Split (1)

train · 253k rows

page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k
Drum circle Other types of group drumming Drum_circle > Other types of group drumming Other forms of group drumming that are related to drum circles include: "Facilitated Group Drumming""Facilitated" group drumming is where a person seeks to focus the intent and improve the quality and effect of the activity, making it easier for people to effectively participate by taking a more directive approach. The facilitator (leader) takes responsibility for the physical space, arranging chairs and instruments to optimize communication and connection in the group. Facilitators may provide a range of instruments to create a full and balanced percussion orchestra. In this way, the experience can be thought of as group drumming with a leader as opposed to the more free-flowing and open Drum Circle.
Cause and effect Aristotelian Cause_and_effect > History > Western philosophy > Aristotelian As a result of traditional specialized philosophical peculiarities of language, with translations between ancient Greek, Latin, and English, the word 'cause' is nowadays in specialized philosophical writings used to label Aristotle's four kinds. In ordinary language, the word 'cause' has a variety of meanings, the most common of which refers to efficient causation, which is the topic of the present article. Material cause, the material whence a thing has come or that which persists while it changes, as for example, one's mother or the bronze of a statue (see also substance theory).
Alcohol use disorders Long-term effects Alcohol_use_disorders > Signs and symptoms > Warning signs > Physical > Long-term effects A wide range of immunologic defects can result and there may be a generalized skeletal fragility, in addition to a recognized tendency to accidental injury, resulting in a propensity for bone fractures.Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do men, women also have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long-term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an increased risk of breast cancer. Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women.
Environmental stress cracking Characterizing ESC Environmental_stress_cracking > Characterizing ESC Further, new tests have been developed where the time for crack initiation under transverse loading and an aggressive solvent (10% Igepal CO-630 solution) is evaluated. These methods rely on an indentor to stress the material biaxially, while preventing a radial stress concentration.
Anti-symmetric operator Bosons Anti-symmetric_operator > Application in quantum field theory > Bosons A photon can become both a positron and electron and vice versa. Because of the anti-symmetric statistics, a particle of spin 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}} obeys the Pauli-Exclusion Rule. Two particles can exist in the same state if and only if the spin of the particle is opposite.
Atomic particles By statistics Nuclear_particles > Classification > By statistics Any subatomic particle, like any particle in the three-dimensional space that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics, can be either a boson (with integer spin) or a fermion (with odd half-integer spin). In the Standard Model, all the elementary fermions have spin 1/2, and are divided into the quarks which carry color charge and therefore feel the strong interaction, and the leptons which do not. The elementary bosons comprise the gauge bosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle with spin zero. The hypothetical graviton is required theoretically to have spin 2, but is not part of the Standard Model. Some extensions such as supersymmetry predict additional elementary particles with spin 3/2, but none have been discovered as of 2021. Due to the laws for spin of composite particles, the baryons (3 quarks) have spin either 1/2 or 3/2 and are therefore fermions; the mesons (2 quarks) have integer spin of either 0 or 1 and are therefore bosons.
Immune enhancement HIV-1 Antibody-dependent_enhancement > HIV-1 Complements in the presence of HIV-1 positive sera have been found to enhance the infection of the MT-2 T-cell line. The Fc-receptor mediated enhancement was reported when HIV infection was enhanced by sera from HIV-1 positive guinea pig enhanced the infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells without the presence of any complements. Complement component receptors CR2, CR3 and CR4 have been found to mediate this Complement-mediated enhancement of infection.
DNA digital data storage Encoding arbitrary data DNA_digital_data_storage > Encoding methods > Encoding arbitrary data Various systems may be incorporated to partition and address the data, as well as to protect it from errors. One approach to error correction is to regularly intersperse synchronization nucleotides between the information-encoding nucleotides. These synchronization nucleotides can act as scaffolds when reconstructing the sequence from multiple overlapping strands.
Horizontal scaling Dimensions Horizontal_scaling > Dimensions Load scalability: The ability for a distributed system to expand and contract to accommodate heavier or lighter loads, including, the ease with which a system or component can be modified, added, or removed, to accommodate changing loads. Generation scalability: The ability of a system to scale by adopting new generations of components. Heterogeneous scalability is the ability to adopt components from different vendors.
ArangoDB Query language ArangoDB > Main features > Query language AQL (ArangoDB Query Language) is the SQL-like query language used in ArangoDB. It supports CRUD operations for both documents (nodes) and edges, but it is not a data definition language (DDL). AQL does support geospatial queries. AQL is JSON-oriented as illustrated by the following queries:
Evenness of zero Teachers' knowledge Parity_of_zero > Education > Teachers' knowledge Researchers of mathematics education at the University of Michigan have included the true-or-false prompt "0 is an even number" in a database of over 250 questions designed to measure teachers' content knowledge. For them, the question exemplifies "common knowledge ... that any well-educated adult should have", and it is "ideologically neutral" in that the answer does not vary between traditional and reform mathematics. In a 2000–2004 study of 700 primary teachers in the United States, overall performance on these questions significantly predicted improvements in students' standardized test scores after taking the teachers' classes.
Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter Function Proton-dependent_oligopeptide_transporter > Function While most members of the POT family catalyze peptide transport, one is a nitrate permease and one can transport histidine, as well as peptides. Some of the peptide transporters can also transport antibiotics. They function by proton symport, but the substrate:H+ stoichiometry is variable: the high-affinity rat PepT2 carrier catalyzes uptake of 2 and 3 H+ with neutral and anionic dipeptides, respectively, while the low affinity PepT1 carrier catalyzes uptake of one H+ per neutral peptide.
BOSH (software) Summary BOSH_(software) BOSH is an open-source software project that offers a toolchain for release engineering, software deployment and application lifecycle management of large-scale distributed services. The toolchain is made up of a server (the BOSH Director) and a command line tool. BOSH is typically used to package, deploy and manage cloud software. While BOSH was initially developed by VMware in 2010 to deploy Cloud Foundry PaaS, it can be used to deploy other software (such as Hadoop, RabbitMQ, or MySQL for instance).
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Host antibody detection Laboratory_diagnosis_of_viral_infections > Host antibody detection The second, called, IgG is produced indefinitely. Therefore, the presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past. Both types of antibodies are measured when tests for immunity are carried out.Antibody testing has become widely available. It can be done for individual viruses (e.g. using an ELISA assay) but automated panels that can screen for many viruses at once are becoming increasingly common.
Glossary of engineering: M–Z T Glossary_of_engineering:_M–Z > T The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature. It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton. It can be expressed as a function of the gas constant R: Δ S ¯ vap ≈ 10.5 R .
Eukaryotic DNA replication Cell cycle regulation Eukaryotic_DNA_replication > Cell cycle regulation Geminin binds tightly to Cdt1 and is thought to be the major inhibitor of re-replication. Geminin first appears in S-phase and is degraded at the metaphase-anaphase transition, possibly through ubiquination by anaphase promoting complex (APC).Various cell cycle checkpoints are present throughout the course of the cell cycle that determine whether a cell will progress through division entirely.
Page zooming Different modes Page_zooming > Different modes There are two notably different modes of page zooming: text resizing that resizes the text by increasing or decreasing the font size, with wrapping to avoid horizontal scrolling, leaving the size of the images the same. real page zooming mode that resizes also images, other multimedia objects, and viewports.When zooming in, a horizontal scroll bar will appear when the screen is not wide enough to hold the page content. Early web browsers had only the ability to resize the text on a page, but in the meantime all major browsers have the ability to resize the full content. The quality differs between the web browsers since they use different algorithms.
Program optimisation Strength reduction Program_optimization > Strength reduction Computational tasks can be performed in several different ways with varying efficiency. A more efficient version with equivalent functionality is known as a strength reduction. For example, consider the following C code snippet whose intention is to obtain the sum of all integers from 1 to N: This code can (assuming no arithmetic overflow) be rewritten using a mathematical formula like: The optimization, sometimes performed automatically by an optimizing compiler, is to select a method (algorithm) that is more computationally efficient, while retaining the same functionality.
Chronic depression Diagnosis Chronic_depression > Diagnosis The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV), published by the American Psychiatric Association, characterizes dysthymic disorder. The essential symptom involves the individual feeling depressed for the majority of days, and parts of the day, for at least two years. Low energy, disturbances in sleep or in appetite, and low self-esteem typically contribute to the clinical picture as well. Those with the condition have often experienced dysthymia for many years before it is diagnosed.
Genetic entropy Deleterious mutation Genetic_entropy > Causes > Deleterious mutation Deterministic accumulation of mutation load occurs in asexuals when the deleterious mutation rate exceeds one per replication. Sexually reproducing species are expected to have lower genetic loads. This is one hypothesis for the evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction. Purging of deleterious mutations in sexual populations is facilitated by synergistic epistasis among deleterious mutations.High load can lead to a small population size, which in turn increases the accumulation of mutation load, culminating in extinction via mutational meltdown.The accumulation of deleterious mutations in humans has been of concern to many geneticists, including Hermann Joseph Muller, James F. Crow, Alexey Kondrashov, W. D. Hamilton, and Michael Lynch.
Cancer genomics Synthetic lethality Cancer_genomics > Synthetic lethality Meanwhile, Oike et al. demonstrated the generalizability of the concept by targeting redundant essential-genes in process other than metabolism, namely the SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 subunits in the chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complex.Some oncogenes are essential for survival of all cells (not only cancer cells). Thus, drugs that knock out these oncogenes (and thereby kill cancer cells) may also damage normal cells, inducing significant illness. However, other genes may be essential to cancer cells but not to healthy cells.
Gravity field General relativity Gravity_field > General relativity The fields themselves in general relativity represent the curvature of spacetime. General relativity states that being in a region of curved space is equivalent to accelerating up the gradient of the field. By Newton's second law, this will cause an object to experience a fictitious force if it is held still with respect to the field. This is why a person will feel himself pulled down by the force of gravity while standing still on the Earth's surface. In general the gravitational fields predicted by general relativity differ in their effects only slightly from those predicted by classical mechanics, but there are a number of easily verifiable differences, one of the most well known being the deflection of light in such fields.
Context switching Summary Context_switching Some operating systems also require a context switch to move between user mode and kernel mode tasks. The process of context switching can have a negative impact on system performance. : 28
Geometric pattern Summary Pattern Any of the senses may directly observe patterns. Conversely, abstract patterns in science, mathematics, or language may be observable only by analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual patterns, which are widespread in nature and in art.
Blow fill seal BFS material Blow_fill_seal > BFS process > BFS material The materials used in BFS packaging are usually polyolefins, mainly polyethylene (LDPE or HDPE), and polypropylene (PP). These materials are robust and inert to ensure sterility and tightness during the product's shelf life. Diffusion tendencies can be reduced by using virgin polymers, but diffusion cannot be prevented entirely. This is due to the nature of polyolefins and their additives, if present.
Renewable resource Threats to renewable resources Renewable_resources > Threats to renewable resources Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth. They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them. A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.
Voigt notation Summary Voigt_notation {\displaystyle {\tilde {\sigma }}=(\sigma _{xx},\sigma _{yy},\sigma _{zz},\sigma _{yz},\sigma _{xz},\sigma _{xy})\equiv (\sigma _{1},\sigma _{2},\sigma _{3},\sigma _{4},\sigma _{5},\sigma _{6}).} The strain tensor, similar in nature to the stress tensor—both are symmetric second-order tensors --, is given in matrix form as ϵ = . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\epsilon }}=\left.}
Communication satellites Medium Earth orbit (MEO) Telecommunication_satellite > Satellite orbits > Medium Earth orbit (MEO) A MEO satellite's longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. One disadvantage is that a MEO satellite's distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, although these limitations are not as severe as those of a GEO satellite. Like LEOs, these satellites do not maintain a stationary distance from the Earth.
Scalable Source Routing Distributed Hash Table (DHT) functionality Scalable_Source_Routing > Concepts > Distributed Hash Table (DHT) functionality While SSR is a complete routing protocol (cf. OSI model's network layer), it also provides the semantics of a distributed hash table. This reduces the overhead to having an overlay protocol on top of a traditional routing protocol and greatly expedites lookup operations in MANETs which otherwise would rely on flooding, provided the application supports (or is modified to support) key-based routing. The provided DHT functionality also can be used to implement scalable network services in the absence of servers.
Lambert's W function History Lambert's_W_function > History Lambert first considered the related Lambert's Transcendental Equation in 1758, which led to an article by Leonhard Euler in 1783 that discussed the special case of wew. The equation Lambert considered was x = x m + q . {\displaystyle x=x^{m}+q.}
Inverse problem Tools to overcome the first difficulty Model_inversion > Linear inverse problems > An elementary example: Earth's gravitational field > Tools to overcome the first difficulty Also, it is common practice, although somewhat artificial, to look for the "simplest" model that reasonably matches the data. This is usually achieved by penalizing the L 1 {\displaystyle L^{1}} norm of the gradient (or the total variation) of the parameters (this approach is also referred to as the maximization of the entropy). One can also make the model simple through a parametrization that introduces freedom degrees only when necessary.
Padé approximant Literature Padé_approximation > Literature Padé approximant, Scholarpedia, 7(6):9756. Brezinski, C.; Redivo Zaglia, M. Extrapolation Methods. Theory and Practice.
Janet basis Generating a Janet basis Janet_basis > Generating a Janet basis another one e 2 {\displaystyle e_{2}} . In colloquial terms this means the following: Whenever a derivative of e 1 {\displaystyle e_{1}} may be obtained from the leading derivative of e 2 {\displaystyle e_{2}} by suitable differentiation, this differentiation is performed and the result is subtracted from e 1 {\displaystyle e_{1}} . Reduction w.r.t.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics Foundation of temperature Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics > Foundation of temperature But in another sense, heat is transferred in different ranks, as expressed by Sommerfeld's dictum "Thermodynamics investigates the conditions that govern the transformation of heat into work. It teaches us to recognize temperature as the measure of the work-value of heat. Heat of higher temperature is richer, is capable of doing more work. Work may be regarded as heat of an infinitely high temperature, as unconditionally available heat." This is why temperature is the particular variable indicated by the zeroth law's statement of equivalence.
AI Now Institute Founding and mission AI_Now_Institute > Founding and mission It is now a fully independent institute. In an interview with NPR, Crawford stated that the motivation for founding AI Now was that the application of AI into social domains - such as health care, education, and criminal justice - was being treated as a purely technical problem. The goal of AI Now's research is to treat these as social problems first, and bring in domain experts in areas like sociology, law, and history to study the implications of AI.
Digital privacy Information privacy Digital_privacy > Types of privacy > Information privacy In the context of digital privacy, information privacy is the idea that individuals should have the freedom to determine how their digital information is collected and used. This is particularly relevant for personally identifiable information. The concept of information privacy has evolved in parallel to the evolution of the field of Information Technology (IT). The rise of networking and computing led to the dramatic change in the ways of information exchange.
Higgsless model Overview Alternatives_to_the_Standard_Higgs_Model > Overview In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us. Initially, when these models were being developed and tested, it seemed that the mathematics behind those models, which were satisfactory in areas already tested, would also forbid elementary particles from having any mass, which showed clearly that these initial models were incomplete.
Glossary of chemistry terms O Glossary_of_chemistry_terms > O octet rule Also Lewis octet rule. A classical rule for describing the electron configuration of atoms in certain molecules: the maximum number of electron pairs that can be accommodated in the valence shell of an element in the first row of the periodic table is four (or eight total electrons). For elements in the second and subsequent rows, there are many exceptions to this rule. olefin A trivial (non-IUPAC) name for any alkene.
Iron bloom Process Iron_bloom > Process Because the bloom is typically porous, and its open spaces can be full of slag, the extracted mass must be beaten with heavy hammers to both compress voids and drive out any molten slag remaining. This process may require several additional heating and compaction cycles, working at high 'welding' temperatures. Iron treated this way is said to be wrought (worked), and the resulting iron, with reduced amounts of slag, is called wrought iron or bar iron. Because of the creation process, individual blooms can often have differing carbon contents between the original top and bottom surfaces, differences that will also be somewhat blended together through the flattening, folding, and hammer-welding sequences. Producing blooms coated in steel (higher carbon) by manipulating the charge of and air flow to the bloomery is also possible.As the era of modern commercial steelmaking began, the word "bloom" was extended to another sense referring to an intermediate-stage piece of steel, of a size comparable to many traditional iron blooms, that was ready to be further worked into billet.
Soldering gun Summary Soldering_gun When the primary of the transformer is energized, several hundred amperes of current flow through the secondary and very rapidly heat the copper tip. Since the tip has a much higher resistance than the rest of the tubular copper winding, the tip gets very hot while the remainder of the secondary warms at a much slower rate. An additional secondary winding is often used to power a pilot lamp which illuminates the workpiece.
Integer overflow Origin Arithmetic_overflow > Origin In particular, multiplying or adding two integers may result in a value that is unexpectedly small, and subtracting from a small integer may cause a wrap to a large positive value (for example, 8-bit integer addition 255 + 2 results in 1, which is 257 mod 28, and similarly subtraction 0 − 1 results in 255, a two's complement representation of −1). Such wraparound may cause security detriments—if an overflowed value is used as the number of bytes to allocate for a buffer, the buffer will be allocated unexpectedly small, potentially leading to a buffer overflow which, depending on the use of the buffer, might in turn cause arbitrary code execution. If the variable has a signed integer type, a program may make the assumption that a variable always contains a positive value. An integer overflow can cause the value to wrap and become negative, which violates the program's assumption and may lead to unexpected behavior (for example, 8-bit integer addition of 127 + 1 results in −128, a two's complement of 128). (A solution for this particular problem is to use unsigned integer types for values that a program expects and assumes will never be negative.)
Factor oracle Summary Factor_oracle A factor oracle is a finite state automaton that can efficiently search for factors (substrings) in a body of text. Older techniques, such as suffix trees, were time-efficient but required significant amounts of memory. Factor oracles, by contrast, can be constructed in linear time and space in an incremental fashion.
Emmert's law Creation and purpose Emmert's_law > Creation and purpose Under that interpretation, Emmert's law is a special instance of size constancy and of the size–distance invariance hypothesis, which states that the ratio of perceived linear size to perceived distance is a simple function of the visual angle.The effect of viewing distance on perceived size can be observed by first obtaining an afterimage, which can be achieved by viewing a bright light for a short time, or staring at a figure for a longer time. It appears to grow in size when projected to a further distance. However, the increase in perceived size is much less than would be predicted by geometry, which casts some doubt on the geometrical interpretation given above. Further, the change in perceived size is affected by the illusory distances in the Ames room; this also suggests that, when distance cues are reduced, there is no simple geometrical relationship between perceived afterimage size and actual viewing distance.
Water vascular system Summary Water_vascular_system The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.The exact structure of the system varies somewhat between the five classes of echinoderm. The system is part of the coelomic cavities of echinoderms, together with the haemal coelom (or haemal system), perivisceral coelom, gonadal coelom and perihaemal coelom.Other terms sometimes used to refer to the water vascular system are "ambulacral system" and "aquiferous system". In the past, "aquiferous system" was also used to refer to many unrelated invertebrate structures, but today, it is restricted to water channels in sponges and the hydrostatic skeleton of some mollusks like Polinices.
Ecosystem models The Lotka–Volterra equations Ecosystem_models > Examples > The Lotka–Volterra equations One of the earliest, and most well-known, ecological models is the predator-prey model of Alfred J. Lotka (1925) and Vito Volterra (1926). This model takes the form of a pair of ordinary differential equations, one representing a prey species, the other its predator. d X d t = α . X − β .
Inhaled ciclosporin Chronic rejection Inhaled_ciclosporin > Investigational uses > Chronic rejection Chronic rejection of the lungs differs significantly from acute rejection. The condition is aptly known as bronchiolitis obliterans and clinically is diagnosed as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Whereas acute rejection exhibits perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and attendant inflammation of the surrounding tissue chronic rejection appears to have significant epithelial involvement and is essentially a fibro-proliferative disorder of the small airways.
Vehicle speed sensor Optical sensor Wheel_speed_sensor > Special purpose speed sensors > Speed sensors on the wheelset > Optical sensor Unfortunately they do have two fundamental weaknesses that have always made it very difficult to get them to function reliably over a number of years, namely – the optical components are extremely susceptible to dirt, and – the light source ages too quickly. Even traces of dirt greatly reduce the amount of light that passes through the lens and can cause signal dropout. These encoders are therefore required to be very well sealed.
AI control problem The Alignment Problem AI_control_problem > The Alignment Problem In 1960, AI pioneer Norbert Wiener described the AI alignment problem as follows: "If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot interfere effectively… we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire." Different definitions of AI alignment require that an aligned AI system advances different goals: the goals of its designers, its users or, alternatively, objective ethical standards, widely shared values, or the intentions its designers would have if they were more informed and enlightened.AI alignment is an open problem for modern AI systems and a research field within AI. Aligning AI involves two main challenges: carefully specifying the purpose of the system (outer alignment) and ensuring that the system adopts the specification robustly (inner alignment).
Complex-base system Connection to the twindragon Complex-base_system > Base −1 ± i > Connection to the twindragon 00000011 ¯ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{15}}\mathrm {i} \gets 0. {\overline {00000011}}} , and − 8 15 ← 0. 11000000 ¯ {\displaystyle -{\tfrac {8}{15}}\gets 0.
Nanobiotechnology Nanomedicine Nanobiotechnology > Applications > Nanomedicine Artificial cellsArtificial cells such as synthetic red blood cells that have all or many of the natural cells' known broad natural properties and abilities could be used to load functional cargos such as hemoglobin, drugs, magnetic nanoparticles, and ATP biosensors which may enable additional non-native functionalities. OtherNanofibers that mimic the matrix around cells and contain molecules that were engineered to wiggle was shown to be a potential therapy for spinal cord injury in mice.Technically, gene therapy can also be considered to be a form of nanobiotechnology or to move towards it. An example of an area of genome editing related developments that is more clearly nanobiotechnology than more conventional gene therapies, is synthetic fabrication of functional materials in tissues.
Sparse PCA Financial Data Analysis Sparse_PCA > Applications > Financial Data Analysis Suppose ordinary PCA is applied to a dataset where each input variable represents a different asset, it may generate principal components that are weighted combination of all the assets. In contrast, sparse PCA would produce principal components that are weighted combination of only a few input assets, so one can easily interpret its meaning. Furthermore, if one uses a trading strategy based on these principal components, fewer assets imply less transaction costs.
Real Analysis Uniform continuity Real_Analysis > Scope > Continuity > Uniform continuity In contrast to simple continuity, uniform continuity is a property of a function that only makes sense with a specified domain; to speak of uniform continuity at a single point p {\displaystyle p} is meaningless. On a compact set, it is easily shown that all continuous functions are uniformly continuous.
TILLING (molecular biology) Scientific literature TILLING_(molecular_biology) > Scientific literature doi:10.1104/pp.126.2.480. PMC 1540114. PMID 11402178.
Aqion Features Aqion > Features Validates aqueous solutions (charge balance error, parameter adjustment) Calculates physico-chemical parameters: alkalinity, buffer capacities (ANC, BNC), water hardness, ionic strength Calculates aqueous speciation and complexation Calculates pH of solutions after addition of chemicals (acids, bases, salts) Calculates the calcite-carbonate system (closed/open CO2 system, Langelier Saturation Index) Calculates mineral dissolution, precipitation, and saturation indices Calculates mixing of two waters Calculates reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions Plots titration curves
Respiratory paralysis Type 2 Respiratory_insufficiency > Diagnosis > Type 2 Hypoxemia (PaO2 <8kPa or normal) with hypercapnia (PaCO2 >6.0kPa). The basic defect in type 2 respiratory failure is characterized by: Type 2 respiratory failure is caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation; both oxygen and carbon dioxide are affected. Defined as the buildup of carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2) that has been generated by the body but cannot be eliminated. The underlying causes include: Increased airways resistance (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, suffocation) Reduced breathing effort (drug effects, brain stem lesion, extreme obesity) A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in chronic bronchitis) Neuromuscular problems (Guillain–Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease) Deformed (kyphoscoliosis), rigid (ankylosing spondylitis), or flail chest.
Piezoelectric material Polymers Poling_(piezoelectricity) > Materials > Polymers That is an order of 5–50 times less than that of piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The thermal stability of the piezoelectric effect of polymers in the PVDF family (i.e. vinylidene fluoride co-poly trifluoroethylene) goes up to 125 °C. Some applications of PVDF are pressure sensors, hydrophones, and shock wave sensors.Due to their flexibility, piezoelectric composites have been proposed as energy harvesters and nanogenerators.
Cryptographic hashing Merkle–Damgård construction Cryptographic_hash > Hash function design > Merkle–Damgård construction The last block processed should also be unambiguously length padded; this is crucial to the security of this construction. This construction is called the Merkle–Damgård construction. Most common classical hash functions, including SHA-1 and MD5, take this form.
Synchronization gear The Scarff-Dibovski gear Synchronization_gear > History > United Kingdom > The Scarff-Dibovski gear It was geared in order to slow the rate that firing impulses were delivered to the gun (and hence improve reliability, although not the rate of fire). The gear was ordered for the RNAS and followed the Vickers-Challenger gear into production by a matter of weeks. It was more adaptable to rotary engines than the Vickers-Challenger, but apart from early Sopwith 1½ Strutters built to RNAS orders in 1916, and possibly some early Sopwith Pups, no actual applications seem to have been recorded.
Bayes-Nash equilibrium Perfect Bayesian equilibrium Bayesian_game > Extensive form games with incomplete information > Perfect Bayesian equilibrium A perfect Bayesian equilibrium in an extensive form game is a combination of strategies and a specification of beliefs such that the following two conditions are satisfied: Bayesian consistency: the beliefs are consistent with the strategies under consideration; Sequential rationality:the players choose optimally given their beliefs.Bayesian Nash equilibrium can result in implausible equilibria in dynamic games, where players move sequentially rather than simultaneously. As in games of complete information, these can arise via non-credible strategies off the equilibrium path. In games of incomplete information there is also the additional possibility of non-credible beliefs. To deal with these issues, Perfect Bayesian equilibrium, according to subgame perfect equilibrium requires that, starting from any information set, subsequent play be optimal. It requires that beliefs be updated consistently with Bayes' rule on every path of play that occurs with positive probability.
Categorization Prototype models Categorization > Examples > Prototype models Weighted Features Prototype Model An early instantiation of the prototype model was produced by Reed in the early 1970s. Reed (1972) conducted a series of experiments to compare the performance of 18 models on explaining data from a categorization task that required participants to sort faces into one of two categories. Results suggested that the prevailing model was the weighted features prototype model, which belonged to the family of average distance models.
Power capacitor Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors Power_capacitor > Characteristics of film materials for film capacitors > Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors PP film capacitors are used for high-frequency high-power applications such as induction heating, for pulsed power energy discharge applications, and as AC capacitors for electrical distribution. The AC voltage ratings of these capacitors can range up to 400 kV. The relatively low permittivity of 2.2 is a slight disadvantage, and PP film capacitors tend to be somewhat physically larger than other film caps. The capacitor grade films are produced up to 20 μm in thickness with width of roll up to 140 mm. Rolls are carefully vacuum packed in pairs according to the specifications required for the capacitor.
Key-agreement protocol Hybrid systems Key-agreement_protocol > Authentication > Hybrid systems Hybrid systems use public-key cryptography to exchange secret keys, which are then used in a symmetric-key cryptography systems. Most practical applications of cryptography use a combination of cryptographic functions to implement an overall system that provides all of the four desirable features of secure communications (confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation).
Systemic autoimmune disease Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis Autoimmune_disorders > Types > Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis Psoriasis is a skin condition characterized by the rapid buildup of skin cells, leading to scaling on the skin's surface. Inflammation and redness around the scales is common. Some individuals with psoriasis also develop psoriatic arthritis, which causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.
Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor Interactions Adenosine_diphosphate_receptor_inhibitor > Interactions However, other studies have shown the intake of the PPI's pantoprazole or esomeprazole not to be associated with impaired response to clopidogrel.In 2009 the United States food and drug administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) discouraged the combination of clopidogrel and PPI's, especially omeprazole, due to observations made at the time by Initial Cohort Studies. However, newer retrospective cohort studies have not shown adverse cardiovascular events caused by clopidogrel-PPI interactions. Therefore there is no definite evidence on the drug interaction effect on mortality.For patients with high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, the risk outweighs the possible adverse cardiovascular effects. It should therefore be recommended to those patients to combine clopidogrel with less CYP2C19 inhibiting PPI's, such as pantoprazole.
Bríd Ryan Career Bríd_Ryan > Career Since then, her studies have examined the roles of the tumor microenvironment and p53 in regulating this process in lung cancer. Her lab oversees an integrative and translational approach to lung cancer research, examining the genetic, environmental, and biological contributions to racial disparities in lung cancer incidence. Her research program also developed biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer.
Physical oceanography Western boundary Physical_oceanography > Circulation > Ocean currents > Western boundary Gulf streamThe Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension, North Atlantic Current, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits through the Strait of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland to the northeast before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. KuroshioThe Kuroshio Current is an ocean current found in the western Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Taiwan and flowing northeastward past Japan, where it merges with the easterly drift of the North Pacific Current. It is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, transporting warm, tropical water northward towards the polar region.
Natural genetic engineering Relation with Intelligent Design Natural_genetic_engineering > Relation with Intelligent Design In a 1997 Boston Review article, Shapiro lists four categories of discoveries made in molecular biology that, in his estimation, are not adequately accounted for by the Modern Synthesis: genome organization, cellular repair capabilities, mobile genetic elements and cellular information processing. Shapiro concludes: What significance does an emerging interface between biology and information science hold for thinking about evolution? It opens up the possibility of addressing scientifically rather than ideologically the central issue so hotly contested by fundamentalists on both sides of the Creationist-Darwinist debate: Is there any guiding intelligence at work in the origin of species displaying exquisite adaptations that range from lambda prophage repression and the Krebs cycle through the mitotic apparatus and the eye to the immune system, mimicry, and social organization? Within the context of the article in particular and Shapiro's work on Natural Genetic Engineering in general, the "guiding intelligence" is to be found within the cell.
Scientific assessment of ozone depletion Changes in Ultraviolet Radiation Scientific_assessment_of_ozone_depletion > Findings > Changes in Ultraviolet Radiation The percent increase depends on the wavelength, with shorter wavelengths showing a larger percent increase. Exposure to UV irradiance reaching the Earth's surface is also affected by the amount of cloud cover and by the altitude above sea level. These factors affect both UVA and UVB in nearly the same manner (less cloud cover or higher altitudes increase UV radiation at the Earth's surface).
Turing Test Tractability and simplicity Imitation_game > Strengths > Tractability and simplicity The power and appeal of the Turing test derives from its simplicity. The philosophy of mind, psychology, and modern neuroscience have been unable to provide definitions of "intelligence" and "thinking" that are sufficiently precise and general to be applied to machines. Without such definitions, the central questions of the philosophy of artificial intelligence cannot be answered. The Turing test, even if imperfect, at least provides something that can actually be measured. As such, it is a pragmatic attempt to answer a difficult philosophical question.
Basse-taille Summary Basse-taille Basse-taille (bahss-tah-ee) is an enamelling technique in which the artist creates a low-relief pattern in metal, usually silver or gold, by engraving or chasing. The entire pattern is created in such a way that its highest point is lower than the surrounding metal. A translucent enamel is then applied to the metal, allowing light to reflect from the relief and creating an artistic effect. It was used in the late Middle Ages, and then again in the 17th century.
Minimum mean square error Example 3 Minimum_mean-square_error > Examples > Example 3 A few weeks before the election, two independent public opinion polls were conducted by two different pollsters. The first poll revealed that the candidate is likely to get y 1 {\displaystyle y_{1}} fraction of votes. Since some error is always present due to finite sampling and the particular polling methodology adopted, the first pollster declares their estimate to have an error z 1 {\displaystyle z_{1}} with zero mean and variance σ Z 1 2 .
Serviceability limit Serviceability limit Serviceability_limit > Serviceability limit A serviceability limit defines the performance criterion for serviceability and corresponds to a conditions beyond which specified service requirements resulting from the planned use are no longer met. In limit state design, a structure fails its serviceability if the criteria of the serviceability limit state are not met during the specified service life and with the required reliability. Hence, the serviceability limit state identifies a civil engineering structure which fails to meet technical requirements for use even though it may be strong enough to remain standing.
USB hub Power Bus_powered_hub > Power Many hubs can operate as either bus powered or self powered hubs. Power equals voltage times current. A USB port that draws 500 mA (0.5 A) at 5 Volts is drawing 2.5 Watts of power.
Mutual authentication Cloud based computing Mutual_authentication > Certificate based schemes and system applications > Cloud based computing e-Healthcare clouds are another way to store patient data collected remotely. Clouds are useful for storing large amounts of data, such as medical information, that can be accessed by many devices whenever needed. Telecare Medical Information Systems (TMIS), an important way for medical patients to receive healthcare remotely, can ensure secured data with mutual authentication verification schemes. Blockchain is one way that has been proposed to mutually authenticate the user to the database, by authenticating with the main mediBchain node and keeping patient anonymity.Fog-cloud computing is a networking system that can handle large amounts of data, but still has limitations regarding computational and memory cost.
Combination machine The Shopsmith Combination_machine > The Shopsmith Changes from one function to the other is usually less than 90 seconds. One of the unique features of the Shopsmith is its method of speed control. Rather than multiple pairs of pulleys or an electronic speed control, the Mark V uses a Reeves-type continuously variable transmission consisting of two variable diameter pulleys controlled by a dial and worm gear.
Abnormal behaviour Several conventional criteria Dysfunctional_behavior > Several conventional criteria Though not always the case, the presence of abnormal behavior in people is usually rare or statistically unusual. Any specific abnormal behavior may be unusual, but it is not uncommon for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behavior at some point in their lives. Deviation from social norms: behavior that is deviant from social norms is defined as the departure or deviation of an individual from society's unwritten rules (norms).
Power assembly Summary Power_assembly The turning jack uses a hydraulic cylinder and ram assembly that automatically advances to engage a hole in the flywheel. When the ram reaches its limit, it automatically retracts and advances again to engage another hole. The engine is then progressively rotated through its cycle and can be rotated in either direction by installing the jack on either side of the engine.
B modes Features B_modes > Features According to the Big Bang model, the radiation from the sky we measure today comes from a spherical surface called the surface of last scattering. This represents the set of locations in space at which the decoupling event is estimated to have occurred and at a point in time such that the photons from that distance have just reached observers. Most of the radiation energy in the universe is in the cosmic microwave background, making up a fraction of roughly 6×10−5 of the total density of the universe.Two of the greatest successes of the Big Bang theory are its prediction of the almost perfect black body spectrum and its detailed prediction of the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. The CMB spectrum has become the most precisely measured black body spectrum in nature.The energy density of the CMB is 0.260 eV/cm3 (4.17×10−14 J/m3) which yields about 411 photons/cm3.
Photochromic lens Summary Photochromic_glasses They are principally used in glasses that are dark in bright sunlight, but clear, or more rarely, lightly tinted in low ambient light conditions. They darken significantly within about a minute of exposure to bright light and take somewhat longer to clear. A range of clear and dark transmittances is available.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Basic reproduction number Eigen_value_problem > Applications > Basic reproduction number The basic reproduction number ( R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}} ) is a fundamental number in the study of how infectious diseases spread. If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people, then R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}} is the average number of people that one typical infectious person will infect. The generation time of an infection is the time, t G {\displaystyle t_{G}} , from one person becoming infected to the next person becoming infected. In a heterogeneous population, the next generation matrix defines how many people in the population will become infected after time t G {\displaystyle t_{G}} has passed. R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}} is then the largest eigenvalue of the next generation matrix.
Louis Nirenberg Calculus of variations Louis_Nirenberg > Mathematical achievements > Calculus of variations In the setting of topological vector spaces, Ky Fan developed a minimax theorem with applications in game theory. With Haïm Brezis and Guido Stampacchia, Nirenberg derived results extending both Fan's theory and Stampacchia's generalization of the Lax-Milgram theorem. Their work has applications to the subject of variational inequalities.By adapting the Dirichlet energy, it is standard to recognize solutions of certain wave equations as critical points of functionals. With Brezis and Jean-Michel Coron, Nirenberg found a novel functional whose critical points can be directly used to construct solutions of wave equations.
Affine general linear group Poincaré group Affine_group > Other affine groups and subgroups > Poincaré group The Poincaré group is the affine group of the Lorentz group O(1,3): R 1 , 3 ⋊ O ⁡ ( 1 , 3 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{1,3}\rtimes \operatorname {O} (1,3)} This example is very important in relativity.
Baruch Barzel Academic career Baruch_Barzel > Academic career Barzel completed his Ph.D. in physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel as a Hoffman Fellow. He then pursued his postdoctoral training at the Center for Complex Network Research at Northeastern University and at the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School. Barzel is a recipient of the Racah prize (2007) and the Krill prize of the Wolf Foundation (2019). Barzel is also an active public lecturer on science and on Judaism, and presents a weekly corner on Jewish thought on Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation .Dr. Barzel's research focuses on the dynamic behavior of complex networks, uncovering universal principles that govern the dynamics of diverse systems, such as disease spreading, gene regulatory networks, protein interactions or population dynamics.
Evidence under Bayes theorem Explanation Evidence_under_Bayes_theorem > Explanation Bayesian skeptics have objected to this use of Bayes’ theorem in litigation on a variety of grounds. These run from jury confusion and computational complexity to the assertion that standard probability theory is not a normatively satisfactory basis for adjudication of rights.
Quantum wave function Representations Quantum_wave_function > Wave functions and function spaces > Representations A choice of such a set may be called a choice of representation. It is a postulate of quantum mechanics that a physically observable quantity of a system, such as position, momentum, or spin, is represented by a linear Hermitian operator on the state space. The possible outcomes of measurement of the quantity are the eigenvalues of the operator.
Capacitor Plague Implications of industrial espionage Capacitor_Plague > Investigation > Implications of industrial espionage Industrial espionage was implicated in the capacitor plague, in connection with the theft of an electrolyte formula. A materials scientist working for Rubycon in Japan left the company, taking the secret water-based electrolyte formula for Rubycon's ZA and ZL series capacitors, and began working for a Chinese company. The scientist then developed a copy of this electrolyte.
Compressive strength Shear bands Compressive_strengths > Compressive failure modes > Microcracking > Shear bands If the sample size is large enough such that the worse defect's secondary cracks cannot grow large enough to break the sample, other defects within the sample will begin to grow secondary cracks as well. This will occur homogeneously over the entire sample. These micro-cracks form an echelon that can form an “intrinsic” fracture behavior, the nucleus of a shear fault instability. Shown right: Eventually this leads the material deforming non-homogeneously.
Prime editing Delivery method Prime_editing > Implications > Delivery method The target organism can then be transduced by the virus to synthesize the base editor in vivo. Common laboratory vectors of transduction such as lentivirus cause immune responses in humans, so proposed human therapies often centered around adeno-associated virus (AAV) because AAV infections are largely asymptomatic. Unfortunately, the effective packaging capacity of AAV vectors is small, approximately 4.4kb not including inverted terminal repeats. As a comparison, an SpCas9-reverse transcriptase fusion protein is 6.3kb, which does not even account for the lengthened guide RNA necessary for targeting and priming the site of interest. However, successful delivery in mice has been achieved by splitting the editor into two AAV vectors or by using an adenovirus, which has a larger packaging capacity.
Particle diffusion Three-dimensional problem Particle_diffusion > Specific examples > Three-dimensional problem The heat equation is the prototypical example of a parabolic partial differential equation. Using the Laplace operator, the heat equation can be simplified, and generalized to similar equations over spaces of arbitrary number of dimensions, as u t = α ∇ 2 u = α Δ u , {\displaystyle u_{t}=\alpha \nabla ^{2}u=\alpha \Delta u,} where the Laplace operator, Δ or ∇2, the divergence of the gradient, is taken in the spatial variables. The heat equation governs heat diffusion, as well as other diffusive processes, such as particle diffusion or the propagation of action potential in nerve cells.
Glossary of BitTorrent terms Share ratio Share_ratio > Terms > Share ratio A user's share ratio for any individual torrent is a number determined by dividing the amount of data that user has uploaded by the amount of data they have downloaded. Final share ratios over 1.0 carry a positive connotation in the BitTorrent community, because they indicate that the user has sent more data to other users than they received. Likewise, share ratios under 1 have negative connotation.
Mites of domestic animals Blood-sucking mites Mites_of_domestic_animals > Diseases > Blood-sucking mites Trombicula autumnalis, the harvest mite, causes severe pruritus to its host after it has detached. Feeding by the larvae involves secretion of a feeding tube, the stylostome, into the host's skin. This remains when the larva detaches and proteins in the secretion induce inflammatory and dermal hypersensitivity reactions, with intense pruritus. Domestic birds, dogs and humans are among the other hosts afflicted by this temporary infestation.
Janka hardness test Summary Janka_hardness_test The resulting measure is always one of force. In the United States, the measurement is in pounds-force (lbf). In Sweden, it is in kilograms-force (kgf), and in Australia, either in newtons (N) or kilonewtons (kN).
Cellular engineering Summary Biological_Engineering Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics, biopharmaceuticals, and tissue-engineered organs. Bioengineering overlaps substantially with biotechnology and the biomedical sciences in a way analogous to how various other forms of engineering and technology relate to various other sciences (such as aerospace engineering and other space technology to kinetics and astrophysics).In general, biological engineers attempt to either mimic biological systems to create products, or to modify and control biological systems. Working with doctors, clinicians, and researchers, bioengineers use traditional engineering principles and techniques to address biological processes, including ways to replace, augment, sustain, or predict chemical and mechanical processes.
P orbital Early models Electron_clouds > History > Early models With J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897, it became clear that atoms were not the smallest building blocks of nature, but were rather composite particles. The newly discovered structure within atoms tempted many to imagine how the atom's constituent parts might interact with each other. Thomson theorized that multiple electrons revolve in orbit-like rings within a positively charged jelly-like substance, and between the electron's discovery and 1909, this "plum pudding model" was the most widely accepted explanation of atomic structure.
Variable and attribute (research) Summary Variable_and_attribute_(research) How high, or how low, is determined by the value of the attribute (and in fact, an attribute could be just the word "low" or "high"). (For example see: Binary option) While an attribute is often intuitive, the variable is the operationalized way in which the attribute is represented for further data processing. In data processing data are often represented by a combination of items (objects organized in rows), and multiple variables (organized in columns).
Thermoplastic composites Nylon Thermoplastic > Nylon Nylon belongs to a class of polymers called polyamides. It has served as a substitute mainly for hemp, cotton and silk, in products such as parachutes, cords, sails, flak vests and clothing. Nylon fibres are useful in making fabrics, rope, carpets and musical strings, whereas, in bulk form, nylon is used for mechanical parts including machine screws, gears and power tool casings. In addition, it is used in the manufacture of heat-resistant composite materials.
Cave survey Drawing a line-plot Cave_surveying > Methodology > Drawing a line-plot Later, the cartographer analyzes the recorded data, converting them into two-dimensional measurements by way of geometrical calculations. From them he/she creates a line-plot; a scaled geometrical representation of the path through the cave.
Electric energy Electricity generation Electric_energy > Electricity generation The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical energy storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power. == References ==
Zero-knowledge proofs Definition Zero-knowledge_proof > Definition A zero-knowledge proof of some statement must satisfy three properties: Completeness: if the statement is true, an honest verifier (that is, one following the protocol properly) will be convinced of this fact by an honest prover. Soundness: if the statement is false, no cheating prover can convince an honest verifier that it is true, except with some small probability. Zero-knowledge: if the statement is true, no verifier learns anything other than the fact that the statement is true. In other words, just knowing the statement (not the secret) is sufficient to imagine a scenario showing that the prover knows the secret.
Fraunhofer diffraction (mathematics) Form of the diffraction pattern Fraunhofer_diffraction_(mathematics) > Apertures > Circular aperture > Form of the diffraction pattern This known as the Airy diffraction pattern The diffracted pattern is symmetric about the normal axis.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.