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[
"secretly and vigorously",
"openly and enthusiastically",
"easily and momentarily",
"verbally and spiritually"
] | From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained. | If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. | 964.txt | 1 |
[
"what they can offer does not ease the modern mind",
"what challenging books demand is repetitive reading",
"what people often forget is carrying a book with them",
"what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed"
] | The usual time-management techniques don't work because ______. | That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning - or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading - useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else. | 367.txt | 3 |
[
"update their to-do lists",
"make passing time fulfilling",
"carry their plans through",
"pursue carefree reading"
] | The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to ______. | That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning - or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading - useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else. | 367.txt | 1 |
[
"encourage the efficiency mind-set",
"develop online reading habits",
"promote ritualistic reading",
"achieve immersive reading"
] | Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps ______. | That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning - or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading - useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else. | 367.txt | 3 |
[
"reading becomes your primary business of the day",
"all the daily business has been promptly dealt with",
"you are able to drop back to business after reading",
"time can be evenly split for reading and business"
] | "Carry a book with you at all times" can work if ______. | That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning - or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading - useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else. | 367.txt | 0 |
[
"How to Enjoy Easy Reading",
"How to Find Time to Read",
"How to Set Reading Goals",
"How to Read Extensively"
] | The best title for this text could be ______. | That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning - or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading - useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else. | 367.txt | 1 |
[
"Oxygen-rich blood.",
"Neurons in the brain.",
"A small region of the brain.",
"The central part of the brain."
] | What is responsible for processing a signal sent by people's eyes? | A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. | 4175.txt | 1 |
[
"Cells in your brain use more oxygen than cells elsewhere.",
"It is impossible to discover which parts of the brain process information.",
"The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs.",
"fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently."
] | What do we learn from the third paragraph? | A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. | 4175.txt | 2 |
[
"Scientists who are working give light to the parts of the brain.",
"Scientists us fMRI to make the parts of the brain work.",
"Scientists stop the parts of the brain from processing information.",
"fMRI marks the parts of the brain that are processing information."
] | What does the author mean "By highlighting the areas of the brain at work" (Line 3-4, Para. 4)? | A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. | 4175.txt | 3 |
[
"fMRI machines.",
"Thousands of pictures.",
"Animals, objects, and fruits.",
"Two volunteers."
] | What did the researchers experiment on according to the passage? | A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. | 4175.txt | 3 |
[
"Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned",
"A Technological Dream",
"The Recent Development in Science and Technology",
"A Device that Can Help You Calculate"
] | The best title for the passage would be _ . | A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. | 4175.txt | 0 |
[
"focus on the role of electronic media ang reading",
"show that American young people read less and less",
"give a report of the national of literary reading",
"review that less that half of the population now reads litersture"
] | The main purpose of the survey is to _ . | For the first time in modern history,less than half of the U.S.adult population now reads literature,according to a recent survey.Reading at Risk A Survey of Lilerary Reading in America presents a detailed review of the decline of reading's role in the nation's culture.
Reading at Risk is a survey of national fashion in adult literary reading.The data souree for Reading at Risk is as reliable and objectiveas any such survey can be.The key results of the survey are presented in the "Surnmary",but the report can be further exploined as:literary teading in America is not only declining rapidly among all groups,but the rate of decling has been speeded up,especially among the young.Reading at Risk merely shows a great cultural change that most Americans have already noted-our society's great turn to clectronic media for entertainment and information.
Reading a book requires a degree of active attention and devotion.Indced,reading itself is a progressive skillo that depends on years of cducation nand practice.On the contrary,most electronic media such as television,recordings,and radio make fewer demands on their audiences,and indced require no more than passive participation.While oral culture has a rich reality and electronic media offer the commdenbic atteation of variety.print culture affords irreplaceable forms of focused and thought than make varicen communications and views possible.The deline in reading.thenfore ,equals a larger retreatfrom participation in public and culutural life.
What is to be done?There is surely no single solution to the pretent problem.just as there is no single cause.The important thing now is to underwand that America can no longer take active and devoted reading for granted.
Reading is not a timeless,common ability.As more Americans love thus ability.out nation becomes less informed,active ,and independent minded.There are not speakeras that a free, inventive,or productive society can afford to love. | 3290.txt | 2 |
[
"requires less attention and devotion",
"demsnds no more than passive participation",
"limits various communications and views",
"means active participation in pubnlic and cultural life"
] | According to the passage ,reading _ . | For the first time in modern history,less than half of the U.S.adult population now reads literature,according to a recent survey.Reading at Risk A Survey of Lilerary Reading in America presents a detailed review of the decline of reading's role in the nation's culture.
Reading at Risk is a survey of national fashion in adult literary reading.The data souree for Reading at Risk is as reliable and objectiveas any such survey can be.The key results of the survey are presented in the "Surnmary",but the report can be further exploined as:literary teading in America is not only declining rapidly among all groups,but the rate of decling has been speeded up,especially among the young.Reading at Risk merely shows a great cultural change that most Americans have already noted-our society's great turn to clectronic media for entertainment and information.
Reading a book requires a degree of active attention and devotion.Indced,reading itself is a progressive skillo that depends on years of cducation nand practice.On the contrary,most electronic media such as television,recordings,and radio make fewer demands on their audiences,and indced require no more than passive participation.While oral culture has a rich reality and electronic media offer the commdenbic atteation of variety.print culture affords irreplaceable forms of focused and thought than make varicen communications and views possible.The deline in reading.thenfore ,equals a larger retreatfrom participation in public and culutural life.
What is to be done?There is surely no single solution to the pretent problem.just as there is no single cause.The important thing now is to underwand that America can no longer take active and devoted reading for granted.
Reading is not a timeless,common ability.As more Americans love thus ability.out nation becomes less informed,active ,and independent minded.There are not speakeras that a free, inventive,or productive society can afford to love. | 3290.txt | 3 |
[
"misunderstands oral culture",
"doubts the Americans to read more",
"encourages the Americans to read more",
"agrees to the solution to present problem in reading"
] | The author of the passage _ . | For the first time in modern history,less than half of the U.S.adult population now reads literature,according to a recent survey.Reading at Risk A Survey of Lilerary Reading in America presents a detailed review of the decline of reading's role in the nation's culture.
Reading at Risk is a survey of national fashion in adult literary reading.The data souree for Reading at Risk is as reliable and objectiveas any such survey can be.The key results of the survey are presented in the "Surnmary",but the report can be further exploined as:literary teading in America is not only declining rapidly among all groups,but the rate of decling has been speeded up,especially among the young.Reading at Risk merely shows a great cultural change that most Americans have already noted-our society's great turn to clectronic media for entertainment and information.
Reading a book requires a degree of active attention and devotion.Indced,reading itself is a progressive skillo that depends on years of cducation nand practice.On the contrary,most electronic media such as television,recordings,and radio make fewer demands on their audiences,and indced require no more than passive participation.While oral culture has a rich reality and electronic media offer the commdenbic atteation of variety.print culture affords irreplaceable forms of focused and thought than make varicen communications and views possible.The deline in reading.thenfore ,equals a larger retreatfrom participation in public and culutural life.
What is to be done?There is surely no single solution to the pretent problem.just as there is no single cause.The important thing now is to underwand that America can no longer take active and devoted reading for granted.
Reading is not a timeless,common ability.As more Americans love thus ability.out nation becomes less informed,active ,and independent minded.There are not speakeras that a free, inventive,or productive society can afford to love. | 3290.txt | 2 |
[
"The problems faced by leaders",
"How leadership differs in small and large groups",
"How social groups determine who will lead them",
"The role of leaders in social groups"
] | What does the passage mainly discuss? | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 3 |
[
"recruitment",
"formal election process",
"specific leadership training",
"traditional cultural patterns"
] | The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 2 |
[
"few people qualify as \"natural leaders\"",
"there is no proof that \"natural leaders\" exist",
"\"natural leaders' are easily accepted by the members of a social group",
"\"natural leaders\" share a similar set of characteristics"
] | In mentioning "natural leaders" in line 9, the author is making the point that | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 1 |
[
"A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.",
"Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.",
"A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.",
"Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications."
] | Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2? | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 0 |
[
"ensuring harmonious relationships",
"sharing responsibility with group members",
"identifying new leaders",
"achieving a goal"
] | The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 3 |
[
"necessary",
"typical",
"group",
"particular"
] | The word "collective" in line 17 is closest in meaning to | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 2 |
[
"expressive leaders",
"goals of the group",
"group members",
"tension and conflict"
] | The word "them" in line 19 refers to | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 2 |
[
"distant",
"enthusiastic",
"unreliable",
"personal"
] | A "secondary relationship" mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 0 |
[
"avoid repeating",
"talk about",
"avoid thinking about",
"find a solution for"
] | The word "resolve" in line 27 is closest in meaning to | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 3 |
[
"examples that illustrate a problem",
"cause and effect analysis",
"narration of events",
"comparison and contrast"
] | Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of | According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. | 4258.txt | 3 |
[
"usually intelligent and wise",
"usually very religious",
"less likely to get heart diseases",
"not likely to be mistreated by others"
] | According to the author, people with trusting hearts are ________. | For well over 2000 years the world's great religions have taught the virtues of a trusting heart. Now there is another reason to merit the wisdom of the ages: scientific evidence indicates that those with trusting hearts will live longer, healthier lives.
As a result of the work published in the 1970s by two pioneering heart specialists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, nearly every American is aware that blood Type. A people are impatient, and easily moved to hostility and anger. Many have come to believe that Type As are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others.
The driving force behind hostility is a cynical mistrust of others. If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed. This generates anger and leads us to respond with hostility.
The most characteristic attitude of a cynic is being suspicious of the motives of people he doesn't know. Imagine you are waiting for an elevator and it stops two floors above for longer than usual. How inconsiderate You think. In a few seconds, you have drawn hostile conclusions about unseen people and their motives.
Meanwhile, your cynical mistrust is leading to noticeable physical consequences. Your voice rises. The rate and depth of your breathing increases. Your heart is beating faster and harder, and the muscles of your arms and legs become tight. You feel "charged up", ready for action.
If you frequently experience these feelings, you may be at increased risk of developing serious health problems. Anger can add to the risk of heart and other diseases. | 3013.txt | 2 |
[
"friendliness and hostility",
"trust and mistrust of people",
"heart diseases and death rate",
"people's characters and their blood types"
] | The book by Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman most probably discusses ________. | For well over 2000 years the world's great religions have taught the virtues of a trusting heart. Now there is another reason to merit the wisdom of the ages: scientific evidence indicates that those with trusting hearts will live longer, healthier lives.
As a result of the work published in the 1970s by two pioneering heart specialists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, nearly every American is aware that blood Type. A people are impatient, and easily moved to hostility and anger. Many have come to believe that Type As are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others.
The driving force behind hostility is a cynical mistrust of others. If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed. This generates anger and leads us to respond with hostility.
The most characteristic attitude of a cynic is being suspicious of the motives of people he doesn't know. Imagine you are waiting for an elevator and it stops two floors above for longer than usual. How inconsiderate You think. In a few seconds, you have drawn hostile conclusions about unseen people and their motives.
Meanwhile, your cynical mistrust is leading to noticeable physical consequences. Your voice rises. The rate and depth of your breathing increases. Your heart is beating faster and harder, and the muscles of your arms and legs become tight. You feel "charged up", ready for action.
If you frequently experience these feelings, you may be at increased risk of developing serious health problems. Anger can add to the risk of heart and other diseases. | 3013.txt | 3 |
[
"to be disappointing",
"to be pleasing",
"to be wrong",
"to be so"
] | According to the passage, if you have a fixed idea in mind that people will mistreat you, you will always find it ________. | For well over 2000 years the world's great religions have taught the virtues of a trusting heart. Now there is another reason to merit the wisdom of the ages: scientific evidence indicates that those with trusting hearts will live longer, healthier lives.
As a result of the work published in the 1970s by two pioneering heart specialists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, nearly every American is aware that blood Type. A people are impatient, and easily moved to hostility and anger. Many have come to believe that Type As are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others.
The driving force behind hostility is a cynical mistrust of others. If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed. This generates anger and leads us to respond with hostility.
The most characteristic attitude of a cynic is being suspicious of the motives of people he doesn't know. Imagine you are waiting for an elevator and it stops two floors above for longer than usual. How inconsiderate You think. In a few seconds, you have drawn hostile conclusions about unseen people and their motives.
Meanwhile, your cynical mistrust is leading to noticeable physical consequences. Your voice rises. The rate and depth of your breathing increases. Your heart is beating faster and harder, and the muscles of your arms and legs become tight. You feel "charged up", ready for action.
If you frequently experience these feelings, you may be at increased risk of developing serious health problems. Anger can add to the risk of heart and other diseases. | 3013.txt | 3 |
[
"who is always ready to fight",
"who usually has doubts about the people around him",
"whose behaviour usually leads to serious health problems",
"whose behaviour usually seems strange to the people he knows"
] | A cynic, in the passage, is a person ________. | For well over 2000 years the world's great religions have taught the virtues of a trusting heart. Now there is another reason to merit the wisdom of the ages: scientific evidence indicates that those with trusting hearts will live longer, healthier lives.
As a result of the work published in the 1970s by two pioneering heart specialists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, nearly every American is aware that blood Type. A people are impatient, and easily moved to hostility and anger. Many have come to believe that Type As are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others.
The driving force behind hostility is a cynical mistrust of others. If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed. This generates anger and leads us to respond with hostility.
The most characteristic attitude of a cynic is being suspicious of the motives of people he doesn't know. Imagine you are waiting for an elevator and it stops two floors above for longer than usual. How inconsiderate You think. In a few seconds, you have drawn hostile conclusions about unseen people and their motives.
Meanwhile, your cynical mistrust is leading to noticeable physical consequences. Your voice rises. The rate and depth of your breathing increases. Your heart is beating faster and harder, and the muscles of your arms and legs become tight. You feel "charged up", ready for action.
If you frequently experience these feelings, you may be at increased risk of developing serious health problems. Anger can add to the risk of heart and other diseases. | 3013.txt | 2 |
[
"advise people to be patient",
"analyze the danger of heart diseases",
"persuade people to be trustful",
"praise the wisdom of the old people"
] | The author's intention in writing the passage is to ________. | For well over 2000 years the world's great religions have taught the virtues of a trusting heart. Now there is another reason to merit the wisdom of the ages: scientific evidence indicates that those with trusting hearts will live longer, healthier lives.
As a result of the work published in the 1970s by two pioneering heart specialists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, nearly every American is aware that blood Type. A people are impatient, and easily moved to hostility and anger. Many have come to believe that Type As are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others.
The driving force behind hostility is a cynical mistrust of others. If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed. This generates anger and leads us to respond with hostility.
The most characteristic attitude of a cynic is being suspicious of the motives of people he doesn't know. Imagine you are waiting for an elevator and it stops two floors above for longer than usual. How inconsiderate You think. In a few seconds, you have drawn hostile conclusions about unseen people and their motives.
Meanwhile, your cynical mistrust is leading to noticeable physical consequences. Your voice rises. The rate and depth of your breathing increases. Your heart is beating faster and harder, and the muscles of your arms and legs become tight. You feel "charged up", ready for action.
If you frequently experience these feelings, you may be at increased risk of developing serious health problems. Anger can add to the risk of heart and other diseases. | 3013.txt | 2 |
[
"was an unrealistic place for relaxation",
"generated more stress than the workplace",
"was an ideal place for stress measurement",
"offered greater relaxation than the workplace"
] | According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home _____. | A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. "It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with
complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they're your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate. | 4197.txt | 3 |
[
"Working mothers.",
"Childless husbands.",
"Childless wives.",
"Working fathers."
] | According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home? | A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. "It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with
complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they're your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate. | 4197.txt | 1 |
[
"they are both bread winners and housewives",
"their home is also a place for kicking back",
"there is often much housework left behind",
"it is difficult for them to leave their office"
] | The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that _____. | A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. "It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with
complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they're your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate. | 4197.txt | 0 |
[
"energy",
"skills",
"earnings",
"nutrition"
] | The word " moola" (Line 4, Para. 4) most probably means _____. | A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. "It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with
complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they're your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate. | 4197.txt | 2 |
[
"home is hardly a cozier working environment",
"division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut",
"household tasks are generally more motivating",
"family labor is often adequately rewarded"
] | The home front differs from the workplace in that _____. | A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. "It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with
complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they're your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate. | 4197.txt | 1 |
[
"telling the location of your child",
"telling doctors your child's medical history",
"telling whether your child needs immediate help",
"telling the rescue workers which medicine your child should take at once"
] | A chip is able to do the following EXCEPT _ | It's 10 p.m. You may not know where your child is. but the chip does.
The chip will also know if your child has fallen and needs immediate help. Once paramedics arrive ,the chip will also be able to tell the rescue workers which drugs little Johnny or Janic is allergic to.At the hospital,the chip will tell doctors his or her complete medical history.
And of counse ,when you arrive to pick up your child , settling the hospital bill with your health insurance policy will be a simple matter of waving your own chip -the one embedded in your hand .
To some ,this may sound far-fetched .But the technology for such chips is no longer the stuff of science fiction,And it may soon offer many other benefits besides locating lost childen or elderly Alzheimer patients.
"Down the line ,it could be used as credit cards and such ,"says Chris Hables Gray , a professor of cultural studies of science and technology at the University of Great Falls in Montana,"A lot of people won't have to carry wallets anymore ,"he says,"what the implications are for this technology,in the long run,is profound."
Indeed, some are aleady wondering what this sort of technology may do to the sense of personal privacy and liberty.
" Any technology of this kind is easily abusive of personal privacy." says Lee Tien,senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation." If a kind is trackable,do you want other people to be able to track your kid?It's a double-edged sword."
Tiny Chips That Know Your Name
The research of embedding microchips isn't entirely new.Back in 1988,Brian Warwick,a professor of cybernetics at Reading University in London,implanted a chip into his arm as an experiment to see if Warwick's computer could wirelessly track his whereabouts with the university's building.
But Applied Digital Solutions,Inc,in Palm Beach,Fla. is one of the latest to try and push the experments beyond the realm of academic research and into the hands--and bodies--of ordinary humans.
The company says it has recently applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to begin testing its VeriChip device in humans.About the size of a grain of rice,the microchip can be encoded with bits of information and implanted in humans under a layer of skin.When scanned by a nearby reader,the embedded chip yields the data--say an ID number that links to a computer database file containing more detailed information.
Chipping Blocks
Most embedded chips designs are so-called passive chip which yield information only when scanned by a nearby reader.But active chips--such as the proposed Digital Angel of the future--will need to beam out information all the time.And that means designers will have to develop some sort of power source that can provide a continuous source of energy ,yet be small enough to be embedded with the chips.
Another additional barrier,developing tiny GPS receiver chips that cuold be embedded yet still be sensitive enough to receive signals from thousnads of miles out in space.In addition to technical hurdles, many suspect that all sorts of legal and privacy issues would have to be cleared as well. | 858.txt | 3 |
[
"one who is trained to assist a doctor",
"one who drives the ambulance",
"an ambulance",
"a disease"
] | The word" paramedic" refers to _ | It's 10 p.m. You may not know where your child is. but the chip does.
The chip will also know if your child has fallen and needs immediate help. Once paramedics arrive ,the chip will also be able to tell the rescue workers which drugs little Johnny or Janic is allergic to.At the hospital,the chip will tell doctors his or her complete medical history.
And of counse ,when you arrive to pick up your child , settling the hospital bill with your health insurance policy will be a simple matter of waving your own chip -the one embedded in your hand .
To some ,this may sound far-fetched .But the technology for such chips is no longer the stuff of science fiction,And it may soon offer many other benefits besides locating lost childen or elderly Alzheimer patients.
"Down the line ,it could be used as credit cards and such ,"says Chris Hables Gray , a professor of cultural studies of science and technology at the University of Great Falls in Montana,"A lot of people won't have to carry wallets anymore ,"he says,"what the implications are for this technology,in the long run,is profound."
Indeed, some are aleady wondering what this sort of technology may do to the sense of personal privacy and liberty.
" Any technology of this kind is easily abusive of personal privacy." says Lee Tien,senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation." If a kind is trackable,do you want other people to be able to track your kid?It's a double-edged sword."
Tiny Chips That Know Your Name
The research of embedding microchips isn't entirely new.Back in 1988,Brian Warwick,a professor of cybernetics at Reading University in London,implanted a chip into his arm as an experiment to see if Warwick's computer could wirelessly track his whereabouts with the university's building.
But Applied Digital Solutions,Inc,in Palm Beach,Fla. is one of the latest to try and push the experments beyond the realm of academic research and into the hands--and bodies--of ordinary humans.
The company says it has recently applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to begin testing its VeriChip device in humans.About the size of a grain of rice,the microchip can be encoded with bits of information and implanted in humans under a layer of skin.When scanned by a nearby reader,the embedded chip yields the data--say an ID number that links to a computer database file containing more detailed information.
Chipping Blocks
Most embedded chips designs are so-called passive chip which yield information only when scanned by a nearby reader.But active chips--such as the proposed Digital Angel of the future--will need to beam out information all the time.And that means designers will have to develop some sort of power source that can provide a continuous source of energy ,yet be small enough to be embedded with the chips.
Another additional barrier,developing tiny GPS receiver chips that cuold be embedded yet still be sensitive enough to receive signals from thousnads of miles out in space.In addition to technical hurdles, many suspect that all sorts of legal and privacy issues would have to be cleared as well. | 858.txt | 0 |
[
"it can help people a lot in their daily life",
"it is easily abusive if personal privacy",
"it is easily abusive if personal liberty",
"it is a double-edged sword"
] | The implications for chip technology are proound because _ | It's 10 p.m. You may not know where your child is. but the chip does.
The chip will also know if your child has fallen and needs immediate help. Once paramedics arrive ,the chip will also be able to tell the rescue workers which drugs little Johnny or Janic is allergic to.At the hospital,the chip will tell doctors his or her complete medical history.
And of counse ,when you arrive to pick up your child , settling the hospital bill with your health insurance policy will be a simple matter of waving your own chip -the one embedded in your hand .
To some ,this may sound far-fetched .But the technology for such chips is no longer the stuff of science fiction,And it may soon offer many other benefits besides locating lost childen or elderly Alzheimer patients.
"Down the line ,it could be used as credit cards and such ,"says Chris Hables Gray , a professor of cultural studies of science and technology at the University of Great Falls in Montana,"A lot of people won't have to carry wallets anymore ,"he says,"what the implications are for this technology,in the long run,is profound."
Indeed, some are aleady wondering what this sort of technology may do to the sense of personal privacy and liberty.
" Any technology of this kind is easily abusive of personal privacy." says Lee Tien,senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation." If a kind is trackable,do you want other people to be able to track your kid?It's a double-edged sword."
Tiny Chips That Know Your Name
The research of embedding microchips isn't entirely new.Back in 1988,Brian Warwick,a professor of cybernetics at Reading University in London,implanted a chip into his arm as an experiment to see if Warwick's computer could wirelessly track his whereabouts with the university's building.
But Applied Digital Solutions,Inc,in Palm Beach,Fla. is one of the latest to try and push the experments beyond the realm of academic research and into the hands--and bodies--of ordinary humans.
The company says it has recently applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to begin testing its VeriChip device in humans.About the size of a grain of rice,the microchip can be encoded with bits of information and implanted in humans under a layer of skin.When scanned by a nearby reader,the embedded chip yields the data--say an ID number that links to a computer database file containing more detailed information.
Chipping Blocks
Most embedded chips designs are so-called passive chip which yield information only when scanned by a nearby reader.But active chips--such as the proposed Digital Angel of the future--will need to beam out information all the time.And that means designers will have to develop some sort of power source that can provide a continuous source of energy ,yet be small enough to be embedded with the chips.
Another additional barrier,developing tiny GPS receiver chips that cuold be embedded yet still be sensitive enough to receive signals from thousnads of miles out in space.In addition to technical hurdles, many suspect that all sorts of legal and privacy issues would have to be cleared as well. | 858.txt | 3 |
[
"It has recently implanted a chip into Professor Brian Warwick's arm.",
"It has recently pushed the expermients into the realm of academic research.",
"It has recently made the research of embedding microchips.",
"It has recently applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to test its VeriChip device in humans."
] | What has Applied Digital Solutions,Inc,recently done? | It's 10 p.m. You may not know where your child is. but the chip does.
The chip will also know if your child has fallen and needs immediate help. Once paramedics arrive ,the chip will also be able to tell the rescue workers which drugs little Johnny or Janic is allergic to.At the hospital,the chip will tell doctors his or her complete medical history.
And of counse ,when you arrive to pick up your child , settling the hospital bill with your health insurance policy will be a simple matter of waving your own chip -the one embedded in your hand .
To some ,this may sound far-fetched .But the technology for such chips is no longer the stuff of science fiction,And it may soon offer many other benefits besides locating lost childen or elderly Alzheimer patients.
"Down the line ,it could be used as credit cards and such ,"says Chris Hables Gray , a professor of cultural studies of science and technology at the University of Great Falls in Montana,"A lot of people won't have to carry wallets anymore ,"he says,"what the implications are for this technology,in the long run,is profound."
Indeed, some are aleady wondering what this sort of technology may do to the sense of personal privacy and liberty.
" Any technology of this kind is easily abusive of personal privacy." says Lee Tien,senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation." If a kind is trackable,do you want other people to be able to track your kid?It's a double-edged sword."
Tiny Chips That Know Your Name
The research of embedding microchips isn't entirely new.Back in 1988,Brian Warwick,a professor of cybernetics at Reading University in London,implanted a chip into his arm as an experiment to see if Warwick's computer could wirelessly track his whereabouts with the university's building.
But Applied Digital Solutions,Inc,in Palm Beach,Fla. is one of the latest to try and push the experments beyond the realm of academic research and into the hands--and bodies--of ordinary humans.
The company says it has recently applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to begin testing its VeriChip device in humans.About the size of a grain of rice,the microchip can be encoded with bits of information and implanted in humans under a layer of skin.When scanned by a nearby reader,the embedded chip yields the data--say an ID number that links to a computer database file containing more detailed information.
Chipping Blocks
Most embedded chips designs are so-called passive chip which yield information only when scanned by a nearby reader.But active chips--such as the proposed Digital Angel of the future--will need to beam out information all the time.And that means designers will have to develop some sort of power source that can provide a continuous source of energy ,yet be small enough to be embedded with the chips.
Another additional barrier,developing tiny GPS receiver chips that cuold be embedded yet still be sensitive enough to receive signals from thousnads of miles out in space.In addition to technical hurdles, many suspect that all sorts of legal and privacy issues would have to be cleared as well. | 858.txt | 3 |
[
"two",
"three",
"four",
"five"
] | To produce active chips,the problems designers need to solve are as many as _ | It's 10 p.m. You may not know where your child is. but the chip does.
The chip will also know if your child has fallen and needs immediate help. Once paramedics arrive ,the chip will also be able to tell the rescue workers which drugs little Johnny or Janic is allergic to.At the hospital,the chip will tell doctors his or her complete medical history.
And of counse ,when you arrive to pick up your child , settling the hospital bill with your health insurance policy will be a simple matter of waving your own chip -the one embedded in your hand .
To some ,this may sound far-fetched .But the technology for such chips is no longer the stuff of science fiction,And it may soon offer many other benefits besides locating lost childen or elderly Alzheimer patients.
"Down the line ,it could be used as credit cards and such ,"says Chris Hables Gray , a professor of cultural studies of science and technology at the University of Great Falls in Montana,"A lot of people won't have to carry wallets anymore ,"he says,"what the implications are for this technology,in the long run,is profound."
Indeed, some are aleady wondering what this sort of technology may do to the sense of personal privacy and liberty.
" Any technology of this kind is easily abusive of personal privacy." says Lee Tien,senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation." If a kind is trackable,do you want other people to be able to track your kid?It's a double-edged sword."
Tiny Chips That Know Your Name
The research of embedding microchips isn't entirely new.Back in 1988,Brian Warwick,a professor of cybernetics at Reading University in London,implanted a chip into his arm as an experiment to see if Warwick's computer could wirelessly track his whereabouts with the university's building.
But Applied Digital Solutions,Inc,in Palm Beach,Fla. is one of the latest to try and push the experments beyond the realm of academic research and into the hands--and bodies--of ordinary humans.
The company says it has recently applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to begin testing its VeriChip device in humans.About the size of a grain of rice,the microchip can be encoded with bits of information and implanted in humans under a layer of skin.When scanned by a nearby reader,the embedded chip yields the data--say an ID number that links to a computer database file containing more detailed information.
Chipping Blocks
Most embedded chips designs are so-called passive chip which yield information only when scanned by a nearby reader.But active chips--such as the proposed Digital Angel of the future--will need to beam out information all the time.And that means designers will have to develop some sort of power source that can provide a continuous source of energy ,yet be small enough to be embedded with the chips.
Another additional barrier,developing tiny GPS receiver chips that cuold be embedded yet still be sensitive enough to receive signals from thousnads of miles out in space.In addition to technical hurdles, many suspect that all sorts of legal and privacy issues would have to be cleared as well. | 858.txt | 2 |
[
"he worked at a nuclear-power plant",
"there was something wrong with the monitors",
"he lived in a house in the countryside",
"his house was built on a uranium-beating rock"
] | It was because_ that Stanley Watras was carrying six times more radiation than normal. | Like everyone else working at the Limerick nuclear-power plant，Stanley Watras had to pass through the monitors before leaving the buildin9.Most of his co-workers.passed through without a problem，but Watras，an engineer，continually set off alarms.Some days he was found to be carrying six times more radiation than normal.
Neither Watras nor his co-workers could understand where he was picking it up.
Then one day Watras went through the door at Limerick and turned and walked back through the monitors without ever entering the power block.Yet the machines still said he was carrying radiation."If I wasn't picking up radiation at work,there was only one place it could be coming from：my house."
When scientists came to test the Watrases'home in the countryside，they found out what was the matter.The house contained so much radon that living in it for a year was like being exposed to 260，000 chest X-rays.In the year the Watrases had spent there，they had increased their chances of getting lung cancer by 13 or 14 percent.
The next day the Watrases took down their Christmas tree，put their clothes in some bags and moved into a nearby hotel."It was terrible，"says Watras.
The owner of the Limerick plant took charge of dealing with the Watrases'radon problem as an experiment.Scientists studied every comer of the house.When the ground was dug up，they found that under the house there was a uranium -beating rock. | 1870.txt | 3 |
[
"only whell Watras was leaving the building",
"whenever Watras's co-workers were leaving the building",
"only when Watras was passing through one day",
"whenever Watras was passing through.Them"
] | The monitors at the gates of the plant building gave alarms_ . | Like everyone else working at the Limerick nuclear-power plant，Stanley Watras had to pass through the monitors before leaving the buildin9.Most of his co-workers.passed through without a problem，but Watras，an engineer，continually set off alarms.Some days he was found to be carrying six times more radiation than normal.
Neither Watras nor his co-workers could understand where he was picking it up.
Then one day Watras went through the door at Limerick and turned and walked back through the monitors without ever entering the power block.Yet the machines still said he was carrying radiation."If I wasn't picking up radiation at work,there was only one place it could be coming from：my house."
When scientists came to test the Watrases'home in the countryside，they found out what was the matter.The house contained so much radon that living in it for a year was like being exposed to 260，000 chest X-rays.In the year the Watrases had spent there，they had increased their chances of getting lung cancer by 13 or 14 percent.
The next day the Watrases took down their Christmas tree，put their clothes in some bags and moved into a nearby hotel."It was terrible，"says Watras.
The owner of the Limerick plant took charge of dealing with the Watrases'radon problem as an experiment.Scientists studied every comer of the house.When the ground was dug up，they found that under the house there was a uranium -beating rock. | 1870.txt | 3 |
[
"he always set off alarms when passing through the monitors",
"most of his co-workers passed through the monitors without problem",
"he proved one day he wasn't picking up.radiation at work",
"scientists found out his house contained radiation"
] | Watras understood he was picking up radiation at.home as_ . | Like everyone else working at the Limerick nuclear-power plant，Stanley Watras had to pass through the monitors before leaving the buildin9.Most of his co-workers.passed through without a problem，but Watras，an engineer，continually set off alarms.Some days he was found to be carrying six times more radiation than normal.
Neither Watras nor his co-workers could understand where he was picking it up.
Then one day Watras went through the door at Limerick and turned and walked back through the monitors without ever entering the power block.Yet the machines still said he was carrying radiation."If I wasn't picking up radiation at work,there was only one place it could be coming from：my house."
When scientists came to test the Watrases'home in the countryside，they found out what was the matter.The house contained so much radon that living in it for a year was like being exposed to 260，000 chest X-rays.In the year the Watrases had spent there，they had increased their chances of getting lung cancer by 13 or 14 percent.
The next day the Watrases took down their Christmas tree，put their clothes in some bags and moved into a nearby hotel."It was terrible，"says Watras.
The owner of the Limerick plant took charge of dealing with the Watrases'radon problem as an experiment.Scientists studied every comer of the house.When the ground was dug up，they found that under the house there was a uranium -beating rock. | 1870.txt | 2 |
[
"lack intelligence",
"are destructive",
"need considerable care",
"demand affection"
] | Pets are sometimes criticized because they _ . | The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe.For every tale of shredded cushion，flattened plants，and chew slippers，there is another testimony of intelligence，sympathy and undying devotion.Now the gowing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet owners have always intuitively known that pets are not just loving companions but actually do us good.Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring humans，particularly when ill，lonely or in distress.Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is something we don't always get from out human nearest and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding psychology leads many of us to view very close relationships with pets with suspicion.Childless couples in particular give rise to speculation，but a consultant in animal behavior says，"There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute for child."And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their pets，they have no need to.The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is notun healthy.-simply a way of establishing camaraderie.
The shaking helplessness of a young puppy or fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of instilling a sense of responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and death.Hut animals don't have to besoft and fond to bring out the best in us.A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets-"if handled correctly they respond with friendship；if incorrectly they bite."
There seems to be no doubt that，emotionally and physically,our pets do us good-there is a Drice to be paid.When loved animal dies，it is often a traumatic event-and then where do we tum for comfort? | 1629.txt | 1 |
[
"supported by research",
"encouraged by psychologists",
"an argument for keeping a pet",
"a common prejudice"
] | The idea that animals are a substitute for children is _ . | The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe.For every tale of shredded cushion，flattened plants，and chew slippers，there is another testimony of intelligence，sympathy and undying devotion.Now the gowing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet owners have always intuitively known that pets are not just loving companions but actually do us good.Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring humans，particularly when ill，lonely or in distress.Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is something we don't always get from out human nearest and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding psychology leads many of us to view very close relationships with pets with suspicion.Childless couples in particular give rise to speculation，but a consultant in animal behavior says，"There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute for child."And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their pets，they have no need to.The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is notun healthy.-simply a way of establishing camaraderie.
The shaking helplessness of a young puppy or fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of instilling a sense of responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and death.Hut animals don't have to besoft and fond to bring out the best in us.A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets-"if handled correctly they respond with friendship；if incorrectly they bite."
There seems to be no doubt that，emotionally and physically,our pets do us good-there is a Drice to be paid.When loved animal dies，it is often a traumatic event-and then where do we tum for comfort? | 1629.txt | 3 |
[
"silly",
"suspicious",
"beneficial",
"stimulating"
] | Talking to animals is _ . | The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe.For every tale of shredded cushion，flattened plants，and chew slippers，there is another testimony of intelligence，sympathy and undying devotion.Now the gowing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet owners have always intuitively known that pets are not just loving companions but actually do us good.Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring humans，particularly when ill，lonely or in distress.Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is something we don't always get from out human nearest and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding psychology leads many of us to view very close relationships with pets with suspicion.Childless couples in particular give rise to speculation，but a consultant in animal behavior says，"There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute for child."And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their pets，they have no need to.The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is notun healthy.-simply a way of establishing camaraderie.
The shaking helplessness of a young puppy or fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of instilling a sense of responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and death.Hut animals don't have to besoft and fond to bring out the best in us.A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets-"if handled correctly they respond with friendship；if incorrectly they bite."
There seems to be no doubt that，emotionally and physically,our pets do us good-there is a Drice to be paid.When loved animal dies，it is often a traumatic event-and then where do we tum for comfort? | 1629.txt | 2 |
[
"tame animal",
"fierce anitaal",
"lovely animal",
"tamable animal"
] | A ferret is probably a kind of _ . | The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe.For every tale of shredded cushion，flattened plants，and chew slippers，there is another testimony of intelligence，sympathy and undying devotion.Now the gowing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet owners have always intuitively known that pets are not just loving companions but actually do us good.Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring humans，particularly when ill，lonely or in distress.Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is something we don't always get from out human nearest and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding psychology leads many of us to view very close relationships with pets with suspicion.Childless couples in particular give rise to speculation，but a consultant in animal behavior says，"There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute for child."And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their pets，they have no need to.The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is notun healthy.-simply a way of establishing camaraderie.
The shaking helplessness of a young puppy or fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of instilling a sense of responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and death.Hut animals don't have to besoft and fond to bring out the best in us.A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets-"if handled correctly they respond with friendship；if incorrectly they bite."
There seems to be no doubt that，emotionally and physically,our pets do us good-there is a Drice to be paid.When loved animal dies，it is often a traumatic event-and then where do we tum for comfort? | 1629.txt | 1 |
[
"return affection",
"are comforting",
"need looking after",
"are protective"
] | The writer believes that pets are valuable to children because they _ . | The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe.For every tale of shredded cushion，flattened plants，and chew slippers，there is another testimony of intelligence，sympathy and undying devotion.Now the gowing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet owners have always intuitively known that pets are not just loving companions but actually do us good.Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring humans，particularly when ill，lonely or in distress.Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is something we don't always get from out human nearest and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding psychology leads many of us to view very close relationships with pets with suspicion.Childless couples in particular give rise to speculation，but a consultant in animal behavior says，"There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute for child."And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their pets，they have no need to.The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is notun healthy.-simply a way of establishing camaraderie.
The shaking helplessness of a young puppy or fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of instilling a sense of responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and death.Hut animals don't have to besoft and fond to bring out the best in us.A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets-"if handled correctly they respond with friendship；if incorrectly they bite."
There seems to be no doubt that，emotionally and physically,our pets do us good-there is a Drice to be paid.When loved animal dies，it is often a traumatic event-and then where do we tum for comfort? | 1629.txt | 2 |
[
"The Age of Reason",
"The need for Independent Thinking",
"The Value of Reason",
"Stirring People's Minds"
] | The best title for this passage is | The Importance of Independent Thinking
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that asa thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself,than by the true opinions of those who only hold them becausethey do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, ofchiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking isrequired. One the contrary, it is as much or even moreindispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capableof. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mentalslavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually activepeople. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacitconvention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questionswhich can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally highscale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never whencontroversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm wasthe mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised evenpersons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, andno one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of theopposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferringeither opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless shecontents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the worldthe side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat thearguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompaniedby what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bringthem into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons whoactually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She mustknow them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of thedifficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will neverreally possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine ina hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can arguefluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything theyknow; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differentlyform them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. | 224.txt | 1 |
[
"have opinions which cannot be refuted.",
"adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.",
"be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,",
"suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches."
] | According to the author, it is always advisable to | The Importance of Independent Thinking
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that asa thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself,than by the true opinions of those who only hold them becausethey do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, ofchiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking isrequired. One the contrary, it is as much or even moreindispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capableof. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mentalslavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually activepeople. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacitconvention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questionswhich can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally highscale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never whencontroversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm wasthe mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised evenpersons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, andno one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of theopposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferringeither opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless shecontents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the worldthe side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat thearguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompaniedby what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bringthem into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons whoactually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She mustknow them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of thedifficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will neverreally possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine ina hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can arguefluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything theyknow; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differentlyform them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. | 224.txt | 2 |
[
"acceptance of truth",
"controversy over principles",
"inordinate enthusiasm",
"a dread of heterodox speculation"
] | According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find | The Importance of Independent Thinking
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that asa thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself,than by the true opinions of those who only hold them becausethey do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, ofchiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking isrequired. One the contrary, it is as much or even moreindispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capableof. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mentalslavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually activepeople. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacitconvention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questionswhich can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally highscale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never whencontroversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm wasthe mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised evenpersons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, andno one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of theopposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferringeither opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless shecontents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the worldthe side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat thearguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompaniedby what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bringthem into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons whoactually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She mustknow them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of thedifficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will neverreally possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine ina hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can arguefluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything theyknow; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differentlyform them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. | 224.txt | 1 |
[
"enslaved by tradition",
"less than fully rational",
"determinded on controversy",
"having a closed mind"
] | According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may bedescribed in all of the following ways EXCEPT as | The Importance of Independent Thinking
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that asa thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself,than by the true opinions of those who only hold them becausethey do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, ofchiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking isrequired. One the contrary, it is as much or even moreindispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capableof. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mentalslavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually activepeople. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacitconvention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questionswhich can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally highscale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never whencontroversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm wasthe mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised evenpersons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, andno one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of theopposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferringeither opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless shecontents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the worldthe side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat thearguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompaniedby what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bringthem into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons whoactually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She mustknow them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of thedifficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will neverreally possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine ina hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can arguefluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything theyknow; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differentlyform them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. | 224.txt | 2 |
[
"A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.",
"Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,",
"The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.",
"excessive controversy prevents clear thinking"
] | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which ofthe following statements | The Importance of Independent Thinking
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that asa thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself,than by the true opinions of those who only hold them becausethey do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, ofchiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking isrequired. One the contrary, it is as much or even moreindispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capableof. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mentalslavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually activepeople. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacitconvention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questionswhich can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally highscale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never whencontroversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm wasthe mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised evenpersons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, andno one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of theopposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferringeither opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless shecontents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the worldthe side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat thearguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompaniedby what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bringthem into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons whoactually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She mustknow them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of thedifficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will neverreally possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine ina hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can arguefluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything theyknow; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differentlyform them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. | 224.txt | 1 |
[
"frightening and hurting",
"teasing",
"behaving like a tyrant",
"laughing at"
] | The word "bullying" probably means _ . | Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, "Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!" the bully's parent replied, "You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel."
A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.
When you call parents, you want them to "extract the cruelty" from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. "But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won't believe it." In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.
In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.
Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. | 1065.txt | 0 |
[
"has long existed but changed its content",
"is often done with careful thinking",
"often leads to blaming and misunderstanding",
"is used to warn the child not to do it again"
] | Calling to a bully's parent _ . | Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, "Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!" the bully's parent replied, "You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel."
A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.
When you call parents, you want them to "extract the cruelty" from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. "But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won't believe it." In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.
In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.
Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. | 1065.txt | 2 |
[
"bullying among adults is also rising",
"parents are not supervising their children well",
"parents seldom believe bullies",
"most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying"
] | According to the surveys in the U. S., _ . | Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, "Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!" the bully's parent replied, "You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel."
A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.
When you call parents, you want them to "extract the cruelty" from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. "But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won't believe it." In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.
In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.
Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. | 1065.txt | 1 |
[
"help the bulling child get rid of cruelty",
"resort to the mediator",
"avoid getting too protective",
"resist the temptation of calling"
] | When bullying occurs, parents should _ . | Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, "Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!" the bully's parent replied, "You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel."
A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.
When you call parents, you want them to "extract the cruelty" from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. "But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won't believe it." In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.
In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.
Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. | 1065.txt | 1 |
[
"her son confessed to being wrong",
"she was afraid to annoy the boy's parent",
"he was likely to be affected by these diseases",
"she wanted to teach her own son a lesson"
] | Laura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because _ . | Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, "Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!" the bully's parent replied, "You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel."
A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.
When you call parents, you want them to "extract the cruelty" from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. "But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won't believe it." In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.
In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.
Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. | 1065.txt | 3 |
[
"Most customers won't bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.",
"Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.",
"Few customers believe the service will be improved.",
"Customers have no easy access to store managers."
] | Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints? | High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.
"Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers," said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. "The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement."
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative review. The resulting "snowball effect" can be disastrous to retailers.
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.
The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
"Retailers who're responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren't so friendly," said Professor Stephen Hoch. "Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help."
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. | 1581.txt | 1 |
[
"New customers are bound to replace old ones.",
"It is not likely the shopper can find the same products in other stores.",
"Most stores provide the same kind of service.",
"Not complaining to manager causes the shopper some trouble too."
] | What does Paula Courtney imply by saying "… the shopper must also find a replacement" (Line 2, Para. 4) | High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.
"Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers," said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. "The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement."
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative review. The resulting "snowball effect" can be disastrous to retailers.
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.
The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
"Retailers who're responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren't so friendly," said Professor Stephen Hoch. "Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help."
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. | 1581.txt | 3 |
[
"can stay longer browsing in the store",
"won't have trouble parking their cars",
"won't have any worrier about security",
"can find their cars easily after shopping"
] | Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers _ . | High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.
"Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers," said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. "The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement."
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative review. The resulting "snowball effect" can be disastrous to retailers.
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.
The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
"Retailers who're responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren't so friendly," said Professor Stephen Hoch. "Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help."
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. | 1581.txt | 1 |
[
"Manners of the salespeople.",
"Hiring of efficient employees",
"Huge supply of goods for sale.",
"Design of store layout."
] | What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers? | High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.
"Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers," said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. "The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement."
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative review. The resulting "snowball effect" can be disastrous to retailers.
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.
The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
"Retailers who're responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren't so friendly," said Professor Stephen Hoch. "Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help."
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. | 1581.txt | 0 |
[
"exert pressure on stores to improve their service",
"settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic way",
"voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly",
"shop around and make comparisons between stores"
] | To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to _ . | High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.
"Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers," said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. "The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement."
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative review. The resulting "snowball effect" can be disastrous to retailers.
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.
The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
"Retailers who're responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren't so friendly," said Professor Stephen Hoch. "Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help."
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. | 1581.txt | 2 |
[
"Idiot savants have areas of outstanding abilities.",
"Human Beings have complicated thinking process.",
"The brains of the idiot savants are partly impaired.",
"The reasons why people have wonderful skills vary."
] | What does the passage mainly talk about? | Our brains work in complex and strange ways.There are some people who can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but who cannot add two plus two.Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write.
Dr.J.Langdon Down first described this condition in 1887.He called these people idiot savants.An idiot savant is a person who has significant mental impairment , such as in autism ( ，) or retardation.At the same time, the person also exhibits some extraordinary skills, which are unusual for most people.The skills of the savant may vary from being exceptionally gifted in music or in mathematics, or having a photographic memory.
One of the first descriptions of a human who could calculate quickly was written in 1789 by Dr.Benjamin Rush, an American doctor.His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in1724.It took Thomas only 90 seconds to work out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds.Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write.
Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s.Blind Tom had a vocabulary of only 100 words, but he played 5 ,000 musical pieces beautifully.
In the excellent movie Rain Man, made in 1988 and available on video cassette, Dustin Hoffman plays an idiot savant who amazes his brother played by Tom Cruise, with his ability to perform complex calculations very rapidly.
Today we more clearly recognize that the idiot savant is special because of brain impairment.Yet not all brain impairment leads to savant skills.Some studies have shown that people who have purposeful interruption of the left side of the brain can develop idiot savant skills.However few people wish to participate in such experiments.There are many excellent reasons for not undergoing unnecessary experimentation on one's brain.The term idiot savant is outdated and inappropriate.Virtually all savants have a high degree of intelligence and are thus not idiots. | 1036.txt | 0 |
[
"He can play wonderful pieces of classical music.",
"He can guess out exactly the length of a man's life.",
"He can memorize the contents of the pictures fast.",
"He can count matches dropped on the floor quickly."
] | Which of the following can be done by Rain Man? | Our brains work in complex and strange ways.There are some people who can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but who cannot add two plus two.Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write.
Dr.J.Langdon Down first described this condition in 1887.He called these people idiot savants.An idiot savant is a person who has significant mental impairment , such as in autism ( ，) or retardation.At the same time, the person also exhibits some extraordinary skills, which are unusual for most people.The skills of the savant may vary from being exceptionally gifted in music or in mathematics, or having a photographic memory.
One of the first descriptions of a human who could calculate quickly was written in 1789 by Dr.Benjamin Rush, an American doctor.His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in1724.It took Thomas only 90 seconds to work out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds.Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write.
Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s.Blind Tom had a vocabulary of only 100 words, but he played 5 ,000 musical pieces beautifully.
In the excellent movie Rain Man, made in 1988 and available on video cassette, Dustin Hoffman plays an idiot savant who amazes his brother played by Tom Cruise, with his ability to perform complex calculations very rapidly.
Today we more clearly recognize that the idiot savant is special because of brain impairment.Yet not all brain impairment leads to savant skills.Some studies have shown that people who have purposeful interruption of the left side of the brain can develop idiot savant skills.However few people wish to participate in such experiments.There are many excellent reasons for not undergoing unnecessary experimentation on one's brain.The term idiot savant is outdated and inappropriate.Virtually all savants have a high degree of intelligence and are thus not idiots. | 1036.txt | 3 |
[
"Idiot savants have real talents for art and math.",
"Dr.Down is the first person who found idiot savants.",
"Few people wish to risk becoming savants by brain operations.",
"Intentional left brain impairments will surely lead to idiot savants."
] | What can you infer from the passage? | Our brains work in complex and strange ways.There are some people who can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but who cannot add two plus two.Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write.
Dr.J.Langdon Down first described this condition in 1887.He called these people idiot savants.An idiot savant is a person who has significant mental impairment , such as in autism ( ，) or retardation.At the same time, the person also exhibits some extraordinary skills, which are unusual for most people.The skills of the savant may vary from being exceptionally gifted in music or in mathematics, or having a photographic memory.
One of the first descriptions of a human who could calculate quickly was written in 1789 by Dr.Benjamin Rush, an American doctor.His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in1724.It took Thomas only 90 seconds to work out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds.Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write.
Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s.Blind Tom had a vocabulary of only 100 words, but he played 5 ,000 musical pieces beautifully.
In the excellent movie Rain Man, made in 1988 and available on video cassette, Dustin Hoffman plays an idiot savant who amazes his brother played by Tom Cruise, with his ability to perform complex calculations very rapidly.
Today we more clearly recognize that the idiot savant is special because of brain impairment.Yet not all brain impairment leads to savant skills.Some studies have shown that people who have purposeful interruption of the left side of the brain can develop idiot savant skills.However few people wish to participate in such experiments.There are many excellent reasons for not undergoing unnecessary experimentation on one's brain.The term idiot savant is outdated and inappropriate.Virtually all savants have a high degree of intelligence and are thus not idiots. | 1036.txt | 2 |
[
"a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth.",
"a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.",
"an example of bankers' investment.",
"a handsome reward for researchers."
] | The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as | The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of
peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes-both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. | 517.txt | 0 |
[
"the profit-oriented scientists.",
"the founders of the new award.",
"the achievement-based system.",
"peer-review-led research."
] | The critics think that the new awards will most benefit | The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of
peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes-both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. | 517.txt | 1 |
[
"controversies over the recipients' status.",
"the joint effort of modern researchers.",
"legitimate concerns over the new prizes.",
"the demonstration of research findings."
] | The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves | The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of
peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes-both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. | 517.txt | 3 |
[
"Their endurance has done justice to them.",
"Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.",
"They are the most representative honor.",
"History has never cast doubt on them."
] | According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels? | The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of
peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes-both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. | 517.txt | 0 |
[
"acceptable despite the criticism.",
"harmful to the culture of research.",
"subject to undesirable changes.",
"unworthy of public attention."
] | The author believed that the new awards are | The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of
peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes-both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. | 517.txt | 0 |
[
"eat too much",
"don't work hard",
"waste things",
"throw rubbish everywhere"
] | From the passage we know that some students often _ in the school. | Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I don't agree with them.
Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources, we are short of others, for example, fresh water. It is reported that we will have no coal or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future and where can we move? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.
In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best. | 3424.txt | 2 |
[
"Fresh water.",
"Forest .",
"Oil.",
"Coal."
] | Which is not mentioned in this passage? | Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I don't agree with them.
Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources, we are short of others, for example, fresh water. It is reported that we will have no coal or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future and where can we move? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.
In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best. | 3424.txt | 1 |
[
"We may still have enough oil.",
"We may still have enough coal.",
"We may have a little oil.",
"We may have no coal or oil to use."
] | What may happen in 100 years? | Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I don't agree with them.
Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources, we are short of others, for example, fresh water. It is reported that we will have no coal or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future and where can we move? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.
In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best. | 3424.txt | 3 |
[
"Waste brings problems.",
"Waste can bring no problem.",
"China is rich in fresh water.",
"Students never waste things."
] | Which of the following is right? | Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I don't agree with them.
Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources, we are short of others, for example, fresh water. It is reported that we will have no coal or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future and where can we move? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.
In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best. | 3424.txt | 0 |
[
"Stop Wasting",
"School life",
"Waste in the School",
"Rich Resources in China"
] | Which is the best title of this passage? | Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I don't agree with them.
Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources, we are short of others, for example, fresh water. It is reported that we will have no coal or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future and where can we move? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.
In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best. | 3424.txt | 0 |
[
"People who were born in the early days of China's reform and opening to the outside world.",
"People who like to eat hamburgers and wear foreignbrand clothes.",
"People who admire Bill Gates.",
"People who lack the experience of how to succeed in today'sfast changing world."
] | Which of the following groups of people belongs to China's first McDonald's generation? | Nanning:With the number of college graduates climbing to a record high this year-some 2.12 million are entering the job market,an increase of 670,000,or 46.2 percent,over last year,manypeople are asking if China's first "McDonald's generation",born in the early 1980s,can stand the int ense competition and find a place in the job market.They say this will be a test of both China's job market and its carefree younger generation.
"Do not worry.We'll get whatever we want",they tell each other to ease their own anxiety.
Born in the early days of the country's reform and opening to the outside world,growing up in the market economy,the youngsters,familiar with McDonald's and Mickey Mouse,love to eat hamburgers,and wear foreign brand jeans and Tshirts andworship Bill Gates.Compared with their parents,they enjoy more freedom in looking for a job-and with that freedom come burdens.
These college graduates are seen scouring recruitment information in newspapers and journals,the Internet and job markets nationwide.
Shortly after hotel management major Hao Wenhua,a young woman from Chongqing in Southwest China,failed the recruitment test of a five star hotel in Guilin,South China's Guangxi huang Autonomous Region,She appeared at a job market in Nanning,approximately 300 kilometers from Guilin,looking rather tired.
Many businesses and companies say that they would take on experienced staff rather than the new graduates who are short of the experience of how to succeed in today's fastpaced society. | 3830.txt | 0 |
[
"that there are many chances to find jobs in Guangxi huang Autonomous Region",
"that hotel management is not a good major in college",
"that there is intense competition in the job market",
"that many businesses and companies don't like new college graduates"
] | What can we infer from the story of Hao Wenhua in the passage? We caninfer _ . | Nanning:With the number of college graduates climbing to a record high this year-some 2.12 million are entering the job market,an increase of 670,000,or 46.2 percent,over last year,manypeople are asking if China's first "McDonald's generation",born in the early 1980s,can stand the int ense competition and find a place in the job market.They say this will be a test of both China's job market and its carefree younger generation.
"Do not worry.We'll get whatever we want",they tell each other to ease their own anxiety.
Born in the early days of the country's reform and opening to the outside world,growing up in the market economy,the youngsters,familiar with McDonald's and Mickey Mouse,love to eat hamburgers,and wear foreign brand jeans and Tshirts andworship Bill Gates.Compared with their parents,they enjoy more freedom in looking for a job-and with that freedom come burdens.
These college graduates are seen scouring recruitment information in newspapers and journals,the Internet and job markets nationwide.
Shortly after hotel management major Hao Wenhua,a young woman from Chongqing in Southwest China,failed the recruitment test of a five star hotel in Guilin,South China's Guangxi huang Autonomous Region,She appeared at a job market in Nanning,approximately 300 kilometers from Guilin,looking rather tired.
Many businesses and companies say that they would take on experienced staff rather than the new graduates who are short of the experience of how to succeed in today's fastpaced society. | 3830.txt | 2 |
[
"Fierce Competition in the Job Market.",
"McDonald's Generation Has Grown up.",
"McDonald's Generation Faces Job Hunting.",
"The Number of College Graduates Climbs to the Highest Point."
] | What is the best title for the passage? | Nanning:With the number of college graduates climbing to a record high this year-some 2.12 million are entering the job market,an increase of 670,000,or 46.2 percent,over last year,manypeople are asking if China's first "McDonald's generation",born in the early 1980s,can stand the int ense competition and find a place in the job market.They say this will be a test of both China's job market and its carefree younger generation.
"Do not worry.We'll get whatever we want",they tell each other to ease their own anxiety.
Born in the early days of the country's reform and opening to the outside world,growing up in the market economy,the youngsters,familiar with McDonald's and Mickey Mouse,love to eat hamburgers,and wear foreign brand jeans and Tshirts andworship Bill Gates.Compared with their parents,they enjoy more freedom in looking for a job-and with that freedom come burdens.
These college graduates are seen scouring recruitment information in newspapers and journals,the Internet and job markets nationwide.
Shortly after hotel management major Hao Wenhua,a young woman from Chongqing in Southwest China,failed the recruitment test of a five star hotel in Guilin,South China's Guangxi huang Autonomous Region,She appeared at a job market in Nanning,approximately 300 kilometers from Guilin,looking rather tired.
Many businesses and companies say that they would take on experienced staff rather than the new graduates who are short of the experience of how to succeed in today's fastpaced society. | 3830.txt | 2 |
[
"at 8: 30",
"18 minutes earlier than the north tower",
"at around 9:06",
"at 8:48"
] | From the passage, we know that the south tower was hit by the plane _ . | New York: when the first jet struck, World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the People in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast.
Katherine Hachinski, who had been knocked off her chair by the blast of heat exploding from the neighboring tower, was one of those. Despite her 70 years of age, Ms Hachinski, an architect working on the 91st floor of 2 World Trade Centre, the south tower, went for the stairs. Twelve floors above her, Judy Wein, an executive , screamed and set off too.
But others up and down the 110 floors, many without clear views of the damage across the way and thus unclear about what was happening, were not so sure. And the 18 minutes before the next plane would hit were ticking off.
Amid the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the sound tower instructed people to stay put, assuring them that the building was sound and the threat was limited to the other tower.
Some left, others stayed. Some began to climb down and, when met with more announcements and other cautions to stop or return, went hack up. The decisions made in those instants proved to be of great importance, because many who chose to stay were doomed when the second jet crashed into the south tower, killing many and stranding many more in the floors above where the jet hit.
One of those caught in indecision was the executive at Fuji Bank UAS.
Richard Jacobs of Fuji Bank left the 79th floor with the other office workers, but on the 48th floor they heard the announcement that the situation was under control. Several got in the lifts and went back up, two minutes or so before the plane crashed-into their floor.
"I just don't know what happened to them," Mr. Jacobs said. | 2952.txt | 2 |
[
"the 91st floor",
"the 103rd floor",
"the 60th floor",
"the 79th floor"
] | Which floor was hit by the second jet? | New York: when the first jet struck, World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the People in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast.
Katherine Hachinski, who had been knocked off her chair by the blast of heat exploding from the neighboring tower, was one of those. Despite her 70 years of age, Ms Hachinski, an architect working on the 91st floor of 2 World Trade Centre, the south tower, went for the stairs. Twelve floors above her, Judy Wein, an executive , screamed and set off too.
But others up and down the 110 floors, many without clear views of the damage across the way and thus unclear about what was happening, were not so sure. And the 18 minutes before the next plane would hit were ticking off.
Amid the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the sound tower instructed people to stay put, assuring them that the building was sound and the threat was limited to the other tower.
Some left, others stayed. Some began to climb down and, when met with more announcements and other cautions to stop or return, went hack up. The decisions made in those instants proved to be of great importance, because many who chose to stay were doomed when the second jet crashed into the south tower, killing many and stranding many more in the floors above where the jet hit.
One of those caught in indecision was the executive at Fuji Bank UAS.
Richard Jacobs of Fuji Bank left the 79th floor with the other office workers, but on the 48th floor they heard the announcement that the situation was under control. Several got in the lifts and went back up, two minutes or so before the plane crashed-into their floor.
"I just don't know what happened to them," Mr. Jacobs said. | 2952.txt | 3 |
[
"more announcement had been made",
"people hadn't used the lifts",
"the incident had happened on a weekend",
"the people had obeyed the office rules"
] | Fewer people would have died if _ . | New York: when the first jet struck, World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the People in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast.
Katherine Hachinski, who had been knocked off her chair by the blast of heat exploding from the neighboring tower, was one of those. Despite her 70 years of age, Ms Hachinski, an architect working on the 91st floor of 2 World Trade Centre, the south tower, went for the stairs. Twelve floors above her, Judy Wein, an executive , screamed and set off too.
But others up and down the 110 floors, many without clear views of the damage across the way and thus unclear about what was happening, were not so sure. And the 18 minutes before the next plane would hit were ticking off.
Amid the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the sound tower instructed people to stay put, assuring them that the building was sound and the threat was limited to the other tower.
Some left, others stayed. Some began to climb down and, when met with more announcements and other cautions to stop or return, went hack up. The decisions made in those instants proved to be of great importance, because many who chose to stay were doomed when the second jet crashed into the south tower, killing many and stranding many more in the floors above where the jet hit.
One of those caught in indecision was the executive at Fuji Bank UAS.
Richard Jacobs of Fuji Bank left the 79th floor with the other office workers, but on the 48th floor they heard the announcement that the situation was under control. Several got in the lifts and went back up, two minutes or so before the plane crashed-into their floor.
"I just don't know what happened to them," Mr. Jacobs said. | 2952.txt | 2 |
[
"Face up to difficulties in life",
"Hope to be young again",
"Enjoy life in different age",
"Wish to be grown up"
] | The happiest people should be those who _ . | How often one hears children wishing they were grown-ups and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities. If a child has good parents, he is well fed, looked after and loved. It is unlikely that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child -things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well known. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things or being punished for what he has done wrong. Therefore, a child is not happy as he wishes to be.
When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from discipline of school and parents; but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. With no one to pay for his food, his clothes, or his room, he has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may get himself into trouble. If, however, he works hard,goes by the law and has good health, he may feel satisfied in seeing himself make steady progress in his job and in building up for himself his own position in society.
Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be; but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age comes wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them; and, perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, fell the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving everything to others. | 2752.txt | 2 |
[
"He can not do whatever he wants to",
"He is not allowed to play in rain",
"He has a lot of new things to learn",
"He can not play at the seaside freely"
] | A child has his pains because _ . . | How often one hears children wishing they were grown-ups and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities. If a child has good parents, he is well fed, looked after and loved. It is unlikely that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child -things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well known. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things or being punished for what he has done wrong. Therefore, a child is not happy as he wishes to be.
When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from discipline of school and parents; but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. With no one to pay for his food, his clothes, or his room, he has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may get himself into trouble. If, however, he works hard,goes by the law and has good health, he may feel satisfied in seeing himself make steady progress in his job and in building up for himself his own position in society.
Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be; but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age comes wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them; and, perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, fell the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving everything to others. | 2752.txt | 0 |
[
"live comfortably",
"Take responsibilities",
"Make progress in job",
"Impress the society"
] | When a child becomes a grown-up, he is supposed to _ . | How often one hears children wishing they were grown-ups and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities. If a child has good parents, he is well fed, looked after and loved. It is unlikely that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child -things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well known. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things or being punished for what he has done wrong. Therefore, a child is not happy as he wishes to be.
When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from discipline of school and parents; but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. With no one to pay for his food, his clothes, or his room, he has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may get himself into trouble. If, however, he works hard,goes by the law and has good health, he may feel satisfied in seeing himself make steady progress in his job and in building up for himself his own position in society.
Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be; but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age comes wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them; and, perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, fell the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving everything to others. | 2752.txt | 1 |
[
"Pains and Ages",
"Differences in Ages",
"The Best Age to Be",
"Happiness and Ages"
] | The best title of the passage might be _ . | How often one hears children wishing they were grown-ups and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities. If a child has good parents, he is well fed, looked after and loved. It is unlikely that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child -things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well known. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things or being punished for what he has done wrong. Therefore, a child is not happy as he wishes to be.
When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from discipline of school and parents; but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. With no one to pay for his food, his clothes, or his room, he has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may get himself into trouble. If, however, he works hard,goes by the law and has good health, he may feel satisfied in seeing himself make steady progress in his job and in building up for himself his own position in society.
Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be; but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age comes wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them; and, perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, fell the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving everything to others. | 2752.txt | 1 |
[
"Better educated.",
"More money and freedom.",
"Independence.",
"Hard work."
] | Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned? | The Young Generation
Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?
These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old-if they are prepared to admitit-could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful'. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it? | 312.txt | 3 |
[
"Values.",
"The assumption of the elders.",
"Conformity.",
"Conventional ideas."
] | What so the young reject most? | The Young Generation
Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?
These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old-if they are prepared to admitit-could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful'. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it? | 312.txt | 2 |
[
"They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.",
"They dislike the past.",
"They think the present world is the best.",
"They are afraid of destruction."
] | Why do the young stress on the present? | The Young Generation
Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?
These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old-if they are prepared to admitit-could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful'. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it? | 312.txt | 0 |
[
"Enjoyment is not sinful.",
"People should have more leisure time.",
"Men might enjoy life.",
"One should enjoy one's work."
] | What can the old learn from the young generation? | The Young Generation
Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?
These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old-if they are prepared to admitit-could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful'. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it? | 312.txt | 0 |
[
"to give up his former way of life",
"to leave the coastal areas",
"to follow the ever-shifting vegetation",
"to abandon his original settlement"
] | Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________. | When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance . In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.
Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years-during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity. | 3992.txt | 0 |
[
"is going through a fundamental change",
"has been getting warmer for 10,000 years",
"will eventually change from hot to cold",
"has gone through periodical changes"
] | Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________. | When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance . In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.
Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years-during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity. | 3992.txt | 3 |
[
"has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes",
"has exerted little influence on climatic changes",
"has largely been effected by climatic changes",
"has had a major impact on climatic changes"
] | Scientists believe that human evolution ________. | When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance . In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.
Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years-during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity. | 3992.txt | 2 |
[
"human activities have accelerated changes of Earth's environment",
"Earth's environment will remain mild despite human interference",
"Earth's climate is bound to change significantly in the future",
"Earth's climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future"
] | Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________. | When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance . In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.
Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years-during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity. | 3992.txt | 2 |
[
"human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changes",
"mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climate",
"man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming process",
"human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature"
] | The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________. | When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance . In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.
Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years-during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity. | 3992.txt | 1 |
[
"the benefits of manageable stress",
"stay away from",
"run out of",
"put up with"
] | The passage is mainly about _ . | "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here's on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you're able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that's the body's first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.
Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. "They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage," says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
"Sustained stress is not good for you," says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, "It's the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective." | 1355.txt | 3 |
[
"cut down on",
"stay away from",
"run out of",
"put up with"
] | The word "shun" (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means _ . | "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here's on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you're able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that's the body's first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.
Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. "They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage," says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
"Sustained stress is not good for you," says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, "It's the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective." | 1355.txt | 1 |
[
"people under stress tend to have a poor memory",
"people who can't get their job done experience more stress",
"doing challenging work may be good for one's health",
"stress will weaken the body's defense against germs"
] | We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that _ . | "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here's on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you're able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that's the body's first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.
Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. "They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage," says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
"Sustained stress is not good for you," says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, "It's the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective." | 1355.txt | 2 |
[
"the video was not enjoyable at all",
"the outcome was beyond their control",
"they knew little about surgical procedures",
"they felt no pressure while watching the video"
] | In the experiment described in Paragraph 3, the video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because _ . | "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here's on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you're able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that's the body's first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.
Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. "They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage," says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
"Sustained stress is not good for you," says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, "It's the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective." | 1355.txt | 1 |
[
"a person's memory is determined by the level of hormones in his body",
"stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brain",
"short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory function",
"a person's memory improves with continued experience of stress"
] | Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that _ . | "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here's on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you're able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that's the body's first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.
Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. "They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage," says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
"Sustained stress is not good for you," says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, "It's the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective." | 1355.txt | 2 |
[
"its convenient location",
"its great variety of goods",
"its spirit of goodwill",
"its nice shopping environment"
] | The author loves the charity shop mainly because of _ . | I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won't find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods.
The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity's appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children's books, all 10 or 20 pence each.
Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don't encourage this, rather ask people to bring things in when the shop is open.
The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than ￡110 million a year, fundingmedical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? You get something special for a very good price and a good moral sense. You provide funds to a good cause and tread lightly on the environment. | 3442.txt | 2 |
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