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Word mark Summary Wordmark_(graphic_identity) In the United States and European Union, a wordmark may be registered, making it a protected intellectual property.In the United States, the legal term "word mark" refers not to the graphical representation but to only the text.In most cases, wordmarks cannot be copyrighted, as they do not reach the threshold of originality.The wordmark is one of several different types of logo, and is among the most common. It has the benefit of containing the brand name of the company as opposed to a textless brandmark, such as, for example, the Apple logo.Wordmark logos are often confused with lettermark logos.
Homology (chemistry) Biology Homology_(chemistry) > Sciences > Biology Homology (biology), any characteristic of biological organisms that is derived from a common ancestor Sequence homology, biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences Homologous chromosomes, chromosomes in a biological cell that pair up (synapse) during meiosis Homologous recombination, genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between molecules of DNA Homologous desensitization, a receptor decreases its response to a signalling molecule when that agonist is in high concentration Homology modeling, a method of protein structure prediction
Total angular momentum Summary Total_angular_momentum_quantum_number In quantum mechanics, the total angular momentum quantum number parametrises the total angular momentum of a given particle, by combining its orbital angular momentum and its intrinsic angular momentum (i.e., its spin). If s is the particle's spin angular momentum and ℓ its orbital angular momentum vector, the total angular momentum j is The associated quantum number is the main total angular momentum quantum number j. It can take the following range of values, jumping only in integer steps: where ℓ is the azimuthal quantum number (parameterizing the orbital angular momentum) and s is the spin quantum number (parameterizing the spin). The relation between the total angular momentum vector j and the total angular momentum quantum number j is given by the usual relation (see angular momentum quantum number) The vector's z-projection is given by where mj is the secondary total angular momentum quantum number, and the ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the reduced Planck's constant.
Aurora Borealis Causes Polar_aurora > Causes Once particles are lost to the atmosphere from the radiation belts, under quiet conditions, new ones replace them only slowly, and the loss-cone becomes depleted. In the magnetotail, however, particle trajectories seem constantly to reshuffle, probably when the particles cross the very weak magnetic field near the equator. As a result, the flow of electrons in that region is nearly the same in all directions ("isotropic") and assures a steady supply of leaking electrons.
Fick's laws of diffusion History Diffusion_flux > History It is notable that Fick's work primarily concerned diffusion in fluids, because at the time, diffusion in solids was not considered generally possible. Today, Fick's Laws form the core of our understanding of diffusion in solids, liquids, and gases (in the absence of bulk fluid motion in the latter two cases). When a diffusion process does not follow Fick's laws (which happens in cases of diffusion through porous media and diffusion of swelling penetrants, among others), it is referred to as non-Fickian.
Electronic device Thermal management Electronic_technology > Negative qualities > Thermal management Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Heat dissipation is mostly achieved by passive conduction/convection. Means to achieve greater dissipation include heat sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, and radiation of heat energy.
85 (number) In mathematics 85_(number) > In mathematics a centered triangular number. a centered square number. a decagonal number. the smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of two squares, with all squares greater than 1, in two ways, 85 = 92 + 22 = 72 + 62. the length of the hypotenuse of four Pythagorean triangles. a Smith number in decimal.
Autowave A brief history of autowave researches Autowave > Introduction > A brief history of autowave researches Loskutov (general autowave theory as well as dynamic chaos in autowaves); V.G. Yakhno (general autowave theory as well as connections between autowaves and process of thinking); K.I. Agladze (autowaves in chemical media); V.N.Biktashev (general autowave theory as well as different sorts of autowave drift); O.A.Mornev (general autowave theory); M.A.Tsyganov (the role of autowave in population dynamics); Yu.E. Elkin, A.V. Moskalenko, (bifurcation memory in a model of cardiac tissue).A huge role in the study of autowave models of cardiac tissue belongs to Denis Noble and members of his team from the University of Oxford.
History of quantum mechanics de Broglie's matter wave hypothesis Modern_quantum_theory > Old quantum theory > de Broglie's matter wave hypothesis At Bell Labs, Clinton Joseph Davisson and Lester Halbert Germer reflected an electron beam from a nickel sample in their experiment, observing well-defined beams predicted by wave models returning form the crystal. : II:218 De Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 for his hypothesis; Thomson and Davisson shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for their experimental work. Building on de Broglie's approach, modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when the German physicists Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics and the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger invented wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation as an approximation of the generalised case of de Broglie's theory. Schrödinger subsequently showed that the two approaches were equivalent. The first applications of quantum mechanics to physical systems were the algebraic determination of the hydrogen spectrum by Wolfgang Pauli and the treatment of diatomic molecules by Lucy Mensing.
Enzyme activator Glucokinase Enzyme_activator > Examples > Glucokinase Glucokinase have a single allosteric site where the glucose-regulating protein (GKRP) binds in the nucleus of the cell in its inactive form when there is a low concentration of glucose present in the cell. However, when the glucose concentration of the cell increases the glucokinase-GKRP complex breaks apart and GK proceeds to the cytoplasm where it then phosphorylates glucose. Glucose when abundant in cells acts as an enzyme activator for glucokinase. Glucokinase activation in the β cells and liver cells results in the uptake of glucose and production of glycogen. This activation in the β cells leads to insulin secretion, promoting glucose uptake storing it as glycogen in the muscles.
Many Eyes Characteristics of effective graphical displays Data_and_information_visualization > Principles > Characteristics of effective graphical displays According to Tufte, chartjunk refers to the extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message or gratuitous three-dimensional or perspective effects. Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself, requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key, is a form of "administrative debris." The ratio of "data to ink" should be maximized, erasing non-data ink where feasible.The Congressional Budget Office summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation. These included: a) Knowing your audience; b) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the report's context; and c) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report.
Human-Computer Interaction Memory principles Human-Machine_Interaction > Display designs > Thirteen principles of display design > Memory principles Principle of predictive aiding. Proactive actions are usually more effective than reactive actions. A display should eliminate resource-demanding cognitive tasks and replace them with simpler perceptual tasks to reduce the user's mental resources.
Solar energy conversion Rural energy access Solar_energy_conversion > Economic development > Rural energy access Solar energy conversion has the potential for many positive social impacts, especially in rural areas that did not previously have grid-based energy access. In many off-grid areas, the solar-electric conversion is the fastest growing form of energy procurement. This is especially true at latitudes within 45° north or south of the Equator, where solar irradiance is more constant throughout the year and where the bulk of the developing world's population lives. From a health perspective, solar home systems can replace kerosene lamps (frequently found in rural areas), which can cause fires and emit pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) that adversely affect air quality and can cause impair lung function and increase tuberculosis, asthma, and cancer risks.
Passive sign convention Summary Passive_sign_convention In electrical engineering, the passive sign convention (PSC) is a sign convention or arbitrary standard rule adopted universally by the electrical engineering community for defining the sign of electric power in an electric circuit. The convention defines electric power flowing out of the circuit into an electrical component as positive, and power flowing into the circuit out of a component as negative. So a passive component which consumes power, such as an appliance or light bulb, will have positive power dissipation, while an active component, a source of power such as an electric generator or battery, will have negative power dissipation.
Edge detection Other first-order methods Edge_filter > Approaches > Other first-order methods Other first-order difference operators for estimating image gradient have been proposed in the Prewitt operator, Roberts cross, Kayyali operator and Frei–Chen operator. It is possible to extend filters dimension to avoid the issue of recognizing edge in low SNR image. The cost of this operation is loss in terms of resolution. Examples are Extended Prewitt 7×7.
C5H4O3 Summary C5H4O3 The molecular formula C5H4O3 (molar mass: 112.08 g/mol, exact mass: 112.0160 u) may refer to: 2-Furoic acid Itaconic anhydride
Stream competency Cohesion Stream_competency > Other influencing factors > Cohesion Another important property comes into play when discussing stream competency, and that is the intrinsic quality of the material. In 1935 Filip Hjulström published his curve, which takes into account the cohesiveness of clay and some silt. This diagram illustrates stream competency as a function of velocity.By observing the size of boulders, rocks, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay in and around streams, one can understand the forces at work shaping the landscape. Ultimately these forces are determined by the amount of precipitation, the drainage density, relief ratio and sediment parent material. They shape depth and slope of the stream, velocity and discharge, channel and floodplain, and determine the amount and kind of sediment observed. This is how the power of water moves and shapes the landscape through erosion, transport, and deposition, and it can be understood by observing stream competency.
Feedback loop Electronic engineering Feedback_loop > Applications > Electronic engineering While often an unwanted consequence of system behaviour, this effect is used deliberately in electronic oscillators. Harry Nyquist at Bell Labs derived the Nyquist stability criterion for determining the stability of feedback systems. An easier method, but less general, is to use Bode plots developed by Hendrik Bode to determine the gain margin and phase margin.
Chest pain Management Chest_pain > Management Management of chest pain varies with the underlying cause of the pain and the stage of care.
100% renewable energy History 100%_renewable_energy > History Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2050 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy.
Nuclear notation Atomic mass of isotopes Isotope > Atomic mass of isotopes The atomic mass (mr) of an isotope (nuclide) is determined mainly by its mass number (i.e. number of nucleons in its nucleus). Small corrections are due to the binding energy of the nucleus (see mass defect), the slight difference in mass between proton and neutron, and the mass of the electrons associated with the atom, the latter because the electron:nucleon ratio differs among isotopes. The mass number is a dimensionless quantity. The atomic mass, on the other hand, is measured using the atomic mass unit based on the mass of the carbon-12 atom.
Bidimensionality Kernelization Bidimensionality > Kernelization A parameterized problem with a parameter k is said to admit a linear vertex kernel if there is a polynomial time reduction, called a kernelization algorithm, that maps the input instance to an equivalent instance with at most O(k) vertices. Every minor-bidimensional problem Π {\displaystyle \Pi } with additional properties, namely, with the separation property and with finite integer index, has a linear vertex kernel on graphs excluding some fixed graph as a minor. Similarly, every contraction-bidimensional problem Π {\displaystyle \Pi } with the separation property and with finite integer index has a linear vertex kernel on graphs excluding some fixed apex graph as a minor.
Negative pH Summary Acids_and_bases Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter or a color-changing indicator. Measurements of pH are important in chemistry, agronomy, medicine, water treatment, and many other applications.
Texas Instruments DaVinci Peripherals Texas_Instruments_DaVinci > Peripherals The DaVinci processor families include a number of on-chip peripherals. Depending on the particular device, these may include: CCD Controller for digital camera/camcorder applications BT.656 and MIPI CSI-2 video/camera input interface Support for memory cards such as CompactFlash, SD Card and MMC ATA interface Connectivity, including USB 2.0 Host and Client modes, VLYNQ (interface for FPGA, Wireless LAN, PCI), EMAC (Ethernet MAC) with MDIO GPIO Enhanced DMA Interrupt controller Digital LCD controller Serial interfaces, including SPI, I²C, and I²S, UART Histogram, autofocus, autoexposure, and auto-white-balance (H3A) acceleration Image resize acceleration A/D and D/A converters for analog video input and output
Dark reaction Light-dependent regulation Reductive_pentose_phosphate_cycle > Light-dependent regulation These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night. There is a light-dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes, as the third step requires NADPH.There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the thioredoxin/ferredoxin activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.The thioredoxin/ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and ribulose-5-phosphatase kinase, which are key points of the process. This happens when light is available, as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it. Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein, which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes.
AIDS-defining clinical condition Kaposi's Sarcoma AIDS-defining_clinical_condition > Common Defining Conditions > Kaposi's Sarcoma Transplant patients must take very strong immunosuppressant drugs to ensure that the body does not reject their new heart, liver, etc. However, a consequence of this is, of course, that their immune system becomes quite weak, and therefore very susceptible to infections. In a similar manner to how HIV contributes to KS, transplant patients are also at high risk for it, especially if the transplant was performed in a country where human herpesvirus 8 is endemic. In recent years, however, incidences of Kaposi’s sarcoma in the United States have dwindled so much that physicians today often fail to consider it as a possibility when making diagnoses.
Boron fiber Summary Boron_fiber Boron fiber or boron filament is an amorphous product which represents the major industrial use of elemental boron. Boron fiber manifests a combination of high strength and high elastic modulus. A common use of boron fibers is in the construction of high tensile strength tapes. Boron fiber use results in high-strength, lightweight materials that are used chiefly for advanced aerospace structures as a component of composite materials, as well as limited production consumer and sporting goods such as golf clubs and fishing rods.One of the uses of boron fiber composites was the horizontal tail surfaces of the F-14 Tomcat fighter.
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation Summary Theoretical_and_experimental_justification_for_the_Schrödinger_equation The theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation motivates the discovery of the Schrödinger equation, the equation that describes the dynamics of nonrelativistic particles. The motivation uses photons, which are relativistic particles with dynamics described by Maxwell's equations, as an analogue for all types of particles.
Design for assembly Summary Design_for_assembly Design for assembly (DFA) is a process by which products are designed with ease of assembly in mind. If a product contains fewer parts it will take less time to assemble, thereby reducing assembly costs. In addition, if the parts are provided with features which make it easier to grasp, move, orient and insert them, this will also reduce assembly time and assembly costs.
Reinforcing loop In electronics Reinforcing_loop > Examples and applications > In electronics There are several designs for such harmonic oscillators, including the Armstrong oscillator, Hartley oscillator, Colpitts oscillator, and the Wien bridge oscillator. They all use positive feedback to create oscillations.Many electronic circuits, especially amplifiers, incorporate negative feedback. This reduces their gain, but improves their linearity, input impedance, output impedance, and bandwidth, and stabilises all of these parameters, including the closed-loop gain.
Death-inducing signaling complex Forming complex Death-inducing_signaling_complex > Forming complex In its inactive state, FLICE's two death domains are thought to bind together and prevent its activation. Once APO-1 aggregates within the cytosol, it recruits FADD, CAP3, and FLICE to the receptor, where FLICE is modified into several active subunits, which have the ability to cleave a variety of substrates. This proteolytic activity then results in a cascade of caspase activation, and ultimately cell death. This apoptotic activity is critical for tissue homeostasis and immune function.
Plant science Plant anatomy and morphology Botany > Plant anatomy and morphology Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots.
Model lipid bilayer Vesicles Model_lipid_bilayers > Vesicles To combat this problem, researchers use giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). GUVs are large enough (1 - 200 µm) to be studied using traditional fluorescence microscopy and are within the same size range as most biological cells. Thus, they are used as mimicries of cell membranes for in vitro studies in molecular and cell biology.
Density Functional Theory Summary Generalized_gradient_approximation DFT has been very popular for calculations in solid-state physics since the 1970s. However, DFT was not considered accurate enough for calculations in quantum chemistry until the 1990s, when the approximations used in the theory were greatly refined to better model the exchange and correlation interactions. Computational costs are relatively low when compared to traditional methods, such as exchange only Hartree–Fock theory and its descendants that include electron correlation.
History of general-purpose CPUs Asynchronous CPUs History_of_general-purpose_CPUs > 1990 to today: Looking forward > Asynchronous CPUs Yet another option is a clockless or asynchronous CPU. Unlike conventional processors, clockless processors have no central clock to coordinate the progress of data through the pipeline. Instead, stages of the CPU are coordinated using logic devices called pipe line controls or FIFO sequencers. Basically, the pipeline controller clocks the next stage of logic when the existing stage is complete.
Prosthaphaeresis The algorithm Prosthaphaeresis > The algorithm Algorithms using the other formulas are similar, but each using different tables (sine, inverse sine, cosine, and inverse cosine) in different places. The first two are the easiest because they each only require two tables. Using the second formula, however, has the unique advantage that if only a cosine table is available, it can be used to estimate inverse cosines by searching for the angle with the nearest cosine value.
Sven Ove Hansson Selected journal articles in English Sven_Ove_Hansson > Publications > Selected journal articles in English S2CID 7246932. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-22. "Kernel contraction" (PDF).
Physics education research Goals Physics_education_research > Goals One primary goal of PER is to develop pedagogical techniques and strategies that will help students learn physics more effectively and help instructors to implement these techniques. Because even basic ideas in physics can be confusing, together with the possibility of scientific misconceptions formed from teaching through analogies, lecturing often does not erase common misconceptions about physics that students acquire before they are taught physics. Research often focuses on learning more about common misconceptions that students bring to the physics classroom so that techniques can be devised to help students overcome these misconceptions. In most introductory physics courses, mechanics is usually the first area of physics that is taught.
RNA viruses Summary RNA_viruses Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), including genes which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RdRp is used to transcribe the viral RNA genome into messenger RNA (mRNA) and to replicate the genome. Viruses in this kingdom share a number of characteristics which promote rapid evolution, including high rates of genetic mutation, recombination, and reassortment. Viruses in Orthornavirae belong to the realm Riboviria.
Orthocentroidal disk Summary Orthocentroidal_circle In geometry, the orthocentroidal circle of a non-equilateral triangle is the circle that has the triangle's orthocenter and centroid at opposite ends of its diameter. This diameter also contains the triangle's nine-point center and is a subset of the Euler line, which also contains the circumcenter outside the orthocentroidal circle. Andrew Guinand showed in 1984 that the triangle's incenter must lie in the interior of the orthocentroidal circle, but not coinciding with the nine-point center; that is, it must fall in the open orthocentroidal disk punctured at the nine-point center. : pp.
Kinetic temperature Kinetic theory of gases Temperature > Theoretical foundation > Kinetic theory of gases From that probability distribution function, the average kinetic energy (per particle) of a monatomic ideal gas is E k = 1 2 m v rms 2 = 3 2 k B T , {\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv_{\text{rms}}^{2}={\frac {3}{2}}k_{\text{B}}T,} where the Boltzmann constant kB is the ideal gas constant divided by the Avogadro number, and v rms = ⟨ v 2 ⟩ = ⟨ v ⋅ v ⟩ {\textstyle v_{\text{rms}}={\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\rangle }}={\sqrt {\langle \mathbf {v\cdot v} \rangle }}} is the root-mean-square speed. This direct proportionality between temperature and mean molecular kinetic energy is a special case of the equipartition theorem, and holds only in the classical limit of a perfect gas. It does not hold exactly for most substances.
Helical symmetry Rotational symmetry Helical_symmetry > Rotational symmetry Symmetry with respect to all rotations about all points implies translational symmetry with respect to all translations (because translations are compositions of rotations about distinct points), and the symmetry group is the whole E+(m). This does not apply for objects because it makes space homogeneous, but it may apply for physical laws. For symmetry with respect to rotations about a point, one can take that point as origin.
Scientific theories Types Scientific_theory > Types Albert Einstein described two different types of scientific theories: "Constructive theories" and "principle theories". Constructive theories are constructive models for phenomena: for example, kinetic theory. Principle theories are empirical generalisations, one such example being Newton's laws of motion.
Enthalpy change Heat of reaction Molar_enthalpy > Applications > Heat of reaction The total enthalpy of a system cannot be measured directly; the enthalpy change of a system is measured instead. Enthalpy change is defined by the following equation: where ΔH is the "enthalpy change", Hf is the final enthalpy of the system (in a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of the products or the system at equilibrium), Hi is the initial enthalpy of the system (in a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of the reactants).For an exothermic reaction at constant pressure, the system's change in enthalpy, ΔH, is negative due to the products of the reaction having a smaller enthalpy than the reactants, and equals the heat released in the reaction if no electrical or shaft work is done. In other words, the overall decrease in enthalpy is achieved by the generation of heat. Conversely, for a constant-pressure endothermic reaction, ΔH is positive and equal to the heat absorbed in the reaction.
Characteristic function (probability) Summary Characteristic_function_(probability) In probability theory and statistics, the characteristic function of any real-valued random variable completely defines its probability distribution. If a random variable admits a probability density function, then the characteristic function is the Fourier transform of the probability density function. Thus it provides an alternative route to analytical results compared with working directly with probability density functions or cumulative distribution functions.
Magma plume Geophysical anomalies Mantle_plume > Evidence for the theory > Geophysical anomalies The plume hypothesis has been tested by looking for the geophysical anomalies predicted to be associated with them. These include thermal, seismic, and elevation anomalies. Thermal anomalies are inherent in the term "hotspot". They can be measured in numerous different ways, including surface heat flow, petrology, and seismology.
Object-oriented analysis and design History Object-oriented_analysis_and_design > History In the early days of object-oriented technology before the mid-1990s, there were many different competing methodologies for software development and object-oriented modeling, often tied to specific Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool vendors. No standard notations, consistent terms and process guides were the major concerns at the time, which degraded communication efficiency and lengthened learning curves. Some of the well-known early object-oriented methodologies were from and inspired by gurus such as Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson (the Three Amigos), Robert Martin, Peter Coad, Sally Shlaer, Stephen Mellor, and Rebecca Wirfs-Brock.
Compact operator Origins in integral equation theory Compact_operator > Origins in integral equation theory A crucial property of compact operators is the Fredholm alternative, which asserts that the existence of solution of linear equations of the form ( λ K + I ) u = f {\displaystyle (\lambda K+I)u=f} (where K is a compact operator, f is a given function, and u is the unknown function to be solved for) behaves much like as in finite dimensions. The spectral theory of compact operators then follows, and it is due to Frigyes Riesz (1918). It shows that a compact operator K on an infinite-dimensional Banach space has spectrum that is either a finite subset of C which includes 0, or the spectrum is a countably infinite subset of C which has 0 as its only limit point. Moreover, in either case the non-zero elements of the spectrum are eigenvalues of K with finite multiplicities (so that K − λI has a finite-dimensional kernel for all complex λ ≠ 0).
Money Laundering Digital electronic money Money_Laundering > Features > Methods > Digital electronic money In theory, electronic money should provide as easy a method of transferring value without revealing identity as untracked banknotes, especially wire transfers involving anonymity-protecting numbered bank accounts. In practice, however, the record-keeping capabilities of Internet service providers and other network resource maintainers tend to frustrate that intention. While some cryptocurrencies under recent development have aimed to provide for more possibilities of transaction anonymity for various reasons, the degree to which they succeed — and, in consequence, the degree to which they offer benefits for money laundering efforts — is controversial. Solutions such as ZCash and Monero ― known as privacy coins ― are examples of cryptocurrencies that provide unlinkable anonymity via proofs and/or obfuscation of information (ring signatures).
Dog trainer Positive reinforcement Dog_training > Training methods > Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement training is also known as humane training, force-free training, and reward-based training. Positive reinforcement training employs the use of rewards to reinforce wanted behavior. For unwanted behavior, this training method uses four other techniques: extinction (letting the behavior go away by itself); training an incompatible behavior; putting the behavior on cue (then almost never giving the cue); shaping the absence of the behavior (reinforcing everything that is not the undesired behavior); or changing the environment/motivation. It is based in Thorndike's law of effect, which says that actions that produce rewards tend to increase in frequency and actions that do not produce rewards decrease in frequency.Positive reinforcement (motivational) training has its roots in marine mammal training, where compulsion and corrections are both difficult and dangerous.
Heat transfer enhancement Principle Heat_transfer_enhancement > Principle 2. Increased U A {\displaystyle {UA}} . Reduced Δ t m {\displaystyle {\Delta t_{m}}}: maintaining both Q {\displaystyle {Q}} and the length constant, Δ t m {\displaystyle {\Delta t_{m}}} can be reduced increasing thermodynamic process efficiency leading to reduced operation costs.
Transport protocol Analysis Transport_protocol > Analysis The transport layer is responsible for delivering data to the appropriate application process on the host computers. This involves statistical multiplexing of data from different application processes, i.e. forming data segments, and adding source and destination port numbers in the header of each transport layer data segment. Together with the source and destination IP address, the port numbers constitute a network socket, i.e. an identification address of the process-to-process communication. In the OSI model, this function is supported by the session layer.
Uniquely decodable code Summary Variable-length_code In coding theory, a variable-length code is a code which maps source symbols to a variable number of bits. The equivalent concept in computer science is bit string. Variable-length codes can allow sources to be compressed and decompressed with zero error (lossless data compression) and still be read back symbol by symbol.
Differentiable manifolds Jet bundles Differential_manifold > Bundles > Jet bundles These and other examples of the general idea of jet bundles play a significant role in the study of differential operators on manifolds. The notion of a frame also generalizes to the case of higher-order jets.
Ribosomal RNA Eukaryotic regulation Ribosomal_RNAs > Biosynthesis > In eukaryotes > Eukaryotic regulation During times of cellular glucose restriction, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) discourages metabolic processes that consume energy but are non-essential. As a result, it is capable of phosphorylating RNA polymerase I (at the Ser-635 site) in order to down-regulate rRNA synthesis by disrupting transcription initiation. Impairment or removal of more than one pseudouridine or 29-O-methylation regions from the ribosome decoding center significantly reduces rate of rRNA transcription by reducing the rate of incorporation of new amino acids. Formation of heterochromatin is essential to silencing rRNA transcription, without which ribosomal RNA is synthesized unchecked and greatly decreases the lifespan of the organism.
Semaphore (computing) Login queue Semaphore_(computing) > Examples > Login queue Consider a system that can only support ten users (S=10). Whenever a user logs in, P is called, decrementing the semaphore S by 1. Whenever a user logs out, V is called, incrementing S by 1 representing a login slot that has become available. When S is 0, any users wishing to log in must wait until S increases; the login request is enqueued onto a FIFO queue until a slot is freed.
Captopril Mechanism of action Captopril > Mechanism of action Captopril blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and prevents the degradation of vasodilatory prostaglandins, thereby inhibiting vasoconstriction and promoting systemic vasodilation.
Client-To-Client Protocol DCC SEND Client-To-Client_Protocol > Common CTCP commands > DCC SEND The SEND service allows users to send files to one another. The original specification for the handshake did not allow the receiver to know the total file size nor to resume a transfer. This has made clients introduce their own extensions to the handshake, many of which have become widely supported. The original handshake consisted of the sender sending the following CTCP to the receiver: DCC SEND filename ip port.
Convergent prefilter Convergence of nets of sets Cluster_point_of_a_filter > Examples of applications of prefilters > Convergence of nets of sets So even if a net ( y i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle \left(y_{i}\right)_{i\in I}} of points in Y {\displaystyle Y} cannot be pulled back by f {\displaystyle f} to a net ( x i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle \left(x_{i}\right)_{i\in I}} of points in X {\displaystyle X} (say because it is not entirely/eventually in the image of f {\displaystyle f} ), it is nevertheless still possible to talk about the net of sets f − 1 ( y ∙ ) {\displaystyle f^{-1}\left(y_{\bullet }\right)} and its properties (such as convergence or clustering). Convergence and clustering Consideration of the following bijective correspondence leads naturally to the definitions of convergence and clustering for a net of sets, which are defined analogously to the original definitions given for a net of points. (Nets of points ↔ {\displaystyle \leftrightarrow } Nets of singleton sets): Every net x ∙ = ( x i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle x_{\bullet }=\left(x_{i}\right)_{i\in I}} of points in X {\displaystyle X} can be uniquely associated with the canonical net of singleton sets ( { x i } ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle \left(\left\{x_{i}\right\}\right)_{i\in I}} and conversely, every net of singleton sets in X {\displaystyle X} is uniquely associated with a canonical net of points (defined in the obvious way).
Quality function deployment House of quality Quality_function_deployment > House of quality The cells of matrix table are filled with the weights assigned to the stakeholder characteristics where those characteristics are affected by the system parameters across the top of the matrix. At the bottom of the matrix, the column is summed, which allows for the system characteristics to be weighted according to the stakeholder characteristics. System parameters not correlated to stakeholder characteristics may be unnecessary to the system design and are identified by empty matrix columns, while stakeholder characteristics (identified by empty rows) not correlated to system parameters indicate "characteristics not addressed by the design parameters". System parameters and stakeholder characteristics with weak correlations potentially indicate missing information, while matrices with "too many correlations" indicate that the stakeholder needs may need to be refined.
Motion planning Concepts Path_planning > Concepts A basic motion planning problem is to compute a continuous path that connects a start configuration S and a goal configuration G, while avoiding collision with known obstacles. The robot and obstacle geometry is described in a 2D or 3D workspace, while the motion is represented as a path in (possibly higher-dimensional) configuration space.
Integer underflow Examples Integer_overflow > Examples Overflow bugs are evident in some computer games. In Super Mario Bros. for the NES, the stored number of lives is a signed byte (ranging from −128 to 127) meaning the player can safely have 127 lives, but when the player reaches their 128th life, the counter rolls over to zero lives (although the number counter is glitched before this happens) and stops keeping count.
Respiratory adaptation Breathing rate Respiratory_adaptation > Breathing rate With higher intensity training, breathing rate is increased in order to allow more air to move in and out of the lungs, which enhances gas exchange. Endurance training typically results in an increase in the respiration rate.
Modular Mining Systems The IntelliMine Suite Modular_Mining_Systems > Products > The IntelliMine Suite To improve safety, the ProVision system offers features such as the Proximity Detection module, which is designed to alert equipment operators of encroaching equipment, hazards, and keep-out zones by use of GNSS and on-board camera.The RoadMap position and safety tracking system enhances safety for light vehicles at mine sites. It monitors light vehicle positions and provides real-time awareness of changing conditions to visitors and mine personnel. Any equipment with a RoadMap system installed continuously tracks its own position using GPS, comparing it in real time to a preconfigured road network. The basic configuration uses a PDA with internal GPS receiver.
Enzyme catalysis Induced fit Covalent_catalysis > Induced fit That is, the chemical catalysis is defined as the reduction of Ea‡ (when the system is already in the ES‡) relative to Ea‡ in the uncatalyzed reaction in water (without the enzyme). The induced fit only suggests that the barrier is lower in the closed form of the enzyme but does not tell us what the reason for the barrier reduction is. Induced fit may be beneficial to the fidelity of molecular recognition in the presence of competition and noise via the conformational proofreading mechanism.
Computational epigenetics Summary Computational_epigenetics Computational epigenetics uses statistical methods and mathematical modelling in epigenetic research. Due to the recent explosion of epigenome datasets, computational methods play an increasing role in all areas of epigenetic research.
Thermal simulations for integrated circuits Joule heating Thermal_simulations_for_integrated_circuits > Generation and transfer of heat > Joule heating Electronic systems work based on current and voltage signals. Current is the flow of charged particles through the material and these particles (electrons or holes), interact with the lattice of the crystal losing its energy which is released in form of heat. Joule Heating is a predominant mechanism for heat generation in integrated circuits and is an undesired effect in most of the cases. For an ohmic material, it has the form: Q = j 2 ρ {\displaystyle Q=j^{2}\rho } Where j {\displaystyle j} is the current density in , ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the specific electric resistivity in and Q {\displaystyle Q} is the generated heat per unit volume in .
Noise Reduction Coefficient Technical definition Noise_Reduction_Coefficient > Technical definition The noise reduction coefficient is the arithmetic average, rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.05, of the absorption coefficients for a specific material and mounting condition determined at the octave band center frequencies of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz. The absorption coefficients of materials are commonly determined through use of standardized testing procedures, such as ASTM C423 that is used to evaluate the absorption of materials in eighteen one-third octave frequency bands with center frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 5000 Hz. Absorption coefficients used to calculate NRC are commonly determined in reverberation rooms of qualified acoustical laboratory test facilities using samples of the particular materials of specified size (typically 72 square feet (6.7 m2) in an 8 ft × 9 ft (2.4 m × 2.7 m) configuration) and appropriate mounting. The NRC is a logarithmic representation of the decay rate (dB/s) due to a panel or object with a defined surface area absorbing energy compared to the decay rate in a standard reverberant room without the panel or object
Hardwired control unit Pipelined control units Hardwired_control_unit > Pipelined control units For example, it might have one stage for each step of the Von Neumann cycle. A pipelined computer usually has "pipeline registers" after each stage. These store the bits calculated by a stage so that the logic gates of the next stage can use the bits to do the next step.
Angiotensin (1-7) Effects Angiotensin_(1-7) > Effects Ang (1-7) has been shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It helps protect cardiomyocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats by increasing the expression of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzymes, augmenting production of nitric oxide.
Phosphoglucomutase deficiency Role in glycogenolysis Phosphoglucomutase_deficiency > Function > Role in glycogenolysis After glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of a glucosyl residue from the glycogen polymer, the freed glucose has a phosphate group on its 1-carbon. This glucose 1-phosphate molecule is not itself a useful metabolic intermediate, but phosphoglucomutase catalyzes the conversion of this glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate (see below for the mechanism of this reaction). Glucose 6-phosphate’s metabolic fate depends on the needs of the cell at the time it is generated. If the cell is low on energy, then glucose 6-phosphate will travel down the glycolytic pathway, eventually yielding two molecules of adenosine triphosphate.
Polymer additive Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers Flexible_plastic > Properties and classifications > Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers In the thermosetting process, an irreversible chemical reaction occurs. The vulcanization of rubber is an example of this process. Before heating in the presence of sulfur, natural rubber (polyisoprene) is a sticky, slightly runny material; after vulcanization, the product is dry and rigid.
Aerobatic loop Summary Aerobatic_loop A loop is when the pilot pulls the plane up into the vertical, continues around until they are heading back in the same direction, like making a 360 degree turn, except it is in the vertical plane instead of the horizontal. The pilot will be inverted (upside down) at the top of the loop. A loop can also be performed by rolling inverted and making the same maneuver but diving towards the ground.
Chronic headaches Primary Chronic_headaches > Causes > Primary Medications such as propranolol and diltiazem can also be helpful. hypnic headache: a moderate-severe headache that starts a few hours after falling asleep and lasts 15–30 minutes.
Micrometer screw gauge Adjustment Micrometer_(device) > Calibration: testing and adjusting > Adjustment A micrometer that has been zeroed and tested and found to be off might be restored to accuracy by further adjustment. If the error originates from the parts of the micrometer being worn out of shape and size, then restoration of accuracy by this means is not possible; rather, repair (grinding, lapping, or replacing of parts) is required. For standard kinds of instruments, in practice it is easier and faster, and often no more expensive, to buy a new one rather than pursue refurbishment.
Carbon Monoxide Chemical industry Carbon_Monoxide > Use > Chemical industry Carbon monoxide is an industrial gas that has many applications in bulk chemicals manufacturing. Large quantities of aldehydes are produced by the hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, carbon monoxide, and H2. Hydroformylation is coupled to the Shell higher olefin process to give precursors to detergents. Phosgene, useful for preparing isocyanates, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes, is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon, which serves as a catalyst.
Organisational learning Theoretical models Organisational_learning > Knowledge > Theoretical models By way of this model, learning can occur through two mechanisms that shorten the route from the initial stage to the final stage. The first is by some shortcut that can be identified by looking at the nodes and mapping and discovering new routines, the ideal goal being able to eliminate certain touch points and find shorter paths from the initial to final node. The second mechanism involves improving the routines: the organization can work to select the most efficacious link between two nodes such that, if an issue ever arises, members of an organization know exactly whom to approach, saving them a considerable amount of time.
Business simulation Games and business simulation games Business_simulation > Games and business simulation games This hampers its scientific endeavor and the more serious connotations of gaming in the scientific arena. The term game is used to describe activities in which some or all of these characteristics are prominent: human, humanly controlled, opponents, whose actions have an effect upon each other and upon the environment, an emphasis on competitiveness and winning, an emphasis on pleasure, humour and enjoyment, a repetitive cycle of making decisions and encountering a result, allowing the hope of improvement and 'doing better next time'.Games are played when one or more players compete or cooperate for payoffs, according to an agreed set of rules. Players behave as themselves though they may well display exceptional behavior.
Metamaterial cloaking Interest in the properties of optics and light Metamaterial_cloaking > Science of cloaking devices > Interest in the properties of optics and light Interest in the properties of optics, and light, date back to almost 2000 years to Ptolemy (AD 85 – 165). In his work entitled Optics, he writes about the properties of light, including reflection, refraction, and color. He developed a simplified equation for refraction without trigonometric functions. About 800 years later, in AD 984, Ibn Sahl discovered a law of refraction mathematically equivalent to Snell's law.
Kibble balance Principle Watt_balance > Principle m = U I / g v . {\displaystyle m=UI/gv.}
Harmonic mean p-value Direct interpretation of the harmonic mean p-value Harmonic_mean_p-value > Direct interpretation of the harmonic mean p-value However, as the HMP becomes smaller, under certain assumptions, the discrepancy decreases, so that direct interpretation of significance achieves a false positive rate close to that implied for sufficiently small values (e.g. p ∘ < 0.05 {\displaystyle {\overset {\circ }{p}}<0.05} ).The HMP is never anti-conservative by more than a factor of e log ⁡ L {\textstyle e\,\log L} for small L {\textstyle L} , or log ⁡ L {\textstyle \log L} for large L {\textstyle L} . However, these bounds represent worst case scenarios under arbitrary dependence that are likely to be conservative in practice. Rather than applying these bounds, asymptotically exact p-values can be produced by transforming the HMP.
Time-independent Schrödinger equation Hydrogen atom Time-dependent_Schrödinger_equation > Examples > Hydrogen atom The Schrödinger equation for the electron in a hydrogen atom (or a hydrogen-like atom) is where q {\displaystyle q} is the electron charge, r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } is the position of the electron relative to the nucleus, r = | r | {\displaystyle r=|\mathbf {r} |} is the magnitude of the relative position, the potential term is due to the Coulomb interaction, wherein ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the permittivity of free space and is the 2-body reduced mass of the hydrogen nucleus (just a proton) of mass m p {\displaystyle m_{p}} and the electron of mass m q {\displaystyle m_{q}} . The negative sign arises in the potential term since the proton and electron are oppositely charged. The reduced mass in place of the electron mass is used since the electron and proton together orbit each other about a common centre of mass, and constitute a two-body problem to solve. The motion of the electron is of principal interest here, so the equivalent one-body problem is the motion of the electron using the reduced mass.
Object–relational impedance mismatch Philosophical differences Object–relational_impedance_mismatch > Philosophical differences OO can also add attributes. New and few dynamic database systems unlimit this for relational. Access rules – Relational uses standardized operators, while OO classes have individual methods.
Forensic epidemiology History Forensic_epidemiology > History The use of epidemiologic data and analysis as a basis for assessing general causation in US courts, particularly in toxic tort cases, has been described for more than 30 years, beginning with the investigation of the alleged relationship between exposure to the Swine Flu vaccine in 1976 and subsequent cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome. More recently FE has also been described as an evidence-based method of quantifying the probability of specific causation in individuals. The approach is particularly helpful when a clinical differential diagnosis approach to causation is disputed. Examples covering a wide variety of applications of FE are listed below under Examples of Investigative Questions Addressed by Forensic Epidemiologists.
QuakeFinder Background QuakeFinder > Background In 2010, QuakeFinder researchers said that they had observed ultra low frequency magnetic pulses emitted by the Earth near the 2007 magnitude 5.4 Alum Rock earthquake near San Jose, California, starting two weeks prior to the event. Researchers from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) studied similar phenomena during the Parkfield earthquake experiment. These researchers did not find evidence of electromagnetic earthquake precursors.QuakeFinder advisor Friedemann Freund suggests that slip along a fault activates charge carriers and underground electrical currents, producing electromagnetic pulses that can be detected with magnetometers.
Paranoid delusions Specific delusions Paranoid_delusions > Causes > Specific delusions The top two factors mainly concerned in the germination of delusions are disorder of brain functioning and background influences of temperament and personality.Higher levels of dopamine qualify as a symptom of disorders of brain function. That they are needed to sustain certain delusions was examined by a preliminary study on delusional disorder (a psychotic syndrome) instigated to clarify if schizophrenia had a dopamine psychosis. There were positive results - delusions of jealousy and persecution had different levels of dopamine metabolite HVA and homovanillyl alcohol (which may have been genetic). These can be only regarded as tentative results; the study called for future research with a larger population.
Hydrostatic stress Summary Hydrostatic_stress Because the hydrostatic stress is isotropic, it acts equally in all directions. In tensor form, the hydrostatic stress is equal to σ h ⋅ I 3 = σ h = {\displaystyle \sigma _{h}\cdot I_{3}=\sigma _{h}\left=\left} where I 3 {\displaystyle I_{3}} is the 3-by-3 identity matrix. Hydrostatic compressive stress is used for the determination of the bulk modulus for materials. == References ==
Triple bond Summary Triple_bond A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. Triple bonds are stronger than the equivalent single bonds or double bonds, with a bond order of three. The most common triple bond is in a nitrogen N2 molecule; the second most common is that between two carbon atoms, which can be found in alkynes. Other functional groups containing a triple bond are cyanides and isocyanides. Some diatomic molecules, such as dinitrogen and carbon monoxide, are also triple bonded. In skeletal formulae the triple bond is drawn as three parallel lines (≡) between the two connected atoms.
Computational Anatomy Hamiltonian formulation of computational anatomy Computational_Anatomy > Hamiltonian formulation of computational anatomy {\displaystyle H(\phi _{t},p_{t})\doteq \max _{v}H(\phi _{t},p_{t},v)\ .} The Lagrange multiplier in its action as a linear form has its own inner product of the canonical momentum acting on the velocity of the flow which is dependent on the shape, e.g. for landmarks a sum, for surfaces a surface integral, and. for volumes it is a volume integral with respect to d x {\displaystyle dx} on R 3 {\displaystyle {\mathbb {R} }^{3}} . In all cases the Greens kernels carry weights which are the canonical momentum evolving according to an ordinary differential equation which corresponds to EL but is the geodesic reparameterization in canonical momentum. The optimizing vector field is given by v t ≐ arg ⁡ m a x v H ( ϕ t , p t , v ) {\displaystyle v_{t}\doteq \arg max_{v}H(\phi _{t},p_{t},v)} with dynamics of canonical momentum reparameterizing the vector field along the geodesic
Berkeley socket gethostbyname and gethostbyaddr PF_INET > Socket API functions > gethostbyname and gethostbyaddr These new functions are getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo(), and are based on a new addrinfo data structure.This pair of functions appeared at the same time as the BSD socket API proper in 4.2BSD (1983), the same year DNS was first created. Early versions did not query DNS and only performed /etc/hosts lookup. The 4.3BSD (1984) version added DNS in a crude way. The current implementation using Name Service Switch derives Solaris and later NetBSD 1.4 (1999). Initially defined for NIS+, NSS makes DNS only one of the many options for lookup by these functions and its use can be disabled even today.
Order of magnitude Summary Order_of_magnitude An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually 10, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is 10, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of some powers of 2, since computers store data in a binary format, the magnitude can be understood in terms of the amount of computer memory needed to store that value.Differences in order of magnitude can be measured on a base-10 logarithmic scale in "decades" (i.e., factors of ten). Examples of numbers of different magnitudes can be found at Orders of magnitude (numbers).
Hypostatic pneumonia Mechanisms Hypostatic_pneumonia > Mechanisms Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. It is a type of pneumonitis (lung inflammation). The normal flora of the upper airway give protection by competing with pathogens for nutrients. In the lower airways, reflexes of the glottis, actions of complement proteins and immunoglobulins are important for protection. Microaspiration of contaminated secretions can infect the lower airways and cause pneumonia. The progress of pneumonia is determined by the virulence of the organism; the amount of organism required to start an infection; and the body's immune response against the infection.
Domain (protein) Domain definition from structural co-ordinates Protein_domains > Domain definition from structural co-ordinates The fact that there is no standard definition of what a domain really is has meant that domain assignments have varied enormously, with each researcher using a unique set of criteria.A structural domain is a compact, globular sub-structure with more interactions within it than with the rest of the protein. Therefore, a structural domain can be determined by two visual characteristics: its compactness and its extent of isolation. Measures of local compactness in proteins have been used in many of the early methods of domain assignment and in several of the more recent methods.
Lattice QCD Lattice perturbation theory Lattice_QCD > Techniques > Lattice perturbation theory However, it was found to be a regularization suitable also for perturbative calculations. Perturbation theory involves an expansion in the coupling constant, and is well-justified in high-energy QCD where the coupling constant is small, while it fails completely when the coupling is large and higher order corrections are larger than lower orders in the perturbative series.
Layer (deep learning) Layer Types Layer_(deep_learning) > Layer Types In this layer, the network detects edges, textures, and patterns. The outputs from this layer are then feed into a fully-connected layer for further processing. See also: CNN model.
Schröder–Bernstein property Summary Schröder–Bernstein_property A Schröder–Bernstein property is any mathematical property that matches the following pattern: If, for some mathematical objects X and Y, both X is similar to a part of Y and Y is similar to a part of X then X and Y are similar (to each other).The name Schröder–Bernstein (or Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein, or Cantor–Bernstein) property is in analogy to the theorem of the same name (from set theory).
Search-engine optimization As marketing strategy Search-engine_optimization > As marketing strategy Due to this lack of guarantee and uncertainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors. Search engines can change their algorithms, impacting a website's search engine ranking, possibly resulting in a serious loss of traffic.
Inverse (ring theory) In monoids Left_inverse_element > In monoids If a monoid is not commutative, there may exist non-invertible elements that have a left inverse or a right inverse (not both, as, otherwise, the element would be invertible). For example, the set of the functions from a set to itself is a monoid under function composition. In this monoid, the invertible elements are the bijective functions; the elements that have left inverses are the injective functions, and those that have right inverses are the surjective functions.
Jacobi's delta Newton's method Jacobian_determinant > Other uses > Newton's method A square system of coupled nonlinear equations can be solved iteratively by Newton's method. This method uses the Jacobian matrix of the system of equations.
K-way merge Merging two lists K-way_merging > Merging two lists Merging two sorted lists into one can be done in linear time and linear or constant space (depending on the data access model). The following pseudocode demonstrates an algorithm that merges input lists (either linked lists or arrays) A and B into a new list C.: 104 The function head yields the first element of a list; "dropping" an element means removing it from its list, typically by incrementing a pointer or index. algorithm merge(A, B) is inputs A, B: list returns list C := new empty list while A is not empty and B is not empty do if head(A) ≤ head(B) then append head(A) to C drop the head of A else append head(B) to C drop the head of B // By now, either A or B is empty. It remains to empty the other input list.