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You might be surprised by this explanation about oxen from Wikipedia: Ox.
An ox (plural oxen), also known as a bullock in Australia and India, is a bovine trained as a draft animal. Oxen are commonly castrated adult male cattle; castration makes the animals easier to control. Cows (adult females) or bulls (intact males) may also be used in some areas.
Oxen are used for plowing, for transport (pulling carts, hauling wagons and even riding), for threshing grain by trampling, and for powering machines that grind grain or supply irrigation among other purposes. Oxen may be also used to skid logs in forests, particularly in low-impact, select-cut logging.
Oxen are usually yoked in pairs. Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair, while for heavier work, further pairs would be added as necessary. A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs.
In short, usually, an ox is a cow or more specifically a steer. There is no specific animal that is an ox.
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Many deaths among people in their 40s and older which are attributed to heart disease and transportation accidents may actually be related to an unseen epidemic of snoring and sleep apnea.
Phantom Sleep Resources TM
Many deaths among people in their 40s and older which are attributed to heart disease and transportation accidents may actually be related to an unseen epidemic of snoring and sleep apnea. Apnea, a potentially deadly phantom, is the frequent stoppage of breathing caused by relaxed tissues in the throat during sleep. Snoring is caused by vibrations of the relaxed throat tissues and is often the precursor or companion of sleep apnea. Although effective medical treatment for sleep apnea exists, this information has not entered routine medical practice nor does the public recognize the dangers. Unfortunately, even when apnea is suspected, it may be difficult to obtain qualified care. As a result, 95 percent of the millions of people who suffer from sleep apnea have not and may never be diagnosed, let alone treated. Nevertheless, the informed person with sleep apnea can take the initiative to get appropriate diagnosis and treatment and take the steps necessary to assure recovery.
Some cardiological problems associated with sleep apnea are known and their risk may be diminished by treatment of the sleep apnea. They are discussed in Sleep apnea, snoring and the heart by Dr. Clive Layton, MD, a cardiologist with the London Bridge Hospital.
With the support of the National Center for Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) in the NIH, scientists are now examining the relationship between heart disease and sleep apnea. Dr. James Kiley, Director of the NCSDR, points to research data that justify a major series of studies to determine if apnea is a cause of heart disease including congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and chest pain (New York Times, 20 December, 1995). Some of the research suggests that apnea may indeed be a cause of heart disease.
The NASA Ames Center and the U.S. Department of Transportation warn of the dangers of fatigue in the transportation industry, including travel on the highway, in the air, and by sea. The worst one-third of people with untreated sleep apnea has an increased auto crash rate and consequent fatalities.
Obstructive sleep apnea is overdue for public attention; it is the second leading cause of daytime fatigue, after insomnia. Poor sleep caused by sleep apnea is a major public health problem. Each night millions of men---especially over 40---and women---after menopause---wage a life and death struggle with this little-recognized illness, sleep apnea syndrome. Recent studies show that among employed people 30 to 60 years old, at least 2 percent of the women and 4 percent of the men may have severe sleep apnea syndrome using very conservative criteria. Other experts suggest much higher rates, for example, 10% of men and 5% of women. The percentages rise in older persons.
People with sleep apnea syndrome have a higher risk of death than the normal population. The price they pay includes a potentially crippling deterioration in daily functioning, an increased risk of high blood pressure and stroke, depression, and death either in accidents or in their sleep. There are terrible costs for the family of the person with sleep apnea syndrome, who may experience irritability, mood changes, lowered sexual drive and capacity, and a reduction of intellectual ability. In addition there are major business, insurance, health, and social costs including the loss of productivity, the impact of accidents caused by a driver or worker falling asleep, and the wasted health care dollars spent on alleviating symptoms like heart disease without treating their possible underlying cause.
The most obvious symptom of sleep apnea syndrome, snoring, is seen by most people, even doctors, as an annoyance or joke, or even as a sign of good sleep. If fact, snoring and gasping may be the body's cry for help. Because breathing is such a vital function, even a minor difficulty in breathing will trigger an alarm. Just holding one's breath while awake can quickly create discomfort and distress. People with sleep apnea suffer from repeated obstructions of the throat during sleep. They literally can't breathe while sleeping. They must wake up in order to breathe (but they don't usually recall these awakenings). This repeated fragmentation of sleep patterns keeps them from having normal, restorative sleep. Recent research suggests that snoring itself may affect sleep quality and may respond to the same treatments used for apnea. A related disorder, upper airway distress syndrome (UARS), is silent and even more difficult to detect.
Effective medical treatment to overcome this epidemic is available. But people who suffer from this problem usually don't realize it. After all, they are asleep while the damage is being done. Most patients usually don't remember their nightly struggles to breathe. And the symptoms felt when awake are not related to sleep problems.
Even when people with sleep apnea report their symptoms to their doctors, most physicians aren't trained to recognize and act on this common problem. Worse, even if a patient does get referred to one of the qualified centers treating this problem, they may have a long wait. In fact, the qualified treatment centers (there are only about 250 accredited centers) would be unable to deal with more than a small fraction of sufferers. These centers have treated to date only 5% of those estimated to have sleep apnea. But there are problems even after treatment has been prescribed. Because the patient must use a treatment device every night in order to control the chronic condition which causes this epidemic, treatment may be incomplete or fail unless there is careful follow-up and very good communication between doctor and patient. Thus, even the patient who is successful in getting a correct diagnosis and treatment may need to become an educated consumer in order to make the treatment work. Nevertheless, recovery can be achieved through following seven steps.
|Sleep Apnea--the Phantom of the Night | Table of Contents | Introduction | Quiz | About the Authors | Reviews | S A L E Sleep Apneathe Phantom of the Night | Flyer + Discount Orderform|
Our publications (online, email, print, or any other communications or phone contacts) do not provide medical advice or a professional service. No one including the publisher, editors, editorial advisors, or the authors of any material in this site is engaged in providing any medical or professional advice or services through the publication, distribution or sale of articles, books, materials, tests or quizzes, on this site or in communications by phone, email, or any other means. Persons with suspected or diagnosed sleep apnea syndrome or any sleep disorder or other condition including COPD discussed in this site should consult with a physician and other qualified professionals for advice concerning their own treatment.
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Things You'll Need
Whether for a project on sea travel, the Titanic or icebergs specifically, crafting a 3-dimensional model of an iceberg can help students to absorb and understand the structure of the natural phenomenon. Students can work in teams to build large models, or individually to build smaller paper replicas of the icebergs. Transforming paper into paper mache will create a sturdy and easily molded medium for crafting the iceberg model.
Mix 3/4 of a cup of glue with a 1/4 cup of water and tear newspaper into inch-wide strips, approximately 6 inches long.
Video of the Day
Crumple and fold a piece of cardboard into a pyramid shaped, iceberg base.
Dip the newspaper strips into the paper mache mixture and layer on top of the cardboard to coat. Allow to dry completely after every four layers of newspaper you apply before adding more layers.
Create a jagged, pyramid shaped mound by applying the paper mache. The overall shape will be triangular; however, the surface of an iceberg is not smooth. Don't be afraid to create smaller, jagged mounds on the overall pyramid shape.
Tear narrow strips of white computer paper for the final coat, which can make painting the whitish-blue iceberg easier than painting over black and white newspaper. Dip the strips into the paper mache mixture and cover the iceberg shape entirely.
Allow to dry completely before painting. Mix blues and whites together and paint the entire structure with these colors.
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Photo: Puerto Rico and US Flags
The Puerto Rican economy has come a long way since it started to industrialize and modernize in the mid-1900s through what was called “Operation Bootstrap” in English, or “Operación Manos a la Obra” in Spanish. The process of industrialization was, by many measures, a success, even though some economic indicators have continued to point to many economic disequilibria that have persisted over time, such as a persistently high rate of unemployment as well as a high rate of inflation compared to the U.S. mainland, even though Puerto Rico uses the U.S. dollar as its currency and monetary policy is conducted by the U.S. Federal Reserve.
Authorities on the island have not been able to integrate the whole of the economy, as a large percentage of economic activity still happens underground in the informal sector. Several authors have written about this and have concluded that too much regulation, at the business permitting levels, labor regulations and the application of the U.S. minimum-wage law have kept the rate of unemployment high. Furthermore, many high-income individuals feel that they should not have to pay taxes or that they pay a disproportionate amount of taxes. This is not uncommon of an economy that has a large underground or informal economy, as governments tend to increase the tax burden on the “legal” or “formal” sectors of the economy because it is almost impossible to broaden the tax base and collect taxes from a larger number of individuals.
By some estimates, the Puerto Rican underground economy is as large as 30 percent of all economic activity on the island. 1 The inability to eliminate this underground economy has had serious consequences for the economy at all levels and for the island’s government, with its inability to collect taxes due to the limited tax base from “legal” tax payers. At a conference on the island at the end of the 1990s, an economist indicated that only about 10,000 Puerto Ricans say they earn more than $100,000 per year, according to data from the “Departamento de Hacienda,” the Puerto Rican Treasury Department, out of a population of almost 4 million, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The comment was probably an exaggeration, but was not that farfetched. The truth is that, by the year 2000, a little more than 14,000 Puerto Ricans claimed to earn more than $100,000 according to official numbers released by the Puerto Rican Treasury Department. By 2009, the last official number available, that number had risen to 25,257 individuals/filers. This is an important increase in “wealthy” taxpayers and could be showing advances made in tax compliance during the last decade.
However, just by looking at Puerto Rico’s property prices (even after the severe housing downturn), the number of cars sold per year and the price of those cars (which is approximately 10 percent higher for “popular” cars and 30 percent to 40 percent higher for “luxury” cars than in the U.S. mainland), plus the number of luxury cars and yachts on the island’s piers, it is very difficult to believe that even these higher figures of individuals who earn more than $100,000 are correct. 2 Thus, while advances have been made, the road to make the Puerto Rican tax system inclusive and reduce the size of the underground economy has not ended.
Facing serious issues on its fiscal accounts and potentially more credit risk downgrades by the major rating agencies, the government of Puerto Rico embarked on a tax reform in 2010 that is still struggling to give the results it pursued. Some of the proposals included a reduction in tax rates, a change in tax scales, a “temporary” tax on multinational corporations, a reduction in tax credits and incentives and added measures to catch tax evaders. According to the government, the tax reform should “save” $1.2 billion from taxpayers’ pockets during the period of 2010-2016. However, little of those objectives have been met as reflected by labor and consumer market indicators.
In an effort to increase tax collections and refinance some “under the line” debt, the government of Puerto Rico implemented, in 2006, a consumption tax called IVU (Impuesto a la Venta y Uso, or Sales and Use Tax). The current tax rate for this consumption tax is 7 percent, 5.5 percent collected by the island government and 1.5 percent by the island municipalities. This tax has partially substituted an import tax called “arbitrios,” on which the government relied heavily. The government has not eliminated “arbitrios” completely, but now does not rely on the tax as much as it did in the past. The new IVU consumption tax started in November 2006 and part of the collection is a dedicated sales tax to pay for the “non-constitutional” debt incurred by the Puerto Rican government, or debt that was above and beyond what the island’s constitution allowed.
To read the complete Wells Fargo Economic Group Report-
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"The default state of technology, any technology from stone axes to modern computers, the default state of technology is 'broken'."
It's true, too; technology as a definition is something that is created and thus must be maintained. The axe is possibly the earliest and easiest example: axes that aren't sharp are spectacularly bad axes. For really, really long time we survived on technology and tools that were only moderately more complicated than our own fingers and teeth, and thus technology was relatively easy to maintain and manage, but still: a dull knife is a failure mode. A snapped bowstring is a failure mode. And it requires time, attention, and effort to keep the technology of life out of failure mode and in a usable condition. And this is a condition that becomes more and more true as systems become more complex and civilization becomes, well... civilization.
The thing about the modern world is that it's become so complex that the average person, while entirely capable of maintaining their own technology, just doesn't have time to do it on their own. In point of fact, there's a better-than-average chance that they're out doing maintenance on someone else's technology so that person can do maintenance on someone else's technology... it's maintenance all the way down, in our society. The miracle isn't that computers make our lives easier; the miracle is that they manage to not fail on a reasonably regular basis.
An anecdote: the FAA requires that every plane that flies meet a strict policy on maintenance -- the industry standard as I understand it is the "five nines", which means that 99.999% of the parts and functionality of the aircraft must be working for the aircraft to be certified as air-worthy. If you accept the idea that the average 737 has a million moving parts (and I personally think that's low), then that means that every Southwest flight you take there's as many as 10 things on the plane that are broken. The good news is that they often aren't major things -- a seatbelt doesn't lock, a cabin compartment doesn't latch, etc. -- but again, the miracle isn't that planes fly, but rather that planes don't fall out of the sky on a regular basis.
The difference between older, more "reliable" technology and the new experience of the Internet Of Things and our Software-based interface with the world is that most older technology has had the edges shaved down and sanded off. By default, these systems have been redesigned and redesigned until the understanding is that the technology persists in a system where the failure mode is understandable and easy to manage (though sometimes the timing of that failure mode is less-than-ideal -- witness anyone who's had a car run out of gas between mileposts on the freeway).
Much of Operational Thinking involves planning for Failure Modes -- how does it fail, why does it fail, what happens to the user / customer / involved systems when it fails -- and working with management and development teams to determine risk matrices for a given situation and the likelihood of business impact. Often the most important question an Ops team member can ask any developer is "how does it fail," because many developers (rightly enough) are extremely focused on delivery modes and success, and it's the job of the Ops person to make sure that failure is a mode the business as a whole and every partner in the business thinks about in order to reduce time spent in that mode.
Another Anecdote: Disaster Recovery methodology is a very-low-reward value. Often thinking about DR is boring and weird, because it often involves situations that just plain don't happen...until they do. The DR plan for the Datacenter flooding is not something anyone wants to work out, until it's June of 2011 and your company is looking at an emergency relocation of your production environment because your current datacenter is just outside Council Bluffs and there's a record water-release upstream on the Missouri that's about to sweep through and put the first two floors of the building underwater. Then it becomes really valuable to have that white binder with the carefully-laid-out plans for system migration. And it can be both expensive and panic-inducing when it turns out the white binder is empty / out of date, especially since your clients in New York and California aren't really on board with you taking a week off to fix the problem...
Software (and nearly all modern tools are to some extent married to some sort of software) sometimes breaks. Sometimes it breaks in extremely predictable ways, and sometimes it breaks in ways that are not only impossible to predict but sometimes nearly-impossible to replicate (want to have fun? Google "Leap Second Bug" and head down that particular Wikipedia rabbit hole). As an Operational-minded person, I am often looking for new and interesting failure possibilities in the various tools I use. But most people don't think about different types of failure modes; they have a mindset that all tools are either "working" or "broken". And it's important to think about that. And to recognize that the default state of modern civilization and life is much more often "broken".
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According to a recent article in the Hindustan Times, some Birhor communities in India’s Jharkhand state do not have proper burial grounds. The reporter wrote that they cannot afford to buy land for their graveyards, so they are seeking assistance from the district government.
The Birhor interviewed by Manoj Choudhary, the Hindustan Times reporter, live in forest communities such as Tatiba, Kundrugutu, and Kayra in the West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand. They represent a tiny fraction of the tribal population of the state—0.06 percent of the 8.6 million tribals. Because the Birhor live in acute poverty and persist in their “archaic modes of living,” as the journalist wrote, they suffer from diseases and tend to die prematurely.
When they do, they are forced to bury the dead within their colonies next to their homes, and not in proper burial grounds outside the settlements. “The government has not allocated us land for [a] graveyard. So, we bury all the bodies in our colonies, near to our homes wherever we find [a] little vacant land available,” Vishnu Birhor from Tatiba village told the reporter.
Choudhary interviewed another member of the colony, Tulsi Birhor, who told him that during the time of her grandparents, when they were still roaming from one forest location to another, the people would throw the bodies of relatives who had died from the hills so the wild animals could consume them. In fact, when elderly people became too ill to move, the group would wait until they did die so they could then dispose of the body by throwing it from a hill.
In recent decades, government schemes have sought to settle the Birhor in permanent colonies. In addition to homes, the colonies have included vacant plots of land for raising goats and poultry and for planting kitchen gardens. Jyoti Meral, a member of the District Council of West Singhbhun, told Choudhary that the Birhor are using those plots as cemeteries for the burials of their dead.
So the Birhor of Tatiba have begun to demand a proper graveyard from the district government. In response, the government has asked the people of the village to identify the best spot for one. It has assured the community that it will provide the funds for its purchase.
Roy (1918) provided additional details about the funeral customs of the Birhor, at least as they existed 100 years ago. He wrote that the primary purpose of the funeral ceremony was to prevent any harm from coming to the tanda, the temporary settlement, from the spirit of the deceased; it was also performed to prevent stray spirits from harming the spirit of the recently deceased person. “Even the offering of food laid out for the spirit of the deceased appears to be prompted as much by a feeling of affection for him as from a fear of his spirit,” Roy wrote (p.313).
The Birhor that Roy studied either buried or cremated their dead—they didn’t throw them from hills. To prepare the body, it was washed before being anointed with oil and turmeric. A Birhor would place a vermilion mark on the forehead if the deceased had been married. The body would then be placed on a stretcher and carried head first by the men toward either the cremation ground or the burial ground. However, when women and children died within 21 days of childbirth, their spirits were considered to be dangerous for men, so only women could be the pall bearers.
In those cases, a mati, a spirit doctor, went into a state of possession and told the spirit of a hill or forest that he was making over the spirit of the deceased to him. “Guard her well and let her remain here,” he would say (p. 314). Hopefully, the spirit of the hill or forest would respond, out of the mouth of the mati of course, saying “I do take charge.” If the spirit addressed by the spirit doctor did not reply, however, the mati would address another spirit and then perhaps a third until one of them would agree to take charge of the dangerous corpse.
At the burial ground, located beyond the edge of the settlement, the corpse would be placed on the ground and then carried to the opened grave. It would be carried three times around the grave then laid in it flat, head pointing south. If the body was to be cremated, the son or grandson of the deceased would start the funeral pyre. Roy described the entire funeral ceremony in considerable detail without mentioning any casting of bodies from hilltops. That practice may have been unique among the Birhor in West Singhbhum District, though that is not clear.
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November 28, 2018
By Andrea Tosi, power systems specialist, Pecan Street
Imagine a world where you drive your electric vehicle to work and plug it into your building’s garage to help power your office’s lights and computers. After lunch, your car recharges from the garage’s solar panels and, after you drive home, it can power your home’s air conditioner during peak energy hours. Later that night, when the wind blows through western wind farms, it recharges again to get ready for another day as a rolling clean energy power plant. We’re getting there, and Pecan Street is happy to be part of the effort.
We hit an important energy milestone recently with the installation of an electric vehicle (EV) charger that can charge from and discharge to the grid – a bidirectional flow of energy known as Vehicle-to-Grid, or V2G. For the first time in Austin, and possibly in Texas, energy was transferred from an electric vehicle’s battery pack to the electric grid’s distribution feeder.
V2G is a promising technology that can act as a distributed energy resource (DER) to increase the amount of renewable energy (solar and wind) on the grid by acting as mobile batteries – or energy sources. Because utilities can’t make the sun shine at night or control when the wind blows, storage technologies like V2G provide them a controllable resource that eliminates many of the concerns surrounding the intermittency of renewable resources and help end curtailment, where excess renewable energy is wasted because there’s not enough real-time demand to use it all.
Stationary batteries for residential and commercial buildings are available today, but they’re expensive. As the popularity of EVs increases and their costs drop, their use as energy resources will become an exciting new asset for utilities – if they can integrate them efficiently. At Pecan Street’s lab, we are testing this technology as part of Austin SHINES– a study we are conducting with Austin Energy.
While testing the technology in the last few weeks, we have successfully sent energy back to the grid. In the figure below, the lab’s normal consumption is just over 10kW (blue circle).
When the car is charging to full capacity, this consumption doubles. When the car is discharging, however, the vehicle’s battery is capable of reducing the normal load by half – the yellow circle, where the load is lower than 5kW.
By itself, this installation would not be able to support the grid. But as part of a system that aggregates several V2G installations in a neighborhood, plus other stationary storage systems, all under a controllable platform, the grid can easily incorporate more solar and wind generating facilities since there will be a place for this energy to be stored when it is not used.
V2G technology has a huge potential once regulators, utilities, vehicle and battery manufacturers, and consumers get on board. Then, vehicles can be used for both transportation and energy generation, making both industries cleaner. After all, vehicles remain stationary over 80% of the time, and during these times they can present a solution to the limitations of renewable energy such as peak load shaving, Voltage/Var control, and frequency regulation.
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What is a craniotomy?
A craniotomy is the most common type of operation to remove a brain tumour. To access the tumour, the surgeon will cut out an area of bone from the skull which is referred to as a ‘flap’. The surgeon will use scans done prior to the operation to accurately locate and remove as much of the tumour as possible, without taking any healthy tissue. The ‘flap’ is then replaced and secured with small permanent metal brackets. The scalp is stitched back into place, and in most cases, this will be covered by the patient’s hair.
Depending on the location of the brain tumour, the surgeon might suggest an ‘awake craniotomy’. If the tumour is close to part of the brain that controls an important function eg, speech, the surgeon may want to ask the patient to do tasks eg., speak, whilst checking the function of the brain. There may be the option to have general anaesthetic for part of the operation which will be discussed with your surgeon. Either way, a local anaesthetic will be used for any parts of the surgery when the patient is awake so they will not feel any pain.
An interesting fact about the brain is that the brain itself does not feel pain, therefore although an awake craniotomy may seem daunting, the team around you will ensure you are not in any pain.
Craniotomies are also used to treat subdural haematomas, extradural haematomas, meningiomas, gliomas and glioblastomas. Craniotomies can also, in certain circumstances be performed as awake brain surgery.
Minimally invasive technique: Neuroendoscopy
Neuroendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique, sometimes referred to as keyhole, which requires a much smaller opening in the skull. An endoscope which is made up of a long tube, camera and small surgical instruments is passed through this small opening. The camera projects the image inside the brain on to a TV screen, the surgeon will use this as a guide to remove the tumour. The benefit of this method is that it is less invasive and allows for a faster recovery. This type of surgery is particularly useful for removing ependymoma’s in the ventricles (the fluid filled spaces of the brain).
This article is intended to inform and give insight but not treat, diagnose or replace the advice of a doctor. Always seek medical advice with any questions regarding a medical condition.
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We are just hours away from the new year so it’s time to make promises about how we’ll better ourselves in the year ahead. Some resolutions are small and others are a lifelong challenge.
More New Year’s resolutions are broken than kept every year, especially if they are not whole hearted decisions. Going green is a great way to start off the new year. Choose a few specific ways to green your life in 2013.
Below are 15 suggestions to get you started.
1. Stop using paper and plastic bags all together. Start carrying at least one reusable bag with you and it will become as routine as grabbing your keys when you leave the house.
2. Switch your monthly bills to e-billing. Even if you print them out at home, you’ll eliminate the postage carbon footprint and reduce paper use.
3. Before throwing anything away, stop and think. Ask yourself if you can use it in a new way or if someone else could use it.
4. Recycle anything and everything possible. Even if you have to drive items to a recycling center once a month, you’ll still be saving raw materials.
5. Start a compost pile. It’s simple and you get free fertilizer.
6. Paint only with no-VOC formulas.
7. If you’re replacing appliances in 2013, pay a little more for the most efficient energy saving models. They’ll save you money in the long run.
8. Walk or ride more. There is no need to drive if your destination is less than 30 minutes away on foot, bike, skateboard, or roller blades. It’s good for your health and the environment.
9. Take public transit. Students often have a transit pass included in their fees, and some cities even have free public transit, so use it. It isn’t necessary to ditch the car, but if you can live without a car, do it. In most cities, the cost of a transit pass is still less than you’d shell out for insurance, gas, and maintenance or car payments.
10. Go vegetarian or eat all-natural one day a week. It may not be nutritionally superior, but it’s a lot better for the planet.
11. Refuse to buy foods that are unnecessarily packaged, such as fruits and vegetables.
12. Grow your own fruits, veggies, and herbs.
13. Commit to buying green fashions. Consider buying organic cotton, bamboo, hemp and other sustainable, natural fibers, as well as recycled fabrics.
14. Switch to all-natural cosmetics. If the ingredients list looks like a lesson in chemistry, stay away. Look for the names of plants.
15. Shop at secondhand and charity shops before going to the mall or your favorite boutiques. You can usually find some great gems.
These are just a few of the ways you can commit to going green in the new year. It can be a challenge to adjust to a new way of thinking, but it’s worth sticking with.
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What did you think of this post? Let us know in the comments below.
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Within the book itself there exist multiple layers of allusion. For example, what happens to Moses early in his life foreshadows what happens to Israel. In his book A House For My Name: A Survey of the Old Testament, Peter J. Leithart explains:
“Everything that happens to Moses early in the book of Exodus will happen to Israel. Moses is saved through the water, and the whole nation will be saved through the sea. Jochebed places Moses in the “reeds” along the river (Exodus 2:3), and he will bring Israel through the “Sea of Reeds” (Exodus 13:18). He flees to Midian, where he spends forty years (compare Acts 7:23 with Exodus 7:7), just as Israel will have to spend forty years in the wilderness because of her rebellion. While Moses is among the Midianites, Yahweh appears to him in a burning bush on Mount Horeb (Exodus 3:1-2), just as the Lord will appear at Horeb to the whole nation after Exodus. Moses is the head of Israel, and whatever happens to the head will happen to the body.” (page 77)
The story of the people of Israel under Moses is both captivating and fascinating. But perhaps the most theologically poignant foreshadowing of all occurs in Exodus 20 with the Passover. There we read of how through the tenth and final plague the wrath of God was kindled and His judgment swept through Egypt killing all firstborn children. To be spared, the people of God were instructed to sacrifice a spotless lamb and mark their doorposts with its blood so that the Spirit of God would pass over them. Pharaoh had enough and he released the Israelites to their freedom. The Passover anticipates Jesus beautifully.
So, in consideration of the broader narrative of Scripture, Jesus, the Christ, not only reflects Moses in His role as Emancipator, but He also functions as the unblemished Lamb, sacrificing Himself and granting lasting salvation through His blood for all who would believe by grace through faith. In Christ we see true deliverance, true obedience, and the true fulfillment of the law that was first given to Moses on Mt. Sinai.
I hope as you read through the book of Exodus you find it rich and engaging. And as we continue to make our way through Scripture I want to invite you to ask questions along the way. You can either email me directly ([email protected]) or, if you’d like to start a broader conversation, you can post a public comment/question here on the blog. Thanks for reading.
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Tokyo Bay (東京湾, Tōkyō-wan) is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous and largest industrialized area in Japan.
|Coordinates||35°31′21″N 139°54′36″E / 35.52250°N 139.91000°E|
|Native name||東京湾 (Tōkyō-wan)|
|River sources||Ara River|
|Ocean/sea sources||Pacific Ocean|
|Surface area||1,500 km2 (580 sq mi)|
|Average depth||40 m (130 ft)|
|Max. depth||70 m (230 ft)|
In ancient times, Japanese knew Tokyo Bay as the uchi-umi (内海) , which means "inner sea". By the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) the area had become known as Edo Bay (江戸湾, Edo-wan) after the city of Edo. The bay took its present name in modern times, after the Imperial court moved to Edo and renamed the city Tokyo in 1868.
Tokyo Bay juts prominently into the Kantō Plain. It is surrounded by the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture to the east and the Miura Peninsula in Kanagawa Prefecture to the west. The shore of Tokyo Bay consists of a diluvial plateau and is subject to rapid marine erosion. Sediments on the shore of the bay make for a smooth, continuous shoreline.
In a narrow sense, Tokyo Bay is the area north of the straight line from Cape Kannon on the west of Miura Peninsula to Cape Futtsu on the east Bōsō Peninsula. This area covers about 922 km2 (356 sq mi) in 2012, reclamation projects continue to slowly shrink the bay.
In a broader sense, Tokyo Bay includes the Uraga Channel. By this definition the bay opens from an area north of the straight line from Cape Tsurugisaki on the east of Miura Peninsula to Cape Sunosaki on the west of the Boso Peninsula. This area covers about 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi). The area of Tokyo Bay combined with the Uraga Channel covers 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi).
The shoal between Cape Futtsu in Chiba Prefecture and Cape Honmaku in Yokohama is known as Nakanose, and has a depth of 20 m (66 ft). North of this area the bay has a depth of 40 m (130 ft) and an uncomplicated underwater topography. Areas south of Nakanose are significantly deeper moving towards the Pacific Ocean.
The only natural island in Tokyo Bay is Sarushima (0.055 km2 (0.021 sq mi)) at Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture. Sarushima was one of the locations fortified with coastal artillery during the Bakumatsu period and was subsequently incorporated into the Tokyo Bay Fortress during the Meiji period. The Imperial Japanese Navy maintained a degaussing station on the island until the end of World War II. The island is now uninhabited and is a marine park.
Many artificial islands were built as naval fortifications in the Meiji and Taishō periods. After World War II these islands were converted to residential or recreational use. Odaiba, also known as Daiba, was one of six artificial islands constructed in 1853 as a fortification to protect the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo, and was known as the Shinagawa Daiba. After World War II Odaiba was incorporated into Tokyo and redeveloped for commercial and recreational use. Before World War II, Yumenoshima was planned as an airfield (one of the largest in the world at the time), but after the US military expansion of Haneda Airport following World War II, the plan of the airfield fell through. The island briefly opened as a public beach before being repurposed and used as a landfill between 1957 and 1967 to dispose of the large quantities of garbage from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The reclaimed land now hosts Yumenoshima Park with numerous recreational facilities. Hakkei Island (0.24 km2 (0.093 sq mi)), formerly Landfill Number 14, was constructed in 1985 and is home to Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise. Other artificial islands include Heiwa, Katsushima, Shōwa, Keihin, and Higashiōgi islands.
Numerous rivers empty into Tokyo Bay, and all provide water for residential and industrial areas along the bay. The Tama and Sumida rivers empty into the bay at Tokyo. The Edo River empties into Tokyo Bay between Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture. The Obitsu and Yōrō rivers empty into the bay in Chiba Prefecture.
Land reclamation has been carried out along the coast of Tokyo Bay since the Meiji period. Areas along the shore with a depth of less than 5 m (16 ft) are simplest to carry out landfill, and sand from the floor of Tokyo Bay is used for these projects. The topography of the shoreline of Tokyo Bay differs greatly from that of the pre-modern period due to ongoing land reclamation projects. Tokyo Bay includes about 249 km2 (96 sq mi) of reclaimed land area in 2012. Aggregate household waste production is enormous in Greater Tokyo, there is little room for traditional garbage disposal sites; waste is rigorously sorted at the household, much of it is turned into ash and further recycled into bay landfill.
The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line bridge-tunnel crosses Tokyo Bay between Kawasaki and Kisarazu; Tokyo-Wan Ferry also crosses the bay toward the Uraga Channel between Kurihama (in Yokosuka) and Kanaya (in Futtsu on the Chiba side).
Tokyo Bay was a historical center of the fishing industry, a source of shellfish, and other aquaculture. These industries decreased with the industrialization of the Tokyo Bay region early in the 20th century, and almost completely ceased with the construction of the Keihin and Keiyō industrial zones directly after World War II.
A number of Japan's most important ports are located in Tokyo Bay. The Port of Yokohama, the Port of Chiba, the Port of Tokyo, the Port of Kawasaki, the Port of Yokosuka, the Port of Kisarazu, rank not only as the busiest ports in Japan, but also in the Asia-Pacific Region.
Industrial zones on Tokyo Bay were developed as early as the Meiji era (1868–1912). The Keihin Industrial Zone was built on reclaimed land in Kanagawa Prefecture to the west of Tokyo. This was expanded to the Keiyō Industrial Zone in Chiba Prefecture along the north and east coasts of Tokyo Bay after World War II. The development of the two zones has resulted in the largest industrialized area in Japan. The large-scale industrial zones of the coastal Tokyo region have caused significant air and water pollution.
The Port of Yokosuka contains the naval bases of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the United States Forces Japan.
Tokyo Bay was the venue for the Perry Expedition, which involved two separate trips from 1853 to 1854 between the United States and Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry (1794–1858). Perry sailed on his four "Black Ships" into Edo Bay on July 8, 1853, and began negotiations with the Tokugawa shogunate that led to a peace and trade treaty between the United States and Japan in 1854.
World War IIEdit
The Japanese Instrument of Surrender at the end of World War II was signed on September 2, 1945, on board USS Missouri (BB-63), which was anchored at 35° 21′ 17″ N 139° 45′ 36″ E. A flag from one of Commodore Perry's ships was flown in from the Naval Academy Museum and displayed at the ceremony.
- ^ a b c d e "Tokyo Bay". Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ a b "東京湾" [Tokyo Bay]. Dijitaru Daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ a b c "東京湾" [Tokyo Bay]. Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ a b c d "千葉県：総論 ＞ 東京湾" [Overview of Chiba Prefecture: Tokyo Bay]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. dlc 2009238904. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g "東京湾" [Tokyo Bay]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ 神奈川県：総論 ＞ 東京湾 [Overview of Kanagawa Prefecture: Tokyo Bay]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. dlc 2009238904. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ "猿島" [Sarushima]. Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ^ "台場" [Daiba]. Dijitaru Daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ^ "夢の島" [Yumenoshima]. Dijitaru Daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ^ "Perry Ceremony Today; Japanese and U. S. Officials to Mark 100th Anniversary." New York Times. July 14, 1953,
- ^ "ペリー" [Matthew Perry]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
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Hepatitis is an inflammatory process of the liver, caused by a bacterial or viral infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites. Each virus differs in how it is acquired and the symptoms it develops. It is not uncommon for the liver to become enlarged and jaundice to set in. Hepatitis may be acute or chronic.
Acute Hepatitis can occur from ingesting carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, and certain drugs, including sulfonamides. Other less threatening forms of hepatitis can be caused by the herpes virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr.
Chronic Hepatitis does not always produce symptoms. On the flip side, it is capable of causing liver damage and cirrhosis. A chronic situation implies that hepatitis has caused ongoing damage to the liver and created significant inflammation in the meantime. Being unable to excrete excess copper makes an individual more vulnerable to acquiring this virus.
Medically, the only way of confirming the presence of liver damage is to perform a biopsy. Steroids are sometimes used to treat certain cases of chronic hepatitis when it is suspected that they are of non-viral origin but their prolonged use in itself creates liver damage. The use of any drug whether an over-the-counter or prescription drug for relief of symptoms carries with it the risk of plugging up the body. What needs to be done is exactly the opposite.
Fats & The Immune System
Ingesting bad fats suppresses the immune system therefore subduing the ability of the white blood cells. Oils such as soy and canola contain alcohols and glycosides that alter the inner terrain therefore shutting the immune system down. The alcohol component is a reactive chemical that is as toxic as alcoholic beverages. The difference is that the damage from bad fats takes years to show up. <The terrain is everything! Add this to the cacophony of immunizations, fluoride, chlorine, antibiotics, junk food, poor water, toxic air and stress. Remember that viruses are opportunists. They will take advantage of a suitable environment, replicating themselves with great speed. Their one and only mandate is to take over. Good oils in your diet promote a healthy liver.
Some Interesting Statistics
- 2.7 million Americans are chronically HCV infected.
- An estimated 240,000 children have been exposed or are infected in the U.S.
- 68% of new cases occur because of drug use by injection
- A blood test can identify HCV in the blood within 7 to 14 days of being exposed
- Up to 45% of healthy individuals that become infected will recover spontaneously.
- Up to 85% become chronically infected.
- 37% of liver transplants are due to Hepatitis C
How Do You Get Hepatitis? What Causes It?
Hepatitis A and E - If the inner terrain is deficient, then your chances of being susceptible to hepatitis increase significantly. Poor gut health means that the virus enters the gut, immediately begins reproducing, and in no time spreads to the liver where it continues to multiply. Both Hepatitis A and E are acute rather than chronic meaning that they typically rectify without aggressive intervention.
Hepatitis B,C,D, and G enter the bloodstream and then pass through the liver. The presence of the virus and the antibodies that fight it cause inflammation of the liver. The incubation period for Hep B and C is up to six months before any real symptoms begin to surface. Viruses such as Epstein-Barr and Cytomegalovirus can cause Hepatitis as a secondary effect.
Cofactors and Causative Agents
We acquire such diseases as Hepatitis because the pieces of the puzzle fit together. Life style, stresses, depleted immune and digestive systems, along with numerous other cofactors comprise the recipe for disease. It is not singular in nature, but rather, multidimensional. Body, mind and spirit.
There are basic reasons why we get sick:
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Toxins from water, air, food, vaccines
- Toxic inner terrain
- Poor diet
- Poor attitude
Hepatitis A, B, D, E, F and G
Hepatitis A was formerly called infectious hepatitis, and is spread by food or drinking water that has been contaminated by hepatitis infected human feces. It can survive raw or undercooked foods, especially shellfish. It is an acute infection that lasts for less than six months and is not fatal. You can acquire this virus from household or sexual contact, places of employment, daycares, international travel, or infected food handlers.
Hepatitis B can be acquired through unsafe sexual practices, Hemodialysis, exposure to blood or blood products, needle stick injury, IV drug use, tattooing, body piercing or through birth from an infected mother.
Hepatitis D only occurs with a Hepatitis B infection. Having both creates a more serious condition.
Hepatitis E is acute and much like Hepatitis A. It occurs mostly in South America and Asia.
Hepatitis F and G are related to Hepatitis C although scientists are not sure of their impact.
Just remember that a sick and unhealthy liver is at the bottom of any disease from a simple cold to Hepatitis. Hepatitis is a liver condition as is Epstein-Barr and Chronic Fatigue. All of them represent excess waste overload in the system and hormonal imbalance. It is not difficult to remedy the situation by focusing on cleansing and rebuilding. Clean up the liver, bowel, lymphatic system, and kidneys and eradicate any parasitical presence.
Let's face it. We are all at risk some of the time. If you eat out, travel, go to movies, or interact with people, you are potentially at risk. If your immune system is low and your inner terrain toxic, then the odds increase significantly. Cleansing is preventative work! Hepatitis, Chronic Fatigue, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, bloating, gas, bad breath and insomnia all spell toxicity and are not normal! Attend to your body's filtration systems. It's the only answer. One step at a time puts you in the driver's seat.
Hepatitis C is perhaps the most feared of all the types and affects about 4 million Americans annually. It becomes a chronic condition in 85% of all infected patients. Fortunately, most people with Hep C have no outward signs or symptoms. Some people recognize that it all started innocently with flu-like symptoms, including chills, fever, joint pains and fatigue.
Some of the other symptoms are:
- irritable bowel syndrome
- Night sweats
- Depression, mood swings
- Seasonal Affected Disorder
- Attacks of exhaustion
- Abdominal bloating
- Itchy skin
- Mental fatigue, recurrent headache, brain fog
- Chest and muscle pains
- Blood sugar disorders
- Unrestorative sleep
- Irregular periods
- Decreased libido
These symptoms may seem universal to many other conditions but it is the enduring nature of such manifestations that begins to incite attention. Less frequently experienced symptoms include dark urine and yellowing of the skin and eyes. If left untreated, the chronic form of HCV has more of an opportunity to result in cirrhosis, liver cancer or liver failure. Hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver transplants in the USA. If you are an intravenous drug user, or have received blood transfusions or blood products prior to 1992, your chances of having Hepatitis increase significantly. Even though you may test positive for Hepatitis C, you may not suffer the symptoms of liver damage.
Vaccine Insanity - Avoid the Hepatitis B Shot!
Politics. In May of 1999 Jane Orient, MD. submitted a document from the AMA for the purpose of giving testimony at a hearing on the Hepatitis B vaccine. It is clear that the physicians' hands are tied. If a physician advises against a required vaccine, he risks legal liability should that person contract the disease. In other words, he is not going to necessarily give you the goods on the Hepatitis B shot or any other vaccine for that matter.
Dr. Classen testified that the Hep B vaccine is suspected in diabetes mellitus, autism and ADD/ADHD. The life long implications of such vaccines are mind-boggling. The prevalence of these diseases are exaggerated and it can be argued that the solutions to controlling such diseases are highly unsuitable. In fact, "Vaccinating proves only to sensitize us to the very disease it claims to eradicate", says Dr. Viera Scheibner in her response at the Hearing on the Safety of Hepatitis B Vaccine in 1999.
The question remains: what are we doing to ourselves and to our children? Being that the most common method of transmission of Hepatitis B is from unprotected sex, it seems absurd that we would feel the need to vaccinate children. Make informed decisions. Educate yourself as to the risks of the disease versus the risk of the vaccine. Many who have received the Hepatitis B shot have not enjoyed health since. This is alarming! Exercise your right to choose! Ask us how to build the immune system so that the threat of disease never becomes a reality.
To date, medical therapies to treat Hepatitis have proved ineffective. Vaccinations are not the solution. Current drug therapies are proving impotent in light of the virus and are fraught with serious side effects. The most recent treatment combines Ribavirin with alpha-interferon and has been effective in less that half the cases. It also comes with a hefty price tag and is dangerous to the unborn fetus.
Damage to the liver occurs as a result of the system attacking liver cells in order to destroy the virus. Alternative therapies must include support for the liver itself, coupled with support for the immune system. Viruses are relentless in their attempt to proliferate. Health must be restored in order to win the battle against all viral and bacterial conditions.
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Barton Carter's letter "Benson was right" (Forum, Dec. 31) diminished the importance of the civil rights struggle. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s was a nonviolent effort born out of the desire that all men should be free. It was a movement that was sustained by God in the Book of Mormon (see 2 Nephi 26). To the notion that some communists supported this movement, I say: "So what? They just happened to be on the right side of the issue."
It is well-documented that FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover had a vendetta against Martin Luther King Jr., and we know now that Hoover and FBI were not always right.
It has also been said by some that if one supported better treatment for American Indians one must be a commie. Most people dismiss such ludicrous allegations.
There was no subverting the civil rights struggle, by communists or right-wing fascists.
Salt Lake City
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The last post talked about hobnail safes which were made in the early 1800’s. Wooden bodies covered with steel strips made them somewhat fire resistant. In an effort to improve fire protection manufacturers switched over time to using other materials for insulation.
John Scott, whose hobnail safe was featured in the last post, seems to have been the first manufacturer to switch to asbestos, around 1840 or so. His patent for using asbestos was issued in 1834.
The history of people using asbestos goes way back. As early as 4000 BC asbestos fibers were used as wicks in candles and lamps. Egyptians wrapped mummies in asbestos blankets around 2000 to 3000 BC. It has been found in pottery from 2500 BC. When burning tar was lobbed over fortress walls with catapults, it was held together with a bag made of asbestos. But its use really took off during the industrial revolution. Surprisingly, some of its harmful effects were known way back by the ancient Greeks and Romans because slaves working in the mines suffered from lung problems.
Personally, my first experience with asbestos was when I stole an asbestos rock from my high school science room because it was fun to peel off strands of the silky fiber. And when the exhaust pipe on my old car rusted apart, it was patched with a sheet of thick asbestos felt, wrapped with a soup can, held together by coat hanger wire. I must have breathed in some of it while laying on my back, looking straight up at my repair work. Anyway, this is supposed to be about safes . . .
Pictured is one of my favorite antique safes. The insulation is asbestos mixed with plaster of Paris, applied over the wood interior wall, then wrapped by steel plate. This model does not make a very good end table because of the round top. But it is a unique conversation piece. I am not concerned about asbestos because the safe does not give off dust.
It is hard to tell which old safes contain asbestos, in part because it was used in different forms. Some makers mixed it with plaster of Paris or concrete. Some used soft board-like sheets, and some used thick, light-weight fiber “blankets”. Safes with the soft boards or blankets usually give off dust, so I won’t deal with them. Some manufacturers had fancy names for their asbestos insulation; the Macey Company from Grand Rapids, Michigan called it “H-E-L-F-I-T-E” to emphasize its fire resistance.
Thankfully, the safe industry kept evolving and eventually settled on different kinds of insulation.
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Baptistère de Saint Louis
figures inside the rim
Click for a detail.
Picture source: Muzeo Collection. Held by the Musee du Louvre, Paris.
The Baptistère de Saint Louis is a hammered bronze basin inlaid with gold, silver and niello.
Figures around the outside of the basin
It was made by Mohammed ibn al-Zain about 1320–40 in Egypt or Syria, during the Bahri Mamluk reign (1250–1382).
The maker of the vessel signed the work in Arabic six times.
The Mamluks, the majority of whom were ethnic Turks, were a group of warrior slaves who took control of several Muslim states and established a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517.
The political and military dominance of the Mamluks was accompanied by a flourishing artistic culture renowned across the medieval world for its glass, textiles, and metalwork.
The basin is an example of an object produced for one ceremonial context but later appropriated for another.
It was probably commissioned by a wealthy Mamluk patron to serve as a banqueting piece or, alternately, as a vessel for ceremonial hand washing.
Ultimately, however, it ended up in France, where it was used from at least the seventeenth century in the baptisms of children born to the French royal family.
The various coats-of-arms on the basin were later worked over with fleur-de-lis, a motif that might have appealed to both the basin's original Islamic and later European owners.
The flower was a popular Mamluk emblem in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as well as a heraldic device of the French royal family.
The basin received its name in the 18th century and was so called because it was used as the baptismal font for several royal children, including Louis XIII.
(Despite the name by which it has been known since the 18th century, this vessel did not exist during the time of Louis IX, who died in 1270 and was canonized in 1297.)
Mamluks in Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291 by Ian Heath, based on the Baptistère de Saint Louis.
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POWER PLANT: One Wright R-2600-20, rated at 1,900 hp
PERFORMANCE: 276 mph at 16,500 ft
COMMENT: To meet the growing production requirements, General Motors Corporation was asked to establish a second source for Grumman TBF-1 “Avengers” at its Eastern Aircraft division, already building the Grumman F4F “Wildcats”. The first contract was placed on March 1942, and deliveries began in November of the same year, this version being designated TBM-1. Grumman production continued until early 1944, with a total of 2,290. These were primarily of the TBF-1 or TBF-1C version. Eastern produced 2,882 TBM-1 and later went on to build 4,664 more powerful and improved TBM-3s (Ref.: 1).
The escort aircraft carrier CVE-106 “Block Island II” was laid down and launched as CVE-106 “Sunset Bay”. On July 1944 she was renamed “Block Island II” in honor of CVE-21 “Block Island I”, sunk by German submarine in June 1944.
POWER PLANT: One Wright R-2600-20 Cyclone radial engine, rated at 1,900 hp
PERFORMANCE: 275 mph
COMMENT: The Grumman TBF “Avenger” was an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Nay and the Marine Corps. The “Avenger” entered U.S. service in 1942, and first saw action during the Battle of Midway. Despite the loss of five of the six “Avengers” on its combat debut, it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II. The Douglas TBD “Devastator”, the U.S. Navy’s main torpedo bomber introduced in 1935, was obsolete by 1939. Bids were accepted from several companies, but Grumman’s TBF design was selected as the replacement for the TBD and in April 1940 two prototypes were ordered by the Navy. The first prototype was called the XTBF-1. It was first flown on 7 August 1941. Although one of the first two prototypes crashed near, rapid production continued. The TBF-1 “Avenger” was the heaviest single-engined aircraft of World War II, and only the USAAF’s P-47 “Thunderbolt” came close to equalling it in maximum loaded weight among all single-engined fighters, being only some 181 kg lighter than the TBF, by the end of World War II. The Avenger was the first design to feature a new “compound angle” wing-folding mechanism created by Grumman, intended to maximize storage space on an aircraft carrier; the Grumman F4F-4 “Wildcat” and later variants received a similar folding wing and the Grumman F6F “Hellcat” employed this mechanism as well. There were three crew members: pilot, turret gunner and radioman/bombardier/ventral gunner. In total, 9,839 Avengers and including special-purpose versions are built, such as TBF-1C for reconnaissance, TBF-1E with radar, TBF-1J for bad-weather flying, TBF-1L with searchlight in the bomb-bay and post-war development TBM-3W with APS-20 radar in a large ventral radome. Many “Avengers” saw action with other national air and naval aviation services around the world. (Ref.: 23, 24).
POWER PLANT: One Wright R-2600-20, rated at 1,900 hp
PERFORMANCE: 250 mph at 16,500 ft
COMMENT: During the closing stage of the hostilities in the Pacific area the Grumman Company resp. General Motors converted some TBF and TBM Avengers, respectively, into anti-submarine search and strike aircraft. The rear turret was removed and faired over and a large ventral radome, carrying a APS-20 radar, was mounted under the fuselage. By that the TBM-3 conversion as the first ship based airborne early warning control and relay platform. These search aircraft operated together with TBM-3S or TBM-3S-2 submarine-strike Avengers. These search-and-strike aircraft remained in operational service after the war until 1954. From 1950 onwards these Avengers were replaced by Grumman AF-2W “hunter” and Grumman AF-2S “killer” Guardians (Ref.:1)
POWER PLANT: One Wright R-3350-14 Cyclone 18, rated at 2,300 hp
PERFORMANCE: 334 mph at 16,100 ft
COMMENT: In 1942 the US Navy planned to replace both the Douglas SBD Dauntless and the new Curtiss SB2C Helldiver and the Douglas Company was commissioned for two prototypes of a new two-seat dive bomber, designated XSB2D-1. The design was a large single-engined mid-winged monoplane with two remote-controlled turrets as defensive armament and a tricycle undercarriage, very unusual for a carrier-based aircraft of the time. The first prototype flew on April 1943, demonstrating an excellent performance and being much faster and carrying nearly double the bombload of the Helldiver. Orders for 358 SB2D-1s quickly followed. In the meantime Douglas reworked the SB2D design by removing the turrets and second crewman, while adding more fuel and armor, producing by that the BTD-1 Destroyer. The orders for SB2Ds were converted to BTD-1s, but only 28 aircraft had been delivered at the end of the WWII. Before the end the war, based on that design, Douglas developed the single-seat BT2D-1, later well known as Douglas AD-1 Skyraider.
POWER PLANT: Pratt & Whitney R-2800-48W Double Wasp, rated at 2,400 h.p.
PERFORMANCE: 350 m.p.h. at 15,000ft
COMMENT: In contrast to the radar equipped AF-2W, the Grumman AF-2S was armed with one torpedo or two bombs or two depth-charges in weapons bay. The AF-2S carried a smaller wing mounted APS-30 radar and a search light. Both, the AF-2W and the AF-2S operated in a “hunter” and “killer” role. A total of 193 AF-2S were produced
POWER PLANT: Pratt & Whitney R.2800-48W Double Wasp, rated at 2,400 h.p.
PERFORMANCE: 317 m.p.h. at 16,000 ft
COMMENT: Originally designed as a replacement of the highly successful Grumman TBF Avenger anti-submarine search aircraft. In place of defensive armament the new torpedo-bomber had a Westinghouse 19XB turbojet in the tail to give it a high escape speed. Later the the design was revised and a large ventral radar set was built in. In that configuration the aircraft was used as a hunter in cooperation with the Grumman AF-2S as a killer. A total of 153 AF-2W were built.
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Guest Blog – Sonny Jelinek of Jelinek Cork Group
I talk (or think) about cork all day, every day. I have for years. Explaining the process of the cork harvest and how the bark immediately begins to re-generate has always made me feel good. The tree isn’t cut down and typically lives a full life of 200 or more years, with a new cork bark harvest occurring more-or-less every 9 years. The entire time the trees are sequestering carbon dioxide and generating oxygen while maintaining a habitat for plant and animal life. What a fantastic process! A fully sustainable natural material.
Why then, do visitors to our retail showroom, Cork House, sometimes ask about “a shortage” of cork? Some folks are convinced that cork is going extinct. Over the past 15 years or so, I have noticed that many visitors have a better understanding that cork is a renewable material. That it is one of the most ecologically sustainable materials on earth. Yet there is still that occasional concern that cork is going extinct.
In fact…The reality is quite the opposite.
The environment will be harmed unless cork products are used. This goes back to the fact that cork is a renewable resource and the cork trees from which the product is harvested are not cut down. If cork products are not used, the farmers who own the cork forests will be forced to either convert the forest for other agricultural uses or more likely sell the land for property development. Cork trees that cover large areas of land in the Mediterranean region will be cut down if there is limited demand for cork products. This will destroy the carbon dioxide filtering function of the trees as well as the habitat. The World Wildlife Fund says that “cork oak forests support one of the highest levels of biodiversity among forest habitats, as well as the highest diversity of plants found anywhere in the world.”
Why the myth:
Winemakers started using synthetic corks as well as screw caps in the early 1990s. Some of this occurred at a time when there were forest fires in Portugal. Although forest fires are a natural part of any ecosystem, the combination of these two situations propagated a myth that there was a cork shortage. It is my belief that winemakers initially began using synthetic wine corks to reduce the incidence of cork taste that occasionally occurs in wines. Curiously, there have been studies that show that cork taint is still occurring despite the use of synthetic stoppers and screw caps. That means that cork taint doesn’t always come from the cork. In addition, the treatment of wine corks has been altered such that these days there is a very low chance of cork causing an off-taste when used as a wine closure. As consumer acceptance of synthetic stoppers began to take hold, winemakers decided to take it a step further and add product cost reduction to the mix. Screw caps became a household reality. Screw caps are made from a metal top and plastic liner – a very synthetic alternative to a natural product. I find this ironic since most other industries are at least attempting to use more natural product packaging. Before 1990, nearly every wine bottle was closed with real cork. Since the innovation of the wine bottle, real cork has been used to close billions of bottles of wine. Yet now, despite society’s awareness of threats to the environment, we are rejecting nature. As winemakers continue to embrace synthetic closures and screw caps the myth of a cork shortage or extinction continues to be propagated. Cork forests continue to be vibrant but face a threat. The solution to this threat is to use products made from cork. By using cork you are helping to preserve the most diverse and important habitat and making the world a better place in which to live.
Listen to Sonny’s feature on the Taking Care in Business podcast here.
For more on Sonny Jelinek of Jelinek Cork Group, subscribe to the Taking Care in Business email list.
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What are two critical approaches that you have seen within Parrot in the Oven?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Two of the central lenses that we can use to view this exciting and vibrant text about one Mexican-American teenager and the struggle that he has to work out his identity and where he fits in would be gender and feminism and then race. You might like to think about the way in which the text presents issues such as teenage pregnancy and domestic abuse where the wife is beaten by the husband. We are introduced to a world which is primarily patriarchal and where women have so little power compared to their male counterparts. Manuel grows up in a world where he sees his mother beaten by his father and women generally treated as being inferior to men. Secondly, one of the massive concepts in this text that becomes so important is that of race. The way in which Manuel's home is compared with the home of his Caucasian boss and the struggles that Manuel has because of his Mexican ethnicity are highlighted in the text. What further draws this issue into the forefront of our thoughts is the way in which the plot drives Manuel to have to make a defining decision about his identity through having to accept or reject being part of a local gang. The text presents us with a very honest and open examination of what it is to be Mexican-American and the way that race is shown to impact such individuals so strongly.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes
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This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page.
Other Paths to the Top
From a notebook belonging to Charles Tupper while a medical student in Edinburgh, 1841. Copyright/Source
Professor Christian�s Lectures on Materia Medica- Nov. 3rd 1841
First on Diet = Recommends the study of Paris on Diet. Relative digestibility of food. Fish is more digestible than flesh, flesh than potatoes and potatoes than all other roots. Fowls less digestible than the flesh of quadrupeds except pork. Tendinous, fatty and oily parts are the most indigestible portions. Pork, fried eggs, bacon and new bread are of medium digestibility. Beef, mutton and meat in general except pork are the most easy of digestion. A moderate quantity of wine especially of the lighter kinds assists digestion. Animal jellies are easy of digestion. Albumen more difficult. Tainted meat is very indigestible. Ratio of digestibility:
1. The boiled white of eggs
2. animal gelatin
3. stale wheat bread, beef, mutton gourmet
4. farinaceous seeds, potatoes and preserved fruits
5. pork, veal, lamb and chicken, salt red meat, fish, etc.
6. new bread and pastry, seedy fruits such as cucumber
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The end-users of hazardous chemicals in the workplace are workers, students, clients or contractors. They are typically not the technical experts who understand the chemical properties, potential hazards and exposure control methods for the materials they are using.
The Workplace Hazardous Information Management System (WHMIS) attempts to help end-users by requiring the use of Safety Data Sheets and Workplace labels. While WHMIS does centralizes the information, it is still complex and not actionable. As a result, end-users suffer from information overload and are often unaware of the hazards and the correct steps they should take to protect themselves. What must employers do to help?
Make use of WHMIS 2015 and its Hazard Statements
Those who know the most about the chemicals (manufacturers and suppliers) have the responsibility to assess detailed technical information and share it with their customers – the end-users who handle or store the hazardous chemicals.
Along with the detailed information, manufacturers and suppliers are required to classify chemicals and provide easy to understand pieces of information – statements that describes chemical hazards in a simple, direct manner
Causes severe skin burns
Add Clear and Practical Instructions
Included in the safety data sheet are WHMIS mandated precautionary statements and exposure control and personal protection information provided by the manufacturer or supplier. This information covers the product only, it does not take into account the operating environment, the type of activity and the unique individual who is the end-user. It is the employer who needs to consider these additional factors and create clear and practical instructions for their end-users.
Changing this generic information from an SDS
Select glove material impermeable and resistant to the substance
Into this specific requirement
Wear butyl rubber gloves
The Combined result is a Message that is Simple and Relevant
Causes severe skin burns – wear butyl rubber gloves
And that meets the specific needs of your end-users.
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Being open is the ability to talk freely about needs, feelings and concerns in the workplace. It is also about being receptive to new ideas and feedback.
Sharing information, feelings and concerns builds trust and is a primary key in any venture, activity or project involving more than one person.
Employee openness, trust and transparency also ensures that people are kept informed of issues as they arise and that everyone receives current knowledge about an ever-changing situation.
Lack of openness can create mis-trust, lead to hidden agendas and be detrimental to the team, attitude, work and productivity.
Company and business owners who value the thoughts and opinions of their staff stand a much better chance of being successful.
In this activity we will
- explore levels of openness within the team or department
- help people to be more open about themselves in a fun, non-threatening way
- provide an opportunity for staff to be more open and develop trust and openness in the team
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There are many reasons for string of dolphin dying. We should distinguish them according to specific situations. If String Of Dolphins is due to normal service period, we do not have to deal with it. When the soil is unsuitable, we need to rearrange the soil. If we overcharge it, we must control the watering and strengthen the air circulation. If the temperature is too high, we should shade or spray to reduce the temperature. If the fertilizer is too much, we should apply thin fertilizer solution to the String Of Dolphins or do not fertilize it.
In summer, everyone is afraid to create a stuffy, humid and hot environment, so they will deliberately duistring of dolphin to control water. However, excessive water control is easy to cause water loss in the environment with large evaporation in summer. The leaves of succulent plants that are about to dry out must be shriveled and wrinkled, and string of dolphins
seems to be drained.
At this time, watering dying string of dolphin
won't help. If it is clear that dying string of dolphin has lost its ability to absorb water, don't act rashly!
First, we can dig out the dying string of dolphin and check the dryness of the root system. If you are like ginseng, you can be sure that there is no room for redemption. Watering at this time is to soak the roots with water and rot slowly. The only way is to root dying string of dolphin! Vigorously prune the roots to the extent that they can be rooted again, and then turn the soil on the basin again. There may be a glimmer of vitality when autumn comes.
Too Strong Light
Dying string of dolphin withered from the middle. It may also be sunburned by too strong light. Although it likes light very much, it is afraid of direct light. If it is exposed to direct light for a long time, the leaves of dying string of dolphin are easy to dry. If it is caused by this reason, it is necessary to block the light as soon as possible and move the money string to a semi shady and well ventilated environment. The light in summer is too strong. We must shade it.
Black rot is also a dangerous problem in summer. Once there are signs of black rot, action is actually needed. The first aid method is almost divided into the following steps. First, immediately move the dying string of dolphin to a ventilated and cool place. Second, we should check the black rot of dying string of dolphin. If it is mild, we can disinfect it with carbendazim first and watch its change. If it is serious, we should not hesitate to cut it. Finally, we must put the treated dying string of dolphin in a ventilated and cool place to dry the roots, and then wait for the succulent plants to heal before they can be put into the basin again.
In the environment of high temperature and humidity in summer, the reproduction speed of scale insects is also amazing. If the beloved string of dolphin is besieged by scale insects, in fact, the best first aid method is also the most troublesome way, that is, changing the soil for dying string of dolphins
Because once there are scale insects, it means that the eggs are lying in ambush where we can't see. Even if we cure the scale insects in front of us, it may happen again and again. Of course, if there are a small number of scale insects, you can first eliminate them manually, and use insecticides to irrigate dying string of dolphins for protection. For insects, the most important thing is to prevent them in the early stage. If they are treated after the emergence of scale insects, they may be in a hurry.
High TemperatureString of dolphin likes warm environment and has poor high temperature resistance and cold resistance.
If the temperature is too high and the water evaporates too fast, the leaves are easy to burn and wither, resulting in dying string of dolphin. If the temperature is too low, the leaves are easy to be frostbitten and dry under low temperature environment. We must take temperature control measures in summer and winter. It needs to be placed in a cool and well ventilated environment in summer. It is best to control the temperature below 30 ℃. In winter, we should move string of dolphin to a warm place. It is best to control the temperature above 10 ℃ to ensure safe wintering and avoid frostbite.
Excessive FertilizationIf we apply too much fertilizer to string of dolphin, first of all, root burning will occur.
If too much fertilizer is hoarded and the plants can't absorb it, the fertilizer will produce high heat in the soil and burn the roots of the plants. Then dying string of Dolphin will appear yellow leaves. When the fertilizer damage is excessive, the stems and leaves of the plant will also be affected, and the leaves will dry up. In serious cases, the whole plant will turn yellow, dry up or even die. Therefore, we should stop fertilizing dying string of dolphin and change the soil for re cultivation.
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According to some lay groups, the nation is experiencing an autism epidemic a rapid
escalation in the prevalence of autism for unknown reasons. However, no sound scientific
evidence indicates that the increasing number of diagnosed cases of autism arises from
anything other than purposely broadened diagnostic criteria, coupled with greater public
awareness and intentionally improved case finding.
Read the article “Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism” by Heyworth (2011), and write a two
page summary explaining the reasons why the public perceives vaccinations to be the cause
of the increase in autism.
If you are having trouble finding the article, consider searching for the author rather than
the title in the
Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. To better help you, the reference is
Heyworth, K.K. (2011). Vaccines do not cause autism. Ed. Haugen, D., & Musser, S.
Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center
NOTE: Although you are welcome to state your personal opinion on this topic, please
discuss this article using the scientific theories covered in this unit.
Vaccines do not cause autism: Heyworth, K 2011
The controversy in vaccination is related with ethics, morality, safety and effectiveness of
the drug. Contrary to increasing public perception of vaccines as the main cause of autism,
scientific evidence with regard to vaccinations indicates that there are many benefits derived
from immunizations. Prevention of death and suffering that arise from serious infectious diseases
outweigh the consequences of immunization. Opponents of vaccinations have long argued that
vaccines are ineffective, dangerous and a violation of religious ethics or individual rights. These
perceptions and arguments had some people and communities neglecting the use of vaccination.
This has subsequently led to the increased outbreak of infectious diseases that would have
otherwise been preventable. This paper is a summary of Heyworth’s (2011) article “Vaccines do
PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON AUTISM 2
not cause Autism” on why the citizens have continued to perceive that vaccination is the cause of
increased autism disorders among children.
According to Heyworth (2011), many people in US have a perception that vaccines are
the main cause of autism. The author has also in this article explained on what happens when
parents refuse to immunize their kids against serious diseases such as rubella, mumps and
measles. The rate of vaccination in the America has however, remained to be stable in the last
ten years. In fact by 2012, around 76% of children in the state that were aged 19-35 months had
passed through all their vaccination shots. However, that is still below the government’s goal of
ensuring that at least 80% of children receive vaccination. There are some regions of the country
where parents are avoiding immunization of their children, delaying some shots or skipping
some of them altogether. Among the issues cited as some of the reasons for doing so includes:
philosophical exemptions of state laws that require each child to be vaccinated before beginning
schooling and religious principles. This has consequently led to the increased outbreak of serious
infectious diseases. Majority of these diseases which includes: pertussis, mumps, whooping
cough measles, and haemophilus influenzae had been virtually cleared out by these vaccines.
However, the standpoint with regard to immunization has been with regard to increased
perceptions that vaccinations are the main cause of autism among children. There are many
parents in US who are convinced that vaccination is harmful to their kids (Though this aspect has
no scientific basis). From their concerns, autism happens to be the main cause of worry for most
of such parents. The perception is also related with the issue that at present, children now get
twice the number of vaccines they used to get some twenty years ago. In addition, these kids can
receive more than 20 injections just in their first birthday. According to such parents, the
PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON AUTISM 3
increased vaccination and injections is among other factors to blame for increased rate of autism
disorder in these children.
The strong public perception that vaccines do cause autism according to Heyworth, are
fuelled by some unproved findings from some researchers. For instance, a gastroenterologist
from Britain, Wakefield Rew presented in the Lancet, a study of 12 children which related
rubella, measles, mumps and vaccine combinations with intestinal problems which he believed
resulted into autism disorder. It was just the following year after the release of such results when
the AAP conducted public awareness that most vaccines offered to children contained
thimerosal, a mercury preservative. Though the warnings did not link the preservative to Autism
directly, it claimed that the presence of thimerosal in the vaccines theoretically led to the children
being exposed to a neurotoxin and autism above the safe limits. Further, there were also
recommendations that the preservatives be removed from the vaccine components. The
hypothesis in the vaccine and autism link was further strengthened and led to the increased
public perception against vaccination when a popular actress McCarthy Jenny went public that it
was vaccines, which caused autism on her son. She vividly pointed out at the Opra Winfrey
Show the heartbreaking detail of her son’s demise from autism. McCarthy’s incident led to
anxiety among the public concerning the effects of vaccines to kids.
Ever since Wakefield Andrew introduced his infamous study back in 1998, the
controversy surrounding vaccine -autism has been growing. However, though scientists have
worked hard to find the relation of autism to childhood vaccination, they have not been able to
find any of such links. This has made Wakefield research to be retracted. The vaccine-autism
debate is an illustration that public health programs are mostly underlined by reliance on
scientific opinions. However, what is most forgotten in this case is the fact that scientific
PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON AUTISM 4
opinions may not be an effective strategy to persuading the public. As Heyworth continues to
articulate, the scientific and political mismanagement of the conflict between the vaccination and
autism perceptions as well as a refusal to acknowledge the social context of the circumstances
have created more conflicts in this arena. In addition to these, it has also created a potency that is
far beyond what scientific opinions could guarantee.
PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON AUTISM 5
Heyworth, K.K. (2011). “Vaccines do not cause autism” Ed. Haugen, D., & Musser, S.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Callosobruchus maculatus, the bruchid beetle or the cowpea weevil, is a species of reddish-brown slightly elongate beetle. Although weevil-like they are not true weevils (Curculionidae) and do not have heads prolonged into a long "snout". Wing covers (elytra) are marked with black and gray and there are two black spots near the middle. They are considered pests. Adults move about readily and can infest seeds in the field, but can also breed continuously in stored dry cowpeas. Larvae typically develop inside the dried peas. Larvae chew near the surface and leave a thin covering uneaten which appears as a window from which the adults emerge.
Males of Callosobruchus maculatus have spines on their intromittent organs that puncture the female reproductive tract during mating. Females kick their mates during copulation. If females are prevented from kicking the males, copulations last longer and the injuries females sustain are more severe. This interesting behaviour makes them a unique model organism to study sexual selection and conflict. It has been found out that the spines have evolved for other reasons than harming the females, such as serving as an anchor during copulation, and that the harm they cause is a side effect of a male adaptation and is not itself adaptive for either sex.
- ^ M. Edvardsson & T. Tregenza (2005). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Why do male Callosobruchus maculatus harm their mates?"]. Behavioral Ecology 16 (4): 788–793.
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Is There An Ether? (Jun, 1930)
Is There An Ether?
Aid for the Layman Who Attempts to Keep Abreast of the Changing Concepts of the Modern Physicist
By PAUL R. HEYL, Ph.D.
Physicist, United States Bureau of Standards
THE ether had its origin in human need and will last as long as human thinking requires it. Not always in the same form, perhaps, but unchanged in function.
The word “ether” comes down to us from the Greeks, but with their concept we have little interest. The “divine ether” to which Prometheus made his impassioned appeal was merely the rarefied upper air. The ether of physics dates from the time of Newton, who, like all the natural philosophers of his day, was greatly-puzzled by the fact of apparent action at a distance. The full force of this was first felt when Newton showed that the earth’s gravitative action extended to the distance of the moon. The question then presented itself: “Can a body act where it is not?” And the universal answer was: “No; it is unthinkable. There must be some connecting medium.”
THUS arose the concept of the ether, at first a substance of rather vague physical properties. This hypothetical substance, while it did not succeed in explaining gravitation, at least furnished a medium by means of which it might be shown some day that gravitation could act.
In Newton’s day the ether was not generally regarded as a carrier of light, for the corpuscular theory of light was then in favor. The early part of the 19th Century saw the establishment of the undulatory theory for which a medium of some kind was a necessity, and the luminiferous ether, as it then came to be called, was soon considered an indispensable part of physical theory. Later in the century Maxwell added to the duties of the ether the explanation of electro-magnetism, and with this additional responsibility came an increased measure of authority. In the eighties and early nineties the ether was everything in physical theory, and while it had not yet been shown capable of explaining gravitation it was confidently expected that this would also come to pass, perhaps in the near future.
The 19th Century, felt very well acquainted with the ether, almost as well as with matter. Said the physi- cists of that time: “We know the ether just as well as we know iron or coal, and by the same evidence—its properties. True, it is transparent and invisible, but so is air. The ear can perceive air vibrations, and the eye those of the ether. Though it is not so simple a matter to weigh air as water, yet it can be done indirectly; likewise we can determine indirectly that the ether has a density of 10″18. Moreover it must possess the properties of a solid rather than of a liquid or a gas, else it could not transmit the transverse waves which constitute light. The ether may be thought of as a vast mass of transparent, friction-less, tenuous jelly in which all material things are embedded, and through which we slip and slide without being conscious of it. Nay, matter itself may be only a kink or twist in the ether. One continuous substance filling all space, which can vibrate as light, which can be sheared into positive and negative electricity, which in whirls constitutes matter, and which transmits by continuity and not by impact every action, and reaction of which matter is capable. This is the modern view of the ether and its functions.”‘ But with the 20th Century there came the new physics with its revo- lutionary concepts. How does the picture of Nature look at present?
The jelly-filling of space is gone; matter can no longer be distinguished from electricity; the atom is a little bunch of waves traveling like a moving corpuscle; space is curved, and this causes gravitation; energy is atomized into quanta— But stop! Let us catch our breath! Where is the ether? Is there anything left of it? And how are we ever going to get along without it?
These are very human questions. They suggest the alarm with which inherited tradition has ever viewed the iconoclast. It is easy enough to break down, but what have you to put in its place?
I think that a little study of the subject will show that the 20th Century has changed the form rather than the function of the ether; that action at a distance is as great a challenge as ever, and that modern physics binds every particle of matter to every other no less closely than did the older theory.
IN common opinion Einstein perhaps bears the blame for doing away with the ether. It is true that he asserts that there is no force of gravitation between the earth and the sun, and therefore it would seem that there need be no medium to serve as the physical basis for such an attraction; but the circular orbit of the earth must be accounted for, and this is how he does it.
Gravitation is not a pull, but a push. The earth is not drawn toward the sun by some mysterious force, but pushed out of what would otherwise be a straight course by—space itself!
Sink a large shallow bowl into smooth ice with the upper edge flush with the frozen surface. Stand off a little distance and send a golf ball rolling over the ice toward the bowl. What will happen?
That depends on the speed of the ball and on where it strikes the bowl. If it strikes well to one side and if it be not going too fast the ball may be captured by the bowl and describe several circles before settling to the bottom. But if it is going fast enough it may climb out of the bowl and proceed again in a straight line over the ice, after suffering a slight deflection from its original course. This deflection, or circular motion, as the case may be, does not mean that there is any force of attraction originating at the center of the bowl; the curved path is caused not by a pull but by a push of the curved surface of the bowl against the moving ball.
In a similar manner Einstein says that the motion of the earth in a circular orbit is due to a push from curved space, and that this curvature of space is caused by the mass of the sun. According to Einstein, space is not mere emptiness, but a sufficiently robust entity to be curved and to deflect the earth. It is this very resistent space itself that forms the bond of union between the sun and the earth and relieves us of the necessity of assuming action at a distance.
RATHER a neat substitute for the . ether, is it not? We need no medium filling all space if space itself is capable of doing the trick. And after all, whether we spell the connecting medium E-T-H-E-R or S-P-A-C-E— what does it matter?
Let us now look at the latest concept of the atom. I do not mean the Bohr atom, though to many this attractive planetary concept still represents the 20th Century idea. The readers of the Scientific American know that the Bohr atom has for some time been superseded by a more powerful and plastic form—the wave atom of Schodinger. According to this concept an atom is a little bunch of vibrant energy, spreading out in all directions and thinning as it goes, so that all atoms are connected, though rather tenuously, into one great vibrating system. And what is it that vibrates? Electricity.
Schrodinger assumes a filling material in space, a universal electric plenum which in vibration constitutes matter. Here we see again our old friend the ether in a new disguise. There is no escaping it. Scientific thought demands it and inventiveness supplies the demand under a different form suitable to the changed times. The ether is indeed protean in its properties, all things to all men. From the vague, imponderable medium of Newton’s day we have come by way of the tenuous jelly of the 19th Century to the curved space of Einstein and the universal electric plenum of Schrodinger. In one form or another the ether will last as long as human thinking requires it.
But, then, is the ether nothing more than a logical proposition? What does experiment say? Can it give us no evidence of the ether as a physical reality?
Apart from the ever present evidence of our sense of sight and the stars of heaven there is no evidence available. Many times has the attempt been made to detect the ether by^our motion through it, but to no avail. Not one but several independent lines of evidence concur in this negative answer.
But, you may say, is there riot at least one positive result—that of Miller? And does not the evidence of one skilled observer who has seen an elusive phenomenon count for more than the negative testimony of the many who have failed to notice it? This is often true, but it happens that in this case the presumption is exactly the other way. The well known Michelson-Morley experiment is carried out by means of interfering light waves. The adjustment is one of extreme delicacy, difficult to obtain and to maintain. It is a very easy thing to get an apparent positive result and a very difficult thing to avoid it. It is a matter of wonder and admiration on the part of those who know the ropes that Michelson and others should have been able to reach their negative conclusions.
For there have been others. Miller’s first announcement stimulated a number of experimenters in Europe and in this country to repeat his experiment Under different conditions, some in a balloon, some on a mountain, and some on earth at sea level, and in no case was any confirmation of Miller’s result reported. Of all these other experiments those of Kennedy, of California, have perhaps had most weight with physicists. Kennedy succeeded in reducing the dimensions of the classical Michelson-Morley apparatus to a relatively small volume, and by a very ingenious optical device preserved all the sensitiveness of the larger form. He was therefore able to enclose his apparatus in a case filled with helium, thus obtaining unquestioned control of pressure and temperature. And his result was negative.
EXPERIMENTERS of the first rank have more than once been self deceived. There will be recalled the case of Ramsay, one of the best chemists of England, and a co-discoverer of argon. Soon after the discovery of radium it was found that radium emanation gradually turned into helium. This was the first recognized case of transmutation among the elements, and aroused great interest. Ramsay, as a result of some very carefully conducted experiments, came to the conclusion that not only helium but neon could thus be produced, and that even copper could be changed into lithium. Other experimenters failed to confirm Ramsay’s results, and it took five years to settle the question. Finally J. J. Thomson developed the unexpected fact that certain gases were retained by glass under the most severe treatment, such as heating to the softening point. Ramsay’s alleged results are now of historical interest only.
And so it is with the supposed “anti-Einstein” evidence today. Miller’s results stand alone. Without independent confirmation they can not gain acceptance. Half a dozen attempts at confirmation have failed, and their very failure is the best proof of their claim to recognition.
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Traditional Folk Music from Sindh Broadcast on 29.11.2010
from the home of Saxonian Folkways
Sindh is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the “Mehran” . Sindhi Muslims are the largest population in the province, but other cultural, religious and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh. The neighboring regions of Sindh are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab to the north, Gujarat and Rajasthan to the southeast and east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main language spoken is Sindhi. The name is derived from the Indus River that courses through it, and was known to the Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Sinthus, to the Romans as Sindus, to the Persians as Abisind, to the Arabs as Al-Sind, and to the Chinese as Sintow. To the Javanese the Sindhis have long been known as the Santri.
The Indus Valley civilization is the farthest visible outpost of archaeology in the abyss of prehistoric times. The prehistoric site of Kot Diji in Sindh has furnished information of high significance for the reconstruction of a connected story which pushes back the history of South Asia by at least another 200 years, from about 2500 BC. Evidence of a new element of pre-Harappan culture has been traced here. When the primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji one of the most developed urban civilization of the ancient world that flourished between the year 25th century BC and 1500 BC in the Indus valley sites of Moenjodaro and Harappa. The people were endowed with a high standard of art and craftsmanship and well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which despite ceaseless efforts still remains un-deciphered. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned Moenjodaro and Harappa towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public baths and the covered drainage system envisage the life of a community living in a highly organized manner.
This civilisation is now identified as a possible pre-Aryan civilisation and most probably an indigenous civilization which met its downfall around the year 1700 BC. The collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization is still a hotly debated topic, and was probably caused by a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River.
The capital of Sindh is Karachi. Sindh has a population of 30 million people and an area of 54,407 mi² or (140,914 km²); in terms of area the provincial region of SINDH is greater in area than Greece but smaller than Tajikistan. The southern boundary with the Indian state of Gujarat is contested, the Kori Creek was considered as part of the region during the British India era, today it is part of the ongoing dispute of the Rann of Kachchh since the 1965 war.
Sindh (Sind) is officially one of the provinces of Pakistan. Sindh was home to one of the world’s oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization which is 5,500 years old. Hind is the corruption word for Sind.
Music from Sindh province is sung in Sindhi, and is generally performed in either the “Baits” or “Waee” styles. The Baits style is vocal music in Sanhoon (low voice) or Graham (high voice). Waee instrumental music is performed in a variety of ways using a string instrument. Waee, also known as Kafi, is found in the surrounding areas of Balochistan, Punjab, and Kutch.
Shah Jo Raag
The traditional compilations of Shah Jo Risalo by Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai include 30 Surs (chapters) which are sung as raags. The oldest publications of Shah Jo Risalo contained some 36 Surs, but later most of the linguists discarded 6 Surs, as their language and content did not match with the Shah’s style. Recently, Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch, the most renowned linguist of Sindhi language has compiled and printed a new edition after 32 years of research in folk culture, language and history of Sindhi language.
The traditional 30 Surs included in Shah Jo Risalo are:
* Yaman Kalyaan
* Suri Raag
* Sasui Aburi
* Laila Chanesar
* Mumal Ranu
* Barwo Sindhi
Instruments used in Sindhi Music
Common instruments used in Sindhi regional music include:
* Ektara known as Yaktaro in Sindhi
* Tanpura known as Danburo in Sindhi
* Alghoza Flute
* Pungi known as Been in Sindhi
Shah Inat Rizvi
(Sindhi: شاه عنایت اللہ ) (c. 1613 – c. 1701),
Shah Inayat or Inat, was a 17th-century Sindhi Sufi Poet from Nasarpur, Sindh, Pakistan.
He belonged to a branch of the Rizvi Syed family, which originated from Bukkur in Sindh province. Some time during the 14th–16th centuries, Ïnayatullah’s ancestors settled at Nasarpur, in the present Hyderabad District. His father, Shah Nasruddin, was a respectable religious man who in his advanced age left the Suhrawardiyyah order of Sufis, to which the Rizvi Syeds traditionally belonged, to became a follower of Shah Khairuddin of Sukkur. According to family tradition, it was due to the blessings of Shah Khairuddin that Shah Ïnayatullah was born to Shah Nasruddin when he was at an advanced age. The birth date of the poet is not recorded, but it may be inferred that he was born during the decade of the saint’s death (between 1613–1623).
In accordance with the family tradition of the Syeds in Sindh, Shah Ïnayatullah would have received his basic education in a local madrasah, but internal evidence from his poetry shows his advanced knowledge of Persian, Arabic and Islamic philosophy. Additionally, there is ample proof of his intimate knowledge of music, the Sufi saints, the life of villagers in Sindh and their folk-ways and folk-tales, and of various places, particularly in the Sindh region and the adjoining country of Kutch. He seems to have travelled far and wide in these areas
Shah Ïnayatullah was a classical poet in as much as he used the classical Sindhi idiom and employed the classical forms of Sindhi bait and waee or kafi in his poetry. Yet he heralded a new era in the domain of Sindhi poetry by combining the poetic contents of the age-old bardic tradition and the more cultivated spiritual thought of the Sufi-saint poets. Prior to this, Sindhi poetry had been nurtured by country bards and professional minstrels to commemorate the valour of heroes in wars or the munificence of the generous in peace, and to entertain the people by composing and singing their fold tales and pseudo-historical romances. It was also employed by the Sufis and the saints as a medium to express their spiritual ideas and experiences or convey their personal approval or disapproval of the deeds of contemporary individuals
According to the family accounts, from childhood Miyun Shah Inat was fond of music and would sit listening to the musicians and the professional minstrels in the village assemblies. By birth he belonged to an orthodox Syed family and was conversant with the spiritual contents of the poetry of his predecessors. Combining the two traditions, he forged a new line as a saint-poet of the people singing about their heroes in war and peace and their traditional tales and romances as well as about the traders, weavers, and monsoon rains on which the prosperity of the people depended. He also dealt with the spiritual themes of love and hope, and composed verses in praise of the saints and selfless devotees in the search of God.
The volume of his poetry that has survived pertains to twenty-two main topics covering all the above themes, each a chapter by itself, headlined in the extant manuscripts as “SURUD”, indicating the specific mode in which each one was to be sung. Thus, a background of musical tradition is implicit in the poetic compositions of Miyun Shah Inat, though due to a long lapse of time the conceptual pattern of music is lost to us and only the text has survived
The new era in Sindhi poetry heralded by Miyun Shah Inyat soon found its greatest exponent in Shah Abdul Latif (1689–1752) who was in his twenties or younger when Shah Inat died. According to oral tradition, Shah Abdul Latif is said to have met the elderly Shah Inat one more than one occasion, when they would recite to each other some of their parallel verses on common themes.
Whether or not this is true, there remains no doubt that young Shah Abdul Latif was strongly influenced by the form and technique used by Miyun Shah Inat, and within the framework of his own poetic genius he adopted them, to the extent of using some of the same idioms and expressions, though with a more precise skill and insight. Shah Abdul Latif reached higher in the realm of ideas than Miyun Shah Inat who, as a pioneer, was mainly concerned with the contents of his new themes and experiments in the use of idiom and imagery to render the description more vivid and more poetic. In so doing, he set the fashion and paved the way for the advent of Shah Abdul Latif, the immortal poet of the Sindhi language and one of the greatest poets of the world.
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Monday, February 18, 2013
Learn more about the controversial natural gas-extraction process of hydraulic fracturing when Rider’s Office of Sustainability presents a Forum on Fracking on Thursday, February 21, at 7 p.m. in the Bart Luedeke Center Theater on the Lawrenceville campus. A panel of four experts from varied environmental, energy and chemical organizations will discuss an array of opinions and perspectives during the moderated, balanced two-hour forum, which is free and open to the public. Rider University is located at 2083 Lawrenceville Road (Route 206 South).
Maya K. van Rossum of the Delaware Riverkeeper Network; James E. Benton ’73, M.P.A. ’76, of the New Jersey Petroleum Council; Elvin Montero of the Chemistry Council of New Jersey; and Kate Millsaps of the Sierra Club’s New Jersey Chapter, will discuss the pros and cons of fracking, the process of extracting natural gas from shale rock layers deep within the earth. Fracking makes it possible to produce natural gas extraction from shale plays, such as the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania, that were once unreachable with conventional technologies. Three-dimensional imaging helps scientists determine the precise locations for drilling.
Horizontal drilling (along with traditional vertical drilling) allows for the injection of highly pressurized fracking fluids into the shale area. This creates new channels within the rock from which natural gas is extracted at higher than traditional rates. This drilling process can take up to a month, while the drilling teams probe more than a mile below the Earth’s surface. The well is then cased with cement to ensure groundwater protection, and the shale is hydraulically fractured with water and other fracking fluids (Source: http://www.what-is-fracking.com/).
Debate over the environmental impact of the process remains lively, and provides the basis for Rider’s Fracking Forum, which will be moderated by Louis Chebetar ’13, current chair of Rider’s Student Government Association clubs and organizations committee.
Maya Van Rossum has served as the Delaware Riverkeeper and leader for the Delaware Riverkeeper Network, the only citizen action organization that works the entire length and breadth of the Delaware River and its watershed speaking and working for both its protection and its restoration, since 1994. Van Rossum has been appointed by governmental officials to a variety of committees informing state and regional policy and regulation in a wide array of water quality, quantity and habitat matters including in the areas of flooding, floodplain protection, storm water runoff, oil spills, water withdrawals, toxic and other pollution discharges. A former adjunct professor and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at Temple’s Beasley School of Law, she served multiple times as faculty on the Pennsylvania Bar Institute’s Environmental Law.
James E. Benton joined the New Jersey Petroleum Council in 1979 and was named executive director in 1983. As the primary representative of the petroleum and natural gas industry in New Jersey, Benton has more than 30 years of experience in energy policy and research, supply, transportation, refining and marketing. He has testified on all aspects of oil and natural gas policy before the New Jersey Legislature and regulatory agencies, and has particular expertise in spill prevention, having been the lead industry representative in the New Jersey/New York BiState response to a series of incidents in New York Harbor in 1990. A former mayor of nearby Pennington, Benton is a graduate of Rider University, where he earned a Master of Public Administration and a bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Public Administration.
Elvin Montero is the director of communications and issues management for the Chemistry Council of New Jersey, a trade association and business advocacy organization representing 70 large and small companies that are a part of the state’s chemical, pharmaceutical, consumer products, flavor and fragrances, petroleum refining, and precious metals industries. As spokesperson for the state’s $28 billion chemistry industry, Montero is responsible for ensuring that the industry’s priority issues, such as chemical plant security, energy, and safety are properly executed and that the industry’s interests are consistently shared with the appropriate state officials and agencies on a regular basis. He regularly represents the Council on various committees, including the New Jersey Domestic Security Task Force’s Infrastructure Advisory Committee.
Kate Millsaps is a conservation program coordinator for the Sierra Club, New Jersey Chapter. She has been active in statewide and local environmental issues, previously working for the New Jersey Highlands Coalition and the New Jersey Environmental Federation. Millsaps, who graduated from Ramapo College with degrees in International Studies and Environmental Studies, currently serves as a trustee of the New Jersey Highlands Coalition and has served on the Clinton Township Environmental Commission.
For more information, contact Melissa Greenberg, Rider’s sustainability manager, at 609-896-5000, ext. 7559, or [email protected].
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Learn On The Go: Capital & Lowercase Letters PreK+
3 – 6
PreSchool – Kindergarten
|Number Of Pages||
Your child will master ABCs, writing letters and having fun as they work through the pages of this workbook. Entire pages per letter so they can be used in any order, or as necessary for a refresher. Write the capital and lower case letter with a fun activity to recognize letters in a word. Additional activities are included that reinforce the the alphabet order while coloring, connecting the dots and more.
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Currently we test and support the following browsers:
Please note that this is not intended to be an exhaustive list of browsers that support web standards, nor a test of browser compliance, nor a side-by-side comparison of various manufacturers’ browsers.
The Spread the Word about Handwashing and Not the Germ Coloring Book was created as an educational tool to help young children understand the importance of washing their hands after certain activities. By providing visual images the children can color, St. Jude hopes to reinforce what you, as the parent, teacher or daycare worker, teach them about keeping their hands clean to stay healthy. You may print the pages separately, or print the entire coloring book.
Click on a thumbnail below to view/print an individual page of the Spread the Word about Handwashing and Not the Germ Coloring Book or download the entire book.
View the Spread the Word, Not the Germ! video
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Organizations commonly use 15-passenger vans, as they are convenient for transporting patients; however, these vehicles are more likely to be involved in a single-vehicle rollover crash than any other type of vehicle, according to the National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA). It is critical for organizations that use 15-passanger vans to be aware of the associated risks and the NHTSA’s recommendations for reducing the chances of a rollover crash.
The NHTSA recommends that 15-passenger van safety precautions include the following:
Keep your passenger load light.
NHTSA research has shown that the rollover risk for 15-passenger vans increases dramatically as the number of occupants increases from fewer than five to more than ten. The rollover rate of 15-passenger vans (with 10 or more occupants) in single-vehicle crashes is nearly three times the rate of those that are lightly loaded. Furthermore, it is imperative that organizations never allow more than 15 people to ride in a 15-passenger van.
Check your van’s tire pressure frequently — at least once a week.
Improperly inflated tires can change handling characteristics, increasing the prospect of a rollover crash in 15-passenger vans. According to the NHTSA, 11% of fatal 15-passenger van rollover crashes are attributed to tire failure. Check tire pressure at least once a week using the manufacturer’s recommended pressure levels.
Require all occupants to use their seat belts or the appropriate child restraint.
An unrestrained 15-passenger van occupant involved in a single-vehicle crash is approximately four times more likely to be killed than a restrained occupant, reports the NHTSA. Wearing seat belts increases the chances of survival during a rollover crash.
Whenever possible, seat passengers and place cargo forward of the rear axle, and avoid placing any loads on the roof.
To lower the vehicle’s center of gravity and reduce the chance of rollover, fill the seats from front to back and avoid overloading the van or placing any loads on the roof. When the van is not full, seat the passengers in front of the rear axle. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for maximum weight of passengers and cargo.
Be mindful of speed and road conditions.
NHTSA analysis of 15-passenger van crashes also shows that the risk of rollover increases significantly at speeds over 50 miles per hour and on curved roads. Keep in mind that 15-passenger vans require additional braking time and cannot handle abrupt maneuvers the way cars can. Always obey the posted speed limit, and reduce speed as needed based on road and weather conditions.
Only qualified drivers should be behind the wheel.
Ensure drivers of 15-passenger vans have a valid driver’s license, preferably a commercial driver’s license. Ensure drivers are experienced and operate this type of vehicle on a regular basis, and, that they only operate these vehicles when well rested and fully alert.
For more information, including free copies of 15-passenger van safety hangtags, as well as the latest NHTSA research and analysis, please visit the agency’s web site at https://www.nhtsa.gov. Hangtags can also be ordered at no cost by contacting NHTSA’s Vehicle Safety Hotline directly at 888-327-4236.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (n.d.). 15-Passenger Vans. Retrieved on September 11, 2018 from https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/15-passenger-vans
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In 9847 a Sophic long range probeship, exploring along a line to anti-spinward and Rimward of the Periphery discovered an anomalous light signature while travelling through interstellar space. Upon altering course and performing a high-speed flyby of the phenomenon, the probe was able to determine that the light signature was reflected star light. The probe had detected the reflection of a gigantic mirror in the middle of interstellar space.
Thinking at first that they had found evidence of either alien technology or terragens activity, the probe and eir crew initiated deceleration and rendezvous manoeuvres that placed them in close proximity to the array some 18 weeks after the initial detection event. What the probe found was indeed a product of alien manufacture. But not exactly a product of alien technology.
Drifting between the stars, light-years from any sun, the probe discovered a huge array of thin film mirrors some thirty thousand kilometers across. The mirrors acted to focus sunlight on a point nearby in space. Floating at this point was the first deepwood ever discovered.
A deepwood is, in outward appearance, very similar to the more familiar orwoods of terragens space. However, there are a number of crucial differences. While terragens orwoods can grow to hundreds of kilometers across, the largest deepwood so far discovered is only 3 kilometers in diameter (after some initial study, the probeship signalled back to its base station and then travelled to the nearest star system where it nanofactured telescopes and several million short range probes to explore space in the area of the first deepwood for others of its kind. To date some 11,000 deepwoods have been identified across a volume some 10 light-years across with no indication that their numbers are thinning.).
Deepwoods have much darker leaves then standard orwoods (the better to absorb reflected starlight) and a much slower, more efficient metabolism, allowing them to consume the resources of their host comet very gradually. And, of course, there is the mirror array. The mirror array of a deepwood is a bionano produced construct made from the metals available in the host comet. Each array is made up of many smaller mirrors all acting in coordination to reflect starlight onto the central tree.
The output of the mirrors is sufficient to closely approximate the light level of a near-solar environment and provides the energy for the deepwood to metabolize the resources of its comet as well as maintaining a low level electric charge across its entire structure. While the exact purpose of this charge is not entirely clear, it is theorized that the deepwood uses this effect to gradually direct its course through space by reacting against the magnetic field lines of the galaxy.
While the exact origins of the deepwood have yet to be determined, the most popular theory to date is that deepwoods are the product of an alien biotechnology. It is hypothesized that at some point in the far past an alien species engineered the deepwoods to serve as deep space habitats for their population, much as orwoods are used as habitats by terragens. At some point, some of the deepwoods 'escaped into the wild' perhaps due to the extinction of their creators, and have been gradually spreading through deep space ever since. A second, less generally accepted, hypothesis is that terragens civilization has encountered the outer edges of an expanding alien civilization (perhaps the builders of the Whisper sonic virtchcosm and alien Biogeocomputing worlds) and that it is only a matter of time until the deepwood's creators are encountered along with their creations.
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Range Creek canyon in Utah long held a secret that became public only when a rancher sold his land to the state – well-preserved remains from when the Fremont people lived here 1000 years ago.
Range Creek, rising in the Book Cliffs in Emery County, Utah, is a high tributary of the Colorado River. It flows into the Price River near Price, Utah. The Price then flows into the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado. The creek flows year around.
It has been nominated for classification as a National Wild and Scenic River. The Range Creek canyon has recently become publicized because of its pristine archaeological remains and rock art of the Fremont culture, a Native American archaeological culture that was geographically and chronologically adjacent to the Anasazi culture.
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Like other organs, organized contractions occur in the uterus. In the nonpregnant uterus, three patterns of contractility are typically encountered throughout the menstrual cycle.
First, under the influence of E2 during the late follicular phase, uterine contractions are mainly retrograde (displacement from cervix to fundus). These help to transport sperm toward the distal end of the fallopian tubes, where fertilization takes place. Characteristically, only the subendometrial layers of the myometrium are involved in the retrograde contractions of the late follicular phase. Women rarely perceive these contractions.
Second, under the influence of progesterone, the luteal phase is characterized by a state of relative uteroquiescence, possibly with some low amplitude bidirectional contractions. These may facilitate proper positioning of embryos for implantation and pregnancy.
Third, during the luteofollicular transition (i.e., menses), strong antegrade contractions occur in response to progesterone withdrawal. These uterine contractions, which involve all muscle layers of the uterus and are perceived by women, are instrumental in proper forward emptying of menstrual blood.
Abnormal patterns of uterine contractility have been associated with at least three medical entities: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and fecundity disorders . During menses, abnormal patterns of contractility will hamper proper forward emptying menstrual blood. This will cause menstrual blood to also exit the uterus by retrograde emptying through the fallopian tubes
Compared with controls, patients with endometriosis had uterine contractions with higher frequency (22.73 ± 5.66 osc/10 min vs. 11.09 ± 3.26 osc/10 min), amplitude (20.83 ± 3.94 mm Hg vs. 6.77 ± 2.83 mm Hg), and basal pressure tone (50.14 ± 16.30 mm Hg vs. 24.68 ± 6.14 mm Hg). Dysmenorrhea was scored as 4.09 ± 1.44 in patients with endometriosis and 0.86 ± 1.42 in controls. Retrograde bleeding was found in 73% of patients with endometriosis vs. 9% of controls, and only 45% of patients with endometriosis had viable endometrial cells in the culde-sac.1
- Characteristics of uterine contractility during menses in women with mild to moderate endometriosis
Author links open overlay panelCarlo Bulletti M.D. a, Dominique De Ziegler M.D. b, Valeria Polli M.D. a, Elena Del Ferro Ph.D. a, Simone Palini Ph.D. a, Carlo Flamigni M.D. c Fertility and Sterility Volume 77, Issue 6, June 2002, Pages 1156-1161
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Congressional Research Service: Electrical Generation and Consumption in the United States
According to a 2012 report from the Congressional Research Service, “U.S. Energy: Overview and Key Statistics,” energy consumption in the U.S. nearly tripled from 1950 to 2011. Over the same period, however, electricity consumption grew even faster, rising from 334 billion to 4,120 billion kilowatt hours — an increase of 1,134%.
The report brings together a wide range of governmental statistics on electricity production and consumption. Sources include the “March 2012: Monthly Energy Review” (PDF), from the Department of Energy, and “Annual Energy Review, 2010″ (PDF), from the Energy Information Administration.
The findings cover both electrical generation as well as consumption, with breakdowns of for industrial and consumer use.
- In 2010, total U.S. electrical generation was 4,120 billion kilowatt hours. The primary sources were fossil fuels, which generated 2,881 billion kilowatt hours (70%); nuclear, 807 billion kilowatt hours (20%); and renewables, 425 billion kilowatt hours (10%).
- The estimated average price of electricity in 2010 was approximately 11.5 cents per kilowatt hour, a 360% increase over the 1960 average of 2.5 cents per kilowatt hour. Adjusted for inflation, however, the real cost of electricity declined 25% during that time, from approximately 14 cents per kilowatt hour in 1960 to 10.5 cents per kilowatt hour in 2010.
- Natural gas currently supplies approximately 20% of U.S. energy needs, an increase from 17% in 1950 but a drop from the 30% it provided in 1970. By 2000 16% of total electric generation was gas-fired, rising to 25% by 2011.
- Coal-fired electrical generation peaked in 2005 at 2,013 billion kilowatt hours; by 2011 it fell to 1,851, a decline of 8%. At the same time, coal’s share of total electrical generation fell from 50% in 2005 to 45% in 2010. Electrical generation consumed less than 20% of coal in 1950, but now constitutes 90% of the more than one billion tons consumed in 2011.
- Nuclear power reached 20% of the nation’s electrical generation in 1990 and has remained steady since then, a consequence of nuclear power’s high capital costs, construction difficulties and safety concerns. Accidents such as Three Mile Island in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima in 2011 have contributed considerable uncertainty on the industry’s future.
- Hydropower generated 257 billion kilowatt hours of electricity in 2010, essentially steady since 1970. Because overall electricity generation has increased, hydropower’s share has declined from 30% in 1950 to approximately 10% in 2000. However, it is still by far the most important source of renewable energy, generating 31% of the sector’s production in 2010.
- From 1990 to 2005, solar energy increased only modestly, from 59 to 63 trillion BTUs. It began to increase significantly in 2006, rising to 98 trillion BTUs by 2009, the equivalent of 13.9% annually. In 2010 the sector generated 126 trillion BTUs, up 29% in a year; for 2011, the total was 168 trillion BTUs, an annual increase of 25%. The vast majority, 140 trillion BTUs, was consumed by the residential sector.
- Wind generation of electrical power was flat from 1989 to 1997, reaching only 3.3 billion kilowatt hours. From there it began to rise sharply, from 6.7 billion kilowatt hours in 2001 to 14.1 in 2004 and 33.4 in 2007. The total in 2010 is estimated to be 94.6 billion kilowatt hours, 22% of the total for renewables.
- Wind is the fastest-growing source of electrical generation in the United States. From 1999 to 2002, natural gas added 132 gigawatts of capacity while wind added 2.7, a ratio of 1 to 48. From 2003 to 2010, natural gas added only 93.6 gigawatts of new capacity (a 29% decline over the previous period’s additions), while wind added 33.2 gigawatts (a 1,130% increase), a ratio of 1 to 2.8.
- In 2010, 25.38 quadrillion BTUs of energy were lost in the conversion of fuels (primarily coal and natural gas) to electricity. This is nearly 70% larger than the energy value of the electricity generated, 14.89 quadrillion BTUs.
- Energy efficiency efforts have significantly increased since 1992. That year, 7,890 megawatts of energy were saved through higher-efficiency appliances, lighting, heating, ventilating and more. By 2009, savings had risen to 19,766 megawatts.
A related resource, the Energy Information Administration’s “Annual Energy Outlook 2011,” projects energy trends out to 2035.
Tags: fossil fuels, coal, nuclear power, renewable energy, consumer affairs
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Sunday, December 25, 2011
Jesus is God and He preexisted before there was everything. He created the universe, but when he came to earth and took the human form, he was born in a poor family. What would have happen if Jesus came down to earth from heaven in a supernatural manner? What would have happen if Jesus came down to our planet riding on fiery chariots accompanied by legions of angels.
Although Jesus conception was supernatural, he was born in the world's natural order and grew up according to manner of a normal child.
The birth of Jesus Christ is pivotal event in the history of humankind. Bible Scholars believe Jesus was born either 6 or 5 B.C. Historical facts favor such speculation. The birth of Jesus, the Messiah from the Royal line of King David was a disappointment to the Jewish people. Jesus was born in a poor family; not in a rich or powerful family as often expected. From a royal line, people expected that Jesus should have been born in the palace.
When Jesus grew up and started His ministry, His own people rejected him but those who received him, he gave them power to become sons of God. At about 33 years old, He was nailed to a cross, died, and buried. Then He rose on the third day, and forty days later ascended onto heaven.
His life transformed lives by the millions, and today, they commemorate His birth.
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With the conversation around mental health opening up more, more awareness has been raised around anxiety.
Anxiety can mean something different and be experienced differently from person to person.
Sometimes people who experience this surge of emotions as an "anxiety attack", whereas others might refer to it as a "panic attack."
But, the two terms have different meanings.
“Panic attacks are a clinical term, whereas anxiety is not,” Alice Boyes, author of The Healthy Mind Toolkit told Huffpost.
“Having an anxiety attack can mean different things to different people.”
The term “anxiety attack” typically refers to a more specific experience, often triggered by something unique to the individual says Christina Boisseau, an associate professor at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University.
“When someone says they’re having an anxiety attack, it’s more a colloquial term, but usually what they are referring to is that they’re anxious about something that’s happening, whether it be with school, work or your relationships,” Boisseau told Huffpost.
“There is an identifiable stressor. And when people get really anxious or worried, they can experience heightened physical symptoms of anxiety such as their heart racing and chest tightening.”
Although anxiety is something you usually experience in anticipation or in reaction to something, Boisseau said a panic attack sometimes occurs for no obvious reason.
“Panic attacks are unexpected rushes of intense fear or discomfort that come with some scary symptoms ― your heart starts racing, you’re dizzy, you feel flushed or you get a sudden shortness of breath,” she said.
“Symptoms peak very sharply within a matter of minutes and don’t usually last that long.”
Boisseau believes most people will have a panic attack at some point in their life, but only 2 to 3 percent of the population will develop a panic disorder: “Panic disorder is basically a fear of fear.
“People who have panic disorder are afraid of the physical feelings of panic itself. They are afraid something is wrong with them, like they are dying or ‘going crazy.’ Essentially they worry about the implications of having a panic attack,” she added.
“They think to themselves, ‘I’m going to have a panic attack because I’ve had one before here,’” Boisseau said.
Mental Health Ireland describes a panic attack as a sudden and intense sensation of fear.
The person suffering at times feel they have lost control and feel desperate to get out of the situation that has triggered their anxiety.
Symptoms can include racing heart or irregular heartbeat, rapid breathing, feeling breathless and feeling faint or dizzy.
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We read different articles, a number of which we either agree with or disagree with. We just just take really divergent jobs from the writers regarding the articles or even the publications we read. We are simply engaging in an act of critically analyzing the essay when we go as far as criticizing or offering our own opinion in as far as the article is concerned, then.
Just how to compose a vital analysis essay can only just be a job worth your own time while you are completely designed with the proper information and materials as well as your understanding in terms of detail by detail application of this needed methods.
Just exactly What then is just a vital analysis essay?
Making time for the information and describing understanding that is one’s of info is component and parcel of critical analysis. In its meaning, it is in reality the work of assessing the contestations or even the arguments advanced level critically. It really is a intellectual process that immerses one’s brain to the content not just to realize it but in addition to ascertain gaps and areas that want further input.
The entire process of assessment may be on governmental dilemmas, publications, articles, musical contents, and also shows. Leggi tutto “think about a typical example of Critical research Essay composing”
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Yellow-green caterpillars varying in size from .5 inches to 1.5 inches eating my wisteria. They have what appear to be stripes around the girth giving them a closed accordion like look. The large one has orange-yellow eyes. I discovered that they ‘glue’ together 2 leaves to form a leaf- cocoon or leaf- cave.
Your caterpillar will turn into the silver-spotted skipper butterfly.
These skippers are found throughout most of North America along roadsides, meadows, gardens and other plant filled open areas. This is one of the largest and most common of the skippers. The silver spot does make it easy to recognize.
The caterpillar feeds on foliage of the legume family (bean family) including your wisteria…other plants include kudzu,false indigobush, alfalfa, locust trees, stick-tights, beans. These caterpillars are not a garden pest.
Interesting fact from the Univ of FL entm dept: Insect frass (droppings) may provide chemical cues for parasitic wasps to the location of prey insects. Many caterpillars that live in leaf nests, including the silver-spotted skipper, forcibly eject their frass for considerable distances to eliminate these chemical cues. Silver-spotted skipper larvae utilize their anal comb to throw their frass a distance up to 38 body lengths.
Bugguide website says that the caterpillars hide during the day in silken nests among foliage, emerging at night to feed. There is one generation in the north and two in the south. They do overwinter in the pupa stage.
This insect does not bite or sting.
Moni has an ebook “Garden Insect Pests of North America – Pictures for Identifying and Organic Controls” Check it out!
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Import Protectionism - Main Arguments Against
- A-Level, IB
- AQA, Edexcel, OCR, IB, Eduqas, WJEC
Last updated 26 Aug 2020
What are the main economic and social arguments against trade protectionist policies?
Analysis of the effects of an import tariff on consumer welfare
The deadweight loss of welfare from an import tariff
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Level B1 - Forming the French Subjunctive - Falloir - French Quiz
Practice simple formation of the French present subjunctive with regular and irregular verbs
Forming the French Subjunctive
This is a free 30 question multiple choice quiz to practice forming the French present subjunctive. All of the sentences begin with Il faut que...
If you want to get serious about the French subjunctive, you need to take my comprehensive course!
If you enjoy my French freebies, will you consider becoming my patron on Patreon?
This lesson is included in my BUNDLED FRENCH LESSONS.
Jennifer is originally from Louisiana, and has been teaching French for over 20 years. She has been living in France with her husband and children since 2013, and continues to teach French both online and locally. She completed a BA in French and English, and taught French and moved to France for a year before completing an MA degree in French literature and language. While living in the US, she taught French for 15 years at Saint Louis University High School, a Jesuit college preparatory school for young men.
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What is a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?
If your doctor has diagnosed you with pyelonephritis then one or both of your kidneys may be involved. It’s an infection that travels up the ureter into the kidney and involves the renal pelvis where the urine collects. Also in the tubules and interstitial tissue. Pus called purulent exudate fills the kidney pelvis and calyces which are in the centre of the kidneys and where the urine collects. If the infection is severe then there may be an obstruction to the renal artery or vein that can obstruct the urine flow to the ureter.
Some of the causes found in pyelonephritis are
- Infection spreading up from the bladder
- Diabetes Mellitus
- If your immune is comprised or low.
- Obstructed flow of urine such as from an enlarged prostate, kidney stones
- Coexisting gout or uric acid nephrolithiasis
- Obstructing calculi which are kidney stones
signs and symptoms
Some signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis are:-
1. Painful and frequent urination. This is referred to as dysuria.
2. Pain associated with renal disease may present as a dull aching in the lower back or flank area. This is due to inflammation.
3. Tenderness and loin pain
4. Blood in the urine, known as haematuria
5. Cloudy & foul-smelling urine
6. Possible fever, nausea, vomiting
(Training at College of Naturpathic Medicine)
A dipstick urinaluysis may be used to see nitrates which would show bacteria, erythrocytes which woul show UTI, kidney stones or at worst case tumour.
Urine microscopy to check for bacteria, urinary casts (of blood & epithelial cells), blood cells and maybe some protein in the urine
Blood Tests to show results for Elevated Inflammatory Markers (ESR) and C-Reactive protein (CRP) and White Blood Cells WBC
An Ultrasound (SI, 2019)may be used to check
If the infection is recurring or chronic then this can lead to scarring called fibrous scar tissue forming over the calyx in the kidney.
Another complication could lead to hydronephrosis, which is a swelling of the kidney due to the build-up of urine.
Septicemia is a big complication and needs to be addressed so that it does not get to this stage.
Chronic pyelonephritis can lead to kidney disease. The kidneys once damaged can not repair so its important to ensure that it does not get to this stage. Early treatment is key to long term healthy kidneys.
At worst would be renal failure.
Renal abcesses would also be another complication.
what your doctor will offer you
1. A thorough the history of your condition will be asked. Try to give as much information as possible like previous UTI or recurrent symptoms.
2. You may be offered some anti-bacterial drugs like :
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra)
- Cephalosporins (Keflex, Duricef)
- Carbapenems (Doribax)
- Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin)
- Fosfomycin if you are pregnant
(Hubert and VanMeter, n.d.)
Learning more about how your Urinary Tract is affected by infection or any blockage in your urinary tract is important in order to help you to ensure that you get to the root cause and not just treat symptoms. Infections of the bladder and urinary tract and kidneys are very well supported and healing when looking at naturopathic options over the usual antibiotics that will and do encourage recurrence. Looking to support your urinary flora to encourage the good bacteria to find the right balance with the bad bacteria and infections that are common in this area. Here are some key areas to help yourself with are to:-
- Reboot, give your body a break and feed your body with fibre, nutrients and healthy foods
- Hydrate well and drink 2 litres plus a day of mostly water or herbal teas, vegetable juices made fresh with a juicer.
- Look for a protocol that will support your urinary systems such as cranberries, or cranberry extract where the tannin content appears to reduce the capability of E.coli to adhere to the mucosa (layer) in the bladder.
A big part of why the body is here in the first place could be a number of reasons found in the cause section above. Tick off where your infection has not come from so that you can get to the root cause. This way you can prevent in the future.
You may want to consider a reboot and look to give your body a break. Regular breaks so that you give your body the best chance to heal.
Take the next step to prevent illnesses & health issues,
Join Ultimate Health, Your Journey Starts Here!
At Ultimate Health we look for prevention and treating the cause. We always start by wiping the slate clean with a Reboot and then looking to help support your body to heal using natural proven principles. Naturopathic solutions and a protocol that supports your body and every system that it runs. We help you to manage the many multifunctional influences that can cause conditions like this in the first place. Detoxification is key, as well as reducing internal inflammation, getting conscious about your health and finding out what is actually healthy for you. If you need a map we have the One Clear Path to support your entire journey to your Ultimate Health.
Here are the Pathways we use to support you:
- Group Support
- One to One consultations
- Whole-Food Plant-Based Diet
- Meal Plans that are done for you
- Education on the Real Truth about What is Actually Healthy, not just what the media tells you is “Healthy“.
1. Hubert, R. and VanMeter, K. (2019). Gould’s pathophysiology for the health professions. 6th ed. Elsevir, p.500.
2. Pubs.rsna.org. (2019). Pyelonephritis: Radiologic-Pathologic Review | RadioGraphics. [online] Available at: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.281075171 [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019].
3. College of Naturopathic Medicine, Biomedicine
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Turkana in Kenya's arid north is the most important place you've likely never heard of, quintessential to understanding mankind. But its people have been neglected; armed conflict is rife, education rare, livelihoods eroded.
Lake Turkana is the world's largest desert lake, reaching 300km from the southern border of Ethiopia down into Kenya's arid north. Surrounding it is planet's oldest landscape known to have been inhabited by modern man.
Beneath the priceless spoils of its earth––the skeletons, skulls, tools and teeth of our forefathers––explorers have found another prized commodity: oil, a symbol of wealth and progress, but one that always comes at a cost.
Turkana has become a destination for petroleum-explorers, cavalier investors and nefarious politicians. Greed is the most perceptible trait. Yet, for all its riches, the pastoralists who live in Turkana are some of the poorest people in the world, devoid of any benefits of the state.
Turkana has all the ingredients of a disaster-in-the-making. Unless decades of discrimination against the Turkana is reversed, and its people receive real benefits, the region could descend into a patchwork of disaffected militia vying for oil wealth.
Or worse. Police claim the Westgate shopping centre attack was planned in Turkana, at the Kakuma refugee camp. Islamic militancy is gaining a foothold on Kenya's coast and experts fear the neglected north could provide a ripe recruiting ground, with large numbers of Somali refugees.
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Traditional Chinese Medicine May Stall Onset Of Diabetes
Brett Smith for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
Traditional Chinese medicine has been around for thousands of years, and a new study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism has found that a mixture of 10 Chinese herbal medicines called Tianqi may help stall the progression from a pre-diabetes condition to a formal diabetes diagnosis.
Patients are considered to have pre-diabetes when they develop elevated blood sugar levels, but not to the point of those with type-2 diabetes. Those with pre-diabetes face an elevated risk of developing full-blown type-2 diabetes, in addition to heart disease and stroke. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 79 million American adults age 20 years or older could be considered pre-diabetic.
“With diabetes evolving into a serious public health burden worldwide, it is crucial to take steps to stem the flood of cases,” said study authors Dr. Chun-Su Yuan, a recognized expert of herbal medicine at the University of Chicago. “Patients often struggle to make the necessary lifestyle changes to control blood sugar levels, and current medications have limitations and can have adverse gastrointestinal side effects. Traditional Chinese herbs may offer a new option for managing blood sugar levels, either alone or in combination with other treatments.”
In the study, nearly 390 volunteers at 11 research sites in China were randomly assigned to take either a capsule containing Tianqi or a placebo three times a day before meals for an entire year. All participants received healthy lifestyle instruction at the start of the trial and met intermittently with nutritionists. Researchers measured participants’ glucose tolerance on a quarterly basis.
After the year-long trial, 36 participants in the Tianqi group and 56 in the placebo group had developed type-2 diabetes. The study team found that the herbal medicine cut the risk of diabetes by over 32 percent compared to a placebo, after considering participants’ age and gender.
The team noted that risk reduction seen for Tianqi was as good as that seen in studies of the diabetes medications acarbose and metformin. Tianqi does include herbs that have been found to cut blood glucose levels and boost control of blood glucose levels after meals.
“Few controlled clinical trials have examined traditional Chinese medicine’s impact on diabetes, and the findings from our study showed this approach can be very useful in slowing the disease’s progression,” said study author Dr. Xiaolin Tong, from Guang’anmen Hospital in Beijing. “More research is needed to evaluate the role Chinese herbal medicine can play in preventing and controlling diabetes.”
Another study on traditional Chinese medicine published earlier this month in the journal Current Biology found that a chemical compound in the Corydalis plant can ease pain in mice. A chemical analysis performed by study researchers revealed a chemical in the plant – DHCB – was an effective pain reliever in the laboratory rodents.
“This medicine goes back thousands of years, and it is still around because it works,” Olivier Civelli, a study author and pharmacologist at the University of California, Irvine told the Los Angeles Times. “The question is, what makes it work. There are many compounds inside this plant.”
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Presentation on theme: "Writing headlines Not titles. Basic rules of headline writing Never write a headline without reading the entire story first. If the story has a surprise."— Presentation transcript:
Basic rules of headline writing Never write a headline without reading the entire story first. If the story has a surprise ending, don’t give it away in the headline.
Basic rules of writing headlines Draw headline information from near the top of the story. Build the headline around key words, those that must be included. Build on words in the story, paraphrasing but not parroting.
Headlines show action and contain a verb Which of these samples are headlines and contain a verb? Type your answer to #1 A.The roaring lion B. A lion’s tale D. Cop requires stitches after lion attack E. A dangerous lion F. Lion bites policeman
Are these the headlines you wrote down? Officer hits lion. (Hit is a verb and this is a complete thought.) Cop requires stitches after lion attach. (Requires is a verb) Lion bites policeman. (bites is a verb) Wrong: The roaring lion: Roaring is used as an adjective, not a verb, and this is not a complete thought.
Write a headline for “3 bears” news story The Three Bears Discuss the basic facts Exercise: #2 Write 2-3 possible headlines on your assignment page.
Possible Headlines Bears’ house vandalized Parents cited for neglect Child damages home Charges filed against girl for breaking and entering Other ?
Change these titles to headlines Titles usually do not have a verb. Change these titles to headlines. 1. The Three Little Pigs 2. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 3. Indiana Jones 4. Tool Time
Possible headlines for stories Wolf boiled alive by three pigs Apple causes teen to fall into coma Scottish clans unite to defeat English Taylor takes tumble on Tool Time
Basic rules of headline writing When you write a headline remember: Include a subject and a verb Use present tense of verb Eliminate articles (the, an, a) Don’t use “is” or “are” Use comma to indicate “and” or a semicolon
Practice writing headlines Here is a short story. Write a headline for it. CAMP DOHA, Kuwait -- The battle for Baghdad began Tuesday night as U.S. ground forces entered the "Red Zone." U.S. Army and Marine ground forces advanced on separate axes into the swath of territory around Baghdad that is defended by the Republican Guard and has been characterized by U.S. commanders as the most strategically vital and treacherous of the war. Although still 50 miles or more from the capital, the attack brought the U.S. military one step closer to its ultimate objective: the capture of Baghdad and the toppling of the government of President Saddam Hussein.
Headline writing style Headlines do not end with a period Most papers use “down style” Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized Most important stories and headlines are at the top of the page. Sample Headlines Emotions run high as Dole retires from Senate Eight local schools keep students indoors this summer Farrakhan praises Cuban schools
Headline style Do not center headlines Start headline flush left on column Double or triple headlines should be close to the same length Sample triple headline Boy wins new bike Teen steals prize Police recover bike
Headline writing ideas Try to arouse the reader’s interest Try to be consistent with the tone of the story Avoid awkward phrasing that is difficult to read Do not mislead reader
Write three possible headlines for this story. Brad Jones and Kim Smith always said the sky was the limit as far as their love was concerned. Last week they proved it by getting married--in midair. Jones and Smith and a daring pastor, the Rev. Charles Brown, strapped on parachutes Saturday morning and jumped out of a plane at 10,000 fee. The trio clasped hands to form a ring while the Rev. Brown conducted the ceremony.
Practice writing headlines Possible headlines from teacher 1. Sky’s no limit for midair wedding 2. Put on your parachute if you want to keep up with the Joneses 3.Free fall marriage performed 4. Wedding in the blue Couple says ‘I do’
Rules of headline writing Use acronyms sparingly--avoid alphabet soup Avoid using nouns that can be read a verbs, or vice versa Avoid double entendres that could be misleading Avoid awkward phrasing that is difficult to read Make sure headline is accurate and balanced Problem headlines PTA charges FBLA and FFA with theft Police slay suspect bound over for trail Relatives served at family dinner Man with two broken legs saves one from drowning Oklahoman hit by auto riding on motorcycle
What’s wrong with these headlines? Wife charges husband killed her for money Man who shot himself accidentally dies Boy chasing fox found rabid Andalusia girl improved after drinking poison
Enjoy some headline humor -Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge -Deer Kill 17,000 --Typhoon Rips Through Cemetery; Hundreds Dead - Man Struck by Lightning Faces Battery Charge - New Study of Obesity Looks for Larger Test Group -Astronaut Takes Blame for Gas in Spacecraft - Kids Make Nutritious Snacks --Chef Throws His Heart into Helping Feed Needy - Arson Suspect is Held in Massachusetts Fire - British Union Finds Dwarfs in Short Supply
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Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica with a 3 to 21% water content. Because of its amorphous character (meaning it has no crystalline structure), it is classed as a mineraloid rather than a mineral. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature in the fissures of almost any kind of rock. Its internal structure makes it diffract light. Opal has a hardness of 5-6.5 on Mohs scale and it is widely used in jewelry making mostly cut and polished to form a cabochon.The Romans believed opal to be the most powerful stone of all, carrying in it all the colors of other precious gems. The Bedouins believed to be fallen from the sky during thunderstorms and that it contains lightning.
Opal has three basic types: precious opal, common opal and fire opal.
The precious opal is the rarest, known as “rainbow opal”. It produces beautiful play of color, brilliant flashes or streaks of iridescent color when turned in the light. The “common opal” has usually a milky or pearly luster, it does not exhibits play of color. The “fire opal” is transparent to translucent. Its color is vivid red, orange or yellow. This stone has no play of color either, but occasionally can show bright green flashes.
It is a stone of inspiration and change enhancing ones creativity and imagination. It can be used to avoid nightmares, to calm turbulent emotions, to enhance self-esteem and self-worth. It is said to be stone of love intensifying what one is feeling and releasing inhibitions.
On a physical level opal is believed to purify the blood and kidneys and regulate he insulin production. It helps reduce fever and stimulates memory. It is also beneficial for the health of the eyes.
It stimulates the Hearth and the Crown Chakra, (but since it occurs in nearly all colors, the dominant color energies stimulate the corresponding chakras).
Opal is the national stone of Australia, and birthstone for the month of October.
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In my recent Edutopia post, I posed a problem that is plaguing many schools today: that of racial inequity in our honors classes. Many of us at the middle school level are wondering what our role is in bridging gaps of opportunity for minority students to level the playing field a bit before sending our students off to high school. The problem, in many cases, resides in a subtle tracking that begins to occur as early as 3rd grade. Middle schools are inheriting these tracked students and looking for ways to help break down the chronic paths, many of which look unsurprisingly defined by race.
We all know that access to honors classes should not be defined by race. We all know that kids from every demographic are capable of the more rigorous work that an honors or AP class requires. However, we have also observed that students track themselves when left to their own stereotyping. This post is about ways that a middle school can perhaps put more odds in a student’s favor in order to help bridge a morale gap, a chasm that can define a student indefinitely if the system isn’t careful.
Two years ago, we thought that we could cut off this trend by simply expanding the classes themselves. We went from a single honors ELA class at each grade level to two. The standards were slightly lowered to fill in the enrollment, but it’s been pretty successful. Kids who barely managed to get in have, for the most part, risen to the challenge. However, we discovered that even having expanded the program, it still seemed to only represent a single demographic. The face of our honors classes hadn’t changed.
Nevertheless, there is talk of expanding the program even more. The plan is to expand from 2 periods to 3 sections of honors for each grade level. However, rather than drop the standards, we will instead redesign our application process, target certain students to encourage their application submission, and communicate the process differently to encourage a more diverse applicant pool. By expanding the class even further, the hope is to create an additional cohort of participants.
Admittedly, there are drawbacks to actively recruiting minorities for the honors classes. For one thing, the few model students left in the mainstream classes go away. After all, after we doubled our honors classes, the gap between mainstream and honors never seemed more vast. And admittedly, by opening the classes even more and actively recruiting, this problem will only get greater.
I guess the plus (and I am not sold that this is a plus) is that teachers will not have to differentiate as much, and differentiation still proves challenging to many teachers. Additionally, if some teachers are not differentiating as it is, then perhaps expanding the honors program helps service kids who were not being serviced in the mainstream classes.
(As I write this last paragraph, I already hear the arguments in my head because, frankly, it’s not ideal. Targeted minority recruitment might solve one problem, but we know that it doesn’t solve another.)
I can also hear an argument from many as to why we even have honors classes. I guess the best way to respond to that is to provide a metaphor. Elementary school is like the beach. You use muscles to walk the dunes. High school is the open ocean. It’s deep. It can be scary. And, for the first time, you are swimming on your own, getting tired, but using the muscles necessary to reach whatever island awaits you. Middle school, however, is like the tidal zone. They enter in and are immediately glubbing for air as the undertow pulls them down. Then, they are sent spinning and don’t know which way is up. It’s chaos. It’s middle school.
And as middle schools, it’s our job that while tweens all flail about, their arms and legs wiggling like those used car lot inflatables, we give them chances to develop those swimming muscles. And not just to doggie paddle. It’s our job to teach them the fundamentals of the free stroke, the breaststroke, the backstroke, and the butterfly. However, if a student enters middle school with the potential to swim but with the skills only granted in a lower-level swim class, how can we bridge the gap to give them a fighting chance in the deep ocean later on?
I would also say that there’s no way parents would let us drop an honors track. It’s just too familiar a system for many of them.
So that’s what my school has been tackling, and I wanted to share our first steps.
So, what will the classes look like?
* 3 classes of honors instead of only 2
* There will be with 25 honors students per period that would be accepted regardless of demographic. Then, looking deeper into the application, there will be an added cohort in each period, 10 students that are from under-represented minorities, who show great potential but perhaps were a point or two away from traditional acceptance. The point is that we are trying to offset a possible earlier stereotyped track in which the student may have been placed. We are putting faith in that student that he or she will blossom when put in an accelerated peer group.
How are we actively recruiting students from underrepresented minorities?
* Both the 8th grade honors teacher and the 7th grade honors teacher are going around to all ELA classes, including ELD, to talk about honors
* Personalized calls to families in their home language of students with a certain level of CST scores
* Parent Education Workshop with translators focused on the application process
* Personal call from student’s counselor in home language
* AVID teachers talk about honors process during their periods
What does the application process now evaluate?
* CST scores
* Quarterly grades
* Teacher Recommendation
* Certain classroom test scores
* Score on a Timed Written Expository Test
* Add a point for being from a specific underrepresented group
What could be our next Steps for next year?
*Panel of minority honors students from this year talking early on to 6th graders about how to plan their academic goals
* Since we are the feeder school for all of our district’s elementary schools, we want to form mentorships early on for those students entering from our elementary schools who service our greatest Latino populations.
*When we get standardized test scores and grades from elementary schools, make more informed decisions about classes for incoming 6th graders to ensure that they are assigned a teacher who deeply understands and agrees with differentiation.
Middle school is a key developmental crossroads in a student’s life. As such, schools need to do a targeted reverse-tracking process, one that helps bridge the gap to allow for more students to have access to higher-level classes.
How are you tackling this issue in your school?
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August 3rd, 2011 in English Grammar
When used with gradable adjectives (e.g. good, bad, tired etc), quite means ‘fairly’ or ‘rather’.
The film was quite good, but it could have been better.
With non-gradable adjectives and adverbs, quite means ‘completely’.
It is quite impossible. (= It is completely impossible.)
You are quite right. (= You are completely right.)
She speaks Spanish quite well, but she has got a strong Canadian accent. (= Her Spanish isn’t perfect)
She speaks Spanish quite perfectly. (= Her Spanish is perfect.)
Quite can be used to modify verbs, especially in British English. The meaning depends on whether the verb is gradable or not.
Word order with nouns
Quite can be used to modify nouns. Before a noun with a gradable adjective, we use quite a/an.
She is quite a brilliant girl.
It was quite an interesting film.
Before a noun with a non-gradable adjective, we use a quite.
It was a quite perfect day.
Quite cannot be used before comparative adjectives or adverbs. Instead, we use other degree modifiers like rather, a bit, much etc.
She is rather older than her husband. (NOT She is quite older than her husband.)
Note that the expression quite better is an exception to this rule.
Not quite means ‘not completely’ or ‘not exactly’.
I am not quite ready. (= I am not completely ready.)
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Seeds are amazing. Give them soil, water and sunshine, and they’ll fill your garden with colorful flowers. Because seeds cost less than bedding plants, they’re great for filling lots of space, and for gardeners on a budget.
Remember, annual flowers make a big splash for one year only. Perennial flowers bloom year after year.
Best of all, there are lots of varieties to choose from. Your biggest challenge will be finding room to plant them all.
How to Start Flower Seeds:
- Decide how much sun your garden gets, so you’ll know whether to buy seeds for sun or shade.
- Read the seed packets to know how and when to plant.
- Find out when the last spring frost is expected in your area.
To Start Flower Seeds Indoors:
Read your packets and count backward from the date of the last expected spring frost. For example, if your packet says to plant 8 weeks before the last spring frost, which is in mid-May, start the seeds in mid-March.
- Use a seed starting kit, or buy pre-made seed starting pellets or peat pots. If you’re planting in pre-made pellets, follow the package directions. If you’re planting in peat pots, fill them with some moistened seed starting mix. Don’t start your seeds in soil from your garden. Buy a special seed starting mix.
- Plant the seeds at the depth recommended on the seed packet.
- Water the seeds by letting the peat pots soak up water from a tray, or gently water with a watering can or spray nozzle.
- Label your seeds with the name of the flower and the date you should plant outdoors.
- Cover the seeds with clear plastic or the cover from your seed starting kit. Some seeds don’t need to be covered.
- Put the seeds in a warm place and check them daily. The packet will tell you if they need light to germinate. You can use a seedling heat mat to ensure your seedlings get the heat they need.
- Keep the soil moist but not soggy.
- When the seedlings sprout, uncover them and move them to a warm, bright spot. You can use grow lights to be more effective.
- Important: Harden off the seedlings by gradually exposing them to the weather. Begin by moving them outside to a sheltered spot for 3-4 hours. Bring them in at night. Move them outside for 2-3 more hours each day for the next 7-10 days, continuing to bring them in at night. After they’ve toughened up, plant them in the garden. Wait until after the last hard frost to transplant half-hardy flowers. Wait until after all danger of frost to transplant tender annuals and perennials.
- If you get a sudden cold snap, protect your seedlings and cover with newspaper, a tarp, sheets, or plastic row cover. Take the cover off the next morning when the temperature rises and the sun comes out.
To plant directly in your garden, follow the directions on the seed packet. Plant hardy flower seeds as soon as the ground can be worked. Plant half-hardy seeds after your last hard frost for best success. Then plant tender seeds after there’s no chance of even light frost. Save your seed packets, too.
If you don’t use a seed starting kit, you will need:
Got questions about this article or any other garden topic? Go here now to post your gardening ideas, questions, kudos or complaints. We have gardening experts standing by to help you!
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7 Ways You Can Celebrate World Food Day—and Make a Difference in Your Community
Categories: Ecology & Sustainability Food & Nutrition
This Sunday is World Food Day, a day when we all can take action against hunger. Despite the fact that nearly $165 billion worth of food gets thrown away each year in the U.S. alone, factors like climate change and geopolitical conflict, among others, result in hunger and food scarcity throughout the world. Even in developed countries like the U.S., food deserts prevent people from gaining access to the healthy, nutritious food they need to thrive. Established in 1979, World Food Day presents an opportunity for everyone in every country to participate in ending hunger for good. Here are 7 ways that you can take a stand against hunger and make a difference in your community.
1. Support sustainable food production
The theme of this year’s World Food Day is climate change. Globally, industrial agricultural practices are responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, and it’s estimated that half a million people may die by 2050 due to climate change-induced hunger. By choosing to buy from farmers who employ sustainable growing methods, you’re taking a stand against exploitative farming practices and helping secure a brighter future for generations to come. Supporting small-scale, biodiverse farms may seem like a simple change to make, but it can have big returns down the line.
2. Get your hands dirty: Volunteer with your local community garden
Food insecurity disproportionately affects people living in poverty or in disenfranchised areas, where access to healthy, fresh food can be limited. By supporting your local urban garden, you can get outside, connect with others, and address hunger in a meaningful, concrete way by putting fresh produce in the hands of the people who need it most.
Find a community garden near you here.
3. Participate in a local event
You can check out World Food Day USA to see what’s happening in your area and how you can help. Whether you walk for hunger, pack up meals for the homeless, or volunteer at a soup kitchen, your service is important to the nourishment of others in need. Every little bit can help—by giving your time to a local event, you’re serving not only your community—you’re making an impact on a greater population. Be an advocate for health and food justice in this world!
4. Start talking
Open a discussion in your community about why organic, fresh produce is practically unaffordable. In grocery stores, you know there’s a dividing line—literally!—between the inexpensive produce and the expensive produce. Talk to your local government about what programs it has in place to ensure access to healthy fresh food for those who may not be able to get or afford it otherwise. Let’s remove that line altogether!
5. Support women farmers
According to the World Food Programme, if women farmers had access to the same financial resources as men, the number of hunger-afflicted people worldwide could be reduced by 10–15 million. As noted by Vandana Shiva, women produce more than half of the world’s food and fulfill the needs of over 80% of food-insecure households and regions. Women are integral to food security and ending hunger, particularly in developing countries, despite facing massive resource constraints.
To learn more about the role of women in ending hunger, check out this link.
6. School lunches
In many areas in the U.S. and throughout the world, a school breakfast or lunch can be the only full meal a child gets. Sometimes, these meals don’t contain enough nutrients for elementary school children. By improving the quality of food children consume, they’ll be more successful in the classroom and have better long-term health. Important food groups, like fresh fruits and vegetables, go a long way in sustaining children’s stomachs and minds. Call your local school to see if it participates in the At-Risk Afterschool Meals Program, which helps provide meals to hungry kids in need.
For more info about the impact of school lunches on tackling hunger at home and worldwide (and how some of those programs are under threat), check out the WFP.
7. Buy local, think global
According to Michael Brownlee, author of The Local Food Revolution, we need to act now to shift our food production from large-scale agriculture to local farming—not just for our local communities, but for the planet at large. Brownlee is determined that the only way to fix the damage caused by the current negligent, exploitative system is to share this responsibility with everyone. By dividing and localizing food production, smaller communities will be able to provide more sustainable options for how food is grown, handled, processed, and eaten. For more information about localization and agriculture, check out The Local Food Revolution in stores on Tuesday!
To learn more about World Food Day, go to www.worldfooddayusa.org. To learn more about the systemic issues affecting food security at home and worldwide, check out:
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Monday, November 11, 2013
Ocean shows Massive Lingering Damage
Mother Nature will solve it all but over a far larger span of time than I had counted on. This is two years on and far too much remains.
What is a certainty is that the global ocean fishery will itself collapse. All these methods can be barely sustainable provided strip harvesting is practiced along with direct tenure or license. The strips provide refugia for immediate repopulation. In these regions, it has already fully collapsed and the garbage blocks any fishing now and easy recovery of the fishery.
Toxins as well continue to linger and it is obvious that feel good statements to the contrary is rubbish. What is already in the ocean will take twenty years to reduce and remove and centuries to bury.
We desperately need to convene a conference of the sea that is mandated to license fishing tenures that enforce prudent practice at least. This is readily monitored by satellite tracking today and must include reef management and bottom management that ensure half the license area remains unfished permanently.
It needs to be enforced by the USA navy in particular and through all home ports upon surveillance establishes infractions. Since vessels can be easily identified, failure to apprehend at home can be used immediately to apprehend at sea. That makes piracy extremely expensive.
The ocean is broken
Tue, 22 Oct, 2013
IT was the silence that made this voyage different from all of those before it.
Not the absence of sound, exactly.
The wind still whipped the sails and whistled in the rigging. The waves still sloshed against the fibreglass hull.
And there were plenty of other noises: muffled thuds and bumps and scrapes as the boat knocked against pieces of debris.
What was missing was the cries of the seabirds which, on all previous similar voyages, had surrounded the boat.
The birds were missing because the fish were missing.
Exactly 10 years before, when Newcastle yachtsman Ivan Macfadyen had sailed exactly the same course from Melbourne to Osaka, all he'd had to do to catch a fish from the ocean between Brisbane and Japan was throw out a baited line.
"There was not one of the 28 days on that portion of the trip when we didn't catch a good-sized fish to cook up and eat with some rice," Macfadyen recalled.
But this time, on that whole long leg of sea journey, the total catch was two.
No fish. No birds. Hardly a sign of life at all.
"In years gone by I'd gotten used to all the birds and their noises," he said.
"They'd be following the boat, sometimes resting on the mast before taking off again. You'd see flocks of them wheeling over the surface of the sea in the distance, feeding on pilchards."
But in March and April this year, only silence and desolation surrounded his boat, Funnel Web, as it sped across the surface of a haunted ocean.
North of the equator, up above New Guinea, the ocean-racers saw a big fishing boat working a reef in the distance.
"All day it was there, trawling back and forth. It was a big ship, like a mother-ship," he said.
And all night it worked too, under bright floodlights. And in the morning Macfadyen was awoken by his crewman calling out, urgently, that the ship had launched a speedboat.
"Obviously I was worried. We were unarmed and pirates are a real worry in those waters. I thought, if these guys had weapons then we were in deep trouble."
But they weren't pirates, not in the conventional sense, at least. The speedboat came alongside and the Melanesian men aboard offered gifts of fruit and jars of jam and preserves.
"And they gave us five big sugar-bags full of fish," he said.
"They were good, big fish, of all kinds. Some were fresh, but others had obviously been in the sun for a while.
"We told them there was no way we could possibly use all those fish. There were just two of us, with no real place to store or keep them. They just shrugged and told us to tip them overboard. That's what they would have done with them anyway, they said.
"They told us that his was just a small fraction of one day's by-catch. That they were only interested in tuna and to them, everything else was rubbish. It was all killed, all dumped. They just trawled that reef day and night and stripped it of every living thing."
Macfadyen felt sick to his heart. That was one fishing boat among countless more working unseen beyond the horizon, many of them doing exactly the same thing.
No wonder the sea was dead. No wonder his baited lines caught nothing. There was nothing to catch.
If that sounds depressing, it only got worse.
The next leg of the long voyage was from Osaka to San Francisco and for most of that trip the desolation was tinged with nauseous horror and a degree of fear.
"After we left Japan, it felt as if the ocean itself was dead," Macfadyen said.
"We hardly saw any living things. We saw one whale, sort of rolling helplessly on the surface with what looked like a big tumour on its head. It was pretty sickening.
"I've done a lot of miles on the ocean in my life and I'm used to seeing turtles, dolphins, sharks and big flurries of feeding birds. But this time, for 3000 nautical miles there was nothing alive to be seen."
In place of the missing life was garbage in astounding volumes.
"Part of it was the aftermath of the tsunami that hit Japan a couple of years ago. The wave came in over the land, picked up an unbelievable load of stuff and carried it out to sea. And it's still out there, everywhere you look."
Ivan's brother, Glenn, who boarded at Hawaii for the run into the United States, marvelled at the "thousands on thousands" of yellow plastic buoys. The huge tangles of synthetic rope, fishing lines and nets. Pieces of polystyrene foam by the million. And slicks of oil and petrol, everywhere.
Countless hundreds of wooden power poles are out there, snapped off by the killer wave and still trailing their wires in the middle of the sea.
"In years gone by, when you were becalmed by lack of wind, you'd just start your engine and motor on," Ivan said.
Not this time.
"In a lot of places we couldn't start our motor for fear of entangling the propeller in the mass of pieces of rope and cable. That's an unheard of situation, out in the ocean.
"If we did decide to motor we couldn't do it at night, only in the daytime with a lookout on the bow, watching for rubbish.
"On the bow, in the waters above Hawaii, you could see right down into the depths. I could see that the debris isn't just on the surface, it's all the way down. And it's all sizes, from a soft-drink bottle to pieces the size of a big car or truck.
"We saw a factory chimney sticking out of the water, with some kind of boiler thing still attached below the surface. We saw a big container-type thing, just rolling over and over on the waves.
"We were weaving around these pieces of debris. It was like sailing through a garbage tip.
"Below decks you were constantly hearing things hitting against the hull, and you were constantly afraid of hitting something really big. As it was, the hull was scratched and dented all over the place from bits and pieces we never saw."
Plastic was ubiquitous. Bottles, bags and every kind of throwaway domestic item you can imagine, from broken chairs to dustpans, toys and utensils.
And something else. The boat's vivid yellow paint job, never faded by sun or sea in years gone past, reacted with something in the water off Japan, losing its sheen in a strange and unprecedented way.
BACK in Newcastle, Ivan Macfadyen is still coming to terms with the shock and horror of the voyage.
"The ocean is broken," he said, shaking his head in stunned disbelief.
Recognising the problem is vast, and that no organisations or governments appear to have a particular interest in doing anything about it, Macfadyen is looking for ideas.
He plans to lobby government ministers, hoping they might help.
More immediately, he will approach the organisers of Australia's major ocean races, trying to enlist yachties into an international scheme that uses volunteer yachtsmen to monitor debris and marine life.
Macfadyen signed up to this scheme while he was in the US, responding to an approach by US academics who asked yachties to fill in daily survey forms and collect samples for radiation testing - a significant concern in the wake of the tsunami and consequent nuclear power station failure in Japan.
"I asked them why don't we push for a fleet to go and clean up the mess," he said.
"But they said they'd calculated that the environmental damage from burning the fuel to do that job would be worse than just leaving the debris there."
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'Daylight' can help battle SAD
Q: It's that time of year when the gloom of late winter sends my mood plummeting. What can I do about seasonal affective disorder?
A: Summer is a time when many of us take vacations, and for younger people, it's time out of school. So lots of people feel a pang of regret when summer ends. I always do.
That's normal. But some actually develop depression with the season's change. This is known as seasonal affective disorder.
SAD seems to be triggered by more limited exposure to daylight. Typically, it comes on during the late fall or winter months and subsides in the spring. Symptoms are similar to general depression. They include lethargy, loss of interest in once-pleasurable activities, interpersonal problems with friends and family members, irritability, inability to concentrate, and a change in sleeping patterns, appetite or both.
The mainstay of SAD treatment is light therapy, also called phototherapy. This involves daily sessions of sitting close to a special light source that is far more intense than normal indoor light. The recommendation is typically to get 30 minutes of exposure to an intensity of 10,000 lux (a measure of light) each day. But not everyone needs that much exposure.
In this therapy, the light must enter through your eyes to be effective. Some people feel better after only one light treatment, but most people require at least a few days of treatment. Some people even need several weeks. You can buy light therapy boxes without a prescription, but I recommend working with a professional who can monitor your response.
Side effects are mild for many patients, but may be more of a concern for others. In people who are vulnerable, bright light may trigger a so-called manic episode of abnormally elevated mood. That's why mood-stabilizing medications are often recommended while undergoing light therapy. Likewise, since rashes can result, let your doctor know about any skin conditions that seem to be made worse by exposure to sun.
Does light therapy work any better for SAD than antidepressant pills? There are few studies of this question. For some of my patients, the choice of light therapy is based on a desire to avoid pills: Light therapy seems more natural.
In my experience, light therapy doesn't work for everyone with SAD. Clearly, some people are more likely to respond positively, but we don't yet have any way of knowing who they are.
If light therapy doesn't work for you, along with antidepressants you should consider a form of talk therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy. For some people, combining these treatments with light therapy works better than any one of them individually.
DR. ANTHONY KOMAROFF is a physician and professor at Harvard Medical School. Go to his website to send questions and get additional information: www.askdoctork.com.
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Trash baling technology reduces odor and leakage
Rail transport for trash offers opportunities
to reduce traffic and GHG emissions
A proven European system for the containment of solid municipal waste (MSW) is being tested in the United States.
Should it be implemented across the nation, it could have positive benefits in terms of reducing the cost of transportation, storage and disposal of garbage, as well as reducing traffic on already congested highways and green house gas emissions, and utilizing trash as a potential fuel.
TransLoad America Inc. has just acquired new technology that compresses and hermetically seals garbage, eliminating leakage and the terrible odor associated with rotting trash.
“This technology does a lot more than eliminate nuisances associated with the garbage industry,” says Mike Wellman, executive vice president of TransLoad America. “It also reduces the environmental impact of waste processing, making it feasible and perhaps even desirable to have a processing station near a densely populated urban area, say, on the Island of Manhattan. It also increases the storage life for garbage before it goes to a landfill, making rail transport of bales safer and more cost effective way to transport garbage.”
The TLA-Bale Tech system utilizes a unique round baling technology and can produce bales that can range in size from slightly over one ton to about seven tons. These bales are first highly compressed, a process which effectively eliminates odor and leakage, and then shrink-wrapped and sealed in several layers of impermeable plastic film.
“These bales can be stored indefinitely without compromising their physical integrity at the transload, resource recovery, or disposal site, enabling more effective load management throughout the entire waste delivery and disposal system,” says Wellman.
A major beneficiary of the bale system is rail transportation. Tests have already been conducted by major western railroads, which have been well received. Further tests by east coast railroads will be conducted in the next few months.
“Rail transportation is the best management practice for remote landfill/long haul utilization,” says Wellman. “It is cost-effective and reliable. Each rail car replaces four to five long haul tractor-trailers, eliminating that truck traffic from the road and allowing the use of low-cost remote disposal sites that are rail served.
“Bailing maximizes logistic movement by rail, because it maximizes payload,” he adds. “We’re capable of getting approximately 100 tons per-rail car moved, and we eliminate the need to return and decontaminate heavy shipping containers, which is the current mode of rail transport.”
The system also has applications for the emerging industry of waste-to-power conversion.
“The wrapping can preserve the waste for as many as 5 to 10 years with no degradation of the integrity of the wrap and it maintains the BTU value,” says Wellman. “The bales can be stored and then taken out of inventory and put into waste energy applications as fuel stock.”
Major urban centers with well-developed rail and waste management infrastructure could easily employ the baling system to their advantage.
“The application would be in waste transfer stations, where waste would be delivered and then be baled and wrapped,” says Wellman. “For example, New York City and Los Angeles have committed themselves officially to moving waste by rail and TLA baling systems could be very advantageous to them.”
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The big four knee injuries
Knee injuries are one of the most common reasons patients seek orthopaedic care at our hospitals. Orthopaedic Surgeon Robert Steele explains some of the more common types of knee injuries, including those that may need surgery.
This is the knee injury that affects professional athletes and everyday people alike, because it is such an important ligament in the knee.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) stops the tibia (the shinbone) from moving forwards during weight bearing activities, and provides the knee with rotational control.
Tearing the ACL is common in sports that require running, jumping and impact such as football, basketball and netball, although an awkward landing in any sport may damage the ligament.
ACL injuries often need surgery to reconstruct the ligament followed by ongoing rehabilitation for many months.
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) works in conjunction with the ACL to connect the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia) through the knee joint.
The PCL stops the lower leg from moving too far backwards.
PCL injuries are less common than ACL injuries are, and a PCL is often sprained rather than torn.
Football, rugby and basketball players are all at increased risk of PCL injuries.
Depending on the severity of your injury, rehabilitation or surgery may be required.
You have two pieces of c-shaped cartilage in your knee called meniscus that act as a cushion between your thighbone and lower leg.
A torn meniscus is one of the most common knee injuries you can experience. The injury can occur when you are taking part in any activity that causes you to twist or rotate your knee.
Often treatment with rest, ice and time is enough to relieve the symptoms of a meniscus injury, but surgery maybe required for persistent mechanical symptoms.
4. Knee cap pain
Known as patellofemoral pain syndrome, often described by patients as pain in the knee cap or front of the knee, knee cap pain can be persistent and disabling.
There are many factors that contribute to this pain including alignment of the kneecap and overuse of the knee.
Generally treatment is non-surgical, including changing activities in combination with physiotherapy. In rare cases, surgery may be recommended to address the mal-alignment or removing flaps of cartilage (debridement).
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The fundamentals of the meaning of technology literacy include the following four elements: literacy, knowledge, information, and skills. Literacy includes concepts of how to read and write and an understanding of the conventions of the written word.
Knowledge refers to knowing information, information refers to facts and data; skills are the means to apply that knowledge, and digital literacy skills are the digital tools that allow one to use the information they know effectively.
In this blog, we'll discuss the concept of technology literacy, the difference between technology literacy and resource gathering, and the technology literacy toolbelt.
Our discussion will provide you with a technology literacy teaching guide that will not only enhance your students' understanding of technology but also help them to become more resourceful in their use of technology.
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What is the Meaning of Technology Literacy?
Technology literacy is the set of skills and habits that get a person started or help them to keep learning, by using emerging information technologies, often via the internet, to accomplish their goals.
It is the ability to use technology appropriately, think critically, and manage it effectively.
This includes being comfortable with ambiguity, being interested in new technologies, keeping up-to-date, and finding ways to increase one’s skills, which can be in any of these areas: education, business, medicine, and research. Technology literacy is a core competency for lifelong learning and adaptability.
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What is the Technology Literacy Toolbelt?
The technology literacy toolbelt is the set of resources that allow one to use technology effectively. These resources range from technology literacy apps to books, blogs, videos, and websites. They can help you learn new technology, keep up-to-date, or find ways to increase your technical skills. The technology literacy toolbelt is your constant companion on the internet, wherever you go.
The skills and habits that make up technology literacy are the same ones that have been valued in other fields—such as critical thinking, the ability to read and write, and the ability to learn new things—and the meaning of technology literacy is no different. Technology literacy is using the right tools and technology to meet your goals and needs. This can be as simple as knowing how to search the internet or as complex as programming.
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The Difference Between Technology Literacy and Resource Gathering
The concept of technology literacy is closely related to the idea of resource gathering. While the meaning of technology literacy is the set of skills and habits that get a person started or help them to keep learning, resource gathering is the process of getting data from other sources, including the internet.
Most people understand this, but it's essential to comprehend the distinction between technology literacy and resource gathering to know when to use technology literacy resources and when to use resource gathering resources.
Technology literacy is the process of using technology to accomplish one’s goals, while resource gathering is the process of gathering information. For example, if you want to learn how to play the guitar, technology literacy is using the right resources—such as apps, books, and videos—to get started.
If you want to learn more about the history of the guitar, technology literacy is using the right resources—such as blogs, videos, and websites—to increase your knowledge. This is precisely how you approach understanding the meaning of technology literacy and implementing it in real-life situations.
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Technology literacy and resource gathering differ in how much you use technology to accomplish your goals. Technology literacy is the set of skills and habits that help people get started or keep learning.
Resource gathering is the process of gathering information for that technology. In this blog, we've discussed the meaning of technology literacy, understood what is the technology literacy toolbelt, and provided you with a technology literacy teaching guide so that you could pass on the knowledge to your students.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What does "Technology Literacy" mean?
The meaning of technology literacy can be understood as the ability to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technology tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate information. It can be demonstrated both individually and collaboratively.
Q2. Which five Technological Literacy Skills are significant?
Employers look for the following five digital literacy skills:
- Independent investigation.
- Knowledge of terminology and popular platforms.
- Getting used to new technology.
- Educate others about the technologies you use.
Q3. What role does Technology Literacy play?
Technologically literate individuals are better equipped to make informed decisions as consumers. Countless goods and services worldwide claim to make people's lives simpler, more enjoyable, effective, or healthier.
Q4. What are some examples Technology Literacy?
Technology literate students can communicate, troubleshoot problems, and solve them in academic and non-academic settings by using various digital devices (such as computers, smartphones, and tablets) and interfaces (such as e-mail, the internet, social media, and cloud computing).
Q5. What significance does Technology Literacy have for students?
Knowing how to use and comprehend technology is known as digital literacy. Your ability to find, use, and create information online in a productive and valuable way depends on your level of digital literacy. You can use technology safely and avoid its risks if you have a basic understanding of digital literacy.
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Question: Discuss the reasons for Coca Cola’s large profits during the recent summer period.
Coca Cola may have made high profits because of an economic boom. An economic boom means incomes are high, consumers demand more Coca Cola soft drinks, Coca Cola sells more soft drinks and at a higher price so profits rise. However, the effect of a boom on Coca Cola’s profits depends on the magnitude of the boom. A significant boom means a large rise in incomes and consumers demand a lot more soft drinks but a small rise in incomes means only a small rise in soft drinks and only a small rise in profits for Coca-Cola.
Another reason for Coca Cola’s higher profits could be lower raw material prices. Sugar may have been cheaper, allowing Coca Cola’s input costs to fall and profits to rise. On the other hand, Raw material prices can be quite volatile and may only account for a small extent of Coca Cola’s large rise in profits. Sugar prices may suddenly change, maybe sugar prices rise so Coca-Cola’s input costs rise and profits fall. If raw material prices were volatile but constant overall then this would not have effected Coca Cola that much.
Another reason for Coca Cola making large profits is that it was in trend or fashion. If Coca-Cola becomes more fashionable then demand for Coca-Cola rises, Coca Cola sells more soft drinks and at a higher price so profits rise. But, trends are volatile. Trends may suddenly change, Coca-Cola may go out of fashion in the near future, so demand for Coca-Cola falls and Coca Cola makes less profits.
Maybe Coca Cola was making high profits because they were growing and experiencing economies of scale. Coca Cola have grown and benefited from bulk buying, allowing their costs fall and profits to rise. On the other hand, they may have been experiencing disceconomies of scale. For example, may have been suffering from managerial diseconomies whereby their managers found it more difficult to run the bigger firm, actually causing a rise in costs and a fall in profits.
Perhaps Coca Cola made a large profit in the summer because this is the seasonal time period in which people demand soft drinks. Consumers will demand more Coca Cola when it is hot and when they are on holiday. This may be the most important factor. The time of the year may be the most important factor for Coca Cola’s profitability because demand for Coca Cola may rise significantly during holiday periods and be more of a reason than anything else for their higher profits.
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Having a growth mindset has many advantages for children and young people when it comes to building a good future. It makes them happier and more likely to achieve their dreams.
If you are an educator, there are many ways of introducing the concept of mindsets to students. This can be done through lectures or classroom activities that center on the topic. However, visual representations, such as a bulletin board display, can also help reinforce what students are learning in school about mindsets. For example, a display can show the difference between a growth and fixed mindset.
A board can also display the correct language to use when developing a growth mindset in their own lives.
Today, we present 25 of the best growth mindset bulletin boards that had been displayed in different classrooms and created by thoughtful teachers across the country.
There are display boards designed specifically for younger children, and boards for older ones. Some bulletin board examples are dedicated to specific academic subjects, merging a lesson with the concept of growth mindset. Others are created with ready-made growth mindset posters, while others still feature display elements that were painstakingly created by hand.
Regardless of how they were made, their purpose is to convey the idea of having a growth mindset as a positive, essential trait that all of us need in order to succeed.
We hope that this collection of bulletin board ideas will inspire you as you create your own display.
25 Best Growth Mindset Bulletin Boards
The main component of this growth mindset board consists of individually cutout letters that spell “reflect,” “solve,” “create,” “grow,” and “think.” These letters are color-coded so that the word “LEARN” is highlighted in white scrapbook paper.
You can choose any font you like for this project. As an alternative to printing out letters to cut out, you can also write the letter outlines by hand before cutting them.
2. Growth Mindset Statements
This bulletin board uses speech bubbles to frame the concept of having a growth mindset. You can print these speech bubbles out onto colored paper and laminate them to have a reusable stack of growth mindset components for the entire school year.
3. Shabby Chic Farmhouse Theme
A cork board is used for this display, so each component is movable. Arrange the affirmations in your preferred layout.
The affirmations use growth mindset language. These are printables that can be purchased and downloaded from the creator's website.
4. Jedi Mindset Bulletin Board
Star Wars heroes and villains feature in this dual-concept bulletin board. There is the dark side that refers to a fixed mindset, while the light side refers to a growth mindset.
There is sample mindset language for each concept, featuring images of Star Wars characters. The mindset concepts are introduced in these characters’ speaking styles.
Speaking of the Jedi, check out 39 famous Yoda quotes here.
5. The Two Mindsets
This board features a comparison between fixed and growth mindsets using the imagery of a human brain. Use this in class as a reference, provide examples of both mindsets, and model the language for both.
6. Change Your Mindset
This board design encourages students to adopt a growth mindset. It can be set up at the beginning of the school year, and can serve as a frequent reference point and source of encouragement during times when students feel discouraged with their performance in class.
7. Keys to Success
Sometimes, all it takes is a little prompt to inspire young people to work towards become better versions of themselves. Your job is to present these keys to success to your students.
The board features positive qualities that, when applied in someone’s life, lead to success in whatever they do. Encourage your students to develop these qualities by incorporating them into lessons.
8. Growth Mindset Math Bulletin Board Kit
This board is ideal for middle school or high school math. There are 70 math problems that need to be solved.
However, the students must find the error in the equations first. The growth mindset component in this board is in the form of the positive affirmation “Mistakes are proof that you are trying.”
9. The Power of Yet
The word “yet” holds a lot of power. It suggests the potential of things.
It tells of things not being over.
“Yet” suggests hope.
It is a growth mindset word.
To introduce the language of growth mindset to children, many schools start by learning the word yet and its power. This hallway board contains this display to introduce the “power of yet” to the student body.
10. Grow Your Mind
This board features a flower in various stages of growth. It grows from a mere stub just a few inches above the ground into full bloom.
Underneath each of the flower’s growth stages, there is a quote depicting the change in one's mindset.
The first one says, “I won't do it,” and the last one reads, “I can do it!”
11. How's Your Mindset?
This board serves as a good reminder to students to maintain a growth mindset for the entire school year. It is made with a Bitmoji for a more personalized appeal, and the whole set contains bookmarks, posters, and bulletin board posters.
12. Farmhouse Classroom Decor
If you are looking for a black-and-white themed bulletin board to promote growth mindset in your class, this buffalo plaid example may inspire you. The central quote itself says, “It’s okay not to know, but it's not okay to not try.”
The board reminds students that making mistakes is part of learning.
You can choose to print out a checkered pattern on white paper, or purchase some bulletin paper from known suppliers.
13. You're Normal
Almost every one of us had been pressured to strive for perfection. This has a negative impact on our self-esteem. Many of us never know when we'll ever be good enough.
This kind of pressure is more difficult for kids. However, this bulletin board affirms for every learner that making mistakes is part of being “normal,” and that everyone makes them.
14. Be You
This board is full of positive adjectives to boost one's confidence and foster inspiration for learning. It reminds me of Oscar Wilde’s affirming quote: “Be yourself; everyone else is already taken.”
15. Never Stop Growing
This creative bulletin board uses cutouts from the actual students' handprints made to represent flowers. It's just right for spring, and for introducing the concept of growth mindset to young learners.
16. We Are Hungry for Knowledge
Kids are never too young to be introduced to the concept of the growth mindset. This cute, themed board based on The Very Hungry Caterpillar from Eric Carle's classic is one way to do it.
17. Bloom Where You're Planted
This board encourages students to bloom—adapting to the classroom environment and thriving in it. The design is very simple, yet effective in transmitting the message of encouragement and acceptance.
18. Turn Your Focus On
This simple wall décor reminds us all of what it takes to achieve success. And excuses are not part of it.
This decal can serve as a year-long reminder for older students to be accountable for their choices and actions.
19. Motivational Growth Mindset Bulletin Board
This board uses printable posters containing motivational quotes that exhibit a growth mindset. It features nine unique posters that are designed to promote the concept of growth mindset.
If you want more growth mindset poster ideas, this post features over 20 designs to choose from.
20. Famous Failures
This growth mindset board idea features famous people who experienced failure before they achieved greatness in their fields. (Check out this post for our own list of famous people who experienced failure.)
This is an important concept for kids to learn: Nobody is perfect. We will all make mistakes. The important thing is how we view our mistakes.
21. Which Step Have You Reached Today?
Developing a growth mindset is a process. In time, your child will learn to use the language of perpetual learning.
They will learn to accept their limitations for the moment, and yet will never be disheartened by the challenges they face.
In this way, success will become sweeter for them, and yet not the end-all.
This bulletin board shows how an individual may progress in their own acquisition of a growth mindset.
22. Today Is a Good Day To…
This kit comes with everything you need to set up a growth mindset display. The components of this board are printable. You can cut out the letters to spell “Today is a good day to…”
Furthermore, there are several phrases modeling growth mindset and positivity to complete the sentence.
23. Give and Take Bulletin Board
Speaking of becoming a better version of who they are, you can use this bulletin board to unleash the goodness within your students.
This is how it works:
Choose character traits that you feel the world needs more of. Then find appropriate quotes reflecting these traits.
Place corresponding quotes in their respective envelopes. That's for the “take” part.
For the “give” part, the teacher places slips of paper with tasks promoting random acts of kindness. A student who picks a challenge must then do it and post the result on their school's twitter page.
Give this a try in your classroom.
24. Helping People Grow
Use this design as an inspiration for your own bulletin board. It features positive verbs coming out of a cutout watering can like droplets of water.
It then sprinkles this positivity on several flowers that bear words associated with a growth mindset, such as “learn,” “discover,” and “achieve.” The design is ideal for younger kids.
This type of board can be incorporated as part of your classroom’s overall design.
25. Change Your Words Change Your Mindset
People who have fixed mindsets believe that our talents are already determined the day we are born, and that nothing we do can ever improve on these.
Those who have a growth mindset are the opposite. They believe that whatever talent or skill we have, we can improve on them. And better yet, they believe that we can learn something new and improve on whatever mastery level we are currently at with a specific skill.
The fixed mindset thoughts are printed on gray paper, while the positive equivalent statements are printed on brightly colored paper to differentiate them and drive the message home to the students.
Final Thoughts on Growth Mindset Bulletin Boards
It is essential to teach young people as early as possible about the benefits of having a growth mindset.
One of the best places where this concept and the language for it can be introduced is in the classroom.
We hope that these bulletin board examples will inspire you to creating a well-thought-out board for your own class.
For season-themed bulletin boards, check out the following roundups:
- 35 Winter Bulletin Board Ideas & Examples
- 42 Creative Fall Bulletin Board Ideas
- 42 Summer Bulletin Board Ideas
If you need additional ideas for promoting growth mindset in the classroom, this post features 25 growth mindset posters specifically designed for kids.
Meanwhile, this post contains 7 growth mindset activities designed for adults (since it’s not only kids who can benefit from having this type of mindset).
Lastly, if you need a refresher on the difference between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset, this post has you covered.
Finally, if you want to take your goal-setting efforts to the next level, check out this FREE printable worksheet and a step-by-step process that will help you set effective SMART goals.
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Why measure CO2 for commercial ventilation?
The primary indoor source of CO₂ in office buildings is the breathing of the building’s occupants. CO₂ concentration in office buildings typically ranges from 390 to 2,500 ppm.
Current laws regarding the measuring of CO state that the maximum allowed value is 35 ppm. Rules about measuring the CO₂ do not exist, despite it being equally important. Therefore, it is useful to measure both gases to ensure personal safety.
The Threshold Limit Value for 8-hour time-weighted-average exposures to CO₂ is 5,000 ppm. The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) currently recommend the minimum ventilation rate for offices to be 10 litres/s per person. This corresponds to an approximate steady state indoor concentration of 910 ppm, based on the assumption that outdoor CO₂ is 390 ppm and indoor CO₂ generation rate is 0.31 litres/min and person.
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is used to describe a set of symptoms with unidentified aetiology, frequently reported by workers in office buildings. The individuals who suffer from SBS report that the symptoms occur when they spend time indoors (particularly in office buildings) and that the symptoms lessen while away from the building.
How does it work?
In order to have optimum ventilation, and to determine the correct level of fresh air in a zone, it is important to use affordable and stable sensor technology to measure CO₂ concentrations. Proper CO₂ measurements in a space make it possible to control the level depending on the person’s air circulation at any given moment.
The sensor controls the requirements of fresh air in individual spaces and then sends a signal to a computer that controls the main ventilation system. Complete air-handling and air-conditioning units help us create a better indoor environment, as well as obvious energy savings.
- Public safety
- Energy savings
- Reduced costs
- Environmental savings
- Good indoor air quality
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- Language Tips
An 1877 music box, far left, with Chinese airs that may have inspired Puccini. Above, the Metropolitan Opera's "Turandot" in New York. Tune sheet for a circa 1877 Swiss musical box with Chinese melodies. Marty Sohl / Metropolitan Opera; center and below, Morris Museum, Morristown, New Jersey
On a visit last winter to the Morris Museum here, I lingered in the room where the Swiss music boxes are displayed. As I listened to one box, a harmoniphone from around 1877, equipped with a reed organ and able to play six Chinese tunes from a cylinder, I suddenly realized I had stumbled onto the key to a musicological mystery.
It is known that Giacomo Puccini used Chinese tunes in his opera "Turandot" (set in China and left incomplete on Puccini's death in 1924). But scholars have been puzzled by the origins of two "Japanese" tunes in his "Madama Butterfly" (set in Japan and first performed in 1904).
What I had found were Chinese sources for two major themes in "Butterfly" and a surprising connection between the two operas.
Was it possible that Puccini had heard this very box in Italy and that it provided inspiration for "Madama Butterfly"?
We know he heard a "Chinese" music box in 1920 at the Bagni di Lucca home of Baron Edoardo Fassini- Camossi, a veteran of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China. The baron probably acquired this box and other souvenirs in China at the notorious "loot auctions" that followed the suppression of the Boxers.
Opera lovers have long known that three tunes from the Fassini music box, now in the private collection of Lionello Ghiotti in Italy, were featured in "Turandot." The most famous Chinese song, "Mo Li Hua" ("Jasmine Flower"), signals the seductive and glorious aspects of the Chinese princess Turandot; another accompanies the entrance of the three ministers; a third serves as an imperial hymn.
The box at the Morris Museum, from the Murtogh D. Guinness Collection, includes two of the "Turandot" melodies but also includes a principal theme from "Madama Butterfly." Puccini used several popular Japanese tunes in "Butterfly," but the Guinness box reveals that around 1901 he apparently used Chinese music as well.
For decades, scholars have been stitching together bits of published Japanese songs that Puccini might have seen. Fortunately the Guinness box includes its original tune sheet, listing the song titles in Chinese and in transliteration. The main theme for Butterfly, a geisha, is labeled "She Pah Moh." Cornelius C. Kubler and Ping Wang, Chinese-language scholars, helped identify the tune as "Shiba Mo," or "The 18 Touches." This folk song celebrates 18 parts of a woman's body in explicit detail.
The melody appears prominently in "Madama Butterfly" as Butterfly presents herself to her lustful American bridegroom, Lieutenant Pinkerton, suggesting Puccini knew what the song was about. She sings the whole melody, in the same key as on the Guinness box. The tune also appears at the climax of the Act I love duet.
Puccini's setting of "Shiba Mo" can best be described as sounding like a music box. This is especially true when the tune is heard at a fast clip, as dawn breaks in Act II with Butterfly anticipating Pinkerton's return.
The second musical motif closely associated with Butterfly - heard most prominently when reference is made to her father's death - has also inspired a hunt for its Japanese source. This motif appears in two of the Chinese melodies on the Guinness box. It seems to have gone unnoticed that this mystery motif in "Madama Butterfly" appears in slightly different form in "Turandot" as part of the Emperor's hymn. So the same motif represents an exotic father in each opera.
The opening measures of "Turandot" seem to pick up exactly where the final measures of "Madama Butterfly" left off. How likely is it that Puccini heard the box now at the Morris Museum? Letters made available to me by a descendant of the Fassinis indicate Puccini had known the family long before his 1920 visit. Mounting evidence indicates that the box may also have been owned by the Fassinis and heard by Puccini before he drafted "Butterfly."
The tune sheet on the box bears the name of a Shanghai department store that carried Swiss music boxes in the late 19th century. The title list in Chinese corrects the transliterated order of the last two tunes to match how they actually appear on the cylinder, indicating that someone in China inspected this box. Finally, the name and address of a repair shop in Rome on the tune sheet reveal that unlike most other Swiss-made music boxes exported to China, this one returned to Europe and was even owned in Italy. Mr. Guinness acquired the box by the early 1960s.
Arthur Cunliffe, president of the Musical Box Society of Great Britain, says that in the registry of more than 10,000 music boxes compiled over 30 years, only 13 are listed as playing Chinese tunes. This indicates that few boxes returned to the West. Of those that did, few had the combination of melodies that appeared in Puccini's operas, and fewer still would have passed through Italy. Only the Guinness box presents all the right clues suggesting an encounter with Puccini.
W. Anthony Sheppard, who teaches music history at Williams College, is currently at the Institute for Advanced Study.
The New York Times
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- International environmental law — Armed conflict
This chapter evaluates the relationship between environmental protection and disaster law and policy. How well one approaches disaster risk helps to determine how functional the surrounding environment will be. The chapter examines a range of international laws and policies used to manage disaster risk, focusing on those that are particularly relevant to environmental issues. It begins with a brief look at global disaster risk in the twenty-first century, placing it in the context of natural systems, human activities, and climate change. It then looks at the United Nations' (UN) major frameworks on reducing disaster risk (the Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks), along with the international strategy to implement framework goals (the UN Plan of Action). Finally, the chapter turns to other areas of international law that have strong overlapping interests in disaster risk, particularly ecosystem management and rules pertaining to transboundary harm.
Users without a subscription are not able to see the full
to access all content.
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“World Environment Day (WED) is observed every year on June 5 to raise global awareness to take positive environmental action to protect nature and the planet Earth. It is run by the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP). “World Environment Day (WED) is the United Nations’ most important day for encouraging worldwide awareness and action for the protection of our environment. Since it began in 1974, it has grown to become a global platform for public outreach that is widely celebrated in over 100 countries.” (Wikipedia) micronation
The wilderness and the dry land shall be glad; the desert shall rejoice and blossom like the crocus:
Yes, today is the International World Environment Day and we are reminded that climate change, environmental damage and greed is putting an ever harder pressure on the ecosystems of the Earth. People are fleeing to get away from floods and draughts and the resulting famines and wars. We are called to examine our habits. We must learn to abstain from the unnecessary. We must understand that within a closed system of resources, such as Planet Earth, one man’s abundance is the result of another man’s scarcity.
Today is the International World Environment Day. Our blue and green planet have lost some of its lustre and we, the humans, are responsible. But we shouldn’t give up and just walk over the edge of the cliff! Let’s instead get to work: we need to produce responsibly and consume sustainably. Where there’s a will, there’s also a way.
I remain hopeful that the desert shall blossom, that Earth shall thrive and that Humankind shall know peace.
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iron-storage disease n.
Any of various diseases characterized by the storage of excess iron in the parenchyma of many organs, as in idiopathic hemochromatosis or transfusion hemosiderosis.
[ahy-ern-tuh n] /ˈaɪ ərn tən/ noun 1. a city in S Ohio, on the Ohio River.
noun, Chemistry. 1. . noun, Chemistry. 1. a compound that in its anhydrous form, FeCl 3 , occurs as a black-brown, water-soluble solid; in its hydrated form, FeCl 3 ⋅xH 2 O, it occurs in orange-yellow, deliquescent crystals: used chiefly in engraving, for deodorizing sewage, as a mordant, and in medicine as an astringent and […]
[ahy-ern-wair] /ˈaɪ ərnˌwɛər/ noun 1. articles of , as pots, kettles, or tools; hardware. /ˈaɪənˌwɛə/ noun 1. domestic articles made of iron
noun, Chemistry. 1. . noun, Chemistry, Pharmacology. 1. a bluish-green, crystalline, saline-tasting, water-soluble heptahydrated solid, FeSO 4 ⋅7H 2 O, used chiefly in the manufacture of other iron salts, in water purification, fertilizer, inks, pigments, tanning, photography, and in medicine in the treatment of anemia. ferrous sulfate A bluish-green crystalline compound that is used in […]
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For example, if someone owns a car worth $15,000 (an asset), but owes $5,000 on a loan against that car (a liability), the car represents $10,000 of equity. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets. Shareholders' equity (or stockholders' equity, shareholders' funds, shareholders' capital or similar terms) represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders' equity is often referred to as a shareholders' deficit.
Alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the corporation's future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid.
When starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Under the model of a private limited company, the business and its owners are separate entities, so the business is considered to owe these funds to its owners as a liability in the form of share capital. Throughout the business's existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities; this is the accounting equation.
When a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, and owners being paid last. Owner's equity (also known as risk capital or liable capital) is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get enough money to pay their bills, the owner's equity is reduced to zero because nothing is left to reimburse it.
In financial accounting, owner's equity consists of the net assets of an entity. Net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the balance sheet (also known as the statement of financial position), one of the four primary financial statements.
The assets of an entity can be both tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include items such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash. The types of accounts and their description that comprise the owner's equity depend on the nature of the entity and may include:
The book value of equity will change in the case of the following events:
When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders' equity; the accounting remains the same, and it is ownership equity spread out among shareholders. If all shareholders are in one and the same class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives. However, shareholders may allow different priority ranking among themselves by the use of share classes and options. This complicates analysis for both stock valuation and accounting.
Shareholders' equity is obtained by subtracting total liabilities from the total assets of the shareholders. These assets and liabilities can be:
An equity investment generally refers to the buying and holding of shares of stock on a stock market by individuals and firms in anticipation of income from dividends and capital gains. Typically, equity holders receive voting rights, meaning that they can vote on candidates for the board of directors (shown on a diversification of the fund(s) and to obtain the skill of the professional fund managers in charge of the fund(s). An alternative, which is usually employed by large private investors and pension funds, is to hold shares directly; in the institutional environment many clients who own portfolios have what are called segregated funds, as opposed to or in addition to the pooled mutual fund alternatives.
A calculation can be made to assess whether an equity is over or underpriced, compared with a long-term government bond. This is called the yield gap or Yield Ratio. It is the ratio of the dividend yield of an equity and that of the long-term bond.
In the stock market, market price per share does not correspond to the equity per share calculated in the accounting statements. Equity stock valuations, which are often much higher, are based on other considerations related to the business' operating cash flow, profits and future prospects; some factors are derived from the accounting statement. While accounting equity can potentially be negative, market price per share is always positive since equity shares represent ownership in limited liability companies. The principal of limited liability guarantees that a shareholder's losses may never exceed her investment.
In this model, the equity market value depends on the volatility of the market value of the company assets: the greater the volatility, the lower the equity market value.
The notion of equity with respect to real estate comes the equity of redemption. This equity is a property right valued at the difference between the market value of the property and the amount of any mortgage or other encumbrance.
None of the audio/visual content is hosted on this site. All media is embedded from other sites such as GoogleVideo, Wikipedia, YouTube etc. Therefore, this site has no control over the copyright issues of the streaming media.
All issues concerning copyright violations should be aimed at the sites hosting the material. This site does not host any of the streaming media and the owner has not uploaded any of the material to the video hosting servers. Anyone can find the same content on Google Video or YouTube by themselves.
The owner of this site cannot know which documentaries are in public domain, which has been uploaded to e.g. YouTube by the owner and which has been uploaded without permission. The copyright owner must contact the source if he wants his material off the Internet completely.
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Although the duties and powers of the Attorney General of any given principality
, or nation
vary moderately, the essential function of the position is to centralize the legal authority of a government
. The Attorney General can be considered a synthesis
of a politician
and a prosecutor
, with a bit of judicial discretion
occasionally added for good measure.
In the United States, the Attorney General?s office was created in 1789. The Attorney General is the head of the Department of Justice, as well as the primary liaison between various executive governmental branches and the nation's law enforcement agencies. He is also the bearer of the odd title of "chief law enforcement officer," with administrative control of many departments, offices, and various bureaucratic compartments, such as the U.S. Attorneys, the FBI, and the Bureau of Prisons.
Each state also has an Attorney General (collectively known, incidentally, as Attorneys General), a position which reflects that of the federal officeholder in accordance with American ideas concerning federalism, pluralism, and republicanism.
Attorneys General in the United States are appointed at the federal level by the President, and are subject to confirmation by the Senate; that this process occasionally goes rather badly was recently demonstrated during the confirmation hearings for President George W. Bush's current Attorney General, John Ashcroft.
Additionally, the U.S. Attorney General dictates the direction of pending litigation, and the selection of cases to pursue, settle, or abandon (such as antitrust cases). Needless to say, the Attorney General is extremely powerful, and individual officeholders have been accused of abusing their authority in the past, by appointing special prosecuters or failing to do so, by initiating investigations against politically unpopular groups, and, more recently, by manifesting an appalling level of incompetence in certain cases.
A list of the Attorneys General from 1789 through the present is available at www.usdoj.gov, and most states have put information about their Attorneys General online, as have many nations.
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Juvenile Raccoons Dispersing & Adults Mating
When raccoons emerge from their communal (as many as 23 raccoons) winter dens, which they are doing now, the juveniles (those born last spring) disperse. Young males may travel as far as 170 miles, but usually establish their territories no further than 14 miles from their birth place. Juvenile females usually remain in their birth area, establishing a home range that either overlaps with or is included within the range of their mother. This time of year is also the peak of the breeding season for adult raccoons. Both males and females have multiple mates.
Naturally Curious is supported by donations. If you choose to contribute, you may go to http://www.naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com and click on the yellow “donate” button.
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I often see the relation that $\vec v=\vec v_0+ \vec \omega \times \vec r$ in a turning reference frame, but where does it actually come from and how do I arrive at the acceleration being $$\vec ...
Got two accelerometers that are measuring accelerations oriented at +/- 45 deg from horizontal. I am looking to determine the conversion of the accelerometer measured data to accelerations in the ...
The particle P moves along a space curve. At one instant it has velocity $v = (4i-2j-k)$ $m/s$. The magnitude of the acceleration is 8 $m/s^2$. The angle between the acceleration and the velocity ...
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Western Theological Seminary in Holland, Michigan, has undergone somewhat of a renaissance in its methodology for teaching biblical Hebrew over the last five years. The focus of this renaissance is the orality of the people of Israel, the orality of the Hebrew language, and ultimately the implications of these for the interpretation of the Old Testament. The theory is that if the Old Testament can be approached in a way that takes its orality seriously, then new inroads into the text might be forged. These inroads, in turn, may lead to previously unknown (or long forgotten) discoveries into the meaning of the Old Testament stories.
Though there is some debate, a growing consensus of Old Testament scholars suggest that prior to the Babylonian exile the people of Israel were overwhelmingly oral, with as little as one to three percent having the ability to read or write. In this sort of environment, how would the Word of God–the stories of the beloved ancestors–be passed down from generation to generation?
In short, the stories would be told. This seems an obvious answer, but consider the implications. The stories would not be read. Trim-line scrolls would not be safely stowed in the ancient equivalent of pant-pockets to be taken out and read whenever the need or desire arose. Rather, the stories were told. The people would gather–for worship, for a family gathering, for a village meeting–and the stories would be told. Any telling suggests a type of performance, and the more formal the gathering, the more formal the performance would have been.
A performance demands not only giving voice to words but also giving body to movements and space to setting. According to this framework, voice, body, and spacing are all essential elements to any interpretation of a biblical story, for they were all central to the story’s original context. This revelation calls for a paradigm shift in the interpretation of the Old Testament stories from a predominantly text-oriented model to a performance-oriented model. At Western Seminary, the old Hebrew Reading course has now permanently morphed into a course in which students memorize, and then perform, Old Testament narratives in Hebrew and in worship. The course is enriching the spiritual and exegetical acumen of the students.
The rub of this is, of course, that if all we ever do is read the stories of Scripture and never enter them (as an actor enters a script), then we may never experience the stories in their fullness. The stories of Scripture must be seen in order to be understood.
Let me explain with an example. Exodus 17:1-7 has become for me a paragon of the importance of “seeing” a story, lest its meaning be muddled or missed. This particular story takes place shortly after Moses has miraculously led the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea; they are now closing in on Mt. Sinai. Immediately prior to this story, God sent manna and quail shortly after turning bitter water sweet at Marah. We pick up the story as the children of Israel journey from the wilderness of Sin and eventually encamp at Rephidim, where “there was no water for the people to drink” (v. 1).
The people quickly turn on Moses and quarrel with him, demanding water to drink. He challenges their demands by rebuking them for quarrelling with him and, ultimately, for testing the Lord. But the people continue to thirst.
In the intense heat of the Sinai desert, someone could expect to live no more than a couple of days without water. Out of fear and anger, the people lash out again at Moses, this time spreading their discontent throughout the camp, “murmuring” against him. They lament that Moses even brought them out of Egypt (this is not the first nor the last time this will happen) and accuse him of willfully taking them out to the desert to kill them.
In desperation, Moses does what any leader of God’s people would be expected to do: he prays. “What can I do with these people?! In a moment they’re going to stone me!” (v. 4, author’s translation). Can you visualize the scene? Moses has been backed into a corner while the elders of Israel approach, stones in hand–they are just waiting for someone to cast the first stone.
This is not a pretty scene. This is not the scene the people imagined as they sang and danced on the far side of the Red Sea as the Egyptian army was swallowed up. The entire nation of Israel now hangs in the balance. If no water is found, the people will die (and all the promises God made to their ancestors will die with them, lying cracked and broken on the thirsty earth).
But Moses prays. Moses stands in the gap between the people and God; he reconnects the faltering flock with the ultimate source of their hope. Moses prays. God answers.
But God’s answer is strange. “Pass in front of the people and take a few of the elders of Israel. And the staff you used to strike the Nile, take it in your hand and go” (v. 5). How does Moses “pass in front” of the people? How many elders does he take? Why does he take his staff? To where is he supposed to “go”? And does God realize that he is telling Moses to pass in front of the very people who have their arms cocked, waiting to stone him? In a performance, these are all important questions.
Thankfully, God continues: “Behold, I will be standing there in front of you on the rock of Horeb. Strike the rock and water will come from it, and the people will drink.” This is, by far, the most important verse in the passage, and also the most frequently misread.
It all boils down to the translation of a preposition, a little word loaded with implications. The word, in Hebrew, is ‘al. It is generally translated “upon,” as the etymology of the word would dictate; it can also mean “before” or “beside.” God tells Moses, “I will be standing there in front of you ‘al the rock of Horeb…” Where will God be standing? Upon the rock? Beside the rock? Before the rock? It makes little difference until we realize what God is commanding Moses to do once he arrives at this rock.
Moses is instructed to strike the rock. The word “strike” is an extremely violent word. It is often translated “smite,” as in, “strike a death blow.” If Moses is to approach the rock and strike it, God’s location vis-à-vis the rock becomes all-important.
If God stands before the rock, and Moses walks past him to strike the rock, God becomes a sort of shield between Moses and the elders–who probably still have stones in their hands. If God stands beside the rock, God’s presence may function, as Calvin suggests in his commentary, to remove Moses’ anxiety and doubt about the efficacy of what he is being asked to do. Both of these are fine interpretations. But I think both fail to capture the fullness of the moment.
If God stands upon the rock which Moses is to strike, everything changes. Visualize it. God is going to “stand” on the rock. How does God stand? In a performance, God must have both body and voice and is described as such by the narrator. God stands on the rock. How big is the rock? There is no way to know for sure, but the Hebrew word suggests a substantial rock. This is not one of David’s smooth stones from the brook.
Moses then approaches the rock, staff in hand. Does he see God? This is highly doubtful. It is much more likely that God is only “visible” to the audience. Regardless, in the context of the unfolding drama, Moses faces the rock and his God simultaneously. He brings his staff behind his head and brings it down hard on the top of the rock. Water gushes forth.
Did you see it? If Moses strikes the rock with God standing upon it, Moses strikes God, and only then does the rock produce water. God stands in the gap between the people and Moses, and between the people and their thirst. To do this God took the brunt of Moses’ staff, once again miraculously providing salvation for the Israelites. In Isaiah 43 God remembers both the Red Sea and this passage at the Rock of Horeb. He reminds the people that he has always been the Savior of Israel; the Lord is their King, their Redeemer, the One who brought them out of Egypt, the One who gives water in the wilderness, the One who gives drink to his chosen people.
And in this story it is clear that not only is God their Savior, but by his wounds the people are healed. No water will come from the rock until it is struck–with God on it. In other words, no water will come from the rock until God is struck, and from his side pours streams of living water.
The story in Exodus 17 teaches that God is a God who sacrifices himself for the sake of his people. Exodus 17 is an archetype of what God in Christ does on the cross. Jesus did not do something entirely new on the cross. Rather, he gave the ultimate expression of the sacrificial love that God has always given to his people.
The apostle Paul interpreted it the same way. I Cor. 10:4 says, “For they drank from the spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ.” The rock was Christ, and the water that flowed from its side was the living water of salvation.
The Church has interpreted this story as a Lenten story, and you will find it assigned to Lent in the lectionary. However, the Lenten connection made by most commentators is only superficial, since few commentators see the Lenten connection between the sacrificial act of God standing on the rock, and the sacrificial act of Christ on the cross. That is because the connection is not a literary one, but a dramatic one. The full effect of this story is only seen when it is seen.
But the story does not end there. The closing moments of the drama usher a challenge that is as demanding as it is subtle. The narrator briefly summarizes Moses’ response to God’s commands: “And Moses did this in the sight of the elders of Israel” (v. 6). Picture this dramatically. In my mind’s eye, I see Moses, God, and the elders gathered at the Rock of Horeb upstage right–farthest away from the audience and off to the left from its perspective. The people of Israel stand downstage left–closest to the audience and facing it, completely unaware of what is unfolding behind them.
The drama builds to its climax as Moses approaches the rock and raises his staff above his head, poised to strike the rock, and God with it. At this point I see Moses, God, and the elders forming a freeze frame–a tableau–for the rest of the drama. The vision of Moses striking God remains as the backdrop to the Israelites’ continued grumbling as the drama draws to a close. This is the enduring image this drama has burned into my heart and mind. The narrator continues: “And he called the name of the place Quarreling and Testing, because the children of Israel quarreled and because they tested the LORD there, saying, ‘Is the Lord really among us? Or not?!'” (v. 7). The people’s final question, left unanswered by God and narrator, echoes through the canyons of time and ought not fall on deaf ears or faltering hearts today. Contained within that final question is an irony so tragic you may want to sit down before you read on.
The irony hinges on the word “in our midst.” In Hebrew, this word can be translated either as “in our midst,” or “in our innermost part,” better yet, “in our heart.” I believe both translations are intended here, which enables the irony in this final scene to function on two levels.
First, and closest to the surface, is the translation “in our midst.” The irony of this is, of course, that the people demand to know whether or not God is even present among them while God is in the background enduring the suffering that brings their salvation. I hesitate to consider how often I, in the midst of life’s trials, stop and ask God if he is even present or working in my life.
Is it possible that Exodus 17 adds this layer of tragic irony to the Lenten story: God not only sacrifices Godself for our salvation publicly on a cross, but also privately, invisibly, simultaneously enduring the physical suffering our salvation requires and the emotional and spiritual suffering brought on by our stubborn lack of faith and determined nearsightedness.
But the second layer of irony cuts deeper still. The second translation, doubtless unintended by the people of Israel in the moment, reads like this: “Is the Lord even in our hearts or not?” Here their faithless question turns the mirror back on themselves, revealing the true state of their hearts. Maybe they have missed God’s sacrificial salvation because they have closed their hearts to God’s presence by choosing fear over faith, discouragement over devotion. As my pastor recently said, “Discouragement develops distrust, which leads to disobedience, which inevitably produces disgusting behavior.”
Throughout the Lenten season, how will this story inform your reflection and practice? My encouragement is that we open our mouths less to speak and more to praise God out of gratitude for the manifold ways–both visible and invisible–that God sacrifices for us daily. We do not serve a God who is only high and holy. We serve a God who walked the earth with us, who lived and died a human life, and who will stop at nothing to pour out his love for us, whether we recognize it or not.
I will pray for greater attentiveness this Lenten season: attentiveness to the state of my heart and attentiveness to the presence of God in my life and in my life’s circumstances. This drama teaches that God is present, regardless of whether or not we recognize his presence. And more often than not, when we do not recognize his presence, it is because we have chosen fear over faith and have turned our backs to the saving work he is doing in our midst and in our hearts.
This Lenten season, pray that God will open your heart to recognize his presence. And pray that God will open your eyes to the myriad ways he is working in and around you. Then, pray that God will open your mouth so that you might help others become aware of God’s presence.
And finally, as you read the Bible in preparation for Easter, don’t forget to read the Old Testament. And don’t forget to read with your imagination: see what you read, don’t just read what you read. And go a step further: enter the story; use your body and your voice. Let the Word be living and active inside of you and through you. If you do so, it is likely to transform your life and your understanding of God forever.
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Every child who has experienced sexual abuse is affected differently but we know that for many it has a long term and damaging impact. Research shows that the impact can be reduced by a number of things, including effective and timely therapeutic support.
In a 2015 survey by the NSPCC, 98 per cent of professionals said there is a shortage of places available to children who have been abused. Gaps in provision of services for children and young people means that many will not receive the support they need to recover.
It is therefore vital that public services deliver, timely mental health support that is tailored to children’s needs. Guidelines such as those from NICE need to be widely available to help plan services and improve care provision. By using NICE, both commissioners and providers can be reassured that they would be putting into practice evidence-based advice from a trusted body.
However, we know that professionals in this field are extremely busy and their focus, quite rightly, is on their direct work with children. The quick guide by NICE is a summary of the more comprehensive guidelines that busy professionals can used as a quick reference tool. For those less familiar with therapeutic interventions, reading the quick guide is a helpful resource to learn more about what works to help children who have experienced abuse or neglect.
The NSPCC has developed Letting the Future In, an evidence-informed therapeutic intervention for children aged 4 to 17 who have experienced sexual abuse. The service helps children to move on from their past experiences through activities such as play, drawing, painting and storytelling; and offers parents and carers support to deal with the impact of sexual abuse and to help their children feel safe.
Letting the Future In was recommended by NICE in their 2017 guidelines on responding to child abuse and neglect. More recently, it featured in the NICE quick guide on therapeutic interventions after abuse and neglect. We see this as an important step in starting to fill the gap in the provision of therapeutic support services that can help children who have been abused.
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A colleague delegates yet another project to you, despite the fact that you’ve stayed late at work every night this week and it’s not really your job to handle this type of assignment. Your husband or wife commits to a party you don’t really want to attend on your behalf. You just let your friends talk you into happy hour, even though you just want to go home and watch TV.
Establishing clear personal boundaries is essential for maintaining our health and sanity. For many people, it can be difficult to say “no,” even when we really, really don’t want to do the task in question. But we feel guilty and worry what others will think, so we agree time after time.
Why is it important to create personal boundaries, and what happens when we don’t? How do we set boundaries to prevent others from taking advantage of us?
So, how do you establish clear boundaries? Here are some tips to get started.
1. Determine where you’ve already established personal boundaries and where they’re lacking.
You may have strongly established boundaries at work but not in your personal life or vice versa. Consider where your boundaries could use some honing, and focus on these areas. Assess strategies you use in different spheres of your life and think about how you could apply them to other areas.
2. Know your limits.
Boundaries can be murky. Think about times when you felt like enough was enough. What pushed you over the edge? When did you feel angry or like someone was taking advantage of you? Your limit is before that breaking point — before you started to lose your cool. It can also help you understand your limits if you write them down or say them out loud.
3. Learn how to say “no.”
It’s okay to say “no” sometimes. In fact, many people should use the word more often. If you’re at your limit, don’t take on that extra project or agree to an excursion you don’t want or don’t have time to do. The more often you say “no,” the less people will expect you to comply.
4. Practice being assertive.
For people-pleasers, saying exactly what you want can be intimidating. However, being assertive is an important skill to have in work and in life. For example, if a coworker is asking you to take on work that’s not within your role, say so, rather than agreeing because you don’t want to rock the boat.
5. Establish consequences.
When someone violates your personal boundaries, it’s important that they know what you will do if it happens again. These might be natural consequences; for example, if a demanding manager keeps piling on the work, you might need to tell her that you won’t be able to finish a previous project on time if you have to tackle the next assignment, too.
6. Respect yourself.
It’s easy to feel guilty when establishing boundaries, but know that doing so is a sign of self-respect. If you don’t respect yourself enough to set limits, then others will take advantage of you and you’ll grow to resent them. Instead, frequently remind yourself that your boundaries are healthy and necessary.
Establishing personal boundaries communicates that you are self-aware and recognize your own limits. They prevent others from taking advantage of you.
Without setting personal boundaries, you may become irritable and resentful because you’re internalizing your feelings and not communicating your needs clearly to others. This can take a toll on your physical and psychological health. For instance, if you haven’t established boundaries regarding how much work you can take on, you may feel overworked, stressed, and tired. If a partner expects you to participate in events that make you uncomfortable, you’ll probably become increasingly annoyed with him or her as well as anxious yourself, which will inevitably impact the relationship.
Establishing personal boundaries can impact your mood and outlook, decreasing stress and feelings of resentfulness, as well as make you more self-aware and confident.
What are some signs you may have unhealthy boundaries? Here are a few indicators.
• You agree whenever someone asks something of you.
• You often feel like people are taking advantage of you.
• You frequently feel stressed and tired because you’ve overcommitted.
• You want to please everyone at all times.
• You feel angry with others but let it fester rather than addressing the issue.
• You let others dictate what you should be doing, saying and feeling.
• You care more about what other people think that what you really want or need.
• Every time you say “no” you feel guilty. Or you’re just never able to say “no” at all.
• You agree to do things that make you uncomfortable.
Just like in your professional life, establishing boundaries in your personal life is essential for maintaining positive relationships. (Remember: relationships don’t have to be romantic. You should be creating personal boundaries with relatives and friends, as well as romantic partners.)
You should make a conscious effort to create healthy boundaries in all your relationships. For example, you may want to make it clear to a partner that you need a certain amount of alone time to recharge after work. Perhaps you need your parents to know that you don’t want them stopping by unannounced. Whatever your personal needs are, you should be clearly articulating them to the other person to prevent either of you from expecting too much or feeling hurt or resentful.
This is true even if you have a strong relationship and believe that you don’t need boundaries because you get along so well. Everyone needs boundaries to feel comfortable and secure.
Boundaries are important for all aspects of our lives — from work to your personal life. Ultimately, establishing boundaries with others will decrease your stress and allow you to lead a happier and more fulfilled life.
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One of the largest family of animals is the mollusc family.
The word ‘mollusc’ (sometimes spelled mollusk) means soft-bodied.
Most of them have a hard shell to protect their soft body.
Molluscs have been on Earth for millions of years.
Molluscs are among the earliest forms of life on Earth. In fact, the nautilus is considered to be a living fossil, unchanged for over 400 million years. Only a few species remain, and live at ocean depths of about 550 metres during the day, and shallower water at night.
Read about the nautilus:
Where do they live?
Some molluscs are land living, such as the snail and slug. Others live in water, such as water snails, sea slugs, octopus and squid, bivalves such as oysters, mussels and clams, chitons (say kigh-tun) and tusk shells. Molluscs live along rocky shores, in freshwater habitats and even in gardens.
Body and Behaviours
Molluscs have a soft body and are invertebrates, which means they have no backbone. Most have a shell, either outside or inside, and a radula (say rad-you-luh) that is like a tongue but with many tiny teeth. They have either a muscle called a foot, or tentacles.
Most ocean living molluscs can move by jet propulsion, squirting water from their body to move forward. Those with shells, such as clams and scallops, can move by clamping their shell closed and ejecting water. Some attach themselves to rocks or other surfaces and don't move.
Bivalve means ‘two valves’. The soft-bodied animal lives inside a double shell, or valve, with a hinge that opens and closes the valves. When the animal dies, the hinge usually breaks, and the empty shells wash up on the beach. Most bivalves are marine, or saltwater, creatures. They feed by passing water through their gills, filtering out the tiny plankton for food as the water passes through. Bivalves don’t move around much. Some attach themselves to hard places, some attach to rocks, some burrow in the sand.
The sea slug is sometimes known as the sea cucumber because of its shape and because it is usually very still, looking like a plant. Because of this habit of not moving very much, sea slugs are a common prey for many animals, such as crabs, lobsters, fish and humans.
There are thousands of different kinds of sea slug, ranging in size from a few millimetres to over 30 centimetres long. They are a variety of colours.
Sea slugs feed on algae, plankton and decomposing matter on the sea bed. This makes them a useful part of the marine ecosystem.
Chitons are hard to find as they are well camouflaged and generally hide in cracks in the rocks or under boulders, hiding from light. They are covered with eight overlapping plates that protect them from predators and from crashing waves. When disturbed, they clamp their muscular foot on the rocks and are very hard to move. They feed by using their radula to scrape algae off rocks. Their eyes are inside the shell. There are about 150 different kinds of chitons in Australia, and about 90% of them are endemic (found nowhere else).
Squid have a very soft body with a large head and brain. There are about 300 different kinds of squid, but scientists believe there are more to be found. The size depends on what species, or kind, of squid they are. They can move extremely fast through a sort of jet propulsion when water is rapidly forced out of its body cavity. Squid breathe through gills so they do not have to come to the surface to breathe. There are eight arms around the mouth, two of which are longer and can contract. Prey is caught and held by these two arms, and held by the other arms while the squid eats. The jaw of a squid is similar to a parrot’s beak, and it tears its prey apart. When escaping a predator, squid expel a cloud of black fluid known as ink, which makes it hard for the predator to see the squid.
There are five groups of squid:
Giant squid grow to about 9 metres in length. They prefer cooler waters and swim between about 300 and 1,000 metres below the surface near Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand and Norway.
Colossal squid is the largest invertebrate of all, up to 14 metres long. It has sharp hooks at the end of the tentacles. It is found in just a few areas south of New Zealand, South America, Africa and in Antarctica.
Vampire squid is about 30cm long. The tentacles are connected by a web of skin, which makes it look like it is wearing a black cloak, like a vampire. Its eyes look red or blue depending on the light around it. It is found in warm, tropical areas and keeps to deep water where it is dark.
Humboldt squid grow to about 1.5 metres in length. It can change its body colour, and rapidly changes from red to white while hunting. It is found in areas of the Pacific Ocean, and lives in very deep water.
Japanese flying squid
Japanese flying squid are so called because it can cover about 30 metres in a single leap above the surface of the sea. It is found in cooler waters, north of the Pacific and in the Bering Strait.
Octopus are found around the world in warmer tropical and temperate waters. There are about 300 different species, or kinds, of octopus.
An octopus has a globe shaped head and eight limbs or tentacles. Recently, scientists have found that two of these are more like legs, allowing the octopus to walk along the sea floor. If an octopus loses a tentacle, it can grow another. The tentacles have suckers to help grab and hold things. In its centre, an octopus has a hard beak that tears apart its prey.
While the octopus is invertebrate and has no internal skeleton, it does have a skull which protects its brain. Like the squid, the octopus uses jet propulsion for fast, forward movement. It releases a cloud of black ink to help it escape predators. Octopuses can squeeze themselves into tiny spaces.
An octopus lives for only about 18 months. They are solitary (live alone) and shelter in hollows in rocks or corals, or dig burrows. They move closer to the shore to mate, and two months after that a female releases about 100,000 to 500,000 eggs. She cleans the eggs, provides oxygen by squirting water, and protects them from predators until they hatch. Soon after the eggs hatch, both the male and female parents die. The young are carried by ocean currents, and feed on plankton. Only one or two will survive to become adults.
Watch a video about the octopus:
Watch a video about sea slugs:
Read the kidcyber page:
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A few thoughts about the Charlotte Mason Homeschooling Method
Thinking about homeschooling your children? One suggestion of a great way to teach your children from home is the Charlotte Mason Homeschooling Method.
One of the most popular methods for homeschoolers is the Charlotte Mason Homeschooling Method! This method will allow the children to experience “hands on” experiences and it will teach your children to practice good habits, while enjoying living books that will keep your child’s interests!
In the 1800’s a lady by the name of Charlotte Mason began teaching children with her three level methods. This method consisted of 1) atmosphere, 2) discipline, and 3) life.
Atmosphere means, that the child can learn by seeing and doing things that are around them as they grow up.
Discipline means, teaching a child how to act and what the difference is between good and bad. Helping your child to learn what is known as “good habits” and what is known as “bad habits”.
Life means, combining what is learned at home, at school, and in their surroundings.
The Charlotte Mason Homeschooling method taught about real live things, situations, and events; not just words on a piece of paper.
Living books are a book that tells a story, a book that a child could get lost in while reading it! (Much like becoming the character of the story) These living books were written by a person (author) that is very passionate about the subject of the story.
Did you ever dread Fridays when you knew that the teacher was going to spring a spelling test on you? Ms. Mason found a way to teach children how to spell that would be fun and they would learn to spell the words while having fun. She used the words from these awesome stories and taught the students how to spell through reading. (She did not believe in the traditional spelling words list)
So many children have short attention spans and she found a way around this by teaching shorter lessons. The other methods used for homeschooling was various maps, living books, crafts, drawing, memorizing poems, and Bible Verses. The children would be able to go outside and watch and learn things from Gods Creations in the great outdoors. To help the children enjoy history she would have them talk about and narrate about an important person that was currently living.
When younger students did their lessons they only lasted up to 15 minutes. As the student grew older is when the time would be increased per lesson.
Homeschooling is quickly becoming the preferred method of teaching children. The reason for this is because of the violence that has become an everyday occurrence in our public schools today. The Charlotte Mason Homeschooling methods are a great way to get a child to enjoy school that may have otherwise hated to even hear the word school spoken!
Homeschooling is not a cop-out! Homeschooling is a great way to nurture your child’s intelligence while creating an awesome bond!
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Navigating the autism community and differentiating between what may be “the buzz” and what is an evidenced-based strategy is often difficult for teachers and parents alike. Further compounding this navigation is that the media often covers only fads, or “quick fixes,” rather than those strategies that have been consistently and successfully adopted by teachers.
One strategy that has remained steadfast through the years—and despite various critics—is Social Stories™. Discovered by Carol Gray in 1990, Social Stories are brief stories, accompanied by pictures when needed, to help students understand specific social situations. Social Stories are “a situation, skill, or concept in terms of relevant social cues, perspectives, and common responses in a specifically defined style and format.”
Typically, a Social Story is constructed with the participation of the student—within Catapult Learning schools, this would also include participation from the student’s teacher or social worker. The story addresses a social situation in which the student may need a better understanding, progressing through the steps of the identified social situation and targeting the development of an alternative and appropriate social response. The Social Story is personalized for the student and is developed to their cognitive level. Carol Gray developed clear guidelines for developing a story. Stories should include a target behavior identified, a provided replacement behavior, be written from the child’s perspective (as if you are the child) with pictures, and lastly, include a ratio of one directive sentence for every two-to-five sentences that are descriptive, perspective, or both.
- Directive sentences: provides responses or behaviors that the student is expected to perform
- Descriptive sentences: includes specifics of events, actions, and thoughts of people in a similar situation
- Perspective sentences: usually connected to the outcome of a situation and provides insight into how other feel and/ or react about the action or inaction of the main character
A Social Story is used to explicitly teach the student what to expect within situations that were previously deemed difficult and how to appropriately respond to the difficulty when faced with it again. It is also important to keep in mind that the goal of Social Stories is exposure; these stories are oftentimes used immediately before the situation arises so that the scenario is fresh and familiar to the student, providing an opportunity to rehearse an appropriate response. For instance, if a student has difficulty transitioning into a new school, a Social Story could be developed to help him to forecast and understand what to expect, such as who will greet him, what the check-in procedure would look like, who his teacher and classmates will be, etc.
Lastly, the greatest advantage of Social Stories is that they can be used to intervene in the behavior and event at all stages—in the middle of an event or even after an event has occurred–depending on the needs of the student. As Carol Gray noted:
“First: Abandon all assumptions. Second: Recognize that the social impairment in autism is shared, with mistakes made on all sides of the social equation. Third: When typical people interact with people with autism, both perspectives are equally valid and deserving of respect. To this day, these three principles define the Social Story philosophy and guide the development of each Story.”
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Fun Math 68
In this finding the sums worksheet, students add three-digits and four-digit numbers with regrouping on a page with fun clip art next to each problem. Students solve 15 problems.
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Wood and pellet fuels are a renewable way to heat your home or business. Pellets and wood are a popular fuel choice due to their affordability over fossil fuels and the fact that Maine has significant, locally-produced wood fuel supplies.
A biomass boiler burns pellets or cordwood and is connected to a forced hot water distribution system. Many Mainers are familiar with pellet stoves but pellet boilers are a relatively new technology in our region. Pellet boilers operate like conventional fuel central heating systems, but require pellet storage space (hoppers are frequently located in the basement adjacent to the boiler). Many boilers include self-cleaning systems and require less cleaning than pellet stoves. Bulk pellet delivery is offered in many regions of the state.
- Lower heating costs — Biomass systems typically cost less to operate than other systems. Click here to compare operating costs of different heating systems.
- Convenient, whole-house, renewable heat — Whole-house pellet boilers are more convenient than typical pellet and wood stoves. They are controlled by a thermostat and pellets are automatically fed into the boiler. Ashes can be allowed to accumulate for an extended period.
- Installation costs — Biomass boilers and furnaces can be more expensive to install than conventional heating systems.
- Installation challenges — Biomass boilers and furnaces require the storage of pellets or wood, often in large hoppers located in the basement. Not all basements are suitable for fuel storage.
- Operator Maintenance – Unlike traditional heating systems, pellet and wood boilers require regular ash removal.
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The creation of realistic computer generated imagery is a very important task in many sectors of the industry, such as movie production, video games, architecture, product design, commercials and simulations. This course provides a broad overview of state-of-the-art algorithms for making photo-realistic images.
In particular, the course will focus on both the theoretical and practical aspects of topics such as:
How to efficiently create images with high geometric complexity, often reaching billions of polygons.
How to accurately simulate the interaction of light with various materials, such as metals, plastic, glass or even dusty or multilayered surfaces.
How to create realistic images with defocus and motion blur, properly simulating the characteristics of a real camera (lens aperture, shutter speed, etc…).
How to properly compress the High Dynamic Range of the created images for displays with lower dynamic range, while still preserving the image details.
How to simulate the indirect bounces of light (global illumination) in a scene using state-of-the-art Monte Carlo methods.
How to eliminate aliasing and other sampling artifacts during image synthesis.
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en
| 0.907235 | 229 | 3.359375 | 3 |
It will only take 6 minutes to read this post!
Don’t have time to study now? Don’t worry! You can download Giving Advice & Sharing Opinions in Chinese PDF and read it later.
We have discussed expressing knowledge and ability in previous articles. Before moving on to giving advice and opinions, you might want to read or review our posts on 认识 and 知道 and The Three Cans: 会, 可以 and 能.
Sharing your own opinions in Chinese is the next step to being able to communicate with friends about topics that are important to you. Saying ‘我知道’ (I know) or ‘我明白’ (I understand) has it’s limitations and learning some words and sentences that will help you express your feelings and improve your understanding of Chinese culture and language.
Chinese Words and Phrases for Giving Advice and Sharing Opinions
想 (xiǎng) – to think
The 想 (xiǎng) character has multiple meanings such as ‘to think’, ‘to miss’ or ‘believe something’. 想 (xiǎng) is composed of 3 parts; 心 (xīn) meaning ‘heart’, 木 (mù) which is ‘tree’ and an ‘eye’ 目 (mù).Together, they create phonetics and meaning. 木 (mù) and 目 (mù) also create the character 相 (xiàng) meaning ‘appearance’. The origin of 相 (xiàng)suggests that a person would need to stand behind a ‘tree’ and peer out from behind it, suggesting the need to look and check for danger. 相 (xiàng) together with 心 (xīn) producing 想 (xiǎng) could refer to the idea of ‘examining’ the ‘heart or mind’.
You can read more about characters containing the ‘heart radical’ in our article 心字底: The Heart Radical
你心里在想什么？ (nǐ xīn li zài xiǎng shén me) What are you thinking?
我想我们最好还是坐飞机。(wǒ xiǎng wǒ men zuì hǎo hái shì zuò fēi jī) I think flying is best.
If you want to negate ‘think’ to say ‘I don’t think…’ then we can use the phrase 我想。。。不。(wǒ xiǎng…bù).
Although it is tempting to use it, 我不想。。。(wǒ bù xiǎng…) is not correct and is used to express the phrase ‘I do not want..’
我想他不帅。(wǒ xiǎng tā bù shuài) I don’t think he is handsome.
看 (kàn) – to look, consider, think
If you can imagine someone covering their eyes 目 (mù) from the sun with their hand 手 (shǒu) and tada, you have the 看 (kàn) character.
Although this character is mostly used to describe the verb ‘to look’, it is also used to mean ‘consider’.
你看这件事应该怎么办？(nǐ kàn zhè jiàn shì yīng gāi zěn me bàn) How do you think we should deal with this situation?
觉得 (jué de) – to feel, consider
To understand the 觉 character a little more, we can take a look at the traditional character, 覺. If you look at the bottom radical, it contains a traditional version of the character 见 (jiàn) meaning ‘to see’. It makes more sense when you see that originally, 见 (jiàn) was an ‘eye’ 目 (mù) on top of a ‘person’ 人 (rén).
我觉得这没问题。(wǒ jué de zhè méi wèn tí) I think it is alright.
说 (shuō) ‘say’
你说我应该选哪门课？(nǐ shuō wǒ yīng gāi xuǎn nǎ mén kè) In your opinion, which course should I choose?
认为 (rèn wéi) – to believe, to suppose, to consider
我认为他是对的。(wǒ rèn wéi tā shì duì de) I think he is right.
认为 (rèn wéi) can also be used to talk about something you thought was true, but were mistaken about.
以为 (yǐ wéi) – to believe, suppose, to be under the impression
我以为你今天不会来了。(wǒ yǐ wéi nǐ jīn tiān bù huì lái le.) I was under the impression you weren’t coming today.
相信 (xiāng xìn) – to be convinced
我相信我们可以成功的。(wǒ xiāng xìn wǒ men kě yǐ chéng gōng de) I am convinced we can succeed.
妈妈特别相信草药。(mā ma tè bié xiāng xìn cǎo yào) Mother was a great believer in herbal medicines.
认定 (rèn dìng) – to maintain that something is true
我仍然认定联队会夺冠。(wǒ réng rán rèn dìng lián duì huì duó guàn) I still say United are a dead cert to win.
信仰 (xìn yǎng) – to believe in (religion), conviction
我信仰自由。(wǒ xìn yǎng zì yóu) I believe in freedom.
Giving and Asking for Advice
If you want to ask someone’s advice one something, you can use the bigram 请教 (qǐng jiào). You’ve probably seen both characters separately, as ‘please’ 请 (qǐng)and ‘teach’ 教 (jiào) .
我有一件事想要请教你，可以吗？(wǒ yǒu yī jiàn shì xiǎng yào qǐng jiào nǐ, kě yǐ
ma?) Can you please advise me on this situation?
You can also use the phrase 请指教 (qǐng zhǐ jiào), meaning ‘please provide instructions on’.
This is the kind of phrase people might use when they have only just met.
请多多指教。(qǐng duō duō zhǐ jiào) Please provide me with instructions.
建议 (jiàn yì) to advise or urge
Refusing to give an Opinion
If you don’t have any particularly strong feelings about something, or would rather not say, you can use the following phrase.
我没意见。(wǒ méi yì jiàn) I don’t have an opinion
没办法 (méi bàn fǎ) – nothing can be done
这是没办法的事，纯属巧合。(zhè shì méi bàn fǎ de shì, chún shǔ qiǎo hé.) Nothing can be done about this matter, it’s purely coincidence.
随便 (suí biàn) – do as you please
If you’re interested in learning Chinese, you can check out our Written Chinese Dictionary! You can also click on the links below to download it for your iOS and Android devices!
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This ship seemed to have suffered from an identity crisis as its purpose and design evolved over the war. Nazi Germany had started construction of this ship before WWII as a light cruiser. Due to the war, construction on this ship ground to a halt when she was nearly finished in mid 1940. This saw the ship laying in the shipyard up until 1942, when the Kriegsmarine, deciding to convert her to an auxiliary aircraft carrier and renamed the Weser.
The original name, the Seydlitz was chosen in honor of Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, one of the greatest generals of the Prussian Army. This ship was designed to utilize more of a guerilla-style tactics, attacking merchant ships and avoiding Allied ships. Its engine design limited its range compared to its Allied counterparts. This, and the fact that it normally sailed as a singular unit made this ship much more suited to cut supply lines than to take an offensive stance.
The original plan was to complete a light cruiser version of the Admiral Hipper class of ships, which were German’s premier heavy cruisers. Reduced armament and armor plating would make the Seydlitz lighter and faster, something the Germans believed would give them a competitive advantage. The Kriegsmarine however revised this decision and decided to upgrade the ship to an Admiral Hipper class heavy cruiser, a decision taken when the ship nearly left dry-dock.
After the loss of the Bismarck during May 1941 Nazi Germany started considering adding aircraft carriers to its fleet. The near torpedoing of the Bismarck sistership, Tirpitz, in March 1942 led to the final decision that this strategy should indeed be followed. With the Graf Zeppelin already under construction, the Seydlitz was selected for conversion into an aircraft carrier along with a few other ships.
The conversion started during December 1942 where she was stripped of her superstructures and weapons. Various other parts of the ship were also cut away to allow the flight deck to be properly built and supported. For an auxiliary carrier, she was set to provide sufficient airpower in the form of 10 modified BF-109s and 10 JU-87s operating from her deck.
With the flight deck taking up most of the space and the hangers and aircrafts that were planned strained the carrying capacity of the ship, her original armament of guns had to be reduced significantly. Instead of the 36 guns originally planned, only a group of much lighter guns had been installed. These consisted of ten 4 inch, ten 1.5 inch and twenty four 0.79 inch guns which were to be used for anti-aircraft fire.
Unlike modern cruisers which use mostly diesel, the Seydlitz was powered by a set of three Blohm & Voss geared steam turbines connected to high pressure boilers. These twelve boilers were in turn fired by fuel oil. Driving the ship was three giant three-blade propellers. Technological advancements on this ship included a beam navigation system which guided aircraft back towards the ship and was called a “Knickebein”. The catapult system had also been greatly improved from what was installed on the Graff Zeppelin.
The ship could achieve of 32 knots at full speed with the three turbines delivering a total of 100,000 hp. However, with the use of ultra high pressure boilers, this power came at the price of fuel efficiency.
The Seydlitz measured a total of 690 ft. with a beam of 71 ft. Her draft when fully loaded was almost 26 feet. She hosted a complement of 42 officers and 1,340 crewmembers. Designed to be a lone ranger, she had thick armor, with belt armor being in the region of 2.8 to 3.1 inch thick. The deck of this aircraft carrier had also been armored with armor thickness ranging between 0.8 and 2 inch. The turret faces was protected by a thick 4.1 inch armor
One unique catapult was fitted. The first of its kind, it built up kinetic energy through the use of a torque converter driven by two aircraft engines. Once released, this kinetic energy would real in a deck shuttle at speed, unlike modern carriers that pushed a shuttle forward by using high pressure steam. Its fleet of 20 aircraft were originally both land based models which had been specially modified with arresting gear and longer wings, enabling it to take of and land in shorter spaces.
Originally, the ship had also been designed with torpedoes as part of its armament, but this feature had not been included in its conversion from a cruiser to a carrier. The 4.1 inch guns had been included however, and were mounted side by side, with two units forward of the tower. The 1.5 inch guns were also mounted as pairs. Lastly, the 0.79 inchers were mounted across the deck as quadruplets.
The still uncompleted Wesser (Seydlitz) was transferred to Königsberg where work on her ceased in June 1943, due to Nazi Germany’s shifting priorities.
To protect the ship from hostile take-over it was scuttled on January 29, 1945, preventing the advancing Soviet Forces from taking the ship. These Soviet forces briefly considered using the spares to finish its own ship, the Lützow, purchased from Germany before the war as an uncompleted project. This plan however, never came to fruition and the Wesser was broken up for scrap metal.
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In this tutorial I'll show you how to make Windmill illustration using Sketch, an amazing vector design tool. This tutorial will teach you a lot of techniques required for creating custom illustrations with Sketch. Let's get started!
1. Set Up Your Document
Let's begin by creating our artboard. To do this, press A on the keyboard and draw an artboard sized at 1200 px by 900 px.
2. Create the Sky
Select the Rectangle tool from the Insert > Shape menu in the top toolbar, or just press R on the keyboard and create a rectangle.
Use the Inspector Panel on the right to uncheck the Borders, and then click on the Fill button and switch to Linear Gradient.
Select the color stop on top—you will notice that it will become bigger when selected—and change the color to
Next select the color stop at the bottom, change the color to
#3B749E, and move it upwards. Use the image below as a reference.
3. Create Stars
Pick up the Rectangle tool by pressing R on the keyboard and draw a rectangle 10 px by 10 px. Change the color to
#4F89BA and uncheck the borders using the Inspector Panel on the right.
Choose the Rotate tool from the top toolbar and rotate the rectangle 45° clockwise, and then apply Gaussian Blur with Amount of 1 px using the Inspector Panel.
Add more stars by duplicating (Command-D) this rectangle. Use the image below as a reference.
#061C2E color for the darker stars and
#DBF0F0 for the brighter ones. Select all the stars and place them into a group using Command-G. Name this group "stars".
4. Create the Moon
Press O to invoke the Oval tool and make a circle. Turn off the border, change the color to
#224E6F, and apply Gaussian Blur with the Amount of 1px.
Duplicate the circle (Command-D) and change the color to
Duplicate the circle one more time, change the color to
#20E6E6, and move it 13 px to the left.
Select these two circles by holding Command on the keyboard and clicking on these layers in the Layers List on the left, and then click on Subtract in the top toolbar to create the moon shape.
Select the circle and the moon shape, group them, and give this group the name "moon".
5. Create the Distant Mountains
Press V to choose the Vector tool and draw the shape of distant mountains.
Turn off the border and change the color to
6. Create the Closer Mountains and Trees
In this section we'll be creating mountains and trees that are just behind our windmill by using triangles.
Choose the Triangle tool by pressing T on the keyboard, and create a triangle as in the image below.
Change the color of the triangle to
#23567E and turn off the border.
Create another rectangle, and for this one use the color
Then another one. For this one use the color
And finally create one more rectangle and color this one with
It's time to add some trees on our mountains. Use the Triangle (T) tool to create a tree shape.
Change the color of the tree to the color of our mountain.
Duplicate a couple of times and move the shapes around our mountain, as in the image below.
Repeat this process for all other mountains.
Select all mountains and trees and nest them inside a group by pressing Command-G. Name this group "mountains and trees".
7. Add Clouds
Let's add some clouds to our illustration. Pick up the Vector (V) tool and draw a cloud shape. For the color, use
Set Blending to Soft Light and Opacity to 20%.
Draw another cloud.
Change Blending to Soft Light and Opacity to 15%.
Finally create one more cloud just over the moon.
Set Blending to Soft Light and Opacity to 10%.
Select all the clouds and group them together. Give this group the name "clouds".
8. Add the River
Draw a rectangle using the Rectangle (R) tool, and place it at the bottom of our artboard.
Click on Fill in the Inspector Panel and select Linear Gradient. Color the stop on the top set to
Color the stop on the bottom set to
9. Create the Windmill Tower
Create a rectangle using the Rectangle tool (T). For the color, use
#E0E0E0 and turn off the border.
Press Enter on the keyboard to start editing the rectangle. Select the round point in the bottom left corner and nudge it 36 px to the left using the left arrow on the keyboard. With the arrow keys you can move the selected points 1 px, and by holding the Shift key you can move them 10 px per click.
Next, select the round point in the bottom right corner and nudge it 36 px to the right using the right arrow key.
Let's add depth to our tower. Grab the Vector (V) tool and draw a shape as shown in the image below. For the color use
#FFFFFF, turn off the border, and set the Opacity to 60%.
Duplicate this shape (Command-D), Flip Horizontal using the Inspector Panel on the right, and move it to the right side of the tower.
Change the color to
#000000 and the Opacity to 10%.
Next, select these two shapes that we've just created, and the tower shape, by holding down Shift and clicking on the layers, and then choose Mask in the top toolbar.
Again, select all the shapes that we've created in this step and place them in a group. Name this group "tower shape".
10. Add the Door and Windows
To create a door, draw a rectangle as in the image below, and set the following properties in the Inspector Panel:
- Fill: Unchecked
- Border color:
- Position: Inside
- Thickness: 3 px
Next, draw a smaller rectangle, turn off the border, and set the color to
Select both rectangles and place them into the "door" group.
Let's create a window. Draw a square using the Rectangle tool (R) and holding down Shift. Apply the following properties to this square:
- Fill color:
- Border color:
- Position: Inside
- Thickness: 3 px
Choose the Line (L) tool, and draw two lines over the window shape: one horizontal and one vertical. For the color, use
#676767 and set the Thickness to 2 px.
Select the square and the two lines and press Command-G to nest them inside a group. Name this group "window".
Duplicate (Command-D) the "window" group three times and place it as shown in the image below.
Select the top window, and change the color of the rectangle to
Select "tower shape" and all "window" and "door" groups, and put them in one group. Name this group "tower".
11. Create the Cap of the Windmill
Use the Oval (O) tool and hold down Shift to create a circle. Set the color to
#D71A03 and turn off the border.
Press Enter to enter shape edit mode, and then select the Scissors tool from the Layer > Paths menu in the top toolbar, to cut away lines from our circle to get a hemisphere.
Go to Layer > Paths and choose Close Path to close the path.
Let's add some highlights and shadows. Create a rectangle over the left side of our hemisphere, turn off the border, and set the color to
#FFFFFF and the Opacity to 20%.
Duplicate this shape, change the color to
#000000 and the Opacity to 15%, and position it over the right side of our hemisphere.
Select both shapes and the hemisphere by holding down Shift and clicking on the layers, and then choose Mask in the top toolbar.
At the end, create a rectangle that is a bit bigger than the gap between the cap and the tower. Set the color to
#EFEFEF and apply Shadows using the Inspector Panel.
Select both shapes (hemisphere and rectangle) and group them. Give this group the name "cap".
12. Add the Sails
In this step, we will create the final part of our windmill: the sails. So let's begin.
Pick the Vector (V) tool and draw a shape like the one in the image below. Set the color to
#070640 and turn off the border.
Use the Line (L) tool to create the horizontal and vertical lines that are part of our sail. For horizontal lines, set the color to
#070640 and the Thickness to 2 px.
For vertical lines, set the Thickness to 1 px and the color also to
#070640. It should look like this.
Select all the lines (horizontal and vertical) along with the basic sail shape and group them. Select Rotate from the top toolbar. Click and drag the crosshair marker as shown in the image below to rotate around that point.
Rotate the sail. Use the image below as a reference.
Duplicate the sail, select Rotate, click and drag the crosshair marker as we did in the previous step, and rotate the sail.
Repeat the previous step twice more to add the two missing sails.
Create a white (
#FFFFFF) circle on top of our sails using the Oval (O) tool. Set the following properties for the Borders:
- Position: Center
- Thickness: 4 px
Select this circle and all sails and place them in one group using Command-G. Name this group "sails".
Then select the "tower", "cap" and "sails" groups and nest them inside the "windmill" group.
13. Create the Reflections
Select "windmill" and "mountains and trees", duplicate them (Command-D), group them into the "reflections" group, and Flip Vertical using the Inspector Panel on the right.
In the Layers Panel, put the "reflections" group just below the "windmill" group.
Move down "reflections" as shown in the image below.
Finally, lower the Opacity of this group to 5%.
And You're Done!
Your windmill illustration is now complete!
I hope you had a great time working on it. I'd love to see your versions of the windmill, so please go ahead and share what you've created in the comments below.
Thank you for your time!
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Wood properties are related to tree physiology and mechanical stability and are influenced by both phylogeny and the environment. However, it remains unclear to what extent geographical gradients in wood traits are shaped by either phylogeny or the environment.
By employing the method of phylogenetic independent contrast, Prof. Cao Kunfang and his research team of XTBG compiled a data set of 11 wood properties for 618 tree species from 98 sampling sites in China to assess their phylogenetic and spatial patterns, and to determine how many of the spatial patterns in wood properties are attributable to the environment after correction for phylogenetic influences.
The research found that the spatial variations in wood traits were shaped by environment and phylogenetic constraints that limit the environmental adaptability of tree species. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) was more important than mean annual temperature (MAT) in explaining the spatial patterns of wood traits in trees across China. Wood traits were highly evolutionarily conservative and wood density (WD) showed correlated evolution with mechanical properties.
The study provides valuable insights into the geographical patterns in productivity, distribution and ecological strategy of trees linking to wood traits.
The research entitled “Spatial patterns of wood traits in China are controlled by phylogeny and environment” has been published online in Global Ecology and Biogeography, DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00582.x
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A lot of changes were going on by the time nineteen hundred came round. In less than two years, President McKinley would be assassinated. It seemed, at the turn of the century, that not only the country but the people in it were still busy deciding how we would be fitting in, finding our place in the world I guess you can say. Slavery had been abolished for thirty-five some years, but that didn't mean it still didn't go on. And if it didn't go on, Alabama, Virginia, Arkansas and other southern states were trying, and succeeding, in restricting what we could and what we couldn't do. Jim Crow laws made sure to remind us regularly that we were inferior to white folk. The stress of racism and prejudice led many to leave in hopes of finding a better life elsewhere. What they found instead was equally unwavering fear, prejudice and discrimination, no matter if they traveled east, west, north or farther south. Many came back to Sheffield complaining of numerous grievances. I wouldn't be surprised if people were to leave again: our lives teetered between dangerous and unbearable.
By nineteen hundred and ten, Sheffield, Alabama was still not the best place to live, especially if you were colored like me. I never would have paid much mind to or understood exactly what was being said if I hadn't been educated growing up. We were supposed to feel oppressed, despised and rejected among men, that much was obvious. Old Man Buckley stood at that pulpit every Sunday and preached quite passionately about how the Bible says that colored folk are damned and substandard as a people. When he was about ready to lynch someone, he would lecture how it was impossible for us to take to learning, how we were savage, uncivilized and ignorant. When he sat with Mr. Boyer in front of the old oak tree in the middle of town (that had several rope burns across its branches), I could hear them talking about how Negroes hadn't evolved the same as whites, so they didn't count as a full person, only half one. For two years before that summer of nineteen hundred and ten, Old Man Buckley and his congregation were responsible for lynching over forty-five men, accusing every one of them of either "bestowing adulterous and lustful glares in the direction of a white woman", or of actually raping a white woman. The distinction was one and the same, receiving the same penalty, whether true or not. Old Man Buckley's nephew once raped a woman in Nashville while her baby girl was forced to watch. When the law caught up to him, he was fined and told to be on his way, knowing his punishment would be the scandalous looks he would be given back home for having fornicated with a colored woman.
White men only raped colored women in silence.
Summers were warm in Sheffield, at times even hot. When it rained, the sky mesmerized with its dark, brooding, ominous beauty and in the way the lightning danced across. It was a beauty that absolutely terrified. That summer I turned thirteen, but in all honesty, I don't know how old I am for certain 'cause my daddy never learned to read or write. In eighteen hundred and ninety seven, when I was still an infant, some folks from some place called the American Missionary Association came passing round on their way to, I guess, figure out where they'd build the Burrell Normal School. My daddy was a proud man but not proud enough to go talk to Protestants. That's the day he decided eighteen hundred and ninety seven was the year I was born. Between me and you, I'm not sure he even knew what year it was before meeting with those missionaries. Ever since my momma died giving birth to my little brother Daniel, he was never quite right again. I mean, he did everything a daddy was supposed to do, but you could always tell something wasn't quite right. His soul had died the same day my momma did.
When I started to grow some, those Protestants came by more and more, eager to teach me how to read at the insistence of my daddy. Thus began my proper education.
In nineteen hundred and nine, when they thought the time was right, they gave me "The Souls of Black Folk", by W.E.B. DuBois. At the beginning of nineteen hundred and ten, they gave me "Up From Slavery", by Booker T. Washington. No two books impacted me as much as those. The truth of their words jumped out of the page and touched me profoundly.
Later that same summer of nineteen hundred and ten, my daddy sat me down and explained how people who know better should do better. He made sure I understood this point by the serious look in his eyes. His eyes were usually heavy, burdened with a long life of toil and drudgery working on Mr. Harvey's plantation and as a hostler at the Harvey Stables Inn on Avalon Avenue for Mr. Harvey and his family, doing all sorts of things that would normally humiliate a man. But my daddy was no ordinary man. He did everything that was asked of him and took care of two sons on his own. Mr. Harvey was nice enough, I guess 'cause he knew that my daddy remained at the mercy of his whims.
But today, in addition to the heaviness, my daddy's eyes showed fright, sadness and sternness when he looked at me. I had not meant to disappoint him but it seemed that half an hour ago on that day, I did just that. His dark brown eyes penetrated my disheartened soul the way only he could manage. I had only been trying to defend my younger brother.
"You're a dirty filthy stinkin' NIGGER!"
Remember, it had been forty-five years since the Civil War had ended, but resentment was still alive and well in the South, resentment that had been fused with anger, bigotry and hate, passed between generations, ready to unleash itself on anyone.
I had been teaching Daniel how to box by the south bank of the Tennessee River. You see, James Jeffries was the Heavyweight Champion of the World until nineteen hundred and five and people thought him the best boxer that ever lived even though he refused to fight a Negro boxer named Jack Johnson, deciding instead to retire undefeated. In nineteen hundred and eight, Tommy Burns, the champion, agreed to fight Jack Johnson. In the fourteenth round, the fight was stopped and Johnson became the first Negro Heavyweight Champion of the World.
I still remember that day vividly. The wind came from the west that December afternoon, cooling us from the heat escaping our pores. It was God's Christmas present to us. The trees swayed, and danced a little quicker too, under that Alabama sky, as if privy to The Awakening going on. The swelling of pride grew within me, as I'm sure it did for every other Negro in the United States, to the point where I literally shook with excitement hours after the news arrived in Sheffield. It was a demonstration that fueled our self-respect; it was a cup of dignity in a tub of daily subjugation. That same day I started practicing how to box by the edge of the Tennessee.
"Come back here you fuckin' NIGGER!"
Later in that summer of nineteen hundred and ten, James Jeffries was to come out of retirement to fight Jack Johnson in July. The Fight of the Century they were calling it, so everyone waited, nervously anticipating the outcome; especially me. I admired Jack Johnson and wanted to be him.
"Get your monkey ass back here!"
That's when I heard the voices interrupting my drifting mind. I had not noticed that Daniel had wandered off while I stared at the river, thinking about Jack Johnson. When I did see him, he was being chased by three white boys about his height, carrying large sticks and rocks.
"Elijah, HELP!" my brother called out to me.
I remember seeing the look in his eyes. Have you ever looked at someone's eyes when they're terrified to death? The look you give off when you suspect your life may well be in danger is distinctive. That's the look I saw in Daniel's eyes as he ran towards me with them boys running after him. Apparently Daniel had been taunting the boys, suggesting James Jeffries didn't stand a lick against Jack Johnson (I had told him that numerous times). I remember running toward my brother with an intensity stirring deep in my core. I had to protect him.
I don't remember what happened next.
The next thing I do remember is looking at my daddy's heavy, frightened, sad and stern eyes. I remember seeing my reflection in the tears that formed in them. He knew what was about to happen before I could even conceive of the evil capable of forming in the hearts of men.
"What did I do?"
That's the only time my daddy ever raised a hand to me. The sting across my face never went away.
I had killed two of the boys. Cornelius and Lucius Boyer. The third boy ran when he saw what I did. Because I'm bigger and older than my age, had been boxing for a couple years at that point and confined within myself a rage deep within my soul, it's no surprise I killed those boys. And for that I apologize. That burden weighs not lightly on my soul.
It took another half hour before the mob showed up in front of my daddy's house.
"Clifton, come out here!" Mr. Boyer stood at the front of the mob, yelling for my daddy.
From where I was hiding, I could also see Old Man Buckley, the barber Mr. Siloam Towers, Mr. Franck, who owned a gin and grist mill across the Tennessee, and Mr. Calhoun Nelson, who owned a general merchandise store in town. Mr. Calhoun Nelson got Uncle Willie lynched the previous year 'cause he said Willie looked at his wife "in an adulterous and lustful way". The truth is Mr. Calhoun Nelson needed only to look at Mr. Franck if he wanted to know who was looking at his wife "in an adulterous and lustful way". Elizabeth Calhoun Nelson looked at Mr. Franck the same way too. On that day, Uncle Willie just happened to be in Mr. Franck's way when Mr. Calhoun Nelson prematurely followed his wife's gaze.
Even Mr. Harvey was out there.
"No sir, I ain't comin' out, 'cause if I do, I ain't prepar'd for what's about to happen," my daddy responded.
"You best get prepar'd. Your boy kill'd my sons!"
"Your boys were gonna kill my little one. Elijah was only tryin' to protect his brother." My daddy's voice cracked.
"He murder'd my own flesh and blood! And now I'm gonna do right by them. Come out here Goddamit and get you some Justice. You got three seconds."
There was no placating this outraged mob.
My daddy suddenly turned to me as I was wiping the tears that had formed in my eyes. It had all been my fault. All this was my fault.
"Elijah, there's somethin' I've been meanin' to tell you--"
That's when the shotgun blasts poured into the house, broken glass and exploding wood showering us with lethal intensity. I felt a warm wetness on my face that I thought was from my crying but would later realize was my daddy's blood. The bullets had entered his back and legs, collapsing him onto the floor, unable to move, immediately prompting me and Daniel to plunge to the floor as well. He hid the pain well.
I wilted with breathtaking terror.
With shallow gasps, he continued, "Listen, you couldn't hide your anger no more. I understand. Some days I'm not sure I can either, but right now they want to kill me, you and Daniel. And they will. You see, what I never got around to tellin' you yet is that we're supposed to follow the rules. Not the rules like law, mind you, but the rules where white folk is supposed to act like white folk and colored folk ain't supposed to do spit about it. We supposed to keep our heads down and not draw any kind of attention to ourselves. You understand?
One day you're gonna change all that, if you know it yet or not. God chose that name for you for a reason. I'm tellin' you boy, one day even Generals'll be taking orders from you. You're that special. I know it."
"I'm not leaving without you." The tears were washing away the blood from my face.
"You have to! Listen, I'm proud you got yourself some learnin' and didn't end up not knowin' nothin' like me. Right now I need you to keep bein' a good son; take your brother with you and head south. They'll think all colored folk wanna head north but you'll go south, you hear me? I got cousins in Decatur so you'll go there first, alright? But that's not far away enough from all the trouble so when you think the time's right, you'll head down to Birmingham. My brother Clinton lives there."
The smoke started getting thicker in the house from the burning torches thrown in after the bullets, igniting every combustible object in my daddy's house. The embers spit with satanic ferocity.
"Get down to Florida. Tallahassee (gasp). Your Aunt Celia lives there. She'll know what to do. You'll be safe there. Now for God's sake, take Daniel and GO! (cough, cough)"
The forcefulness of his voice jolted me to my feet.
"Daniel! We have to go." I cried out while reaching for him still lying on the floor. I pulled his arm but he wasn't responding.
"Come on Daniel!"
I tried picking my brother up hoping there was some semblance of life festering within his small frame, when I noticed half his head was not there anymore. Blood was spurting, gushing from his limp, lifeless body the way the river did at Muscle Shoals Canal after a heavy downpour. I lovingly and frantically rocked him in my arms, desperately crying out to God to bring him back, but he didn't come back. God overlooked my appeal. Reality punched me in the stomach and I keeled over, vomiting from the pain of absorbing the fact that Daniel was dead.
My daddy and I exchanged looks before he placed his head down and started whimpering and babbling incoherently. First my momma and now Daniel. When my daddy got quiet, I knew that his body went the way of Daniel and his own soul so many years ago.
Judgment had fallen on me. Bloody sorrow washed over me. I became intimately acquainted with affliction, despondency and grief. I stood there, emotionally damaged for my indiscretion, spiritually marred by wickedness, with immense drops of my daddy's and brother's blood falling to the ground from me.
"Any of you niggers still alive in there, we're about to take care of that real quick!"
And there it was. The stirring within me rose once more, hot as the sun in the sky. But it was different. Not the same kind I had felt earlier that day...it was stifling, overwhelming. Like someone had cut off the air to my lungs and I couldn't breathe anymore. It wasn't from the smoke rising from my daddy's house though, it was coming from within, like something inside me wanted to get out in a hurry. I'm not too sure how much of this is making sense but I remember being sad and scared. I had done violence, and in doing so, had secured my place among the wicked...
Reverend Aloysius Mackenzie lived just outside of town, teaching Geometry and Calculus at the Burrell Normal School, two disciplines that had confounded him prior to priesthood. On this twenty-fourth of June, nineteen hundred and ten, a shortage of scotch caused his presence in town. You see, Reverend Mackenzie was a fervent believer when it came to matters of faith. He zealously, ardently and intensely adhered to religious beliefs, needing desperately to believe there was more to life than Man. In short, he filled the void in his heart with scotch and the love of God.
A large crowd had formed in the middle of town, a mob intoxicated with vengeance, disgust and hate circling around the bruised, battered body of Elijah Cobb.
"They about ready to hang a nigger." answered a tall man dressed in a suit.
"Oh." Reverend Mackenzie muttered after waiting momentarily.
Fifteen minutes of silent objection and repulsion passed.
In those fifteen minutes, Elijah Cobb had been disfigured and set on fire while still alive. It was later written in the local newspaper that Elijah Cobb "was beaten with shovels and bricks... he was castrated, and his ears were cut off. A tree supported the iron chain that lifted him above the fire...Wailing, the boy attempted to climb up the skillet hot chain. For this, the men cut off his fingers."
The crowd continued cheering and shook hands for a job well done after Elijah's death.
It was a gruesome scene.
Reverend Aloysius Mackenzie's footsteps echoed loudly across the winding hallways of Ewing Building the next day. He stood for a moment, letting the sun wash over him, shielding himself against the solitary glances of despair. He couldn't go on. Turning around, each step back towards the door was one less glimpse of isolated misery, but it was the eyes, all those expressive eyes pleading with him, begging him to rid them of the injustice that they couldn't escape.
He had done nothing and was convinced he could do no more than that.
Upon exiting, Father Mackenzie collapsed at the top of the stairs, weeping inconsolably. The tears ran from his eyes and sat on his brown cheekbones momentarily before diving off onto the ground, swirling with dust.
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Dr. Patrick Bangert
algorithmica technologies GmbH
In this study we will demonstrate that it is possible to predict a known turbine failure using historical data. On a particular turbine, a blade tore off and completely damaged the turbine, requiring extensive and expensive repair and replacement. After the event, the question was raised whether this failure could have been predicted and localized to a specific place inside the turbine.
The specific turbine in question has over 80 measurements on it that were considered worthwhile to monitor. Most of these were vibrations, but there were also some temperatures, pressures and electrical values. A history of six months was deemed long enough, and the frequency of measurement depended upon each individual measurement point – some were measured several times per second, others only once every few hours. In fact, the data historian stores a new value in its database only if the new value differs from the last stored value by a predefined parameter. In this way, the history matrix contained a realistic picture of an actual turbine instrumented with sensors as it is normally done in the industry. No enhancements were made to the turbine, its instrumentation or the data itself.
During the time leading up to the blade tear and until immediately before it, no sign of the imminent blade tear could be detected by any analysis run by the plant engineers either before or after the blade tear was known. Thus, it was concluded that the tear was a spontaneous and thus an unpredictable event.
The data that we were provided to create a model was deliberately cut off two days before the known (historically occurring) blade tear on that turbine in order for us to find out whether or not the event could have been predicted.
Initially, the machine learning algorithm was provided with no data. Then the points measured were presented to the algorithm one by one, starting with the first measured point. Slowly, the model learned more and more about the system, the predictions gradually became more accurate and the system was capable of making a prediction for longer and longer times into the future. Naturally, the time for which the algorithm can make predictions increases with additional data and experience. Once the last measured point was presented to the algorithm, it produced a predication valid for the following two days of real time. The result may be seen in figure 1. The actual blade tear that occurred 46 hours from the end of the available data was predicted to occur 48 into the future. Thus, this event is predictable two days in advance.
Figure 1: Here we see the actual measurement (spiky curve) versus the model output (smooth curve) over a little history (left of the vertical line) and for the future three days (right of the vertical line). We observe a close correspondence between the measurement and the model. Particularly the event, the sharp drop, is correctly predicted two days in advance.
It is, however, not possible to predict this event any earlier. This is because the model must "see" some change in the system, i.e. the failure mode that eventually leads to the failure must be operating and visible in the data. In general, failure modes that are slower can be predicted longer in advance.
It must be emphasized here that the model can only predict "an event," such as the drop of a measurement. It cannot label this event with the words "blade tear." The identification of an event as a certain type of event is altogether another matter. It is, in principle, possible via the same sort of methods but would require many examples of blade tears and this is a practical difficulty. Thus, the model is capable of giving a specific time when the turbine will suffer a major defect; the nature of the defect must, however, be discovered by manual search on the physical turbine.
But to be truly helpful, we must be able to locate the damage within the large structure of the turbine, so that maintenance personnel will not spend days looking for the proverbial needle in the haystack.
Therefore, fault detection and localization was now done by performing an advanced data-mining methodology (singular spectrum analysis) that tracks frequency distributions of signals over the history and can deduce qualitative changes.
Considering the 80 measurement points, we were able to show that only four of these measurements contained an actual qualitative shift in their history (the others stayed qualitatively the same over the whole history) and that two of these four went through such a shift several days before the other two. Thus, we were able to determine which two out of 80 locations in the turbine were the root cause for the event that was to occur within two days. See figure 2 for an illustration.
In this figure, we graph the abnormality as measured by singular spectrum analysis over time for each measurement. If a system is in some condition for a long time, we may label this condition to be "normal." If this condition changes, we can call it "abnormal." When the abnormality persists, however, this new condition eventually becomes normal by virtue of the definition of normality as being that condition that has been current for a long time. When a system makes a qualitative transformation from one persistent state to another, we would therefore expect any reasonable abnormality measure to first increase (upon the change) and then decrease again (as the new state becomes increasingly normal).
What we observe from figure 2 is that two of the measurements become abnormal early in time and two others follow suit. When we asked which time-series these were, we found that the first two were the radial and axial vibrations of one bearing, and the second two were the same vibrations of the neighboring bearing. Of course, we cannot be certain that there exists a physical cause-effect relationship between these three events: (1) first bearing changing its vibration behavior, (2) second bearing changing its vibration behavior, and (3) blade tear. The available data strongly suggests this link however. Indeed, the blade that tore off was very close to the first bearing that changed its vibration behavior. Thus we were successful in localizing the fault within the large turbine.
Figure 2: We compute a deviation from normal being tracked over a window of about four days in length. So we observe that two sensors start behaving abnormally and two days later, two other sensors behave abnormally. About 3.5 days after the start of the abnormal behavior, this new behavior has become normal and so the deviation from normal is seen to reduce again. Therefore, we observe a qualitative change in the performance of these four points.
It is possible to reliably and accurately predict a failure on a steam turbine two days in advance. Furthermore, it is possible to locate the cause of this event within the turbine so that the location covered by the sensor that measures the anomaly can be focused on by the maintenance personnel. The combination of these two results, allows preventative maintenance on a turbine to be performed in a real industrial setting saving the operator a great expense.
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This best-selling text explores the meaning, necessity, and benefits of multicultural educationin a sociopolitical contextfor students of all backgrounds. Sonia Nieto and Patty Bode look at how personal, social, political, cultural, and educational factors affect the success or failure of students in today's classroom. Expanding upon the popular case-study approach, Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Educationexamines the lives of real students who are affected by multicultural education, or the lack of it. This social justice view of multicultural education encourages teachers to work for social change in their classrooms, schools, and communities.
Sonia Nieto is Professor Emerita of Language, Literacy, and Culture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She has taught students at all levels from elementary through graduate school and she continues to speak and write on multicultural education, the education of Latinos, and other culturally and linguistically diverse student populations. Other books include The Light in Their Eyes: Creating Multicultural Learning Communities (2010, 2nd ed), What Keeps Teachers Going? (2003), and two edited volumes, Puerto Rican Students in U.S. Schools (2000) and Why We Teach (2005). She has received many awards for her research, advocacy, and activism, including an Annenberg Institute Senior Fellowship (1998–2000), the Outstanding Language Arts Educator of the Year from the National Council of Teachers of English (2005), the Social Justice Education Award from the American Educational Research Association (2008), and honorary doctorates from Lesley University (1999), Bridgewater State University (2004), DePaul University (2007), and Manhattanville College (2009).
Patty Bode is the Director of Art Education for Tufts University in affiliation with the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Her research interests include multicultural theory and practice in teacher preparation, the arts in urban education, and the role of visual culture in the expression of student knowledge. She has published and lectured on retheorizing identity and curriculum, redefining multicultural education, and critical art pedagogy. Years of experience as an activist public school teacher and teacher educator inform her art making, research, and teaching. She has received awards for efforts in anti-racist curriculum reform and bridging theory and practice in multicultural education, including the 2010 Art Educator of the Year for Higher Education of the Eastern USA Region by the National Art Education Association, the Massachusetts 2010 Art Educator of the Year for Higher Education by the Massachusetts Art Education Association, and 2005 Multicultural Educator of the Year Award from the National Association for Multicultural Education.
Part 1: Setting the Stage
Chapter 1 Understanding the Sociopolitical context of Schooling
Chapter 2 Defining Multicultural Education for School Reform
Part 2: Developing a Conceptual Framework for Multicultural Education
Chapter 3 Racism, Discrimination, and Expectations of Students’ Achievement
Chapter 4 Structural and Organizational Issues in Classrooms and Schools
Chapter 5 Culture, Identity, and Learning
Chapter 6 Linguistic Diversity in U.S. Classrooms
Chapter 7 Understanding Student Learning and School Achievement
Part 3: Implications of Diversity for Teaching and Learning in a Multicultural Society
Chapter 8 Learning from Students
Chapter 9 Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms
Chapter 10 Affirming Diversity: Implications for Teachers, Schools, and Families and Communities
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Princess Frederica of Hanover
|Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen|
|Born||9 January 1848
|Died||16 October 1926
|Burial||18 November 1926
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
|Spouse||Baron Alfons von Pawel-Rammingen|
|Father||George V of Hanover|
|Mother||Marie of Saxe-Altenburg|
Princess Frederica of Hanover, (9 January 1848 – 16 October 1926) was a member of the House of Hanover. After her marriage, she lived mostly in England, where she was a prominent member of Society.
Frederica was born 9 January 1848 in Hanover, the elder daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hanover (later King George V of Hanover) and of his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. She held the title of Princess with the style Her Royal Highness in Hanover. In the United Kingdom, she held the title of Princess with the style Her Highness as a male-line great-granddaughter of King George III.
In January 1866, the Prime Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck began negotiations with Hanover, represented by Count Platen-Hallermund, regarding the possible marriage of Frederica to Prince Albrecht of Prussia. These plans came to nothing as tensions grew between Hanover and Prussia final resulting in the Austro-Prussian War (14 June – 23 August 1866).
In 1866, Frederica's father was deposed as King of Hanover. Eventually the family settled at Gmunden in Austria, where they owned Schloss Cumberland (named for the British Ducal title held by Frederica's father). Frederica visited England with her family in May 1876, and again, after her father's death, in June 1878.
Frederica was courted by her second cousin, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (with whom she later became lifelong friends and confidantes), and by Alexander, Prince of Orange. Frederica, however, was in love with Baron Alfons von Pawel-Rammingen (1843–1932), the son of a government official of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Alfons had served as an equerry to Frederica's father. Alfons was naturalised as a British subject on 19 March 1880 and, on 24 April 1880, he and Frederica were married. The wedding took place in Windsor Castle presided by the Bishop of Oxford. Alfons' sister Anna was married to Baron Oswald von Coburg, the son of an illegitimate son of Prince Ludwig Karl Friedrich of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (third son of Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld).
- O you that were eyes and light to the King till he past away
- From the darkness of life —
- He saw not his daughter — he blest her: the blind King sees you to-day,
- He blesses the wife.
After their marriage Frederica and Alfons lived in an apartment at Hampton Court Palace. The apartment was in the south-west wing of the west front of the palace in the suite formerly called the "Lady Housekeeper's Lodgings". Frederica and Alfons had one daughter who was born and died at Hampton Court Palace:
- Victoria Georgina Beatrice Maud Anne (7 March 1881 – 27 March 1881). She was buried in the Albert Memorial Chapel in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.
Frederica was involved with numerous charitable activities.
In August 1881 she established the Convalescent Home, an institution for poor women who have given birth but have been discharged from maternity hospitals. Because her father had been blind, she was a benefactress of the Royal Normal College and Academy of Music for the Blind at Upper Norwood.
Frederica was interested in children & became patron of the Church Extension Association, then based in Kilburn, which wished to set up schools in Willesden, then a new suburb of London. On 24 July 1889 she opened Princess Frederica School in Kensal Rise.
She was also patron of the Training College for Teachers of the Deaf at Ealing, of the Strolling Players' Amateur Orchestral Society, of the Hampton Court and Dittons Regatta of the Home for Foreign Governesses, of the Mission to the French in London, and of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. She was President of the Middlesex Branch of SSFA (Soldiers'& Sailors' Families Association).
Later life and death
Frederica and Alfons gave up their apartment at Hampton Court Palace in 1898. While they continued to live part of the year in England, they subsequently spent more time in Biarritz in France where they had previously vacationed. They owned Villa Mouriscot there.
- Otto von Bismarck, Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman (New York: Harper, 1898), II, 26.
- "Court Circular", The Times ( 22 May 1876): 11.
- "Court Circular", The Times ( 24 June 1878): 9.
- Zeepvat, Charlotte (1998). Prince Leopold: The Untold Story of Queen Victoria's Youngest Son. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3791-2.
- Sarah Tytler, Life of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen (Toronto: G. Virtue, 1885), II, 224.
- Melville Ruvigny, The Nobilities of Europe (London: Melville, 1909), 229.
- "The Royal Marriage", The Times ( 24 April 1880): 11.
- Included in Alfred Tennyson, Ballads and Other Poems (London: C.K. Paul, 1880), 182.
- Ernest Law, The History of Hampton Court Palace (London: G. Bell, 1903), III, 382-384 and 445-446.
- "News in Brief", The Times ( 29 March 1881): 10.
- "Court Circular", The Times ( 1 April 1881): 10.
- "Royal Funeral at Windsor", The Times ( 1 April 1881): 10.
- "Hampton Court Palace", The Times ( 8 August 1881): 8.
- Law, III, 383-384.
- "Royal Normal College for the Blind", The Times ( 20 December 1881): 11.
- "125 years". Princess Frederica School Brent.
- The Times ( 2 June 1884): 12.
- The Times ( 15 October 1887): 1.
- G. Dear One Hundred Years of Skiff Racing British Rowing Almanac 2001
- The Times ( 31 January 1888): 14.
- The Times ( 11 February 1891): 9.
- The Times ( 24 June 1895): 8.
- Royal Palaces of England, edited by R.S. Rait (London: Constable, 1911), 203.
- "Baron Rammingen", The Times ( 22 November 1932): 14.
- "Court Circular", The Times ( 19 November 1926): 17.
- "Court News", The Times ( 28 July 1927): 15.
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VPNs (an acronym for Virtual Private Networks) have become increasingly crucial owing to the sensitive data we have from remote locations. And there is no denying the fact that cyber hackers are always on the lookout to steal our sensitive data. In other words, a VPN is the best tool that can protect your connection and secure your online privacy.
In this blog, we will discuss what VPN is and if it really protects us against computer viruses.
First things first!
A Virtual Private Network, VPN for short, is a service that enables you to communicate over a public, unsecured, unencrypted network securely by establishing safe, encrypted connections in private. While a VPN can be considered a foundation of any effective cybersecurity system, it does not keep us safe from computer viruses directly.
The main reason why several users ask if a VPN really establishes safety from viruses is that they can see the results. People extensively relying on VPNs are less likely to be infected or attacked by people with malevolent intent. A VPN would not hunt malicious software and have it removed from your device. But the fact is that it is impossible to get exposed to such attacks because hackers will have a hard time laying their trap for you.
Encoding your communication
Offering a secure server
Detaching current malware from the hacker
A VPN provides a protected connection over the Internet between a user and the data, or websites they have connected to and encrypted the data, which is being exchanged across that connection. As a user, you can gain access to a VPN portal on your device – computer, tablet, or mobile device – or you can even choose to navigate to a VPN website. From there you can operate under the VPN protection via the VPN-specific series of protected computers as well as networks.
A VPN does not safeguard you against viruses or malware on its own. However, it keeps your online traffic secure and makes it private, without having to affect downloads. It will follow an indirect route when it comes to saving you from malware infections. For instance, there are some VPN providers with features that can bar malicious ads or websites.
A Virtual Private Network routes the traffic of your device as well as internet connection through a VPN server. Not only does it mask your IP address but it also encrypts communication, making it indecipherable for unauthorized parties. But, it does make changes to or examine your files. This working mechanism cannot keep your device secure from different types of viruses. That is because malware can be a part of the files you already downloaded.
Related reading - How OTT (Over-The-Top) is Different from Video
No doubt, a VPN works on an active internet connection. A computer virus, on the other hand, can cause damage to your system even when you are offline. A VPN is never considered appropriate when it comes to removing or hunting unwanted malware from your device. It rather makes it difficult for cyber attackers to hack your system.
However, there are some VPNs that come equipped with protective measures that can easily thwart malicious websites. When the known IP address is blocked, it can prevent you from gaining access to such infected websites.
If a virus has infected your system, there is probably nothing a VPN can do to eliminate the virus. Keep in mind that they are not antivirus solutions nor are they security suites. So, if you are looking forward to receiving a warning any time a threat is menacing your device. In the same way, it will have a hard time putting up much of a fight with a virus or Trojan.
A VPN (or Virtual Private Network) hides your IP address by letting the network have redirected through a specially configured remote server, which is operated by a VPN host. That signifies if you happen to gain access to the internet through a VPN, the VPN server becomes your data source.
It means that your internet service provider (ISP) and other third parties are not able to see which websites you visit or what data is being sent or received by you online. One of the best things about a VPN is that it works more like a filter turning all your data into ‘gibberish’. So, if someone were to get their hands on your data, they would find it useless.
Blogger & Writer from Dallas, Texas
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THE HOLOCAUST IN THE NETHERLANDS 5
The Holocaust is one of the defining moments of the twentiethcentury. The Nazi regime developed a unique kind of Jewish hatredthat targeted the Jews from all over Europe, leading to killing ofmore than six million people. The annihilation was propelled bygenocidal anti-Semitism, bureaucratic and professional cooperationwith the Nazi regime, as well as the popular apathy towards theimplementation of the Holocaust (Ten, Sherrill & Sherrill, 2006).After raising to power in Germany in 1933, the Nazi party establishedharsh anti-Semitic policies including killings, leading to massiveemigration. True to his threats that a world war would end with theannihilation of the Jews in Europe, Hitler pursued the Jews who hadfled into other countries in search for the “Final solution to theJewish question.” The regime collaborated or forced the officialsof the German-conquered states to advance the annihilation of Jews,resulting in the high mortality rate (Gerstenfeld, 2011). Thesekillings intensified shortly after the Wannsee Conference, with therate of survival of the Jews per country varying due to thecollaboration or lack thereof with the Nazis. However, the countrythat had the lowest survival rate was Netherlands, a factorattributed to the prominence of Nazi party in the Germanyanti-Semitic right-wing movement of Netherlands (Ten, Sherrill &Sherrill, 2006).
The Jews had moved and settled in Netherlands shortly after theoutbreak of the First World War owing to the neutrality of thecountry during the war. However, most of these did so illegally,making the regime of the day establish internment camps such as theone in the North-East Westerbork to contain the situation. After theoutbreak of WW2, Germany bombed Rotterdam and threatened to do thesame to Amsterdam, forcing the Dutch army to surrender. The Queenfled to Great Britain hence Hitler was able to establish a civiladministration in Netherlands under the command of SS. Theestablishment of the Nazi civil administration in Netherlands broughtwith it the harsh anti-Jewish policies, leading to massive killingsof Jews who represented 1.6% of the total population (about 140,000). The Nazis considered Holland a Germanic region hence came underthe direct leadership of the Hitler (Gerstenfeld, 2011).
In 1940, civil servants were ordered to declare whether their race,culminating to the firing of Jews civil servants. As the trendintensified, Jews in concentration camps such as Westerbork and thecamp of Vught were deported to Poland transit camps beginning thesummer of 1942 (Ten, Sherrill & Sherrill, 2006). By the end of1944, more than a hundred and seven thousand Jews had been deportedto transit camps of Sobibor and Auschwitz, from where most of themdied. No more than fifty-five thousand Jews from Holland taken totransit camps returned, and when Westerbork was liberated in 1945only 876 inmates were found alive. Jews that sought refuge amongChristian families were pursued and killed hence only about sixteenpercent of these remained. Thus, only twenty-seven percent of theJews that were living in the country at the beginning of the warsurvived (Gerstenfeld, 2011).
The majority of Jews who tried to free the country were caught andpunished, sometimes with death penalty owing to the strictanti-Jewish nature. In protest, the Jewish Community established theJewish Coordinating Committee but was counteracted with theestablishment of the Judenrat that aimed at enforcing the toughanti-Jews lawa and with the protesting Jews. There wereincreased confrontations between the police and the Jews such as thegeneral strike of February of 1941 but all were met with increasedbrutality and hardened anti-Jewish policies. Among these included theYellow Star policy, where the Jews were forced to wear a yellow starto identify them as Jews. After the end of the war, the freed Jewsfrom the concentration camps were met with increased resurgence andanti-Semitism, forcing them to relinquish their claim to theirmaterial wealth. There are even cases where the after waranti-Semitic resurgence in Holland led to the death of a few moreJews, adding to the already huge number of death during the HolocaustEra (Gerstenfeld, 2011).
From the above, Holland experienced the lowest Jews survivor rateduring the holocaust era, with more than seventy-three percent of theJews that lived in the country dying due to the brutality of Nazisanti-Jews policies. This is attributed to the collaboration of theDutch military, and the subsequent fleeing of the queen of Hollandallowed Hitler to establish a civil government in Holland. Thecountry was considered part of German hence the anti-Jews laws wereestablished equally in Holland as they were in Germany. The majorityof Jews who tried to free the country were extremely punished,sometimes with death penalty owing to the strict anti-Jewish nature.It is also clear that, protests staged by the Jews were met withincreased brutality by the SS officials, as well as hardenedanti-Jews policies that were used to propel Holocaust era in theNetherlands.
Gerstenfeld, M. (2011). Judging the Netherlands: The renewedHolocaust restitution process, 1997-2000. Jerusalem: JerusalemCenter for Public Affairs, Institute for Global Jewish Affairs.
Ten, B. C., Sherrill, J. L., & Sherrill, E. (2006). The hidingplace. Grand Rapids: Baker Pub. Group.
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| 0.957539 | 1,127 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Because most pet dogs should be neutered in the first 6 months of age, cryptorchidism rarely becomes a problem. But the condition, the state of one testicle or both testicles failing to descending into the scrotum, occurs in some male dogs, and it can cause health problems for those who aren't neutered.
Most male dogs drop their testes by about 8 weeks of age -- you should ensure a male's testes are descended before purchasing. Even if a dog's testes aren't descended, for most pet owners, the issue becomes insignificant at neutering. Neuter surgery for a cryptorchid dog surgery can be slightly more complicated than that for a non-cryptorchid dog, and possibly more expensive; but overall the extra consequences are negligible. However, dog enthusiasts who wish to show their dogs in conformation or those who are considering dogs for breeding purposes should rule out the purchase of cryptorchid puppies.
Conditions Associated With Cryptorchidism
In addition to reproduction and appearance issues, cryptorchid dogs who are not neutered can be more likely to develop serious medical conditions, such as torsion of the testicle and testicular cancer. When a testicle is retained in the abdomen, it can twist and cut off blood supply to the testicle, causing severe pain for the dog. Neutering is the prevention and solution for this condition. Neutering prevents testicular cancer from occurring. "Testicular cancer is the second most common tumor in older dogs. Cryptorchid males are up to 13 times more likely to develop testicular cancer than normal dogs," according to the University of California at Davis' veterinary school's website. Clearly, neutering is the best choice for cryptorchid dogs.
Failure to Launch
Breeders hope to produce litters with show prospects that will be the future of the breed. Discovering that an apparently outstanding male specimen must be neutered takes a toll on a breeding program. In rare cases, a testicle will descend late, as late as age 16 weeks. Some veterinarians offer medical interventions, but there are no guarantees that the treatments will influence the testicles to drop.
Cryptorchidism can occur in any breed. The condition is considered an X-linked, autosomal-recessive trait., according to Becky Lundgren, DVM. "If an animal is cryptorchid, he should not be used for breeding," Lundgren wrote for VeterinaryPartner.com. Certain breeds seem to exhibit a higher incidence of the problem. They include poodles, Yorkies, Pomeranians, huskies, Shelties, Chihuahuas, German shepherds and bulldogs. Breeders should closely watch for the condition in the lines they breed. As with any fault, dogs with this condition should not be allowed to breed.
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The exponential increase of greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution has been constantly shifting the global climate to a dangerous level, suggesting an urgent need for an immediate and sustained global mitigation. Strategies for emissions reduction are usually implemented at the national and regional level, requiring that the amount of emissions and the geographical distribution of their sources be known at national and regional scales, as well. Information on greenhouse gas emissions and the sources of their distribution is readily available in most of the developed world, thanks to computing power and human capacity. A different picture, however, emerges from developing countries; for example, there is no long-term high frequency greenhouse observing station on the entire African continent. Since Africa covers a fifth of the world’s landmass, this is no small piece of lost data. Thus the ultimate goal of my research project: getting Africa on the climate-change grid.
Tropics in general – and in Africa in particular – have contributed a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities, wild fires, and deforestation; during the end of the last decade, tropical wetlands played a central role in the increased presence of atmospheric methane. Emissions from sources like these constitute the most uncertain element of the global carbon budget. Still, “lack of data” is the only term used to describe Africa’s emissions.
I am building the first high-frequency climate observatory station in Africa, located in the Republic of Rwanda. I will then use the resulting data to estimate emissions of carbon dioxide and methane in Eastern and Central Africa. Quantifying tropical African emissions will not only support regional and national emission reduction policies, but also reduce the largest uncertainty in the global carbon budget – thereby adding a piece of new understanding to the climate-change puzzle.
Choosing the right place to host the climate observatory station was a challenge by itself. First, logistical considerations like power supply, accessibility, and laboratory space were considered. Second, and most important, were the technical considerations: The station had to be away from cities and towns and higher in altitude in order to measure background concentration. Moreover, a large station “footprint” was preferred, as it would allow for sampling a larger region with just one station. The footprint, which is a map of all possible origins of air masses arriving at the station, is obtained by running computer simulations that follow the trajectory of air mass in the backward direction. Those criteria were met by Mount Kalisimbi, a 15,000-foot extinct volcano located in the Northwest Region of the Republic of Rwanda. Computer simulations of trajectories of air masses coming to Mount Kalisimbi indicate that this location can sample air masses from Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the north, India and the Indian Ocean in the east, Madagascar in the south, and all the countries in between, with some extension into Western Africa. The high elevation of Mount Kalisimbi allows measurement of the “background” concentration, which is free from the contamination of pollution from local sources. In this respect, Kalisimbi has attributes of a global observatory sampling the entire troposphere.
Because of the high elevation of Kalisimbi, accessibility is a challenge for now. Luckily, the government of Rwanda is building a cable car to the summit for ecotourism, which will also allow regular access to the station and other infrastructures on the summit. While waiting for a cable car, I am operating on Mount Mugogo, which is a temporary station near Kalisimbi. With its altitude of 8,500 feet, Mugogo does not have the attributes of a global station but is perfect for a regional climate station; in fact, it is the data from Mount Mugogo that I will use to estimate regional emissions. At Mount Mugogo, I test and install instruments and train local station technicians. I am currently measuring carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, ozone, solar radiation, and other meteorological variables.
In addition to setting up a climate observatory station, I will be using inverse methods to estimate surface sources and sinks of carbon dioxide and methane in Eastern and Central Africa.
The process of estimating surface emissions from atmospheric concentration is much like going back in time, which is why it is called an inverse problem. Gas molecules are emitted by human activities like cars and power plants, as well as by natural processes like those that take place in wetlands. After emissions, the gas undergoes physical processes; namely, mixing and transport by winds, chemical transformations fueled by solar radiation, and chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents. The combination of these physical and chemical processes determines the concentration of a certain gas measured at a given time and place. On the other hand, inverse emissions estimation starts by measuring atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and meteorological information, then estimating what was emitted at the surface by carefully going through all the chemical transformations and physical mixing undergone by the gas molecules in the reverse direction. This technique requires powerful computers and advanced mathematics.
At the end of this project, I will provide the very first comprehensive regional high-frequency observation-based emissions estimation for Central and Eastern Africa. This information will be the basis for regional carbon policies and improve the current understanding of the global carbon budget. Furthermore, the estimated sources and sinks of carbon dioxide and methane will provide to the scientific community additional data for comparing and checking global inversion studies, calibrating ecosystem models, and verifying regional emissions.
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Next: RANDOM_MAP /BLANKING
Up: GREG2 Language Internal Help
[GREG2\]RANDOM_MAP [Arg1 [Arg2]] [/NEIGHBOURS Nb] [/TRIANGLES] [/EX-
TRAPOLATE] [/BLANKING Bval] [/VARIABLES Vx Vy Vz] [/SKIP [TRIANGULATION]
This command is a general purpose interpolation task which uses data
from the X, Y and Z arrays (or those specified in option /VARIABLES) to
fill in a Regular Grid array representing the same surface Z=f(X,Y) by
an interpolation process. X, Y and Z are arrays defined by the COLUMN
command (see HELP COLUMN). It triangulates the data for interpolation.
If a triangulation already exists, and only the Z array has been
changed, RANDOM_MAP does not make a new triangulation.
Often, the user-provided Z=f(X,Y) surface is REGULARLY SAMPLED, even if
NOT COMPLETELY SAMPLED. In this case, it is recommended to use directly
the RGDATA command to create a Regular-grid map, since RANDOM is known
to perform awkwardly with regularly sampled data.
The interpolated grid can be defined by the arguments. If Arg1 is
"RGMAP", the interpolated grid will be exactly coincident with the cur-
rent Regular Grid array, else Arg1 and Arg2 are used to indicate the
number of pixels in X and Y directions and Arg2 = Arg1 if not specified.
If no argument is specified, the previous grid (if any) is reused (see
also subtopic /SKIP).
Note that several hypothesis are made about the geometry of triangles in
the plot page space (hence the geometry may be changed by changing the
LIMIT or the BOX_LOCATION). You should thus use limits which gives a
reasonable representation of what are the neighbours of a given data
point. Moreover, this is an interpolation process. Hence if the basic
sampling theory is not respected by your choice of input data points and
output grid, spurious oscillations may occur in the resulting grid.
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Wood is the only construction material that stores carbon
Wood-based materials can be used in most parts of any building to capture carbon from the atmosphere. This allows designers and builders to reach ambitious CO2 reduction goals. For example, a passive house was designed for a cold climate with two alternative construction material combinations: wood frame with wood-fibre insulation and an aircrete frame with EPS insulation.
“Both options gave the buildings’ shell the same level of energy efficiency. However, producing the wooden alternative caused approximately 40% less CO2 emissions. Also, the amount of atmospheric carbon stored in its wood frame was almost four times as much as in the alternative”, Kuittinen explains.
Wooden building components store carbon in all buildings regardless of their frame, insulation and cladding materials. The largest potential for storing carbon can be achieved in external walls, intermediate floors and roof structures. For example, using Metsä Wood’s Kerto LVL columns and floor elements gave a four story timber building a carbon storage of 204 kg/m2 of floor area.
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According to the leading experts: the asthma symptoms and best treatment for you or your child may be quite different than for someone else with asthma.
The most common symptom is wheezing. This is a scratchy or whistling sound when you breathe.
Other signs of asthma include:
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness or pain
- Chronic coughing
- Trouble sleeping due to coughing or wheezing
Asthma symptoms, also called asthma flare-ups or asthma attacks, are often caused by allergies and exposure to allergens such as pet dander, dust mites, pollen or mold. Non-allergic triggers include smoke, pollution or cold air or changes in weather.
Asthma symptoms may be worse during exercise, when you have a cold or during times of high stress.
Children with asthma may show the same symptoms as adults with asthma: coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. In some children chronic cough may be the only symptom.
The most common asthma symptoms
If your child has one or more of these common symptoms, make an appointment with an allergist / immunologist:
- Coughing that is constant or that is made worse by viral infections, happens while your child is asleep, or is triggered by exercise and cold air.
- Wheezing or whistling sound when your child exhales.
- Shortness of breath or rapid breathing, which may be associated with exercise.
- Chest tightness (a young child may say that his chest “hurts” or “feels funny”).
- Fatigue (your child may slow down or stop playing).
- Problems feeding or grunting during feeding (infants).
- Avoiding sports or social activities.
- Problems sleeping due to coughing or difficulty breathing.
See also: “Diagnosing Asthma“
Patterns in asthma symptoms are important and can help your doctor make a diagnosis. Pay attention to when symptoms occur:
- At night or early morning.
- During or after exercise.
- During certain seasons.
- After laughing or crying.
- When exposed to common asthma triggers.
- Asthma Symptoms: An allergist diagnoses asthma by taking a thorough medical history and performing breathing tests to measure how well your lungs work.
- One of these tests is called spirometry. You will take a deep breath and blow into a sensor to measure the amount of air your lungs can hold and the speed of the air you inhale or exhale. This test diagnoses asthma severity and measures how well treatment is working.
- Many people with asthma also have allergies, so your doctor may perform allergy testing. Treating the underlying allergic triggers for your asthma will help you avoid asthma symptoms.
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There have been a number of amazing breakthroughs in building materials via scientific innovation. Things that one would have never thought possible are transpiring in the development and production of new construction materials and techniques. However, as is the case in many industries and human endeavours, there is always plenty of resistance to change and new concepts. The building business is steeped in tradition and old ways of doing things, so, many in the sector are laggards when it comes to taking up innovative new practices. Building a better future is only going to happen if we all embrace the new evolution in construction materials and techniques.
There is Resistance to Doing Things Differently
The fundamental issue here is that we have always looked to our past when it comes to the really important things in human life. Think of child rearing, new mothers look to their own mothers for advice about how to nurture and raise their offspring. There is strong resistance to doing things differently. Can creativity compete with tradition in the construction industry? Will biomimetic materials and production techniques catch on or will we stick to the tried and true materials. My father always built with brick… Wood remains the skeleton at the heart of most houses and homes.
Biomimetic Insulation Drawn from Polar Bear Skin
Tall structures in the form of towers are being adorned with things like photovoltaic (PV) glass, which can provide both amorphous and crystalline silicon glass. The advantages of these materials offer 30% more light and energy for everyday and solar purposes. Biomimetic insulation drawn from polar bear skin inspiration has produced Plyskin. Of course, no animals were hurt in the development of this stunning new insulation material. These materials may secure our future going forward into the 21C.
Synthetic Spider Silk is Coming
Carbon-fibre balsa is another breakthrough material, which takes nature and makes it better and cheaper for building purposes. Another is synthetic spider silk, ala Spiderman this is the kind of thing that gets us all fired up. Science fiction and fantasy becomes scientific reality. There is a caveat, however, this is still in the research and development stage. Scientists at MIT have created a 3D printing technique to generate fake spider webs to study their structure. Wood polymers are attracting a lot of attention in this sector and we are seeing some new amazing woods with incredible properties.
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| 0.952467 | 482 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Friday, February 28
Romans 11:11-21: Here Paul introduces his metaphor of the olive tree in order to illustrate how it is that non-Jews find themselves as members of the ancient plant of Israel. That is to say, how is it that “Abraham is the father of us all”?
The failure of most Jews to recognize Jesus as the Messiah is described by Paul as the lopping-off of branches from the olive tree of Israel, and the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian Church he portrays as an engrafting of alien branches into the earlier stock. The tree, however, remains the same.
The ancient calling of the Israelites has not been abrogated. It remains the root-work of the whole plant. How should Christians react to this crucial development of salvation history? What should be their relationship to the Jews? Paul mentions two things, one negative and the other positive:
Negatively, Christians must not be boasters and smart-alecks. They must avoid pride about their own engrafting into the ancient tree (verse 18). After all, it was by grace through faith that they were engrafted; they had done nothing to deserve it. Divine grace should be received with reverence, not with smug self-satisfaction. The Christian must not look down on the Jew or give himself airs. If the native branches themselves were lopped off of the tree, then the engrafted branches should be especially cautious, lest they too suffer the same fate (verse 21). Nothing is less attractive than a smirking Christian, and the Christian who boasts against the Jews, or contemns the Jews, or speaks of the Jews with disdain, is a moral abomination.
Positively, Christians should endeavor to make the Jews “jealous” (verse 14). Here is what Paul means: The first Gentiles joined the Christian Church because they were “jealous” of the blessings enjoyed by the Jews and were looking for an opportunity to share those blessings (verse 11). Now it is time for the process to work the other way: It is time for the Christians to make the Jews themselves jealous!
That is to say, Christians should live in such a way that the Jews will want to share in the blessings of the life in Christ, because the life in Christ is meant to be, in fact, their own inheritance. Christ is the fulfillment of all of Israel’s deepest longings, and if Jews see Christians sharing blessings that properly belong to themselves, they too will become jealous and crave what is rightly theirs.
Saturday, March 1
Romans 11:22-27: The common distinction between God’s mercy and His justice, even though inadequate and misleading, seems to be an attempt to express a real difference, and that difference appears to be what Paul has in mind by distinguishing between God’s kindness and His severity (verse 22).
The continuance of God’s kindness, though unmerited and freely bestowed, does depend on human perseverance. “Otherwise you also will be cut off,” writes St. Paul. This apostle knows nothing about a level of grace that precludes the possibility of the believer’s defection. Even as he holds the winning hand, foolish man may still choose to discard. God’s grace never removes the freedom of man’s choice.
But just as it is possible for a believer to fall, it is also possible for an unbeliever to rise. The defection of the Jews, therefore, is not necessarily final (verse 23). Their return to the ancient tree would seem especially fitting (verse 24). Indeed, this is what God has in mind (verse 25). It is the “mystery” (mysterion) of His plan for the Jews, when history has run the proper measure of its course.
The “all Israel” that will be saved appears to refer to the fullness of the Church, drawn from both Jews and Gentiles. This return to the Gospel, Paul believed, was prophesied by Isaiah (verses 26-27).
Matthew 15:21-28: Jesus now turns from the Jewish unbelievers to a Gentile whose faith will bring about the healing of her daughter. It is significant that in both Mark and Matthew this story follows the discussion about ritual uncleanness, a preoccupation of the Jews.
Matthew began his gospel by drawing attention to Jesus as “the son of David” (1:1). It was the name by which he was invoked by the blind men (9:27). Now it is by this title that the Canaanite woman addresses him (verse 22). Later on, this messianic designation will come more into evidence. It is the title by which He will be greeted in Jericho (20:29) and Jerusalem (21:9). The Lord’s acceptance of this title will rankle His enemies (21:15; 22:41-45). If it is striking to find “son of David” on the tongue of a Gentile, we should bear in mind Matthew’s earlier citation from Isaiah with respect to that Galilean border with Phoenicia (4:13-15; Isaiah 9:15).
In Matthew’s version of this story, the accent lies on faith: “Great is your faith” (verse 28; contrast Mark 7:9). The woman’s “great faith” is reminiscent of the earlier Gentiles in Matthew, such as the Magi and, more explicitly, the centurion in 8:10. This woman thus becomes a kind of first-fruits of Jesus’ final Great Commission to “all nations.”
Indeed, like the Magi at the beginning of this gospel and the disciples at the end of it (2:11; 28:17), this woman is said to adore Jesus (proskynein–15:25).
The symbolism of the future universal calling is also foreshadowed in verse 30, where the “great multitudes” come to the Lord with their various needs and distresses. This detail, too, is proper to Matthew. (Compare 10:1; 12:15; 14:13-14).
Sunday, March 2
God’s guidance of history is complex, not because God is complex, but because man’s infidelities have complicated the process. Far from being the mere unfolding of the divine foreknowledge—and even less the enactment of a divine decree—history is the encounter of man’s freedom with God’s, an encounter in which God subsumes human mistakes into a more ample redemptive pattern. The format of this pattern is dialectical, in that the human resistance to God’s will (sin, disobedience) becomes part of that will’s very application. This is the pattern that God followed with the Gentiles. It is now the pattern that He will follow with the Jews.
Truly, God’s plans for the Jews have never changed, because God keeps faith with the patriarchs, to whom He made so many promises. The Jewish people are still the apple of His eye (verses 28-29).
In the sin of Adam, God consigned (synekleisen) all to disobedience. This has been the history of the human race. God’s wisdom, however, and His fathomless counsel have so directed man’s disobedience as to bring about his redemption. All of this history He has guided in the direction of mercy (verse 32). All that He does He does in mercy. Paul finishes this chapter with a brief doxology to the divine mercy (verses 33-36).
Matthew 12:38-50: Both examples given here, the Ninevites and the queen from southern Arabia, are Gentiles, those of whom Matthew has just been speaking in 12:18-21. The figures of Jonah and Solomon should also be understood here as representing the prophetic and sapiential traditions of Holy Scripture.
Jesus is the “greater than Jonah,” whose earlier ministry foreshadowed the Lord’s death and Resurrection and also the conversion of the Gentiles. The Lord’s appeal to Jonah in this text speaks also of Jonah as a type or symbol of the Resurrection. The men of Nineveh, who repented and believed, are contrasted with the unrepentant Jewish leaders who refuse to believe in the Resurrection (cf. 28:13-15). Matthew will return to the sign of Jonah in 16:2. Jesus is also the “greater than Solomon,” who was founder of Israel’s wisdom literature and the builder of the Temple.
The Queen of the South, that Gentile woman who came seeking Solomon’s wisdom, likewise foreshadowed the calling of the Gentiles. She was related to Solomon as the Ninevites were related to Jonah—as Gentiles who met the God of Israel through His manifestation in the personal lives of particular Israelites.
In verses 46-50 Matthew portrays our relationship to Jesus as a new set of family relationships, under the Fatherhood of God; these new relationships transcend those relationships established by blood. In due course, however, we do find the fleshly relatives of Jesus within the body of the believers (cf. Acts 1:14).
Clean Monday, March 3
Matthew 5:43-48: The Old Testament does not actually prescribe hatred on one’s enemies, of course; that part is a sort of hyperbole. Nonetheless, the prescribed love of one’s neighbor (22:39; Leviticus 19:18) certainly prompted some question about who, exactly, was included in this list (Luke 10:29). Jesus extended the Mosaic commandment on this point by expanding the word “neighbor” to include “enemy.” This truly was a new idea in Israel’s experience.
This love of one’s enemies must come from the heart, because Jesus made it a matter of prayer (verse 44). It has to do with one’s relationship to the “Father in heaven” (verses 45,48).
Once again, as in all these five contrasts, believers are called to “exceed” (perisson–verse 47). Their love, like their righteousness, must be “in excess” (verses 46-47). To love those that love us affords no reward, because such love is its own reward. The love of one’s enemies, however, is not an act rewarding in itself. One loves in such a way only for the sake of the heavenly Father.
This kind of love makes a person “perfect,” it most renders him like God, and being “like God” is the purpose of the Torah (Leviticus 19:2). It is understood, of course, that only God can enable a person to love in this way (Romans 8:2-4).
The love of one’s enemies appears last in Matthew’s sequence of contrasts based on the Torah, because it is the perfecting and ultimate sign of Gospel righteousness. It must be the distinguishing mark of the Christian. By it, believers become not only “more righteous, but perfect like unto God. The love of one’s enemies certainly does not “come naturally.”
Indeed, if it does seem to “come naturally,” something is wrong with it. In such cases, it is a counterfeit. Such counterfeits are not rare, so we do best to distinguish this Gospel love from things that resemble it.
For example, the love of enemies enjoined in the present context is not a tactic, a thing done to accomplish something else. It is not the practical means to an end, such as the conversion of the enemy. The love of enemies enjoined in this passage is an end in itself, because it renders a man like unto God.
This Gospel-enjoined love of enemies is not a mark of noble character—the generosity of the magnanimous man—nor is it the cultivated fruit of universal benevolence, of the sort we associate with the oriental religious sage. These are but human counterfeits of what the Lord enjoins here. Christian love of enemies is done purely to please a Father in heaven.
Nor is the purpose of the love of enemies to feel good or virtuous. In fact, the Christian who loves his enemies may feel perfectly miserable about himself. The love of one’s enemies is not an exercise in self-fulfillment. It is, rather, an act of self-emptying. It is the Cross. It is to love as Christ loves, and as His Father loves.
Shrove Tuesday, March 4
Romans 12:1-9: Here begins the “therefore” (verse 1) section of Romans, in which Paul enunciates the practical moral and ascetical inferences to be drawn from the dogmatic premises elaborated in the first eleven chapters (compare Ephesians 4:1; Philippians 2:1, and so forth).
Although the believer has been delivered from the works of the Mosaic Law—”the curse of the Law”—he has by no means been freed from the works of the Gospel. As the Sermon on the Mount repeatedly asserts, the works of the Gospel are far more demanding than the works of the Law (cf. Matthew 5:17-22,27-28,33-34,38-39,43-44, and so on). At baptism the believer assumes responsibility, and if he refuses to take that responsibility seriously he runs the risk of defection from the faith and being cut off from Christ (11:20-22).
Listed first here, among the components of this responsibility, is the duty of cultivating bodily holiness, because the body itself is the bearer of the Holy Spirit, who will in due course raise it from the dead (8:11). Paul is reviewing here the plea that he made for bodily holiness in 6:12-13,19-20. This ascetical effort he now describes in the imagery of sacrifice (cf. Philippians 4:18; 1 Peter 2:5).
This moral and ascetical effort, because it stands directly at variance with the standards, interests, and aspirations of the world, will also require an adversarial attitude toward the world. To the world the Christian must not “conform” (verse 2). The Greek word indicating worldly conformity here is syschematizesthe, in which the attentive reader will discern the root word, schema. The world, that is to say, tends to “schematize” human beings by imposing an outward pattern on them. (A few verses later Paul will contrast the world’s outward uniformity with the great diversity among Christians.)
The believer, however, is not to adopt the “schemes” of the world. He is not to “conform” but to be “transformed,” metamorphousthe, this verb indicating an inner change (meta) of form (morphe). Outward conformity is replaced by inner renewal.
This transformation comes from what Paul calls a “newness of mind,” implying a radical alteration of both the content and the processes of thought. The thought-life of the Christian mind (nous), precisely because it is “the mind of Christ” (1 Corinthians 2:16) will bear less and less resemblance to the ideas of the world, as the believer is transformed by the Holy Spirit (2 Corinthians 3:18).
Ash Wednesday, March 5
Matthew 6:1-18: The first word, a plural imperative, is a summons to caution: “Take care,” prosechete. The Christian moral life has this in common with any serious moral system—namely, that an intense, reflective custody of the soul is necessary. In the present instance this custody has chiefly to do with the purity of one’s intentions. The entire moral life can be radically undermined by wrong intentions. Purification of intentions requires a most serious vigilance over the mind and will.
This chapter treats of the great triad of traditional Jewish piety: almsgiving, prayer, and fasting. Because our Lord himself authoritatively juxtaposes these three components here in Matthew, it is normal to think of them together as constituting a kind of ascetical standard. In truth, for a very long time Christians (for example, Hermas and Leo I of Rome, John Chrysostom, Maximus the Confessor) have habitually spoken of the three together as sort of a paradigm or outline of biblical ascetical life. In pre-Christian biblical literature, however, that specific triad of prayer, fasting, and almsgiving is found in only one place: Tobit 12:8. It is through Matthew that this triad passed into Christian piety.
Even as Jesus treats of these three practices of piety, however, he continues the spirit of the five contrasts that He elaborated in the previous chapter. Almsgiving, prayer, and fasting, He says, are all to be undertaken in a spirit that is contrasted with that of the hypocrites (verses 2,5,16). By now it is clear that this word refers to those same scribes as Pharisees; it is shorthand for the Jewish leadership that set itself against Jesus and the Gospel. Matthew’s references to them in these early chapters show a rising hostility on their side, as well as Jesus’ disposition to take them to task. This latter disposition will reach its climax in chapter 23, which several times will condemn the “scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!”
In the present text, these hypocrites are accused of failing to “take care” not to practice their righteousness to gain human approval. Theirs is not a true righteousness.
The first deed of righteousness named by Jesus is almsgiving (verses 2-4), which comes closest to the concerns of social behavior enunciated in the preceding five contrasts. The social nature of almsgiving makes it the easiest thing to do for human approval. However, those who abuse almsgiving by a bad intention are simply using the poor to their own advantage. Very well, says Jesus, they must be satisfied with that advantage (verse 2).
Thursday, March 6
Matthew 16:1-12: The tension between Jesus and his antagonists rises to a new height in chapter 16, beginning with their renewed demand for a sign (verses 1-4; cf. 12:8). This demand is the occasion of the Lord’s criticism of them (verses 5-12) and the first prophecy of their role in the Passion (verse 21). In demanding this sign, these enemies copy the example of the devil (4:2,6). In contrast to the faith of the recent Canaanite woman (15:28), this demand indicates unbelief.
We likewise note here Matthew’s inclusion of the Sadducees among the enemies of Jesus (verses 1,6,11,12). Once again Matthew’s text here reflects certain concerns that arose in Judaism (and consequently among Jewish Christians) after the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Foremost among the Jewish groups who lost credibility in the aftermath of that event was the party of the Sadducees. This group, it was generally believed, had been excessively compliant with the Roman powers for over a century—too compromising, too little disposed to speak up for the people as the Pharisees had done. Consequently, after the year 70 the Sadducees came into bad odor among rank-and-file Jews.
Moreover, this party was bound to lose power, because their power had been concentrated in the temple priesthood, which was put out of business by the destruction of the temple. In Matthew we observe (three times in these verses, and elsewhere in 3:7; 22:34) explicit criticisms of the Sadducees not found in the other gospels. Mark (12:18) and Luke (20:27) mention the Sadducees only once each.
The present encounter of Jesus and His enemies introduces a brief dominical discourse about bread (verses 5-12). This discourse summarizes the two occasions when Jesus multiplied the loaves.
It also contains some criticism of the apostles, who are described as “of little faith” (verse 8), in spite of having witnessed two miraculous provisions of bread (verses 9-10). These disciples of the Lord do not yet “understand” (verse 8) the implications of those miracles in the wilderness. The Lord’s reproach brings them to some level of understanding (verse 12). At least in some measure, the sown seed is beginning to fall on good ground. Nonetheless, this will not be the Lord’s last reproach against the apostles in the present chapter (cf. verse 23).
Friday, March 7
Romans 12:10-21: Among the duties and disciplines enumerated here, we observe that most have to do with the mutual relations among Christians (verses 9-10,13,16), though certain of these particulars also look to relationships outside the communion of the Church (verses 14,17-21).
Christian love is genuine—literally “non-hypocritical,” anypokritos (verse 9); it goes beyond the civility and politeness required in a decent society.
Christian love is morally discerning, however, not confusing evil and good. Indeed, it is striking to find, amidst these sundry admonitions to love, a clear injunction to hate: “Abhor what is evil.” Those things in society that are abhorrent should be regarded with abhorrence, not tolerance, and this too is a duty of Christian love.
The love to be cultivated is not only the spiritual love called agape, but includes also those more common qualities of philadelphia (fraternal love), philostorge (affection), time (esteem), and philoxenia (hospitality) (verses 10,13).
Such things are impossible except by the personal cultivation of patience, hope, and prayer (verse 12). This prayer will embrace one’s enemies (verse 14; Matthew 5:44; Luke 6:27-28) and require the forgiveness of wrongs (verse 17; Matthew 6:12-15). Paul tells these Romans not to hold grudges against persecutors. In view of the terrible persecution of Christians that will break out in Rome during the next decade, this was uncommonly timely counsel.
Paul’s wording of the quotation from Deuteronomy 32:35 in verse 19 differs from that found in both the Septuagint and the extant (Massoretic) Hebrew text, but it is identical with the quotation in Hebrews 10:30. Was there another version of this passage common among the early Christians? The meaning, in any case, is clear enough. Christians are to leave to God all revenge and settling of scores. They are always to pursue good, never evil. Evil is the Christian’s only true enemy (verse 21).
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If you would love to grow grapes for eating, juicing or making into raisins, all you need is a little room and lots of sun. In our cool summer climate, there are many varieties that perform quite well, ripening from September through October. Some considerations for growing grapes are the same for table or wine grapes:
Soils – Grapes prefer well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils. In generating the heat that grapes need to be productive, air temperature is not the only factor. Soil heat retention ability plays a major part in the ripening process. As a general rule, heavier soils are colder soils, and it is well worth the effort to increase your soil’s heat retention ability if you can. To maximize your soil’s heat retention ability, mound up the soil for each plant, 4″-6″ in elevation; either in a 3′ mound or down the grape row in a domed raised bed 4″-6″ tall and 2′-3′ wide. If your only choice is to plant in heavy soil, choose early ripening varieties such as Interlaken, Canadice, Lynden Blue and Jupiter. Later ripening varieties like Reliance, Neptune, Faith, Hope and Gratitude will need warmer sites and well drained soils to thrive.
Mulches – Grapevines will not compete with grass or heavy weed pressure in their early years. If you want to mulch your vines here are a few things to consider. Organic mulches are unsuitable for grapes, as they cool the soil. Dark colored landscape fabric mulches will help warm your soil up as well as keep weeds down, but can provide cover for field mice, which can girdle the plants. If using landscape cloth under plants during the growing season, removing it late fall should minimize rodent impacts. Dark gravel mulches will also work. If you have rocky ground, piling the rocks under the plants will help hold the heat throughout the growing season. Do not under-plant grapes with groundcovers, as they also will cool the soil.
Nutrition – Grape plants will grow typically with high vigor in our climate. The reason is high organic matter in soils and adequate water through the growing year. Shearing canes once will typically keep the vines in optimal position. Use only very low rates of nitrogen fertilizers after the first year. Because of their aggressive growth habits, grapes will create nutrient demands on the soil. Annual applications of lime and Azomite or Sulpo-mag with micronutrients are going to be important for successful cropping. Grapes grow best with a soil pH of 6.8 or higher, so liming annually is a must in our climate. Irrigation is important mainly in the first year. Most sites do not need irrigation after the first year. If terminals (tips of shoots) are actively growing, the plants do not need water.
Most table grapes are grown on their own roots and are very vigorous. They benefit from a spur pruning and training system that produces more older wood than straight cane pruning.
One of the easiest training systems for table grapes is the Single Curtain System. Immediately after planting a dormant vine, remove all but the straightest cane (shoot). This remaining cane with be the foundation of the vine’s trunk, so selection of the straightest, upright cane will be beneficial. Cut this remaining cane back, leaving only two to four buds. Use a rigid stake placed alongside off the plant and tall enough to tie to the load wire, or tie a string from the base of the plant, near the soil surface, to the load wire.
A. In the first year, train the strongest 2 shoots up the string or stake and remove all other shoots. When the vine reaches the trellis load wire in year one or two, allow the shoots to grow upward through the end of the year. Wait to tie shoots down to the wire until the dormant season. Our recommendation is to prune your vines in late winter, mid-January or February. Grape vines break dormancy and their sap begins to flow early in the year, so pruning later in the spring will lead to sap “bleeding”. When your vines reach the load wire (5′-6′) prune or pinch the terminal of the shoot you plan to keep 3″-4″ below the load wire. This will allow more or less equally vigorous terminals (shoots) to push and fill in the allocated space on the wire. Train and tie the two lateral branches to the wire to form two cordons. Wrap the canes loosely around the wire beginning with the first wrap going over the top of the wire. This is so the wire is holding the weight needs few ties. Usually with wrapped canes only one tie is needed at the end of the cane. Remove all flower clusters in year two.
B. During the next dormant season, in early March, prune the lateral growth on the cordons. Select 1-year-old canes spaced 6 to 12 inches apart along the cordon to form the spurs You do this by cutting canes back to three to four buds.
C. In later years leave renewal spurs when you can (these are shoots that push from the basal bud the year before. Cut each renewal spur back to two to four buds. After the danger of frost has passed, growth from one or two buds per spur can be removed leaving 1-2 floriferous canes per spur if vines are growing vigorously and were undamaged by low temperatures. Remember maintaining a curtain of 3-5 canes per foot will give you the best results. Generally, during the third growing season, growth from the lateral-growing cordon produces the “curtain”.
D. If vines are spaced 8-12 feet apart, each cordon should be maintained at a 4-6-foot length. Position the growth from the cordons downward during the growing season, and allow only one cluster of fruit to set per cane during this year. In following years, eliminate the old spurs during dormant-season pruning and use renewal spurs to develop the curtain.
Another promising system that could be more productive is the Geneva Double Curtain, GDC, developed decades past by Cornell University. Geneva Double Curtain or GDC trellis design consists of a horizontally divided canopy. The goal of the GDC system is to manage a dense canopy by dividing it in two, allowing more sunlight to reach the fruit renewal zone.
With this system, grapevines are trained from the trunk to bilateral cordons and pruned to retain short canes originating preferably in the lower 180 degrees of the cordon. Shoots are also positioned downward creating a canopy that has the appearance of two “curtains” on each side. Cross arms, usually four feet in width, separate the cordon support wires. This division in the canopy increases sunlight exposure while reducing canopy density. Proper shoot positioning must be maintained to keep the canopies separated and to allow sunlight to reach the fruiting region.
Some varieties of table grapes, including Jupiter, can also be grown with an upright cordon spur pruning method. In this system, cordons are trained along a
low wire, with upright spurs. These spurs are two to four buds each. When the shoots emerge each spring, they are thinned to no more than 3 shoots per running foot of cordon. Usually the outer buds on each spur are more productive than the inner buds. The shoots are trained upright, and catch wires hold them in position.
Managing canopy and grape clusters
- Going through your vines pre-bloom to reduce the number of clusters is important. Poor fruit set occurs for a number of reasons
- Rain during bloom can play havoc on cluster fullness. Many varieties that we offer seem to set full clusters no matter the weather.
- Leaving too many clusters on your plants will delay the ripening times in all varieties. Start by leaving 1 cluster per cane and see when the ripening time occurs- this will give you guidance in future years on what is an appropriate cluster set per plant for your site .
- Cane growth every spring will push hard and in most years your canes will begin to extend to the point gravity will prevail and force the canes to droop towards the ground. You can encourage this by carefully bending these shoots in a downward direction. It is import that the shoots have the capacity to grow 4′-5′ each year. We summer prune our vines to keep the canes 12″ above the ground. This pruning is usually done in July or early August.
- Just after fruit-set by several weeks and then again at the beginning of veraison (berry color change) we go through and untangle canes and make sure all clusters are free of being tangled up with other clusters and canes. This exercise will give you beautiful clusters during harvest.
- Leaf Stripping is done to maximize sun exposure on the grapes. The warmer the cluster the earlier the fruit ripens. Full sun exposure also brings out the “true” fruity character of the variety, where grapes grown in the shade will often highlight the more undesirable vegetative flavors. Strip all leaves that are shading the grape clusters as soon after fruit set as possible. It will seem like a lot of leaves, remember the vines will grow more.
- Pest Management– The wonderful thing about growing table grapes is there aren’t significant diseases or insects that bother grapes grown in Western Washington. Birds and raccoons are the biggest pests, so netting the grapes as they approach ripeness is important.
- The cordons require periodic renewal, especially if one has been severely injured by low temperatures, insects or disease. Simply train another well-positioned shoot that arises near the base of the old cordon on the trunk, grow the new shoot for a year, and remove the old cordon the next year.
Final Grape Growing Tips:
- Shoot thinning is very important to reduce foliage and increase air circulation and light penetration in the canopy. There should be no more than 3-5 shoots per foot of cordon.
- Berry set per cluster declines as number of clusters increase. Each site will vary in its abilities to set crop size. For this to work clusters should be thinned when they reach 8″-10″ long.
- Cluster thinning is done well before bloom, thinning happens during rachis development (cluster). Thin to 1-2 clusters per shoot. When thinning clusters out, save the basal cluster and prune out those closer to the tip of the cane.
- Reducing cluster size will also play into improving crop and shorten the ripening period.
- With large clusters cut out shoulders or even tail of the cluster. With varieties that have problems with berry set this will improve fruit set significantly. Timing for this is thinning activity is when fruits are smaller than peas.
- Prune back the vigorous canes that touch the ground or are shading the grapes during the summer. As the season for ripening approaches, you may also want to remove some of the foliage to allow sun to reach the fruit.
- In cool years, rigging a high tunnel with hoops and greenhouse poly over your grape trellises can hasten ripening and also prevent rain from splitting the ripening fruit.
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Immunosuppressive drug shows promise in treatment of eye disorder
... professor of ophthalmology.
Physicians gave the drug to 84 patients, of whom 61 percent had uveitis (intraocular inflammation), 17 percent had scleritis
(inflammation of the outer wall of the eye), 11 percent had mucous membrane pemphigoid (a condition causing scarring of the eyelids) and 11 percent ha...
Scleritis in Medical Definition
... - Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos
Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Sclera and cornea
- Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Snow blindness - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - Fuchs' dystrophy - Keratoconus - Keratoconj...
Scleritis in Medical Dictionary
is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. The disease is often contracted through association with other diseases of the body, such as Wegener's granulomatosis or rheumatoid arthritis; it can also... Overview: ...
...of episcleritis are not well understood. ... Dogs with focal episcleritis develop a raised, pink, smooth, painless, firm, tumor-like mass. ... scleritis
and Episcleritis - PatientPlus. Information written by our expert authoring team, consisting of independent GPs, doctors working for producers of GP...
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A Family of Giants
A Family of Giants First System of Multiple Planets Found around a Sun-like
Apr. 15, 1999: Astronomers from four research institutions have discovered strong evidence for a trio of Jupiter-sized extrasolar planets that orbit the star Upsilon Andromedae. In a paper submitted to The Astrophysical Journal, scientists announce the first multiple planet system ever found around a normal star, other than the nine planets in our Solar System. The closest planet in the Upsilon Andromedae system was detected in 1996 by astronomers Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler from San Francisco State University. Now, after 11 years of telescope observations at Lick Observatory near San Jose, CA, the signals of two additional planets have emerged from the data.
Astronomers from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, MA, and the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) in Boulder, CO have independently found the two outer planets around Upsilon Andromedae. This team has been studying the star for more than four years at the Smithsonian's Whipple Observatory near Tucson, AZ.
Right: Diagram of the newly-discovered planetary system, with planets labeled "b," "c," and "d." The size of the red dot is related to the size of the planet. For comparison, the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are shown as dotted circles. One AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun, approximately 93,000,000 miles (149,000,000 km.) More information
This first planetary system, found from a survey of 107 stars,
offers the first suggestion that planetary systems like our own
are abundant in our Milky Way Galaxy, which contains approximately
200 billion stars. SFSU researcher Debra Fischer said, "It
implies that planets can form more easily than we ever imagined,
and that our Milky Way is teeming with planetary systems."
Upsilon Andromedae is a bright star that is visible to the naked eye from the Northern Hemisphere, starting roughly in June. It is located about 44 light-years from Earth, and is roughly 3 billion years old, about two-thirds the age of the Sun.
The innermost (and previously known) of the three planets contains at least three-quarters of the mass of Jupiter and orbits only 0.06 AU (8.9 million km) from the star. (One AU is the distance between the Earth and the Sun, approximately 93,000,000 miles or 149,000,000 km.) It traverses a circular orbit every 4.6 days. The middle planet contains at least twice the mass of Jupiter and takes 242 days to orbit the star once. It resides approximately 0.83 AU from the star, similar to the orbital distance of Venus. The outermost planet has a mass of at least four Jupiters, and completes one orbit every 3.5 to 4 years, placing it 2.5 AU from the star. The two outer planets are both new discoveries and have elliptical orbits, a characteristic of the nine other extrasolar planets in distant orbits around their stars.
No current theory predicted that so many giant worlds would form around a star. "I am mystified at how such a system of Jupiter-like planets might have been created," said Marcy.
"This will shake up the theory of planet formation," Robert Noyes, a professor of astronomy at Harvard-Smithsonian CfA and a member of the CfA-HAO team said. "A nagging question was whether the massive bodies orbiting in apparent isolation around stars really are planets, but now that we see three around the same star, it is hard to imagine anything else."
December 3: Mars Polar Lander nears touchdown
December 2: What next, Leonids?
November 30: Polar Lander Mission Overview
November 30: Learning how to make a clean sweep in space
Sign up for our EXPRESS SCIENCE NEWS delivery
The discovery of this multiple planet system suggests a new paradigm for planet formation where many small planets known as 'planetesimals' might develop in the disk of matter surrounding a star. Those planets that grow fastest would engage in a gravitational "tug of war" that weeds out some of the smaller worlds and determines which planets ultimately remain in orbit. "The Upsilon Andromedae system suggests that gravitational interactions between Jupiter-mass planets can play a powerful role in sculpting solar systems," said Butler.
If these Jupiter-mass planets are like our own Jupiter, they would not be expected to have solid Earth-like surfaces. However these observations cannot rule-out Earth-sized planets, as their signature would be too weak to detect with current instrumentation.
Right: Family Portraits of other
possible solar systems, along with our own, courtesy of Astronomy
Picture of the Day. The figure shows the sizes and planet-star
separations for our own solar system, and the systems thought
to be around stars 51 Peg, 70 Vir, and 47 UMa, each of which
are normal "main sequence" stars like our Sun. More information
"Evidence for Multiple Companions to Upsilon Andromedae" Submitted to The Astrophysical Journal
The Upsilon Andromedae Planetary System Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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For more information, please contact:
Dr. John M. Horack , Director of Science Communications
Curator: Bryan Walls
NASA Official: John M. Horack
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The Quechua Indians of the central Andes are the direct descendants of the Incas. The Inca Empire, which existed for a century before the arrival of the Spanish, was a highly developed civilization. The Inca Empire stretched from parts of present-day Colombia in the north, southward into Chile. The Incas had an impressive governing structure. The government imposed tribute and taxes on the population which were exacted in the form of labor and in crops. Vast warehouses were used to store food, which was then distributed in times of famine. The Incas also had an immense army, used to continuously expand the empire and conquer new peoples.
The Spanish conquistadors arrived in South America in the early 1500s. When they arrived, the Inca king Huayna Cápac(d.1527) had already died from one of the many European diseases that preceded the conquistadors. The Incas were in a state of civil war when Spanish forces arrived. After the Spanish captured the new Inca king, Atahualpa (1500?–33), the Incas suffered a swift defeat.
Peru attained independence from the Spanish in 1821. Modern-day Peru has struggled to modernize. It has been plagued by problems of hyperinflation, poor governments, and terrorism. Most Quechua still live in the Andean highlands. They rely on subsistence agriculture (growing little more than their own food) and pastoralism (nomadic herding) as did their Inca ancestors.
2 • LOCATION
Quechua Indians still live in the areas once governed by the Inca Empire in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. The geographical conditions between regions differ dramatically. In mountain valleys there is rich soil and access to water that is suitable for farming. Most Quechua, however, live on the stark, steep slopes of the central Andes. Here the soil is poor, the wind strong, and the weather cold.
About one-third of Peru's 24.5 million inhabitants are Quechua Indians. Migration and urbanization in the past few decades have drawn many Quechua to Lima, the capital city of Peru. There is now a large indigenous and mestizo (mixed-race) population in Lima.
3 • LANGUAGE
The Quechua language is known by its speakers as Runa Simi, or the language of the people. The term quechua refers more to the language than to a concrete ethnic group. The Quechua language was the administrative language of the Inca state. It is spoken by millions of people in Peru (about 8 million), Ecuador (nearly 2 million), and Bolivia (about 1 million). Quechua words that have been assimilated into the English language include puma, condor, llama, and coca. Unlike most other native South American languages, Quechua is an official language of Peru, accorded the same status as Spanish. Although it rarely occurs, senators and members of congress can give speeches in the Peruvian Congress in Quechua.
4 • FOLKLORE
The myth of Incarrí perhaps reveals the most about the feelings of the vanquished Inca. After the conquest of Peru in 1532, the Inca rulers retreated from Cuzco to Vilcabamba. There they resisted the Spanish invasion for nearly fifty years. In 1579 the last rebel Inca, Tupac Amaru, was captured and beheaded by the Spanish. The Spaniards stuck his head on a pike and placed it in the plaza of Cuzco as a warning to the rebels. The head disappeared, and they say that it is buried. The myth tells that it is slowly growing its body back and when the body is complete, the Incas will return to rule their land.
Many of the ancient Quechua myths are still preserved in their oral tradition. Most of them narrate the origin of various ethnic groups, or of mountains, rivers, and lakes.
5 • RELIGION
Quechua religion combines both pre-Columbian and Catholic elements. The most significant pre-Columbian influence that endures is the belief that supernatural forces govern everyday events, such as weather and illness. This belief serves a utilitarian purpose to the agricultural Quechua. By making offerings to the powers that control natural forces, the Quechua feel they can influence events and not merely be helpless in the face of bad weather or disease. When drinking alcohol, for example, it is customary to first offer a drink to Mother Earth, Pachamama.
This religious Andean world is populated by gods who have human attributes. Sometimes they love each other and other times they hate and fight each other. For this reason, the Andean religion has two dimensions in the lives of the people. First, in human terms it promotes social cohesion, and second, in transcendental terms it connects gods and humans.
The Quechua have adopted Christianity and also have incorporated it into their indigenous beliefs.
6 • MAJOR HOLIDAYS
The Quechua celebrate important Catholic holidays such as Christmas and Easter. At the same time, they have not abandoned their ancient holidays. In the ancient Inca capital of Cuzco, the Inca Sun Festival is still celebrated. The Inti Raymi festival, as it is called, draws thousands of tourists from all over the world to witness its spectacular festivities. Donning replicas of Inca tunics, rather than contemporary Andean garb, Quechua Indians reenact the Inca sun-worshiping ceremony. The Inti Raymi festival, which celebrates the June solstice, reflects the Inca's vast knowledge of astronomy. On this occasion, there is much eating, drinking, and dancing. True to Inca traditions, a llama is also sacrificed on this day.
7 • RITES OF PASSAGE
Major life transitions, such as birth, puberty, and death, are marked by rituals and celebrations that combine Catholic and indigenous traditions.
8 • RELATIONSHIPS
Courtship and marriage involve a lengthy series of rituals and stages. Most unmarried youths meet (and flirt) during one of the community's many festivals. When a young couple decides that they are ready to consider marriage, the family of the bride is visited by the family of the prospective groom. The groom himself stays home while his parents and godparents discuss the wedding and negotiate what each family will donate to the newlyweds. The engagement is made official at a later date when the bride and groom exchange rosaries. At the wedding, there is a public procession as the bride leaves her home to join her husband's ayllu or community. Various other rituals, including fertility rites, follow the wedding.
9 • LIVING CONDITIONS
The dominant building material throughout most of the Andes is adobe. Adobe has the advantages of being highly durable, free, and widely available. Adobe can be made almost year-round with the rich Andean soil. Traditionally, roofs were made from thatched material.
The quality of health care in rural communities is still extremely poor. Most Quechua first turn to a curandero (literally, "curer") who provides herbal medicines and treatment.
10 • FAMILY LIFE
Children in Quechua society play many important roles. From a very young age they participate in economic activities and key household tasks. As in most other subsistence economies, children are essential as they are expected to provide long-term economic security to their parents as they age. An optimum family size is considered to be three or four children. However, due to limited access to birth control, many families have ten or more children. Generally, male children are more highly valued than females, as their economic potential is seen to be greater.
Women play a subordinate role compared to men in the community political structure. Women are less likely to receive a formal education, do not hold significant positions of power within the community, and are excluded from many potentially profitable economic activities. A clear sexual division of labor exists with regard to both agricultural and household tasks. Within the family, women have a say in matters such as decisions about finances or issues surrounding the upbringing of children. However, there is little evidence to suggest that they are free from subordination in that domain either.
11 • CLOTHING
Traditional Andean clothing reflects Spanish influences. In 1572, the Spanish prohibited the Quechua from wearing native Inca tunics and wrap-around dresses. Andean peoples then adopted the clothing still in use today. Quechua women wear skirts and blouses, with colorful woven shawls around their shoulders. Men wear trousers, shirts, and woven ponchos (capes). Sandals are the preferred footwear for both men and women.
The style and color of clothing worn by Quechua Indians varies dramatically from region to region. The Otavalo of Ecuador, an important subgroup of the Quechua, have a very distinctive dress. They wear white trousers and shirts, covered by a solid black poncho. Otavalo men are also famed for their long black braids.
12 • FOOD
The potato was first domesticated in Peru approximately 4,500 years ago. The potato and quinoa grain remain as two of the main staples of the Quechua diet. Common dishes include meat or potato stews, spiced with hot peppers, coriander, or peanuts. For community feasts, a pachamanca, or underground oven, is occasionally used.
Also considered a delicacy is guinea pig. The preferred dish for festivals, guinea pigs are often raised in the house and provide a productive use for kitchen scraps and discarded food. The use of guinea pigs as an important source of protein pre-dates the Incas.
13 • EDUCATION
Formal education in Peru is required until the age of sixteen. In rural areas, however, the percentage of students who finish their schooling is much lower than in urban areas. This is, in part, because children play a valuable role in household and agricultural tasks and their labor cannot be spared. The schooling received is generally very poor. Teaching methods are based on rote memorization rather than problem-solving skills. Personal initiative is rarely encouraged, and teachers generally have low expectations of what their students can achieve. A further problem emerges for Quechua children, since Spanish is the primary language taught and used at schools.
14 • CULTURAL HERITAGE
The characteristic music of the central Andes is called huayno . The mountain origins of huaynos are reflected in their lyrics that recount daily life in mountain villages and proclaim Andean nationalism (patriotism). Traditional instruments still widely used include drums, flutes, and the charrango, a mandolin-style guitar made from an armadillo shell. Huayno singers are increasingly popular in urban areas.
Quechua folk music also includes beautiful, haunting music for panpipes (hollow pipes of graduated length). One of these songs, "El Condor Pasa," was a hit record for the singing duo, Simon and Garfunkel in the 1960s.
As the Incas did not write, there is not a tradition of Quechua literature. In twentieth-century Peru, however, there has emerged a tradition of indigenista writers who focus on the life of the indigenous (native) Andean peoples. Jose Maria Arguedas, Cesar Vallejo, and Ciro Alegría have written influential books that portray the oppression of the Quechua throughout the centuries and chronicle their hard life in the Andes. These authors have contributed to a growing Andean nationalism and pride.
15 • EMPLOYMENT
Most Quechua rely on subsistence farming for their livelihood. Corn, potatoes, and grains are crops that have adapted to the high-altitude environment. Land is still farmed using the Inca method of terracing on steep slopes. This labor-intensive approach to agriculture requires a tremendous amount of time. Little time is left to devote to other economic activities.
Trade is highly developed between different villages and regions. In addition to agricultural products, many communities produce pottery, textiles, belts, hats, and other handicrafts for cash sales. In most communities, there is a weekly market day, which plays an important role in the economic and social fabric of the village.
16 • SPORTS
There are no uniquely Quechua sports. However, as part of a mestizo (mixed background) society, the Quechua participate in a variety of Western sports, such as soccer.
17 • RECREATION
Socializing is the primary form of recreation in Quechua society. The Quechua celebrate a great many religious festivals, national holidays, and birthdays. Parties and festivals are eagerly anticipated and require many weeks of planning. Many festivals involve up to eight days of drinking, feasting, and dancing.
18 • CRAFTS AND HOBBIES
The most significant handicraft produced by the Quechua is textiles. Women throughout the Andes can be seen spinning wool almost all day, even while sitting at the market or waiting for a bus. Both llama and sheep wool are used. The "belt loom" still in use by the Quechua dates back to pre-contact (with Europeans) times. The Quechua are skilled weavers. Their products are increasingly in demand for the tourist and export markets.
19 • SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Male drunkenness is a serious social problem throughout the central Andes. Drinking alcoholic beverages is not only an accepted behavior at the Quechua's many festivals and parties, it is also an expected behavior.
Alongside feasting and dancing, becoming drunk is a core part of most social occasions. Unfortunately, this behavior often spills over into daily life. Excessive male drinking has a negative impact on both family relations and family finances. Spousal abuse is a common result of alcoholism.
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<urn:uuid:ad6ea99f-a11e-48f5-903f-0edc5feed260>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://thecolcaspecialist.blogspot.com/2011/01/about-quechua-culture.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00700.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961059 | 2,900 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Trongsa Dzong Built in 1648, it was the seat of power over central and eastern Bhutan. Both the first and second kings of Bhutan ruled the country from this ancient seat. All four kings were invested as Trongsa Penlop (“governor”) prior to ascending the throne. The dzong is a massive structure with many levels, sloping down the contours of the ridge on which it is built. Because of the dzong’s highly strategic position, on the only connecting route between east and west, the Trongsa Penlop was able to control effectively the whole of the central and eastern regions of the country from here.
This watchtower, which once guarded Trongsa Dzong from internal rebellion, stands on a promontory above the town. It was built by Chogyal Minjur Tempa, the 1st Governor of Trongsa in 1652. It has four observation points resembling Tiger, Lion, Garuda, and Dragon. Climb up the path to visit Ta Dzong which now houses a shrine dedicated to the epic hero, King Gesar of Ling. A visit to this former watchtower provides visitors with an insight into the significance of Trongsa in Bhutan’s history. As of date the Ta Dzong of Trongsa is the most fascinating museum of the nation.
En route to Trongsa is Chendebji Chorten, patterned on Kathmandu’s Swayambhunath Stupa, with eyes painted at the four cardinal points. It was built in the 18th century by Lama Zhida, to cover the remains of an evil spirit that was subdued at this spot. Legend says that the evil spirit manifested as a gigantic snake.
This two storied simple palace situated just above the highway in the town is the birth place of our Late King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. It was here that on 2nd May 1928, His Majesty was born to King Jigme Wangchuck and Ashi Puntsho Choden. He spent most of his early childhood days here in this Thurepang Palace.
The other palace of interest is the Eundu Choling Palace which was the winter residence of the 1st King Ugyen Wangchuck. Kuenga Rabten Palace The 23 km. drive from Trongsa to Kuenga Rabten takes about an hour and passes through open countryside high above a river gorge. The land slopes quite gently in this region, and farming is well developed, so there is much of interest to observe in the fields and in the villages as one speed along. As one approaches Kuenga Rabten, the Palace is clearly visible just below the road on the right. It was the winter palace of the second king and is now looked after by the National Commission for Cultural Affairs. This pleasant afternoon excursion from Trongsa offers further insights into the early days of Bhutan’s monarchy.
|April (11)||May (7)||June (4)|
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<urn:uuid:e9499fea-93a8-4963-9f26-97d6fc0269ee>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://travelagentinbhutan.com/readmore.php?all_id=58
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806856.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123180631-20171123200631-00552.warc.gz
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en
| 0.959513 | 638 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Given a Binary Tree, find the maximum width of it. Maximum width is defined as the maximum number of nodes in any level.
For example, maximum width of following tree is 4 as there are 4 nodes at 3rd level.
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
First line of input contains the number of test cases T. For each test case, there will be only a single line of input which is a string representing the tree as described below:
The values in the string are in the order of level order traversal of the tree where, numbers denotes node values, and a character “N” denotes NULL child.
For the above tree, the string will be: 1 2 3 N N 4 6 N 5 N N 7 N
For each testcase, in a new line, print the maximum width.
You don't have to read any input. Just complete the function getMaxWidth() that takes node as parameter and returns the maximum width. The printing is done by the driver code.
1 <= T <= 100
1 <= edges <= 1000
1 <= nodes values <= 105
1 2 3
10 20 30 40 60
Testcase1: The tree is
The second level has 2 nodes and hence the width is 2.
Testcase2: The tree is
Both second and third level have 2 nodes and hence max width is 2.
Note: The Input/Ouput format and Example given are used for system's internal purpose, and should be used by a user for Expected Output only. As it is a function problem, hence a user should not read any input from stdin/console. The task is to complete the function specified, and not to write the full code.
If you have purchased any course from GeeksforGeeks then please ask your doubt on course discussion forum. You will get quick replies from GFG Moderators there.
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<urn:uuid:69417c95-3b5a-4dd1-b135-04846b0e9262>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/maximum-width-of-tree/1
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371896913.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410110538-20200410141038-00350.warc.gz
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en
| 0.833988 | 392 | 3.546875 | 4 |
To build an efficient multitask CNN, they called on the world's most powerful and smartest supercomputer--the 200-petaflop Summit supercomputer at ORNL, which has over 27,600 deep learning-optimized GPUs.
The team started by developing two types of multitask CNN architectures--a common machine learning method known as hard parameter sharing and a method that has shown some success with image classification known as cross-stitch. Hard parameter sharing uses the same few parameters across all tasks, whereas cross-stitch uses more parameters fragmented between tasks, resulting in outputs that must be "stitched" together.
Special-Pricing Available on Medical Displays, Patient Monitors, Recorders, Printers, Media, Ultrasound Machines, and Cameras.This includes Top Brands such as SONY, BARCO, NDS, NEC, LG, EDAN, EIZO, ELO, FSN, PANASONIC, MITSUBISHI, OLYMPUS, & WIDE.
To train and test the multitask CNNs with real health data, the team used ORNL's secure data environment and over 95,000 pathology reports from the Louisiana Tumor Registry. They compared their CNNs to three other established AI models, including a single-task CNN.
"In addition to offering HPC and scientific computing resources, ORNL has a place to train and store secure data--all of these together are very important," Alawad said.
During testing they found that the hard parameter sharing multitask model outperformed the four other models (including the cross-stitch multitask model) and increased efficiency by reducing computing time and energy consumption. Compared with the single-task CNN and conventional AI models, the hard sharing parameter multitask CNN completed the challenge in a fraction of the time and most accurately classified each of the five cancer characteristics.
"The next step is to launch a large-scale user study where the technology will be deployed across cancer registries to identify the most effective ways of integration in the registries' workflows. The goal is not to replace the human but rather augment the human," Tourassi said.
The research team included Tourassi, Alawad, Shang Gao, John X. Qiu, Hong Jun Yoon, and J. Blair Christian from ORNL; Lynne Penberthy from NCI; Brent Mumphrey and Xiao-Cheng Wu from the Louisiana Tumor Registry; and Linda Coyle from Information Management Services, Inc.
JDACS4C partners include NCI and ORNL, as well as Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Argonne, Los Alamos, and Lawrence Livermore national laboratories.
UT-Battelle LLC manages ORNL for DOE's Office of Science. The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time.Back to HCB News
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<urn:uuid:72cd0250-d2bb-47b1-a3b4-3fb3623e201e>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://es.dotmed.com/news/story/50152?p_begin=2
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738573.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809192123-20200809222123-00238.warc.gz
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en
| 0.907408 | 613 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|A qilin of the Qing dynasty in|
Beijing's Summer Palace
Type: Chinese chimera
Origin: Chinese mythology
Description: The Qilin is a hooved chimera sometimes portrayed as having parts of a fish, dragon, ox, lion and/or even a tiger. They are said to bring prosperity and only appear in land ruled by a peaceful or a wise man. For instance, the birth of Confucius was foretold by arrival of a Qilin.
The Qilin's origins are tied to Chinese exploration of Africa around the 5th century. The Zheng He's exploration of the areas around modern Somalia were successful, and they obtained some giraffes and other animals which they brought back to China. The word Geri, which in Somalia means giraffe, is the base word for Qilin. The slender high figure of the Qilin gave it special properties, such as walking on water and walking in grass without damaging the blades of the grass. The Qilin love the righteous and should anyone evil try to attack them while a Qilin is close by, the Qilin would attack the wicked by shooting flames from its mouth or using other powers.
Interesting Facts: The Chinese have the Qilin as their third most powerful creature after the dragon and the phoenix. This was not always been the case. Before the Qin-dynasty, the Qilin was ranked the highest. In Japan, the Kirin is the same as the Chinese Qilin. The Japanese still honor pre-Qin dynasty mythology and have the Kirin as the top creature in their culture.
What Q creatures or beings do you know of?
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<urn:uuid:f7df1788-2f41-4124-8895-fd16aed74b41>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://blog.sarahmakela.com/2012/04/q-is-for-qilin.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00223-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969197 | 346 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Many Hong Kong schools are concerned with the growing number of enrolments of ethnic minority students. This article examines teachers’, students’ and parents’ views of the cultural diversity of the classroom in Hong Kong schools, its influence on the performance of these students and how the diverse learning needs of these students were addressed, in terms of effective teaching and assessment. Qualitative data were collected from semi-structured interviews with thirty-two teachers from three secondary schools. This study shows that teachers struggle to conceptualize a new rationale for responding to cultural diversity. They develop a sense of cultural harmony, promote cultural responsiveness to teaching and assessment, and strengthen the interpersonal relationship among school practitioners. This article argues that, like students, teachers simultaneously engage in a cross-cultural process through which they make sense of cultural diversity and learn the culture of ethnic minority students, re-learn their own culture and re-examine the relevant rationale underlying cultural responsiveness.
|Publication status||Published - 2011|
CitationHue, M.-t. (2011, September). Exploring cultural diversity in Chinese classrooms: Can classroom environments cater for the needs of ethnic minority students in Hong Kong? Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Educational Research (ICER) 2011, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Cultural diversity
- Cultural responsiveness
- Teaching and assessment
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<urn:uuid:0709c8f6-32df-497f-bb0e-ed6d381a49b3>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://repository.eduhk.hk/en/publications/exploring-cultural-diversity-in-chinese-classrooms-can-classroom--3
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00383.warc.gz
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en
| 0.929842 | 274 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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