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Serine Summary Serine Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid. It can be synthesized in the human body under normal physiological circumstances, making it a nonessential amino acid. It is encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC.
CeO2 Catalysis CeO2 > Applications > Other niche and emerging applications > Catalysis One small but illustrative use is its use in the walls of self-cleaning ovens as a hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst during the high-temperature cleaning process. Another small scale but famous example is its role in oxidation of natural gas in gas mantles. Building on its distinct surface interactions, ceria finds further use as a sensor in catalytic converters in automotive applications, controlling the air-exhaust ratio to reduce NOx and carbon monoxide emissions.
Archimedes' constant Summary Archimedes_constant The number π (; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159. The number π appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics. It is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of two integers, although fractions such as 22 7 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {22}{7}}} are commonly used to approximate it. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends, nor enters a permanently repeating pattern.
Vector processing Insights from examples Vector_computer > Description > Insights from examples Compared to any SIMD processor claiming to be a vector processor, the order of magnitude reduction in program size is almost shocking. However, this level of elegance at the ISA level has quite a high price tag at the hardware level: From the IAXPY example, it can be seen that unlike SIMD processors, which can simplify their internal hardware by avoiding dealing with misaligned memory access, a vector processor cannot get away with such simplification: algorithms are written which inherently rely on Vector Load and Store being successful, regardless of alignment of the start of the vector. Whilst from the reduction example it can be seen that, aside from permute instructions, SIMD by definition avoids inter-lane operations entirely (element 0 can only be added to another element 0), vector processors tackle this head-on. What programmers are forced to do in software (using shuffle and other tricks, to swap data into the right "lane") vector processors must do in hardware, automatically.Overall then there is a choice to either have complex software and simplified hardware (SIMD) simplified software and complex hardware (vector processors)These stark differences are what distinguishes a vector processor from one that has SIMD.
Internet performance Governance Public_Internet > Governance This role of ICANN distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet.Regional Internet registries (RIRs) were established for five regions of the world. The African Network Information Center (AfriNIC) for Africa, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America, the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and the Caribbean region, and the Réseaux IP Européens – Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia were delegated to assign IP address blocks and other Internet parameters to local registries, such as Internet service providers, from a designated pool of addresses set aside for each region. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Commerce, had final approval over changes to the DNS root zone until the IANA stewardship transition on 1 October 2016.
Human Compatible Russell's three principles Human_Compatible > Summary > Russell's three principles The ultimate source of information about human preferences is human behavior. The "preferences" Russell refers to "are all-encompassing; they cover everything you might care about, arbitrarily far into the future. ": 173 Similarly, "behavior" includes any choice between options,: 177 and the uncertainty is such that some probability, which may be quite small, must be assigned to every logically possible human preference. : 201 Russell explores inverse reinforcement learning, in which a machine infers a reward function from observed behavior, as a possible basis for a mechanism for learning human preferences. : 191–193
Morpheus (The Matrix) The Matrix Revolutions Morpheus_(The_Matrix) > Character history > The Matrix Revolutions In the third film, The Matrix Revolutions, Morpheus is somewhat dispirited, and has problems in understanding now what may happen to Zion and its people. Now without a ship of his own, he and Link (the Nebuchadnezzar's Operator) reside on the hovercraft Mjolnir, commanded by Roland. Morpheus renews his conviction that Neo could still save Zion, and supports Trinity in finding Neo, whose mind is trapped in a computer netherworld called Mobil Avenue, despite not being jacked in. Morpheus is called to the Oracle with Trinity, and with the Oracle's guardian, Seraph, he helps Trinity rescue Neo, via a visit to the Merovingian's lair and a Mexican standoff.
Host tropism Host cell defense mechanisms Host_tropism > Mechanisms > Host cell defense mechanisms Inflammation involves an elevated temperature surrounding the site of infection, accumulation of CO2 and organic acids, and a decrease in the infected tissue's oxygen tension in response to pathogen-induced cell damage. Coagulation of blood (clotting) also occurs in an inflamed area, providing a physical barrier against pathogenic infection. These changes ultimately create unfavorable living conditions for the pathogen (i.e. pH changes, decrease in ATP, and changes in cellular metabolism) and prevent further replication and growth.
Algebra over a field Zero algebra Algebra_over_a_field > Kinds of algebras and examples > Zero algebra If e1, ... ed is a basis of V, the unital zero algebra is the quotient of the polynomial ring K by the ideal generated by the EiEj for every pair (i, j). An example of unital zero algebra is the algebra of dual numbers, the unital zero R-algebra built from a one dimensional real vector space. These unital zero algebras may be more generally useful, as they allow to translate any general property of the algebras to properties of vector spaces or modules.
HSAB concept Theory HSAB_theory > Theory Generally speaking, acids and bases interact and the most stable interactions are hard–hard (ionogenic character) and soft–soft (covalent character). An attempt to quantify the 'softness' of a base consists in determining the equilibrium constant for the following equilibrium: BH + CH3Hg+ ⇌ H+ + CH3HgBWhere CH3Hg+ (methylmercury ion) is a very soft acid and H+ (proton) is a hard acid, which compete for B (the base to be classified). Some examples illustrating the effectiveness of the theory: Bulk metals are soft acids and are poisoned by soft bases such as phosphines and sulfides.
Indexing head Manual indexing heads Indexing_head > Manual indexing heads This allows the rotation of the dividing head to be connected to the table feed of the milling machine instead of using a hand crank. A set of change gears is provided to select the ratio between the table feed and rotation. This setup allows the machining of spiral or helical features such as spiral gears, worms, or screw type parts because the part is simultaneously rotated at the same time it is moved in the horizontal direction. This setup is called a "PTO dividing head".
Hypostatic pneumonia Pleural effusion, empyema, and abscess Hypostatic_pneumonia > Prognosis > Pleural effusion, empyema, and abscess If the fluid is sterile, it must be drained only if it is causing symptoms or remains unresolved.In rare circumstances, bacteria in the lung will form a pocket of infected fluid called a lung abscess. Lung abscesses can usually be seen with a chest X-ray but frequently require a chest CT scan to confirm the diagnosis. Abscesses typically occur in aspiration pneumonia, and often contain several types of bacteria. Long-term antibiotics are usually adequate to treat a lung abscess, but sometimes the abscess must be drained by a surgeon or radiologist.
Tissue engineering of heart valves Acute inflammation Tissue_engineering_of_heart_valves > Methodology > Inflammatory response > Acute inflammation Implantation of any foreign device or material through the means of surgery results in at least some degree of tissue trauma. Therefore, especially when removing a native heart valve either partially or completely, the tissue trauma will trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses and elicit acute inflammation. During the initial phase of acute inflammation, vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow to the wound site along with the release of growth factors, cytokines, and other immune cells. Furthermore, cells release reactive oxygen species and cytokines, which cause secondary damage to surrounding tissue. These chemical factors then proceed to promote the recruitment of other immune responsive cells such as monocytes or white blood cells, which help foster the formation of a blood clot and protein-rich matrix.
Quadratic eigenvalue problem Finite element methods Quadratic_eigenvalue_problem > Applications > Finite element methods A QEP can result in part of the dynamic analysis of structures discretized by the finite element method. In this case the quadratic, Q ( λ ) {\displaystyle Q(\lambda )} has the form Q ( λ ) = λ 2 M + λ C + K {\displaystyle Q(\lambda )=\lambda ^{2}M+\lambda C+K} , where M {\displaystyle M} is the mass matrix, C {\displaystyle C} is the damping matrix and K {\displaystyle K} is the stiffness matrix. Other applications include vibro-acoustics and fluid dynamics.
Triangle removal lemma Proof of Sketch of the Induced Graph Removal Lemma Triangle_removal_lemma > Induced Graph Removal Lemma > Proof > Proof of Sketch of the Induced Graph Removal Lemma With these results, we are able to prove the Induced Graph Removal Lemma. Take any graph G {\displaystyle G} with n {\displaystyle n} vertices that has less than δ n v ( H ) {\displaystyle \delta n^{v(H)}} copies of H {\displaystyle H} . The idea is to start with a collection of vertex sets W i {\displaystyle W_{i}} which satisfy the conditions of the Corollary of the Strong Regularity Lemma. We then can perform a "cleaning" process where we remove all edges between pairs of parts ( W i , W j ) {\displaystyle (W_{i},W_{j})} with low density, and we can add all edges between pairs of parts ( W i , W j ) {\displaystyle (W_{i},W_{j})} with high density.
History of artificial neural networks The vanishing gradient problem and its solutions History_of_artificial_neural_networks > The vanishing gradient problem and its solutions Sepp Hochreiter's diploma thesis (1991) was called "one of the most important documents in the history of machine learning" by his supervisor Juergen Schmidhuber. Hochreiter not only tested the neural history compressor, but also identified and analyzed the vanishing gradient problem. He proposed recurrent residual connections to solve this problem.
Professor's Cube Permutations Professor's_Cube > Permutations Within each set there are four centers of each color. Each set can be arranged in 24! different ways.
Orientation of a vector space Definition Orientation_(vector_space) > Definition Let V be a finite-dimensional real vector space and let b1 and b2 be two ordered bases for V. It is a standard result in linear algebra that there exists a unique linear transformation A: V → V that takes b1 to b2. The bases b1 and b2 are said to have the same orientation (or be consistently oriented) if A has positive determinant; otherwise they have opposite orientations. The property of having the same orientation defines an equivalence relation on the set of all ordered bases for V. If V is non-zero, there are precisely two equivalence classes determined by this relation. An orientation on V is an assignment of +1 to one equivalence class and −1 to the other.Every ordered basis lives in one equivalence class or another.
Sporadic cancer Genetics Sporadic_cancer > Pathophysiology > Genetics If a significant error occurs, the damaged cell can self-destruct through programmed cell death, termed apoptosis. If the error control processes fail, then the mutations will survive and be passed along to daughter cells. Some environments make errors more likely to arise and propagate.
Cognitive enhancement Side effects Neuroenhancement > Side effects Various factors such as dosage, timing and concurrent behavior may shape or determine the appearance of side-effects. There may be risks of dehydration (inadequate concurrent hydration). However, there also is widespread usage of cognitive enhancers whose long-term and/or short-term effects on health are nearly entirely unknown or which are known to be unhealthy.
Lagrangian density Einstein gravity Interaction_Lagrangian > Examples > Einstein gravity The Lagrange density for general relativity in the presence of matter fields is where Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } is the cosmological constant, R {\displaystyle R} is the curvature scalar, which is the Ricci tensor contracted with the metric tensor, and the Ricci tensor is the Riemann tensor contracted with a Kronecker delta. The integral of L EH {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{EH}}} is known as the Einstein–Hilbert action. The Riemann tensor is the tidal force tensor, and is constructed out of Christoffel symbols and derivatives of Christoffel symbols, which define the metric connection on spacetime. The gravitational field itself was historically ascribed to the metric tensor; the modern view is that the connection is "more fundamental".
Telophase Summary Telophase Telophase (from Ancient Greek τέλος (télos) 'end, result, completion', and φάσις (phásis) 'appearance') is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. During telophase, the effects of prophase and prometaphase (the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrating) are reversed. As chromosomes reach the cell poles, a nuclear envelope is re-assembled around each set of chromatids, the nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes begin to decondense back into the expanded chromatin that is present during interphase. The mitotic spindle is disassembled and remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized.
X-ray binary Summary X-ray_binary X-ray binaries are a class of binary stars that are luminous in X-rays. The X-rays are produced by matter falling from one component, called the donor (usually a relatively normal star), to the other component, called the accretor, which is either a neutron star or black hole. The infalling matter releases gravitational potential energy, up to 30 percent of its rest mass, as X-rays. (Hydrogen fusion releases only about 0.7 percent of rest mass.) The lifetime and the mass-transfer rate in an X-ray binary depends on the evolutionary status of the donor star, the mass ratio between the stellar components, and their orbital separation.An estimated 1041 positrons escape per second from a typical low-mass X-ray binary.
H3R42me Epigenetic implications H3R42me > Epigenetic implications The post-translational modification of histone tails by either histone-modifying complexes or chromatin remodeling complexes is interpreted by the cell and leads to complex, combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a particular region. The current understanding and interpretation of histones comes from two large scale projects: ENCODE and the Epigenomic roadmap. The purpose of the epigenomic study was to investigate epigenetic changes across the entire genome.
Gravity of Earth Local topography and geology Gravity_of_Earth > Variation in magnitude > Local topography and geology Local differences in topography (such as the presence of mountains), geology (such as the density of rocks in the vicinity), and deeper tectonic structure cause local and regional differences in the Earth's gravitational field, known as gravitational anomalies. Some of these anomalies can be very extensive, resulting in bulges in sea level, and throwing pendulum clocks out of synchronisation. The study of these anomalies forms the basis of gravitational geophysics. The fluctuations are measured with highly sensitive gravimeters, the effect of topography and other known factors is subtracted, and from the resulting data conclusions are drawn.
Voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative Summary Voiceless_dental_fricative Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English, northern varieties of the Berber language of North Africa, Standard Peninsular Spanish, various dialects of Arabic, Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative. Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative (/s/) (as in Indonesian), voiceless dental stop (/t/), or a voiceless labiodental fricative (/f/); known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting.The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots, English, and Icelandic, but it is alveolar in the last of these. Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages, Peninsular Spanish, Galician, Venetian, Tuscan, Albanian, some Occitan dialects and Greek. It has likewise disappeared from many Semitic languages, such as Hebrew (excluding Yemenite Hebrew) and many modern varieties of Arabic (excluding Tunisian, Mesopotamian Arabic and various dialects in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as Modern Standard Arabic).
Distal stimulus Feature integration theory Human_perception > Theories > Feature integration theory Anne Treisman's feature integration theory (FIT) attempts to explain how characteristics of a stimulus such as physical location in space, motion, color, and shape are merged to form one percept despite each of these characteristics activating separate areas of the cortex. FIT explains this through a two part system of perception involving the preattentive and focused attention stages.The preattentive stage of perception is largely unconscious, and analyzes an object by breaking it down into its basic features, such as the specific color, geometric shape, motion, depth, individual lines, and many others. Studies have shown that, when small groups of objects with different features (e.g., red triangle, blue circle) are briefly flashed in front of human participants, many individuals later report seeing shapes made up of the combined features of two different stimuli, thereby referred to as illusory conjunctions.The unconnected features described in the preattentive stage are combined into the objects one normally sees during the focused attention stage. The focused attention stage is based heavily around the idea of attention in perception and 'binds' the features together onto specific objects at specific spatial locations (see the binding problem).
Cognitive processing speed Sternberg's memory-scanning task Reaction_Time > Reaction time as a function of experimental conditions > Sternberg's memory-scanning task The data from this study found that for each additional item added to the set of digits, about 38 milliseconds were added to the response time of the subject. This supported the idea that a subject did a serial exhaustive search through memory rather than a serial self-terminating search. Sternberg (1969) developed a much-improved method for dividing RT into successive or serial stages, called the additive factor method.
Causes of Parkinson's disease Caffeine consumption Causes_of_Parkinson's_disease > Environmental factors > Caffeine consumption Smokers and nonsmokers with different rates of caffeine consumption were monitored for their susceptibility to PD. The results indicate that higher coffee/caffeine intake is associated with a significantly lower incidence of PD and that this effect appeared to be independent of smoking.
Process Control Economic advantages Process_Control > Economic advantages Once margins are narrowed, an economic analysis can be done on the process to determine how the set point target is to be shifted. Less conservative process set points lead to increased economic efficiency. Effective process control strategies increase the competitive advantage of manufacturers who employ them.
Statistical association Simple linear correlations Positive_correlation > Common misconceptions > Simple linear correlations The second one (top right) is not distributed normally; while an obvious relationship between the two variables can be observed, it is not linear. In this case the Pearson correlation coefficient does not indicate that there is an exact functional relationship: only the extent to which that relationship can be approximated by a linear relationship. In the third case (bottom left), the linear relationship is perfect, except for one outlier which exerts enough influence to lower the correlation coefficient from 1 to 0.816.
Glossary of genetics (0–L) C Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms > C cisgenesis cistron classical genetics The branch of genetics based solely on observation of the visible results of reproductive acts, as opposed to that made possible by the modern techniques and methodologies of molecular biology. Contrast molecular genetics. cloning The process of producing, either naturally or artificially, individual organisms or cells which are genetically identical to each other.
Square trisection History Square_trisection > History The dissection of a square in three congruent partitions is a geometrical problem that dates back to the Islamic Golden Age. Craftsman who mastered the art of zellige needed innovative techniques to achieve their fabulous mosaics with complex geometric figures. The first solution to this problem was proposed in the 10th century AD by the Persian mathematician Abu'l-Wafa' (940-998) in his treatise "On the geometric constructions necessary for the artisan". Abu'l-Wafa' also used his dissection to demonstrate the Pythagorean theorem. This geometrical proof of Pythagoras' theorem would be rediscovered in the years 1835 - 1840 by Henry Perigal and published in 1875.
Macroscopic quantum phenomena Dilute quantum gases Macroscopic_quantum_phenomenon > Dilute quantum gases The classical types of quantum systems, superconductors and superfluid helium, were discovered in the beginning of the 20th century. Near the end of the 20th century, scientists discovered how to create very dilute atomic or molecular gases, cooled first by laser cooling and then by evaporative cooling. They are trapped using magnetic fields or optical dipole potentials in ultrahigh vacuum chambers.
Unit-point atomism Democritus Democritean_theory_of_atoms > History > Antiquity > Greek atomism > Democritus "Democritus believed that atoms are too small for human senses to detect, that they are infinitely many, that they come in infinitely many varieties, and that they have always existed. They float in a vacuum, which Democritus called the "void", and they vary in form, order, and posture. Some atoms, he maintained, are convex, others concave, some shaped like hooks, and others like eyes.
E-series of preferred numbers Formula E_series_of_preferred_numbers > Overview > Formula The formula for each value is determined by the m-th root, though eight of the official E24 values and one of the official E192 values do not match the following formula. where V n {\displaystyle V_{n}} is the rounded value, m {\displaystyle m} is an integer of the E series group size, and n {\displaystyle n} is an integer of { 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , m − 1 } . {\displaystyle \{0,1,2,...,m-1\}.}
Green's function for the three-variable Laplace equation Mathematical exposition Green's_function_for_the_three-variable_Laplace_equation > Mathematical exposition In fact, virtually all the mathematics found in recent papers was already done by Chester Snow. This is found in his book titled Hypergeometric and Legendre Functions with Applications to Integral Equations of Potential Theory, National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 19, 1952. Look specifically on pages 228-263.
Cell transfer therapy Complement Activation Immune_checkpoint_blockade > Antibody therapy > Mechanism of Action > Complement Activation Complement-dependent cytotoxicity occurs when antibodies bind to the cancer cell surface, the C1 complex binds to these antibodies and subsequently, protein pores are formed in cancer cell membrane.Blocking Antibody therapies can also function by binding to proteins and physically blocking them from interacting with other proteins. Checkpoint inhibitors (CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1) operate by this mechanism. Briefly, checkpoint inhibitors are proteins that normally help to slow immune responses and prevent the immune system from attacking normal cells. Checkpoint inhibitors bind these proteins and prevent them from functioning normally, which increases the activity of the immune system. Examples include durvalumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab.
Neuroethics Stem cell therapy Neuroethics > Key issues > Stem cell therapy In this disease the body attacks the glial cells that form myelin coats around the axons on neurons. This causes the nervous system to essentially "short circuit" and pass information very slowly. Stem cells therapy has been used to try to cure some of the damage caused by the body in MS.
Uniformisation Theorem Historic references Uniformization_theorem > References > Historic references Schwarz, H. A. (1870), "Über einen Grenzübergang durch alternierendes Verfahren", Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, 15: 272–286, JFM 02.0214.02. Klein, Felix (1883), "Neue Beiträge zur Riemann'schen Functionentheorie", Mathematische Annalen, 21 (2): 141–218, doi:10.1007/BF01442920, ISSN 0025-5831, JFM 15.0351.01, S2CID 120465625 Koebe, P. (1907a), "Über die Uniformisierung reeller analytischer Kurven", Göttinger Nachrichten: 177–190, JFM 38.0453.01 Koebe, P.
Inverse Galois problem A simple example: cyclic groups Inverse_Galois_theory > A simple example: cyclic groups By taking appropriate sums of conjugates of μ, following the construction of Gaussian periods, one can find an element α of F that generates F over Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } , and compute its minimal polynomial. This method can be extended to cover all finite abelian groups, since every such group appears in fact as a quotient of the Galois group of some cyclotomic extension of Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } . (This statement should not though be confused with the Kronecker–Weber theorem, which lies significantly deeper.)
Turing's proof Complications Turing's_proof > Complications The on-line version of Turing's paper has these corrections in an addendum; however, corrections to the Universal Machine must be found in an analysis provided by Emil Post. At first, the only mathematician to pay close attention to the details of the proof was Post (cf. Hodges p. 125) — mainly because he had arrived simultaneously at a similar reduction of "algorithm" to primitive machine-like actions, so he took a personal interest in the proof.
Distributed algorithmic mechanism design Solution preference Distributed_algorithmic_mechanism_design > Game theoretic model > Solution preference There is no trusted center as there is in AMD. Thus, mechanisms must be implemented by the agents themselves. The solution preference assumption requires that each agent prefers any outcome to no outcome at all: thus, agents have no incentive to disagree on an outcome or cause the algorithm to fail. In other words, as Afek et al. said, "agents cannot gain if the algorithm fails". As a result, though agents have preferences, they have no incentive to fail the algorithm.
Chloride ion Summary Chloride The chloride is also a neutral chlorine atom covalently bonded by a single bond to the rest of the molecule. For example, methyl chloride CH3Cl is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in which the chlorine is not an anion. Other examples of covalent chlorides are carbon tetrachloride CCl4, sulfuryl chloride SO2Cl2 and monochloramine NH2Cl.
Doppler radio direction finding Doppler effect Doppler_radio_direction_finding > Doppler effect Nevertheless, such a rotation speed, 60,000 rpm, demands precision systems. Because the antennas have to move at very high speeds, this technique is only really useful for higher frequency signals where the antennas can be shorter and the higher Fc produces a larger dividend.Early examples of Doppler DF systems date to at least 1941, and they were used in the United Kingdom for hunting out German early warning radars, which operated at 250 MHz in the 1.25-meter band. By 1943, examples were available that worked in the UHF region, used to find the German Würzburg radars operating at 560 MHz.A significant advantage of this technique is that it requires only a single receiver, amplifier, and the appropriate FM demodulator.
Gas gangrene Virulence factors Gas_gangrene > Etiology > Virulence factors Alpha toxin is associated with hemolysis, thus restricting blood flow towards the area of infection. As the surrounding circulatory system collapses, neutrophils and monocytes, eosinophils and basophils cannot reach target areas of infection. The hemolytic activity of alpha toxin produces an anaerobic environment essential for the proliferation of the bacteria.
Quantum consciousness Penrose and Hameroff Quantum_brain_dynamics > Approaches > Penrose and Hameroff The proposed existence of gap junctions between neurons and glial cells was also falsified. Orch-OR predicted that microtubule coherence reaches the synapses through dendritic lamellar bodies (DLBs), but De Zeeuw et al. proved this impossible by showing that DLBs are micrometers away from gap junctions.In 2014, Hameroff and Penrose claimed that the discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules by Anirban Bandyopadhyay of the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan in March 2013 corroborates Orch-OR theory. Experiments that showed that anaesthetic drugs reduce how long microtubules can sustain suspected quantum excitations appear to support the quantum theory of consciousness.In April 2022, the results of two related experiments at the University of Alberta and Princeton University were announced at The Science of Consciousness conference, providing further evidence to support quantum processes operating within microtubules.
Character (mathematics) Summary Unitary_character In mathematics, a character is (most commonly) a special kind of function from a group to a field (such as the complex numbers). There are at least two distinct, but overlapping meanings. Other uses of the word "character" are almost always qualified.
Inhomogeneous ordinary differential equation Singular solutions Explicit_ordinary_differential_equation > Theories > Singular solutions The theory of singular solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations was a subject of research from the time of Leibniz, but only since the middle of the nineteenth century has it received special attention. A valuable but little-known work on the subject is that of Houtain (1854). Darboux (from 1873) was a leader in the theory, and in the geometric interpretation of these solutions he opened a field worked by various writers, notably Casorati and Cayley. To the latter is due (1872) the theory of singular solutions of differential equations of the first order as accepted circa 1900.
Ouroboros (protocol) Summary Ouroboros_(protocol) Such "layer 2" protocols manage transactions off the main blockchain, and each head could potentially process "up to 1,000 transactions per second". In theory, Ouroboros Hydra could rival the 30,000 simultaneous transactions offered by conventional payment systems such as Visa by running scores of heads.Cardano's founder Charles Hoskinson has described the Ouroboros consensus mechanism as energy efficient. Nguyen et al. compared Ouroboros to other PoS protocols. The cryptocurrency Polkadot uses an adapted form of Ouroboros called Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension.
Respiratory system Responses to low atmospheric pressures Respiration_organ > Mammals > Responses to low atmospheric pressures At altitude this causes the pulmonary arterial pressure to rise resulting in a much more even distribution of blood flow to the lungs than occurs at sea level. At sea level the pulmonary arterial pressure is very low, with the result that the tops of the lungs receive far less blood than the bases, which are relatively over-perfused with blood. It is only in the middle of the lungs that the blood and air flow to the alveoli are ideally matched.
Molecular cell biology Cell types Cellular_Biology > Cell types There are two fundamental classifications of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are distinguished from eukaryotic cells by the absence of a cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, making them the smallest form of life. Prokaryotic cells include Bacteria and Archaea, and lack an enclosed cell nucleus.
B+ tree Characteristics B+_tree > Characteristics Searching becomes extremely simple because all records are stored only in the leaf node and are sorted sequentially in the linked list. We can retrieve range retrieval or partial retrieval using B+ tree. This is made easier and faster by traversing the tree structure. This feature makes B+ tree structure applied in many search methods.
Rearrangement reaction Summary Methyl_migration In organic chemistry, a rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule, hence these reactions are usually intramolecular. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2: − C | R − C − C − ⟶ − C − C | R − C − {\displaystyle {-}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle \color {Blue}{\ce {R}}}{{\ce {C}}}}{\ce {-C-C{-}-> {-C-}}}{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle \color {Blue}{\ce {R}}}{{\ce {C}}}}{\ce {-C}}{-}} Intermolecular rearrangements also take place.
Chemical reaction kinetics Equilibrium Chemical_Kinetics > Equilibrium While chemical kinetics is concerned with the rate of a chemical reaction, thermodynamics determines the extent to which reactions occur. In a reversible reaction, chemical equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal (the principle of dynamic equilibrium) and the concentrations of the reactants and products no longer change. This is demonstrated by, for example, the Haber–Bosch process for combining nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. Chemical clock reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction demonstrate that component concentrations can oscillate for a long time before finally attaining the equilibrium.
Data Management Platform Ownership of collected data and privacy concerns Data_Management_Platform > Ownership of collected data and privacy concerns Going forward, this means that collecting third-party data will become harder for companies, and DMPs will have greater legal obligations. As a result, future DMPs may rely more heavily on first-party and second-party data. == References ==
Scott-T transformer Back to back arrangement Scott-T_transformer > Technical details > Back to back arrangement The Scott-T transformer connection may also be used in a back-to-back T-to-T arrangement for a three-phase to three-phase connection. This is a cost-saving in the lower-power transformers due to the two-coil T connected to a secondary two-coil T instead of the traditional three-coil primary to three-coil secondary transformer. In this arrangement the X0 neutral tap is part way up on the secondary teaser transformer (see right). The voltage stability of this T-to-T arrangement as compared to the traditional three-coil primary to three-coil secondary transformer is questioned, as the "per unit" impedance of the two windings (primary and secondary, respectively) are not the same in a T-to-T configuration, whereas the three windings (primary and secondary, respectively) are the same in a three transformer configuration, if the three transformers are identical.
Income inequality metrics Proper use Income_inequality_metrics > Proper use Blinder in The Decomposition of Inequality, MIT press) that 30% of measured income inequality is due to the inequality an individual experiences as they go through the various stages of life. Clarify whether real or nominal income distributions should be used. What effect will inflation have on absolute measures?
Biological evolution Speciation Animal_evolution > Natural outcomes > Speciation In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation results from reproductive isolation followed by genealogical divergence. There are four primary geographic modes of speciation. The most common in animals is allopatric speciation, which occurs in populations initially isolated geographically, such as by habitat fragmentation or migration.
Voice frequency telegraphy Historical overview Analog_filter > Historical overview Network analysis was not yet powerful enough to provide the theory for more complex filters and progress was further hampered by a general failure to understand the frequency domain nature of signals. Image filters. Image filter theory grew out of transmission line theory and the design proceeded in a similar manner to transmission line analysis.
Rectal thermometer Electronic Clinical_thermometer > Classification by technology > Electronic Disadvantages include a smaller overall temperature range, higher initial cost, and a less rugged design Thermocouples Thermocouples are accurate, highly sensitive to small temperature changes, and quickly respond to changes to the environment. They consist of a pair of dissimilar metal wires joined at one end. The metal pair generates a net thermoelectric voltage between their opening and according to the size of the temperature difference between the ends.
Anxiety thresholds Performance Anxiety_thresholds > Performance Responding to negative feedback: difficulty understanding and correctly interpreting criticism or poor grades. May not be able to separate person from task (personalization or defensiveness due to low self-esteem). Responding to change: difficulty coping with unexpected changes in coursework, such as changes in the assignments, due dates, or instructors. Limited ability to tolerate interruptions. Severe test anxiety: such that the individual is rendered emotionally and physically unable to take the exam.
Douglas Hartree Summary Douglas_Hartree Douglas Rayner Hartree (27 March 1897 – 12 February 1958) was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree–Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of a differential analyser using Meccano.
List of physics mnemonics Ideal gas law List_of_physics_mnemonics > Thermodynamics > Ideal gas law "Pure Virgins Never Really Tire": PV=nRT
Pauling's rules Limitation Pauling's_rules > Limitation In a study of 5000 oxides, only 13% of them satisfy all of the last 4 rules, indicating limited universality of Pauling's rules.
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Principle Nuclear_Quadrupole_Resonance > Principle Any nucleus with more than one unpaired nuclear particle (protons or neutrons) will have a charge distribution which results in an electric quadrupole moment. Allowed nuclear energy levels are shifted unequally due to the interaction of the nuclear charge with an electric field gradient supplied by the non-uniform distribution of electron density (e.g. from bonding electrons) and/or surrounding ions. As in the case of NMR, irradiation of the nucleus with a burst of RF electromagnetic radiation may result in absorption of some energy by the nucleus which can be viewed as a perturbation of the quadrupole energy level. Unlike the NMR case, NQR absorption takes place in the absence of an external magnetic field.
Oceanic freshwater flux Influence on thermohaline circulation (THC) Oceanic_freshwater_flux > Influence on thermohaline circulation (THC) Heat and freshwater fluxes at the ocean's surface play therefore a key role in forming ocean currents. Those currents exert a major effect on regional and global climate.The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is the Atlantic branch of the THC. Hereby, northward moving surface water release heat and water to the atmosphere and gets therefore colder, more saline and consequently denser.
FitzGerald contraction Reality of length contraction FitzGerald–Lorentz_contraction > Reality of length contraction Einstein also argued in that paper, that length contraction is not simply the product of arbitrary definitions concerning the way clock regulations and length measurements are performed. He presented the following thought experiment: Let A'B' and A"B" be the endpoints of two rods of the same proper length L0, as measured on x' and x" respectively. Let them move in opposite directions along the x* axis, considered at rest, at the same speed with respect to it. Endpoints A'A" then meet at point A*, and B'B" meet at point B*. Einstein pointed out that length A*B* is shorter than A'B' or A"B", which can also be demonstrated by bringing one of the rods to rest with respect to that axis.
DNA glycosylases Summary DNA_glycosylase DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2. Base excision repair is the mechanism by which damaged bases in DNA are removed and replaced. DNA glycosylases catalyze the first step of this process. They remove the damaged nitrogenous base while leaving the sugar-phosphate backbone intact, creating an apurinic/apyrimidinic site, commonly referred to as an AP site.
Decrease-and-conquer Stack size Divide-and-conquer_algorithm > Implementation issues > Stack size Stack overflow may be difficult to avoid when using recursive procedures since many compilers assume that the recursion stack is a contiguous area of memory, and some allocate a fixed amount of space for it. Compilers may also save more information in the recursion stack than is strictly necessary, such as return address, unchanging parameters, and the internal variables of the procedure. Thus, the risk of stack overflow can be reduced by minimizing the parameters and internal variables of the recursive procedure or by using an explicit stack structure.
Unit operations Chemical Engineering Unit_operations > Chemical Engineering Chemical engineering unit operations consist of five classes: Fluid flow processes, including fluids transportation, filtration, and solids fluidization. Heat transfer processes, including evaporation and heat exchange. Mass transfer processes, including gas absorption, distillation, extraction, adsorption, and drying. Thermodynamic processes, including gas liquefaction, and refrigeration.
Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability Environmentally_sustainable > Dimensions > Environmental sustainability : 5 The harmful effects and global spread of pesticides like DDT came under scrutiny in the 1960s. In the 1970s it emerged that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the ozone layer. This led to the de facto ban of CFCs with the Montreal Protocol in 1987.: 146 In the early 20th century Arrhenius discussed the effect of greenhouse gases on the climate.
Coenzymes and cofactors Cofactors Coenzymes_and_cofactors > Cofactors : 8.1.1 For example, flavin and heme cofactors are often involved in redox reactions. : 17 Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins.
Ionic Framework Summary Ionic_Framework It also allows the use of Ionic components with no user interface framework at all. Ionic provides tools and services for developing hybrid mobile, desktop, and progressive web apps based on modern web development technologies and practices, using Web technologies like CSS, HTML5, and Sass. In particular, mobile apps can be built with these Web technologies and then distributed through native app stores to be installed on devices by utilizing Cordova or Capacitor.
Direct function Single recursion Direct_function > Examples > Single recursion (The length of the prefix obtains by comparison with the primorial function ×⍀p.) The second finds the smallest new prime q remaining in b (q←b⍳1), and sets to 0 bit q itself and bits at q times the numbers at remaining 1 bits in an initial segment of b (⍸b↑⍨⌈n÷q). This second dfn uses tail recursion.
Occupancy sensor Sensor types Occupancy_sensor > Sensor types Smart meters, which work by detecting the change in power consumption patterns that exhibit distinct characteristics for occupied and vacant states. Barometric Pressure sensors can be used to monitor door openings, which are associated with foot traffic, in rooms containing positive pressure, including operating rooms. Door operated switch. Audio detection.
Instruction scheduling Data hazards Instruction_scheduling > Data hazards To make sure we respect the three types of dependencies, we construct a dependency graph, which is a directed graph where each vertex is an instruction and there is an edge from I1 to I2 if I1 must come before I2 due to a dependency. If loop-carried dependencies are left out, the dependency graph is a directed acyclic graph. Then, any topological sort of this graph is a valid instruction schedule. The edges of the graph are usually labelled with the latency of the dependence. This is the number of clock cycles that needs to elapse before the pipeline can proceed with the target instruction without stalling.
Verlet integration Velocity Verlet Verlet_integration > Velocity Verlet A related, and more commonly used, algorithm is the velocity Verlet algorithm, similar to the leapfrog method, except that the velocity and position are calculated at the same value of the time variable (leapfrog does not, as the name suggests). This uses a similar approach, but explicitly incorporates velocity, solving the problem of the first time step in the basic Verlet algorithm: x ( t + Δ t ) = x ( t ) + v ( t ) Δ t + 1 2 a ( t ) Δ t 2 , v ( t + Δ t ) = v ( t ) + a ( t ) + a ( t + Δ t ) 2 Δ t . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {x} (t+\Delta t)&=\mathbf {x} (t)+\mathbf {v} (t)\,\Delta t+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\,\mathbf {a} (t)\Delta t^{2},\\\mathbf {v} (t+\Delta t)&=\mathbf {v} (t)+{\frac {\mathbf {a} (t)+\mathbf {a} (t+\Delta t)}{2}}\Delta t.\end{aligned}}} It can be shown that the error in the velocity Verlet is of the same order as in the basic Verlet. Note that the velocity algorithm is not necessarily more memory-consuming, because, in basic Verlet, we keep track of two vectors of position, while in velocity Verlet, we keep track of one vector of position and one vector of velocity.
Proprotein convertase 2 Summary Proprotein_convertase_2 Proprotein convertase 2 (PC2) also known as prohormone convertase 2 or neuroendocrine convertase 2 (NEC2) is a serine protease and proprotein convertase PC2, like proprotein convertase 1 (PC1), is an enzyme responsible for the first step in the maturation of many neuroendocrine peptides from their precursors, such as the conversion of proinsulin to insulin intermediates. To generate the bioactive form of insulin (and many other peptides), a second step involving the removal of C-terminal basic residues is required; this step is mediated by carboxypeptidases E and/or D. PC2 plays only a minor role in the first step of insulin biosynthesis, but a greater role in the first step of glucagon biosynthesis compared to PC1. PC2 binds to the neuroendocrine protein named 7B2, and if this protein is not present, proPC2 cannot become enzymatically active. 7B2 accomplishes this by preventing the aggregation of proPC2 to inactivatable forms.
Constant speed unit Summary Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics) In aeronautics, a variable-pitch propeller is a type of propeller (airscrew) with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. A controllable-pitch propeller is one where the pitch is controlled manually by the pilot. Alternatively, a constant-speed propeller is one where the pilot sets the desired engine speed (RPM), and the blade pitch is controlled automatically without the pilot's intervention so that the rotational speed remains constant. The device which controls the propeller pitch and thus speed is called a propeller governor or constant speed unit.
Autonomy Medicine Autonomy > Medicine While controversial, the principle of supported autonomy aligns with the role of government to protect the life and liberty of its citizens. Terrence F. Ackerman has highlighted problems with these situations, he claims that by undertaking this course of action physician or governments run the risk of misinterpreting a conflict of values as a constraining effect of illness on a patient's autonomy.Since the 1960s, there have been attempts to increase patient autonomy including the requirement that physician's take bioethics courses during their time in medical school. Despite large-scale commitment to promoting patient autonomy, public mistrust of medicine in developed countries has remained.
Recurrent neural networks Gradient descent Recurrent_neural_network > Training > Gradient descent The CRBP algorithm can minimize the global error term. This fact improves stability of the algorithm, providing a unifying view on gradient calculation techniques for recurrent networks with local feedback.
Ricco's law Derivation Ricco's_law > Derivation Reading towards the right of each threshold curve, there is a target size at which the law begins to break down, i.e. the slope deviates from -1. This is called the "critical visual angle". It is the size at which targets may begin to be seen as visibly extended (bearing in mind that the threshold data are averaged from multiple observers, and individual performance may vary).
Subunit vaccine Protein subunit Subunit_vaccine > Types > Protein subunit A protein subunit is a polypeptide chain or protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. Large assemblies of proteins such as viruses often use a small number of types of protein subunits as building blocks. A key step in creating a recombinant protein vaccine is the identification and isolation of a protein subunit from the pathogen which is likely to trigger a strong and effective immune response, without including the parts of the virus or bacterium that enable the pathogen to reproduce. Parts of the protein shell or capsid of a virus are often suitable.
Quicksort History Quick_Sort > History The quicksort algorithm was developed in 1959 by Tony Hoare while he was a visiting student at Moscow State University. At that time, Hoare was working on a machine translation project for the National Physical Laboratory. As a part of the translation process, he needed to sort the words in Russian sentences before looking them up in a Russian-English dictionary, which was in alphabetical order on magnetic tape.
Waste container Metaphors Waste_receptacles > Metaphors The term "garbage can" is also used for a model of decision making, the "Garbage Can Model" of decision making. It is concerned with cases of decision making in great aggregate uncertainty which can cause decisions to arise that from a distant point of view might seem irrational. A "trash can" metaphor is often used in computer operating system desktop environments as a place files can be moved for deletion.
Optical lens Aberrations Meniscus_lens > Aberrations Lenses do not form perfect images, and a lens always introduces some degree of distortion or aberration that makes the image an imperfect replica of the object. Careful design of the lens system for a particular application minimizes the aberration. Several types of aberration affect image quality, including spherical aberration, coma, and chromatic aberration.
Transistor-transistor logic Serial signaling Transistor–transistor_logic > Applications > Serial signaling TTL serial refers to single-ended serial communication using raw transistor voltage levels: "low" for 0 and "high" for 1. UART over TTL serial is a common debug interface for embedded devices. Handheld devices such as graphing calculators and NMEA 0183-compliant GPS receivers and fishfinders also commonly use UART with TTL.
Plastic material In metals Plastic_yield > Physical mechanisms > In metals Plasticity in a crystal of pure metal is primarily caused by two modes of deformation in the crystal lattice: slip and twinning. Slip is a shear deformation which moves the atoms through many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions. Twinning is the plastic deformation which takes place along two planes due to a set of forces applied to a given metal piece.
VAXft VAXft Model 110 VAXft > VAXft Model 310 > VAXft Model 110 The primary system controller resided in the first slot, the CPU module in the second, and the memory modules in the third, fourth and fifth slots. The second system I/O controller resided in either the fourth and fifth slots and the WAN communications adapters also in the fourth and fifth slots. The most basic system contained a CPU module, a memory module and a system I/O controller.
Impact wrench Summary Impact_wrench Pulse tools are not referred to as "impact wrenches" as the performance and technology are not the same.Impact wrenches are available in every standard socket wrench drive size, from small 1⁄4 in (6.4 mm) drive tools for small assembly and disassembly, up to 3+1⁄2 in (89 mm) and larger square drives for major construction. Impact wrenches are one of the most commonly used air tools.In operation, a rotating mass is accelerated by the motor, storing energy, then suddenly connected to the output shaft (the anvil), creating a high-torque impact. The hammer mechanism is designed such that after delivering the impact, the hammer is again allowed to spin freely, and does not stay locked.
Acoustic wave equation Equation Acoustic_wave_equation > In three dimensions > Equation Feynman provides a derivation of the wave equation for sound in three dimensions as ∇ 2 p − 1 c 2 ∂ 2 p ∂ t 2 = 0 , {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}p-{1 \over c^{2}}{\partial ^{2}p \over \partial t^{2}}=0,} where ∇ 2 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}} is the Laplace operator, p {\displaystyle p} is the acoustic pressure (the local deviation from the ambient pressure), and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of sound. A similar looking wave equation but for the vector field particle velocity is given by ∇ 2 u − 1 c 2 ∂ 2 u ∂ t 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\mathbf {u} \;-{1 \over c^{2}}{\partial ^{2}\mathbf {u} \; \over \partial t^{2}}=0} .In some situations, it is more convenient to solve the wave equation for an abstract scalar field velocity potential which has the form ∇ 2 Φ − 1 c 2 ∂ 2 Φ ∂ t 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\Phi -{1 \over c^{2}}{\partial ^{2}\Phi \over \partial t^{2}}=0} and then derive the physical quantities particle velocity and acoustic pressure by the equations (or definition, in the case of particle velocity): u = ∇ Φ {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =\nabla \Phi \;} , p = − ρ ∂ ∂ t Φ {\displaystyle p=-\rho {\partial \over \partial t}\Phi } .
Apparent molar property Relation to mixing ratio Apparent_molar_property > Relation to mixing ratio A relation between the apparent molar of a component of a mixture and molar mixing ratio can be obtained by dividing the definition relation V = V 0 + ϕ V 1 = V ~ 0 n 0 + ϕ V ~ 1 n 1 {\displaystyle V=V_{0}+{}^{\phi }{V}_{1}\ ={\tilde {V}}_{0}n_{0}+{}^{\phi }{\tilde {V}}_{1}n_{1}\,} to the number of moles of one component. This gives the following relation: ϕ V ~ 1 = V n 1 − V ~ 0 n 0 n 1 = V n 1 − V ~ 0 r 01 {\displaystyle {}^{\phi }{\tilde {V}}_{1}={\frac {V}{n_{1}}}-{\tilde {V}}_{0}{\frac {n_{0}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V}{n_{1}}}-{\tilde {V}}_{0}r_{01}}
Fast fashion Marketing Fast_fashion > Marketing Marketers have thus created more buying seasons in the same time-space.Companies use two market strategies, since the main difference is the amount of advertisement spending. While some companies invest in advertising, others like Primark operate with no advertising, investing in store layout and visual merchandising to create an instant hook. Research shows that 75 percent of consumers' decisions are made in front of the fixture within three seconds.
Logic diagram Other diagrams Venn_diagrams > Extensions to higher numbers of sets > Other diagrams For instance, regarding the issue of representing singular statements, they suggest to consider the Venn diagram circle as a representation of a set of things, and use first-order logic and set theory to treat categorical statements as statements about sets. Additionally, they propose to treat singular statements as statements about set membership. So, for example, to represent the statement "a is F" in this retooled Venn diagram, a small letter "a" may be placed inside the circle that represents the set F.
Passive fire protection Main characteristics Passive_fire_protection > Main characteristics Smaller components such as fire dampers, fire doors, etc., follow suit in the main intentions of the basic standard for walls and floors. Fire testing involves live fire exposures upwards of 1100 °C, depending on the fire-resistance rating and duration one is after. Test objectives other than fire exposures are sometimes included such as hose stream impact to determine the survivability of the system under realistic conditions.
AutoCAD Civil 3D Vertical integration AutoCAD_Civil_3D > Features > Vertical integration Similarly, Civil Design, Civil Design 3D, and Civil Design Professional support data-specific objects facilitating easy standard civil engineering calculations and representations. Softdesk Civil was developed as an AutoCAD add-on by a company in New Hampshire called Softdesk (originally DCA). Softdesk was acquired by Autodesk, and Civil became Land Development Desktop (LDD), later renamed Land Desktop. Civil 3D was later developed and Land Desktop was retired.
Cooperative principle Maxims in practice Cooperative_principle > Maxims in practice ...e need first to get clear on the character of Grice's maxims. They are not sociological generalizations about speech, nor they are moral prescriptions or proscriptions on what to say or communicate. Although Grice presented them in the form of guidelines for how to communicate successfully, I think they are better construed as presumptions about utterances, presumptions that we as listeners rely on and as speakers exploit. Often the addressee of an utterance can add to the overt, surface meaning of a sentence by assuming the speaker has obeyed the maxims.
Airplane Early powered flights Airplane > History > Early powered flights The wings had a span of 14 m (46 ft). All-up weight was 300 kilograms (660 lb).
Functional programming language Strict versus non-strict evaluation Functional_language > Concepts > Strict versus non-strict evaluation The usual implementation strategy for lazy evaluation in functional languages is graph reduction. Lazy evaluation is used by default in several pure functional languages, including Miranda, Clean, and Haskell. Hughes 1984 argues for lazy evaluation as a mechanism for improving program modularity through separation of concerns, by easing independent implementation of producers and consumers of data streams. Launchbury 1993 describes some difficulties that lazy evaluation introduces, particularly in analyzing a program's storage requirements, and proposes an operational semantics to aid in such analysis. Harper 2009 proposes including both strict and lazy evaluation in the same language, using the language's type system to distinguish them.