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Radiation treatment Effects on pituitary system X-ray_therapy > Side effects > Effects on pituitary system Hypopituitarism commonly develops after radiation therapy for sellar and parasellar neoplasms, extrasellar brain tumours, head and neck tumours, and following whole body irradiation for systemic malignancies. 40-50% of children treated for childhood cancer develop some endocrine side effect. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism mainly affects growth hormone and gonadal hormones. In contrast, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiencies are the least common among people with radiation-induced hypopituitarism. Changes in prolactin-secretion is usually mild, and vasopressin deficiency appears to be very rare as a consequence of radiation.
Immune dysregulation IPEX syndrome Immune_dysregulation > IPEX syndrome IPEX (Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a genetic mutation in the FOXP3 gene, which encodes a major transcription factor of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Such a mutation leads to dysfunctional Tregs and, as a result, autoimmune diseases. The classic clinical manifestations are enteropathy, type I diabetes mellitus and eczema.
Reflective memory Summary Reflective_memory Reflective memory technologies are focused to applications where determinism, simplicity for implementation and lack of software overhead are very important considerations. Reflective memory was developed in the 1980s by VMIC for applications in VME systems. Usually reflective memory devices are connected together by means of fiber optic.
Causality (physics) As a physical concept Causality_(physics) > As a physical concept Consequently, the relativistic principle of causality says that the cause must precede its effect according to all inertial observers. This is equivalent to the statement that the cause and its effect are separated by a timelike interval, and the effect belongs to the future of its cause. If a timelike interval separates the two events, this means that a signal could be sent between them at less than the speed of light.
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics Summary Supersymmetric_Quantum_Mechanics In theoretical physics, supersymmetric quantum mechanics is an area of research where supersymmetry are applied to the simpler setting of plain quantum mechanics, rather than quantum field theory. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics has found applications outside of high-energy physics, such as providing new methods to solve quantum mechanical problems, providing useful extensions to the WKB approximation, and statistical mechanics.
Precursor mRNA Alternative splicing Precursor_RNA > RNA processing > Alternative splicing Most eukaryotic pre-mRNA transcripts contain multiple introns and exons. The various possible combinations of 5' and 3' splice sites in a pre-mRNA can lead to different excision and combination of exons while the introns are eliminated from the mature mRNA. Thus, various kinds of mature mRNAs are generated.
Smoothsort Analysis Smoothsort > Analysis Smoothsort takes O(n) time to process a presorted array, O(n log n) in the worst case, and achieves nearly-linear performance on many nearly-sorted inputs. However, it does not handle all nearly-sorted sequences optimally. Using the count of inversions as a measure of un-sortedness (the number of pairs of indices i and j with i < j and A > A; for randomly sorted input this is approximately n2/4), there are possible input sequences with O(n log n) inversions which cause it to take Ω(n log n) time, whereas other adaptive sorting algorithms can solve these cases in O(n log log n) time.The smoothsort algorithm needs to be able to hold in memory the sizes of all of the trees in the Leonardo heap. Since they are sorted by order and all orders are distinct, this is usually done using a bit vector indicating which orders are present.
Inverse Galois problem A simple example: cyclic groups Inverse_Galois_theory > A simple example: cyclic groups It is possible, using classical results, to construct explicitly a polynomial whose Galois group over Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } is the cyclic group Z/nZ for any positive integer n. To do this, choose a prime p such that p ≡ 1 (mod n); this is possible by Dirichlet's theorem. Let Q(μ) be the cyclotomic extension of Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } generated by μ, where μ is a primitive p-th root of unity; the Galois group of Q(μ)/Q is cyclic of order p − 1. Since n divides p − 1, the Galois group has a cyclic subgroup H of order (p − 1)/n. The fundamental theorem of Galois theory implies that the corresponding fixed field, F = Q(μ)H, has Galois group Z/nZ over Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } .
Procedural parameter History Procedural_parameter > History The C programming language allows function pointers to be passed as parameters, which accomplish the same end, and are often used as callbacks in event-driven programming and as error handlers. However, only a few modern C compilers allow nested function definitions, so that its other uses are relatively uncommon. Procedural parameters were provided also in Pascal, together with nested procedure definitions; however, since standard Pascal did not allow separate compilation, the feature was little used in that language, too.
General Theory of Relativity Relativistic generalization Observer_(relativity) > From classical mechanics to general relativity > Relativistic generalization In conjunction with the world-lines of freely falling particles, the light-cones can be used to reconstruct the spacetime's semi-Riemannian metric, at least up to a positive scalar factor. In mathematical terms, this defines a conformal structure or conformal geometry. Special relativity is defined in the absence of gravity.
Order-of-magnitude analysis Rules of scale analysis Order_of_magnitude_analysis > Rules of scale analysis In the above example, the left-hand side could be of equal order of magnitude as the right-hand side. Rule3- If in the sum of two terms given by c = a + b {\displaystyle c=a+b} the order of magnitude of one term is greater than order of magnitude of the other term O ( a ) > O ( b ) {\displaystyle O(a)>O(b)} then the order of magnitude of the sum is dictated by the dominant term O ( c ) = O ( a ) {\displaystyle O(c)=O(a)} The same conclusion holds if we have the difference of two terms c = a − b {\displaystyle c=a-b} Rule4- In the sum of two terms, if two terms are same order of magnitude, c = a + b {\displaystyle c=a+b} O ( a ) = O ( b ) {\displaystyle O(a)=O(b)} then the sum is also of same order of magnitude: O ( a ) ∼ O ( b ) ∼ O ( c ) {\displaystyle O(a)\thicksim O(b)\thicksim O(c)} Rule5- In case of product of two terms p = a b {\displaystyle p=ab} the order of magnitude of the product is equal to the product of the orders of magnitude of the two factors O ( p ) = O ( a ) O ( b ) {\displaystyle O(p)=O(a)O(b)} for ratios r = a b {\displaystyle r={\frac {a}{b}}} then O ( r ) = O ( a ) O ( b ) {\displaystyle O(r)={\frac {O(a)}{O(b)}}} here O(a) represents the order of magnitude of a. ~ represents two terms are of same order of magnitude. > represents greater than, in the sense of order-of-magnitude.
Chemotherapy Alkylating agents Chemotherapy > Treatment strategies > Types > Alkylating agents Aziridines include thiotepa, mytomycin and diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives include cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. They impair cell function by forming covalent bonds with the amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups in biologically important molecules. Non-classical alkylating agents include procarbazine and hexamethylmelamine.
Ram-air parachute Summary Steerable_parachute A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who can exit from an aircraft at height and descend safely to earth. A parachute is usually made of a light, strong fabric.
Analysis of covariance Assumptions Analysis_of_covariance > Assumptions There are several key assumptions that underlie the use of ANCOVA and affect interpretation of the results. The standard linear regression assumptions hold; further we assume that the slope of the covariate is equal across all treatment groups (homogeneity of regression slopes).
Recursive InterNetwork Architecture Background Recursive_InterNetwork_Architecture > Background The principles behind RINA were first presented by John Day in his 2008 book Patterns in Network Architecture: A return to Fundamentals. This work is a start afresh, taking into account lessons learned in the 35 years of TCP/IP’s existence, as well as the lessons of OSI’s failure and the lessons of other network technologies of the past few decades, such as CYCLADES, DECnet, and Xerox Network Systems. The starting point for a radically new and different network architecture like RINA is an attempt to solve or a response to the following problems which do not appear to have practical or compromise-free solutions with current network architectures, especially the Internet protocol suite and its functional layering as depicted in Figure 1: Transmission complexity: the separation of IP and TCP results in inefficiency, with the MTU discovery performed to prevent IP fragmentation being the clearest symptom. Performance: TCP itself carries rather high overhead with its handshake, which also causes vulnerabilities such as SYN floods.
Cosmic crystallography Pair separation histograms Cosmic_crystallography > Pair separation histograms Cosmic crystallographers use cosmic separation histograms to infer characteristics of the universe. Large spikes are expected to appear if the universe is not simply connected. == References ==
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Treatment Heparin-induced_thrombocytopenia > Treatment If the patient was receiving warfarin at the time when HIT is diagnosed, the activity of warfarin is reversed with vitamin K. Transfusing platelets is discouraged, as a theoretical risk indicates that this may worsen the risk of thrombosis; the platelet count is rarely low enough to be the principal cause of significant hemorrhage.Various nonheparin agents are used as alternatives to heparin therapy to provide anticoagulation in those with strongly suspected or proven HIT: danaparoid, fondaparinux, bivalirudin, and argatroban. Not all agents are available in all countries, and not all are approved for this specific use. For instance, argatroban is only recently licensed in the United Kingdom, and danaparoid is not available in the United States.
Industrial and production engineering AutoCAD Industrial_and_production_engineering > Modern tools > AutoCAD Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. There is no need to create a physical prototype until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of relatively few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows.
Vestibular cortex Summary Vestibular_cortex Vestibular cortex is the portion of the cerebrum which responds to input from the vestibular system.The location is not well defined, but some research indicates a right hemisphere dominance.Lesions of the vestibular nucleus impair function.The "temporo-peri-Sylvian vestibular cortex" (TPSVC) has been proposed as an analog to parietoinsular vestibular cortex found in monkeys. == References ==
Caspase activation and recruitment domain In apoptosis Caspase_activation_and_recruitment_domain > In apoptosis CARDs were originally characterized based on their involvement in the regulation of caspase activation and apoptosis. The basic six-helix structure of the domain appears to be conserved as far back as the ced-3 and ced-4 genes in C. elegans, the organism in which several components of the apoptotic machinery were first characterized. CARDs are present on a number of proteins that promote apoptosis, primarily caspases 1,2,4,5,9, and 15 in mammals.
Supertask Super Turing machines Supertask > History > Modern literature > Super Turing machines The impact of supertasks on theoretical computer science has triggered some new and interesting work, for example Hamkins and Lewis – "Infinite Time Turing Machine".
Gambling mathematics Experiments, events, and probability spaces Gambling_mathematics > Experiments, events, and probability spaces The technical processes of a game stand for experiments that generate aleatory events. Here are a few examples: The occurrences could be defined; however, when formulating a probability problem, they must be done extremely carefully. From a mathematical point of view, the events are nothing more than subsets, and the space of events is a Boolean algebra. We find elementary and compound events, exclusive and nonexclusive events, and independent and non-independent events.
Operational modal analysis Summary Operational_modal_analysis Ambient modal identification, also known as operational modal analysis (OMA), aims at identifying the modal properties of a structure based on vibration data collected when the structure is under its operating conditions, i.e., no initial excitation or known artificial excitation. The modal properties of a structure include primarily the natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. In an ambient vibration test the subject structure can be under a variety of excitation sources which are not measured but are assumed to be 'broadband random'. The latter is a notion that one needs to apply when developing an ambient identification method. The specific assumptions vary from one method to another. Regardless of the method used, however, proper modal identification requires that the spectral characteristics of the measured response reflect the properties of the modes rather than those of the excitation.
Variable speed wind turbine Summary Variable_speed_wind_turbine A variable speed wind turbine is one which is specifically designed to operate over a wide range of rotor speeds. It is in direct contrast to fixed speed wind turbine where the rotor speed is approximately constant. The reason to vary the rotor speed is to capture the maximum aerodynamic power in the wind, as the wind speed varies. The aerodynamic efficiency, or coefficient of power, C p {\displaystyle C_{p}} for a fixed blade pitch angle is obtained by operating the wind turbine at the optimal tip-speed ratio as shown in the following graph. Tip-speed ratio is given by the following expression, λ = ω R v {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\omega R}{v}}} where ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the rotor speed (in radians per second), R {\displaystyle R} is the radius of the rotor, and v {\displaystyle v} is the wind speed. As the wind speed varies, the rotor speed must be varied to maintain peak efficiency.
Meminductor Criticisms Meminductor > Modelling and validation > Criticisms In 2008, a team at HP Labs found experimental evidence for the Chua's memristor based on an analysis of a thin film of titanium dioxide, thus connecting the operation of ReRAM devices to the memristor concept. According to HP Labs, the memristor would operate in the following way: the memristor's electrical resistance is not constant but depends on the current that had previously flowed through the device, i.e., its present resistance depends on how much electric charge has previously flowed through it and in what direction; the device remembers its history—the so-called non-volatility property. When the electric power supply is turned off, the memristor remembers its most recent resistance until it is turned on again.The HP Labs result was published in the scientific journal Nature. Following this claim, Leon Chua has argued that the memristor definition could be generalized to cover all forms of two-terminal non-volatile memory devices based on resistance switching effects.
Vinyl iodide functional group Properties Vinyl_iodide_functional_group > Properties Vinyl iodides are generally stable under nucleophilic conditions. In SN2 reactions, back-attack is difficult because of steric clash of R groups on carbon adjacent to electrophilic center (see figure 1a). In addition, the lone pair on iodide donates into the ╥* of the alkene, which reduces electrophilic character on the carbon as a result of decreased positive charge. Also, this stereoelectronic effect strengthens the C-I bond, thus making removal of the iodide difficult (see figure 1b).
Routing algorithm Distance vector algorithms Routing > Topology distribution > Distance vector algorithms Distance vector algorithms use the Bellman–Ford algorithm. This approach assigns a cost number to each of the links between each node in the network. Nodes send information from point A to point B via the path that results in the lowest total cost (i.e. the sum of the costs of the links between the nodes used). When a node first starts, it only knows of its immediate neighbors and the direct cost involved in reaching them.
Immunopathology Cancer Immunopathology > Cancer B cells can produce antibodies that recognize and neutralize cancer cells. However, cancer cells can evade immune surveillance and escape destruction by the immune system through various mechanisms, including downregulating antigen presentation, producing immunosuppressive molecules, and inhibiting T cell function.
Finding aids Components Finding_aid > Components Search Terms are generally a list of subject headings, any personal, corporate, or family names, geographical headings, and genre terms that relate to the contents of the collection. Arrangement is the manner in which the collection has been ordered (generally in accordance, as far as practicable, with its original order). Hierarchical levels of arrangement are typically composed of record groups containing series, which in turn contain boxes, folders, and items.The Content List is a list of the collection's materials down to the box and folder level. Series descriptions containing the title, dates of coverage, and a brief description of the contents of each series. Series descriptions may also include the range of containers, a statement of the type of arrangement, and a note on any restrictions for each series (for example, an embargo on public access for a set period for reasons of confidentiality).
Ethical AI Summary Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence The ethics of artificial intelligence is the branch of the ethics of technology specific to artificially intelligent systems. It is sometimes divided into a concern with the moral behavior of humans as they design, make, use and treat artificially intelligent systems, and a concern with the behavior of machines, in machine ethics.
Microbial oxidation of sulfur Microbial diversity Microbial_oxidation_of_sulfur > Microbial diversity The oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds is performed exclusively by Bacteria and Archaea. All the Archaea involved in this process are aerobic and belong to the Order Sulfolobales, characterized by acidophiles (extremophiles that require low pHs to grow) and thermophiles (extremophiles that require high temperatures to grow). The most studied have been the genera Sulfolobus, an aerobic Archaea, and Acidianus, a facultative anaerobe (i.e. an organism that can obtain energy either by aerobic or anaerobic respiration). Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are aerobic, anaerobic or facultative, and most of them are obligate or facultative autotrophs that can use either carbon dioxide or organic compounds as a source of carbon (mixotrophs).
Bohmian quantum mechanics Occam's-razor criticism Bohmian_quantum_mechanics > Occam's-razor criticism For this reason Everett sometimes referred to his own many-worlds approach as the "pure wave theory". Of Bohm's 1952 approach, Everett said: Our main criticism of this view is on the grounds of simplicity – if one desires to hold the view that ψ {\displaystyle \psi } is a real field, then the associated particle is superfluous, since, as we have endeavored to illustrate, the pure wave theory is itself satisfactory. In the Everettian view, then, the Bohm particles are superfluous entities, similar to, and equally as unnecessary as, for example, the luminiferous ether, which was found to be unnecessary in special relativity.
Scientific theories Assumptions in formulating theories Scientific_theory > About theories > Assumptions in formulating theories Such assumptions are often the point with which older theories are succeeded by new ones (the general theory of relativity works in non-inertial reference frames as well). The term "assumption" is actually broader than its standard use, etymologically speaking. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and online Wiktionary indicate its Latin source as assumere ("accept, to take to oneself, adopt, usurp"), which is a conjunction of ad- ("to, towards, at") and sumere (to take).
Johannes Kepler Epitome of Copernican Astronomy Johannes_Kepler > Astronomy > Epitome of Copernican Astronomy Since completing the Astronomia Nova, Kepler had intended to compose an astronomy textbook that would cover all the fundamentals of heliocentric astronomy. Kepler spent the next several years working on what would become Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy). Despite its title, which merely hints at heliocentrism, the Epitome is less about Copernicus's work and more about Kepler's own astronomical system.
Oka–Weil theorem Summary Oka–Weil_theorem In mathematics, especially the theory of several complex variables, the Oka–Weil theorem is a result about the uniform convergence of holomorphic functions on Stein spaces due to Kiyoshi Oka and André Weil.
PL/I programming language IBM PL/I optimizing and checkout compilers PL/I_programming_language > Implementations > IBM PL/I optimizing and checkout compilers The PL/I Optimizer and Checkout compilers produced in Hursley support a common level of PL/I language and aimed to replace the PL/I F compiler. The checkout compiler is a rewrite of PL/I F in BSL, IBM's PL/I-like proprietary implementation language (later PL/S). The performance objectives set for the compilers are shown in an IBM presentation to the BCS. The compilers had to produce identical results – the Checkout Compiler is used to debug programs that would then be submitted to the Optimizer.
Renal dysfunction Acute kidney injury Renal_impairment > Causes > Acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury (previously known as acute renal failure) – or AKI – usually occurs when the blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins. Causes of acute kidney injury include accidents, injuries, or complications from surgeries in which the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for extended periods of time. Heart-bypass surgery is an example of one such procedure.Drug overdoses, accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with bee stings may also cause the onset of acute kidney injury. Unlike chronic kidney disease, however, the kidneys can often recover from acute kidney injury, allowing the person with AKI to resume a normal life.
TCP header Network function TCP_header > Network function Once the TCP receiver has reassembled the sequence of octets originally transmitted, it passes them to the receiving application. Thus, TCP abstracts the application's communication from the underlying networking details.
Foreign language teaching Ancient to medieval period Foreign_language_teaching > History > Ancient to medieval period He held that language acquisition must be allied with sensation and experience. Teaching must be oral. The schoolroom should have models of things, and failing that, pictures of them.
PL/I programming language IBM PL/I F and D compilers PL/I_programming_language > Implementations > IBM PL/I F and D compilers PL/I was first implemented by IBM, at its Hursley Laboratories in the United Kingdom, as part of the development of System/360. The first production PL/I compiler was the PL/I F compiler for the OS/360 Operating System, built by John Nash's team at Hursley in the UK: the runtime library team was managed by I.M. (Nobby) Clarke.
Neuronal cell cycle Cell cycle regulation Neuronal_cell_cycle > Cell cycle regulation Transitions through the cell cycle from one phase to the next are regulated by cyclins binding their respective cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) which then activate the kinases (Fisher, 2012). During G1, cyclin D is synthesized and binds to Cdk4/6, which in turn phosphorylates retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and induces the release of the transcription factor E2F1 which is necessary for DNA replication (Liu et al., 1998). The G1/S transition is regulated by cyclin E binding to Cdk2 which phosphorylates Rb as well (Merrick and Fisher, 2011). S phase is then driven by the binding of cyclin A with Cdk2.
Solar forcing Recent growth trends Radiative_Forcing > Recent growth trends The remainder of the difference is due to negative aerosol forcing (compare climate effects of particulates), climate sensitivity being less than the commonly accepted value, or some combination thereof.The table also includes an "Annual Greenhouse Gas Index" (AGGI), which is defined as the ratio of the total direct radiative forcing due to long-lived greenhouse gases for any year for which adequate global measurements exist to that which was present in 1990. 1990 was chosen because it is the baseline year for the Kyoto Protocol. This index is a measure of the inter-annual changes in conditions that affect carbon dioxide emission and uptake, methane and nitrous oxide sources and sinks, the decline in the atmospheric abundance of ozone-depleting chemicals related to the Montreal Protocol.
Vitamin K Osteoporosis Vitamin_K > Research > Osteoporosis Vitamin K is required for the gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin in bone. The risk of osteoporosis, assessed via bone mineral density and fractures, was not affected for people on warfarin therapy – a vitamin K antagonist. Higher dietary intake of vitamin K1 may modestly decrease the risk of fractures. However, there is mixed evidence to support a claim that vitamin K supplementation reduces risk of bone fractures.
Excitatory synapse Serotonin Excitatory_synapses > Types of excitatory neurotransmitters > Serotonin Serotonin is an excitatory neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and wakefulness and is found in neurons of the raphe region of the pons and upper brain stem, which extend into the forebrain. Serotonin binds a number of receptors, including the 5-HT3 receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels that allow the passage of cations in order to depolarize the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron that they reside on. Levels of serotonin activity that are lower than normal have been linked to a variety of symptoms, especially depression, which is why many antidepressant drugs act to increase serotonin activity.
Climate change attribution Background Climate_change_attribution > Background Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of planet Earth. A positive radiative forcing will lead towards a warming of the surface and, over time, the climate system. Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO2) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m−2).Climate feedbacks can either amplify or dampen the response of the climate to a given forcing.
Introductio in analysin infinitorum Summary Introductio_in_analysin_infinitorum Then each base a corresponds to an inverse function called the logarithm to base a, in chapter 6. In chapter 7, Euler introduces e as the number whose hyperbolic logarithm is 1. The reference here is to Gregoire de Saint-Vincent who performed a quadrature of the hyperbola y = 1/x through description of the hyperbolic logarithm.
Washburn's equation Summary Washburn's_equation In physics, Washburn's equation describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes; it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn; also known as Lucas–Washburn equation, considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper three years earlier, or the Bell-Cameron-Lucas-Washburn equation, considering J.M. Bell and F.K. Cameron's discovery of the form of the equation in 1906.
Hedgehog signaling Mechanism Hedgehog_signaling_pathway > Vertebrates > Mechanism SHH can signal in an autocrine fashion, affecting the cells in which it is produced. Secretion and consequent paracrine hedgehog signaling require the participation of Dispatched (DISP) protein (Process "2" on Figure 5). When SHH reaches its target cell, it binds to the Patched-1 (PTCH1) receptor (Process "3" on Figure 5, the blue molecule).
Oxidative stress Diseases Oxidative_damage > Diseases Oxidative stress is suspected to be important in neurodegenerative diseases including Lou Gehrig's disease (aka MND or ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, depression, and multiple sclerosis. It is also indicated in Neurodevelopmental conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. Indirect evidence via monitoring biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species production indicates oxidative damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, while cumulative oxidative stress with disrupted mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial damage are related to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases.Oxidative stress is thought to be linked to certain cardiovascular disease, since oxidation of LDL in the vascular endothelium is a precursor to plaque formation. Oxidative stress also plays a role in the ischemic cascade due to oxygen reperfusion injury following hypoxia.
Recursive ascent parser Summary Recursive_ascent_parser An extremely readable description of the technique was written by Morell and Middleton in 2003. A good exposition can also be found in a TOPLAS article by Sperber and Thiemann.Recursive ascent has also been merged with recursive descent, yielding a technique known as recursive ascent/descent. This implementation technique is arguably easier to hand-edit due to the reduction in states and fact that some of these states are more intuitively top-down rather than bottom up. It can also yield some minimal performance improvements over conventional recursive ascent.
Chain reaction (chemistry) Acetaldehyde pyrolysis and rate equation Chain_reaction_(chemistry) > Chemical chain reactions > Acetaldehyde pyrolysis and rate equation . . d d t = k 2 {\displaystyle (1)...{\frac {d{\ce {}}}{dt}}=k_{2}{\ce {}}{\ce {}}} For the intermediates ( 2 ) .
Polyethylene Mechanical Polyethylene > Properties > Mechanical Polyethylene is of low strength, hardness and rigidity, but has a high ductility and impact strength as well as low friction. It shows strong creep under persistent force, which can be reduced by addition of short fibers. It feels waxy when touched.
Philosophy of time Mach Philosophy_of_space_and_time > Absolutism and relationalism > Mach But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).
Bloom (phase) Sulfur bloom Bloom_(phase) > Materials science > Sulfur bloom Sulfur bloom refers to the migration of sulfur, usually as S8, to the surface of a rubber article either before or after vulcanization. Blooming is undesirable in rubber processing. When sulfur bloom appears before vulcanization, the rubber is deprived of the crosslinking agent. Sulfur bloom after vulcanization indicates incomplete vulcanization. In rubber processing, ingredients other than sulfur can "bloom", including antioxidants, fatty acids, and accelerators.
Ethylene Oxide Reduction reaction Ethylene_Oxide > Chemical properties > Reduction reaction Ethylene oxide can be hydrogenated into ethanol in the presence of a catalyst, such as nickel, platinum, palladium, boranes, lithium aluminium hydride and some other hydrides. ( CH 2 CH 2 ) O + H 2 → 80 ∘ C Ni , Pt , Pd , BH 3 , LiAlH 4 or other hydrides C 2 H 5 OH ethanol {\displaystyle {\ce {(CH2CH2)O{}+H2->{\underset {ethanol}{C2H5OH}}}}} Conversely, with some other catalysts, ethylene oxide may be reduced by hydrogen to ethylene with the yield up to 70%. The reduction catalysts include mixtures of zinc dust and acetic acid, of lithium aluminium hydride with titanium trichloride (the reducing agent is actually titanium dichloride, formed by the reaction between LiAlH4 and TiCl3) and of iron(III) chloride with butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran. ( CH 2 CH 2 ) O + H 2 → Zn + CH 3 COOH CH 2 = CH 2 ethylene + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {(CH2CH2)O{}+H2->{\underset {ethylene}{CH2=CH2}}+H2O}}}
Discrete Choice Modelling Theoretical background Discrete_Choice_Modelling > Theoretical background The theory behind choice modelling was developed independently by economists and mathematical psychologists. The origins of choice modelling can be traced to Thurstone's research into food preferences in the 1920s and to random utility theory. In economics, random utility theory was then developed by Daniel McFadden and in mathematical psychology primarily by Duncan Luce and Anthony Marley.
Seroconversion Seroconversion in COVID-19 Seroconversion > Seroconversion in COVID-19 Specifically, individuals who are seropositive for COVID-19 at the time of their first dose of vaccination have a response similar to the general population's response to the second dose, due to this increased concentration of IgG antibodies. Some individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 may decline vaccination due to the belief that their recovery from infection has a protective effect. Nevertheless, the lack of seroconversion for all former infectees indicates that recovery from infection alone does not guarantee resistance to COVID-19. Even for individuals who seroconverted, seropositivity is at best only as protective as a single dose of vaccine, as opposed to the more robust protection of both doses of the vaccine and subsequent boosters. Therefore, those who have recovered from COVID-19, regardless of seropositivity, are still advised by health bodies such as the CDC to seek vaccination to prevent future reinfection and to limit future potential spread of COVID-19.
Brouwer fixed-point theorem A proof using the hairy ball theorem Brouwer_fixed-point > Proof outlines > A proof using the hairy ball theorem From the original n-dimensional space Euclidean space V, construct a new auxiliary (n + 1)-dimensional space W = V x R, with coordinates y = (x, t). Set X ( x , t ) = ( − t w ( x ) , x ⋅ w ( x ) ) .
Cellular life Prokaryotic cells Biological_cell > Cell types > Prokaryotic cells Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, two of the three domains of life. Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterized by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack a nucleus, and other membrane-bound organelles. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single circular chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm.
Iron oxide cycle Process description Iron_oxide_cycle > Process description The thermochemical two-step water splitting process uses two redox steps. The steps of solar hydrogen production by iron based two-step cycle are: { M II Fe 2 III O 4 ⟶ M II O + 2 Fe II O + 1 2 O 2 ( Reduction ) M II O + 2 Fe II O + H 2 O ⟶ M II Fe 2 III O 4 + H 2 ( Oxidation ) {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {M^{II}Fe2^{III}O4 -> M^{II}O + 2Fe^{II}O + 1/2O2}}&{\ce {(Reduction)}}\\{\ce {M^{II}O + 2Fe^{II}O + H2O -> M^{II}Fe2^{III}O4 + H2}}&{\ce {(Oxidation)}}\end{cases}}} Where M can by any number of metals, often Fe itself, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn or mixtures thereof. The endothermic reduction step (1) is carried out at high temperatures greater than 1400 °C, though the "Hercynite cycle" is capable of temperatures as low as 1200 °C. The oxidative water splitting step (2) occurs at a lower ~1000 °C temperature which produces the original ferrite material in addition to hydrogen gas. The temperature level is realized by using geothermal heat from magma or a solar power tower and a set of heliostats to collect the solar thermal energy.
Glossary of engineering: M–Z N Virtual_leak > N The weak force has a very short range, the gravitational interaction is extremely weak, and neutrinos do not participate in the strong interaction. Thus, neutrinos typically pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected. Newtonian fluidIs a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate—the rate of change of its deformation over time.
Torque wrench Programmable electronic torque / angle wrenches Torque_wrenches > Types > Programmable electronic torque / angle wrenches Thanks to a special measuring process, it is also possible to display the yield point (yield controlled tightening). This design of torque wrench is highly popular with automotive manufacturers for documenting tightening processes requiring both torque and angle control because, in these cases, a defined angle has to be applied to the fastener on top of the prescribed torque (e.g. 50 N⋅m or 37 lbf⋅ft + 90° – here the 50 N⋅m or 37 lbf⋅ft means the snug point/threshold and +90° indicates that an additional angle has to be applied after the threshold). In 1995, Saltus-Werk Max Forst GmbH applied for an international patent for the first electronic torque wrench with angle measurement which did not require a reference arm.
Methane clumped isotopes Inferred equilibration temperature Methane_clumped_isotopes > Notation > Inferred equilibration temperature T 18 {\displaystyle T_{18}} is the inferred equilibration temperature based on Δ 18 {\displaystyle \Delta _{18}} values; T 13 C H 3 D {\displaystyle T_{^{13}CH_{3}D}} is the inferred equilibration temperature based on Δ 13 C H 3 D {\displaystyle \Delta _{^{13}CH_{3}D}} values; and T 12 C H 2 D 2 {\displaystyle T_{^{12}CH_{2}D_{2}}} is the inferred equilibration temperature based on Δ 12 C H 2 D 2 {\displaystyle \Delta _{^{12}CH_{2}D_{2}}} values (see "Equilibrium thermodynamics" for details). T 18 {\displaystyle T_{18}} , T 13 C H 3 D {\displaystyle T_{^{13}CH_{3}D}} , and T 12 C H 2 D 2 {\displaystyle T_{^{12}CH_{2}D_{2}}} are also called clumped-isotope temperatures. When a Δ value is smaller than zero, there is no inferred equilibration temperature associated with it. Because at any finite temperature, the equilibrium Δ value is always positive.
Lung cancer staging with endoscopic ultrasound Methods Lung_cancer_staging_with_endoscopic_ultrasound > Staging > TNM classification > Methods The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) as well as the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) recommend TNM staging, which is a two step procedure. Their TNM system, which they now develop jointly, first classifies cancer by several factors, T for tumor, N for nodes, M for metastasis, and then groups these TNM factors into overall stages as shown in their table.AJCC has provided web accessible poster versions of these copyrighted TNM descriptors and stage groups, to which readers are directed for accurate, detailed, up to date information; additionally, both the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) reprint these descriptors and grouping tables with AJCC permission, and extensively discuss staging modalities and treatment options, providing expert clear assistance in decisions about the best treatments. The NCCN pathways "outline the step-by-step treatment decisions from diagnosis through all phases of treatment and survivorship. "Although TNM classification is an internationally agreed system, it has gradually evolved through its different editions; the dates of publication and of adoption for use of AJCC editions is summarized in the table in this article; past editions are available from AJCC for web download.
Representative Layer Theory Determining the A, R, T fractions for n layers Representative_Layer_Theory > Mathematics of plane parallel layers in absorption spectroscopy > Determining the A, R, T fractions for n layers The Stokes Formulas can be used to calculate the ART fractions for any number of layers. Alternatively, they can be calculated by successive application of Benford's equation for "one more layer". If A1, R1, and T1 are known for the representative layer of a sample, and An, Rn and Tn are known for a layer composed of n representative layers, the ART fractions for a layer with thickness of n + 1 are: T n + 1 = T n T 1 1 − R n R 1 , {\displaystyle T_{n+1}={\frac {T_{n}T_{1}}{1-R_{n}R_{1}}},\qquad } R n + 1 = R n + T n 2 R 1 1 − R n R 1 , {\displaystyle R_{n+1}=R_{n}+{\frac {T_{n}^{2}R_{1}}{1-R_{n}R_{1}}},\qquad } A n + 1 = 1 − T n + 1 − R n + 1 {\displaystyle A_{n+1}=1-T_{n+1}-R_{n+1}}
Williston's law Early life Williston's_law > Early life He was noted for painstakingly illustrating the finds. In 1880, he matriculated to Yale University, for several years was a post-graduate student and faculty member. Around this time, he proposed the first explicit model for the terrestrial origin of bird flight (i.e., that dinosaurs developed flight by running along the ground rather than jumping from trees).
Climate spiral Dissemination Climate_spiral > Dissemination Expecting "only some vague interest", Hawkins later wrote that his tweet of the new graphic had been viewed 3.4 million times in its first year. The tweeted graphic is widely described as having gone viral. Within a day, Climate Central writer Andrea Thompson remarked in The Guardian that the "metaphoric spiral" of the planet spiraling toward catastrophic consequences "has become a literal one". Initially, Hawkins posited that the graphic resonated because it "doesn’t require any complex interpretation".In a 2019 paper, Hawkins et al. further surmised that the design and communication aspects of the graphic resonated with viewers for a variety of reasons, including: its selection to graph temperature (a quantity that the public feels is relevant and understandable), its production by scientists (who tend to be viewed as "trusted messengers"), its being intuitive and eye-catching (not a "boring" scientific graph), its similarity to a clock (which is normally regular and predictable but which provides a "visual surprise" at the end, portraying the "fortuitous" large temperature increases encountered very recently), its animated nature (not a static graph), and its short duration (holding viewers' attention).The paper further noted that sharing the graphic on social media allowed it to be "consumed within the social media bubble rather than requiring a journey to another website", allowing it to be "subsequently amplified by journalists, the media, and highly popular accounts".
Deep Image Prior Inpainting Deep_Image_Prior > Applications > Inpainting Inpainting is used to reconstruct a missing area in an image x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} . These missing pixels are defined as the binary mask m ∈ { 0 , 1 } H × V {\displaystyle m\in \{0,1\}^{H\times V}} . The data term is defined as E ( x ; x 0 ) = \| \| ( x − x 0 ) ⊙ m \| \| 2 {\displaystyle E(x;x_{0})=\|\|(x-x_{0})\odot m\|\|^{2}} (where ⊙ {\displaystyle \odot } is the Hadamard product). The intuition behind this is that the loss is computed only on the known pixels in the image, and the network is going to learn enough about the image to fill in unknown parts of the image even though the computed loss doesn't include those pixels. This strategy is used to remove image watermarks by treating the watermark as missing pixels in the image.
Bayesian Inference Making a prediction Confirmation_theory > Examples > Making a prediction It is expected that if the site were inhabited during the early medieval period, then 1% of the pottery would be glazed and 50% of its area decorated, whereas if it had been inhabited in the late medieval period then 81% would be glazed and 5% of its area decorated. How confident can the archaeologist be in the date of inhabitation as fragments are unearthed? The degree of belief in the continuous variable C {\displaystyle C} (century) is to be calculated, with the discrete set of events { G D , G D ¯ , G ¯ D , G ¯ D ¯ } {\displaystyle \{GD,G{\bar {D}},{\bar {G}}D,{\bar {G}}{\bar {D}}\}} as evidence.
3-4-5 triangle Common Pythagorean triples Right_isosceles_triangle > Side-based > Common Pythagorean triples It was first conjectured by the historian Moritz Cantor in 1882. It is known that right angles were laid out accurately in Ancient Egypt; that their surveyors did use ropes for measurement; that Plutarch recorded in Isis and Osiris (around 100 AD) that the Egyptians admired the 3: 4: 5 triangle; and that the Berlin Papyrus 6619 from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (before 1700 BC) stated that "the area of a square of 100 is equal to that of two smaller squares. The side of one is ½ + ¼ the side of the other."
Fin field-effect transistor History Fin_field-effect_transistor > History The gate of the transistor can cover and electrically contact the semiconductor channel fin on both the top and the sides or only on the sides. The former is called a tri-gate transistor and the latter a double-gate transistor. A double-gate transistor optionally can have each side connected to two different terminal or contacts.
Aerobic glycolysis Plants Aerobic_glycolysis > Aerobic fermentation in other non-yeast species > Plants Tobacco pollen, similar to Crabtree-positive yeast, perform high levels of fermentation dependent on the sugar supply, and not oxygen availability. In these tissues, respiration and alcoholic fermentation occur simultaneously with high sugar availability. Fermentation produces the toxic acetaldehyde and ethanol, that can build up in large quantities during pollen development.
Entropy as an arrow of time An example of apparent irreversibility Thermodynamic_arrow > An example of apparent irreversibility One can easily imagine that by watching the random jostling of the molecules it might occur — by chance alone — that the molecules became neatly segregated, with all dye molecules on one side and all water molecules on the other. That this can be expected to occur from time to time can be concluded from the fluctuation theorem; thus it is not impossible for the molecules to segregate themselves. However, for a large number of molecules it is so unlikely that one would have to wait, on average, many times longer than the current age of the universe for it to occur. Thus a movie that showed a large number of molecules segregating themselves as described above would appear unrealistic and one would be inclined to say that the movie was being played in reverse. See Boltzmann's Second Law as a law of disorder.
Ehrenfest–Tolman effect Summary Ehrenfest–Tolman_effect In general relativity, the Ehrenfest–Tolman effect (also known as the Tolman–Ehrenfest effect), created by Richard C. Tolman and Paul Ehrenfest, argues that temperature is not constant in space at thermal equilibrium, but varies with the spacetime curvature. Specifically, it depends on the spacetime metric. In a stationary spacetime with timelike Killing vector field ξ {\displaystyle \xi } , the temperature T {\displaystyle T} satisfies instead the Tolman-Ehrenfest relation: T \| \| ξ \| \| = c o n s t a n t {\displaystyle T\,\|\|\xi \|\|=\mathrm {constant} } , where \| \| ξ \| \| = g a b ξ a ξ b {\displaystyle \|\|\xi \|\|={\sqrt {g_{ab}\xi ^{a}\xi ^{b}}}} is the norm of the timelike Killing vector field.
Semi-automation Summary Semi-automation Semi-automation is a process or procedure that is performed by the combined activities of man and machine with both human and machine steps typically orchestrated by a centralized computer controller. Within manufacturing, production processes may be fully manual, semi-automated, or fully automated. In this case, semi-automation may vary in its degree of manual and automated steps.
Curve on a sphere Basic terminology Surface_area_of_a_sphere > Basic terminology Small circles on the sphere that are parallel to the equator are lines of latitude. In geometry unrelated to astronomical bodies, geocentric terminology should be used only for illustration and noted as such, unless there is no chance of misunderstanding.Mathematicians consider a sphere to be a two-dimensional closed surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space. They draw a distinction a sphere and a ball, which is a three-dimensional manifold with boundary that includes the volume contained by the sphere.
Overpopulation Population cycles Overpopulation > Population cycles In the wild, rampant population growth of prey species often causes growth in the populations of predators. Such predator-prey relationships can form cycles, which are usually mathematically modelled as Lotka–Volterra equations.In natural ecosystems, predator population growth lags just behind the prey populations. After the prey population crashes, the overpopulation of predators causes the entire population to be subjected to mass starvation. The population of the predator drops, as less young are able to survive into adulthood.
Symmetry of diatomic molecules Effect of symmetry on the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian Symmetry_of_diatomic_molecules > von Neumann-Wigner non-crossing rule > Effect of symmetry on the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian This general symmetry principle has important consequences is molecular spectra. In fact, in the applications of valence bond method in case of diatomic molecules, three main correspondence between the atomic and the molecular orbitals are taken care of: Molecular orbitals having a given value of λ {\displaystyle \lambda } (the component of the orbital angular momentum along the internuclear axis) must connect with atomic orbitals having the same value of λ {\displaystyle \lambda } (i.e. the same value of \| m \| {\displaystyle \left\|m\right\|} ). The electronic parity of the wave function (g or u) must be preserved as R {\displaystyle R} varies from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } . The von Neumann-Wigner non-crossing rule must be obeyed, so that energy curves corresponding to orbitals having the same symmetry do not cross as R {\displaystyle R} varies from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } .Thus, von Neumann-Wigner non-crossing rule also acts as a starting point for valence bond theory.
Strain tensor Normal strain Shear_strain > Strain tensor > Normal strain For an isotropic material that obeys Hooke's law, a normal stress will cause a normal strain. Normal strains produce dilations. The normal strain in the x-direction of the rectangular element is defined by Similarly, the normal strain in the y- and z-directions becomes
Band-reject filter Summary Band-reject_filter In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection filter is a filter that passes most frequencies unaltered, but attenuates those in a specific range to very low levels. It is the opposite of a band-pass filter. A notch filter is a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband (high Q factor). Narrow notch filters (optical) are used in Raman spectroscopy, live sound reproduction (public address systems, or PA systems) and in instrument amplifiers (especially amplifiers or preamplifiers for acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass instrument amplifier, etc.) to reduce or prevent audio feedback, while having little noticeable effect on the rest of the frequency spectrum (electronic or software filters).
Quantum Supremacy Summary Quantum_Supremacy Quantum Supremacy: How the Quantum Computer Revolution Will Change Everything is a non-fiction book by the American futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book, Kaku's eleventh, was initially published on 2 May 2023 by Doubleday. The book concentrates on quantum computing and its uses for various tasks.
Rigid body kinetics System of particles Rigid-body_dynamics > Linear and angular momentum > System of particles The linear and angular momentum of a rigid system of particles is formulated by measuring the position and velocity of the particles relative to the center of mass. Let the system of particles Pi, i = 1, ..., n be located at the coordinates ri and velocities vi. Select a reference point R and compute the relative position and velocity vectors, The total linear and angular momentum vectors relative to the reference point R are and If R is chosen as the center of mass these equations simplify to
Deprotonation Summary Deprotonation Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction. The species formed is the conjugate base of that acid. The complementary process, when a proton is added (transferred) to a Brønsted–Lowry base, is protonation (or hydronation). The species formed is the conjugate acid of that base.
Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy Diagnosis Tachycardia-induced_cardiomyopathy > Diagnosis There are no specific diagnostic criteria for TIC, and it can be difficult to diagnose for a number of reasons. First, in patients presenting with both tachycardia and cardiomyopathy, it can be difficult to distinguish which is the causative agent. Additionally, it can occur in patients with or without underlying structural heart disease. Previously normal left ventricular ejection fraction or left ventricular systolic dysfunction out of proportion to a patient’s underlying cardiac disease can be important clues to possible TIC.
U.S. standard clothing size History US_standard_clothing_size > History The hourglass figure is frequently used as an industry standard, but only 8% of women have this body shape (Felsenthal 2012). A woman with an hourglass figure and a woman with an apple-shaped figure who have the same bust size will not have the same waist or hip sizes. This was a significant problem for mail-order companies, and several attempts at predictable, standard sizing were made (Felsenthal 2012).
Slide chart Summary Slide_chart Unlike the general-purpose mechanical calculators, slide charts are typically devoted to carrying out a particular specialized calculation, or displaying information on a single product or a particular process. For example, the "CurveEasy" wheel chart displays information related to spherical geometry calculations, and the Prestolog calculator is used for cost/profit calculations. Another example of a wheel chart is the planisphere, which shows the location of stars in the sky for a given location, date, and time.
Load path analysis Summary Load_path_analysis Load path analysis is a technique of mechanical and structural engineering used to determine the path of maximum stress in a non-uniform load-bearing member in response to an applied load. Load path analysis can be used to minimize the material needed in the load-bearing member to support the design load. Load path analysis may be performed using the concept of a load transfer index, U*.
Nanoionic device Summary Nanoionic_device There are two classes of solid-state ionic nanosystems and two fundamentally different nanoionics: (I) nanosystems based on solids with low ionic conductivity, and (II) nanosystems based on advanced superionic conductors (e.g. alpha–AgI, rubidium silver iodide–family). Nanoionics-I and nanoionics-II differ from each other in the design of interfaces. The role of boundaries in nanoionics-I is the creation of conditions for high concentrations of charged defects (vacancies and interstitials) in a disordered space-charge layer.
Electron-reservoir complex Cyclopentadienyl iron(arene) complexes Electron-reservoir_complex > Structure and bonding > Cyclopentadienyl iron(arene) complexes The electronic spectra of CpFe+(arene) complexes have been compared to those of ferrocene and bis(arene) iron dications. Three spin allowed transitions are observed at 22,200, 26,200 and 31,900 cm–1 and two bands at 38,200 and 41,800 cm–1 are attributed to π→π* benzene transitions. The ligand field parameters (cm–1) for the CpFe+ (arene) complexes are Δ1 = 8,500, Δ2 = 21,900, B = 320 (comparatively for ferrocene, Δ1 = 7,200, Δ2 = 22,000, B = 390).
Online Certificate Status Protocol Protocol details Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol > Protocol details The key that signs a response need not be the same key that signed the certificate. The certificate's issuer may delegate another authority to be the OCSP responder. In this case, the responder's certificate (the one that is used to sign the response) must be issued by the issuer of the certificate in question, and must include a certain extension that marks it as an OCSP signing authority (more precisely, an extended key usage extension with the OID {iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) keyPurpose(3) ocspSigning(9)})
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 Pathophysiology Spinocerebellar_ataxia_type_1 > Pathophysiology A recent study also found significant atrophy of the spinal cord and flattening of the posterior column and found a correlation between cord area, CAG repeats, and SARA scores in SCA1. Central nervous system tissues, unlike that of bone, muscle, or skin, lacks mechanisms for endogenously generating and differentiating new cells and for restoring long distance patterns and connections as they are lost, so as degeneration progresses the losses are permanent.A little is known about glia-neuronal interaction in SCA1. The Bergman Glia (BG) cells are in a tight functional connection with Purkinje neurons.
Indian Monsoon Current Evolution Indian_Monsoon_Current > Structure and evolution > Evolution The rapid initiation of seasonal currents (over the time period of several weeks) can be explained theoretically in terms of linear theory with a Rossby wave response. The Monsoon Current can also be viewed in terms of local forcing processes that act in concert to create the mature, basin-wide system. The evolution of these currents have been reproduced in dynamical models of the ocean-atmosphere system.
Beryllium oxide Structure Beryllium_oxide > Structure Molecular orbital theory provides a slightly different picture with no net sigma bonding (because the 2s orbitals of the two atoms combine to form a filled sigma bonding orbital and a filled sigma* anti-bonding orbital) and two pi bonds formed between both pairs of p orbitals oriented perpendicular to the molecular axis. The sigma orbital formed by the p orbitals aligned along the molecular axis is unfilled. The corresponding ground state is ...(2sσ)2(2sσ*)2(2pπ)4 (as in the isoelectronic C2 molecule), where both bonds can be considered as dative bonds from oxygen towards beryllium.
ASI (computer science) Design considerations ASI_(computer_science) > Design considerations Picking an erroneous explication of "moral rightness" could result in outcomes that would be morally very wrong ... The path to endowing an AI with any of these concepts might involve giving it general linguistic ability (comparable, at least, to that of a normal human adult). Such a general ability to understand natural language could then be used to understand what is meant by "morally right." If the AI could grasp the meaning, it could search for actions that fit ...One might try to preserve the basic idea of the MR model while reducing its demandingness by focusing on moral permissibility: the idea being that we could let the AI pursue humanity's CEV so long as it did not act in ways that are morally impermissible.
Cn(CN)2 Summary CnF4 It was named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile element, so much so that it is possibly a gas or a volatile liquid at standard temperature and pressure.
Izbash formula Derivation of the Izbash formula Izbash_formula > Derivation of the Izbash formula Izbash considered the forces on a stone in the current. These are three active forces and two passive forces. The active forces are the lift force FL, the friction force FS and the drag FD. The passive forces are the weight W and the resistance force FF.
Measurement unit Legal control of weights and measures Unit_symbol > Systems of units > Legal control of weights and measures To reduce the incidence of retail fraud, many national statutes have standard definitions of weights and measures that may be used (hence "statute measure"), and these are verified by legal officers.
Optical radiation Summary Optical_radiation Optical radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is a type of non-ionising radiation (NIR), with electromagnetic fields (EMFs).
Energy management Potential energy strategies Energy_management > Energy strategies > Potential energy strategies According to Kals there are the following energy strategies: Passive Strategy: There is no systematic planning. The issue of energy and environmental management is not perceived as an independent field of action. The organization only deals with the most essential subjects. Strategy of short-term profit maximization: The management is concentrating exclusively on measures that have a relatively short payback period and a high return.
Electron flow Radio waves Electric_currents > Electromagnetism > Radio waves When an electric current flows in a suitably shaped conductor at radio frequencies, radio waves can be generated. These travel at the speed of light and can cause electric currents in distant conductors.

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