laccasse (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) from the lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera is investigated using the respirograph method to produce Lineweaver-Burk plots of oxygen consumption rate against oxygen concentration. A ping-pong mechanisms is established. The kinetic constants obtained according to the model is in close agreement with the corresponding values obtained from earlier studies on the transient reactions between the reduced enzyme and oxygen (Andréasson, L.E., Brändén, R. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 438, 370--379) and between the oxidized enzyme and reducing substrates (Andréasson, L.E. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 579--597). | Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) catalyzed two half reactions (linked by an intramolecular electron transfer) through a Ping-Pong mechanism: the substrate oxidation followed by the O2 reduction. MCOs have been characterized in details in solution or immobilized on electrode surfaces. The nature of the rate-limiting steps, which is controversial in the literature, is discussed in this mini review for both cases. Deciphering such rate-limiting steps is of particular importance to efficiently use MCOs in any applications requiring the reduction of O2 to water. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,396 |
This study characterized an IncL/M-like plasmid containing a bla(OXA-48)-encoding gene from a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, denoted as E71T. Investigation of this plasmid sequence identified unique regions of interest along with conserved regions detected in eight other clinical carbapenem-resistant isolates. A 63-kb plasmid (pE71T) from K. pneumoniae E71T was sequenced and found to be highly similar to the recently published K. pneumoniae pOXA-48a (JN626286). Two copies of the insertion sequence element IS1R were identified, one of which was located adjacent to the bla(OXA-48)-encoding gene forming part of a composite transposon Tn1999.2 and the second located 16-kb downstream. Plasmid profiling and PCR assays confirmed that the pE71T backbone was conserved among the eight other clinical bla(OXA-48)-positive isolates, and in all cases, the OXA-48 genes were part of the Tn1999.2 composite transposon. This is the first report of a bla(OXA-48) and IS1R arrangement-containing plasmid in Ireland. | We report a 63,584-bp conjugative IncL plasmid (pUR17313-1) from an Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolate, containing a blaOXA-48 gene. The plasmid sequence also carried important mobile genetic elements involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance, namely, the Tn1999.2 composite transposon, which enclosed blaOXA-48-, integrase-, and transposase-encoding genes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,397 |
S allele genotypes of I1 progenies from eight I0 red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) clones were determined under isolated field conditions. Each I1 progeny was vegetatively increased and isolated under a cage for pollination by honey bees. Clones within each I1 progeny producing relatively large and small amounts of seed were classified homozygous and heterozygous, respectively, for S allele genotype. S allele genotypes were verified by extensive sib crosses in the greenhouse, and almost complete agreement was found with the field classification. I2 progenies were reciprocally test-crossed with their parental I0 clones to detect any changes in S specificity and also to confirm the previous S genotype classifications in the I1 generation. It was concluded that the reliability of field and greenhouse sib classification of S genotypes is based on the strength of the incompatibility reaction in each particular clone. Most I1's showed a strong incompatibility reaction as evidenced by low seed set for heterozygous S genotypes, but one progeny showed a weak incompatibility reaction which resulted in S genotype misclassifications. An S specificity was changed in one I2 progeny. | The effect of inbreeding on pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC) was investigated in I0, I1, and I2 clones of red clover, Trifolium pratense L., at 40°C. PSC was found to decrease with inbreeding. Significant differences were found among I0 clones, among I1 clones, and among I2 clones for PSC. Significant differences in PSC within generations were found in two of eight I1 clones and one of five I2 clones. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,398 |
Stable isotopic characterization or "fingerprinting" of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a highly-specific means of defining the provenance of these pharmaceutical materials. The isotopic analysts in this study were provided with 20 blind samples of four APIs (tropicamide, hydrocortisone, quinine HCL, and tryptophan) from one-to-five production batch(es) from one-to-five manufacturer(s). Only the chemical identity of the APIs was initially provided to the isotopic analysts. Depending on the API chemical composition, isotopic ratios of either three or four elements (13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O, and/or D/H) were measured by either elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS: carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N)) or by thermal conversion-EA/IRMS (TCEA/IRMS; hydrogen (deltaD) and oxygen (delta15N)); in all cases, the isotopic results are reported in the standard delta-notation which represents part-per-thousand () variations from the isotopic ratios of international standards. The stable isotopic analyses of the four suites of APIs spanned broad ranges in absolute value (deltadelta) and in estimated specificity (a product of dynamic ranges (DR, unitless)--note that these are upper limits of specificity because some of these isotope values may be partially interdependent). The five samples of tropicamide from one production batch and one manufacturer demonstrated the narrowest ranges (deltadelta13C=0.13 ; deltadelta15N=0.52 ; deltadelta18O=0.24 ; deltadeltaD=2.8 ) and the smallest specificity of 1:30.9. By contrast, the five samples of tryptophan that came from five separate manufacturers had some of the widest isotopic ranges observed (deltadelta13C=21.32 ; deltadelta15N=5.26 ; deltadelta18O=22.07 ; deltadeltaD=55.3 ) and had the largest specificity of 1:19.6 x 10(6). The isotopic provenance of the four suites of APIs readily emerged from bivariate plots of selected isotope ratios, particularly deltaD versus delta18O. | The origin of agricultural products is gaining in appreciation while often hard to determine for various reasons. Geographical origin may be resolved using a combination of chemical and physical analytical technologies. In the present case of Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) rhizomes, we investigated an exploratory set of material from The Netherlands, three other European (EU) countries and China. We show that the geographical origin is correlated to patterns of stable isotope ratios (isotope fingerprints) and volatile organic carbon (VOC) compounds (chemical fingerprints). These fingerprints allowed clear distinction using exploratory and supervised statistics. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry of 12C/13C, 14N/15N and 16O/18O isotopes separated materials from Europe and China successfully. The VOC patterns measured by Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) allowed distinction of three groups: material from The Netherlands, the other EU countries and China. This knowledge is expected to help developing a systematic and efficient analytical tool for authenticating the origin of flower bulbs. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 23,399 |
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