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[
"free countries from foreign rules.",
"speed up social progress.",
"give people freedom.",
"liberate people from any exploitation."
] | In the first paragraph, the author suggests that a quality education can_ | A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible.
For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the world's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.
Can education for all be achieved by 2015? The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion.
Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.
A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective. | 1231.txt | 1 |
[
"get all the world's children to complete primary school",
"enroll all the world's children into primary school",
"give quality education to people of 88 countries",
"support those committed to transforming their education systems"
] | Ideally, the goal of the program of Education for All is to_ by 2015. | A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible.
For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the world's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.
Can education for all be achieved by 2015? The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion.
Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.
A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective. | 1231.txt | 1 |
[
"32",
"59",
"29",
"88"
] | _ countries are now at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of completion rates. | A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible.
For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the world's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.
Can education for all be achieved by 2015? The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion.
Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.
A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective. | 1231.txt | 3 |
[
"Raising the efficiency of education systems.",
"Improving the quality of education.",
"Using information technologies.",
"Building more primary schools."
] | According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as the right policy? | A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible.
For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the world's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.
Can education for all be achieved by 2015? The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion.
Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.
A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective. | 1231.txt | 3 |
[
"may not be highly effective.",
"is provided only when some criteria are met.",
"alone makes development possible.",
"is most effective for those countries lagging farthest behind."
] | As can be gathered from the last paragraph, foreign aid_ | A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible.
For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the world's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.
Can education for all be achieved by 2015? The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion.
Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.
A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective. | 1231.txt | 0 |
[
"Because it helps make money.",
"Because it is essential to the company's goal of mobile ads.",
"Because it can help the company get out of the rumors about it.",
"Because it is introduced at the company's headquarters."
] | Why is the new phone so crucial to Facebook? | Rumors have swirled for years about the mystical phone, which Facebook introduced at its headquarters today. For the financial sake of Facebook, it's imperative that the new phone-- manufactured by HTC, carried by AT&T and sporting an Android operating system--sells well. It's the linchpin in the social-networking company's pursuit of mobile ads, The $ 99 phone goes on sale April l2.
The phone/service features Home (facebook, corn/home), downloadable software that brings the Facebook experience to several Android devices: HTC One X, HTC One X +, Samsnng Galaxy SIII and Samsumg Galaxy Note II.
At first blush, the new phone could find a receptive audience among the nnder-25 crowd, which is comfortable with having their mobile devices within reach at all times. Facebook chafes at suggestions that teens and twenty somethings are leaving the social network, so a phone immersed in news updates and other Facebook features might go over well.
Facebook, the No. 2 mobile-ad publisher in the U. S. behind Google, last year accounted for 9. 5% of the $ 4. 1 billion mobile ad market. It's expected to take I3% of the $ 7. 3 billion market this year, estimates researcher eMarketer.
A phone could "hard wire" the Facebook experience on a mobile device, increasing consumers' time on the service, analysts say. But the experience has to be more than a branded device, they say. Branded phones from Barclays and Mary Kay did not fare well.
"It can't be just about the hardware," says Phillip Redman, mobile analyst at Gartner. "It can do two things for success: Change the business model and give it away to its best users; or design it for low-cost or no-cost calls among Facebook friends. "
Facebook's entry is one in a glut of recent smartphone contestants. New models from Samsung (Galaxy $4), HTC (One) and BlackBerry (the Q10 keyboarD. highlight a bumper spring crop. Apple's rumored iPhone 5S or iPhone 6 lurks in the shadows,
"The handset market is very competitive," says Clark Fredricksen, vice president at eMarketer. "Samsung, Apple and Android all are gaining market share, and boast computing platforms to feed into (the) mobile market. It remains to be seen if Facebook will gain popularity. "
Facebook boasts 1 billion members, 30% of which are mobile-only users, according to market researcher ComScore.
It was also the No. 1 mobile app in the U. S. in February in terms of engagement, accounting for 24% of all time spent on mobile apps--27%, if you include Instagram. | 876.txt | 1 |
[
"are not the target customers of Facebook",
"know little about social network",
"use mobile phones all the time",
"spend more time on computers than on mobile devices"
] | The under-25 group of people | Rumors have swirled for years about the mystical phone, which Facebook introduced at its headquarters today. For the financial sake of Facebook, it's imperative that the new phone-- manufactured by HTC, carried by AT&T and sporting an Android operating system--sells well. It's the linchpin in the social-networking company's pursuit of mobile ads, The $ 99 phone goes on sale April l2.
The phone/service features Home (facebook, corn/home), downloadable software that brings the Facebook experience to several Android devices: HTC One X, HTC One X +, Samsnng Galaxy SIII and Samsumg Galaxy Note II.
At first blush, the new phone could find a receptive audience among the nnder-25 crowd, which is comfortable with having their mobile devices within reach at all times. Facebook chafes at suggestions that teens and twenty somethings are leaving the social network, so a phone immersed in news updates and other Facebook features might go over well.
Facebook, the No. 2 mobile-ad publisher in the U. S. behind Google, last year accounted for 9. 5% of the $ 4. 1 billion mobile ad market. It's expected to take I3% of the $ 7. 3 billion market this year, estimates researcher eMarketer.
A phone could "hard wire" the Facebook experience on a mobile device, increasing consumers' time on the service, analysts say. But the experience has to be more than a branded device, they say. Branded phones from Barclays and Mary Kay did not fare well.
"It can't be just about the hardware," says Phillip Redman, mobile analyst at Gartner. "It can do two things for success: Change the business model and give it away to its best users; or design it for low-cost or no-cost calls among Facebook friends. "
Facebook's entry is one in a glut of recent smartphone contestants. New models from Samsung (Galaxy $4), HTC (One) and BlackBerry (the Q10 keyboarD. highlight a bumper spring crop. Apple's rumored iPhone 5S or iPhone 6 lurks in the shadows,
"The handset market is very competitive," says Clark Fredricksen, vice president at eMarketer. "Samsung, Apple and Android all are gaining market share, and boast computing platforms to feed into (the) mobile market. It remains to be seen if Facebook will gain popularity. "
Facebook boasts 1 billion members, 30% of which are mobile-only users, according to market researcher ComScore.
It was also the No. 1 mobile app in the U. S. in February in terms of engagement, accounting for 24% of all time spent on mobile apps--27%, if you include Instagram. | 876.txt | 2 |
[
"The mobile ads market is shrinking.",
"Facebook will take over Google in the mobile ads market.",
"Facebook will still be the No. 2 mobile-ad publisher.",
"The mobile ads market is expanding."
] | What can be inferred from the figures presented by eMarketer this year? | Rumors have swirled for years about the mystical phone, which Facebook introduced at its headquarters today. For the financial sake of Facebook, it's imperative that the new phone-- manufactured by HTC, carried by AT&T and sporting an Android operating system--sells well. It's the linchpin in the social-networking company's pursuit of mobile ads, The $ 99 phone goes on sale April l2.
The phone/service features Home (facebook, corn/home), downloadable software that brings the Facebook experience to several Android devices: HTC One X, HTC One X +, Samsnng Galaxy SIII and Samsumg Galaxy Note II.
At first blush, the new phone could find a receptive audience among the nnder-25 crowd, which is comfortable with having their mobile devices within reach at all times. Facebook chafes at suggestions that teens and twenty somethings are leaving the social network, so a phone immersed in news updates and other Facebook features might go over well.
Facebook, the No. 2 mobile-ad publisher in the U. S. behind Google, last year accounted for 9. 5% of the $ 4. 1 billion mobile ad market. It's expected to take I3% of the $ 7. 3 billion market this year, estimates researcher eMarketer.
A phone could "hard wire" the Facebook experience on a mobile device, increasing consumers' time on the service, analysts say. But the experience has to be more than a branded device, they say. Branded phones from Barclays and Mary Kay did not fare well.
"It can't be just about the hardware," says Phillip Redman, mobile analyst at Gartner. "It can do two things for success: Change the business model and give it away to its best users; or design it for low-cost or no-cost calls among Facebook friends. "
Facebook's entry is one in a glut of recent smartphone contestants. New models from Samsung (Galaxy $4), HTC (One) and BlackBerry (the Q10 keyboarD. highlight a bumper spring crop. Apple's rumored iPhone 5S or iPhone 6 lurks in the shadows,
"The handset market is very competitive," says Clark Fredricksen, vice president at eMarketer. "Samsung, Apple and Android all are gaining market share, and boast computing platforms to feed into (the) mobile market. It remains to be seen if Facebook will gain popularity. "
Facebook boasts 1 billion members, 30% of which are mobile-only users, according to market researcher ComScore.
It was also the No. 1 mobile app in the U. S. in February in terms of engagement, accounting for 24% of all time spent on mobile apps--27%, if you include Instagram. | 876.txt | 3 |
[
"is surely bright",
"is gloomy due to heated competition",
"is not clear yet",
"interests all the phone users"
] | According to Clark Fredricksen, the prospect of the new phone | Rumors have swirled for years about the mystical phone, which Facebook introduced at its headquarters today. For the financial sake of Facebook, it's imperative that the new phone-- manufactured by HTC, carried by AT&T and sporting an Android operating system--sells well. It's the linchpin in the social-networking company's pursuit of mobile ads, The $ 99 phone goes on sale April l2.
The phone/service features Home (facebook, corn/home), downloadable software that brings the Facebook experience to several Android devices: HTC One X, HTC One X +, Samsnng Galaxy SIII and Samsumg Galaxy Note II.
At first blush, the new phone could find a receptive audience among the nnder-25 crowd, which is comfortable with having their mobile devices within reach at all times. Facebook chafes at suggestions that teens and twenty somethings are leaving the social network, so a phone immersed in news updates and other Facebook features might go over well.
Facebook, the No. 2 mobile-ad publisher in the U. S. behind Google, last year accounted for 9. 5% of the $ 4. 1 billion mobile ad market. It's expected to take I3% of the $ 7. 3 billion market this year, estimates researcher eMarketer.
A phone could "hard wire" the Facebook experience on a mobile device, increasing consumers' time on the service, analysts say. But the experience has to be more than a branded device, they say. Branded phones from Barclays and Mary Kay did not fare well.
"It can't be just about the hardware," says Phillip Redman, mobile analyst at Gartner. "It can do two things for success: Change the business model and give it away to its best users; or design it for low-cost or no-cost calls among Facebook friends. "
Facebook's entry is one in a glut of recent smartphone contestants. New models from Samsung (Galaxy $4), HTC (One) and BlackBerry (the Q10 keyboarD. highlight a bumper spring crop. Apple's rumored iPhone 5S or iPhone 6 lurks in the shadows,
"The handset market is very competitive," says Clark Fredricksen, vice president at eMarketer. "Samsung, Apple and Android all are gaining market share, and boast computing platforms to feed into (the) mobile market. It remains to be seen if Facebook will gain popularity. "
Facebook boasts 1 billion members, 30% of which are mobile-only users, according to market researcher ComScore.
It was also the No. 1 mobile app in the U. S. in February in terms of engagement, accounting for 24% of all time spent on mobile apps--27%, if you include Instagram. | 876.txt | 2 |
[
"Instagram can be seen as part of the Facebook.",
"Mobile apps are very time-consuming.",
"Facebook has the largest number of users compared with other Mobile apps.",
"Instagram is the real No. 1 Mobile app."
] | What can be inferred from the lass paragraph? | Rumors have swirled for years about the mystical phone, which Facebook introduced at its headquarters today. For the financial sake of Facebook, it's imperative that the new phone-- manufactured by HTC, carried by AT&T and sporting an Android operating system--sells well. It's the linchpin in the social-networking company's pursuit of mobile ads, The $ 99 phone goes on sale April l2.
The phone/service features Home (facebook, corn/home), downloadable software that brings the Facebook experience to several Android devices: HTC One X, HTC One X +, Samsnng Galaxy SIII and Samsumg Galaxy Note II.
At first blush, the new phone could find a receptive audience among the nnder-25 crowd, which is comfortable with having their mobile devices within reach at all times. Facebook chafes at suggestions that teens and twenty somethings are leaving the social network, so a phone immersed in news updates and other Facebook features might go over well.
Facebook, the No. 2 mobile-ad publisher in the U. S. behind Google, last year accounted for 9. 5% of the $ 4. 1 billion mobile ad market. It's expected to take I3% of the $ 7. 3 billion market this year, estimates researcher eMarketer.
A phone could "hard wire" the Facebook experience on a mobile device, increasing consumers' time on the service, analysts say. But the experience has to be more than a branded device, they say. Branded phones from Barclays and Mary Kay did not fare well.
"It can't be just about the hardware," says Phillip Redman, mobile analyst at Gartner. "It can do two things for success: Change the business model and give it away to its best users; or design it for low-cost or no-cost calls among Facebook friends. "
Facebook's entry is one in a glut of recent smartphone contestants. New models from Samsung (Galaxy $4), HTC (One) and BlackBerry (the Q10 keyboarD. highlight a bumper spring crop. Apple's rumored iPhone 5S or iPhone 6 lurks in the shadows,
"The handset market is very competitive," says Clark Fredricksen, vice president at eMarketer. "Samsung, Apple and Android all are gaining market share, and boast computing platforms to feed into (the) mobile market. It remains to be seen if Facebook will gain popularity. "
Facebook boasts 1 billion members, 30% of which are mobile-only users, according to market researcher ComScore.
It was also the No. 1 mobile app in the U. S. in February in terms of engagement, accounting for 24% of all time spent on mobile apps--27%, if you include Instagram. | 876.txt | 0 |
[
"According to the Old Testament freshwater is available only in November.",
"Rainfall comes only in winter starting from November.",
"Running water systems will not be ready until next November.",
"It is a custom in that region that irrigation to crops is done only in November."
] | Why does the author use the phrase "for next November" (Line 3, Para. 1)? | Freshwater life itself has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since The Old Testament, God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain. Water supplies here have been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter and drains quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.
The region's accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more freshwater. Drought and pollution limit its a availability. War and mismanagement waste it. Said Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C. "Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened."
I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that "water wars" are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region's most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations-from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River to Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.
Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have-nots. compared with the United States, which in 1990 had freshwater potential of 10,000 cubic meters (2.6 million gallons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5,500, Turkey had 4,000, and Syria had more than 2,800. Egypt's potential was only 1,100. Israel had 460. Jordan had a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region's population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.
As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me:" If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities." | 2706.txt | 1 |
[
"Lack of water resources.",
"Lack of rainfall.",
"Inefficient use of water.",
"Water has replaced oil."
] | What is NOT the cause for the imminent water war? | Freshwater life itself has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since The Old Testament, God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain. Water supplies here have been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter and drains quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.
The region's accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more freshwater. Drought and pollution limit its a availability. War and mismanagement waste it. Said Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C. "Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened."
I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that "water wars" are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region's most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations-from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River to Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.
Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have-nots. compared with the United States, which in 1990 had freshwater potential of 10,000 cubic meters (2.6 million gallons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5,500, Turkey had 4,000, and Syria had more than 2,800. Egypt's potential was only 1,100. Israel had 460. Jordan had a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region's population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.
As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me:" If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities." | 2706.txt | 3 |
[
"develop other enterprises that cost less water",
"draw a plan of irrigation for the various nations",
"import water from water-rich nations",
"stop wars of any sort for good and all"
] | One way for the region to use water efficiently is to _ . | Freshwater life itself has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since The Old Testament, God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain. Water supplies here have been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter and drains quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.
The region's accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more freshwater. Drought and pollution limit its a availability. War and mismanagement waste it. Said Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C. "Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened."
I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that "water wars" are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region's most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations-from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River to Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.
Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have-nots. compared with the United States, which in 1990 had freshwater potential of 10,000 cubic meters (2.6 million gallons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5,500, Turkey had 4,000, and Syria had more than 2,800. Egypt's potential was only 1,100. Israel had 460. Jordan had a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region's population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.
As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me:" If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities." | 2706.txt | 0 |
[
"nations in that region are just fighting for water",
"people there are thirsty for peace instead of water",
"water is no problem as long as there is peace",
"those nations have every reason to fight for water"
] | Uri Shamir's viewpoint is that _ . | Freshwater life itself has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since The Old Testament, God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain. Water supplies here have been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter and drains quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.
The region's accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more freshwater. Drought and pollution limit its a availability. War and mismanagement waste it. Said Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C. "Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened."
I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that "water wars" are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region's most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations-from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River to Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.
Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have-nots. compared with the United States, which in 1990 had freshwater potential of 10,000 cubic meters (2.6 million gallons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5,500, Turkey had 4,000, and Syria had more than 2,800. Egypt's potential was only 1,100. Israel had 460. Jordan had a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region's population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.
As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me:" If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities." | 2706.txt | 2 |
[
"depressing",
"urgent",
"joking",
"mocking"
] | The author's tone in the article can be described as _ . | Freshwater life itself has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since The Old Testament, God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain. Water supplies here have been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter and drains quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.
The region's accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more freshwater. Drought and pollution limit its a availability. War and mismanagement waste it. Said Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C. "Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened."
I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that "water wars" are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region's most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations-from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River to Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.
Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have-nots. compared with the United States, which in 1990 had freshwater potential of 10,000 cubic meters (2.6 million gallons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5,500, Turkey had 4,000, and Syria had more than 2,800. Egypt's potential was only 1,100. Israel had 460. Jordan had a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region's population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.
As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me:" If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities." | 2706.txt | 1 |
[
"learning more about the habitats of marine species",
"studying plate tectonics and the occurrence of volcanism over the past 268 million years",
"examining extinctions of marine species over the past 268 million years",
"finding out whether a rhythmically recurring geologic force exists"
] | According to the passage, Raup and Sepkoski's research was concerned with | The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine extinctions. In the early 1980's, scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled amaster list of marine species that died out duringthe past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. These mass extinc- tions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.
Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically.
These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existence of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect gelogic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism, seafloor spreading, and plate movement. | 1933.txt | 2 |
[
"plausible, because the findings supported the theories of previous researchers",
"significant, because the findings were an impetus for subsequent research",
"controversial, because the findings contradicted the theories of previous researchers",
"questionable, because the authors were not working in their field of expertise"
] | The author of the passage would most likely describe the findings of Roup and Sepkoski as | The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine extinctions. In the early 1980's, scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled amaster list of marine species that died out duringthe past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. These mass extinc- tions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.
Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically.
These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existence of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect gelogic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism, seafloor spreading, and plate movement. | 1933.txt | 1 |
[
"determining the dates of various geologic events",
"defending the conclusions reached by Raup and Sepkoski",
"establishing a link between the disciplines of paleontology and geology",
"explaining how a theory concerning geologic events was formulated"
] | The author of the passage is primarily concerned with | The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine extinctions. In the early 1980's, scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled amaster list of marine species that died out duringthe past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. These mass extinc- tions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.
Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically.
These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existence of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect gelogic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism, seafloor spreading, and plate movement. | 1933.txt | 3 |
[
"It is responsible for most of the major geologic events that have occurred.",
"It is responsible for most of the marine extinctions that have occurred.",
"Its recurrence is unlikely to be able to be predicted by scientists.",
"Its existence was not seriously considered by scientists before Raup and Sepkoski did their research."
] | The passage suggests which of the following about the "force" mentioned in lines 16 and 18 ? | The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine extinctions. In the early 1980's, scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled amaster list of marine species that died out duringthe past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. These mass extinc- tions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.
Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically.
These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existence of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect gelogic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism, seafloor spreading, and plate movement. | 1933.txt | 3 |
[
"they are working harder than they used to be.",
"they are often too busy to find the time.",
"they are suffering from the effects of stress.",
"they are not clear of how to relax by themselves."
] | The reason that many people find it very difficult to relax these days is that _ . | How often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is " never" , or " hardly ever" . As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many and varied forms--driving in traffic, problems with personal relationships are all different forms of stress. Stress, in fact, is not the " baddy" it is often reputed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to level performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others crumple at the sight of unusual difficulties.
When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact, we invoke the " fight" mechanism, which in more primitive days made the difference between life and death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress, it involves the same response. All the energy is diverted to cope with the stress, with the result that other functions, such as digestion, are neglected.
It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease all have established links with stress. The way stress affects a person also varies with the individual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tension headaches. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it. | 936.txt | 1 |
[
"how much stress one can bear depends greatly on whether he knows the art of relaxation.",
"people in primitive days survived from stress because they found certain mechanism to cope with it.",
"if one gets into the habit of relaxing every day he can overcome stress easily.",
"stress can lead to serious health problem if one is exposed to it for too long."
] | We learn from the passage that _ . | How often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is " never" , or " hardly ever" . As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many and varied forms--driving in traffic, problems with personal relationships are all different forms of stress. Stress, in fact, is not the " baddy" it is often reputed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to level performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others crumple at the sight of unusual difficulties.
When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact, we invoke the " fight" mechanism, which in more primitive days made the difference between life and death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress, it involves the same response. All the energy is diverted to cope with the stress, with the result that other functions, such as digestion, are neglected.
It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease all have established links with stress. The way stress affects a person also varies with the individual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tension headaches. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it. | 936.txt | 3 |
[
"stress used to have a bad reputation of causing ill health.",
"we should not take it for granted that stress is unavoidable.",
"stress is not so terrible as people often believe it to be.",
"people do not think stress is as harmful as it was before."
] | The sentence " Stress, in fact, is not the ‘baddy' it is often reputed to be" suggests that _ . | How often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is " never" , or " hardly ever" . As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many and varied forms--driving in traffic, problems with personal relationships are all different forms of stress. Stress, in fact, is not the " baddy" it is often reputed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to level performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others crumple at the sight of unusual difficulties.
When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact, we invoke the " fight" mechanism, which in more primitive days made the difference between life and death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress, it involves the same response. All the energy is diverted to cope with the stress, with the result that other functions, such as digestion, are neglected.
It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease all have established links with stress. The way stress affects a person also varies with the individual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tension headaches. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it. | 936.txt | 2 |
[
"ill health",
"exposure",
"reaction",
"stress."
] | The pronoun " it" at the end of the passage refers back to _ . | How often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is " never" , or " hardly ever" . As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many and varied forms--driving in traffic, problems with personal relationships are all different forms of stress. Stress, in fact, is not the " baddy" it is often reputed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to level performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others crumple at the sight of unusual difficulties.
When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact, we invoke the " fight" mechanism, which in more primitive days made the difference between life and death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress, it involves the same response. All the energy is diverted to cope with the stress, with the result that other functions, such as digestion, are neglected.
It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease all have established links with stress. The way stress affects a person also varies with the individual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tension headaches. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it. | 936.txt | 3 |
[
"Stress as well as relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.",
"Stress produces both positive and negative effects on people.",
"Stress should not be eliminated completely from the life.",
"People usually work better under stress if they are healthy."
] | What is writer's attitude to stress according to the passage? | How often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is " never" , or " hardly ever" . As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many and varied forms--driving in traffic, problems with personal relationships are all different forms of stress. Stress, in fact, is not the " baddy" it is often reputed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to level performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others crumple at the sight of unusual difficulties.
When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact, we invoke the " fight" mechanism, which in more primitive days made the difference between life and death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress, it involves the same response. All the energy is diverted to cope with the stress, with the result that other functions, such as digestion, are neglected.
It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease all have established links with stress. The way stress affects a person also varies with the individual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tension headaches. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it. | 936.txt | 1 |
[
"were invented by European armies",
"have a history of more than 2,800 years",
"used to supply power to radio in remote areas",
"have rarely been used since electricity was discovered"
] | From the text we know that windmills _ . | Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources , as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.
For many centuries, people used windmills to grind wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However, by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used.
During the 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher costs.Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. | 3074.txt | 2 |
[
"Sailing a boat.",
"Producing electricity.",
"Grinding wheat into flour.",
"Pumping water from underground."
] | What was a new use for wind power in the late 19th century? | Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources , as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.
For many centuries, people used windmills to grind wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However, by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used.
During the 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher costs.Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. | 3074.txt | 1 |
[
"wind power is cleaner",
"it is one of the oldest power sources",
"it was cheaper to create energy from wind",
"the supply of coal and gas failed to meet needs"
] | One of the reasons wind was rediscovered in the 1970s is that _ . | Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources , as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.
For many centuries, people used windmills to grind wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However, by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used.
During the 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher costs.Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. | 3074.txt | 0 |
[
"The advantages of wind power.",
"The design of wind power plants.",
"The worldwide movement to save energy.",
"The global trend towards producing power from wind."
] | What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? | Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources , as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.
For many centuries, people used windmills to grind wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However, by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used.
During the 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher costs.Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. | 3074.txt | 3 |
[
"popular",
"useful",
"scientific",
"creative"
] | It can be inferred from the passage that the author thinks the exercises in the book were _ . | In a recently published book, I came across some exercises with interesting names such as fishbone diagrams, lotus flowers and clustering. As I used these exercises in my classes, I noticed that students were interested. They said more and wrote more. They enjoyed expressing their ideas and sharing them in groups. They were no longer passively waiting for the bell , but actively taking part in the lesson. I find that creativity can act as a way to increase participation and improve fluency.
Creativity has become a popular word in recent years. Scholars in arts, psychology, business, education and science are all working to get a deeper understanding of it. Robert J. Stemberg is a creativity specialist and Yale professor of psychology. He defines creativity as "the ability to produce work that is both new (original） and appropriate(applicable to the situation ） ". This definition is useful, as we want our students to use language in a new way and to use it correctly and properly. Mot scholars say there are two types of creativity: big "C" creativity and small "c" creativity. Big "C" creativity refers to genius level thinking that results in artistic masterpieces and scientific breakthroughs. Small "c" creativity refers to everyday level thinking that can be used in any situation our emphasis is on the latter. While it goes without saying that any of our students could go on to be the next Picasso or Edison, our aim is to help students produce more ideas and use language in a new way. | 3657.txt | 3 |
[
"creative in the sense of big \"C\" creativity.",
"creative in the sense of small \"c\" creativity..",
"not creative in the sense of big \"C\" creativity..",
"not creative in the sense of small \"c\" creativity."
] | When you use a familiar word in a new way, you are _ . | In a recently published book, I came across some exercises with interesting names such as fishbone diagrams, lotus flowers and clustering. As I used these exercises in my classes, I noticed that students were interested. They said more and wrote more. They enjoyed expressing their ideas and sharing them in groups. They were no longer passively waiting for the bell , but actively taking part in the lesson. I find that creativity can act as a way to increase participation and improve fluency.
Creativity has become a popular word in recent years. Scholars in arts, psychology, business, education and science are all working to get a deeper understanding of it. Robert J. Stemberg is a creativity specialist and Yale professor of psychology. He defines creativity as "the ability to produce work that is both new (original） and appropriate(applicable to the situation ） ". This definition is useful, as we want our students to use language in a new way and to use it correctly and properly. Mot scholars say there are two types of creativity: big "C" creativity and small "c" creativity. Big "C" creativity refers to genius level thinking that results in artistic masterpieces and scientific breakthroughs. Small "c" creativity refers to everyday level thinking that can be used in any situation our emphasis is on the latter. While it goes without saying that any of our students could go on to be the next Picasso or Edison, our aim is to help students produce more ideas and use language in a new way. | 3657.txt | 1 |
[
"show how useful the book is.",
"explain what creativity",
"discuss how one can be creative",
"tell what reaching aims at"
] | The main purpose of the passage is to _ . | In a recently published book, I came across some exercises with interesting names such as fishbone diagrams, lotus flowers and clustering. As I used these exercises in my classes, I noticed that students were interested. They said more and wrote more. They enjoyed expressing their ideas and sharing them in groups. They were no longer passively waiting for the bell , but actively taking part in the lesson. I find that creativity can act as a way to increase participation and improve fluency.
Creativity has become a popular word in recent years. Scholars in arts, psychology, business, education and science are all working to get a deeper understanding of it. Robert J. Stemberg is a creativity specialist and Yale professor of psychology. He defines creativity as "the ability to produce work that is both new (original） and appropriate(applicable to the situation ） ". This definition is useful, as we want our students to use language in a new way and to use it correctly and properly. Mot scholars say there are two types of creativity: big "C" creativity and small "c" creativity. Big "C" creativity refers to genius level thinking that results in artistic masterpieces and scientific breakthroughs. Small "c" creativity refers to everyday level thinking that can be used in any situation our emphasis is on the latter. While it goes without saying that any of our students could go on to be the next Picasso or Edison, our aim is to help students produce more ideas and use language in a new way. | 3657.txt | 1 |
[
"he didn't talk to them",
"he kept away from them",
"his arms touched the ground when he moved",
"he couldn't use his arms"
] | Children laughed at Hank and called him ‘Ape Man' because _ . | Hank Viscardi was born without legs. He had-not legs but stumps that could he fitted with a kind of special boots, People stared at him with cruel interest. Children laughed at him and called him ‘Ape Man' because his arms practically dragged on the ground.
Hank went to school like other boys. His grades were good and he needed only eight years to finish his schooling instead of the usual twelve. After graduating from school, he worked his way through college. He swept floors, waited on table, or worked in one of the college offices. During all this busy life, he had been moving around on his stumps. But one day the doctor told him even the stumps were not going to last much longer. He would soon have to use a wheel chair.
Hank felt himself got cold all over. However, the doctor said there was a chance that he could be fitted with artificial legs. Finally a leg maker was found and the day came when Hank stood up before the mirror, For the first time he saw himself as he has always wanted to be--a full five feet eight inches tall. By this time he was already 26 years old.
Hank had to learn to use his new legs. Again and again he marched the length of the room , and marched back again. There were times when he fell down on the floor, but he pulled himself up and went back to the endless marching. He went out on the street. He climbed stairs and learned to dance. He built a boat and learned to sail it.
When World War II came , he talked the Red Cross into giving him a job. He took the regular training. he marched and drilled along with the other soldiers. Few knew that he was legless. This was the true story of Hank Viscardi, a man without legs. | 1466.txt | 2 |
[
"an average height for a fully grown person",
"too tall for an average person",
"too short for an average person",
"none of the above"
] | It can be inferred from the story that five feet eight inches tall is _ . | Hank Viscardi was born without legs. He had-not legs but stumps that could he fitted with a kind of special boots, People stared at him with cruel interest. Children laughed at him and called him ‘Ape Man' because his arms practically dragged on the ground.
Hank went to school like other boys. His grades were good and he needed only eight years to finish his schooling instead of the usual twelve. After graduating from school, he worked his way through college. He swept floors, waited on table, or worked in one of the college offices. During all this busy life, he had been moving around on his stumps. But one day the doctor told him even the stumps were not going to last much longer. He would soon have to use a wheel chair.
Hank felt himself got cold all over. However, the doctor said there was a chance that he could be fitted with artificial legs. Finally a leg maker was found and the day came when Hank stood up before the mirror, For the first time he saw himself as he has always wanted to be--a full five feet eight inches tall. By this time he was already 26 years old.
Hank had to learn to use his new legs. Again and again he marched the length of the room , and marched back again. There were times when he fell down on the floor, but he pulled himself up and went back to the endless marching. He went out on the street. He climbed stairs and learned to dance. He built a boat and learned to sail it.
When World War II came , he talked the Red Cross into giving him a job. He took the regular training. he marched and drilled along with the other soldiers. Few knew that he was legless. This was the true story of Hank Viscardi, a man without legs. | 1466.txt | 0 |
[
"was only glad to give him a job",
"gave him a job because he was a good soldier",
"gave him a job after he talked to someone whom he knew in the organization",
"was not willing to give him a job at first"
] | The sentence "he talked the Red Cross into giving him a job" implies that the Red Cross _ . | Hank Viscardi was born without legs. He had-not legs but stumps that could he fitted with a kind of special boots, People stared at him with cruel interest. Children laughed at him and called him ‘Ape Man' because his arms practically dragged on the ground.
Hank went to school like other boys. His grades were good and he needed only eight years to finish his schooling instead of the usual twelve. After graduating from school, he worked his way through college. He swept floors, waited on table, or worked in one of the college offices. During all this busy life, he had been moving around on his stumps. But one day the doctor told him even the stumps were not going to last much longer. He would soon have to use a wheel chair.
Hank felt himself got cold all over. However, the doctor said there was a chance that he could be fitted with artificial legs. Finally a leg maker was found and the day came when Hank stood up before the mirror, For the first time he saw himself as he has always wanted to be--a full five feet eight inches tall. By this time he was already 26 years old.
Hank had to learn to use his new legs. Again and again he marched the length of the room , and marched back again. There were times when he fell down on the floor, but he pulled himself up and went back to the endless marching. He went out on the street. He climbed stairs and learned to dance. He built a boat and learned to sail it.
When World War II came , he talked the Red Cross into giving him a job. He took the regular training. he marched and drilled along with the other soldiers. Few knew that he was legless. This was the true story of Hank Viscardi, a man without legs. | 1466.txt | 3 |
[
"did everything the other soldiers did",
"did most of the things the other soldiers did",
"did some of the things the other soldiers did",
"took some special training"
] | When Hank marched and drilled along with the other soldiers, he _ . | Hank Viscardi was born without legs. He had-not legs but stumps that could he fitted with a kind of special boots, People stared at him with cruel interest. Children laughed at him and called him ‘Ape Man' because his arms practically dragged on the ground.
Hank went to school like other boys. His grades were good and he needed only eight years to finish his schooling instead of the usual twelve. After graduating from school, he worked his way through college. He swept floors, waited on table, or worked in one of the college offices. During all this busy life, he had been moving around on his stumps. But one day the doctor told him even the stumps were not going to last much longer. He would soon have to use a wheel chair.
Hank felt himself got cold all over. However, the doctor said there was a chance that he could be fitted with artificial legs. Finally a leg maker was found and the day came when Hank stood up before the mirror, For the first time he saw himself as he has always wanted to be--a full five feet eight inches tall. By this time he was already 26 years old.
Hank had to learn to use his new legs. Again and again he marched the length of the room , and marched back again. There were times when he fell down on the floor, but he pulled himself up and went back to the endless marching. He went out on the street. He climbed stairs and learned to dance. He built a boat and learned to sail it.
When World War II came , he talked the Red Cross into giving him a job. He took the regular training. he marched and drilled along with the other soldiers. Few knew that he was legless. This was the true story of Hank Viscardi, a man without legs. | 1466.txt | 0 |
[
"had no friends",
"never saw himself as different from others",
"was very shy",
"was too proud to accept help from others"
] | The writer suggests that Hank Viscardi _ . | Hank Viscardi was born without legs. He had-not legs but stumps that could he fitted with a kind of special boots, People stared at him with cruel interest. Children laughed at him and called him ‘Ape Man' because his arms practically dragged on the ground.
Hank went to school like other boys. His grades were good and he needed only eight years to finish his schooling instead of the usual twelve. After graduating from school, he worked his way through college. He swept floors, waited on table, or worked in one of the college offices. During all this busy life, he had been moving around on his stumps. But one day the doctor told him even the stumps were not going to last much longer. He would soon have to use a wheel chair.
Hank felt himself got cold all over. However, the doctor said there was a chance that he could be fitted with artificial legs. Finally a leg maker was found and the day came when Hank stood up before the mirror, For the first time he saw himself as he has always wanted to be--a full five feet eight inches tall. By this time he was already 26 years old.
Hank had to learn to use his new legs. Again and again he marched the length of the room , and marched back again. There were times when he fell down on the floor, but he pulled himself up and went back to the endless marching. He went out on the street. He climbed stairs and learned to dance. He built a boat and learned to sail it.
When World War II came , he talked the Red Cross into giving him a job. He took the regular training. he marched and drilled along with the other soldiers. Few knew that he was legless. This was the true story of Hank Viscardi, a man without legs. | 1466.txt | 1 |
[
"How the antiloitering law works.",
"How to maintain charming image.",
"How tough the crime polices were.",
"Why Chicago‘s sweeping statute stroke down."
] | What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the gang member and his father? | The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there " to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42, 000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers " with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities, " she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. " We will go back and correct it and then move forward, " said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. " The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings, " says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. " It works instantly, " says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. " A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150, 000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe： " It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet." | 615.txt | 0 |
[
"Chicago‘s antiloitering law shouldn't be struck down.",
"The cop was entitled to send the gangs away.",
"Chicago officials yielded to the result of striking down the law.",
"antiloitering law in Chicago was much too severe for the majority."
] | What can we infer from the first two paragraphs? | The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there " to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42, 000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers " with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities, " she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. " We will go back and correct it and then move forward, " said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. " The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings, " says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. " It works instantly, " says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. " A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150, 000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe： " It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet." | 615.txt | 3 |
[
"the League of Cities and 31 states should work with Chicago officials",
"the injunctions in some cities brought back the safety on the street",
"California successfully starts the battle against the gangs",
"the police officers shoulder more responsibility than before"
] | The third and fourth paragraphs suggest that _ . | The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there " to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42, 000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers " with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities, " she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. " We will go back and correct it and then move forward, " said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. " The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings, " says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. " It works instantly, " says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. " A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150, 000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe： " It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet." | 615.txt | 2 |
[
"The gang members should be given a get-tough attitude in the long run.",
"The targeted gang members rather than all of them should be given a get-tough treatment.",
"A scalpel can cut off the tumors of the society while the invisible mallet fails to.",
"A scalpel is more powerful than the invisible mallet."
] | What does the author mean by " It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet" (The Last Line, Paragraph 5)? | The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there " to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42, 000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers " with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities, " she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. " We will go back and correct it and then move forward, " said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. " The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings, " says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. " It works instantly, " says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. " A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150, 000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe： " It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet." | 615.txt | 1 |
[
"Chicago‘s sweeping statute was struck down for its involving too many arrests.",
"Chicago officials still maintained their get-tough crime policies.",
"It was not safe for children to play on the street.",
"California used a scalpel while other states used an invisible mallet to cope with the gangs."
] | Which of the following is true according to the text? | The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there " to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42, 000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers " with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities, " she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. " We will go back and correct it and then move forward, " said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. " The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings, " says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. " It works instantly, " says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. " A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150, 000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe： " It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet." | 615.txt | 3 |
[
"people were familiar with his name for his several attendance campaigns",
"he was a charming person and gave thrills to his people",
"he approved of killing policemen",
"he was always the last one on the ballot list"
] | Tom Alciere could have been elected to the state legislature because _ . | Compared with the glamorous thrill of the presidential primary, state elections in New Hampshire do not grip the voter-all those unfamiliar names, way down at the end of the ballot. That, at least, is the current explanation of how Tom Alciere managed to get elected to the state legislature last November. After an uneventful campaign of hand-shaking and sign-waving, this Republican from Nashua, who had lost several previous bids for office, won a seat by 55 votes. Whereupon his constituents learned that he was an advocate of killing policemen.
Mr. Alciere had not tried to conceal this. He posted vigorous notes on Internet discussion boards; one, in October, declared that" nobody will ever be safe until the last cop is dead." He often joined in radio talk shows, sometimes describing himself as" Angry Tom" . But in his election campaign Mr. Alciere was much mistier: he promised only to fight for individual freedom. He later said that he did not bring up his opinions about the police because nobody asked.
This has prompted some soul-searching among journalists, and others, who failed to spot Angry Tom behind Candidate Tom. Mr. Alciere blames the voters. In one Internet message, he called his constituents" a bunch of fat, stupid, ugly old ladies that watch soap operas, play bingo, read tabloids and don't know the metric system." These people, be it noted, are part of the New Hampshire electorate that is so often admired for its maverick charm, wielding much power in the choice of America's presidents through its first-in-the-nation primary.
The point is that New Hampshire pays attention to presidential races, but considers its own state law makers pretty unimportant. As Ken Gidge, a radio talk show host, puts it, quite possibly" a dog-catcher in a particular community has more power." New Hampshire's legislature has 400 members who face re-election every two years and earn an annual salary of $100. The legislature is a" dinosaur with a tiny little brain" , a symbol of New Hampshire's disdain for government, says Arnie Arnesen, a political science professor at Franklin Pierce College. She claims that, in the past, some of its members have been found to have mental problems. No doubt others held opinions as pungent as Mr. Alciere's; but they did not have an Internet on which to publicize them.
At first, Mr. Alciere refused to leave his seat, insisting he was" not a nut" . Then he said that he would step down, if 11 law makers pledged to bring his pet bills to a roll-call vote. He wants to legalize drugs, ban involuntary commitments to mental institutions, and replace state schools with online education. On January 10th, a compromise was reached: another freshman Republican agreed to submit eight of his proposals, and Mr. Alciere resigned. Some think he should have been kept around-to remind voters that they sometimes get what they deserve. | 596.txt | 0 |
[
"declared that all the cops should be killed",
"showed his anger on radio talk shows",
"didn't answer the questions about the police issue",
"only played tricks with his constituents"
] | In the election campaign, Mr. Alciere _ . | Compared with the glamorous thrill of the presidential primary, state elections in New Hampshire do not grip the voter-all those unfamiliar names, way down at the end of the ballot. That, at least, is the current explanation of how Tom Alciere managed to get elected to the state legislature last November. After an uneventful campaign of hand-shaking and sign-waving, this Republican from Nashua, who had lost several previous bids for office, won a seat by 55 votes. Whereupon his constituents learned that he was an advocate of killing policemen.
Mr. Alciere had not tried to conceal this. He posted vigorous notes on Internet discussion boards; one, in October, declared that" nobody will ever be safe until the last cop is dead." He often joined in radio talk shows, sometimes describing himself as" Angry Tom" . But in his election campaign Mr. Alciere was much mistier: he promised only to fight for individual freedom. He later said that he did not bring up his opinions about the police because nobody asked.
This has prompted some soul-searching among journalists, and others, who failed to spot Angry Tom behind Candidate Tom. Mr. Alciere blames the voters. In one Internet message, he called his constituents" a bunch of fat, stupid, ugly old ladies that watch soap operas, play bingo, read tabloids and don't know the metric system." These people, be it noted, are part of the New Hampshire electorate that is so often admired for its maverick charm, wielding much power in the choice of America's presidents through its first-in-the-nation primary.
The point is that New Hampshire pays attention to presidential races, but considers its own state law makers pretty unimportant. As Ken Gidge, a radio talk show host, puts it, quite possibly" a dog-catcher in a particular community has more power." New Hampshire's legislature has 400 members who face re-election every two years and earn an annual salary of $100. The legislature is a" dinosaur with a tiny little brain" , a symbol of New Hampshire's disdain for government, says Arnie Arnesen, a political science professor at Franklin Pierce College. She claims that, in the past, some of its members have been found to have mental problems. No doubt others held opinions as pungent as Mr. Alciere's; but they did not have an Internet on which to publicize them.
At first, Mr. Alciere refused to leave his seat, insisting he was" not a nut" . Then he said that he would step down, if 11 law makers pledged to bring his pet bills to a roll-call vote. He wants to legalize drugs, ban involuntary commitments to mental institutions, and replace state schools with online education. On January 10th, a compromise was reached: another freshman Republican agreed to submit eight of his proposals, and Mr. Alciere resigned. Some think he should have been kept around-to remind voters that they sometimes get what they deserve. | 596.txt | 3 |
[
"Some New Hampshire electorate has a little prestige in government.",
"Journalists didn't pay enough attention to Alciere's hatred to police.",
"Tom blamed his voters just to draw people's attention.",
"The\" stupid, fat, ugly old ladies\" are a little popular in society."
] | Which of the following statements is NOT true? | Compared with the glamorous thrill of the presidential primary, state elections in New Hampshire do not grip the voter-all those unfamiliar names, way down at the end of the ballot. That, at least, is the current explanation of how Tom Alciere managed to get elected to the state legislature last November. After an uneventful campaign of hand-shaking and sign-waving, this Republican from Nashua, who had lost several previous bids for office, won a seat by 55 votes. Whereupon his constituents learned that he was an advocate of killing policemen.
Mr. Alciere had not tried to conceal this. He posted vigorous notes on Internet discussion boards; one, in October, declared that" nobody will ever be safe until the last cop is dead." He often joined in radio talk shows, sometimes describing himself as" Angry Tom" . But in his election campaign Mr. Alciere was much mistier: he promised only to fight for individual freedom. He later said that he did not bring up his opinions about the police because nobody asked.
This has prompted some soul-searching among journalists, and others, who failed to spot Angry Tom behind Candidate Tom. Mr. Alciere blames the voters. In one Internet message, he called his constituents" a bunch of fat, stupid, ugly old ladies that watch soap operas, play bingo, read tabloids and don't know the metric system." These people, be it noted, are part of the New Hampshire electorate that is so often admired for its maverick charm, wielding much power in the choice of America's presidents through its first-in-the-nation primary.
The point is that New Hampshire pays attention to presidential races, but considers its own state law makers pretty unimportant. As Ken Gidge, a radio talk show host, puts it, quite possibly" a dog-catcher in a particular community has more power." New Hampshire's legislature has 400 members who face re-election every two years and earn an annual salary of $100. The legislature is a" dinosaur with a tiny little brain" , a symbol of New Hampshire's disdain for government, says Arnie Arnesen, a political science professor at Franklin Pierce College. She claims that, in the past, some of its members have been found to have mental problems. No doubt others held opinions as pungent as Mr. Alciere's; but they did not have an Internet on which to publicize them.
At first, Mr. Alciere refused to leave his seat, insisting he was" not a nut" . Then he said that he would step down, if 11 law makers pledged to bring his pet bills to a roll-call vote. He wants to legalize drugs, ban involuntary commitments to mental institutions, and replace state schools with online education. On January 10th, a compromise was reached: another freshman Republican agreed to submit eight of his proposals, and Mr. Alciere resigned. Some think he should have been kept around-to remind voters that they sometimes get what they deserve. | 596.txt | 2 |
[
"New Hampshire pays too much attention to presidential races",
"some of the legislature members have mental problems",
"some people want to be as pungent as Mr. Alciere",
"there is indifference of the people on its own state governing"
] | The legislature is a" dinosaur with a tiny little brain（Lines 4～5, Paragraph 4）" , which implies _ . | Compared with the glamorous thrill of the presidential primary, state elections in New Hampshire do not grip the voter-all those unfamiliar names, way down at the end of the ballot. That, at least, is the current explanation of how Tom Alciere managed to get elected to the state legislature last November. After an uneventful campaign of hand-shaking and sign-waving, this Republican from Nashua, who had lost several previous bids for office, won a seat by 55 votes. Whereupon his constituents learned that he was an advocate of killing policemen.
Mr. Alciere had not tried to conceal this. He posted vigorous notes on Internet discussion boards; one, in October, declared that" nobody will ever be safe until the last cop is dead." He often joined in radio talk shows, sometimes describing himself as" Angry Tom" . But in his election campaign Mr. Alciere was much mistier: he promised only to fight for individual freedom. He later said that he did not bring up his opinions about the police because nobody asked.
This has prompted some soul-searching among journalists, and others, who failed to spot Angry Tom behind Candidate Tom. Mr. Alciere blames the voters. In one Internet message, he called his constituents" a bunch of fat, stupid, ugly old ladies that watch soap operas, play bingo, read tabloids and don't know the metric system." These people, be it noted, are part of the New Hampshire electorate that is so often admired for its maverick charm, wielding much power in the choice of America's presidents through its first-in-the-nation primary.
The point is that New Hampshire pays attention to presidential races, but considers its own state law makers pretty unimportant. As Ken Gidge, a radio talk show host, puts it, quite possibly" a dog-catcher in a particular community has more power." New Hampshire's legislature has 400 members who face re-election every two years and earn an annual salary of $100. The legislature is a" dinosaur with a tiny little brain" , a symbol of New Hampshire's disdain for government, says Arnie Arnesen, a political science professor at Franklin Pierce College. She claims that, in the past, some of its members have been found to have mental problems. No doubt others held opinions as pungent as Mr. Alciere's; but they did not have an Internet on which to publicize them.
At first, Mr. Alciere refused to leave his seat, insisting he was" not a nut" . Then he said that he would step down, if 11 law makers pledged to bring his pet bills to a roll-call vote. He wants to legalize drugs, ban involuntary commitments to mental institutions, and replace state schools with online education. On January 10th, a compromise was reached: another freshman Republican agreed to submit eight of his proposals, and Mr. Alciere resigned. Some think he should have been kept around-to remind voters that they sometimes get what they deserve. | 596.txt | 1 |
[
"refused to leave his seat",
"would never pay his pet bills",
"resigned with some compromises accepted by the legislature",
"was expelled from the position by the opposite leader"
] | Mr. Alciere at last _ . | Compared with the glamorous thrill of the presidential primary, state elections in New Hampshire do not grip the voter-all those unfamiliar names, way down at the end of the ballot. That, at least, is the current explanation of how Tom Alciere managed to get elected to the state legislature last November. After an uneventful campaign of hand-shaking and sign-waving, this Republican from Nashua, who had lost several previous bids for office, won a seat by 55 votes. Whereupon his constituents learned that he was an advocate of killing policemen.
Mr. Alciere had not tried to conceal this. He posted vigorous notes on Internet discussion boards; one, in October, declared that" nobody will ever be safe until the last cop is dead." He often joined in radio talk shows, sometimes describing himself as" Angry Tom" . But in his election campaign Mr. Alciere was much mistier: he promised only to fight for individual freedom. He later said that he did not bring up his opinions about the police because nobody asked.
This has prompted some soul-searching among journalists, and others, who failed to spot Angry Tom behind Candidate Tom. Mr. Alciere blames the voters. In one Internet message, he called his constituents" a bunch of fat, stupid, ugly old ladies that watch soap operas, play bingo, read tabloids and don't know the metric system." These people, be it noted, are part of the New Hampshire electorate that is so often admired for its maverick charm, wielding much power in the choice of America's presidents through its first-in-the-nation primary.
The point is that New Hampshire pays attention to presidential races, but considers its own state law makers pretty unimportant. As Ken Gidge, a radio talk show host, puts it, quite possibly" a dog-catcher in a particular community has more power." New Hampshire's legislature has 400 members who face re-election every two years and earn an annual salary of $100. The legislature is a" dinosaur with a tiny little brain" , a symbol of New Hampshire's disdain for government, says Arnie Arnesen, a political science professor at Franklin Pierce College. She claims that, in the past, some of its members have been found to have mental problems. No doubt others held opinions as pungent as Mr. Alciere's; but they did not have an Internet on which to publicize them.
At first, Mr. Alciere refused to leave his seat, insisting he was" not a nut" . Then he said that he would step down, if 11 law makers pledged to bring his pet bills to a roll-call vote. He wants to legalize drugs, ban involuntary commitments to mental institutions, and replace state schools with online education. On January 10th, a compromise was reached: another freshman Republican agreed to submit eight of his proposals, and Mr. Alciere resigned. Some think he should have been kept around-to remind voters that they sometimes get what they deserve. | 596.txt | 2 |
[
"Astonishing Medicine",
"Farmer Loses Arm",
"Dangerous Bites",
"Snake Doctor"
] | The best headline for this newspaper article is. | Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever."
"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes," Shu said. | 738.txt | 3 |
[
"the cloth was wrapped too tightly",
"he cut it off to save his life",
"Shu wasn't there to help him",
"he was alone in the fields"
] | The farmer lost his arm because. | Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever."
"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes," Shu said. | 738.txt | 1 |
[
"he wanted to save people's arms and legs",
"he had studied it at a medical school",
"he had seen snakes biting people",
"his army service had finished"
] | She decided to devote himself to snake medicine because. | Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever."
"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes," Shu said. | 738.txt | 0 |
[
"He wanted to study snake bites.",
"He wanted to help the farmers.",
"He was being trained to be a doctor.",
"He was expected to serve in the army."
] | Why did Shu go into the mountains? | Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever."
"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes," Shu said. | 738.txt | 2 |
[
"conclusion",
"story",
"incident",
"job"
] | Which of the following words can take the place of the word career in the first paragraph? | Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever."
"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes," Shu said. | 738.txt | 3 |
[
"By posing a contrast.",
"By justifying an assumption.",
"By illustrating an example.",
"By explaining a phenomenon."
] | How does the author introduce the topic? | Life is looking up for managers at the 4,300 stores of Tesco, one of the world's biggest supermarket chains. A program from CA, a big software firm, will make a tedious job much easier: gathering data about each store's energy consumption, be it from lights, air conditioning or refrigeration. The streamlined data collection is part of Tesco's ambitious plan to halve emissions of greenhouse gases from existing stores and distribution centres by 2020.
Tesco and CA may be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments argue over emissions cuts, many firms have already started cleaning up their act, or at least preparing to do so-prompting more and more software firms to offer tools to help. If optimists are right, the market for" carbon-management software" could one day become at least as big as those for other important business applications such as customer-relationship-management（CRM）programs, which brought in revenues of more than $9 billion last year.
Many firms have tracked energy consumption for some time in an effort to save money. Others have monitored emissions of different kinds in order to comply with regulations on pollution. More recently, public pressure has prompted more companies to tally emissions and disclose the results in their annual reports or to outfits like the Carbon Disclosure Project. But most have used simple tools such as spreadsheets and databases.
This is changing, despite the recession, says David Metcalfe, boss of Verdantix, a consultancy. Higher energy costs, green branding and new regulation are all pushing more firms to keep track of their emissions and do so with specialised software, he argues. In Britain, for example, the Carbon Reduction Commitment will come into effect next year. Among other things, it requires firms that use more than 6,000 megawatt-hours of electricity a year to measure and report the energy they use.
Anticipating a surge in demand, software-makers have rushed into the market, mostly with web-based services. In a recent survey AMR Research, another consultancy, identified no fewer than 157 providers. Some focus on reporting, others on compliance and yet others on optimising business processes. There are firms that have been around for years, such as Enviance and IHS. Many start-ups, notably Carbonetworks and Hara, have appeared. Even big software firms have moved into the market: CA, IBM, Oracle, SAP and SAS.
At least for now, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that data are collected regularly and can be audited. But in the years to come, this too will change, predicts Stephen Stokes of AMR. Firms will need software that collects data automatically, helps them find the best ways to cut emissions and also lets them manage other resources, such as water and waste. Messrs Metcalfe and Stokes both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most forms of business software, will become pre-eminent in this area, too, because it fits so naturally with their other offerings. These titans also have the cash to buy the best technology. In May SAP bought Clear Standards, a start-up. Oracle is expected to make a similar acquisition soon. But they face determined rivals. IHS has been quietly buying firms selling environmental software. Some expect great things from C3, a start-up founded by Tom Siebel, who pioneered CRM software. | 495.txt | 2 |
[
"Because enterprises are increasingly aware of the importance of environmental protection.",
"Because the global environment is deteriorating.",
"Because the government is paying more attention to environmental protection.",
"Because it would generate considerable revenue."
] | Why do more and more software firms develop carbon-management software? | Life is looking up for managers at the 4,300 stores of Tesco, one of the world's biggest supermarket chains. A program from CA, a big software firm, will make a tedious job much easier: gathering data about each store's energy consumption, be it from lights, air conditioning or refrigeration. The streamlined data collection is part of Tesco's ambitious plan to halve emissions of greenhouse gases from existing stores and distribution centres by 2020.
Tesco and CA may be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments argue over emissions cuts, many firms have already started cleaning up their act, or at least preparing to do so-prompting more and more software firms to offer tools to help. If optimists are right, the market for" carbon-management software" could one day become at least as big as those for other important business applications such as customer-relationship-management（CRM）programs, which brought in revenues of more than $9 billion last year.
Many firms have tracked energy consumption for some time in an effort to save money. Others have monitored emissions of different kinds in order to comply with regulations on pollution. More recently, public pressure has prompted more companies to tally emissions and disclose the results in their annual reports or to outfits like the Carbon Disclosure Project. But most have used simple tools such as spreadsheets and databases.
This is changing, despite the recession, says David Metcalfe, boss of Verdantix, a consultancy. Higher energy costs, green branding and new regulation are all pushing more firms to keep track of their emissions and do so with specialised software, he argues. In Britain, for example, the Carbon Reduction Commitment will come into effect next year. Among other things, it requires firms that use more than 6,000 megawatt-hours of electricity a year to measure and report the energy they use.
Anticipating a surge in demand, software-makers have rushed into the market, mostly with web-based services. In a recent survey AMR Research, another consultancy, identified no fewer than 157 providers. Some focus on reporting, others on compliance and yet others on optimising business processes. There are firms that have been around for years, such as Enviance and IHS. Many start-ups, notably Carbonetworks and Hara, have appeared. Even big software firms have moved into the market: CA, IBM, Oracle, SAP and SAS.
At least for now, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that data are collected regularly and can be audited. But in the years to come, this too will change, predicts Stephen Stokes of AMR. Firms will need software that collects data automatically, helps them find the best ways to cut emissions and also lets them manage other resources, such as water and waste. Messrs Metcalfe and Stokes both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most forms of business software, will become pre-eminent in this area, too, because it fits so naturally with their other offerings. These titans also have the cash to buy the best technology. In May SAP bought Clear Standards, a start-up. Oracle is expected to make a similar acquisition soon. But they face determined rivals. IHS has been quietly buying firms selling environmental software. Some expect great things from C3, a start-up founded by Tom Siebel, who pioneered CRM software. | 495.txt | 0 |
[
"To save money from energy consumption.",
"To cater to public demand.",
"To fulfill legal obligations.",
"To follow the government."
] | Which of the following is NOT an objective in adopting environmental software? | Life is looking up for managers at the 4,300 stores of Tesco, one of the world's biggest supermarket chains. A program from CA, a big software firm, will make a tedious job much easier: gathering data about each store's energy consumption, be it from lights, air conditioning or refrigeration. The streamlined data collection is part of Tesco's ambitious plan to halve emissions of greenhouse gases from existing stores and distribution centres by 2020.
Tesco and CA may be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments argue over emissions cuts, many firms have already started cleaning up their act, or at least preparing to do so-prompting more and more software firms to offer tools to help. If optimists are right, the market for" carbon-management software" could one day become at least as big as those for other important business applications such as customer-relationship-management（CRM）programs, which brought in revenues of more than $9 billion last year.
Many firms have tracked energy consumption for some time in an effort to save money. Others have monitored emissions of different kinds in order to comply with regulations on pollution. More recently, public pressure has prompted more companies to tally emissions and disclose the results in their annual reports or to outfits like the Carbon Disclosure Project. But most have used simple tools such as spreadsheets and databases.
This is changing, despite the recession, says David Metcalfe, boss of Verdantix, a consultancy. Higher energy costs, green branding and new regulation are all pushing more firms to keep track of their emissions and do so with specialised software, he argues. In Britain, for example, the Carbon Reduction Commitment will come into effect next year. Among other things, it requires firms that use more than 6,000 megawatt-hours of electricity a year to measure and report the energy they use.
Anticipating a surge in demand, software-makers have rushed into the market, mostly with web-based services. In a recent survey AMR Research, another consultancy, identified no fewer than 157 providers. Some focus on reporting, others on compliance and yet others on optimising business processes. There are firms that have been around for years, such as Enviance and IHS. Many start-ups, notably Carbonetworks and Hara, have appeared. Even big software firms have moved into the market: CA, IBM, Oracle, SAP and SAS.
At least for now, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that data are collected regularly and can be audited. But in the years to come, this too will change, predicts Stephen Stokes of AMR. Firms will need software that collects data automatically, helps them find the best ways to cut emissions and also lets them manage other resources, such as water and waste. Messrs Metcalfe and Stokes both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most forms of business software, will become pre-eminent in this area, too, because it fits so naturally with their other offerings. These titans also have the cash to buy the best technology. In May SAP bought Clear Standards, a start-up. Oracle is expected to make a similar acquisition soon. But they face determined rivals. IHS has been quietly buying firms selling environmental software. Some expect great things from C3, a start-up founded by Tom Siebel, who pioneered CRM software. | 495.txt | 3 |
[
"branch companies",
"products",
"specialized software for environment",
"CRM software"
] | The word" offerings" （Line 6, Paragraph 6）most probably means _ . | Life is looking up for managers at the 4,300 stores of Tesco, one of the world's biggest supermarket chains. A program from CA, a big software firm, will make a tedious job much easier: gathering data about each store's energy consumption, be it from lights, air conditioning or refrigeration. The streamlined data collection is part of Tesco's ambitious plan to halve emissions of greenhouse gases from existing stores and distribution centres by 2020.
Tesco and CA may be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments argue over emissions cuts, many firms have already started cleaning up their act, or at least preparing to do so-prompting more and more software firms to offer tools to help. If optimists are right, the market for" carbon-management software" could one day become at least as big as those for other important business applications such as customer-relationship-management（CRM）programs, which brought in revenues of more than $9 billion last year.
Many firms have tracked energy consumption for some time in an effort to save money. Others have monitored emissions of different kinds in order to comply with regulations on pollution. More recently, public pressure has prompted more companies to tally emissions and disclose the results in their annual reports or to outfits like the Carbon Disclosure Project. But most have used simple tools such as spreadsheets and databases.
This is changing, despite the recession, says David Metcalfe, boss of Verdantix, a consultancy. Higher energy costs, green branding and new regulation are all pushing more firms to keep track of their emissions and do so with specialised software, he argues. In Britain, for example, the Carbon Reduction Commitment will come into effect next year. Among other things, it requires firms that use more than 6,000 megawatt-hours of electricity a year to measure and report the energy they use.
Anticipating a surge in demand, software-makers have rushed into the market, mostly with web-based services. In a recent survey AMR Research, another consultancy, identified no fewer than 157 providers. Some focus on reporting, others on compliance and yet others on optimising business processes. There are firms that have been around for years, such as Enviance and IHS. Many start-ups, notably Carbonetworks and Hara, have appeared. Even big software firms have moved into the market: CA, IBM, Oracle, SAP and SAS.
At least for now, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that data are collected regularly and can be audited. But in the years to come, this too will change, predicts Stephen Stokes of AMR. Firms will need software that collects data automatically, helps them find the best ways to cut emissions and also lets them manage other resources, such as water and waste. Messrs Metcalfe and Stokes both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most forms of business software, will become pre-eminent in this area, too, because it fits so naturally with their other offerings. These titans also have the cash to buy the best technology. In May SAP bought Clear Standards, a start-up. Oracle is expected to make a similar acquisition soon. But they face determined rivals. IHS has been quietly buying firms selling environmental software. Some expect great things from C3, a start-up founded by Tom Siebel, who pioneered CRM software. | 495.txt | 1 |
[
"The current carbon-management software market is dominated by a few big companies.",
"Companies are now demanding sophisticated software for the tracking of energy consumption and emission.",
"An intense competition in environmental software market is approaching.",
"The software for environmental protection will become as important as that of financial accounting."
] | Which of the following is TRUE according to the text? | Life is looking up for managers at the 4,300 stores of Tesco, one of the world's biggest supermarket chains. A program from CA, a big software firm, will make a tedious job much easier: gathering data about each store's energy consumption, be it from lights, air conditioning or refrigeration. The streamlined data collection is part of Tesco's ambitious plan to halve emissions of greenhouse gases from existing stores and distribution centres by 2020.
Tesco and CA may be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments argue over emissions cuts, many firms have already started cleaning up their act, or at least preparing to do so-prompting more and more software firms to offer tools to help. If optimists are right, the market for" carbon-management software" could one day become at least as big as those for other important business applications such as customer-relationship-management（CRM）programs, which brought in revenues of more than $9 billion last year.
Many firms have tracked energy consumption for some time in an effort to save money. Others have monitored emissions of different kinds in order to comply with regulations on pollution. More recently, public pressure has prompted more companies to tally emissions and disclose the results in their annual reports or to outfits like the Carbon Disclosure Project. But most have used simple tools such as spreadsheets and databases.
This is changing, despite the recession, says David Metcalfe, boss of Verdantix, a consultancy. Higher energy costs, green branding and new regulation are all pushing more firms to keep track of their emissions and do so with specialised software, he argues. In Britain, for example, the Carbon Reduction Commitment will come into effect next year. Among other things, it requires firms that use more than 6,000 megawatt-hours of electricity a year to measure and report the energy they use.
Anticipating a surge in demand, software-makers have rushed into the market, mostly with web-based services. In a recent survey AMR Research, another consultancy, identified no fewer than 157 providers. Some focus on reporting, others on compliance and yet others on optimising business processes. There are firms that have been around for years, such as Enviance and IHS. Many start-ups, notably Carbonetworks and Hara, have appeared. Even big software firms have moved into the market: CA, IBM, Oracle, SAP and SAS.
At least for now, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that data are collected regularly and can be audited. But in the years to come, this too will change, predicts Stephen Stokes of AMR. Firms will need software that collects data automatically, helps them find the best ways to cut emissions and also lets them manage other resources, such as water and waste. Messrs Metcalfe and Stokes both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most forms of business software, will become pre-eminent in this area, too, because it fits so naturally with their other offerings. These titans also have the cash to buy the best technology. In May SAP bought Clear Standards, a start-up. Oracle is expected to make a similar acquisition soon. But they face determined rivals. IHS has been quietly buying firms selling environmental software. Some expect great things from C3, a start-up founded by Tom Siebel, who pioneered CRM software. | 495.txt | 2 |
[
"help teenagers in other countries know the real America",
"send students in America to travel in Germany",
"let students learn something about other countries",
"have teenagers learn new languages"
] | The whole exchange program is mainly to _ . | This year 2,300 teenagers ( young people aged from 13-19 ) from all over the world will spend about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teenagers, and form impressions of the real American teenagers. American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and have a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two way student exchange in action.Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In return, George's son, Mike, spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months study, the language began to come to him. School was completely different from what he had expected - much harder . Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The family's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual. Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
" Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it."
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. " I suppose I should criticize American schools." he says. " It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe your schools are better in training for citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two." | 658.txt | 2 |
[
"American food tasted better than German food.",
"German schools were harder than American schools.",
"Americans and Germans were both friendly.",
"There were more cars on the streets in America."
] | What did Fred and Mike agree on? | This year 2,300 teenagers ( young people aged from 13-19 ) from all over the world will spend about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teenagers, and form impressions of the real American teenagers. American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and have a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two way student exchange in action.Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In return, George's son, Mike, spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months study, the language began to come to him. School was completely different from what he had expected - much harder . Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The family's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual. Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
" Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it."
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. " I suppose I should criticize American schools." he says. " It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe your schools are better in training for citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two." | 658.txt | 1 |
[
"There is some middle ground between the two teaching buildings.",
"There are a lot of afterschool activities.",
"Students usually take 14 subjects in all.",
"Students go outside to enjoy themselves in a car."
] | What is particular in American schools? | This year 2,300 teenagers ( young people aged from 13-19 ) from all over the world will spend about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teenagers, and form impressions of the real American teenagers. American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and have a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two way student exchange in action.Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In return, George's son, Mike, spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months study, the language began to come to him. School was completely different from what he had expected - much harder . Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The family's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual. Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
" Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it."
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. " I suppose I should criticize American schools." he says. " It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe your schools are better in training for citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two." | 658.txt | 1 |
[
"A better education should include something good from both America and Germany.",
"German schools trained students to be better citizens.",
"American schools were not as good as German schools.",
"The easy life in the American school was more helpful to students."
] | What did Mike think after experiencing the American school life? | This year 2,300 teenagers ( young people aged from 13-19 ) from all over the world will spend about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teenagers, and form impressions of the real American teenagers. American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and have a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two way student exchange in action.Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In return, George's son, Mike, spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months study, the language began to come to him. School was completely different from what he had expected - much harder . Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The family's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual. Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
" Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it."
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. " I suppose I should criticize American schools." he says. " It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe your schools are better in training for citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two." | 658.txt | 0 |
[
"at first they all have a nervous look",
"they often find they can't bear the tension even if they are in good condition",
"someday they find they can't make responses to any risk",
"they can continue their career at most until the middle 40s"
] | The statement "it is usually their nerves that go first" means _ . | The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.
Fear is the driver's constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behind. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of ancient crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver's scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.
All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, who has an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics, with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.
A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsements, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis . Dan Gurney's California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four ears in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car.
Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn't even the major reason. Three-time Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967) A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limited, and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, "It's in my blood. " Other times he says, "It's good practice. " Now and then he replies, "Don't ask dumb questions. " | 705.txt | 1 |
[
"a plastic surgeon",
"a companion",
"a risk",
"a fire"
] | It can be inferred that a car accident is often coupled with _ . | The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.
Fear is the driver's constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behind. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of ancient crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver's scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.
All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, who has an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics, with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.
A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsements, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis . Dan Gurney's California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four ears in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car.
Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn't even the major reason. Three-time Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967) A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limited, and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, "It's in my blood. " Other times he says, "It's good practice. " Now and then he replies, "Don't ask dumb questions. " | 705.txt | 3 |
[
"the regrets left by their fathers",
"the fears left by their fathers",
"the cars left by their fathers",
"the heritage left by their fathers"
] | The invisible scars of the drivers mentioned in the second paragraph refers to _ . | The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.
Fear is the driver's constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behind. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of ancient crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver's scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.
All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, who has an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics, with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.
A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsements, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis . Dan Gurney's California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four ears in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car.
Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn't even the major reason. Three-time Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967) A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limited, and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, "It's in my blood. " Other times he says, "It's good practice. " Now and then he replies, "Don't ask dumb questions. " | 705.txt | 0 |
[
"he himself designs chassis",
"he has an engineering degree",
"he manufactures chassis",
"he is a gifted mechanic"
] | Bruce McLaren is different from most of the drivers in that _ . | The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.
Fear is the driver's constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behind. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of ancient crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver's scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.
All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, who has an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics, with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.
A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsements, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis . Dan Gurney's California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four ears in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car.
Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn't even the major reason. Three-time Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967) A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limited, and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, "It's in my blood. " Other times he says, "It's good practice. " Now and then he replies, "Don't ask dumb questions. " | 705.txt | 1 |
[
"prize money",
"blood test",
"cheers from the crowd",
"enjoyment"
] | A. J. Foyt often takes part in minor-league races for _ . | The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.
Fear is the driver's constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behind. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of ancient crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver's scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.
All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, who has an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics, with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.
A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsements, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis . Dan Gurney's California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four ears in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car.
Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn't even the major reason. Three-time Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967) A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limited, and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, "It's in my blood. " Other times he says, "It's good practice. " Now and then he replies, "Don't ask dumb questions. " | 705.txt | 3 |
[
"he had too much wealth",
"there was terrible famine",
"all stories have ends",
"there was no story-teller"
] | The Prince always felt regretted about story because _. | A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day a tall, handsome young
man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. "The risk is worth the head of your fair daughter," the young man replied poetically（）. He then began this well-known story:
"Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water-proof and made fire-proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locust came and …"
"Stop," shouted the Prince. "I can't," answered the young man. "I must go on until I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn." "But that will go on for ever." The Prince protested. "Exactly," the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince's beautiful young daughter. | 3204.txt | 2 |
[
"a great sum of money",
"the prince's beautiful daughter",
"showing his bravery",
"Both A and C"
] | The young man risked to tell an endless story to the Prince for _. | A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day a tall, handsome young
man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. "The risk is worth the head of your fair daughter," the young man replied poetically（）. He then began this well-known story:
"Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water-proof and made fire-proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locust came and …"
"Stop," shouted the Prince. "I can't," answered the young man. "I must go on until I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn." "But that will go on for ever." The Prince protested. "Exactly," the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince's beautiful young daughter. | 3204.txt | 1 |
[
"forever",
"for some time",
"for a while",
"for a year"
] | The young man would be sent to prison _ if he failed to tell a story without an end. | A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day a tall, handsome young
man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. "The risk is worth the head of your fair daughter," the young man replied poetically（）. He then began this well-known story:
"Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water-proof and made fire-proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locust came and …"
"Stop," shouted the Prince. "I can't," answered the young man. "I must go on until I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn." "But that will go on for ever." The Prince protested. "Exactly," the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince's beautiful young daughter. | 3204.txt | 0 |
[
"a huge storehouse",
"a large farm",
"a beautiful palace",
"a waterproof kitchen"
] | In order to prevent famine, the King asked to build _. | A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day a tall, handsome young
man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. "The risk is worth the head of your fair daughter," the young man replied poetically（）. He then began this well-known story:
"Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water-proof and made fire-proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locust came and …"
"Stop," shouted the Prince. "I can't," answered the young man. "I must go on until I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn." "But that will go on for ever." The Prince protested. "Exactly," the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince's beautiful young daughter. | 3204.txt | 0 |
[
"a loaf",
"a small hole",
"a grain of corn",
"a locust"
] | The thing the king noticed first in the roof was _. | A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day a tall, handsome young
man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. "The risk is worth the head of your fair daughter," the young man replied poetically（）. He then began this well-known story:
"Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water-proof and made fire-proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locust came and …"
"Stop," shouted the Prince. "I can't," answered the young man. "I must go on until I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn." "But that will go on for ever." The Prince protested. "Exactly," the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince's beautiful young daughter. | 3204.txt | 1 |
[
"16%",
"25%",
"35%",
"55%"
] | How many office workers using old computers in Britain expressed their dissatisfaction? | Old Computers Make for Unhappy Workers-Survey
LONDON(Reuters)-Dealing with the dissatisfaction of ageing and unreliable office computers leads to workers' unhappiness and more sick-leave, a survey showed on Wednesday.
A survey carried out by care4free. net of over 2,700 European office workers from the UK, France and Germany found that workplace dissatisfaction increased greatly with the age of computer equipment.
"We do know that job satisfaction is falling in Britain and in most advanced nations," said Stephen White, a researcher from the Work Foundation. "The actual reasons for this are the subject of very heated discussion. It's certainly one interesting theory that technology may be the cause of this in some way," White added.
A quarter of those using outdated computers in Britain said they were "quite" or "very dissatisfied" with their everyday job compared to 16 percent of those who had enjoyed an advantage from up-to-date technology.
The survey also said that among workers dealing with outdated equipment, there was a 35 percent greater probability they would take six or more days of sick-leave per year compared with the average worker. In France, where more workers use older computers, the probability jumped to 55 percent.
Results also showed that women in the three countries were more likely to be using outdated equipment. In the UK, where more workers have up-to-date computers than in the other countries surveyed, the number of women using old equipment doubled that of men.
White pointed out that there were two sides to this problem, saying that continually having to deal with new technology and new equipment can also be a source of worry. "Old and faulty equipment is a major cause of office dissatisfaction, there's no question about it. But you also have to say that the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be, a main cause of dissatisfaction." | 3315.txt | 1 |
[
"Most office workers use old computers.",
"They do some of their work with computers.",
"Dealing with new equipment can cause anxiety.",
"They are easier to be satisfied with new technology."
] | According to White, why were the women surveyed more likely to use old computers? | Old Computers Make for Unhappy Workers-Survey
LONDON(Reuters)-Dealing with the dissatisfaction of ageing and unreliable office computers leads to workers' unhappiness and more sick-leave, a survey showed on Wednesday.
A survey carried out by care4free. net of over 2,700 European office workers from the UK, France and Germany found that workplace dissatisfaction increased greatly with the age of computer equipment.
"We do know that job satisfaction is falling in Britain and in most advanced nations," said Stephen White, a researcher from the Work Foundation. "The actual reasons for this are the subject of very heated discussion. It's certainly one interesting theory that technology may be the cause of this in some way," White added.
A quarter of those using outdated computers in Britain said they were "quite" or "very dissatisfied" with their everyday job compared to 16 percent of those who had enjoyed an advantage from up-to-date technology.
The survey also said that among workers dealing with outdated equipment, there was a 35 percent greater probability they would take six or more days of sick-leave per year compared with the average worker. In France, where more workers use older computers, the probability jumped to 55 percent.
Results also showed that women in the three countries were more likely to be using outdated equipment. In the UK, where more workers have up-to-date computers than in the other countries surveyed, the number of women using old equipment doubled that of men.
White pointed out that there were two sides to this problem, saying that continually having to deal with new technology and new equipment can also be a source of worry. "Old and faulty equipment is a major cause of office dissatisfaction, there's no question about it. But you also have to say that the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be, a main cause of dissatisfaction." | 3315.txt | 2 |
[
"Poor working conditions in offices.",
"Research work of the Work Foundation.",
"Influence of technology in the workplace.",
"different attitudes to old computers."
] | What is the subject of this news story? | Old Computers Make for Unhappy Workers-Survey
LONDON(Reuters)-Dealing with the dissatisfaction of ageing and unreliable office computers leads to workers' unhappiness and more sick-leave, a survey showed on Wednesday.
A survey carried out by care4free. net of over 2,700 European office workers from the UK, France and Germany found that workplace dissatisfaction increased greatly with the age of computer equipment.
"We do know that job satisfaction is falling in Britain and in most advanced nations," said Stephen White, a researcher from the Work Foundation. "The actual reasons for this are the subject of very heated discussion. It's certainly one interesting theory that technology may be the cause of this in some way," White added.
A quarter of those using outdated computers in Britain said they were "quite" or "very dissatisfied" with their everyday job compared to 16 percent of those who had enjoyed an advantage from up-to-date technology.
The survey also said that among workers dealing with outdated equipment, there was a 35 percent greater probability they would take six or more days of sick-leave per year compared with the average worker. In France, where more workers use older computers, the probability jumped to 55 percent.
Results also showed that women in the three countries were more likely to be using outdated equipment. In the UK, where more workers have up-to-date computers than in the other countries surveyed, the number of women using old equipment doubled that of men.
White pointed out that there were two sides to this problem, saying that continually having to deal with new technology and new equipment can also be a source of worry. "Old and faulty equipment is a major cause of office dissatisfaction, there's no question about it. But you also have to say that the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be, a main cause of dissatisfaction." | 3315.txt | 2 |
[
"enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history",
"witnessed a southwestern shift of population",
"underwent an unparalleled period of population growth",
"brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II"
] | Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s . | Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead
-- has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-
■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. | 1107.txt | 1 |
[
"it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution",
"it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants",
"it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living",
"it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's \"baby boom\""
] | The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that. | Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead
-- has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-
■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. | 1107.txt | 2 |
[
"California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US",
"the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West",
"cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration",
"Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population"
] | We can see from the available statistics that . | Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead
-- has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-
■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. | 1107.txt | 3 |
[
"people in favor of the trend of democracy",
"advocates of migration between states",
"scientists engaged in the study of population",
"conservatives clinging to old patterns of life"
] | The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means . | Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead
-- has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-
■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. | 1107.txt | 2 |
[
"discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance.",
"describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.",
"proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test it.",
"posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer."
] | The author of the text is primarily concerned with | As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions. | 1040.txt | 0 |
[
"applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.",
"instrumental， but only if its limitations are recognized.",
"dangerously misleading in most circumstances.",
"a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena."
] | It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be | As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions. | 1040.txt | 1 |
[
"roughly constant population levels from year to year.",
"regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.",
"erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.",
"unchecked increases in numbers over many generations."
] | According to the text， all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT | As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions. | 1040.txt | 3 |
[
"demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth.",
"advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth.",
"prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent.",
"underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities."
] | The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to | As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions. | 1040.txt | 3 |
[
"cite the views of other biologists.",
"define a basic problem that the text addresses.",
"present conceptual categories used by other biologists.",
"describe the results of a particular study."
] | In the text， the author does all of the following EXCEPT | As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions. | 1040.txt | 3 |
[
"to mislead Iranian government",
"on the purpose of saving lives",
"for the sake of his own benefit",
"in order to get their cooperation"
] | Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance lied, to the allies_ . | Some critics of American society say that dishonesty is rampant in the Federal Government. One example they city took place during March and April, 1980. For a whole month, they say, the United States lied to its allies .
Cyrus Vance, who was then Secretary of State, was given the task of telling Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany and others that the United States would not take military action against Iran as long as we had the cooperation of our allies. Secretary of State Vance knew that the sudden attack to get out the American captives was already planned while he was talking to our allies. But he also knew that the reason for this deliberate lying was to save lives. The primary purpose of the deception was not to trick our allies but to mislead the Iranian kidnappers so that a rescue attempt could take place.
Many students of ethics believe that lying for the sake of one's country is justifiedin certain cases. In this case, having lied for the sake of his country, Secretary Vance secretly wrote a letter of resignation before the attack took place. By submitting his resignation before the attack, he showed that the result had nothing to do with his resignation. It can be said that former Secretary of State Vance deceived other governments only for humanitarian reasons. Then, once he had lied, he resigned.
In that case, it is argued, lying may be justified. Without the deception, the rescue mission could not have taken place. Of course, dishonesty in government-at local, state and national levels-does not always have such noble reasons. A prime example is the so called Watergate Affair.
Most Americans were surprised and outraged by the news of Watergate Affair. But many Europeans were surprised at our surprise. Some European observers explained that they tend to think of lying；cheating, deception and corruption as part of politics and government. | 1243.txt | 1 |
[
"tricked their allies into attacking Iran",
"took military action to capture Iranian kidnappers",
"undertook a rescue mission with the help of their allies",
"carried out an attack to rescue some Americans from the Iranian kidnappers"
] | From the passage we learn that the United States _ . | Some critics of American society say that dishonesty is rampant in the Federal Government. One example they city took place during March and April, 1980. For a whole month, they say, the United States lied to its allies .
Cyrus Vance, who was then Secretary of State, was given the task of telling Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany and others that the United States would not take military action against Iran as long as we had the cooperation of our allies. Secretary of State Vance knew that the sudden attack to get out the American captives was already planned while he was talking to our allies. But he also knew that the reason for this deliberate lying was to save lives. The primary purpose of the deception was not to trick our allies but to mislead the Iranian kidnappers so that a rescue attempt could take place.
Many students of ethics believe that lying for the sake of one's country is justifiedin certain cases. In this case, having lied for the sake of his country, Secretary Vance secretly wrote a letter of resignation before the attack took place. By submitting his resignation before the attack, he showed that the result had nothing to do with his resignation. It can be said that former Secretary of State Vance deceived other governments only for humanitarian reasons. Then, once he had lied, he resigned.
In that case, it is argued, lying may be justified. Without the deception, the rescue mission could not have taken place. Of course, dishonesty in government-at local, state and national levels-does not always have such noble reasons. A prime example is the so called Watergate Affair.
Most Americans were surprised and outraged by the news of Watergate Affair. But many Europeans were surprised at our surprise. Some European observers explained that they tend to think of lying；cheating, deception and corruption as part of politics and government. | 1243.txt | 3 |
[
"a reason for his resignation",
"reasonable and acceptable",
"unbelievable and unreasonable",
"an indication of his dishonesty"
] | According to the passage, many students regard Vance's lying as_ . | Some critics of American society say that dishonesty is rampant in the Federal Government. One example they city took place during March and April, 1980. For a whole month, they say, the United States lied to its allies .
Cyrus Vance, who was then Secretary of State, was given the task of telling Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany and others that the United States would not take military action against Iran as long as we had the cooperation of our allies. Secretary of State Vance knew that the sudden attack to get out the American captives was already planned while he was talking to our allies. But he also knew that the reason for this deliberate lying was to save lives. The primary purpose of the deception was not to trick our allies but to mislead the Iranian kidnappers so that a rescue attempt could take place.
Many students of ethics believe that lying for the sake of one's country is justifiedin certain cases. In this case, having lied for the sake of his country, Secretary Vance secretly wrote a letter of resignation before the attack took place. By submitting his resignation before the attack, he showed that the result had nothing to do with his resignation. It can be said that former Secretary of State Vance deceived other governments only for humanitarian reasons. Then, once he had lied, he resigned.
In that case, it is argued, lying may be justified. Without the deception, the rescue mission could not have taken place. Of course, dishonesty in government-at local, state and national levels-does not always have such noble reasons. A prime example is the so called Watergate Affair.
Most Americans were surprised and outraged by the news of Watergate Affair. But many Europeans were surprised at our surprise. Some European observers explained that they tend to think of lying；cheating, deception and corruption as part of politics and government. | 1243.txt | 1 |
[
"uncommon in politics and government",
"part of politics and government",
"justified dishonesty in government",
"a lie with noble reason"
] | The author, like most Americans, regards the Watergate Affair as_ . | Some critics of American society say that dishonesty is rampant in the Federal Government. One example they city took place during March and April, 1980. For a whole month, they say, the United States lied to its allies .
Cyrus Vance, who was then Secretary of State, was given the task of telling Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany and others that the United States would not take military action against Iran as long as we had the cooperation of our allies. Secretary of State Vance knew that the sudden attack to get out the American captives was already planned while he was talking to our allies. But he also knew that the reason for this deliberate lying was to save lives. The primary purpose of the deception was not to trick our allies but to mislead the Iranian kidnappers so that a rescue attempt could take place.
Many students of ethics believe that lying for the sake of one's country is justifiedin certain cases. In this case, having lied for the sake of his country, Secretary Vance secretly wrote a letter of resignation before the attack took place. By submitting his resignation before the attack, he showed that the result had nothing to do with his resignation. It can be said that former Secretary of State Vance deceived other governments only for humanitarian reasons. Then, once he had lied, he resigned.
In that case, it is argued, lying may be justified. Without the deception, the rescue mission could not have taken place. Of course, dishonesty in government-at local, state and national levels-does not always have such noble reasons. A prime example is the so called Watergate Affair.
Most Americans were surprised and outraged by the news of Watergate Affair. But many Europeans were surprised at our surprise. Some European observers explained that they tend to think of lying；cheating, deception and corruption as part of politics and government. | 1243.txt | 0 |
[
"The US government - a responsible government.",
"Cooperation means military success.",
"Should all dishonesty be criticized",
"Lying, a normal phenomenon in Europe."
] | What is the best title of the passage? | Some critics of American society say that dishonesty is rampant in the Federal Government. One example they city took place during March and April, 1980. For a whole month, they say, the United States lied to its allies .
Cyrus Vance, who was then Secretary of State, was given the task of telling Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany and others that the United States would not take military action against Iran as long as we had the cooperation of our allies. Secretary of State Vance knew that the sudden attack to get out the American captives was already planned while he was talking to our allies. But he also knew that the reason for this deliberate lying was to save lives. The primary purpose of the deception was not to trick our allies but to mislead the Iranian kidnappers so that a rescue attempt could take place.
Many students of ethics believe that lying for the sake of one's country is justifiedin certain cases. In this case, having lied for the sake of his country, Secretary Vance secretly wrote a letter of resignation before the attack took place. By submitting his resignation before the attack, he showed that the result had nothing to do with his resignation. It can be said that former Secretary of State Vance deceived other governments only for humanitarian reasons. Then, once he had lied, he resigned.
In that case, it is argued, lying may be justified. Without the deception, the rescue mission could not have taken place. Of course, dishonesty in government-at local, state and national levels-does not always have such noble reasons. A prime example is the so called Watergate Affair.
Most Americans were surprised and outraged by the news of Watergate Affair. But many Europeans were surprised at our surprise. Some European observers explained that they tend to think of lying；cheating, deception and corruption as part of politics and government. | 1243.txt | 2 |
[
"take lunch at their desks.",
"take a nap after lunch.",
"go out to eat at lunch time.",
"enjoy free lunch."
] | According to the report by AOL, most American office workers usually | Americans are too busy for lunch breaks, reports AOL. Rather than leaving the office for some much needed relaxation, most workers are opting to dine at their desks. According to a survey, 62% of American office workers usually eat their lunch in the same spot they work all day.
In a weakened economy, many employees feel a heightened need to prove their worth or look like a superstar worker who goes above and beyond to get the job done.
Plus, when coworkers are working through their lunch breaks, no one wants to be the person who looks like a slacker.
For others, it is not just a matter of saving time, but saving money. Eating out routinely gets expensive, so bringing a lunch to eat at the desk is also the thrifty choice for the American worker.
On a national level, the United States does not mandate that businesses allow their employees a lunch break. However, 22 states do have explicit laws on the books stating that workers must take a half hour to hour lunch break. Nonetheless, even workers in these states often find themselves ignoring the law to chow down next to their computers.
In addition to lunch, 27% will eat breakfast at their desk (at least they are not skipping it altogether), and 50% will snack at their desk throughout the workday. Unfortunately, using the desk as a dining table could be a health hazard. With about two in three workers admitting they clean their desk less than once a month, the unsanitary surface leaves workers susceptible to foodborne illnesses. | 501.txt | 0 |
[
"The employers' encouragement",
"An upturn in economy",
"The cozy working environment.",
"A downturn in economy."
] | makes the American employees feel a heightened need to prove their worth. | Americans are too busy for lunch breaks, reports AOL. Rather than leaving the office for some much needed relaxation, most workers are opting to dine at their desks. According to a survey, 62% of American office workers usually eat their lunch in the same spot they work all day.
In a weakened economy, many employees feel a heightened need to prove their worth or look like a superstar worker who goes above and beyond to get the job done.
Plus, when coworkers are working through their lunch breaks, no one wants to be the person who looks like a slacker.
For others, it is not just a matter of saving time, but saving money. Eating out routinely gets expensive, so bringing a lunch to eat at the desk is also the thrifty choice for the American worker.
On a national level, the United States does not mandate that businesses allow their employees a lunch break. However, 22 states do have explicit laws on the books stating that workers must take a half hour to hour lunch break. Nonetheless, even workers in these states often find themselves ignoring the law to chow down next to their computers.
In addition to lunch, 27% will eat breakfast at their desk (at least they are not skipping it altogether), and 50% will snack at their desk throughout the workday. Unfortunately, using the desk as a dining table could be a health hazard. With about two in three workers admitting they clean their desk less than once a month, the unsanitary surface leaves workers susceptible to foodborne illnesses. | 501.txt | 3 |
[
"most states of America have passed the laws stating that workers must take some lunch break.",
"the workers in the 22 states work fewer hours than those in the other states.",
"the workers in the 22 states do not necessarily take a better lunch break than those in the other states.",
"the workers in the 22 states take a longer lunch break than those in the other states."
] | According to Paragraph 4, ? | Americans are too busy for lunch breaks, reports AOL. Rather than leaving the office for some much needed relaxation, most workers are opting to dine at their desks. According to a survey, 62% of American office workers usually eat their lunch in the same spot they work all day.
In a weakened economy, many employees feel a heightened need to prove their worth or look like a superstar worker who goes above and beyond to get the job done.
Plus, when coworkers are working through their lunch breaks, no one wants to be the person who looks like a slacker.
For others, it is not just a matter of saving time, but saving money. Eating out routinely gets expensive, so bringing a lunch to eat at the desk is also the thrifty choice for the American worker.
On a national level, the United States does not mandate that businesses allow their employees a lunch break. However, 22 states do have explicit laws on the books stating that workers must take a half hour to hour lunch break. Nonetheless, even workers in these states often find themselves ignoring the law to chow down next to their computers.
In addition to lunch, 27% will eat breakfast at their desk (at least they are not skipping it altogether), and 50% will snack at their desk throughout the workday. Unfortunately, using the desk as a dining table could be a health hazard. With about two in three workers admitting they clean their desk less than once a month, the unsanitary surface leaves workers susceptible to foodborne illnesses. | 501.txt | 2 |
[
"It may save time for the employees.",
"It may do harm to the employees' health.",
"It may save money for the employees.",
"It may help the employees reduce their weight."
] | What is a disadvantage of taking lunch at the desk? | Americans are too busy for lunch breaks, reports AOL. Rather than leaving the office for some much needed relaxation, most workers are opting to dine at their desks. According to a survey, 62% of American office workers usually eat their lunch in the same spot they work all day.
In a weakened economy, many employees feel a heightened need to prove their worth or look like a superstar worker who goes above and beyond to get the job done.
Plus, when coworkers are working through their lunch breaks, no one wants to be the person who looks like a slacker.
For others, it is not just a matter of saving time, but saving money. Eating out routinely gets expensive, so bringing a lunch to eat at the desk is also the thrifty choice for the American worker.
On a national level, the United States does not mandate that businesses allow their employees a lunch break. However, 22 states do have explicit laws on the books stating that workers must take a half hour to hour lunch break. Nonetheless, even workers in these states often find themselves ignoring the law to chow down next to their computers.
In addition to lunch, 27% will eat breakfast at their desk (at least they are not skipping it altogether), and 50% will snack at their desk throughout the workday. Unfortunately, using the desk as a dining table could be a health hazard. With about two in three workers admitting they clean their desk less than once a month, the unsanitary surface leaves workers susceptible to foodborne illnesses. | 501.txt | 1 |
[
"Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.",
"Public lands play an important role in energy production.",
"Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.",
"Public lands store huge energy resources for further development."
] | What is the main idea of this passage? | The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether. | 1281.txt | 1 |
[
"The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.",
"Half of US energy is produced there.",
"Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.",
"Most energy resources are reserved there."
] | Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S. | The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether. | 1281.txt | 0 |
[
"the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge",
"alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production",
"they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands",
"geothermal resources are more important than the other two"
] | Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that _ . | The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether. | 1281.txt | 0 |
[
"the U.S. is demanding more and more energy",
"many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries",
"quite a few public lands are banned for energy development",
"many Americans think public lands are being abused"
] | There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because _ . | The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether. | 1281.txt | 0 |
[
"energy development restrictions are effective",
"federal land managers grant permissions",
"they go through the land use planning process",
"there is enough federal budget"
] | Public lands can be used for energy development when _ . | The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether. | 1281.txt | 2 |
[
"at home",
"at the seaside",
"at her grandparents'",
"at her uncle's"
] | Where did Jennifer spend her summer? | My teen-age daughter was preparing to return home after having visited her grandparents for a few weeks one summer. Her grandfather gave her 12 post cards.
"Here, write us a few lines every month," he said.
Months passed and the cards remained unused-that is until the day this letter arrived:
"Dear Jennifer,
Life is a series of stages.
As a child, I looked forward to becoming a teenager-that happened.
As a teen-ager ,I looked forward to becoming a young man-that happened.
As a young man, I looked forward to meeting a young woman, in love and becoming a married man-that happened.
As a married man, I looked forward to becoming a father-that happened.
As a father, I looked forward to becoming a grandfather to beautiful ,intelligent grandchildren-that happened.
Then I looked forward to the day they would learn to write-that hasn't happened yet.
Yours Sincerely" | 2699.txt | 2 |
[
"He gave her some cards.",
"He wrote her a note.",
"He told her a story.",
"He gave her a notebook"
] | What did the grandfather do when Jennifer was preparing to return home? | My teen-age daughter was preparing to return home after having visited her grandparents for a few weeks one summer. Her grandfather gave her 12 post cards.
"Here, write us a few lines every month," he said.
Months passed and the cards remained unused-that is until the day this letter arrived:
"Dear Jennifer,
Life is a series of stages.
As a child, I looked forward to becoming a teenager-that happened.
As a teen-ager ,I looked forward to becoming a young man-that happened.
As a young man, I looked forward to meeting a young woman, in love and becoming a married man-that happened.
As a married man, I looked forward to becoming a father-that happened.
As a father, I looked forward to becoming a grandfather to beautiful ,intelligent grandchildren-that happened.
Then I looked forward to the day they would learn to write-that hasn't happened yet.
Yours Sincerely" | 2699.txt | 0 |
[
"Jennifer should write a few lines on each of the cards every month and post them to him.",
"Jennifer should keep the cards for her memory of the summer.",
"Jennifer should post the cards to her friends.",
"Jennifer should post the cards to their relatives."
] | What were the cards should be used for, according to the grandfather? | My teen-age daughter was preparing to return home after having visited her grandparents for a few weeks one summer. Her grandfather gave her 12 post cards.
"Here, write us a few lines every month," he said.
Months passed and the cards remained unused-that is until the day this letter arrived:
"Dear Jennifer,
Life is a series of stages.
As a child, I looked forward to becoming a teenager-that happened.
As a teen-ager ,I looked forward to becoming a young man-that happened.
As a young man, I looked forward to meeting a young woman, in love and becoming a married man-that happened.
As a married man, I looked forward to becoming a father-that happened.
As a father, I looked forward to becoming a grandfather to beautiful ,intelligent grandchildren-that happened.
Then I looked forward to the day they would learn to write-that hasn't happened yet.
Yours Sincerely" | 2699.txt | 0 |
[
"They were tom by Jennifer.",
"They were posted back to the grandfather.",
"They were not used.",
"They were made dirty by Jennifer."
] | What happened to the cards? | My teen-age daughter was preparing to return home after having visited her grandparents for a few weeks one summer. Her grandfather gave her 12 post cards.
"Here, write us a few lines every month," he said.
Months passed and the cards remained unused-that is until the day this letter arrived:
"Dear Jennifer,
Life is a series of stages.
As a child, I looked forward to becoming a teenager-that happened.
As a teen-ager ,I looked forward to becoming a young man-that happened.
As a young man, I looked forward to meeting a young woman, in love and becoming a married man-that happened.
As a married man, I looked forward to becoming a father-that happened.
As a father, I looked forward to becoming a grandfather to beautiful ,intelligent grandchildren-that happened.
Then I looked forward to the day they would learn to write-that hasn't happened yet.
Yours Sincerely" | 2699.txt | 2 |
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