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These mosquitoes will never spread malaria. | [
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But just changing genetic information is not enough. | [
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The edits would only be inherited by half the offspring, because most genes have two versions inside the genome as a fail-safe. | [
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So, after just two generations, at most only half of the offspring would carry the engineered gene. | [
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In a population of billions of mosquitoes, they would hardly make a difference. | [
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A genetic engineering method called the gene drive solves this problem. | [
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It forces the new gene to become dominant in the following generations, overpowering the old gene almost completely. | [
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Thanks to this twist, 99.5% of all the engineered mosquitoes' offspring will carry the anti-malaria edit. | [
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If we were to release enough engineered mosquitoes into the wild to mate with normal mosquitoes, the malaria-blocking genes would spread extremely quickly. | [
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As the new gene becomes a permanent feature of the mosquito population, plasmodium would lose its home base. | [
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Scientists hoped that the change would be so fast that they could not adapt to it quickly enough. | [
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Malaria could virtually disappear. | [
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If you take into account that nearly half a million children are killed by it every year, about five have died since this video started. | [
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Some scientists argue that we should use the technology sooner rather than later. | [
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They don't have anything to gain from carrying parasites. | [
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And this might only be the first step. | [
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Malaria might just be the beginning. | [
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Different mosquitoes also carry dengue fever and Zika. | [
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We could save millions of lives and prevent suffering on an unbelievable scale. | [
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For one, CRISPR editing is barely four years old, so until very recently, we just couldn't do it as fast and easily. | [
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What do you think? | [
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By the end of the 21st century, humanity is becoming desperate. | [
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Decades of heat waves and droughts have led to unusually poor harvests, while the warming oceans yield fewer fish each year. | [
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In the tropical zones, millions suffer from famines, and resource wars have made millions more flee to the north. | [
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As things quickly get worse, in an act of desperation, the world's governments decide to enact an emergency plan. | [
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It's far from certain that a grim scenario like this will play out, but the failure of world leaders to effectively address climate change makes it far from impossible. | [
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Geoengineering methods vary from fantastic ones, like constructing giant light sails in space, to seeding clouds with salt, | [
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In this video, we'll focus on an intervention we could see during our lifetimes. | [
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CO2 doesn't heat up the planet on its own. | [
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Almost all of the energy on Earth comes from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. | [
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About 71% of this energy is absorbed by the Earth's surface and atmosphere. | [
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This absorbed energy is emitted again as infrared radiation. | [
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And CO2 is able to trap this infrared radiation and keep it in the atmosphere for a while. | [
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You can compare this effect with snuggling under a blanket in the morning. | [
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Aside from massive devastation and almost 900 dead, scientists noted its strong impact on the global climate. | [
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The explosion ejected millions of tons of particles and gas as high as the stratosphere, which hung around there for a while. | [
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The stuff that's interesting for geoengineering is sulfur dioxide, a nasty smelling and invisible gas. | [
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High in the atmosphere, it produced a haze of sulfuric acid droplets that mixed with water and created giant veils. | [
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Humans could imitate this process by injecting sulfur particles directly into the stratosphere. | [
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A small fleet of specialized aircraft could ascend once a year and distribute aerosols along the equator from where they would be spread around the world. | [
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Also, after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, the acid water veils not only cooled down the surface, they also heated up the stratosphere. | [
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As it turns out, acid is bad for the ozone layer, and the ozone hole over Antarctica was the largest it has ever been. | [
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but more research and experiments need to be done to make sure this could work. | [
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Politicians and industry might use the cooling effect as an excuse to delay the switch to a carbon neutral economy. | [
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The worst case scenario could be dramatic famines and the rapid destruction of ecosystems. | [
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The best case scenario is that once the world has finally fully understood the existential danger of rapid climate change, geoengineering can buy us a crucial decade or two. | [
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},
{
"end": 5,
"label": "助动词",
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},
{
"end": 13,
"label": "动词现在分词",
"start": 6,
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},
{
"end": 40,
"label": "宾语",
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},
{
"end": 89,
"label": "状语",
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}
] | [
"We",
"'re",
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"if",
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"40",
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"."
] | [
1,
15,
27,
5,
6,
6,
6,
6,
13,
14,
14,
14,
14,
14,
14,
14,
14,
14,
14,
0
] |
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