Split (1)

train · 253k rows

page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k
William Fleetwood Sheppard Some publications of W. F. Sheppard William_Fleetwood_Sheppard > Some publications of W. F. Sheppard W. F. Sheppard (1897) "On the Calculation of the Average Square, Cube, of a Large Number of Magnitudes", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 60, 698–703. W. F. Sheppard (1898) "On the Calculation of the Most Probable Values of Frequency Constants for data arranged according to Equidistant Divisions of a Scale", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 29, 353–80. W. F. Sheppard (1899) "On the Application of the Theory of Error to Cases of Normal Distribution and Normal Correlation", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A, 192,101–167+531. W. F. Sheppard (1907) "Table of Deviates of the Normal Curve", Biometrika, v.
Data lineage Summary Data_lineage Usually, data governance, and data management determines the scope of the data lineage based on their regulations, enterprise data management strategy, data impact, reporting attributes, and critical data elements of the organization. Data lineage provides the audit trail of the data points at the highest granular level, but presentation of the lineage may be done at various zoom levels to simplify the vast information, similar to analytic web maps. Data Lineage can be visualized at various levels based on the granularity of the view.
Complex data type Language support Complex_data_type > Language support The FORTRAN COMPLEX type. The C99 standard of the C programming language includes complex data types and complex-math functions in the standard library header . The C++ standard library provides a complex template class as well as complex-math functions in the header. The Go programming language has built-in types complex64 (each component is 32-bit float) and complex128 (each component is 64-bit float).
Pseudo-determinant Summary Pseudo-determinant In linear algebra and statistics, the pseudo-determinant is the product of all non-zero eigenvalues of a square matrix. It coincides with the regular determinant when the matrix is non-singular.
Operating system kernel Hybrid (or modular) kernels Kernel_image > Kernel-wide design approaches > Hybrid (or modular) kernels It is important to note that a code tainted module has the potential to destabilize a running kernel. Many people become confused on this point when discussing micro kernels. It is possible to write a driver for a microkernel in a completely separate memory space and test it before "going" live.
Peano Curve Construction Peano_Curve > Construction Peano's curve may be constructed by a sequence of steps, where the ith step constructs a set Si of squares, and a sequence Pi of the centers of the squares, from the set and sequence constructed in the previous step. As a base case, S0 consists of the single unit square, and P0 is the one-element sequence consisting of its center point. In step i, each square s of Si − 1 is partitioned into nine smaller equal squares, and its center point c is replaced by a contiguous subsequence of the centers of these nine smaller squares. This subsequence is formed by grouping the nine smaller squares into three columns, ordering the centers contiguously within each column, and then ordering the columns from one side of the square to the other, in such a way that the distance between each consecutive pair of points in the subsequence equals the side length of the small squares. There are four such orderings possible: Left three centers bottom to top, middle three centers top to bottom, and right three centers bottom to top Right three centers bottom to top, middle three centers top to bottom, and left three centers bottom to top Left three centers top to bottom, middle three centers bottom to top, and right three centers top to bottom Right three centers top to bottom, middle three centers bottom to top, and left three centers top to bottomAmong these four orderings, the one for s is chosen in such a way that the distance between the first point of the ordering and its predecessor in Pi also equals the side length of the small squares. If c was the first point in its ordering, then the first of these four orderings is chosen for the nine centers that replace c.The Peano curve itself is the limit of the curves through the sequences of square centers, as i goes to infinity.
Medium Girder Bridge Multi-span Bridges Medium_Girder_Bridge > Configurations > Multi-span Bridges MGB Double Storey multi-span bridges usually take the form of two or three span structures rated at MLC 70. The two-span bridge can have an overall length of up to 51.5 metres (169 ft), while the three span can be 76 metres (250 ft). This requires a total crew of 40 personnel—24 for the main bridge, 8 for the MGB Portable Pier and 8 to install anchorages.
Learning Object Metadata Summary Learning_Object_Metadata Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online learning management systems (LMS). The IEEE 1484.12.1-2020 – Standard for Learning Object Metadata is the latest revision of an internationally recognised open standard (published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association, New York) under the LTSC sponsorship for the description of “learning objects". Relevant attributes of learning objects to be described include: type of object; author; owner; terms of distribution; format; and pedagogical attributes, such as teaching or interaction style.
Resource exploitation Summary Resource_exploitation The exploitation or destruction of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. Environmental degradation can result from depletion of natural resources, this would be accompanied by negative effects to the economic growth of the effected areas.Exploitation of natural resources started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial areas. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world's energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and natural gas.Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.
Human mitochondrial DNA Replication, repair, transcription, and translation Human_mitochondrial_genome > Replication, repair, transcription, and translation Full length transcripts are cut into functional tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA molecules.The process of transcription initiation in mitochondria involves three types of proteins: the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 (TFB1M, TFB2M). POLRMT, TFAM, and TFB1M or TFB2M assemble at the mitochondrial promoters and begin transcription. The actual molecular events that are involved in initiation are unknown, but these factors make up the basal transcription machinery and have been shown to function in vitro.Mitochondrial translation is still not very well understood. In vitro translations have still not been successful, probably due to the difficulty of isolating sufficient mt mRNA, functional mt rRNA, and possibly because of the complicated changes that the mRNA undergoes before it is translated.
Electrodynamic bearing Summary Magnetic_bearing As a result, most magnetic bearings are active magnetic bearings, using electromagnets which require continuous power input and an active control system to keep the load stable. In a combined design, permanent magnets are often used to carry the static load and the active magnetic bearing is used when the levitated object deviates from its optimum position. Magnetic bearings typically require a back-up bearing in the case of power or control system failure. Magnetic bearings are used in several industrial applications such as electrical power generation, petroleum refinement, machine tool operation and natural gas handling. They are also used in the Zippe-type centrifuge, for uranium enrichment and in turbomolecular pumps, where oil-lubricated bearings would be a source of contamination.
Pyroelectric crystal Summary Pyroelectric_effect Pyroelectricity (from Greek: pyr (πυρ), "fire" and electricity) is a property of certain crystals which are naturally electrically polarized and as a result contain large electric fields. Pyroelectricity can be described as the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled. The change in temperature modifies the positions of the atoms slightly within the crystal structure, so that the polarization of the material changes. This polarization change gives rise to a voltage across the crystal. If the temperature stays constant at its new value, the pyroelectric voltage gradually disappears due to leakage current. The leakage can be due to electrons moving through the crystal, ions moving through the air, or current leaking through a voltmeter attached across the crystal.
Principle of least interest History Principle_of_least_interest > History The first major study to test the principle came in 1972 in a paper by Kenneth Eslinger, Alfred D Clarke and Russell R Dynes. In the paper the researchers interviewed 113 randomly selected college students that were enrolled in sociology courses to find out if a difference in emotional involvement existed in relationships and whether or not the level of involvement was affected by how the person was raised. The methods of raising children that were considered by the study were: bureaucratically or entrepreneurially.
DYA framework Quality attributes for communication DYA_framework > DYA infrastructure > The DYA infrastructure architecture process > Quality attributes for communication The architectural disciplines must be able to adjust to each other whenever necessary during the architectural process without compromising themselves. They should make clear what they can contribute and indicate their own limits. The full scope of wishes and requirements can not always be fulfilled; particularly if they (even minimally) conflict with each other. Should one of the disciplines want or need to dictate the eventual outcome, it should receive appropriate guidance from the architectural process, keeping in mind that the guidance must be relevant to the specific area of competence.
Cellular computing Artificial life Natural_computing > Synthesizing nature by means of computing > Artificial life This marked the emergence of the field of mechanical artificial life. The field of synthetic biology explores a biological implementation of similar ideas. Other research directions within the field of artificial life include artificial chemistry as well as traditionally biological phenomena explored in artificial systems, ranging from computational processes such as co-evolutionary adaptation and development, to physical processes such as growth, self-replication, and self-repair.
Sociological positivism Natural sciences Sociological_positivism > Positivism today > Natural sciences According to this way of thinking, a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make. A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definite predictions that can be tested. ... If one takes the positivist position, as I do, one cannot say what time actually is. All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes.
Stack frame Functions of the call stack Return_pointer > Functions of the call stack If needed, this may be stored in the call stack just as the return address is. The typical call stack is used for the return address, locals, and parameters (known as a call frame). In some environments there may be more or fewer functions assigned to the call stack. In the Forth programming language, for example, ordinarily only the return address, counted loop parameters and indexes, and possibly local variables are stored on the call stack (which in that environment is named the return stack), although any data can be temporarily placed there using special return-stack handling code so long as the needs of calls and returns are respected; parameters are ordinarily stored on a separate data stack or parameter stack, typically called the stack in Forth terminology even though there is a call stack since it is usually accessed more explicitly. Some Forths also have a third stack for floating-point parameters.
Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem History Cantor-Bernstein-Schröder_theorem > History 1897 After a visit by Bernstein, Dedekind independently proves the theorem a second time. 1898 Bernstein's proof (not relying on the axiom of choice) is published by Émile Borel in his book on functions. (Communicated by Cantor at the 1897 International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich.)
RAR-related orphan receptor alpha Regulation of circadian rhythm RAR-related_orphan_receptor_alpha > Regulation of circadian rhythm The core mammalian circadian clock is a negative feedback loop which consists of Per1/Per2, Cry1/Cry2, Bmal1, and Clock. This feedback loop is stabilized through another loop involving the transcriptional regulation of Bmal1. Transactivation of Bmal1 is regulated through the upstream ROR/REV-ERB Response Element (RRE) in the Bmal1 promoter, to which RORα and REV-ERBα bind. This stabilizing regulatory loop itself is induced by the Bmal1/Clock heterodimer, which induces transcription of RORα and REV-ERBα. RORα, which activates transcription of Bmal1, and REV-ERBα, which represses transcription of Bmal1, compete to bind to the RRE. This feedback loop regulating the expression of Bmal1 is thought to stabilize the core clock mechanism, helping to buffer it against changes in the environment.
Square planar Examples Square-planar_compound > Examples Numerous compounds adopt this geometry, examples being especially numerous for transition metal complexes. The noble gas compound xenon tetrafluoride adopts this structure as predicted by VSEPR theory. The geometry is prevalent for transition metal complexes with d8 configuration, which includes Rh(I), Ir(I), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III). Notable examples include the anticancer drugs cisplatin, , and carboplatin.
Young–Deruyts development Summary Young–Deruyts_development In mathematics, the Young–Deruyts development is a method of writing invariants of an action of a group on an n-dimensional vector space V in terms of invariants depending on at most n–1 vectors (Dieudonné & Carrell 1970, 1971, p.36, 39).
Computational Fluid Dynamics Hierarchy of fluid flow equations Computational_fluid_mechanics > Hierarchy of fluid flow equations Another interpretation is that one starts with the CL and assumes a continuum medium (see continuum mechanics). The resulting system of equations is unclosed since to solve it one needs further relationships/equations: (a) constitutive relationships for the viscous stress tensor; (b) constitutive relationships for the diffusive heat flux; (c) an equation of state (EOS), such as the ideal gas law; and, (d) a caloric equation of state relating temperature with quantities such as enthalpy or internal energy. Compressible Navier-Stokes equations (C-NS): Start with the CCL.
Universal Machine Introduction Universal_Machine > Introduction Minsky goes on to demonstrate Turing equivalence of a counter machine. With respect to the reduction of computers to simple Turing equivalent models (and vice versa), Minsky's designation of Wang as having made "the first formulation" is open to debate. While both Minsky's paper of 1961 and Wang's paper of 1957 are cited by Shepherdson and Sturgis (1963), they also cite and summarize in some detail the work of European mathematicians Kaphenst (1959), Ershov (1959), and Péter (1958).
Generative sciences Scientific and philosophical origins Generative_sciences > Scientific and philosophical origins The development of computers and automata theory laid a technical foundation for the growth of the generative sciences. For example: Cellular automata are mathematical representations of simple entities interacting under deterministic rules to manifest complex behaviours. They can be used to model emergent processes of the physical universe, neural cognitive processes and social behavior.Conway's Game of Life is a zero-player game based on cellular automata, meaning that the only input is in setting the initial conditions, and the game is to see how the system evolves.
Abstract structure Summary Abstract_structure An abstract structure is an abstraction that might be of the geometric spaces or a set structure, or a hypostatic abstraction that is defined by a set of mathematical theorems and laws, properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects. Abstract structures are studied not only in logic and mathematics but in the fields that apply them, as computer science and computer graphics, and in the studies that reflect on them, such as philosophy (especially the philosophy of mathematics). Indeed, modern mathematics has been defined in a very general sense as the study of abstract structures (by the Bourbaki group: see discussion there, at algebraic structure and also structure).
Analogical models Practical uses Analogical_models > Dynamical analogies > Practical uses Maxwell's analogy was initially used merely to help explain electrical phenomena in more familiar mechanical terms. The work of Firestone, Trent and others moved the field well beyond this, looking to represent systems of multiple energy domains as a single system. In particular, designers started converting the mechanical parts of an electromechanical system to the electrical domain so that the whole system could be analyzed as an electrical circuit. Vannevar Bush was a pioneer of this kind of modelling in his development of analogue computers, and a coherent presentation of this method was presented in a 1925 paper by Clifford A. Nickle.From the 1950s onward, manufacturers of mechanical filters, notably Collins Radio, widely used these analogies in order to take the well -developed theory of filter design in electrical engineering and apply it to mechanical systems.
Absolute Temperature Nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature Absolute_Temperature > Relationship of temperature, motions, conduction, and thermal energy > Nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature The graph shown here in Fig. 2 shows the speed distribution of 5500 K helium atoms. They have a most probable speed of 4.780 km/s (0.2092 s/km).
Inorganic acid Summary Mineral_acids A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds, as opposed to organic acids which are acidic, organic compounds. All mineral acids form hydrogen ions and the conjugate base when dissolved in water.
Λ calculus Recursion and fixed points Lambda-term_bound_variables > Additional programming techniques > Recursion and fixed points λn. (1, if n = 0; else n × (r r (n−1))) with r r x = F x = G r x to hold, so r = G and F := G G = (λx.x x) GThe self-application achieves replication here, passing the function's lambda expression on to the next invocation as an argument value, making it available to be referenced and called there. This solves it but requires re-writing each recursive call as self-application.
Key strengthening Strength and time Key_strengthening > Strength and time But if key stretching was used, the attacker must compute a strengthened key for each key they test, meaning there are 65,000 hashes to compute per test. This increases the attacker's workload by a factor of 65,000, approximately 216, which means the enhanced key is worth about 16 additional bits in key strength. Moore's law asserts that computer speed doubles roughly every 2 years.
Viable System Theory Summary Viable_System_Theory Viable system theory (VST) concerns cybernetic processes in relation to the development/evolution of dynamical systems. They are considered to be living systems in the sense that they are complex and adaptive, can learn, and are capable of maintaining an autonomous existence, at least within the confines of their constraints. These attributes involve the maintenance of internal stability through adaptation to changing environments. One can distinguish between two strands such theory: formal systems and principally non-formal system. Formal viable system theory is normally referred to as viability theory, and provides a mathematical approach to explore the dynamics of complex systems set within the context of control theory. In contrast, principally non-formal viable system theory is concerned with descriptive approaches to the study of viability through the processes of control and communication, though these theories may have mathematical descriptions associated with them.
Rotation symmetry Formal treatment Rotational_symmetry > Formal treatment For chiral objects it is the same as the full symmetry group. Laws of physics are SO(3)-invariant if they do not distinguish different directions in space. Because of Noether's theorem, the rotational symmetry of a physical system is equivalent to the angular momentum conservation law.
Fourier shift theorem Applications Fourier_Transform > Applications Linear operations performed in one domain (time or frequency) have corresponding operations in the other domain, which are sometimes easier to perform. The operation of differentiation in the time domain corresponds to multiplication by the frequency, so some differential equations are easier to analyze in the frequency domain. Also, convolution in the time domain corresponds to ordinary multiplication in the frequency domain (see Convolution theorem). After performing the desired operations, transformation of the result can be made back to the time domain. Harmonic analysis is the systematic study of the relationship between the frequency and time domains, including the kinds of functions or operations that are "simpler" in one or the other, and has deep connections to many areas of modern mathematics.
Open Distributed Processing Viewpoints modeling and the RM-ODP framework Open_Distributed_Processing > RM-ODP topics > Viewpoints modeling and the RM-ODP framework The information viewpoint, which focuses on the semantics of the information and the information processing performed. It describes the information managed by the system and the structure and content type of the supporting data. The computational viewpoint, which enables distribution through functional decomposition on the system into objects which interact at interfaces.
Body image The fashion industry Body_image > Causes > The fashion industry 54% of models revealed that they would be dropped by their agencies if they failed to comply. Models frequently have underweight body mass index (BMI): a study published in the International Journal of Eating Disorders discovered that a majority of models had a BMI of 17.41, which qualifies as anorexia. In the past twenty years, runway models have also transformed from a typical size 6–8 to 0–2.
Representative Layer Theory Determining the A, R, T fractions for a sheet Representative_Layer_Theory > Mathematics of plane parallel layers in absorption spectroscopy > Determining the A, R, T fractions for a sheet If Ax, Rx and Tx are known for layer x and Ay Ry and Ty are known for layer y, the ART fractions for a sample composed of layer x and layer y are: T x + y = T x T y 1 − R ( − x ) R y , {\displaystyle T_{x+y}={\frac {T_{x}T_{y}}{1-R_{(-x)}R_{y}}},\qquad } R x + y = R x + T x 2 R y 1 − R ( − x ) R y , {\displaystyle R_{x+y}=R_{x}+{\frac {T_{x}^{2}R_{y}}{1-R_{(-x)}R_{y}}},\qquad } A x + y = 1 − T x + y − R x + y {\displaystyle A_{x+y}=1-T_{x+y}-R_{x+y}} (The symbol R ( − x ) {\displaystyle R_{(-x)}} means the reflectance of layer x {\displaystyle x} when the direction of illumination is antiparallel to that of the incident beam. The difference in direction is important when dealing with inhomogeneous layers. This consideration was added by Paul Kubelka in 1954. He also pointed out that transmission was independent of the direction of illumination, but absorption and remission were not.)
Periodic table of elements Atomic radius Periodic_table_of_chemical_elements > Periodic trends > Atomic radius Relativistic effects also explain why gold is golden and mercury is a liquid at room temperature. They are expected to become very strong in the late seventh period, potentially leading to a collapse of periodicity. Electron configurations are only clearly known until element 108 (hassium), and experimental chemistry beyond 108 has only been done for 112 (copernicium), 113 (nihonium), and 114 (flerovium), so the chemical characterisation of the heaviest elements remains a topic of current research.
Acute myelocytic leukemia Induction Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia > Treatment > Induction The goal of the induction phase is to reach a complete remission. Complete remission does not mean the disease has been cured; rather, it signifies no disease can be detected with available diagnostic methods. All subtypes except acute promyelocytic leukemia are usually given induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline such as daunorubicin or idarubicin. This induction chemotherapy regimen is known as "7+3" (or "3+7"), because the cytarabine is given as a continuous IV infusion for seven consecutive days while the anthracycline is given for three consecutive days as an IV push.
Standard quantum limit Misleading relation to the classical limit Quantum_limit > Misleading relation to the classical limit Note that due to an overloading of the word "limit", the classical limit is not the opposite of the quantum limit. In "quantum limit", "limit" is being used in the sense of a physical limitation (e.g. the Armstrong limit). In "classical limit", "limit" is used in the sense of a limiting process. (Note that there is no simple rigorous mathematical limit which fully recovers classical mechanics from quantum mechanics, the Ehrenfest theorem notwithstanding. Nevertheless, in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, such limits are more systematic and practical.)
Bayesian programming Decomposition Bayesian_programming > Example > Bayesian filter, Kalman filter and hidden Markov model > Decomposition The decomposition is based: on P ( S t ∣ S t − 1 ) {\displaystyle P(S^{t}\mid S^{t-1})} , called the system model, transition model or dynamic model, which formalizes the transition from the state at time t − 1 {\displaystyle t-1} to the state at time t {\displaystyle t} ; on P ( O t ∣ S t ) {\displaystyle P(O^{t}\mid S^{t})} , called the observation model, which expresses what can be observed at time t {\displaystyle t} when the system is in state S t {\displaystyle S^{t}} ; on an initial state at time 0 {\displaystyle 0}: P ( S 0 ∧ O 0 ) {\displaystyle P(S^{0}\wedge O^{0})} .
Virtual leak V Virtual_leak > V The ideal gas law treats gas molecules as point particles that interact with their containers but not each other, meaning they neither take up space nor change kinetic energy during collisions (i.e. all collisions are perfectly elastic). The ideal gas law states that volume (V) occupied by n moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at temperature (T) in kelvins given by the following relationship, where R is the gas constant: P V = n R T {\displaystyle PV=nRT} To account for the volume that a real gas molecule takes up, the Van der Waals equation replaces V in the ideal gas law with ( V m − b ) {\displaystyle (V_{m}-b)} , where Vm is the molar volume of the gas and b is the volume that is occupied by one mole of the molecules. This leads to: P ( V m − b ) = R T {\displaystyle P(V_{m}-b)=RT} The second modification made to the ideal gas law accounts for the fact that gas molecules do in fact interact with each other (they usually experience attraction at low pressures and repulsion at high pressures) and that real gases therefore show different compressibility than ideal gases.
Applied ethics History Applied_ethics > History Applied ethics has expanded the study of ethics beyond the realms of academic philosophical discourse. The field of applied ethics, as it appears today, emerged from debate surrounding rapid medical and technological advances in the early 1970s and is now established as a subdiscipline of moral philosophy. However, applied ethics is, by its very nature, a multi-professional subject because it requires specialist understanding of the potential ethical issues in fields like medicine, business or information technology. Nowadays, ethical codes of conduct exist in almost every profession.An applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas can take many different forms but one of the most influential and most widely utilised approaches in bioethics and health care ethics is the four-principle approach developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress. The four-principle approach, commonly termed principlism, entails consideration and application of four prima facie ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice.
String theorist Extra dimensions Ten-dimensional_space > Fundamentals > Extra dimensions Compactification can be used to construct models in which spacetime is effectively four-dimensional. However, not every way of compactifying the extra dimensions produces a model with the right properties to describe nature. In a viable model of particle physics, the compact extra dimensions must be shaped like a Calabi–Yau manifold.
Goto fail Analysis Unreachable_code > Analysis Detection of unreachable code is a form of control flow analysis to find code that can never be reached in any possible program state. In some languages (e.g. Java) some forms of unreachable code are explicitly disallowed. The optimization that removes unreachable code is known as dead code elimination. Code may become unreachable as a consequence of transformations performed by an optimizing compiler (e.g., common subexpression elimination). In practice the sophistication of the analysis has a significant impact on the amount of unreachable code that is detected. For example, constant folding and simple flow analysis shows that the inside of the if-statement in the following code is unreachable: However, a great deal more sophistication is needed to work out that the corresponding block is unreachable in the following code: Unreachable code elimination technique is in the same class of optimizations as dead code elimination and redundant code elimination.
Monkey metal Metallurgy Pot_metal > Metallurgy Manufacturers sometimes use it to experiment with molds and ideas (e.g., prototypes) before casting final products in a higher quality alloy. Depending on the exact metals "thrown into the pot," pot metal can become unstable over time, as it has a tendency to bend, distort, crack, shatter, and pit with age.
Quantitative methods Measurement Quantitative_methods > Measurement This is because accepting a theory based on results of quantitative data could prove to be a natural phenomenon. He argued that such abnormalities are interesting when done during the process of obtaining data, as seen below: When measurement departs from theory, it is likely to yield mere numbers, and their very neutrality makes them particularly sterile as a source of remedial suggestions.
The Graph Grants The_Graph > Grants In 2021, Sommelier Announced a $1M R&D Grant from The Graph Foundation. In December 2021, The Graph awarded a $48M grant to The Guild to join The Graph as a core developer. == References ==
Regularized least squares Linear kernel Regularized_least_squares > Kernel formulation > Linear kernel For convenience a vector notation is introduced. Let X {\displaystyle X} be an n × d {\displaystyle n\times d} matrix, where the rows are input vectors, and Y {\displaystyle Y} a n × 1 {\displaystyle n\times 1} vector where the entries are corresponding outputs. In terms of vectors, the kernel matrix can be written as K = X ⁡ X T {\displaystyle \operatorname {K} =\operatorname {X} \operatorname {X} ^{T}} . The learning function can be written as: f ( x ∗ ) = K x ∗ ⁡ c = x ∗ T X T ⁡ c = x ∗ T w {\displaystyle f(x_{})=\operatorname {K} _{x_{}}c=x_{}^{T}\operatorname {X} ^{T}c=x_{}^{T}w} Here we define w = X T c , w ∈ R d {\displaystyle w=X^{T}c,w\in R^{d}} .
Matrix function Extending scalar function to matrix functions Matrix_function > Extending scalar function to matrix functions There are several techniques for lifting a real function to a square matrix function such that interesting properties are maintained. All of the following techniques yield the same matrix function, but the domains on which the function is defined may differ.
Tropocoronand ligand Tropocoronand complexes Tropocoronand_ligand > Tropocoronand complexes Studies of divalent Co2+ and Ni2+ complexes showed that the electronic structure of the transition metal ion affects the dihedral angle: the TC-4,5 ligand adopts a larger dihedral angle for the Co2+ ion, likely resulting due to its greater preference for tetrahedral over square-planar geometry as well as differences in ligand field stabilization energies (LFSE).Metal-NO derivatives have been prepared. also promotes NO disproportionation when in the presence of excess NO; however, in contrast to Mn, the final product is , where the iron retains the nitrosyl and the nitrite becomes bound to the ligand. == References ==
Higgs Field Properties of the Higgs field The_Higgs_Boson > Properties > Properties of the Higgs field In the Standard Model, the Higgs field is a scalar tachyonic field – scalar meaning it does not transform under Lorentz transformations, and tachyonic meaning the field (but not the particle) has imaginary mass, and in certain configurations must undergo symmetry breaking. It consists of four components: Two neutral ones and two charged component fields. Both of the charged components and one of the neutral fields are Goldstone bosons, which act as the longitudinal third-polarisation components of the massive W+, W−, and Z bosons. The quantum of the remaining neutral component corresponds to (and is theoretically realised as) the massive Higgs boson.
KMS driver History Graphics_Execution_Manager > History The split of DRM into two components, DRM core and DRM driver, called DRM core/personality split was done during the second half of 2004, and merged into kernel version 2.6.11. This split allowed multiple DRM drivers for multiple devices to work simultaneously, opening the way to multi-GPU support. The idea of putting all the video mode setting code in one place inside the kernel had been acknowledged for years, but the graphics card manufacturers had argued that the only way to do the mode-setting was to use the routines provided by themselves and contained in the Video BIOS of each graphics card.
Clinical neurology Overlapping areas Clinical_neurology > Clinical tasks > Overlapping areas Some cases of nervous system infectious diseases are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of headache are diagnosed and treated primarily by general practitioners, at least the less severe cases. Likewise, most cases of sciatica are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or surgeons (neurosurgeons or orthopedic surgeons).
Biological evolution Speciation Animal_evolution > Natural outcomes > Speciation Speciation is the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species.There are multiple ways to define the concept of "species." The choice of definition is dependent on the particularities of the species concerned. For example, some species concepts apply more readily toward sexually reproducing organisms while others lend themselves better toward asexual organisms. Despite the diversity of various species concepts, these various concepts can be placed into one of three broad philosophical approaches: interbreeding, ecological and phylogenetic.
Faraday–Lenz law Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law Induced_current > Theory > Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law This is due to the negative sign in the previous equation. To increase the generated emf, a common approach is to exploit flux linkage by creating a tightly wound coil of wire, composed of N identical turns, each with the same magnetic flux going through them. The resulting emf is then N times that of one single wire. Generating an emf through a variation of the magnetic flux through the surface of a wire loop can be achieved in several ways: the magnetic field B changes (e.g. an alternating magnetic field, or moving a wire loop towards a bar magnet where the B field is stronger), the wire loop is deformed and the surface Σ changes, the orientation of the surface dA changes (e.g. spinning a wire loop into a fixed magnetic field), any combination of the above
Pico (programming language) Summary Pico_(programming_language) Pico is a programming language developed at the Software Languages Lab at Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The language was created to introduce the essentials of programming to non-computer science students. Pico can be seen as an effort to generate a palatable and enjoyable language for people who do not want to study hard for the elegance and power of a language. They have done it by adapting Scheme's semantics.
Taylor polynomial Analytic functions Taylor_polynomial > Analytic functions These approximations are good if sufficiently many terms are included. Differentiation and integration of power series can be performed term by term and is hence particularly easy.
Euler tour tree Euler tour trees Euler_tour_tree > Euler tour trees Henzinger and King suggest to represent a given tree by keeping its Euler tour in a balanced binary search tree, keyed by the index in the tour. So for example, the unbalanced tree in the example above, having 7 nodes, will be represented by a balanced binary tree with 14 nodes, one for each time each node appears on the tour. We can represent a forest (an acyclic graph) using a collection of ET trees - one ET tree for one forest tree. This representation allows us to quickly answer the question "what is the root of node v?"
Affordance Affordances in language education Affordance > Affordances in language education Based on Gibson’s conceptualization of affordances as both the good and bad that the environment offers animals, affordances in language learning are both the opportunities and challenges that learners perceive of their environment when learning a language. Affordances, which are both learning opportunities or inhibitions, arise from the semiotic budget of the learning environment, which allows language to evolve. Positive affordances, or learning opportunities, are only effective in developing learner's language when they perceive and actively interact with their surroundings. Negative affordances, on the other hand, are crucial in exposing the learners’ weaknesses for teachers, and the learners themselves, to address their moment-to-moment needs in their learning process.
Wilms’ tumor Staging Wilms’_tumor > Diagnosis > Staging Staging is a standard way to describe the extent of spread of Wilms' tumors and to determine prognosis and treatments. Staging is based on anatomical findings and tumor cells pathology. According to the extent of tumor tissue at the time of initial diagnosis, four stages are considered, with a fifth classification for bilateral involvement.
Planet Orbit Planet > Attributes > Dynamic characteristics > Orbit The planets and large moons in the Solar System have relatively low eccentricities, and thus nearly circular orbits. The comets and many Kuiper belt objects, as well as several extrasolar planets, have very high eccentricities, and thus exceedingly elliptical orbits. The semi-major axis gives the size of the orbit.
Pipeline parallelism Buffering Data_pipeline > Design considerations > Buffering The frequency of such pipeline stalls can be reduced by providing space for more than one item in the input buffer of that stage. Such a multiple-item buffer is usually implemented as a first-in, first-out queue. The upstream stage may still have to be halted when the queue gets full, but the frequency of those events will decrease as more buffer slots are provided. Queueing theory can tell the number of buffer slots needed, depending on the variability of the processing times and on the desired performance.
Group structure and the axiom of choice The axiom of choice implies a group structure Group_structure_and_the_axiom_of_choice > The axiom of choice implies a group structure Let X be an infinite set and let F denote the set of all finite subsets of X. There is a natural multiplication • on F. For f, g ∈ F, let f • g = f Δ g, where Δ denotes the symmetric difference. This turns (F, •) into a group with the empty set, Ø, being the identity and every element being its own inverse; f Δ f = Ø. The associative property, i.e. (f Δ g) Δ h = f Δ (g Δ h) is verified using basic properties of union and set difference. Thus F is a group with multiplication Δ. Any set that can be put into bijection with a group becomes a group via the bijection.
Number-theoretic transform Summary Discrete_weighted_transform In mathematics, the discrete Fourier transform over a ring generalizes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), of a function whose values are commonly complex numbers, over an arbitrary ring.
Solder mask Summary Solder_mask Solder mask, solder stop mask or solder resist is a thin lacquer-like layer of polymer that is usually applied to the copper traces of a printed circuit board (PCB) for protection against oxidation and to prevent solder bridges from forming between closely spaced solder pads. A solder bridge is an unintended electrical connection between two conductors by means of a small blob of solder. PCBs use solder masks to prevent this from happening.
Coordination Number Complications Bulk_coordination_number > Case studies > Complications TiO2 has the rutile structure. The titanium atoms 6-coordinate, 2 atoms at 198.3 pm and 4 at 194.6 pm, in a slightly distorted octahedron. The octahedra around the titanium atoms share edges and vertices to form a 3-D network. The oxide ions are 3-coordinate in a trigonal planar configuration.
Content-addressable parallel processor Summary Content-addressable_parallel_processor A CAPP is distinctly different from a Von Neumann architecture or classical computer that stores data in cells addressed individually by numeric address. The CAPP executes a stream of instructions that address memory based on the content (stored values) of the memory cells. As a parallel processor, it acts on all of the cells containing that content at once. The content of all matching cells can be changed simultaneously. A typical CAPP might consist of an array of content-addressable memory of fixed word length, a sequential instruction store, and a general purpose computer of the Von Neumann architecture that is used to interface peripherals.
Teleparallelism New translation teleparallel gauge theory of gravity Teleparallelism > New translation teleparallel gauge theory of gravity We can always choose the gauge where xa is zero everywhere, although Mp is an affine space and also a fiber; thus the origin must be defined on a point-by-point basis, which can be done arbitrarily. This leads us back to the theory where the tetrad is fundamental. Teleparallelism refers to any theory of gravitation based upon this framework. There is a particular choice of the action that makes it exactly equivalent to general relativity, but there are also other choices of the action which are not equivalent to general relativity. In some of these theories, there is no equivalence between inertial and gravitational masses.Unlike in general relativity, gravity is due not to the curvature of spacetime but to the torsion thereof.
Bi-infinite sequence Indexing Doubly_infinite_sequence > Examples and notation > Indexing In cases where the set of indexing numbers is understood, the subscripts and superscripts are often left off. That is, one simply writes ( a k ) {\displaystyle (a_{k})} for an arbitrary sequence. Often, the index k is understood to run from 1 to ∞.
Recognizable language Summary Recursively_enumerable_language In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is called recursively enumerable (also recognizable, partially decidable, semidecidable, Turing-acceptable or Turing-recognizable) if it is a recursively enumerable subset in the set of all possible words over the alphabet of the language, i.e., if there exists a Turing machine which will enumerate all valid strings of the language. Recursively enumerable languages are known as type-0 languages in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages. All regular, context-free, context-sensitive and recursive languages are recursively enumerable. The class of all recursively enumerable languages is called RE.
Negligible function (cryptography) History Negligible_function > History The concept of negligibility can find its trace back to sound models of analysis. Though the concepts of "continuity" and "infinitesimal" became important in mathematics during Newton and Leibniz's time (1680s), they were not well-defined until the late 1810s. The first reasonably rigorous definition of continuity in mathematical analysis was due to Bernard Bolzano, who wrote in 1817 the modern definition of continuity. Later Cauchy, Weierstrass and Heine also defined as follows (with all numbers in the real number domain R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ): (Continuous function) A function f: R → R {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} {\rightarrow }\mathbb {R} } is continuous at x = x 0 {\displaystyle x=x_{0}} if for every ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} , there exists a positive number δ > 0 {\displaystyle \delta >0} such that \| x − x 0 \| < δ {\displaystyle \|x-x_{0}\|<\delta } implies \| f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) \| < ε .
Post truss Model bridges Whipple_truss > Design > Model bridges A pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics, by the building of model bridges from spaghetti. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a modest tension force, it breaks easily if bent. A model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak elements.
Basic quantum mechanics Evidence of quanta from the photoelectric effect Quantum_mechanics_-_simplified > History > Evidence of quanta from the photoelectric effect Here the idea is that energy in energy-quanta depends upon the light frequency; the energy transferred to the electron comes in proportion to the light frequency. The type of metal gives a barrier, the fixed value, that the electrons must climb over to exit their atoms, to be emitted from the metal surface and be measured. Ten years elapsed before Millikan's definitive experiment verified Einstein's prediction. During that time many scientists rejected the revolutionary idea of quanta. But Planck's and Einstein's concept was in the air and soon affected other theories.
Near-infrared spectrum Summary Near-infrared_spectroscopy Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm). Typical applications include medical and physiological diagnostics and research including blood sugar, pulse oximetry, functional neuroimaging, sports medicine, elite sports training, ergonomics, rehabilitation, neonatal research, brain computer interface, urology (bladder contraction), and neurology (neurovascular coupling). There are also applications in other areas as well such as pharmaceutical, food and agrochemical quality control, atmospheric chemistry, combustion research and knowledge
Wave turbulence Summary Wave_turbulence In continuum mechanics, wave turbulence is a set of nonlinear waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium. Such a state is usually accompanied by dissipation. It is either decaying turbulence or requires an external source of energy to sustain it. Examples are waves on a fluid surface excited by winds or ships, and waves in plasma excited by electromagnetic waves etc.
Transcriptomics technique Non-coding RNA Transcriptomics_technique > Applications > Non-coding RNA Transcriptomics is most commonly applied to the mRNA content of the cell. However, the same techniques are equally applicable to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are not translated into a protein, but instead have direct functions (e.g. roles in protein translation, DNA replication, RNA splicing, and transcriptional regulation). Many of these ncRNAs affect disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
Expressed gene Structure Genetic_transmission > Structure and function > Structure For example, known sequence features in the 3'-UTR can only explain half of all human gene ends.Many noncoding genes in eukaryotes have different transcription termination mechanisms and they do not have pol(A) tails. Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The genes in an operon are transcribed as a continuous messenger RNA, referred to as a polycistronic mRNA.
Afferent nerve fiber Function Afferent_nerve_fiber > Function In the nervous system there is a "closed loop" system of sensation, decision, and reactions. This process is carried out through the activity of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. A touch or painful stimulus, for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerve pathways.
Disease transmission Beneficial microorganisms Pathogen_transmission > Beneficial microorganisms The mode of transmission is also an important aspect of the biology of beneficial microbial symbionts, such as coral-associated dinoflagellates or human microbiota. Organisms can form symbioses with microbes transmitted from their parents, from the environment or unrelated individuals, or both.
Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems Demand sectors Prospective_Outlook_on_Long-term_Energy_Systems > Structure > Demand sectors The model is composed of the following demand sectors: Residential and Tertiary: two sectors. Industry: Energy uses in industry: four sectors, allowing for a detailed modelling of such energy-intensive industries such as the steel industry, the chemicals industry and the non-metallic minerals industry (cement, glass). Non-energy uses in industry: two sectors, for the transformation sectors such as plastics production and chemical feedstock production.
Collective responsibility Collective punishment Collective_responsibility > Collective punishment Collective responsibility in the form of collective punishment is often used as a disciplinary measure in closed institutions, e.g. boarding schools (punishing a whole class for the actions of one known or unknown pupil), military units, prisons (juvenile and adult), psychiatric facilities, etc. The effectiveness and severity of this measure may vary greatly, but it often breeds distrust and isolation among their members. Historically, collective punishment is a sign of authoritarian and/or totalitarian tendencies in the institution and/or its home society. For example, in the Soviet Gulags, all members of a brigada (work unit) were punished for bad performance of any of its members.Collective punishment is also practiced in the situation of war, economic sanctions, etc., presupposing the existence of collective guilt. Collective guilt, or guilt by association, is the controversial collectivist idea that individuals who are identified as a member of a certain group carry the responsibility for an act or behavior that members of that group have demonstrated, even if they themselves were not involved.
Information and computer science Machines, languages, and computation Information_and_computer_science > Areas of information and computer science > Machines, languages, and computation This is the study into fundamental computer algorithms, which are the basis to computer programs. Without algorithms, no computer programs would exist. This also involves the process of looking into various mathematical functions behind computational algorithms, basic theory and functional (low level) programming. In an academic setting, this area would introduce the fundamental mathematical theorems and functions behind theoretical computer science which are the building blocks for other areas in the field. Complex topics such as; proofs, algebraic functions and sets will be introduced during studies of CIS.
Ab-polar current Summary Ab-polar_current Ab-polar current, an obsolete term sometimes found in 19th century meteorological literature, refers to any air current moving away from either the North Pole or the South Pole. In the Northern Hemisphere, this term indicates a northerly wind. The Latin prefix ab- means "from" or "away from".
Nasal vaccine Summary Nasal_vaccine A nasal vaccine is a vaccine administered through the nose that stimulates an immune response without an injection. It induces immunity through the inner surface of the nose, a surface that naturally comes in contact with many airborne microbes. Nasal vaccines are emerging as an alternative to injectable vaccines because they do not use needles and can be introduced through the mucosal route. Nasal vaccines can be delivered through nasal sprays to prevent respiratory infections, such as influenza.
NaBH4 Coordination chemistry NaBH4 > Reactivity > Coordination chemistry − is a ligand for metal ions. Such borohydride complexes are often prepared by the action of NaBH4 (or the LiBH4) on the corresponding metal halide. One example is the titanocene derivative: 2 (C5H5)2TiCl2 + 4 NaBH4 → 2 (C5H5)2TiBH4 + 4 NaCl + B2H6 + H2
Reinforcement Learning Direct policy search Direct_policy_search > Algorithms for control learning > Direct policy search Policy search methods may converge slowly given noisy data. For example, this happens in episodic problems when the trajectories are long and the variance of the returns is large. Value-function based methods that rely on temporal differences might help in this case. In recent years, actor–critic methods have been proposed and performed well on various problems.
Member variable Summary Member_variable In object-oriented programming, a member variable (sometimes called a member field) is a variable that is associated with a specific object, and accessible for all its methods (member functions). In class-based programming languages, these are distinguished into two types: class variables (also called static member variables), where only one copy of the variable is shared with all instances of the class; and instance variables, where each instance of the class has its own independent copy of the variable.
Telomerase reverse transcriptase Role in cancer Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase > Clinical significance > Role in cancer Over two hundred combinations of hTERT polymorphisms and cancer development have been found. There were several different types of cancer involved, and the strength of the correlation between the polymorphism and developing cancer varied from weak to strong. The regulation of hTERT has also been researched to determine possible mechanisms of telomerase activation in cancer cells.
Parallel Quantum Solutions History PQS_(chemical) > History By a fortunate circumstance, a few capable and PC proficient graduate students were available, specifically Magyarfalvi and Shirel. The PC cluster was a complete success, and significantly outperformed the IBM Workstation cluster that was the group's computational mainstay at a small amount of its expense.The PQS programming was demonstrated on the TEXAS code and parts of it, chiefly the NMR code, were authorized to PQS from the University of Arkansas. Much of the code was widely changed to comply with the twin points of (a) having all major functionality fully parallel; and (b) having the capacity to routinely perform calculations on extensive systems. They aimed primarily for a modest level of parallelism (from 8 to 32 CPUs), as this is the most widely recognized size for an individual or group resource. Indeed, even on very large clusters it is normal for any given user to be allocated only a percentage of the available processors.
Quantitative linguistics Linguistic laws Quantitative_linguistics > Linguistic laws Heaps' law: It describes the number of distinct words in a document (or set of documents) as a function of the document length. Brevity law or Zipf's law of abbreviation: It qualitatively states that the more frequently a word is used, the 'shorter' that word tends to be. Menzerath's law (also, Menzerath-Altmann law): This law states that the sizes of the constituents of a construction decrease with increasing size of the construction under study.
Predictive power Applications Predictive_power > Applications The predictive power of a theory is closely related to applications.General relativity not only predicts the bending of light but also predicts several other phenomena. Recently, the calculation of proper time of satellites has been a successfully-measured prediction that is now incorporated into the method used to calculate positions via GPS. If a theory has no predictive power, it cannot be used for applications.
Wall radiator Radiation and convection Radiator > Radiation and convection To increase the surface area available for heat exchange with the surroundings, a radiator will have multiple fins, in contact with the tube carrying liquid pumped through the radiator. Air (or other exterior fluid) in contact with the fins carries off heat. If air flow is obstructed by dirt or damage to the fins, that portion of the radiator is ineffective at heat transfer.
Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues Statement of the theorem Rayleigh_theorem_for_eigenvalues > Statement of the theorem The theorem, as indicated above, applies to the resolution of equations called eigenvalue equations. i.e., the ones of the form HѰ = λѰ, where H is an operator, Ѱ is a function and λ is number called the eigenvalue. To solve problems of this type, we expand the unknown function Ѱ in terms of known functions. The number of these known functions is the size of the basis set.
Glossary of gene expression terms A Glossary_of_genetics_(0–L) > A A class of post-transcriptional modification, alternative splicing allows a single gene to code for multiple protein isoforms and greatly increases the diversity of proteins that can be produced by an individual genome. See also RNA splicing. amber One of three stop codons used in the standard genetic code; in RNA, it is specified by the nucleotide triplet UAG.
Sparse PCA Shortcoming of conventional SPCA computed on rank deficient matrices Sparse_PCA > Shortcoming of conventional SPCA computed on rank deficient matrices An example of this shortcoming of conventional SPCA is given in Merola and Chen (2019). Consider a matrix with 100 observations on five perfectly collinear variables defined as x i j = ( − 1 ) i j , i = 1 , … , 100 ; j = 1 , … , 5. {\displaystyle x_{ij}=(-1)^{i}{\sqrt {j}},\,i=1,\ldots ,100;\,j=1,\ldots ,5.}
Molar extinction coefficient Proteins Molar_absorptivity > Proteins In biochemistry, the molar absorption coefficient of a protein at 280 nm depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly tryptophan, and can be predicted from the sequence of amino acids. Similarly, the molar absorption coefficient of nucleic acids at 260 nm can be predicted given the nucleotide sequence. If the molar absorption coefficient is known, it can be used to determine the concentration of a protein in solution.
Secure cryptoprocessor Summary Secure_cryptoprocessor A secure cryptoprocessor is a dedicated computer-on-a-chip or microprocessor for carrying out cryptographic operations, embedded in a packaging with multiple physical security measures, which give it a degree of tamper resistance. Unlike cryptographic processors that output decrypted data onto a bus in a secure environment, a secure cryptoprocessor does not output decrypted data or decrypted program instructions in an environment where security cannot always be maintained. The purpose of a secure cryptoprocessor is to act as the keystone of a security subsystem, eliminating the need to protect the rest of the subsystem with physical security measures.
Sunglass lens Further functions Sunglass_lens > Functions > Further functions Sunglasses can also be used to hide emotions; this can range from hiding blinking to hiding weeping and its resulting red eyes. In all cases, hiding one's eyes has implications for nonverbal communication; this is useful in poker, and many professional poker players wear heavily tinted glasses indoors while playing, so that it is more difficult for opponents to read tells which involve eye movement and thus gain an advantage. Fashion trends can be another reason for wearing sunglasses, particularly designer sunglasses from high-end fashion brands.
Baby sign Summary Baby_sign Baby sign language is the use of manual signing allowing infants and toddlers to communicate emotions, desires, and objects prior to spoken language development. With guidance and encouragement signing develops from a natural stage in infant development known as gesture. These gestures are taught in conjunction with speech to hearing children, and are not the same as a sign language.
Transfer of learning Transfer and learning Transfer_of_learning > Transfer and learning Association: connections between multiple events, actions, bits of information, and so on; as well as the conditions and emotions connected to it by the learner.Learners can increase transfer through effective practice and by mindfully abstracting knowledge. Abstraction is the process of examining our experiences for similarities. Methods for abstracting knowledge include seeking the underlying principles in what is learned, creating models, and identifying analogies and metaphors, all of which assist with creating associations and encouraging transfer.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.