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Cutting proteins within lipid bilayers: rhomboid structure and mechanism. | Rhomboids were only discovered to be novel proteases in 2001, but progress on understanding this newest family of intramembrane proteases has been rapid. They are now the best characterized of these rather mysterious enzymes that cleave transmembrane domains within the lipid bilayer. In particular, the biochemical analysis of solubilized rhomboids and, most recently, a flurry of high-resolution crystal structures, have led to real insight into their enzymology. Long-standing questions about how it is possible for a water-requiring proteolytic reaction to occur in the lipid bilayer are now answered for the rhomboids. Intramembrane proteases, which control many medically important biological processes, have made the transition from rather heretical outsiders to novel enzymes that are becoming well understood. | The rising energy costs of the early 1970's made the public aware of the need for new innovative concepts to reduce energy usage. An innovative turbulent boundary layer skin-friction reduction program was begun at NASA Langley in 1972. Two successful drag reduction techniques have resulted from the Langley program, i.e., riblets and LEBUs. The research effort in these two areas has grown into a worldwide effort as evidenced by recent international meetings on turbulent drag reduction. | eng_Latn | 26,400 |
Inhibitory effect of novel pyrazole carboxamide derivatives on human carbonic anhydrase enzyme. | The synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole carboxamide derivatives (2-9) are presented. (1)H and (13)C NMR have been used for the structure description, possible tautomeric structures determination and hydrogen bonding observation. FT-IR results have confirmed the synthesis of the pyrazole derivatives while thermal gravimetric analysis has confirmed thermal stability up to 300°C. The melting temperatures are strongly dependent on their crystal structure as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction measurements. Impacts of 2-9 as possible antiglaucoma agents were investigated on carbonic anhydrase I and II (CA-I and II) isozymes purified from human erythrocytes in vitro. Compounds 3 and 9 had the highest inhibitory effect while compounds 6 and 8 showed the lowest inhibition. | We study theoretically the lamellar-disorder-lamellar phase transitions of AB diblock and tetrablock copolymers confined in symmetric slitlike pores where the planar surface discriminatingly adsorbs A segments but repels B segments, mimicking the hydrophobic/hydrophilic effects that have been recently utilized for the fabrication of environmentally responsive “smart” materials. The effects of film thickness, polymer volume fraction, and backbone structure on the surface morphology have been investigated using a polymer density-functional theory. The surface-induced phase transition is manifested itself in a discontinuous switch of microdomains or a jump in the surface density dictated by the competition of surface adsorption and self-aggregation of the block copolymers. The surface-induced first-order phase transition is starkly different from the thickness-induced symmetric-asymmetric or horizontal-vertical transitions in thin films of copolymer melts reported earlier. | eng_Latn | 26,401 |
Two New Depsidones From the Lichen Erioderma phaeorhizum Vainio sensu lato | The depsidones hypophysciosporin (methyl 2-chloro-3,8-dihydroxy-1,4,6,9-tetramethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[ b,e ][1,4]dioxepin-7-carboxylate) (9) and 3-O-methylhypophysciosporin (methyl 2-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1,4,6,9-tetra-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[ b,e ][1,4]dioxepin-7-carboxylate)(10) have been isolated from the lichen Erioderma phaeorhizum and the structures of these metabolites have been established by comparison with synthetic material. In addition the chroman, vitamin E acetate (14), has been isolated from Erioderma tomentosum, the first reported occurrence of this compound in a lichen. | Evaluation of: Parks QM, Young RL, Poch KR, Malcolm KC, Vasil ML, Nick JA: Neutrophil enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: human F-actin and DNA as targets for therapy. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(4), 492–502 (2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and biofilm formation in the cystic fibrosis lung occurs in association with an exuberant inflammatory response in a neutrophil-rich environment. The presence of DNA/F-actin bundles, formed by components released from necrotic neutrophils, was shown to stimulate biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Soluble polyvalent anions can sequester polyvalent cations and dissolve DNA/F-actin bundles, and treatment with polyvalent anions was shown to disrupt neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, polyvalent anions could also prevent the formation of neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. While young neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms could be disrupted by treatment with polyvalent anions or DNase, older neutrophil-induced biofilm... | eng_Latn | 26,402 |
Space-Like Form of Bethe–Salpeter Equation: Many Particles | The Gell-Mann and Low's technology and Bethe–Salpeter equation for manyparticles are first discussed. Then the space-like form of Bethe–Salpeter equation involving both the bound state and scatter state are extended to many-particle case. Consequently we build the formalism of the space-like equation with explicit Lorentz covariant form and without the difficulty of ghost states automatically. | An adequate representation of aqueous solvent is a fundamental problem in the field of macromolecular simulations. To assess the ability of different solvent models to reproduce experimental data, we performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations on a small peptide, each utilizing a different model of solvent. The generalized Born (GB) model, the analytical continuum electrostatics (ACE) potential, the effective energy function-1 (EEF1), the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) model, and the standard TIP3P model of explicit solvent were evaluated in this study. For each solvent model, the potential of mean force (pmf) for folding a 12-residue peptide from the fully extended state to a compact state, where the two ends of the pep-tide are in close proximity, was computed. These data were compared to experimental results on the peptide's end-to-end distance distribution obtained with fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. For each solvent model, the FRET efficiency was computed f... | eng_Latn | 26,403 |
Waterborne Acrylic/Graphite Conductive Coatings | The title waterborne conductive coatings has been developed based on waterborne acrylic resin as binder and graphite as conductive filler.The primary physical and chemical properties are tested.The influence of amount of filler and solvents,article size of graphite and dispersants on the film performance is discussed. | Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram positive coccal bacterium is a major cause of nosocomial infection. We report the synthesis of new triphenylamine phosphonium ionic liquids which are able to self-assemble into multiwall nanoassemblies and to reveal a strong bactericidal activity (MIC=0.5mg/L) for Gram positive bacteria (including resistant strains) comparable to that of standard antibiotics. Time kill, metabolism and fluorescence confocal microscopy studies show a quasi-instantaneously penetration of the nanoassemblies inside the bacteria resulting of a rapid blocking (30min) of their proliferation. As confirmed by rezasurin reduction monitoring, these compounds strongly affect the bacterial metabolism and a Gram positive versus Gram negative selectivity is clearly observed. These fluorescent phosphonium ionic liquid might constitute a useful tool for both translocation studies and to tackle infectious diseases related to the field of implantology. | kor_Hang | 26,404 |
Ionic Strength-Responsive Binding between Nanoparticles and Proteins | Electrostatic interaction is a strong, dominant nonspecific interaction which was extensively studied in protein–nanoparticle (NP) interactions [Lounis, F. M.; J. Phys. Chem. B 2017, 121, 2684−2694; Tavares, G. M.; Langmuir 2015, 31, 12481–12488; Antonov, M.; Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 51–59], whereas the role of hydrophobic interaction arising from the abundant hydrophobic residues of globule proteins upon protein–NP binding between the proteins and charged nanoparticles has rarely been studied. In this work, a series of positively charged magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization and surface hydrophobicity differentiation was achieved through postpolymerization quaternization by different halohydrocarbons. The ionic strength- and hydrophobicity-responsive binding of these MNPs toward β-lactoglobulin (BLG) was studied by both qualitative and quantitative methods including turbidimetric titration, dynamic light scattering, and isothermal titration calorimetry. J... | Evaluation of: Parks QM, Young RL, Poch KR, Malcolm KC, Vasil ML, Nick JA: Neutrophil enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: human F-actin and DNA as targets for therapy. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(4), 492–502 (2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and biofilm formation in the cystic fibrosis lung occurs in association with an exuberant inflammatory response in a neutrophil-rich environment. The presence of DNA/F-actin bundles, formed by components released from necrotic neutrophils, was shown to stimulate biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Soluble polyvalent anions can sequester polyvalent cations and dissolve DNA/F-actin bundles, and treatment with polyvalent anions was shown to disrupt neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, polyvalent anions could also prevent the formation of neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. While young neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms could be disrupted by treatment with polyvalent anions or DNase, older neutrophil-induced biofilm... | eng_Latn | 26,405 |
Piezoelectric thick film ultrasonic transducers fabricated by a sol-gel spray technique. | Abstract Thick film broadband ultrasonic transducers (UTs) produced by a sol–gel spray technique and operated below 10 MHz are presented. These UTs are formed by dispersing PZT and LiTaO 3 particles, respectively in Al 2 O 3 and PZT sol–gel solution. The 50–100 μm thick films have been deposited on curved steel, flat steel and aluminum substrates and steel rods. Ultrasonic pulse-echo signals with a signal to noise ratio of more than 25 dB are experimentally obtained for the operating temperatures up to 250 °C. | Evaluation of: Parks QM, Young RL, Poch KR, Malcolm KC, Vasil ML, Nick JA: Neutrophil enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: human F-actin and DNA as targets for therapy. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(4), 492–502 (2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and biofilm formation in the cystic fibrosis lung occurs in association with an exuberant inflammatory response in a neutrophil-rich environment. The presence of DNA/F-actin bundles, formed by components released from necrotic neutrophils, was shown to stimulate biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Soluble polyvalent anions can sequester polyvalent cations and dissolve DNA/F-actin bundles, and treatment with polyvalent anions was shown to disrupt neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, polyvalent anions could also prevent the formation of neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. While young neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms could be disrupted by treatment with polyvalent anions or DNase, older neutrophil-induced biofilm... | eng_Latn | 26,406 |
Flipping a Lipid-Linked Oligosaccharide? You Must Whip It! | The mechanism for flipping large lipid-linked oligosaccharides across membranes has remained a paradox. Perez et al. now report the structure of the PglK protein of C. jejuni, a flippase for a bacterial lipid-linked oligosaccharide, and reveal an unexpected whip-like mechanism. | In this paper, the key factors of influenc on the spirmability of lusbous and trifobal polyester FDY were discussed. By adjusting the crystallization and drying temperature of chip, selecting suitable spinning temperature, choosig more resonable cooling condition and winding technologies, the spinnabi lity can be greatly improved. | eng_Latn | 26,407 |
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Effects of potassium, exercise, glucose, and acetazolamide on blood chemistry. | Effects of strenuous exercise, followed by rest, and of potassium administration on blood chemistry values were studied in two patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and in normal volunteers. These procedures produced attacks of flaccid paralysis that occurred concomitantly with rapid rises in serum potassium concentrations and decreases in blood glucose and inorganic phosphate levels. With the exception of the serum potassium level which rose following exercise and potassium administration, there were no changes in the blood chemistry values of the normal volunteers. During the induced attacks of paralysis, the expired breath of the patients had a very strong odor of ketosis. Results of subsequent glucose tolerance tests were abnormal. Following 24 hour administration of acetazolamide, the studies were repeated. The drug appeared to cause lesser effects of stimuli on serum potassium levels and a stabilizing effect on blood glucose levels. | Dendrimers have tremendous potential application in the construction of novel nanocomposite materials. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the dendrimer–surface interaction. In this work, we have used fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulation to study the behavior of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers adsorbed on the polarizable model of the gold surface. The structural properties of a single adsorbed PAMAM dendrimer as well after film formation were considered at three different solution pH’s. Based on calculated structural features such as radius of gyration, asphericity, distribution of terminal groups, and solvent-accessible surface area, we find that with an increase in pH dendrimers adopt a more compact, compressed structure. Moreover, the structure of individual dendrimers can undergo a further transition after aggregation compared to the isolated polymer. | eng_Latn | 26,408 |
Syntheses and Self-assembling Behaviors of Pentagonal Conjugates of Tryptophane Zipper-Forming Peptide | Pentagonal conjugates of tryptophane zipper-forming peptide (CKTWTWTE) with a pentaazacyclopentadecane core (Pentagonal-Gly-Trpzip and Pentagonal-Ala-Trpzip) were synthesized and their self-assembling behaviors were investigated in water. Pentagonal-Gly-Trpzip self-assembled into nanofibers with the width of about 5 nm in neutral water (pH 7) via formation of tryptophane zipper, which irreversibly converted to nanoribbons by heating. In contrast, Pentagonal-Ala-Trpzip formed irregular aggregates in water. | Certain structural aspects of two-dimensional Penrose tilings are studied using de Bruijn's pentagrid picture. The authors discuss the statistics of hexagons, decagons and 'worms' (sequences of adjacent hexagons bounded by two decagons). They show that within the discrete framework considered here, phason modes and structural transformation modes are located along particular 'worms' and they derive the spatial distribution of the latter. | eng_Latn | 26,409 |
A nondestructive method for measuring thermal parameters of hermetically sealed electron devices | The nonrestrictive method described is intended for measuring the quantity of heat coming from the surroundings into the working volume of the hermetically sealed device with a thermoelectric cooler. The method is based on the dependence of the thermal emf that appears across the thermopile leads of the thermoelectric cooler in the stationary operation mode on the thermal load on the heat-absorbing surface. | Abstract The overall aim of this chapter is to provide an introduction to thermodynamics of protein solutions applied to understanding how cosolvents, such as salts, osmolytes, or denaturants, impact upon protein stability and denaturation and protein phase behavior. This is especially relevant for any type of protein formulation or in bioseparation processes where a key variable is the cosolvent composition, which often needs to be manipulated to maintain protein stability and/or control protein solubility. The emphasis is on a molecular perspective, which is achieved by relating thermodynamic properties to protein–solvent and protein–protein interactions. Using a molecular approach provides a link through knowledge of intermolecular interactions between protein solution behavior and the protein physicochemical properties and solvent conditions, which, in turn, allows for some level of predictability. | eng_Latn | 26,410 |
Force-extension relation of cross-linked anisotropic polymer networks | Cross-linked polymer networks with orientational order constitute a wide class of soft materials and are relevant to biological systems (e.g., F-actin bundles). We analytically study the nonlinear force–extension relation of an array of parallel-aligned, strongly stretched semiflexible polymers with random cross-links. In the strong stretching limit, the effect of the cross-links is purely entropic, independent of the bending rigidity of the chains. Cross-links enhance the differential stretching stiffness of the bundle. For hard cross-links, the cross-link contribution to the force–extension relation scales inversely proportional to the force. Its dependence on the cross-link density, close to the gelation transition, is the same as that of the shear modulus. The qualitative behaviour is captured by a toy model of two chains with a single cross-link in the middle. | Evaluation of: Parks QM, Young RL, Poch KR, Malcolm KC, Vasil ML, Nick JA: Neutrophil enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: human F-actin and DNA as targets for therapy. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(4), 492–502 (2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and biofilm formation in the cystic fibrosis lung occurs in association with an exuberant inflammatory response in a neutrophil-rich environment. The presence of DNA/F-actin bundles, formed by components released from necrotic neutrophils, was shown to stimulate biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Soluble polyvalent anions can sequester polyvalent cations and dissolve DNA/F-actin bundles, and treatment with polyvalent anions was shown to disrupt neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, polyvalent anions could also prevent the formation of neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. While young neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms could be disrupted by treatment with polyvalent anions or DNase, older neutrophil-induced biofilm... | eng_Latn | 26,411 |
Freestanding silver dendrite/graphene oxide composite membranes as high-performance substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering | Abstract Herein we report the facile synthesis of freestanding silver dendrite (AgD)/graphene oxide (GO) composite membranes, and demonstrate their use as an efficient and robust substrate with large-area uniformity and good reproducibility for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. The as-prepared composite membranes exhibit excellent sensitivity for detecting rhodamine 6G and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The results suggest that AgD/GO nanocomposite membrane holds great promise as a high-performance SERS substrate for plasmonic sensing applications. | We have developed a rapid purification method for DNA topoisomerase I from Raji cells, a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line, using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatography on a Mono S column (FPLC, Pharmacia). By this method, the enzyme could be purified to near homogeneity within one day. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel revealed that the final preparation is mainly composed of a 100-kDa protein. The major enzyme activity sedimented through a glycerol density gradient at 5.7S, accompanied with a minor peak at 8.7S. The former may correspond to the monomer of the 100-kDa polypeptide, and the latter, to its dimeric form. The gel filtration study of the crude extract revealed an active molecular species of 200 kDa, in addition to 100 kDa, and lower molecular weight forms. These results suggest that DNA topoisomerase I is largely in monomeric form, but also has a minor population of the dimeric form. | eng_Latn | 26,412 |
Ion-Assisted Nucleation in Amorphous Silicon | Ion beam irradiation strongly enhances the kinetics of epitaxial crystallization in amorphous Si [1]. Similarly, in the case of small crystalline grains embedded in an amorphous Si matrix ion irradiation can stimulate the grain growth at temperatures as low as 250°C where the pure thermal process is kinetically inhibited [2, 3]. In absence of pre-existing crystal grains crystallization occurs by means of both nucleation and growth with an incubation period during the initial stage of the transformation. Thermally stimulated nucleation of crystal grains in amorphous silicon is a thermally activated process, with an activation energy of ∼5 eV, and occurs at temperatures greater than ∼600°C [4]. | Evaluation of: Parks QM, Young RL, Poch KR, Malcolm KC, Vasil ML, Nick JA: Neutrophil enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: human F-actin and DNA as targets for therapy. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(4), 492–502 (2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and biofilm formation in the cystic fibrosis lung occurs in association with an exuberant inflammatory response in a neutrophil-rich environment. The presence of DNA/F-actin bundles, formed by components released from necrotic neutrophils, was shown to stimulate biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Soluble polyvalent anions can sequester polyvalent cations and dissolve DNA/F-actin bundles, and treatment with polyvalent anions was shown to disrupt neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, polyvalent anions could also prevent the formation of neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms. While young neutrophil-induced P. aeruginosa biofilms could be disrupted by treatment with polyvalent anions or DNase, older neutrophil-induced biofilm... | eng_Latn | 26,413 |
Starch and protein molecules are called polymers explain why? | What are large proteins? | Why wasn't scout a good witness to the attack on jem? | eng_Latn | 26,414 |
Molecular switch drives powerful movement by opposing twisting helices | Plants are capable of producing powerful movement that is initiated at the molecular level. This fast motion is often supported by helix-based architectures, for example in vetches or orchids that spread seeds by explosive opening of their pods. Researchers now demonstrate in the journal Angewandte Chemie that these biological strategies can be re-engineered by interfacing molecular switches with man-made materials.
Inspired by the evolutionary strategies that support the movement of plants, the team headed by Stephen P. Fletcher at the University of Oxford (UK) and Nathalie Katsonis at the University of Twente (Enschede, Netherlands) joined together two strips of liquid-crystal elastomers into a pod-like casing. Light-triggered re-arrangement (isomerization) of a "molecular switch" incorporated in the material drives the twisting of the two valves in opposing directions, until the casing bursts open from strain.
"This is a man-made material in which the collective action of molecular switches produces powerful movement at the macroscale", says Katsonis. "A slow and continuous movement will produce work over a large period of time, hence it offers low power density. If you confine work over a short period of time, you get more power." With this plant-like molecular device the scientists demonstrate that it is possible to program molecular materials to perform complex tasks. Says Katsonis: "Ultimately and in the long term we hope that life-like materials could promote a transition towards adaptive, energy efficient, and sustainable materials."
The design of the pods involves cross-linked liquid crystals, because they are capable of directional (anisotropic) shape transformation. Using a two-step photo-polymerization process, the researchers created a thin film of liquid-crystal elastomer consisting of bars with alternating low and high ordered liquid-crystalline states. Then, strips are cut out of this film. When irradiated with UV light, the molecular switches integrated in the elastomer isomerize from their straight to their bent form. This causes the highly ordered bars to shrink along their long axis—much more than the disordered bars do, resulting in a difference in length between the bars.
The angle at which the film is cut determines what happens macroscopically: strips cut at 0° or 90° to the long axis bend without a twist when irradiated. Cuts at 45° or 135° result in helical strips that wind under illumination—with opposite directions of twist. The researchers brought two mirror-image strips together. Under irradiation, the pod bends along its long axis, then forms a tube along its transverse axis, in which the mirror-image helices work against each other and strain accumulates, until the pod pops open from stress. "The accumulation of strain in tubular architectures is an elegant engineering strategy that is common in nature, and here it allows to amplify the action of a few dynamic molecules, and transforms it into powerful movement."
Explore further: Nanoswitches converting light into macroscopic motion
More information: Sarah J. Aßhoff et al. High-Power Actuation from Molecular Photoswitches in Enantiomerically Paired Soft Springs, Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2017). DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611325 | Apco release NRG Pro II slalom racing PPG wing Apco have unleashed the NRG Pro II, their new slalom racing PPG wing. “It’s the rebel brother of the NRG XC II”, they say. It was designed to be fast and manoeuvrable, and to be flown aggressively for racing round pylons. The NRG Pro II is a full-reflex wing with 2-D steering and HIT […] Read more
Ozone Sirocco 2 lightweight PPG wing Ozone released the Sirocco 2 full-reflex PPG wing in June 2017. It’s a lightweight version of the Speedster 2, and weighs 1.5kg less on average. It has Ozone’s shark profile, an enhanced internal structure and a new 2D steering system. Ozone say it retains the same levels of comfort, performance, speed and stability as the […] Read more | eng_Latn | 26,415 |
In a chemical process, monomers, small molecules, link in chains to form these large molecules | Monomers, Polymers, and Dehydration Synthesis - Shmoop Biology Shmoop Biology explains Monomers, Polymers, and Dehydration Synthesis. Part of our Biomolecules and the Chemistry of Life Learning Guide. ... In the molecular world, the small subunits that ultimately link together to form larger ... There is a process by which this joining usually occurs, called dehydration synthesis. | McAfee KnowledgeBase - Troubleshooting procedure for finding ... Sep 26, 2016 ... For instructions on using them, Intel Security recommends you use the .... files or methods listed above that you feel indicate a file is suspicious. ... Collect and submit Minimum Escalation Requirements (MER) tool ... or incorrectly classified files, or company software/images to McAfee Labs, see KB68030. | eng_Latn | 26,416 |
How do temperature changes affect the time required for aspirin to dissolve? | The hotter it is, the faster I think it will desolve. Hot liquids are moving at a faster rate, so the water molecules would be "bummping" into the aspirin more. This would cause it to disolve faster. Also, the hotter the liquid, the faster other things like sugar disolve. | Time does matter I had to do the same project just trust your teacher! Its way cool in the end! Im not gonna give you any hints cuz that would be cheating and nobody else tell either! Just trust him there is a reason for this method! | eng_Latn | 26,417 |
they are both polar. \n\nwater is polar and oil is nonpolar.\n\nthey are both nonpolar. \n\nwater is nonpolar and oil is polar | Water is polar and oil is nonpolar. The general rule of thumb for solubility is that "like dissolves like," where "like" refers to polarity. Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. | Normally, the soap we used is sodium or potassium salt made from the mixture of a sodium or potassium solution with fat acid. Therefore, sodium palmitate, for example, is a salt and also a soap we used daily. When sodium palmitate is dissolved by water, it will ionize into sodium ion and palmitate ion. Palmitate ion is made out of two parts which is the hydrophobic part and the hydrophilic part. The hydrophobic part will dissolves in grease or oil but not water, while the hydrophilic part will dissolve in water but not grease or oil. In short, the hydrophobic part of the ion dislikes water while the hydrophilic part of the ion likes water. Therefore, the hydrophilic part of the palmitate ion will dissolve in water, reducing or breaking the surface tension of water as the hydrophilic part of the ion forces itself into the neat structure of the water. Therefore, the neat structure of the water will be broken up, causing the surface tension of water to break up. For your information, palmitate ion is the one doing all the cleaning, breaking up the dirt on our clothes. As for detergent, it ionizes into sulfonate ion and has two parts as well. The mechanism of detergent breaking the surface tension of water is the same as the mechanism of soap. I hope you understand what I’m saying as I learn all these in a different language. Sorry if I wrote the wrong terms. | eng_Latn | 26,418 |
Why do bubbles move in a helix instead of straight up.? | im assuming you mean bubbles in a drink, not soap bubbles in the air,.\n\nthese are affected by drag and hydrostatic forces.\n\nas the bubble (which has a flexible form) moves upwards through the water, the outer skin of the bubble interacts with the water. this drag causes the bubble to be slightly pulled in one way or another. this slightly deforms the bubble, and this causes its direction to change. | hi I know this has nothing to do with yr question sorry to waste yr time...\nBut I just wanted to thank you,you replied to my question I chose you for best answer cause you really inspired me to not give a fuc# bout any1 so thanks if you would like to talk ,y email is : [email protected]\nTake Care thank you again!!\nGod Bless!! | eng_Latn | 26,419 |
The squark mass-matrix from the soft supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking sector contains a rich flavor-mixing structure that allows O(1) mixings among top- and charm-squarks while being consistent with all the existing theoretical and experimental bounds. We formulate a {\it minimal} flavor-changing-neutral current scheme in which the squark mixings arise from the non-diagonal scalar trilinear interactions. This feature can be realized in a class of new models with horizontal U(1)_H symmetry which generates realistic quark-mass matrices and provides a solution to the SUSY \mu-problem. Finally, without using the mass-insertion approximation, we analyze SUSY radiative corrections to the bcH^+ and tch^0 couplings, and show that these couplings can reveal exciting new discovery channels for the Higgs boson signals at the Tevatron and the LHC. | We consider Flavour Changing Neutral Current processes in the framework of the supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model. FCNC constraints on the structure of sfermion mass matrices are reviewed. Furthermore, we analyze supersymmetric contributions to FCNC transitions which remain in the limit of flavour-conserving sfermion mass matrices. Implications of the FCNC constraints on the structure of sfermion mass matrices for SUSY breaking and sfermion mass generation are discussed. We conclude that the supersymmetric flavour problem is intriguing but perhaps not as severe as it is commonly believed. | On land, the spatial magnitude of postural sway (i.e., the amount of sway) tends to be greater when participants look at the horizon than when they look at nearby targets. By contrast, on ships at sea, the spatial magnitude of postural sway in young adults has been greater when looking at nearby targets and less when looking at the horizon. Healthy aging is associated with changes in the movement patterns of the standing body sway, and these changes typically are interpreted in terms of age-related declines in the ability to control posture. To further elucidate the mechanisms associated with these changes we investigated control of posture in a setting that poses substantial postural challenges; standing on a ship at sea. In particular, we explored postural sway on a ship at sea when older adults looked at the horizon or at nearby targets. We evaluated the kinematics of the center of pressure in terms of spatial magnitude (i.e., the amount of sway) and multifractality (a measure of temporal dynamics). We found that looking at the horizon significantly affected the multifractality of standing body, but did not systematically influence the spatial magnitude of sway. We discuss the results in terms of age-related changes in the perception and control of dynamic body orientation. | eng_Latn | 26,420 |
S-factor measurement of the13C(p,γ)14N reaction in reverse kinematics | We measure the S-factor of the 13C(p,γ)14N reaction in reverse kinematics for energies ranging from 561 down to 225 keV with a low background experimental setup. The results are compared with previous measurements and an R-matrix treatment is applied to the data in order to obtain the properties of the 511 keV resonance that dominates the cross section at low energies. | 4 pages.-- PACS numbers: 05.45.Xt, 87.10.+e.-- ArXiv pre-print: http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.CD/0512009.-- Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.73.055202. | eng_Latn | 26,421 |
Cerebellar vermis lesions and tumours of the fourth ventricle in patients with positional and positioning vertigo and nystagmus. | Positional and positioning vertigo and nystagmus syndromes are usually due to peripheral vestibular dysfunction. The most common form is benign paroxysmal positioning. In this paper, we discuss more serious aetiologies in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with a history suggestive of benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo. We draw attention to the diagnosis of cerebellar vermis lesions and tumours of the fourth ventricle by presenting two cases of patients with positional nystagmus of so called benign paroxysmal type. We review the literature on positional nystagmus, highlighting key findings on history and physical examination to aid in the correct diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, and to differentiate it from the rare yet sinister central aetiologies that can present with positional vertigo of the benign positional type. This is with the aim to avoid over-investigating a common presentation without missing a serious diagnosis. | Geant4 [1] provides a software toolkit for the simulation of particles through matter. It has wide range of applicability, ranging from high-energy particle physics to space science. The physics description of Geant4 is in a constant process of improvement and validation. In this work a new relativistic Bremsstrahlung model is introduced. The key feature is a consistent description of matter effects, esp. the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect. The LPM effect will be of paramount importance for experiments at modern high-energy colliders, esp. the LHC, as well as in astroparticle physics applications. | eng_Latn | 26,422 |
Algebraic renormalization of N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories, Nucl. Phys. B458 | Infrared Regularization of Yang – Mills Theories | Natural suppression of flavour-changing neutral currents in supersymmetric gauge theories | eng_Latn | 26,423 |
Leptophilic neutral Higgs bosons in two Higgs doublet model at a linear collider | This paper addresses the question of observability of neutral Higgs bosons through the leptonic decay in a two Higgs doublet model (2HDM). Both scalar and pseudoscalar Higgs bosons ($H,~A$) are considered. The model is set to type IV to enhance the leptonic decay. In such a scenario, a signal production process like $e^+e^- \to A^0H^0 \to \tau\tau \mu\mu$ or $\mu\mu\tau\tau$ would provide a clear signal on top of the background in a di-muon invariant mass distribution far from the $Z$ boson pole mass. The analysis is based on a $\tau$-id algorithm which preselects events if they have two $\tau$ jets by requiring a hadronic $\tau$ decay. Several benchmark points are defined for the search, requiring a linear collider operating at $\sqrt{s} =$ 0.5 and 1 TeV. It is shown that the signal can be observed on top of the background in all benchmark points at an integrated luminosity of 1000 $fb^{-1}$. | The Hodges-Lehmann estimator was originally developed as a non-parametric estimator of a shift parameter. As it is widely used in statistical applications, the question is investigated what it is estimating if the shift model does not hold. It is shown that for data whose distributions are symmetric about their median the Hodges–Lehmann estimator based on the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test estimates the difference between the medians of the distributions. This result does generally not hold if the symmetry assumption is violated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | eng_Latn | 26,424 |
Does Pressure Break Mirror‐Image Symmetry? A perspective and new insights | This paper is aimed at dissecting and discussing the effect of high pressure on chirogenesis, thus unveiling the role of this universal force in astrochemical and primeval Darwinian scenarios. The first part of this contribution revisits the current status and recent experiments, most dealing with crystalline racemates, for which generation of metastable conglomeratic phases would eventually afford spontaneous resolution and hence enantioenriched mixtures. We then provide an in-depth thermodynamic analysis, based on previous studies of non-electrolyte solutions and dense mixtures accounting for the existence of positive excess volume upon mixing, to simulate the mirror symmetry breaking, the evolution of entropy production and dissipation due to enantiomer conversion. Results clearly suggest that mirror symmetry breaking under high pressure may be a genuine phenomenon and that enantioenrichment from initial scalemic mixtures may also take place. | Measurements performed at the Tevatron of both the like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry inBd;s-meson samples and the mixing-induced CP asymmetry inBs! J= depart from their standard model (SM) predictions. This could be an indication for new CP phases in B = 2 transitions, preferentially in Bs{ Bs mixing. The experimental situation, however, remained inconclusive, as it favored values of the element s of the decay matrix in the Bs-meson system that are notably dierent | yue_Hant | 26,425 |
Relativity and space-time: An introduction to the Special Theory of Relativity for High School Students | Concepts are introduced starting from simple and known examples, going deep into the ideas of the Special Relativity in a gradual but always simple manner. | We calculate the mass of thec\(\bar s\)P state recently observed by the ARGUS group and find that we get good predictions for a variety of potential models in the case of nonrelativistic kinematics. We also calculate the masses of other quark-antiquark states with the same models, using both nonrelativistic kinematics and a simple prescription for incorporating relativistic kinematics. It turns out that in the case of nonrelativistic kinematics, the calculated mass of the 1P state ofc\(\bar s\) is relatively insensitive to the form of the potential, while the masses of some other states depend to a greater degree on the potential. When we use relativistic kinematics, the spread in the calculated values becomes larger. We conclude that in the case of nonrelativistic kinematics, the predicted mass of the 1P state ofc\(\bar s\) is less model dependent than those of some other states, but that measurement of other states can give us more information about the quark-antiquark potential. | eng_Latn | 26,426 |
Meridian MDC and VC Disconnection and Non-Payment Information | In our 11 June submission on the Retail Advisory Group’s (RAG’s) “ Review of Domestic Contracting Arrangements” issues paper, we indicated we would provide the RAG with the information requested in the consultation regarding non-payment and disconnection amongst medically dependent and vulnerable consumers (MDCs and VCs) at a later stage. | The motivation most often cited in searches for D 0 − D 0 ¯ mixing and CP-violation in charm system lies with the possibility of observing a signal from new physics which dominates that from the Standard Model. We review recent theoretical predictions and experimental constraints on D 0 − D 0 ¯ mixing parameters. We also discuss the current status of searches for CP-violation in charmed meson transitions, as well as some recent theoretical ideas. | eng_Latn | 26,427 |
Two Cases of Partial Trisomy 4p and Partial Trisomy 14q | We present clinical and cytogenetic data on 2 cases of partial trisomy 4p and partial trisomy 14q. Both patients had an extra der(14)t(4;14)(p15.31;q12) chromosome due to a 3:1 segregation from a balanced translocation carrier mother. Array analyses indicated that their chromosomal breakpoints were similar, but there was no relationship between the 2 families. Both patients showed prominent growth retardation and psychomotor developmental delay. Other phenotypic manifestations were generally mild and variable; for example, patient 1 had a short palpebral fissure and low-set ears whereas patient 2 had a round face, asymmetric eyes, small ears, a short neck, finger/toe abnormalities, and behavioral problems. | We study the processes $e^+ e^- \to Y(4260) \to J/\psi \pi\pi(K\bar{K})$. The strong final-state interactions, especially the coupled-channel ($\pi\pi$ and $K\bar{K}$) final-state interaction in the $S$-wave are taken into account in a model-independent way using dispersion theory. It is found that the light-quark SU(3) octet state plays a significant role in these transitions, implying that the $Y(4260)$ contains a large light-quark component. Our findings suggest that the $Y(4260)$ is neither a hybrid nor a conventional charmonium state. Furthermore, through an analysis of the ratio of the light-quark SU(3) octet and singlet components, we show that the $Y(4260)$ does not behave like a pure $\bar D D_1$ hadronic molecule as well. | eng_Latn | 26,428 |
ON THE QUANTUM GROUP STRUCTURE IN WZW MODELS AND CHERN–SIMONS THEORIES | We discuss the origin of quantum group features in both Wess–Zumino–Witten models and (2 + 1)-dimensional topological Chern–Simons theories. We identify certain matrices in these theories whose elements obey commutation relations characteristic of a quantum group. | Lattice QCD can give direct information on OZI-violating contributions to mesons. Here we explore the contributions that split flavour singlet and non-singlet meson masses. I discuss in detail the spectrum and decays for scalar mesons (ie including glueball effects). I also review the status of hybrid mesons and their decays. | yue_Hant | 26,429 |
Search for sleptons in e+e− collisions at centre–of–mass energies up to 184 GeV | Abstract The data collected by the ALEPH experiment at LEP at centre–of–mass energies around 183 GeV are analysed to search for sleptons, the partners of leptons in supersymmetric theories. The previously published search for acoplanar leptons and missing energy has been updated. New searches have been developed to cover a wider range of slepton signals. These include single electrons, acoplanar leptons accompanied by two photons plus missing energy as well as particles with lifetime. No evidence for the production of any such particles is found. Slepton mass limits are reported within gravity mediated and gauge mediated SUSY breaking scenarios. | We study the semileptonic decays of the lowest-lying bc baryons to the lowest-lying cc baryons ::: (b0c ! cc and 0 bc ! cc), in the limit mb;mc QCD and close to the zero-recoil point. The ::: separate heavy quark spin symmetries make it possible to describe all these decays using a single form ::: factor. We recover results derived previously by White and Savage in a manner which we think is more ::: straightforward and parallels the method applied later to study Bc semileptonic decays. We further discuss ::: the resemblance between the bc baryon decays and those of Bc mesons to c and J= mesons and ::: comment on the relation between the slopes of the single functions describing each set of decays. Our ::: results can straightforwardly be applied to the decays of bb baryons to bc baryons. | eng_Latn | 26,430 |
However, most of the studies examined by Ito and Thurston only controlled for PM10 or broader measures of particles and did not directly control for PM2. | Most of the studies did not directly control for PM2. | No studies controlled for PM10. | eng_Latn | 26,431 |
Fans with the property of Kelley | UNIVERSALITY OF WEAKLY ARC-PRESERVING MAPPINGS | EXO0748−676 Rules out Soft Equations of State for Neutron Star Matter | eng_Latn | 26,432 |
Recent Results from Fermilab E-687 : Charm Particle Decays , Liftimes and Photoproduction Dynamics : A Compilation of Results Presented at DPF 1994 | Charm and bottom production: theoretical results versus experimental data | No evidence for apparent extent between parallels as the basis of the Poggendorff effect | eng_Latn | 26,433 |
Polyakov loop in chiral quark models at finite temperature | Sign problem in $Z_3$-symmetric effective Polyakov-line model | The dual string spectrum in Polyakov's quantization (I) | eng_Latn | 26,434 |
Model-independent results for SU(3) violation in twist-3 light-cone distribution functions | P o S ( L a t t i c e 2 0 1 0 ) 1 5 4 Light Meson Distribution Amplitudes | Towards Ultimate Parton Distributions at the High-Luminosity LHC | eng_Latn | 26,435 |
A MC approach to simulate up- and down-going neutrino showers including local topographic conditions | High energy neutrinos to see inside the Earth | EXO0748−676 Rules out Soft Equations of State for Neutron Star Matter | eng_Latn | 26,436 |
Search for charged Higgs bosons at LEP | Search for a light charged Higgs boson in top quark decays in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV | Porin channels in intact cells of Escherichia coli are not affected by Donnan potentials across the outer membrane. | eng_Latn | 26,437 |
Probing the Higgs self coupling via single Higgs production at the LHC | The measurement of the Higgs self-coupling at the LHC: theoretical status | The measurement of the Higgs self-coupling at the LHC: theoretical status | eng_Latn | 26,438 |
Hidden-charm pentaquarks and $P_c$ states | Hidden-charm and hidden-bottom molecular pentaquarks in chiral perturbation theory | The hidden-charm strong decays of the $Z_c$ states | eng_Latn | 26,439 |
Correlation between conserved charges in PNJL Model with multi-quark interactions | Three-loop HTLpt thermodynamics at finite temperature and chemical potential | Cosmological constraints on parametrized interacting dark energy | eng_Latn | 26,440 |
Rare Decays with a Light CP-Odd Higgs Boson in the NMSSM | EFFECTIVE FIELD THEORIES OF THE STANDARD MODEL | The hidden-charm strong decays of the $Z_c$ states | eng_Latn | 26,441 |
Free-Energy Barriers in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Model | The asymptotic theory of extreme order statistics | Equivalence of the two results for the free energy of the chiral Potts model | eng_Latn | 26,442 |
Production spectra of zero-degree neutral particles measured by the LHCf experiment | Penetrating component in cosmic rays | The hidden-charm strong decays of the $Z_c$ states | eng_Latn | 26,443 |
Model Independent Predictions for Rare Top Decays with Weak Coupling | $t\to cg$ and $t\to cZ$ in Universal Extra Dimensional Models | Highly compact polarization-independent grating coupler | eng_Latn | 26,444 |
On the stability of the perturbative ground state in non-abelian Yang-Mills theories | From Heisenberg-Euler Lagrangian to the discovery of chromomagnetic gluon condensation | Infrared Regularization of Yang – Mills Theories | eng_Latn | 26,445 |
The Constructive Standard Model: Part I | On-shell recursion relations for all born qcd amplitudes | A Case Study in Constructivist Pedagogy in a Computer Organization Course | eng_Latn | 26,446 |
Octupole excitations in light xenon and barium nuclei | Landscape of pear-shaped even-even nuclei | EXO0748−676 Rules out Soft Equations of State for Neutron Star Matter | eng_Latn | 26,447 |
Search for t t-bar resonances in highly boosted lepton+jets and fully hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV | A New Method for Combining NLO QCD with Shower Monte Carlo Algorithms | Intestinal Tumorigenesis Is Not Affected by Progesterone Signaling in Rodent Models | eng_Latn | 26,448 |
Large CP Violation, Large Mixings of Neutrinos and Democratic-type Neutrino Mass Matrix | Scotogenic model for co-bimaximal mixing | The Mystery of Neutrino Mixings | eng_Latn | 26,449 |
Free energy of the chiral Potts model in the scaling region | Equivalence of the two results for the free energy of the chiral Potts model | Equivalence of the two results for the free energy of the chiral Potts model | eng_Latn | 26,450 |
Constraints on Weakly Mixed Sterile Neutrinos in the Light of SNO Salt Phase and 766.3 Ty KamLAND Data | Reducing cosmological small scale structure via a large dark matter-neutrino interaction: constraints and consequences | Completely Stale Transmitter Channel State Information is Still Very Useful | eng_Latn | 26,451 |
J un 2 00 5 Medium modifications of nucleon electromagnetic form factors | Theory Of Interacting Fermi Systems | Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory including vector mesons | eng_Latn | 26,452 |
Could the photon dispersion relation be non-linear ? | Chiral fermions in noncommutative electrodynamics: renormalizability and dispersion | Computational strategies for national integration of phenotypic, genomic, and pedigree data in a single-step best linear unbiased prediction | eng_Latn | 26,453 |
This report outlines the process of neutrino production in NuMI and describes the o-axis simulation of event rates at SciBooNE from NuMI Monte Carlo output. A Pauli-suppression parameter, , introduced by the MiniBooNE collaboration in their description of muon neutrino charged current quasi-elastic scattering on Carbon, is applied to see its eect on the prediction of NuMI events at SciBooNE. A geometric acceptance restriction on the events is utilized to single out events leading to the capture of the outgoing muon in SciBar. Finally, the MiniBooNE NuMI trigger timing is summarized for its relevance to a possible SciBooNE NuMI trigger. | We examine the systematics of deep inelastic neutrino scattering from complex nuclei by computing the cross section for quasi-elastic scattering and for quasi-free resonance production. We retain relativistic kinematics for the recoiling particle and the full relativistic hadronic weak vertex. The isobar cross section is expressed in terms of helicity amplitudes of the weak current, defined through an application of the Jacob-Wick formalism to the general isobar-nucleon weak vertex. The cross section is computed analytically for the nuclear Fermi gas model. We stress that exactly the same model has already been very successfully applied to inelastic electron scattering from complex nuclei. | ABSTRACTUNC-45A is an ubiquitously expressed protein highly conserved throughout evolution. Most of what we currently know about UNC-45A pertains to its role as a regulator of the actomyosin system... | eng_Latn | 26,454 |
We discuss results from a recently proposed all-order description of hard, radiative corrections to certain multi-jet processes at hadron colliders. The description is based on obtaining an all-order estimate of the t-channel singularities of scattering amplitudes. As a simple example, we illustrate the similarities between qQ and qg-scattering. In particular, we discuss how at tree-level, all non-suppressed helicity-amplitudes for these processes consist of a pure t-channel pole. This structure is used in the construction of all-order approximations. | At lowest order in perturbation theory, the scattering matrix element for Higgs boson production in association with dijets displays a strong correlation in the azimuthal angle between the dijets, induced by the CP-properties of the Higgs Boson coupling. However, the phase space cuts necessary for a clean extraction of the CP-properties simultaneously induce large corrections from emissions of hard radiation and thus formation of extra jets. The current study concerns the generalization of CP-studies using the azimuthal angle between dijets beyond tree-level and to events with more than just two jets. By analyzing the High Energy Limit of hard scattering matrix elements we arrive at a set of cuts optimized to enhance the correlation, while maintaining a large cross section, and an observable, which is very stable against higher order corrections. We contrast the description of Higgs boson production in association with jets at different levels: for tree-level hjj and hjjj matrix elements, for hjj matrix elements plus parton shower, and in a recent all-order framework, which converges to the full, all-order perturbative result in the limit of large invariant mass between all produced particles. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,455 |
We present a formalism that enables the analytic calculation of the interaction of a spin-half particle with a polychromatic electromagnetic field. This powerful new approach provides a clear physical picture even for cases with highly degenerate energy levels, which are complicated to interpret in the standard dressed-atom picture. Typically semi-classical methods are used for such problems (leading to equations that are solved by Floquet theory). Our formalism is derived from quantum electrodynamics and thus is more widely applicable. In particular it makes accessible the intermediate regime between quantum and semi-classical dynamics. We give examples of the application to multi-frequency multi-photon processes in strong fields by deriving the Hamiltonians of such systems, and also to the dynamics of weak fields at long times for which semi-classical methods are insufficient. | Transition Amplitudes in Electrodynamics A Survey of Some Interaction Processes Between Photons and Atoms Nonperturbative Calculation of Transition Amplitudes Radiation Considered as a Reservoir Master Equation for the Particles Optical Bloch Equations The Dressed Atom Approach. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 26,456 |
We study the LHC phenomenology of flavor changing Yukawa couplings between top quark, Higgs boson, and either an up or charm quark. Such $tuh$ or $tch$ couplings arise for instance in models in which Higgs sector is extended by the existence of additional Higgs bosons or by higher dimensional operators. We emphasize the importance of anomalous single top plus Higgs production in these scenarios, in addition to the more widely studied $t \to h j$ decays. By recasting existing CMS searches in multilepton and diphoton plus lepton final states, we show that bounds on $tuh$ couplings are improved by a factor of 1.5 when single top plus Higgs production is accounted for. We also recast the CMS search for vector boson plus Higgs production into new, competitive constraints on $tuh$ and $tch$ couplings, setting the limits of $BR(t\to hu)<0.7%$ and $BR(t\to hc)<1.2%$. We then investigate the sensitivity of future searches in multilepton channel and in fully hadronic channel. In multilepton searches, studying the lepton rapidity distributions and charge assignments can be used to discriminate between $tuh$ couplings, for which anomalous single top production is relevant, and $tch$ couplings, for which it is suppressed by the parton distribution function of the charm quark. An analysis of fully hadronic $t+h$ production and $t\to h j$ decay can be competitive with the multilepton search at 100 fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV data if jet substructure techniques are employed to reconstruct boosted top quarks and Higgs bosons. To show this we develop a modified version of the HEPTopTagger algorithm, optimized for tagging $t \to h j$ decays. Our sensitivity estimates on $BR(t\to hu)$ ($BR(t\to hc)$) at 100 fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV data for multilepton searches, vector boson plus Higgs search and fully hadronic search are $0.22%$ ($0.33%$), $0.15%$ ($0.19%$) and $0.36%$ ($0.48%$), respectively. | We adopt a fully gauge-invariant effective-field-theory approach for parametrizing top-quark flavor-changing-neutral-current interactions. It allows for a global interpretation of experimental constraints (or measurements) and the systematic treatment of higher-order quantum corrections. We discuss some recent results obtained at next-to-leading-order accuracy in QCD and perform, at that order, a first global analysis of a subset of the available experimental limits in terms of effective operator coefficients. We encourage experimental collaborations to adopt this approach and extend the analysis by using all information they have prime access to | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,457 |
We study the effects of Coulombic interactions between fermions in generic models with large extra dimensions in which standard model fields propagate. It is suggested that these interactions could help to explain (i) why the heaviest known fermion is a charge 2/3 quark, rather than a charge −1/3 quark or a lepton, (ii) why this fermion has a mass m t comparable to the electroweak symmetry breaking scale M ew and, (iii) the patterns m t ⪢ m b > m τ and m c ⪢ m s > m μ . | We study the fermion mass and mixing hierarchy problems within the context of the SU(5) 4+1d domain-wall brane model of Davies, George, and Volkas. In this model, the ordinary fermion mass relations of SU(5) grand unified theories are avoided, since the masses are proportional to overlap integrals of the profiles of the electroweak Higgs and the chiral components of each fermion, which are split into different 3+1d hyperplanes according to their hypercharges. We show that the fermion mass hierarchy without electroweak mixing can be generated naturally from these splittings, that generation of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix looks promising, and that the Cabibbo angle, along with the mass hierarchy, can be generated for the case of Majorana neutrinos from a more modest hierarchy of parameters. We also show that, under some assumptions made on the parameter space, the generation of realistic lepton mixing angles is not possible without fine-tuning, which argues for a flavor symmetry to enforce the required relations. | We consider Einstein gravity with the addition of $R^2$ and $R^{\mu \nu} R_{\mu \nu}$ interactions in the context of effective field theory, and the corresponding scattering amplitudes of gravitons and minimally-coupled heavy scalars. First, we recover the known fact that graviton amplitudes are the same as in Einstein gravity. Then we show that all amplitudes with two heavy scalars and an arbitrary number of gravitons are also not affected by these interactions. We prove this by direct computations, using field redefinitions known from earlier applications in string theory, and with a combination of factorisation and power-counting arguments. Combined with unitarity, these results imply that, in an effective field theory approach, the Newtonian potential receives neither classical nor quantum corrections from terms quadratic in the curvature. | eng_Latn | 26,458 |
We reconsider the two different facets of {pi} and K mesons as qq bound states and approximate Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We address several topics, including masses, mass splittings between {pi} and {rho} and between K and K*, meson wave functions, charge radii, and the K-{pi} wave function overlap. | This book is devoted exclusively to a very special class of random processes, namely to random walk on the lattice points of ordinary Euclidean space. The author considered this high degree of specialization worth while, because of the theory of such random walks is far more complete than that of any larger class of Markov chains. The book will present no technical difficulties to the readers with some solid experience in analysis in two or three of the following areas: probability theory, real variables and measure, analytic functions, Fourier analysis, differential and integral operators. There are almost 100 pages of examples and problems. | Every function of n inputs can be efficiently computed by a complete network of n processors in such a way that: If no faults occur, no set of size t n /2 of players gets any additional information (other than the function value), Even if Byzantine faults are allowed, no set of size t n /3 can either disrupt the computation or get additional information. Furthermore, the above bounds on t are tight! | eng_Latn | 26,459 |
We update our approximate parametrizations of the three-loop splitting functions for the evolution of unpolarized parton densities in perturbative QCD. The new information taken into account is given by the additional Mellin moments recently calculated by Retey and Vermaseren. The inclusion of these constraints reduces the uncertainties of our approximations considerably and extends their region of applicability by about one order of magnitude to lower momentum fractions x. | It has been observed that in the DIS scheme the refactorization of the Drell-Yan cross section leading to exponentiation of threshold logarithms can also be used to organize a class of constant terms, most of which arise from the ratio of the timelike Sudakov form factor to its spacelike counterpart. We extend this exponentiation to include all constant terms, and demonstrate how a similar organization may be achieved in the MS-bar scheme. We study the relevance of these exponentiations in a two-loop analysis. | Perfect Quantum Cloning Machines (QCM) would allow to use quantum nonlocality for arbitrary fast signaling. However perfect QCM cannot exist. We derive a bound on the fidelity of QCM compatible with the no-signaling constraint. This bound equals the fidelity of the Bu\v{z}ek-Hillery QCM. | eng_Latn | 26,460 |
We study the influence of the chiral phase transition on the chiral magnetic effect. The azimuthal charge-particle correlations as functions of the temperature are calculated. It is found that there is a pronounced cusp in the correlations as the temperature reaches its critical value for the QCD phase transition. It is predicted that there will be a drastic suppression of the charge-particle correlations as the collision energy in RHIC decreases to below a critical value. We show then the azimuthal charge-particle correlations can be the signal to identify the occurrence of the QCD phase transitions in RHIC energy scan experiments. | In the presence of dense matter quantum anomalies give rise to two new transport phenomena. An anomalous current is generated either by an external magnetic field or through vortices in the fluid carrying the anomalous charge. The associated transport coefficients are the anomalous magnetic and vortical conductivities. Whereas a Kubo formula for the anomalous magnetic conductivity is well known we develop a new Kubo type formula that allows the calculation of the vortical conductivity through a two point function of the anomalous current and the energy current. We also point out that the anomalous vortical conductivity can be understood as a response to a gravitomagnetic field. We apply these Kubo formulas to a simple holographic system, the R-charged black hole. | We discuss the evidence for the presence of QCD saturation effects in the data collected in d+Au collisions at RHIC. In particular we focus our analysis on forward hadron yields and azimuthal correlations. Approaches alternative to the CGC description of these two observables are discussed in parallel. | eng_Latn | 26,461 |
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between nocturnal enuresis (NE) and upper airway obstruction (UAO) in pediatric population. Material and methods: This study presents the results of our experience with 321 children who underwent adenotonsillar surgery. Results: Among 321 children who were operated on, 111 (35%) had NE. Seventy-four of the 111 children who had NE have been evaluated postoperatively. After a follow-up period of 3 months 47 (63%) patients were free of their complaints, while three (4%) of them reported decrease in the frequency of NE and 24 had no change in their complaints. Conclusions: We do suggest that UAO is probably a more common etiological factor in NE than previously recognised. | Background ::: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nocturnal enuresis (NE) are common clinical problems in children. OSA and NE are thought to be interrelated, but the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet clear. This review aims to explain the possible pathogenesis of NE in children with OSA. | We discuss the theoretical bases that underpin the automation of the computations of tree-level and next-to-leading order cross sections, of their matching to parton shower simulations, and of the merging of matched samples that differ by light-parton multiplicities. We present a computer program, MadGraph5_aMC@NLO, capable of handling all these computations -- parton-level fixed order, shower-matched, merged -- in a unified framework whose defining features are flexibility, high level of parallelisation, and human intervention limited to input physics quantities. We demonstrate the potential of the program by presenting selected phenomenological applications relevant to the LHC and to a 1-TeV $e^+e^-$ collider. While next-to-leading order results are restricted to QCD corrections to SM processes in the first public version, we show that from the user viewpoint no changes have to be expected in the case of corrections due to any given renormalisable Lagrangian, and that the implementation of these are well under way. | eng_Latn | 26,462 |
In the first part of the talk, three key ideas proposed in the 1970s, and in particular their combined role in providing an understanding of the neutrino-masses as well as of the baryon-asymmetry of the universe, are expounded. The ideas in question include: (i) The symmetry SU(4)-color, which introduces the right-handed neutrino as an essential member of each family and also provides (rather reliably) the Dirac mass of the tau-neutrino by relating it to the top quark mass; (ii) SUSY grand unification together with the scale of the meeting of the three gauge couplings, which provides the scale for the superheavy Majorana masses of the RH neutrinos; and (iii) the seesaw mechanism, which combines the Dirac and the superheavy Majorana masses of the neutrinos obtained as above to yield naturally light LH neutrinos and in particular the right magnitude for m(nu-tau). In the second part, an attempt is made, based in part on recent works, to show how a set of diverse phenomena including (a) fermion masses, (b) neutrino oscillations, (c) CP and flavor violations, and (d) baryogenesis via leptogenesis can fit together neatly within a single predictive framework based on an effective symmetry group G(224) = SU(2)_L x SU(2)_R x SU(4)-color or SO(10), possessing supersymmetry. CP and flavor violations arising within this framework include enhanced rates (often close to observed limits) for mu -> e + gamma and tau -> mu + gamma and also measurable electric dipole moments of the neutron and the electron. Expectations arising within the same framework for proton decay are summarized at the end. It is stressed that the two notable missing pieces of this framework, which is otherwise so successful, are supersymmetry and proton decay. | By way of paying tribute to Abdus Salam, I recall the ideas of higher unification that he and I initiated. I discuss the current status of those ideas in the light of recent developments, including those of: (a) gauge coupling unification, (b) discovery of neutrino-oscillation at SuperKamiokande, and (c) ongoing searches for proton decay. It is remarked that the mass of ντ(~ 1/20 eV) suggested by the SuperK result seems to provide clear support for an underlying unity of forces based on the ideas of (i) SU(4)-color, (ii) left–right symmetry and (iii) supersymmetry. The change in perspective, pertaining to both gauge coupling unification and proton decay, brought forth by supersymmetry and superstrings is presented. The beneficial roles of string-symmetries in addressing certain naturalness problems of supersymmetry, including that of rapid proton decay, are noted. In the last section, attention is drawn to the recent joint works with K. Babu and F. Wilczek, where the influence of neutrino masses and thus of the new SuperK result on proton decay are noted. In this context, it is remarked that with neutrino masses and coupling unification revealed, the discovery of proton decay, that remains as the missing link, should not be far behind. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,463 |
In this work we will investigate Lagrangians of the standard model extended by three right-handed neutrinos, and the consequences of invariance under finite groups G for lepton masses and mixing matrices are studied. The main part of this work is the systematic analysis of finite subgroups of SU(3). The analysis of these groups may act as a toolkit for future model building. | We motivate the usage of finite groups as symmetries of the Lagrangian. After a presentation of basic group-theoretical concepts, we introduce the notion of characters and character tables in the context of irreducible representations and discuss their applications. We exemplify these theoretical concepts with the groups S_4 and A_4. Finally, we discuss the relation between tensor products of irreducible representations and Yukawa couplings and describe a model for tri-bimaximal lepton mixing based on A_4. | We consider the possibility to detect right-handed neutrinos, which are mostly singlets of the standard model gauge group, at future accelerators. Substantial mixing of these neutrinos with the active neutrinos requires a cancellation of different contributions to the light neutrino mass matrix at the level of 10{sup -8}. We discuss possible symmetries behind this cancellation and argue that for three right-handed neutrinos they always lead to conservation of total lepton number. Light neutrino masses can be generated by small perturbations violating these symmetries. In the most general case, LHC physics and the mechanism of neutrino mass generation are essentially decoupled; with additional assumptions, correlations can appear between collider observables and features of the neutrino mass matrix. | eng_Latn | 26,464 |
Proof of a conjecture of L. Bondesson concerning infinite divisibility of powers of a gamma variable | The life and work of Olof Thorin (1912-2004) | No evidence for apparent extent between parallels as the basis of the Poggendorff effect | eng_Latn | 26,465 |
Limit on the production of a low-mass vector boson ine+e−→Uγ,U→e+e−with the KLOE experiment | A light complex scalar for the electron and muon anomalous magnetic moments | New exact solutions of Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation using extended F-expansion method | eng_Latn | 26,466 |
Exotic hybrid mesons with light quarks | Hybrid mesons from quenched QCD UKQCD | Immunotherapeutic targeting of LIGHT/LTβR/HVEM pathway fully recapitulates the reduced cytotoxic phenotype of LIGHT-deficient T cells | eng_Latn | 26,467 |
P o S ( D I S 2 0 1 8 ) 0 9 3 Jet properties and correlations in multijet topologies in CMS | New formalism for QCD parton showers | Path collective variables without paths | eng_Latn | 26,468 |
Soft Universalisms: Beyond Young and Rorty on Difference | Pragmatism, critical theory and democratic inclusion | EXO0748−676 Rules out Soft Equations of State for Neutron Star Matter | eng_Latn | 26,469 |
Probing Higgs self-coupling of a classically scale invariant model in $e^+e^- \to Zhh$: Evaluation at physical point | The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations | The hidden-charm strong decays of the $Z_c$ states | eng_Latn | 26,470 |
Electroweak Radiative Corrections to Single-top Production | Single top-quark production with SHERPA | Exponentially weighted moving average control chart | eng_Latn | 26,471 |
Enhancement of Vibronic and Ground-State Vibrational Coherences in 2D Spectra of Photosynthetic Complexes | Vibronic Resonances Facilitate Excited-State Coherence in Light-Harvesting Proteins at Room Temperature | EXO0748−676 Rules out Soft Equations of State for Neutron Star Matter | eng_Latn | 26,472 |
A relativistic quark model for baryons | Relativistic quark models of baryons with instantaneous forces Theoretical background | Relativistic quark models of baryons with instantaneous forces Theoretical background | eng_Latn | 26,473 |
Operation and performance of the NESTOR test detector: A measurement of the atmospheric muon flux | P o S ( Q GP h ) 0 2 2 Searching for Quantum Gravity with Neutrino Telescopes | Microtubule capture by CENP-E silences BubR1-dependent mitotic checkpoint signaling | eng_Latn | 26,474 |
Little Higgs models provide a natural explanation of the little hierarchy between the electroweak scale and a few TeV scale, where new physics is expected. Under the same inspiring naturalness arguments, this work completes a previous study on lepton flavor-changing processes in the Littlest Higgs model with T-parity exploring the channel that will eventually turn out to be the most sensitive, μ − e conversion in nuclei. All one-loop contributions are carefully taken into account, results for the most relevant nuclei are provided and a discussion of the influence of the quark mixing is included. The results for the Ti nucleus are in good agreement with earlier work by Blanke et al., where a degenerate mirror quark sector was assumed. The conclusion is that, although this particular model reduces the tension with electroweak precision tests, if the restrictions on the parameter space derived from lepton flavor violation are taken seriously, the degree of fine tuning necessary to meet these constraints also disfavors this model. | If the only contribution to neutrinoless double beta decay (0nbb ) are neutrino masses its discovery may be very difficult, especially if neutrinos present a normal hierarchy spectrum. However, this is not the only possibility; 0nbb can in general produce electrons of either chirality, in contrast with the neutrino induced 0nbb which predicts two left-handed electrons. Using an effective Lagrangian approach we classify the lepton number violating (LNV) effective operators with two leptons of either chirality but no quarks, ordered according to the magnitude of their contribution to 0nbb . We point out that, for each of the three chirality assignments, eLeL; eLeR and eReR , there is only one LNV operator of the corresponding type to lowest order, and these have dimensions 5, 7 and 9, respectively. Neutrino masses are always induced by these extra operators but can be delayed to one (dimension 7) or two loops (dimension 9). Under the assumption that 0nbb is dominated by the operators of dimension 7 or 9 we find that the scale of new physics should be relatively low (. 30 TeV). We also list the SM additions generating these operators upon integration of the heavy modes, and discuss simple realistic examples of renormalizable theories for each case. The phenomenology of a model giving rise to the dimension 9 operator has been analyzed with some detail: if 0nbb is going to be seen in the next round of experiments, the doubly charged scalars of the model could be seen at the LHC and lepton flavour violating (LFV) rates could be at the reach of foreseen experiments. Moreover neutrino masses, which arise at two loops, display a very particular structure and are strongly constrained, in fact, sin 2 q13 & 0:008, when m! eee is required to lie below its present experimental limit. | The large ttbar production cross-section at the LHC suggests the use of top quark decays to calibrate several critical parts of the detectors, such as the trigger system, the jet energy scale and b-tagging. | eng_Latn | 26,475 |
The observation of the decay $\varXi^{-}_{b}\to J/\psi\varLambda K^{-}$ is reported, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$, collected by the LHCb detector in $pp$ collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $7$ and $8~\mathrm{TeV}$. The production rate of $\varXi_{b}^{-}$ baryons detected in the decay $\varXi_{b}^{-}\to J/\psi\varLambda K^{-}$ is measured relative to that of $\varLambda_{b}^{0}$ baryons using the decay $\varLambda_{b}^{0}\to J/\psi \varLambda$. Integrated over the $b$-baryon transverse momentum $p_{\rm T}<25~\mathrm{GeV/}c $ and rapidity $2.0<y<4.5$, the measured ratio is \begin{equation*} \frac{f_{\varXi_{b}^{-}}}{f_{\varLambda_{b}^{0}}}\frac{\mathcal{B}(\varXi_{b}^{-}\to J/\psi\varLambda K^{-})}{\mathcal{B}(\varLambda_{b}^{0}\to J/\psi \varLambda)}=(4.19\pm 0.29~(\mathrm{stat})\pm0.15~(\mathrm{syst}))\times 10^{-2}, \end{equation*}where $f_{\varXi_{b}^{-}}$ and $f_{\varLambda_{b}^{0}}$ are the fragmentation fractions of $b\to\varXi_{b}^{-}$ and $b\to\varLambda_{b}^{0}$ transitions, and $\mathcal{B}$ represents the branching fraction of the corresponding $b$-baryon decay. The mass difference between $\varXi_{b}^{-}$ and $\varLambda_{b}^{0}$ baryons is measured to be \begin{equation*} M(\varXi_{b}^{-})-M(\varLambda_{b}^{0})=177.08\pm0.47~(\mathrm{stat})\pm0.16~(\mathrm{syst} )~\mathrm{MeV/}c^{2}. \end{equation*} | Geant4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Its functionality and modeling capabilities continue to be extended, while its performance is enhanced. An overview of recent developments in diverse areas of the toolkit is presented. These include performance optimization for complex setups; improvements for the propagation in fields; new options for event biasing; and additions and improvements in geometry, physics processes and interactive capabilities | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,476 |
Jets from boosted heavy particles have a typical angular scale which can be used to distinguish it from QCD jets. We introduce a machine learning strategy for jet substructure analysis using a spectral function on the angular scale. The angular spectrum allows us to scan energy deposits over the angle between a pair of particles in a highly visual way. We set up an artificial neural network (ANN) to find out characteristic shapes of the spectra of the jets from heavy particle decays. By taking the discrimination of Higgs jets from QCD jets as an example, we show that the ANN based on the angular spectrum has similar performance to existing taggers. In addition, some improvement is seen in the case that additional extra radiations occur. Notably, the new algorithm automatically combines the information of the multi-point correlations in the jet. | We introduce a jet shape observable defined for an ensemble of jets in terms of two-particle angular correlations and a resolution parameter R. This quantity is infrared and collinear safe and can be interpreted as a scaling exponent for the angular distribution of mass inside the jet. For small R it is close to the value 2 as a consequence of the approximately scale invariant QCD dynamics. For large R it is sensitive to non-perturbative effects. We describe the use of this correlation function for tests of QCD, for studying underlying event and pile-up effects, and for tuning Monte Carlo event generators. | This book offers a concise introduction to the angular momentum, one of the most fundamental quantities in all of quantum mechanics. Beginning with the quantization of angular momentum, spin angular momentum, and the orbital angular momentum, the author goes on to discuss the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for a two-component system. After developing the necessary mathematics, specifically spherical tensors and tensor operators, the author then investigates the 3-"j," 6-"j," and 9-"j" symbols. Throughout, the author provides practical applications to atomic, molecular, and nuclear physics. These include partial-wave expansions, the emission and absorption of particles, the proton and electron quadrupole moment, matrix element calculation in practice, and the properties of the symmetrical top molecule. | eng_Latn | 26,477 |
In a previous work1 we have studied the propagation of relativistic particles in the bulk for some of the most popular brane models. Constraints have been put on the parameter space of these models by calculating the time delay due to propagation in the bulk of particles created during the interaction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) with protons in the terrestrial atmosphere. The question was, however, raised that probability of hard processes in which bulk modes can be produced is small and consequently, the tiny flux of UHECRs cannot constrain brane models. Here we use Color Glass Condensate (CGC) model to show that effects of extra dimensions are visible not only in hard processes when the incoming photon/parton hits a massive Kaluza–Klein mode but also through the modification of soft/semi-hard parton distribution. At classical level, for an observer in the CM frame of UHECR and atmospheric hadrons, color charge sources are contracted to a thin sheet with a width inversely proportional to th... | We obtain a class of solutions for the AdS$_5$ two-brane models by imposing the observed value of cosmological constant and Newton coupling constant on the visible brane. When all terms up to the first order of matter density are included, the cosmological evolution on the observable brane depends on the equation of state of the matter and consequently when the pressure exists, the cosmology of these models deviates from FLRW cosmology. We show that it is possible to choose the matter equation of state on the hidden brane to neutralize its contribution on the cosmological evolution of the visible brane. We compare the prediction of these models for primordial {\it $^4$He} yield with observations. In standard BBN with $n_{\nu}^{light} = 3$ this brane model is ruled out. If in addition to 3 SM neutrinos there is one light sterile neutrino, this model reconciles the observed {\it $^4$He} yield with a high ${\Omega}_b \sim 0.033 h^{-2}$ suggested by BOOMERANG and MAXIMA experiments. | Summary ::: ::: We evaluate a technique for genotyping HNA-1a, -1b and -1c antigens, resorting to fluorescence-primed allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (FPAS-PCR), and determine the frequency of the different genotypes in a normal Portuguese population. Our results indicate that the FPAS-PCR system is a reliable and simple tool for genotyping the neutrophil Fcγ receptor IIIB antigens. The HNA-1a, -1b and -1c gene frequencies of 42.98, 84.21 and 6.14%, respectively, found in this study are similar to those reported for other white populations. | eng_Latn | 26,478 |
The collinear QCD structure of the electron is studied within the Standard Model. The electron structure function is defined and calculated in leading logarithmic approximation. It shows important contribution from the interference of the intermediate electroweak bosons. The problem of momentum scales is extensively discussed. The master equations for the QCD parton densities inside the electron are constructed and solved numerically in the asymptotic region. Significant corrections to the naive evolution procedure are found. Phenomenological applications at present and future momentum scales are discussed. | The QCD structure of the electron is defined and calculated. The leading order splitting functions are extracted, showing an important contribution from γ- Z interference. Leading logarithmic QCD evolution equations are constructed and solved in the asymptotic region where log 2 behaviour of the parton densities is observed. Corrections to the naive evolution procedure are demonstrated. Possible applications with clear manifestation of “resolved” photon and weak bosons are discussed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,479 |
N M Queen and G Violini London: Macmillan 1975 pp xi + 202 price £12 This attempts to be a comprehensive, albeit slightly dated, survey of the application of dispersion relations to high energy physics, the applications to πN and KN scattering amplitudes being especially well discussed. The material on Regge poles however is rather mundane, being well covered elsewhere, and might usefully have been replaced by consideration of applications to ππ amplitudes, particularly the Roy equations which would then have given a greater air of topicality, and less overlap with other standard works such as Martin and Spearman. | TGD suggests the existence of two new branches of physics, namely M_{89} hadron physics and M_{127} leptohadron physics. Leptons and U type quarks are predicted to have light colored excitations. The anomalous production of e^+e^- pairs in heavy ion collisions sup- ports the existence of light leptomeson but there are objections against light exotics. a) Asymptotic freedom in the standard sense might be lost: the recently identified exotic color bosons however save the situation. b) Z^0 decay width seems to exclude light exotics. The solution of the problem relies on p-adic probability concept. The real counterpart (\sum_jP(ito j))_R for the sum of p-adic probabi- lities differs from the sum \sum_j P(i toj)_R for the real counter- parts of p-adic probabilities. Interpretation:(\sum_jP(i to j))_R is used, when only a common signature for final states is used. \sum_j(P(i to j)_R is used, when each final state is monitored separately. The total decay rate of $Z^0$ to unmonitored exotic leptons is sensitive to the value of \theta_W(eff) and vanishes for sin^2(\theta_W(eff))=0.2324 and sensible value of \alpha_s(L)! In TGD the observed top quark candidate most probably corresponds to u and d quarks of M_{89} hadron physics. The details of the identification and signatures of the new Physics are discussed. | Microwave devices with the Rollet parameter (k) less than one can always be made stable by resistive loading. In cases where noise figure or output power is at a premium, the performance of an amplifier can often be enhanced by using a design where k is less than unity thereby avoiding resistive loading. While a simultaneous conjugate match is impossible for such conditionally stable designs, single-sided matching can be achieved. Low-noise and power designs are examples where single-sided matching considerations naturally occur. With single-sided matching and 0 > | eng_Latn | 26,480 |
There will be a review of the history of polarized proton beams, and a discussion of the unexpected and still unexplained large transverse spin effects found in several high-energy proton-proton spin experiments at the ZGS, AGS and Fermilab. Next, there will be a discussion of present and possible future experiments on the violent elastic collisions of polarized protons at IHEP-Protvino's 70GeV U-70 accelerator in Russia and the new high-intensity 50GeV J-PARC facility being built at Tokai in Japan. | Considering that each quark is composed of two prequarks, called primons, it is shown that the recently found neutral Higgs-like boson belongs to a triplet constituted of a neutral boson and two charged bosons. The quantum numbers of these bosons are calculated and shown to be associated to a new kind of hypercharge which is directly related to the weak decays of hadrons and to the CKM matrix elements. Solutions to the proton spin puzzle and to other problems of particle physics are presented. | By using a superluminescent diode as the light source and a depolariser inside the fibre coil, a constant scale factor is achieved without using polarisation control elements. For long-term behaviour an RMS-bias drift of 10 degrees/h is obtained. | eng_Latn | 26,481 |
An analytic computation is given of the generation of Yukawa couplings and of the quark, charged lepton and neutrino masses in the framework of an SO(10) model with a unified Higgs sector consisting of a single pair of vector-spinor 144+144 of Higgs multiplets. This unified Higgs sector allows for a breaking of SO(10) to the gauge group SU(3) × SU(2)L × U(1)Y and contains light Higgs doublets allowing for the breaking of the electroweak symmetry. Fermion mass generation in this model typically arises from quartic couplings 16 � 16 � 144 � 144 and 16 � 16 � 144 � 144. Extending a previous work it is shown that much larger third generation masses can arise for all the fermions from mixing with 45 and 120 matter multiplets via the cubic couplings 16 � 45 � 144 and 16 � 120 � 144. Further it is found that values of tan β as low as 10 can allow for a b − τ − t unification consistent with current data. The quartic and cubic couplings naturally lead to Dirac as well as Majorana neutrino masses necessary for the generation of See Saw neutrino masses. | An analysis is given of the decay $\tau \to \mu+ \gamma$ in MSSM extensions with a vector like generation. Here mixing with the mirrors allows the possibility of this decay. The analysis is done at one loop with the exchange of charginos and neutralinos and of sleptons and mirror sleptons in the loops. It is shown that a branching ratio ${\cal B}(\tau\to \mu+\gamma)$ in the range $4.4\times 10^{-8} -10^{-9}$ can be gotten which would be accessible to improved experiment such as at SuperB factories for this decay. The effects of CP violation on this decay are also analyzed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,482 |
A brief survey of the state of the modern microscopic theory of the so-called pygmy dipole resonance in nuclei is given—in particular, some unresolved problems are listed. It is emphasized that, in order to explain the pygmy dipole resonance, it is necessary but not sufficient to take into account the coupling of single-particle degrees of freedom to photon degrees of freedom. The results of the calculations performed for the first time for the isovector pygmy dipole resonance and the isovector electric giant dipole resonance in 124Sn within a self-consistent approach involving, in addition to the standard quasiparticle random-phase approximation, a single-particle continuum and quasiparticle-phonon coupling of single-particle degrees of freedom to phonon degrees of freedom are presented. The results are found to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. The calculation of the isoscalar strength function in the energy region of the pygmy dipole resonance revealed that the nuclear-structure mechanism does not provide the isoscalar-strength suppression observed at energies in excess of 7 MeV in (α, α′γ) reactions; therefore, this suppression may stem from the reaction mechanism. | The E1 strength functions and radiative capture cross sections for several compound Sn isotopes, including unstable 132S n and 150S n, have been calculated using the self-consistent microscopic theory. In addition to the standard RPA or QRPA approaches, the method includes the quasiparticle-phonon coupling and the single-particle continuum. The results obtained show that the phonon contribution is very noticeable for the pygmy-dipole resonance, which, as it is known, is important for a description of the radiative neutron capture. The phonon contribution to the pygmy-dipole resonance and to the radiative neutron capture cross sections is increased with the (N-Z) difference growth. For example, in the (0-10) MeV interval the full theory gives 17% of EWSR for 150S n and 2.8% for 124S n, whereas within the continuum QRPA approach we have 5.1% and 1.7%, respectively. These facts indicate an important role of the self-consistent calculations that are of astrophysical interest for neutron-rich nuclei. The comparison with the phenomenological Generalized Lorentzian approach by Kopecky-Uhl has shown that the (Q)RPA approach gives a significant increase in the cross section by a factor of 2 for 132S n and a factor of 10 for 150S n and inclusion of the phonon coupling increases the cross sections for these nuclei even more, by a factor of 2-3. | We give a construction of strongly regular Cayley graphs on finite fields $\F_q$ by using union of cyclotomic classes and index 4 Gauss sums. In particular, we obtain two infinite families of strongly regular graphs with new parameters. | eng_Latn | 26,483 |
This study assessed the effectiveness of cotton/polyester covergowns in protecting scrubsuits against bacterial contamination when operating room (OR) personnel are outside the clean environment of the operating suite. Rodac impression plates were used to measure bacterial contamination. The subjects were nurses working a normal daily OR routine. Bacterial colony counts on the right shoulder decreased when covergowns were worn over scrubsuits during the lunch period outside the OR and when fresh scrubsuits were put on following the lunch period. Colony counts rose over the lunch period when scrubsuits were worn unprotected outside the OR and when scrubsuits were removed before and put on again following lunch. Left thigh samples showed no significant effects of experimental treatments and yielded a mean colony count 2.8 times higher than right shoulder samples. Fifty-three percent of subjects were positive for Staphylococcus aureus and 16% yielded positive plates on 3 or more study days. The incidence of S. aureus contamination was affected by experimental treatments in a way similar to overall bacterial contamination. The results indicated that wearing covergowns protects against above-waist bacterial contamination of scrubsuits. | The “Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999” presents the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s recommendations for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs), formerly called surgical wound infections. This two-part guideline updates and replaces previous guidelines. Part I, “Surgical Site Infection: An Overview,” describes the epidemiology, definitions, microbiology, pathogenesis, and surveillance of SSIs. Included is a detailed discussion of the pre-, intra-, and postoperative issues relevant to SSI genesis. | We propose an extension of the minimal-substitution prescription for coupling the electromagnetic field to hadronic systems with internal structure. The resulting rules of extended substitution necessarily distinguish between couplings to scalar and Dirac particles. Moreover, they allow for the incorporation of electromagnetic form factors for virtual photons in an effective phenomenological framework. Applied to pions and nucleons, assumed to be fully dressed to all orders, the resulting dressed currents are shown to be locally gauge invariant. Moreover, half-on-shell expressions of (hadron propagator)$\times$(electromagnetic current) needed in all descriptions of physical processes will lose \textit{all} information about hadronic dressing for real photons. The Ball-Chiu ansatz for the spin-1/2 current is seen to suffer from an incomplete coupling procedure where some essential aspects of the Dirac particle are effectively treated as those of a scalar particle. Applied to real Compton scattering on pions and nucleons, we find that \emph{all} dressing information cancels exactly when external hadrons are on shell, leaving only gauge-invariant bare Born-type contributions with physical masses. Hence, nontrivial descriptions necessarily require contact-type two-photon processes obtained by hadrons looping around two photon insertion points. | eng_Latn | 26,484 |
We present a numerical survey of the nonlinear flavor development of dense neutrino gases. This study is based on the stationary, two-dimensional ($x$ and $z$), two-beam, monochromatic neutrino line model with a periodic boundary condition along the $x$ direction. Similar to a previous work, we find that small-scale flavor structures can develop in a neutrino gas even if the physical conditions are nearly homogeneous along the $x$ axis initially. The power diffusion from the large-scale to small-scale structures increases with the neutrino density and helps to establish a semi-exponential dependence of the magnitudes of the Fourier moments on the corresponding wave numbers. The overall flavor conversion probabilities in the neutrino gases with small initial sinusoidal perturbations reach certain equilibrium values at large distances which are mainly determined by the neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry. Similar phenomena also exist in a neutrino gas with a localized initial perturbation, albeit only inside an expanding flavor conversion region. Our work suggests that a statistical treatment may be possible for the collective flavor oscillations of a dense neutrino gas in a multi-dimensional environment. | Neutrino oscillations in a hot and dense astrophysical environment such as a core-collapse supernova pose a challenging, seven-dimensional flavor transport problem. To make the problem even more difficult (and interesting), neutrinos can experience collective oscillations through nonlinear refraction in the dense neutrino medium in this environment. Significant progress has been made in the last decade towards the understanding of collective neutrino oscillations in various simplified neutrino gas models with imposed symmetries and reduced dimensions. However, a series of recent studies seem to have"reset"this progress by showing that these models may not be compatible with collective neutrino oscillations because the latter can break the symmetries spontaneously if they are not imposed. We review some of the key concepts of collective neutrino oscillations by using a few simple toy models. We also elucidate the breaking of spatial and directional symmetries in these models because of collective oscillations. | We report enhancement of the mechanical stability of graphene through a one-step method to disperse gold nanoparticles on the pristine graphene without any added agent. | eng_Latn | 26,485 |
Seesaw-type and low-scale models of neutrino masses are reviewed, along with the corresponding structure of the lepton mixing matrix. The status of neutrino oscillation parameters as of June 2006 is given, including recent fluxes, as well as latest SNO, K2K and MINOS results. Some prospects for the next generation of experiments are given. This writeup updates the material presented in my lectures at the Corfu Summer Institute on Elementary Particle Physics in September 2005. | The usual choice of an orthogonal set of four ::: plane-wave solutions of the free-particle Dirac equation does not lend itself ::: readily to direct and complete physical interpretation in the case of Dirac neutrino ::: particle. A different choice of solutions can be made which yields a direct ::: physical interpretation at all energies. Besides the separation of positive and ::: negative energy states there is a further separation of states for which the ::: spin is respectively parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the momentum ::: vector. This can be obtained from the Maxwell’s equation without charges and ::: current in the configuration. Scenery of our study is at ::: high temperature T where coexist ::: electron-positron pair and neutrino-antineutrino pair, (i.e., T≥1 MeV). Taking into consideration the possibility of ::: negative mass, we can describe the observed behavior of antimatter in response ::: to electromagnetic fields by assuming that the anti Dirac neutrino has a ::: negative mass, so a new causal symmetry can be obtained. | This article investigates the design of constraint hoops in the aeronautical hydraulic pipeline system. Non-probabilistic sensitivity analysis is used to screen out the hoops which are insensitive ... | eng_Latn | 26,486 |
It is shown that intrinsic neutrino flavor violation invariably occurs when neutrinos are created within the standard model augmented by the known massive neutrinos, with mixing and nondegenerate masses. The effects are very small but much greater than the naive estimate {delta}m{sup 2}/E{sub {nu}}{sup 2} or the branching ratio of indirect flavor violating processes such as {mu}{yields}e{gamma} within the SM. We specifically calculate the probability (branching ratio) of pion decay processes with flavor violation, such as {pi}{yields}{mu}{nu}{sub e}, showing nonzero results. | We consider the possibility to detect right-handed neutrinos, which are mostly singlets of the standard model gauge group, at future accelerators. Substantial mixing of these neutrinos with the active neutrinos requires a cancellation of different contributions to the light neutrino mass matrix at the level of 10{sup -8}. We discuss possible symmetries behind this cancellation and argue that for three right-handed neutrinos they always lead to conservation of total lepton number. Light neutrino masses can be generated by small perturbations violating these symmetries. In the most general case, LHC physics and the mechanism of neutrino mass generation are essentially decoupled; with additional assumptions, correlations can appear between collider observables and features of the neutrino mass matrix. | Pedestrian-induced vibration comfort is an important factor affecting the serviceability of footbridges. This article proposes a smartphone-based evaluation system for pedestrian-induced footbridge... | eng_Latn | 26,487 |
This work discusses the importance of the modeling of hadronic interactions for the prediction of the atmospheric muon and neutrino fluxes. The calculation requires a precise knowledge of the primary cosmic ray fluxes and of the single particle inclusive energy spectra in hadronic interactions. The present calculations, after taking into account the effects of neutrino oscillations, can describe quite successfully the existing data. The uncertainty in the extrapolation of the prediction to very high energy is dominated by our poor knowledge of the primary cosmic ray spectra, the size of Feynman–scaling violations, and our poor understanding of the properties of charmed particles production. The measurement of the atmospheric muon and neutrino fluxes at very high energy with the future neutrino telescopes could provide an important constraint on the combination of the cosmic ray fluxes and the description of hadronic interactions at high energy. | IceCube collaboration has seen an unexpected population of high energy neutrinos compatible with an astrophysical origin. We consider two categories of events that can help to diagnose cosmic neutrinos: double pulse, that may allow us to clearly discriminate the cosmic component of tau neutrinos; cascades with deposited energy above 2 PeV, including events produced by electron antineutrinos at the Glashow resonance, that can be used to investigate the neutrino production mechanisms. We show that one half of the double pulse signal is due to the neutrinos spectral region already probed by IceCube. By normalizing to HESE data, we find that 10 more years are required to obtain 90% probability to observe a double pulse. The cascades above 2 PeV provide us a sensitive probe of the high energy tail of the neutrino spectrum and are potentially observable, but even in this case, the dependence on type of the source is mild. In fact we find that pp or p{\gamma} mechanisms give a difference in the number of cascades above 2 PeV of about 25 % that can be discriminated at 2{\sigma} in about 50 years of data taking. | We report enhancement of the mechanical stability of graphene through a one-step method to disperse gold nanoparticles on the pristine graphene without any added agent. | eng_Latn | 26,488 |
We discuss a possible interpretation of the D s 0 ∗ ( 2317 ) , D s 1 ( 2460 ) , B s 0 ∗ ( 5725 ) and B s 1 ( 5778 ) mesons as hadronic molecules. Using an effective Lagrangian approach we calculate their weak, strong and radiative decays. The new impact of the molecular structure of these states is the presence of u ( d ) quarks in the K , D ( ∗ ) and B ( ∗ ) mesons which gives rise to the direct strong isospin-violating transitions D s 0 ∗ ( B s 0 ∗ ) → D s ( B s ) + π 0 and D s 1 ( B s 1 ) → D s ∗ ( B s ∗ ) + π 0 in addition to the modes generated by η − π 0 mixing as was considered before in the literature. | We study the radiative decays of the Z(c)(3900)(0) in a hadronic molecule picture, where the Z(c)(3900) is treated as a DD + c.c hadronic molecule. The partial widths of Gamma(Z(c)(3900)(0) -> eta(c)(2S)) and Gamma(Z(c)(3900)(0) -> gamma chi(c0)) are predicted to be of order 10 keV, and the cross sections for sigma(e+e- -> pi(0)Z(c)(3900) -> pi(0)gamma eta(c)(2S)) and sigma(e(+)e(-) -> pi(0)Z(c)(3900) -> pi(0)gamma chi(c0)) are of order 0.1 pb at 4.23 GeV, which may be accessible for the BESIII and forthcoming Belle II. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,489 |
Medium-induced parton energy loss is widely considered to underlie the suppression of high-pt leading hadron spectra in square root sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Its description implies a characteristic kt broadening of the subleading hadronic fragments associated with the hard parton. However, this latter effect is more difficult to measure and has remained elusive so far. Here, we discuss how it affects genuine jet observables, which are accessible at the Large Hadron Collider and possibly at RHIC. We find that the kt broadening of jet multiplicity distributions provides a very sensitive probe of the properties of dense QCD matter, whereas the sensitivity of jet energy distributions is much weaker. In particular, the sensitive kinematic range of jet multiplicity distributions is almost unaffected by the high multiplicity background. | The first measurement of jet shapes, defined as the fractional transverse momentum radial distribution, for inclusive jets produced in heavy-ion collisions is presented. Data samples of PbPb and pp collisions, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 150 μb−1 and 5.3 pb−1 respectively, were collected at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of View the MathML sourcesNN=2.76 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The jets are reconstructed with the anti-kTkT algorithm with a distance parameter R=0.3R=0.3, and the jet shapes are measured for charged particles with transverse momentum pT>1 GeV/cpT>1 GeV/c. The jet shapes measured in PbPb collisions in different collision centralities are compared to reference distributions based on the pp data. A centrality-dependent modification of the jet shapes is observed in the more central PbPb collisions, indicating a redistribution of the energy inside the jet cone. This measurement provides information about the parton shower mechanism in the hot and dense medium produced in heavy-ion collisions. | By the Utev S.and Peligrad M.inequality of-mixing random variable sequence,we obtain the Hajeck-Renyi inequality and three series theorem and Chung′s strong law of large numbers for-mixing random variable sequence,which extend and improve the corresponding results of Gan shixin and Wu Qunying,these resuls are consistent with that for independent random variable sequence. | eng_Latn | 26,490 |
A systematic set of measurements of the global transverse energy distributions, {ital d}{sigma}/{ital dE}{sub {ital T}} and {ital dE}{sub {ital T}}/{ital d}{eta}, from beams of protons, {sup 16}O and {sup 28}Si at 14.6{ital A} GeV/{ital c}, incident on targets ranging from Be to Au is presented. The detector was a semicircular array of lead-glass blocks, covering polar angles 9{degree}{lt}{theta}{lt}32{degree}, whose total response provides a good measure of the produced particle yield in the central rapidity region of these reactions. Proton-nucleus spectra exhibit a similar shape on the high-energy tail, independent of target, suggesting that produced particles in such events arise mostly from the first collision of the projectile proton. For targets heavier than Cu, the high-energy edges of the oxygen-nucleus spectra, and of the silicon-nucleus spectra, reach ratios consistent with the geometry of central collisions. Angular distributions, {ital dE}{sub {ital T}}/{ital d}{eta}, are characterized by Gaussian fits, and an acceptance-independent form of the differential cross section is found, based on the maximum value of {ital dE}{sub {ital T}}/{ital d}{eta}. The projectile dependence of nucleus-nucleus spectra is studied in terms of two very different models: simple energy scaling and the wounded projectile nucleon model of {ital p}+{ital A} convolutions. | We report the transverse energy (ET) measured with ALICE at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV as a function of centrality. The transverse energy was measured using identified single-particle tracks. The measurement was cross checked using the electromagnetic calorimeters and the transverse momentum distributions of identified particles previously reported by ALICE. The results are compared to theoretical models as well as to results from other experiments. The mean ET per unit pseudorapidity (eta), , in 05% central collisions is 1737 +/- 6(stat.) +/- 97(sys.) GeV. We find a similar centrality dependence of the shape of as a function of the number of participating nucleons to that seen at lower energies. The growth in at the LHC energies exceeds extrapolations of low-energy data. We observe a nearly linear scaling of with the number of quark participants. With the canonical assumption of a 1 fm/c formation time, we estimate that the energy density in 05% central Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV is 12.3 +/- 1.0 GeV/fm(3) and that the energy density at the most central 80 fm(2) of the collision is at least 21.5 +/- 1.7 GeV/fm(3). This is roughly 2.3 times that observed in 05% central Au-Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,491 |
We present a complete analysis of the Heavy Quark Effective Theory Lagrangian at order $1/m^2$ in the leading logarithmic approximation, including effects induced by spectator quarks. At this order new correction terms appear in the effective Lagrangian, as four-quark operators containing both heavy and light quark fields. We compute the coefficients of these operators to one-loop order and in the leading-logarithmic approximation. Two of them break the heavy quark spin symmetry and we estimate their contribution to the hyperfine splitting of the heavy mesons in the factorization approximation. We find that they make a positive contribution to the hyperfine splitting of about 10% of the measured splitting in the charm case and of up to 5% in the bottom case. | We use lattice QCD to investigate the spectrum of the $\bar{b} \bar{b} u d$ four-quark system with quantum numbers $I(J^P) = 0(1^+)$. We use five different gauge-link ensembles with $2+1$ flavors of domain-wall fermions, including one at the physical pion mass, and treat the heavy $\bar{b}$ quark within the framework of lattice nonrelativistic QCD. Our work improves upon previous similar computations by considering in addition to local four-quark interpolators also nonlocal two-meson interpolators and by performing a Luscher analysis to extrapolate our results to infinite volume. We obtain a binding energy of $(-128 \pm 24 \pm 10) \, \textrm{MeV}$, corresponding to the mass $(10476 \pm 24 \pm 10) \, \textrm{MeV}$, which confirms the existence of a $\bar{b} \bar{b} u d$ tetraquark that is stable with respect to the strong and electromagnetic interactions. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 26,492 |
The gravitino dark matter with neutralino NLSP hypothesis is investigated in the framework of NMSSM. We have considered both the thermal and non-thermal gravitino production mechanisms, and we have taken into account all the collider and cosmological constraints. The maximum allowed reheating temperature after inflation, as well as the maximum allowed gravitino mass are determined. | In this work, we develop a novel efficient scan method, combining the Heuristically Search (HS) and the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), where the HS can shift marginal samples to perfect samples, and the GAN can generate a huge amount of recommended samples from noise in a short time. With this efficient method, we find a new scenario in the semi-constrained Next-to Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (scNMSSM), or NMSSM with non-universal Higgs masses. In this scenario, (i) Both muon g-2 and right relic density can be satisfied, along with the high mass bound of gluino, etc. As far as we know, that had not been realized in the scNMSSM before this work. (ii) With the right relic density, the lightest neutralinos are singlino-dominated, and can be as light as 0-12 GeV. (iii) The future direct detections XENONnT and LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ-7 2T) can give strong constraints to this scenario. (iv) The current indirect constraints to Higgs invisible decay $h_2\to \tilde{\chi}^0_1 \tilde{\chi}^0_1$ are weak, but the direct detection of Higgs invisible decay at the future HL-LHC may cover half of the samples, and that of the CEPC may cover most. (v) The branching ratio of Higgs exotic decay $h_2\to h_1h_1, a_1a_1$ can be over 20 percent, while their contributions to the invisible decay $h_2\to4\chi_1^0$ are very small. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,493 |
We study QCD with nonzero chemical potential on 44 lattices by averaging over the canonical partition functions, or sectors with fixed quark number. We derive a condensed matrix of size 2×3×L3 whose eigenvalues can be used to find the canonical partition functions. We also experiment with a weight for configuration generation which respects the Z(3) symmetry which forces the canonical partition function to be zero for quark numbers that are not multiples of three. | We study the Lee-Yang zeros in the canonical approach to search phase transition points at finite temperature and density in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model as an effective model of QCD. The canonical approach is a promising method to avoid the sign problem in lattice QCD at finite density. We find that a set of Lee-Yang zeros computed with finite degrees of freedom can be extrapolated to those with infinite degrees of freedom, providing the correct phase transition point. We propose the present method as a useful method for actual lattice simulations for QCD. | Every function of n inputs can be efficiently computed by a complete network of n processors in such a way that: If no faults occur, no set of size t n /2 of players gets any additional information (other than the function value), Even if Byzantine faults are allowed, no set of size t n /3 can either disrupt the computation or get additional information. Furthermore, the above bounds on t are tight! | eng_Latn | 26,494 |
The mW mZ interdependence in the Standard Model is studied in the MS scheme at the two-loop level, including the known higher-order contributions. The relevant radiative parameters, �^�(�); �^rW; ^ � are computed at O(� 2 ) taking into account higher- order QCD corrections and the resummation of the reducible contributions. We obtain mW = 80:357� 0:009� 0:003 GeV where the errors refer to the parametric and theoretical uncertainties, respectively. A comparison with the known result in the On-Shell scheme gives a dierence of � 6 MeV. As a byproduct of our calculation we also obtain the MS electromagnetic coupling and the weak mixing angle at the top mass scale, ^ �(Mt) = (127:73) 1 � 0:0000003 and sin 2 ^ �W (Mt) = 0:23462� 0:00012. | The two-loop corrections to the ϱ-parameter and the vector boson mass-shifts due to a heavy fermion doublet were calculated. For very heavy (≈ TeV) quarks we find improved limits on the allowed mass difference within a doublet. The limit on the top quark mass (300 GeV) is unaffected. For a degenerate doublet there is a Higgs mass dependent limit on the quark mass of 3–6 TeV for a Higgs mass of 0–3 TeV. | Strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces are conjectured to arise from a single fundamental interaction based on the gauge group SU(5). | eng_Latn | 26,495 |
The pair production cross-section for scalar and vector leptoquarks at ep colliders is calculated for the case of photon-gluon fusion. In a model independent analysis we consider the most general C and P conserving couplings of gluons and photons to both scalar and vector leptoquarks described by an effective low-energy Lagrangian which obeys U(1)em × SU(3)c invariance. Numerical predictions are given for the kinematical regime at HERA and LEP ⊗ LHC. | In this text the authors develop a propagator theory of Dirac particles, photons, and Klein-Gordon mesons and per- form a series of calculations designed to illustrate various useful techniques and concepts in electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions. these include defining and implementing the renormalization program and evaluating effects of radia- tive corrections, such as the Lamb shift, in low-order calculations. The necessary background for the book is pro- vided by a course in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics at the general level of Schiff's text, QUANTUM MECHANICS. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,496 |
Given its non-renormalization properties, low-energy supersymmetry provides an attractive framework for extending the standard model and for resolving the hierarchy problem. Models with softly broken N=1 supersymmetry have been extensively studied and are phenomenologically successful. However, it could be that an extended N=2 supersymmetry survives to low energies, as suggested by various constructions. We examine the phenomenological viability and implications of such a scenario. We show that consistent chiral fermion mass generation emerges in N=2 theories, which are vectorial, as a result of supersymmetry breaking at low energies. A rich mirror quark and lepton spectrum near the weak scale with model-dependent decay modes is predicted. A Z{sub 2} mirror parity is shown to play an important role in determining the phenomenology of the models. It leads, if conserved, to a new stable particle, the LMP. Consistency of the N=2 framework and its unique spectrum with electroweak precision data is considered, and the discovery potential in the next generation of hadron collider experiments is stressed. Mirror quark pair production provides the most promising discovery channel. Higgs boson searches are also discussed and it is shown that there is no upper bound on the prediction for the Higgs boson mass in themore » framework of low-energy supersymmetry breaking, in general, and in the N=2 framework, in particular. Possible N=2 realizations of flavor symmetries and of neutrino masses are also discussed.« less | The first edition of this book appeared in 1983 and was based on a series of lectures given at Princeton in 1983 by Julius Wess. Since the appearance of the first edition much work has been done on the development of phenomenological models of particle behavior based on the supergravity multiplet. Some experimental searches have been carried out and others are planned for the future. For this reason the second edition of the book goes substantially beyond the first. Six new chapters have been added for a total of twenty-six and five new appendices for a total of seven. The new chapters and appendices are primarily aimed at deriving the most general supersymmetric gauge invariant theory of chiral fields interacting with supergravity and expressing it in component form. The book is divided into three sections. After a brief introduction, the first part of the book deals with a description of N=1 supersymmetric non-abelian rigid gauge theory of chiral fields. The second part of the book develops a local supersymmetric theory which is supergravity. The final part describes the coupling of supersymmetric chiral fields to supergravity in a gauge invariant way. The book may be recommended as a pedagogical introduction tomore » the theory of N=1 supergravity. Together with the appendices is is completely self-contained, both in notation and in the concepts used, requiring only some knowledge of field theory as a background.« less | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,497 |
A 750 GeV resonance has been observed at the Run 2 LHC in the diphoton channel. In this paper, we explain this resonance as a CP-even scalar, S, that triggers the spontaneous breaking of local $U(1)_B$ or $U(1)_{B+L}$ gauge symmetries. S couples to gluon and photon pairs at the one-loop level, where particles running in the loop are originally introduced to cancel anomalies. The gluon fusion is the dominate production channel of S at the LHC. The model automatically contains a scalar dark matter candidate, stabilized by the new gauge symmetry. Our study shows that both the observed production cross section at the LHC and the best fit decay width of S can be explained in this concrete model, without conflicting with any experimental data. Constraints on couplings of S are studied, which shows a negligible mixing with the standard model Higgs boson but sizable coupling with the dark matter. | We investigate the robustness of the resonance like feature centred at around a 750 GeV invariant mass in the 13 TeV diphoton data, recently released by the ATLAS collaboration. We focus on the choice of empirical function used to model the continuum diphoton background in order to quantify the uncertainties in the analysis due to this choice. We extend the function chosen by the ATLAS collaboration to one with two components. By performing a profile likelihood analysis we find that the local significance of a resonance drops from $3.9\sigma$ using the ATLAS background function, and a freely-varying width, to only $2\sigma$ with our own function. We argue that the latter significance is more realistic, since the former was derived using a function which is fit almost entirely to the low-energy data, while underfitting in the region around the resonance. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,498 |
The only fundamental constituents of matter that are important for most of science are electrons, protons, and neutrons. It was thus a surprise when Carl D. Anderson and his student, Seth H. Neddermeyer, discovered the muon in cosmic rays in 1936. This unexpected result was confirmed independently by J.C. Street and E.C. Stevenson almost immediately. With the absence of strong interactions, the muon mass, roughly 200 times greater than the electron and 10 times smaller than the proton, make these particles extremely penetrating if sufficiently energetic. In this experiment, you will observe tens of thousands of cosmic ray-generated muons that slow down and stop in a large tank of liquid scintillator. With care, you will be able to determine the lifetime of a muon at rest to a precision of the order of one percent. In doing so, you will find evidence for muonic atoms formed by the capture of negative muons by carbon nuclei. Since muons in a vacuum can only decay into electrons, electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos, all fundamental particles, the mean lifetime is an important number that directly determines the weak force coupling constant, GF, to high accuracy. This experiment stresses the importance of accurate time calibrations and requires a variety of statistical methods for extracting accurate results and determining their significance. | From Dirac monopole theory to modern GUT's (Grand Unified Theories), magnetic monopoles have attracted much attention from physicists. While Dirac had demonstrated the consistency of magnetic monopoles with quantum eletrodynamics, 't Hooft and Polyakov demonstrated the necessity of monopoles in GUT's. Furthermore, the GUT's supply more clues about magnetic monopoles, including their exceptionally heavy masses ~10[superscript 16] GeV. Both current theories and previous monopole experiments have suggested that the flux of magnetic monopoles is likely to be very small, so it is necessary to have a large area detector to search for them. This thesis presents a search for fast moving magnetic monopoles with the MACRO detector. ::: ::: The MACRO detector is a large underground detector located at Gran Sasso, Italy. Its primary goal is to search for magnetic monopoles at a flux level beyond the Parker bound. It is underground at 3,000 meters water equivalent depth, with a nominal acceptance of 10,000 m[superscript 2] sr. It employs liquid scintillator counters, streamer tubes and track-etch detectors which can supply both independent and cross checks for fast monopole candidate events. ::: ::: This search is mainly based on the liquid scintillator counters with primary event selection and energy reconstruction from the ERP system. The 6.2 [mu]s trigger time is based on the time of flight of a fast moving monopole diagonally through one supermodule with a velocity ~10[superscript -2]c. The search uses the "six-month-run" data which were taken from December of 1992 to July of 1993 with the operation of the lower part of the detector. With energy reconstruction ability up to 8 GeV with 22% error, we apply a double-face high energy requirement to reject most muon events from the data sample. We then apply the WFD, streamer tube and strip information to reject non-monopole events. ::: ::: The live time for this analysis is 5,300 hours, with acceptance of 4050 m[superscript 2]sr. With no fast monopole candidate event found, we establish an upper flux limit for the fast moving magnetic monopole at 90% confidence level of 3.03 x 10[superscript -15] cm[superscript -2]sr[superscript -1]s[superscript -1] for velocities from 10[superscript -2]c to 1.0c. | ABSTRACTUNC-45A is an ubiquitously expressed protein highly conserved throughout evolution. Most of what we currently know about UNC-45A pertains to its role as a regulator of the actomyosin system... | eng_Latn | 26,499 |
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