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Born–Oppenheimer approximation Derivation Born–Oppenheimer_approximation > Derivation The matrix element of the one-electron operator appearing on the right side is finite. When the two surfaces come close, E k ( R ) ≈ E k ′ ( R ) {\displaystyle E_{k}(\mathbf {R} )\approx E_{k'}(\mathbf {R} )} , the nuclear momentum coupling term becomes large and is no longer negligible. This is the case where the BO approximation breaks down, and a coupled set of nuclear motion equations must be considered instead of the one equation appearing in the second step of the BO approximation.
Photoemission spectroscopy Summary Photoelectron_spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy (PES), also known as photoelectron spectroscopy, refers to energy measurement of electrons emitted from solids, gases or liquids by the photoelectric effect, in order to determine the binding energies of electrons in the substance. The term refers to various techniques, depending on whether the ionization energy is provided by X-ray, XUV or UV photons. Regardless of the incident photon beam, however, all photoelectron spectroscopy revolves around the general theme of surface analysis by measuring the ejected electrons.
Multiple sclerosis borderline RIS, subclinical and silent MS Idiopathic_inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system > Clinical situations inside standard MS > RIS, subclinical and silent MS See also Radiologically isolated syndromeSilent MS has been found in autopsies before the existence of MRI showing that the so-called "clinical definitions" cannot be applied to around 25% of the MS cases. Currently a distinction is made between "silent" and subclinical. In absence of attacks, sometimes a radiological finding suggestive of demyelination (T2 hyperintensities) can be used to establish a pre-diagnosis of MS.
Hybrid blockchains Uses Permissionless_blockchain > Uses Furthermore, According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), the second-largest professional services network in the world, blockchain technology has the potential to generate an annual business value of more than $3 trillion by 2030. PwC's estimate is further augmented by a 2018 study that they have conducted, in which PwC surveyed 600 business executives and determined that 84% have at least some exposure to utilizing blockchain technology, which indicates a significant demand and interest in blockchain technology.In 2019, the BBC World Service radio and podcast series Fifty Things That Made the Modern Economy identified blockchain as a technology that would have far-reaching consequences for economics and society. The economist and Financial Times journalist and broadcaster Tim Harford discussed why the underlying technology might have much wider applications and the challenges that needed to be overcome. His first broadcast was on June 29, 2019. The number of blockchain wallets quadrupled to 40 million between 2016 and 2020.A paper published in 2022 discussed the potential use of blockchain technology in sustainable management.
Zero ohm resistor Summary Zero_ohm_resistor A zero-ohm link or zero-ohm resistor is a wire link packaged in the same physical package format as a resistor. It is used to connect traces on a printed circuit board (PCB). This format allows it to be placed on the circuit board using the same automated equipment used to place other resistors, instead of requiring a separate machine to install a jumper or other wire. Zero-ohm resistors may be packaged like cylindrical resistors, or like surface-mount resistors.
Plant Information Management System Tasks Plant_Information_Management_System > Overview > Tasks Important tasks of a PIMS are: Company-wide gather, consolidate and process data Analysis of production performance, product quality, process capacity and control compliance. Provide Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to improve decision-making processes Reporting for decision support and documentation Consolidation of data from different sources (Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Laboratory, Distributed Control System (DCS)...) Integration of off-line data (laboratory, calculations, future load profiles) Access via the company-wide intranet also from offices. Via Web (Thin client) or Tcp / Ip (Fat client) Enriching / refining raw data Event-driven calculations Long-term archiving of data and reports (over many years)
Electric power quality Power conditioning Electric_power_quality > Power conditioning This remanufactured sine wave is of higher quality than the original AC power feed.A dynamic voltage regulator (DVR) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) are utilized for series voltage-sag compensation. A surge protector or simple capacitor or varistor can protect against most overvoltage conditions, while a lightning arrester protects against severe spikes. Electronic filters can remove harmonics.
Static forces and virtual-particle exchange Relation to the quantum Hall effect Static_forces_and_virtual-particle_exchange > Selected examples > Magnetostatics > Magnetic interaction between current loops in a simple plasma or electron gas > Relation to the quantum Hall effect For cases of interest in the quantum Hall effect, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is small. In that case the interaction energy is where (Gaussian units) is the interaction energy for zero filling factor. We have set the classical kinetic energy to the quantum energy
Catalog of articles in probability theory Summary Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory This page lists articles related to probability theory. In particular, it lists many articles corresponding to specific probability distributions. Such articles are marked here by a code of the form (X:Y), which refers to number of random variables involved and the type of the distribution. For example (2:DC) indicates a distribution with two random variables, discrete or continuous. Other codes are just abbreviations for topics. The list of codes can be found in the table of contents.
Linear circuit Significance Nonlinear_circuit > Significance They must be analyzed using approximate numerical methods by electronic circuit simulation computer programs such as SPICE, if accurate results are desired. The behavior of such linear circuit elements as resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be specified by a single number (resistance, capacitance, inductance, respectively). In contrast, a nonlinear element's behavior is specified by its detailed transfer function, which may be given by a curved line on a graph.
Sustained load cracking Summary Sustained_load_cracking Sustained load cracking, or SLC, is a metallurgical phenomenon that occasionally develops in pressure vessels and structural components under stress for sustained periods of time.It is particularly noted in aluminium pressure vessels such as diving cylinders.Sustained load cracking is not a manufacturing defect; it is a phenomenon associated with certain alloys and service conditions: 6351 aluminum alloy Overstressing due to excessive filling pressure Abuse and mechanical damage
IBM MQ Ordering IBM_MQ > Communication > Ordering Although the queue is FIFO, it is ordered based on the receipt in the local queue, not the committing of the message from the sender. Messages can be prioritized, and by default, the queue is prioritized in order of arrival. Queues will only be in sequence of addition if the message is added locally. Message grouping can be used to ensure a set of messages are in a specific order, aside from that, if sequence is critical, it is the application's responsibility to place sequence data in the message or implement a handshaking mechanism via a return queue. In reality, ordering will be maintained in straightforward configurations.
Significance test Clairvoyant card game Confirmatory_data_analysis > Examples > Clairvoyant card game Thus, c = 10 yields a much greater probability of false positive. Before the test is actually performed, the maximum acceptable probability of a Type I error (α) is determined. Typically, values in the range of 1% to 5% are selected.
Computer age Transistors Computer_age > Innovations > Transistors Shockley's research team also invented the bipolar junction transistor in 1952. The most widely used type of transistor is the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1960. The complementary MOS (CMOS) fabrication process was developed by Frank Wanlass and Chih-Tang Sah in 1963.
Cache coherent system Overview Coherence_protocol > Overview In a shared memory multiprocessor system with a separate cache memory for each processor, it is possible to have many copies of shared data: one copy in the main memory and one in the local cache of each processor that requested it. When one of the copies of data is changed, the other copies must reflect that change. Cache coherence is the discipline which ensures that the changes in the values of shared operands (data) are propagated throughout the system in a timely fashion.The following are the requirements for cache coherence: Write Propagation Changes to the data in any cache must be propagated to other copies (of that cache line) in the peer caches. Transaction Serialization Reads/Writes to a single memory location must be seen by all processors in the same order.Theoretically, coherence can be performed at the load/store granularity. However, in practice it is generally performed at the granularity of cache blocks.
Adriaan Kortlandt Displacement Adriaan_Kortlandt > Displacement In 1940, both Kortlandt and Tinbergen independently identified the behavioural phenomenon that is now called displacement activity (Dutch: overspronggedrag)and the hierarchy of instincts.if in a cormorant or an avocet a fighting impulse is thwarted for one reason or another, the bird will perform sexual and nesting behaviour. Further, if a sexual impulse is thwarted, the bird will peck its mate or make nesting movements. A nesting impulse when thwarted may give rise to sexual or fighting activities. ("Vice-versa principle".) Apparently there exists some nervous mechanism or centre uniting or connecting these three activities and this mechanism or centre.
Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid Chemical properties Phosphohydroxypyruvic_acid > Chemical properties Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is a moderately weak acid. == References ==
Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) Many particles Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics) > Schrödinger Hamiltonian > Many particles Terms of this form are known as mass polarization terms, and appear in the Hamiltonian of many electron atoms (see below). For N {\displaystyle N} interacting particles, i.e. particles which interact mutually and constitute a many-body situation, the potential energy function V {\displaystyle V} is not simply a sum of the separate potentials (and certainly not a product, as this is dimensionally incorrect). The potential energy function can only be written as above: a function of all the spatial positions of each particle.
Acid indigestion Alternative and complementary therapies Acid_indigestion > Treatment > Alternative and complementary therapies Symptoms of heartburn may not always be the result of an organic cause. Patients may respond better to therapies targeting anxiety and symptoms of hyper-vigilance, through medications aimed towards a psychiatric etiology, osteopathic manipulation and acupuncture. Psychotherapy may show a positive role in treatment of heartburn and the reduction of distress experienced during symptoms. Acupuncture - in cases of functional heartburn (e.g. heartburn of unknown origin) acupuncture may be as effective if not more than PPIs alone.
Combinatorial principles Double counting Combinatorial_principle > Double counting Double counting is a technique that equates two expressions that count the size of a set in two ways.
GRB 970508 Discovery GRB_970508 > Discovery A gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a highly luminous flash of gamma rays—the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites (a series of spacecraft designed to detect nuclear explosions in space). The initial burst is often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).
Michael Barr (mathematician) Career Michael_Barr_(mathematician) > Career Barr taught at Columbia University and the University of Illinois before coming to McGill in 1968. His earlier work was in homological algebra, but his principal research area for a number of years has been category theory. He is well known to theoretical computer scientists for his book Category Theory for Computing Science with Charles Wells, as well as for the development of *-autonomous categories and Chu spaces which have found various applications in computer science. His monograph *-autonomous categories, and his books Toposes, Triples, and Theories, also coauthored with Wells, and Acyclic Models, are aimed at more specialized audiences. He is on the editorial boards of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science and the electronic journal Homology, Homotopy and Applications, and is editor of the electronic journal Theory and Applications of Categories.
Signature Art Signature > Art The signature on a painting or other work of art has always been an important item in the assessment of art. Fake signatures are sometimes added to enhance the value of a painting, or are added to a fake painting to support its authenticity. A notorious case was the signature of Johannes Vermeer on the fake "Supper at Emmaus" made by the art-forger Han van Meegeren.
Nebivolol β1-selectivity Nebivolol > Pharmacology and biochemistry > β1-selectivity Beta blockers help patients with cardiovascular disease by blocking β1 receptors, while many of the side-effects of these medications are caused by their blockade of β2 receptors. For this reason, beta blockers that selectively block β1 adrenergic receptors (termed cardioselective or β1-selective beta blockers) produce fewer adverse effects (for instance, bronchoconstriction) than those drugs that non-selectively block both β1 and β2 receptors. In a laboratory experiment conducted on biopsied heart tissue, nebivolol proved to be the most β1-selective of the β-blockers tested, being approximately 3.5 times more β1-selective than bisoprolol. However, the drug's receptor selectivity in humans is more complex and depends on the drug dose and the genetic profile of the patient taking the medication.
Composite Higgs models History Composite_Higgs_models > History These scenarios can also be realized in hypothetical strongly coupled conformal field theories (CFT) and the AdS-CFT correspondence. This spurred activity in the field.
Concurrent engineering Business benefits Concurrent_engineering > Business benefits Using concurrent engineering, businesses can cut down on the time it takes to go from idea to product. The time savings come from designing with all the steps of the process in mind, eliminating any potential changes that have to be made to a design after a part has gone all the way to production before realizing that it is difficult or impossible to machine. Reducing or eliminating these extra steps means the product will be completed sooner and with less wasted material in the process. During the design and prototyping process, potential issues in the design can be corrected earlier in the product development stages to further reduce the production time frame. The benefits of concurrent design and manufacturing can be sorted in to short term and long term.
Vitamin D COVID-19 Vitamin_D > Research > COVID-19 Both organizations noted that more people may require supplementation due to lower amounts of sun exposure during the pandemic.Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of multiple studies have described the associations of vitamin D deficiency with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. In the largest analysis, with data from 76 observational studies including almost two million adults, vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency significantly increased the susceptibility to becoming infected with COVID-19 and having severe COVID-19, with odds ratios of 1.5 and 1.9 respectively, but these findings had high risk of bias and heterogeneity. A two-fold greater mortality was found, but this analysis was less robust.
Negative priming Distractor inhibition model Negative_priming > Theories and classic models > Distractor inhibition model Distractor inhibition model is the oldest model that explains the negative priming effect as the result of selective attention to a target stimulus. When we pay attention to a particular stimulus, we perceive other stimuli surrounding the target as distractors in order to help focus. But when one of those distractors becomes the new target of attention, our response to the target is hampered due to immediate residual inhibition. Selective attention is the ability to respond to a specific object when there are other distractors that also compete for a response.
Angle of friction Lubricated friction Coefficient_of_static_friction > Lubricated friction Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid surfaces. Lubrication is a technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called a lubricant between the surfaces. In most cases the applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces. Adequate lubrication allows smooth continuous operation of equipment, with only mild wear, and without excessive stresses or seizures at bearings. When lubrication breaks down, metal or other components can rub destructively over each other, causing heat and possibly damage or failure.
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase Summary Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (or dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase) is an enzyme component of the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is responsible for the pyruvate decarboxylation step that links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. This involves the transformation of pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA which is then used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration. There are three different enzyme components in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
High resolution computed tomography Applications High-resolution_computed_tomography > Lung disease > Applications The major exception is UIP, which has very characteristic features, and may be confidently diagnosed on HRCT alone.Where HRCT is unable to reach a definitive diagnosis, it helps locate an abnormality, and so helps planning a biopsy, which may provide the final diagnosis. Other miscellaneous conditions where HRCT is useful include lymphangitis carcinomatosa, fungal, or other atypical, infections, chronic pulmonary vascular disease, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and sarcoidosis. Organ transplant patients, particularly lung, or heart-lung transplant recipients, are at relatively high risk of developing pulmonary complications of the long-term drug and immunosuppressive treatment.
Frictional alopecia Cause Frictional_alopecia > Cause Hair loss on legs went largely undiagnosed, but is now thought to be quite common. While the overall causes are still being explored, the primary culprit is currently thought to be friction from socks and footwear. There is some debate as to what proportion is caused by friction, and what by androgen deficiency, minor vascular disease, rash of various causes, or thyroid deficiency. == References ==
0.999... Rigorous proof 0.999... > Elementary proof > Rigorous proof As 1/10n = 0.0...01, with n digits after the decimal point, the addition rule for decimal numbers implies and for every positive integer n. One has to show that 1 is the smallest number that is no less than all 0.(9)n. For this, it suffices to prove that, if a number x is not larger than 1 and no less than all 0. (9)n, then x = 1.
Transmission Control Unit Wheel speed sensor (WSS) Transmission_Control_Unit > Input parameters > Wheel speed sensor (WSS) Modern automatic transmissions also have a wheel speed sensor input to determine the true speed of the vehicle to determine whether the vehicle is going downhill or uphill and also adapt gear changes according to road speeds, and also whether to decouple the torque converter at a standstill to improve fuel consumption and reduce load on running gear.
Intersex Summary Intersex These terms are no longer used, and terms including the word "hermaphrodite" are considered to be misleading, stigmatizing, and scientifically specious in reference to humans. In biology, the term "hermaphrodite" is used to describe an organism that can produce both male and female gametes. Some people with intersex traits use the term "intersex", and some prefer other language.
Paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions Depressive position Paranoid-schizoid_and_depressive_positions > Depressive position As the depressive position brings about an increasing integration in the ego, earlier defenses change in character, becoming less intense and allowing increasing awareness of psychic reality. : 73 In working through depressive anxiety, projections are withdrawn, allowing the other more autonomy, reality, and a separate existence.
Black Power History Black_Power > History ... Power concedes nothing without demand. It never did and it never will.
Desiccated thyroid extract History Desiccated_thyroid_extract > History Furthermore, when T3 could be measured, it was discovered that thyroid extract and synthetic combinations of T4 and T3 produced significantly greater fluctuations of T3 throughout the day than occurred in healthy people or hypothyroid people treated with thyroxine alone. Endocrinologists found that treatment with thyroxine alone worked as well or better than thyroid extract for the majority of patients, although even thyroxine did not reverse all the symptoms of a minority.Thyroid care changed in other ways as well. Accurate T4 and T3 measurements became widely used in the 1970s, and by the late 1980s, TSH measurement had become sensitive enough to detect mild degrees of hyperthyroidism and overtreatment. Blood levels of thyroid hormones and TSH were found to be the best predictors of objective benefits from thyroid replacement: those with the most severe measurable deficiency enjoyed the most dramatic and sustained benefits. It was also discovered that even mild hyperthyroidism as defined by a suppressed TSH level, whether due to disease or overtreatment, was associated with poorer bone density in women, and with higher rates of atrial fibrillation in elderly patients.
Hydroscope Summary Hydroscope A hydroscope is any of several instruments related to water: One kind is an instrument for making observations below the surface of water, such as a long tube fitted with various lenses arranged so that objects lying at the bottom can be reflected upon a screen on the deck of the ship that carries it. These are built with a large tire tube that supports the screen and covered by an acrylic dome for protection. Another kind detects subsurface water through nuclear magnetic resonance using the surface nuclear magnetic resonance technique. An instrument (likely a hydrometer) described by Synesius in his Letter 15 to Hypatia, written in 402 AD.
Translatomics TRAP-seq Translatomics > Methods > Translating mRNA Messenger RNA > TRAP-seq TRAP-seq is used to identify mRNAs being actively translated in a specific cell type within a tissue or other assortment of cells. The cell type of interest is engineered to express a ribosomal subunit fused to an epitope tag such as green fluorescent protein. After cell lysis, antibodies targeting the epitope are used to isolate mRNAs that are bound to the ribosomes containing the fusion proteins. This RNA is then converted to cDNA and sequenced. This technique specifically identifies mRNAs that were being translated in the cell type of interest.
Speech recognizer End-to-end automatic speech recognition Speech_to_Text > Models, methods, and algorithms > End-to-end automatic speech recognition The model consisted of recurrent neural networks and a CTC layer. Jointly, the RNN-CTC model learns the pronunciation and acoustic model together, however it is incapable of learning the language due to conditional independence assumptions similar to a HMM. Consequently, CTC models can directly learn to map speech acoustics to English characters, but the models make many common spelling mistakes and must rely on a separate language model to clean up the transcripts.
Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome Signs and symptoms Eosinophilia–myalgia_syndrome > Signs and symptoms The initial, acute phase of EMS, which last for three to six months, presents as trouble with breathing and muscle problems, including soreness and spasm, but which may also be intense. Muscle weakness is not a feature of this phase, but some people experience muscle stiffness. Additional features can include cough, fever, fatigue, joint pain, edema, and numbness or tingling, usually in the limbs, hands and feet.The chronic phase follows the acute phase. Eosinophilic fasciitis may develop, primarily in the limbs. CNS signs may appear, including numbness, increased sensation, muscle weakness, and sometimes cardiac or digestive dysfunction. Fatigue is present to some degree, while the muscle pain (which may be extremely intense) and dyspnea continue in this phase.
Incremental dynamic analysis Description Incremental_dynamic_analysis > Description IDA involves performing multiple nonlinear dynamic analyses of a structural model under a suite of ground motion records, each scaled to several levels of seismic intensity. The scaling levels are appropriately selected to force the structure through the entire range of behavior, from elastic to inelastic and finally to global dynamic instability, where the structure essentially experiences collapse. Appropriate postprocessing can present the results in terms of IDA curves, one for each ground motion record, of the seismic intensity, typically represented by a scalar Intensity Measure (IM), versus the structural response, as measured by an engineering demand parameter (EDP). Possible choices for the IM are scalar (or rarely vector) quantities that relate to the severity of the recorded ground motion and scale linearly or nonlinearly with its amplitude.
Wind generated current Mechanism Wind_generated_current > Mechanism Friction between wind and the upper surface of a body of water will drag the water surface along with the wind The surface layer will exert viscous drag on the water just below, which will transfer some of the momentum. This process continues downward, with a continuous reduction in speed of flow with increasing depth as the energy is dissipated. The inertial effect of planetary rotation causes an offset of flow direction with increasing depth to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The mechanism of deflection is called the Coriolis effect, and the variation of flow velocity with depth is called an Ekman spiral.
Willgerodt rearrangement Willgerodt–Kindler reaction Willgerodt_rearrangement > Willgerodt–Kindler reaction This reacts as a nucleophile with electrophilic sulfur, similar to an Stork enamine alkylation reaction. The actual rearrangement reaction takes place when the amine group attacks the thiocarbonyl in a nucleophilic addition temporarily forming an aziridine and the thioacetamide by tautomerization. == References ==
Entropy (order and disorder) Adiabatic demagnetization Entropy_(order_and_disorder) > Adiabatic demagnetization The increase in disorder, however, associated with the randomizing directions of the atomic magnets represents an entropy increase? To compensate for this, the disorder (entropy) associated with the temperature of the specimen must decrease by the same amount. The temperature thus falls as a result of this process of thermal energy being converted into magnetic energy. If the magnetic field is then increased, the temperature rises and the magnetic salt has to be cooled again using a cold material such as liquid helium.
Stepwise regression Criticism Backward_elimination > Criticism When estimating the degrees of freedom, the number of the candidate independent variables from the best fit selected may be smaller than the total number of final model variables, causing the fit to appear better than it is when adjusting the r2 value for the number of degrees of freedom. It is important to consider how many degrees of freedom have been used in the entire model, not just count the number of independent variables in the resulting fit. Models that are created may be over-simplifications of the real models of the data.Such criticisms, based upon limitations of the relationship between a model and procedure and data set used to fit it, are usually addressed by verifying the model on an independent data set, as in the PRESS procedure.
Doomsday argument Gott's formulation: 'vague prior' total population Doomsday_argument > Variations > Gott's formulation: 'vague prior' total population Rather, societies' success varies directly with population size. Von Foerster found that this model fits some 25 data points from the birth of Jesus to 1958, with only 7% of the variance left unexplained. Several follow-up letters (1961, 1962, ...) were published in Science showing that von Foerster's equation was still on track.
Vacuum energy Origin Vacuum_energy > Origin According to the theory, most of these properties cancel out on average leaving the vacuum empty in the literal sense of the word. One important exception, however, is the vacuum energy or the vacuum expectation value of the energy. The quantization of a simple harmonic oscillator requires the lowest possible energy, or zero-point energy of such an oscillator to be E = 1 2 h ν .
Combined heat and power generation Summary Cogeneration_plant Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at moderate temperatures (100–180 °C, 212–356 °F) can also be used in absorption refrigerators for cooling. The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered generator.
Large-scale energy storage Demand side management and grid storage Grid_energy_storage > Benefits > Demand side management and grid storage The demand side can also store electricity from the grid, for example charging a battery electric vehicle stores energy for a vehicle and storage heaters, district heating storage or ice storage provide thermal storage for buildings. At present this storage serves only to shift consumption to the off-peak time of day, no electricity is returned to the grid. The need for grid storage to provide peak power is reduced by demand side time of use pricing, one of the benefits of smart meters. At the household level, consumers may choose less expensive off-peak times to wash and dry clothes, use dishwashers, take showers and cook.
Fizeau experiment Controversy Fizeau_experiment > Controversy (translation by Google) Die Geschwindigkeit, mit welcher die Lichtbewegung an der Bewegung des Mediums theilnimmt, hängt von der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit ab und müsste deshalb für jede Farbe eine andere sein. This line can be more directly translated as "the speed with which the movement of light to the movement of the medium depends on the propagation speed and therefore is needed a different one for each color." Thus confirming Fresnel's mathematical principle (but not his explanation) that rate at which a medium affects the speed of light is dependent upon the index of refraction which was already established to be a measure of alterations to light's speed dependent on frequency.
Non-commutative topology Examples Non-commutative_topology > Examples For example, self-adjoint elements of a commutative C*-algebra correspond to real-valued continuous functions. Also, projections (i.e. self-adjoint idempotents) correspond to indicator functions of clopen sets. Categorical constructions lead to some examples.
Financial correlation Financial correlation and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient Financial_correlation > Financial correlation and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient Not accounting for these attributes can lead to severe estimation error in the correlations and covariances that have negative biases (as much as 70% of the true values). In a practical application in portfolio optimization, accurate estimation of the variance-covariance matrix is paramount. Thus, forecasting with Monte-Carlo simulation with the Gaussian copula and well-specified marginal distributions are effective.
Uniform-cost search Description Dijkstra_algorithm > Description For subsequent iterations (after the first), the current intersection will be a closest unvisited intersection to the starting point (this will be easy to find). From the current intersection, update the distance to every unvisited intersection that is directly connected to it. This is done by determining the sum of the distance between an unvisited intersection and the value of the current intersection and then relabeling the unvisited intersection with this value (the sum) if it is less than the unvisited intersection's current value.
Chemical equilibrium Minimization of Gibbs energy Equilibrium_reaction > Composition of a mixture > Minimization of Gibbs energy (See Thermodynamic databases for pure substances.) Note that the second equation is just the initial constraints for minimization. This method of calculating equilibrium chemical concentrations is useful for systems with a large number of different molecules.
Digital healthcare Ownership of health data Digital_healthcare > Criticisms > Ownership of health data Secondly, this data should be widely shared for research and development, and all the individuals and entities with access to that data, then essentially become stewards of that data and become responsible to carefully safeguard the privacy and to ensure that the data is used for developing knowledge and tools for the good. Thirdly, patient consent wouldn’t necessarily be required before the data is used for secondary purposes, such as AI development and training and testing, as long as there are mechanisms in place to ensure that ethical standards are being followed. According to this proposed framework, the authors propose that it would be unethical to sell data to the third parties by granting exclusive access in exchange for monetary or any kind of payments that exceed costs.
Social Psychology Group dynamics Social_psychological > Core theories and concepts > Group dynamics The tendency to define oneself by membership in a group may lead to intergroup discrimination, which involves favorable perceptions and behaviors directed towards the in-group, but negative perceptions and behaviors directed towards the out-group.Groups often moderate and improve decision making, and are frequently relied upon for these benefits, such as in committees and juries. Groups also affect performance and productivity.
Fibromyalgia Differential diagnosis Fibromyalgia > Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis As of 2009, as many as two out of every three people who are told that they have fibromyalgia by a rheumatologist may have some other medical condition instead. Fibromyalgia could be misdiagnosed in cases of early undiagnosed rheumatic diseases such as preclinical rheumatoid arthritis, early stages of inflammatory spondyloarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, myofascial pain syndromes and hypermobility syndrome. Neurological diseases with an important pain component include multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and peripheral neuropathy. Other medical illnesses that should be ruled out are endocrine disease or metabolic disorder (hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, vitamin D deficiency), gastro-intestinal disease (celiac and non-celiac gluten sensitivity), infectious diseases (Lyme disease, hepatitis C and immunodeficiency disease) and the early stages of a malignancy such as multiple myeloma, metastatic cancer and leukemia/lymphoma.
Black Physics Black > Science > Physics In the visible spectrum, black is the result of the absorption of all light wavelengths. Black can be defined as the visual impression (or color) experienced when no visible light reaches the eye. Pigments or dyes that absorb light rather than reflect it back to the eye "look black". A black pigment can, however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectively absorb all colors.
Augustin-Jean Fresnel Dispersion Conical_refraction > Unfinished business > Dispersion The analogy between light waves and transverse waves in elastic solids does not predict dispersion—that is, the frequency-dependence of the speed of propagation, which enables prisms to produce spectra and causes lenses to suffer from chromatic aberration. Fresnel, in De la Lumière and in the second supplement to his first memoir on double refraction, suggested that dispersion could be accounted for if the particles of the medium exerted forces on each other over distances that were significant fractions of a wavelength. Later, more than once, Fresnel referred to the demonstration of this result as being contained in a note appended to his "second memoir" on double refraction. No such note appeared in print, and the relevant manuscripts found after his death showed only that, around 1824, he was comparing refractive indices (measured by Fraunhofer) with a theoretical formula, the meaning of which was not fully explained.In the 1830s, Fresnel's suggestion was taken up by Cauchy, Baden Powell, and Philip Kelland, and it was found to be tolerably consistent with the variation of refractive indices with wavelength over the visible spectrum for a variety of transparent media (see Cauchy's equation). These investigations were enough to show that the wave theory was at least compatible with dispersion; if the model of dispersion was to be accurate over a wider range of frequencies, it needed to be modified so as to take account of resonances within the medium (see Sellmeier equation).
Category fibered in groupoids Other types of stack Category_fibered_in_groupoids > Other types of stack 1-sheaves are the same as sheaves, and 2-sheaves are the same as stacks. They are called higher stacks. A very similar and analogous extension is to develop the stack theory on non-discrete objects (i.e., a space is really a spectrum in algebraic topology).
Internet fraud prevention Mitigating the Risk of Internet Fraud Internet_fraud_prevention > Mitigating the Risk of Internet Fraud Real-time fraud detection supplied by software-as-a-service (SaaS) fraud detection firms includes verifying CVV, PIN/signature, check verification, browser malware detection, address verification, device ID fingerprinting, geolocation, authentication by quizzes, cross-checking shared data bases of customer profiles, automated transaction scoring, rules-based filters and other data points.In response to the prevalence of online fraud, many fraud detection and prevention software service companies have entered the field, employing a variety of techniques, including machine-learning-based behavior analytics and anomaly detection; the use of a "fraud hub" that enables third-party data sources to feed in purchaser information that is used in predictive statistical modeling; and automated remote malware detection. The largest players in this area are Cybersource (owned by Visa), Brighterion (Mastercard), and SAS Institute. Some of the newcomers in the field include Fraudio, Signifyd, Eye4Fraud, Kount, Riskified, Sift Science, Forter and Feedzai.
Natural science Newton and the scientific revolution (1600–1800) Natural_science > History > Newton and the scientific revolution (1600–1800) Newton, for example, showed that the tides were caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. Another of Newton's advances was to make mathematics a powerful explanatory tool for natural phenomena.
Non-Darwinian evolution Lamarckism Non-Darwinian_evolution > Alternative explanations of change > Lamarckism Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's 1809 evolutionary theory, transmutation of species, was based on a progressive (orthogenetic) drive toward greater complexity. Lamarck also shared the belief, common at the time, that characteristics acquired during an organism's life could be inherited by the next generation, producing adaptation to the environment. Such characteristics were caused by the use or disuse of the affected part of the body. This minor component of Lamarck's theory became known, much later, as Lamarckism.
Handshake (computing) Summary Handshake_(computing) However, within TCP/IP RFCs, the term "handshake" is most commonly used to reference the TCP three-way handshake. For example, the term "handshake" is not present in RFCs covering FTP or SMTP. One exception is Transport Layer Security, TLS, setup, FTP RFC 4217. In place of the term "handshake", FTP RFC 3659 substitutes the term "conversation" for the passing of commands.A simple handshaking protocol might only involve the receiver sending a message meaning "I received your last message and I am ready for you to send me another one." A more complex handshaking protocol might allow the sender to ask the receiver if it is ready to receive or for the receiver to reply with a negative acknowledgement meaning "I did not receive your last message correctly, please resend it" (e.g., if the data was corrupted en route).Handshaking facilitates connecting relatively heterogeneous systems or equipment over a communication channel without the need for human intervention to set parameters.
We (novel) Setting We_(novel) > Setting People march in step with each other and are uniformed. There is no way of referring to people except by their given numbers. The society is run strictly by logic or reason as the primary justification for the laws or the construct of the society. The individual's behaviour is based on logic by way of formulae and equations outlined by the One State.
Maximum entropy principle The Wallis derivation Entropy_maximization_principle > Justifications for the principle of maximum entropy > The Wallis derivation Suppose an individual wishes to make a probability assignment among m {\displaystyle m} mutually exclusive propositions. He has some testable information, but is not sure how to go about including this information in his probability assessment. He therefore conceives of the following random experiment.
Sedimentary Rock Secondary sedimentary structures Sedimentary_Rock > Properties > Secondary sedimentary structures Sedimentary dykes can also be formed in a cold climate where the soil is permanently frozen during a large part of the year. Frost weathering can form cracks in the soil that fill with rubble from above. Such structures can be used as climate indicators as well as way up structures.Density contrasts can also cause small-scale faulting, even while sedimentation progresses (synchronous-sedimentary faulting).
Mathematical algorithm An elegant program for Euclid's algorithm Algorithm_design > Examples > Euclid's algorithm > An elegant program for Euclid's algorithm The following version of Euclid's algorithm requires only six core instructions to do what thirteen are required to do by "Inelegant"; worse, "Inelegant" requires more types of instructions. The flowchart of "Elegant" can be found at the top of this article. In the (unstructured) Basic language, the steps are numbered, and the instruction LET = is the assignment instruction symbolized by ←. How "Elegant" works: In place of an outer "Euclid loop", "Elegant" shifts back and forth between two "co-loops", an A > B loop that computes A ← A − B, and a B ≤ A loop that computes B ← B − A. This works because, when at last the minuend M is less than or equal to the subtrahend S (Difference = Minuend − Subtrahend), the minuend can become s (the new measuring length) and the subtrahend can become the new r (the length to be measured); in other words the "sense" of the subtraction reverses. The following version can be used with programming languages from the C-family:
Wedge Mechanical advantage Wedge > Mechanical advantage The mechanical advantage or MA of a wedge can be calculated by dividing the height of the wedge by the wedge's width: M A = L e n g t h W i d t h {\displaystyle {\rm {MA={Length \over Width}}}} The more acute, or narrow, the angle of a wedge, the greater the ratio of the length of its slope to its width, and thus the more mechanical advantage it will yield.A wedge will bind when the wedge included angle is less than the arctangent of the coefficient of friction between the wedge and the material. Therefore, in an elastic material such as wood, friction may bind a narrow wedge more easily than a wide one. This is why the head of a splitting maul has a much wider angle than that of an axe.
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor List of SERT-selective SRIs Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors > List of SERT-selective SRIs Many SRIs exist, an assortment of which are listed below. Note that only SRIs selective for the SERT over the other monoamine transporters (MATs) are listed below. For a list of SRIs that act at multiple MATs, see other monoamine reuptake inhibitor pages such as SNRI and SNDRI.
Discriminative model Advantages and disadvantages in application Discriminative_model > Contrast with generative model > Advantages and disadvantages in application In the repeated experiments, logistic regression and naive Bayes are applied here for different models on binary classification task, discriminative learning results in lower asymptotic errors, while generative one results in higher asymptotic errors faster. However, in Ulusoy and Bishop's joint work, Comparison of Generative and Discriminative Techniques for Object Detection and Classification, they state that the above statement is true only when the model is the appropriate one for data (i.e.the data distribution is correctly modeled by the generative model).
Primitive matrix Perron–Frobenius theorem for irreducible non-negative matrices Perron–Frobenius_theorem > Statement > Non-negative matrices > Perron–Frobenius theorem for irreducible non-negative matrices Let ω = 2 π / h {\displaystyle \omega =2\pi /h} . Then the matrix A {\displaystyle A} is similar to e i ω A {\displaystyle e^{i\omega }A} , consequently the spectrum of A {\displaystyle A} is invariant under multiplication by e i ω {\displaystyle e^{i\omega }} (i.e. to rotations of the complex plane by the angle ω {\displaystyle \omega } ). If h > 1 {\displaystyle h>1} then there exists a permutation matrix P {\displaystyle P} such that P A P − 1 = ( O A 1 O O … O O O A 2 O … O ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ O O O O … A h − 1 A h O O O … O ) , {\displaystyle PAP^{-1}={\begin{pmatrix}O&A_{1}&O&O&\ldots &O\\O&O&A_{2}&O&\ldots &O\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &&\vdots \\O&O&O&O&\ldots &A_{h-1}\\A_{h}&O&O&O&\ldots &O\end{pmatrix}},} where O {\displaystyle O} denotes a zero matrix and the blocks along the main diagonal are square matrices.
Cauchy interlacing theorem Summary Variational_theorem In linear algebra and functional analysis, the min-max theorem, or variational theorem, or Courant–Fischer–Weyl min-max principle, is a result that gives a variational characterization of eigenvalues of compact Hermitian operators on Hilbert spaces. It can be viewed as the starting point of many results of similar nature. This article first discusses the finite-dimensional case and its applications before considering compact operators on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.
Finest vector topology Completeness and uniform structure TVS_isomorphism > Topological structure > Completeness and uniform structure {\displaystyle j\geq n.} Every Cauchy sequence is bounded, although Cauchy nets and Cauchy filters may not be bounded. A topological vector space where every Cauchy sequence converges is called sequentially complete; in general, it may not be complete (in the sense that all Cauchy filters converge).
Magnetic implant Summary Magnetic_implant Magnetic implant is an experimental procedure in which small, powerful magnets (such as neodymium) are inserted beneath the skin, often in the tips of fingers. They exist in tubes and discs. This procedure is popular among biohackers and grinders, but remains experimental. Magnetic implants are often performed by amateurs at home, using readily available surgical tools and magnets found online.
Collision detection Overview Continuous_collision_detection > Overview In physical simulation, experiments such as playing billiards are conducted. The physics of bouncing billiard balls are well understood, under the umbrella of rigid body motion and elastic collisions. An initial description of the situation would be given, with a very precise physical description of the billiard table and balls, as well as initial positions of all the balls. Given a force applied to the cue ball (probably resulting from a player hitting the ball with their cue stick), we want to calculate the trajectories, precise motion and eventual resting places of all the balls with a computer program.
Generalized Cartan matrix Determinants of the Cartan matrices of the simple Lie algebras Affine_Cartan_matrix > Lie algebras > Classification > Determinants of the Cartan matrices of the simple Lie algebras The determinants of the Cartan matrices of the simple Lie algebras are given in the following table (along with A1=B1=C1, B2=C2, D3=A3, D2=A1A1, E5=D5, E4=A4, and E3=A2A1). Another property of this determinant is that it is equal to the index of the associated root system, i.e. it is equal to | P / Q | {\displaystyle |P/Q|} where P, Q denote the weight lattice and root lattice, respectively.
Matrix semialgebra Summary Matrix_algebra In abstract algebra, a matrix ring is a set of matrices with entries in a ring R that form a ring under matrix addition and matrix multiplication (Lam 1999). The set of all n × n matrices with entries in R is a matrix ring denoted Mn(R) (alternative notations: Matn(R) and Rn×n). Some sets of infinite matrices form infinite matrix rings. Any subring of a matrix ring is a matrix ring.
Introduction to entropy Information entropy and statistical mechanics Introduction_to_entropy > Alternate explanations of entropy > Information entropy and statistical mechanics The "spreading" concept is useful because it gives a feeling to what happens to the cards when they are shuffled. The probability of a card being in a particular place in an ordered deck is either 0 or 1, in a shuffled deck it is 1/52. The probability has "spread out" over the entire deck. Analogously, in a physical system, entropy is generally associated with a "spreading out" of mass or energy.The connection between thermodynamic entropy and information entropy is given by Boltzmann's equation, which says that S = kB ln W. If we take the base-2 logarithm of W, it will yield the average number of questions we must ask about the microstate of the physical system in order to determine its macrostate.
LacUV5 Summary LacUV5 The lacUV5 promoter is a mutated promoter from the Escherichia coli lac operon which is used in molecular biology to drive gene expression on a plasmid. lacUV5 is very similar to the classical lac promoter, containing just 2 base pair mutations in the -10 hexamer region, compared to the lac promoter. LacUV5 is among the most commonly used promoters in molecular biology because it requires no additional activators and it drives high levels of gene expression.The lacUV5 promoter sequence conforms more closely to the consensus sequence recognized by bacterial sigma factors than the traditional lac promoter does. : 4b Due to this, lacUV5 recruits RNA Polymerase more effectively, thus leading to higher transcription of target genes.
Pathogenomics Reverse vaccinology Pathogenomics > Applications > Reverse vaccinology Reverse vaccinology is relatively new. While research is still being conducted, there have been breakthroughs with pathogens such as Streptococcus and Meningitis. Methods of vaccine production, such as biochemical and serological, are laborious and unreliable. They require the pathogens to be in vitro to be effective. New advances in genomic development help predict nearly all variations of pathogens, thus making advances for vaccines. Protein-based vaccines are being developed to combat resistant pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Chlamydia.
Rhetoric of science History Rhetoric_of_science > History Contributors to discussion pertaining to audience – the way arguments change as they move from the scientific community to the public – include John Lyne and Henry Howe. : xxi–xxxii Scientific Giants: The important works that investigate the suasive powers of exemplars in science include those of Alan G. Gross (Newton, Descartes, argument fields in optics), John Angus Campbell (Darwin), and Michael Halloran (Watson and Crick). J. C. Maxwell introduced differentiable vector fields E and B to express Michael Faraday's findings about an electric field E and a magnetic field B. Thomas K. Simpson has described his rhetorical methods, first with a guided study, then a literary appreciation of A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873), and with a book attending to the mathematical rhetoric.Other major themes in rhetoric of science include the investigation of the accomplishments and suasive abilities of individuals (ethos) who have become influential in their respective sciences as well as an age old concern of rhetoric of science – public science policy.
Permutation statistic A problem from the 2005 Putnam competition Random_permutation_statistics > A problem from the 2005 Putnam competition As an interesting aside, we observe that g ( z , u , v ) {\displaystyle g(z,u,v)} may be used to evaluate the following determinant of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix: d ( n ) = det ( A n ) = | a b b ⋯ b b a b ⋯ b b b a ⋯ b ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ b b b ⋯ a | . {\displaystyle d(n)=\det(A_{n})={\begin{vmatrix}a&&b&&b&&\cdots &&b\\b&&a&&b&&\cdots &&b\\b&&b&&a&&\cdots &&b\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\b&&b&&b&&\cdots &&a\end{vmatrix}}.} where a , b ≠ 0 {\displaystyle a,b\neq 0} .
Emitter follower Basic circuit Emitter_follower > Basic circuit The circuit can be explained by viewing the transistor as being under the control of negative feedback. From this viewpoint, a common-collector stage (Fig. 1) is an amplifier with full series negative feedback. In this configuration (Fig. 2 with β = 1), the entire output voltage Vout is placed contrary and in series with the input voltage Vin. Thus the two voltages are subtracted according to Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) (the subtractor from the function block diagram is implemented just by the input loop), and their difference Vdiff = Vin − Vout is applied to the base–emitter junction.
Sulfite reductase Summary Sulfite_reductase SO32− (sulfite) + electron donor ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } H2S (hydrogen sulfide) + oxidized donor + 3 H2OSulfite reductases, which belong to the oxidoreductase family, are found in archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants. They are grouped as either assimilatory or dissimilatory sulfite reductases depending on their function, their spectroscopic properties, and their catalytic properties. This enzyme participates in selenoamino acid metabolism and sulfur assimilation. It employs two covalently coupled cofactors - an iron sulfur cluster and a siroheme - which deliver electrons to the substrate via this coupling.The systematic name of this enzyme class is hydrogen-sulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include assimilatory sulfite reductase, assimilatory-type sulfite reductase, and hydrogen-sulfide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase.
Andrea Volkamer Summary Andrea_Volkamer Andrea Volkamer (born 1982) is a German bioinformatician and professor of “Data-Driven Drug Design” at Saarland University and an associated researcher at the Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS). Her research focuses on data-driven drug design, with an emphasis on method development and application.
Security control CIS Controls (CIS 18) Security_control > Information security standards and control frameworks > Commercial Control Sets > CIS Controls (CIS 18) Formerly known as the SANS Critical Security Controls now officially called the CIS Critical Security Controls (COS Controls). The CIS Controls are divided into 18 controls. CIS Control 1: Inventory and Control of Enterprise Assets CIS Control 2: Inventory and Control of Software Assets CIS Control 3: Data Protection CIS Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software CIS Control 5: Account Management CIS Control 6: Access Control Management CIS Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management CIS Control 8: Audit Log Management CIS Control 9: Email and Web Browser Protections CIS Control 10: Malware Defenses CIS Control 11: Data Recovery CIS Control 12: Network Infrastructure Management CIS Control 13: Network Monitoring and Defense CIS Control 14: Security Awareness and Skills Training CIS Control 15: Service Provider Management CIS Control 16: Application Software Security CIS Control 17: Incident Response Management CIS Control 18: Penetration Testing The Controls are divided further into Implementation Groups (IGs) which are a recommended guidance to prioritize implementation of the CIS controls.
Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy Invention of differential and integral calculus Newton-Leibniz_calculus_controversy > Background > Invention of differential and integral calculus But Gerhardt's discovery of a copy made by Leibniz tends to confirm its accuracy. Those who question Leibniz's good faith allege that to a man of his ability, the manuscript, especially if supplemented by the letter of 10 December 1672, sufficed to give him a clue as to the methods of the calculus. Since Newton's work at issue did employ the fluxional notation, anyone building on that work would have to invent a notation, but some deny this.
Epigenetic alteration Covalent modifications Epigenetics > Mechanisms > Covalent modifications Chromatin remodeling is accomplished through two main mechanisms: The first way is post translational modification of the amino acids that make up histone proteins. Histone proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. If the amino acids that are in the chain are changed, the shape of the histone might be modified.
Cell death Field of study and etymology Death_of_cells > Field of study and etymology The term "cell necrobiology" has been used to describe the life processes associated with morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes which predispose, precede, and accompany cell death, as well as the consequences and tissue response to cell death. The word is derived from the Greek νεκρό meaning "death", βìο meaning "life", and λόγος meaning "the study of". The term was initially coined to broadly define investigations of the changes that accompany cell death, detected and measured by multiparameter flow- and laser scanning- cytometry. It has been used to describe the real-time changes during cell death, detected by flow cytometry.
Finite-state machine Finite-state machines (automata theory) in theoretical computer science Finite-state_machine > Further reading > Finite-state machines (automata theory) in theoretical computer science ISBN 978-0-201-53082-7. Pippenger, Nicholas (1997). Theories of Computability (1st ed.).
BioGRID Curation of Genome-Wide CRISPR Screens BioGRID > Curation of Genome-Wide CRISPR Screens CRISPR‐based genetic screens have now been reported in numerous publications that link gene function to cell viability, chemical and stress resistance, and other phenotypes. To increase the accessibility of CRISPR screen data and facilitate assignment of protein function, BioGRID has developed an embedded resource called the Open Repository of CRISPR Screens (ORCS) to house and distribute manually curated, comprehensive collections of CRISPR screen datasets using Cas9 and other CRISPR nucleases. As of 18 October 2020, BioGRID-ORCS contains more than 1,042 CRISPR screens curated from 114 publications representing more than 60,000 unique genes across three species human (Homo sapiens), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and house mouse (Mus musculus) in over 670 cell lines and 17 phenotypes.
Center of Gravity Linear and angular momentum Center_of_mass > Linear and angular momentum The linear and angular momentum of a collection of particles can be simplified by measuring the position and velocity of the particles relative to the center of mass. Let the system of particles Pi, i = 1, ..., n of masses mi be located at the coordinates ri with velocities vi. Select a reference point R and compute the relative position and velocity vectors, The total linear momentum and angular momentum of the system are and If R is chosen as the center of mass these equations simplify to where m is the total mass of all the particles, p is the linear momentum, and L is the angular momentum.
Secure end node Summary Secure_end_node In the future, the device-user's environment (location, activity, other people, etc.) as communicated by means of its (or the network's) trusted sensors (camera, microphone, GPS, radio, etc.) could provide another factor of authentication. A Secure End Node solves/mitigates end node problem.
Warfarin sodium Interactions Warfarin_rodenticide > Interactions In addition, food that contains large quantities of vitamin K1 will reduce the warfarin effect. Thyroid activity also appears to influence warfarin dosing requirements; hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid function) makes people less responsive to warfarin treatment, while hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) boosts the anticoagulant effect. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this effect, including changes in the rate of breakdown of clotting factors and changes in the metabolism of warfarin.Excessive use of alcohol is also known to affect the metabolism of warfarin and can elevate the INR, and thus increase the risk of bleeding.
Timothy Lillicrap Select publications Timothy_Lillicrap > Select publications Fast Parametric Learning with Activation Memorization. arXiv:1803.10049 David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur Guez, Marc Lanctot, Laurent Sifre, Dharshan Kumaran, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, Karen Simonyan, Demis Hassabis (2018). A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play.
Acoustical oceanography Particle physics Underwater_Acoustics > Applications of underwater acoustics > Particle physics A neutrino is a fundamental particle that interacts very weakly with other matter. For this reason, it requires detection apparatus on a very large scale, and the ocean is sometimes used for this purpose. In particular, it is thought that ultra-high energy neutrinos in seawater can be detected acoustically.
Strict 2-category Doctrines Strict_2-category > Doctrines In mathematics, a doctrine is simply a 2-category which is heuristically regarded as a system of theories. For example, algebraic theories, as invented by William Lawvere, is an example of a doctrine, as are multi-sorted theories, operads, categories, and toposes. The objects of the 2-category are called theories, the 1-morphisms f: A → B {\displaystyle f\colon A\rightarrow B} are called models of the A in B, and the 2-morphisms are called morphisms between models. The distinction between a 2-category and a doctrine is really only heuristic: one does not typically consider a 2-category to be populated by theories as objects and models as morphisms.